UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES
THE GIFT OF
MAY TREAT MORRISON
IN MEMORY OF
ALEXANDER F MORRISON
HANDBOOK
OF
CONTAINING SELECTIONS FROM
OVID, VIRGIL, AND HORACE,
I
WITH NOTES AND GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES.
BY
J. H. ^ANSON,
M
PRINCIPAL OF THE CLASSICAL INSTITUTE, WATERVILLE, ME.
W. J. ROLFE,
MASTER OF THE HIGH SCHOOL, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
THIRD EDITION.
BOSTON:
CROSBY AND AINSWORTH.
NEW YORK: O. S. FELT.
1867.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by
J. H. HANSON AND W. J. ROLFE,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
UNIVERSITY PRESS : WELCH, PICELOW, & Co.,
CAMBRIDGE.
PREFACE.
THIS book owes its existence to a popular demand.
Soon after the publication of the Preparatory Latin Prose
Book, the editor of that work began to be solicited by
teachers in various parts of the country to prepare a book
of Latin Poetry on the same plan. It was not, however,
until these solicitations had become general and urgent,
that the idea of undertaking the preparation of such a
work was seriously entertained.
In the arrangement of the text, the editors have fol-
lowed what they conceive to be the order of difficulty, so
far as it relates to the authors themselves, and therefore
the order in which they should be severally studied : but
in respect to the portions selected from each author, the
arrangement found in most school editions has been fol-
lowed. The advantages, in a classical and educational
point of view, of reading an author comparatively easy,
like Ovid, before taking poetry so difficult as that of
Virgil and Horace, will not be overlooked by those who
are desirous of finding and pursuing the best methods.
In the selection of materials, the aim has been to com-
bine variety, interest, and utility. Accordingly, some-
thing and that the portion deemed most interesting
and profitable has been drawn from every field in which
our authors had distinguished themselves. In all cases,
however, except the Metamorphoses of Ovid, entire poems
or books have been taken. This course was preferred,
not only as giving a completer view of the poem consid-
* >
l
IV PREFACE.
ered as a work of art, and as contributing to the interest
of the student, but for the greater convenience of those
who may wish to finish reading the author. The selec-
tions from Ovid are nearly, though not exactly, the same
as in other school editions published in this country ; all
of which are based on the edition of the Rev. C. Bradley,
published long ago in England. From Virgil, the ist, 3d,
4th, 5th, yth, and Qth Eclogues, the ist and 2d books of
the Georgics, and the first six books of the Aeneid have
been taken. The quantity embraced in these selections
is fully equal to that required for admission to most of the
colleges of the country ; and students intending to enter
colleges requiring more can easily find an equivalent in
other parts of the book.
In the Ovid text we have followed Loers, with an occa-
sional reading from other editors. The Virgil text is that
of Conington (London, 1863). The text of no ancient
profane writer has had more of critical labor and talent
expended upon it than that of Virgil ; and we hazard
nothing in saying that in our judgment Conington's text
is by far the most perfect that has yet appeared. In the
selections from Horace we have followed the reading and
the pointing of Macleane's larger edition (London, 1853),
except in a very few passages.
The Lives of Ovid and Virgil have been compiled from
the best authorities, partially indicated by foot-notes. The
Life of Horace is mainly abridged from Theo. Martin's,
in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (8th edition), reprinted
with little change in his " Odes of Horace."
For the general character of the Notes, the reader is
referred to the principles laid down in the Preface to the
Preparatory Latin Prose Book, so far at least as those
principles are applicable to a book of poetry. Those on
Ovid are mostly original, Burmann, Loers, and Haupt
being the authorities chiefly consulted. They are pur-
posely elementary, largely grammatical, and contain few
PREFACE. V
references to disputed questions, which young pupils
would not understand. They are intended, in short, for
elementary drill.
The Notes on Virgil, as also the Introductions to the
several poems and books, have been drawn for the most
part from Conington, whose sound judgment and critical
acumen justly entitle his authority to special considera-
tion ; but Henry, Gossrau, Wagner, Forbiger, Heyne,
Bryce, and Keightley have been constantly consulted.
The Arguments prefixed to the several books of the Geor-
gics and Aeneid have been taken chiefly from Bryce's
" Notes on Virgil." The Virgil notes are less elementary
than those on Ovid, though continuing the same sort of
drill by more frequent grammatical references than are to
be found in any school edition of Virgil yet published.
Disputed points, critical questions, and various author-
ities on doubtful passages have been somewhat frequently
introduced, giving the pupil an occasional glimpse of the
broad field of classical learning and research which is
opening before him.
In the Notes on Horace, the reading of the Ovid and
Virgil, or at least considerable portions of them, has been
presupposed. Less of mere grammatical drill would in
that case be needed, except on the more unusual construc-
tions, and those peculiar to Horace, especially his numerous
Grecisms. The notes, therefore, are of a more miscella-
neous character, relating rather to the collateral and inci-
dental suggestions of the text. In short, the aim has been
to awaken an interest in the whole range of classical Ro-
man literature, and history, and life ; though the limits of
the book allowed little more than the giving of suggestions
for the student to follow out himself, mere guide-posts
to the many roads diverging from the main track.
The authorities on Horace have been Macleane (from
whom many of the introductions" to the Odes and many of
the notes have been taken with little alteration except com-
VI PREFACE.
pression), Orelli, Dillenburger (ed. 1860), and Ritter, with
occasional use of the older German and English editions.
Of American editions none have been used except the ex-
cellent one of Professor J. L. Lincoln, to which reference
has been made in all cases where matter has been drawn
directly from it. His Life of Horace and his Prolegomena
are worthy of special commendation ; and students wish-
ing to read more of Horace can hardly find a better edition
in compact form than that of Professor Lincoln.
In all cases, matter drawn from whatever source has
been carefully studied, condensed, and recast, when neces-
sary, to adapt it to our purposes. This has often exacted
more labor than wholly original matter would have done.
Both editors are responsible for all parts of the work,
all the matter having passed through the hands of both,
and the work of each having been revised, corrected, and
modified by the other. The publication of the book has
been delayed in part by this determination of the editors
to go individually over all that they had written, and, as
far as possible, to give unity and symmetry to the whole.
With this brief general statement of the origin, plan,
character, and sources of our work, we send it forth in the
hope that it may meet the expectations of those who have
desired its publication, and may aid in awakening and pro-
moting a livelier interest in classical studies.
J. II. HANSON,
November i, 1865. W. J. ROLFE.
Teachers and friends who may discover typograph-
ical or other errors, will confer a favor by calling our
attention to them.
CONTENTS.
OVID.
PAGE
THE METAMORPHOSES : Selections from Books I. -VI., VIII.,
X. ; and XI i
THE TRISTIA: Book IV., Elegy 10 6r
VIRGIL.
THE BUCOLICS : Eclogues I., III., IV., V., VII., and IX. . 65
THE GEORGICS : Books I. and II 83
THE AENEID: Books I. -VI 113
HORACE.
THE ODES : I. 1-4, 7, 9-12, 14, 16, 22, 24, 26, 31, 34, 35,
37, 38; II. 2, 3, 9, 10, 13-18, 20; III. 1-5, 8, 16, 24, 29,
30; IV. 2-4, 7, 9, 14 247
THE SECULAR HYMN . 300
THE EPODES : 2, 7, 13, and 16 303
THE SATIRES: I. i, 5, 6, 9; II. 6 309
THE EPISTLES: I. 2, ro, n, 16, 20; II. i, 2 . . . 326
THE ART OF POETRY 349
NOTES.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . , . 364
THE LIFE OF OVID . . 365
NOTES ON OVID 369
THE LIFE OF VIRGIL 427
NOTES ON VIRGIL 43 2
THE LIFE OF HORACE 649
NOTES ON HORACE 656
P. OVIDII NASONIS
METAMORPHOSES.
LIBER I.
* # *
AUREA prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo,
Sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. 90
Poena metusque aberant, nee verba minantia fixo
Aere legebantur, nee supplex turba timebat
Judicis ora sui, sed erant sine judice tuti.
Nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem,
Montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas, 95
Nullaque mortales praeter sua litora norant.
Nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae ;
Non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi,
Non galeae, non ensis erat : sine militis usu
Mollia securae peragebant otia gentes. 100
Ipsa quoque immunis rastroque intacta, nee ullis
Saucia vomeribus, per se dabat omnia tellus ;
Contentique cibis nullo cogente creatis,
Arbuteos foetus montanaque fraga legebant,
Cornaque et in duris haerentia mora rubetis, 105
Et quae deciderant patula Jovis arbore glandes.
Ver erat aeternum, placidique tepentibus auris
Mulcebant zephyri natos sine semine flores.
Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat,
Nee renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis ; n
Flumina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant,
Flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella.
2 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Postquam, Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso,
Sub Jo^e- niundus era r , subiit aigentea proles,
Auio detenor, fulvo pretiosior acre. "5
Jupiter antiqui contraxit tempora veris,
Perque hiemes aestusque et inaequales autumnos
Et breve ver spatiis exegit quatuor annum.
Turn primum siccis ae'r fervoribus ustus
Canduit, et ventis glacies adstricta pependit. <>
Turn primum subiere domos : domus antra fuere
Et densi frutices et vinctae cortice virgae.
Semina turn primum longis Cerealia sulcis
Obruta sunt, pressique jugo gemuere juvenci.
Tertia post illas successit ahenea proles, s
Saevior ingeniis et ad horrida promtior arma,
Non scelerata tamen. De duro est ultima ferro.
Protinus irrupit venae pejoris in aevum
Omne nefas ; fugere pudor verumque fidesque ;
In quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolique 130
Insidiaeque et vis et amor sceleratus habendi.
Vela dabant ventis, nee adhuc bene noverat illos
Navita ; quaeque diu steterant in montibus altis,
Fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae.
Communemque prius, ceu lumina solis et aurae, 'as
Cautus humum longo signavit limite mensor.
Nee tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives
Poscebatur humus ; sed itum est in viscera terrae,
Quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat umbris,
Effodiuntur opes, irritamenta malorum. 140
Jamque nocens ferrum, ferroque nocentius aurum
Prodierat ; prodit bellum, quod pugnat utroque,
Sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma.
Vivitur ex rapto : non hospes ab hospite tutus,
Non socer a genero ; fratrum quoque gratia rara est. 145
Imminet exitio vir conjugis, ilia mariti ;
Lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae ;
Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos.
METAMORPH. LIB. T. 3
Victa jacet pietas, et Virgo caede madentes,
Ultima coelestum, terras Astraea reliquit. 15
Neve foret terris securior arduus aether,
Affectasse ferunt regnum coeleste Gigantas,
Altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera monies.
Turn pater omnipotens misso perfregit Olympum
Fulmine, et excussit subjecto Pelion Ossae. 155
Obruta mole sua quum corpora dira jacerent,
Perfusam multo natorum sanguine Terram
Immaduisse ferunt calidumque animasse cruorem,
Et, ne nulla suae stirpis monumenta manerent,
In faciem vertisse hominum. Sed et ilia propago 160
Contemtrix superum saevaeque avidissima caedis
Et violenta fuit : scires e sanguine natos.
Quae pater ut summa vidit Saturnius arce,
Ingemit et, facto nondum vulgata recenti,
Foeda Lycaoniae referens convivia mensae, .165
Ingentes animo et dignas Jove concipit iras,
Conciliumque vocat : tenuit mora nulla vocatos.
Est via sublimis, coelo manifesta sereno ;
Lactea nomen habet, candore notabilis ipso :
Hac iter est superis ad magni tecta Tonantis 170
Regalemque domum. Dextra laevaque deorum
Atria nobilium valvis celebrantur apertis ;
Plebs habitat diversa locis ; a fronte potentes
Coelicolae clarique suos posuere penates.
Hie locus est, quem, si verbis audacia detur, i 7 s
Haud timeam magni dixisse Palatia coeli.
Ergo ubi marmoreo superi sedere recessu,
Celsior ipse loco sceptroque innixus eburno
Terrificam capitis concussit terque quaterque
Caesariem, cum qua terram, mare, sidera movit. 180
Talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit :
Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius ilia
Tempestate fui, qua centum quisque parabat
Injicere anguipedum captivo brachia coelo :
4 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Nam, quanquam ferus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno 185
Corpore et ex una pendebat origine bellum.
Nunc mihi, qua totum Nereus circumsonat orbem,
Perdendum est mortale genus. Per flumina juro
Infera, sub terras Stygio labentia luco,
Cuncta prius tentata : sed immedicabile vulnus . i^
Ense recidendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur.
Sunt mihi Semidei, sunt rustica numina, Nymphae
Faunique Satyrique et monticolae Silvani :
Quos quoniam coeli nondum dignamur honore,
Quas dedimus, certe terras habitare sinamus. 195
An satis, O superi, tutos fore creditis illos,
Quum mihi, qui fulmen, qui vos habeoque regoque,
Struxerit insidias notus feritate Lycaon ?
Contremuere omnes, studiisque ardentibus ausum
Talia deposcunt. Sic, quum manus impia saevit 200
Sanguine Caesareo Romanum exstinguere nomen,
Attonitum tanto subitae terrore ruinae
Humanum genus est totusque perhorruit orbis ;
Nee tibi grata minus pietas, Auguste, tuorum,
Quam fuit ilia Jovi. Qui postquam voce manuque 203
Murmura compressit, tenuere silentia cuncti.
Substitit ut clamor, pressus gravitate regentis,
Jupiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rupit :
Ille quidem poenas curam hanc dimittite solvit ;
Quod tamen admissum, quae sit vindicta, docebo. 210
Contigerat nostras infamia temporis aures ;
Quam cupiens falsam, summo delabor Olympo
Et deus humana lustro sub imagine terras.
Longa mora est, quantum noxae sit ubique repertum,
Enumerare : minor fuit ipsa infamia vero. 215
Muenala transieram, latebris horrenda ferarum,
Et cum Cyllene gelidi pineta Lycaei ;
Arcados hinc sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni
Ingredior, traherent quum sera crepuscula noctem
Signa dedi venisse deum, vulgusque precari 220
METAMORPH. LIB. I. 5
Coeperat ; irridet primo pia vota Lycaon,
Mox ait, Experiar, deus hie, discrimine aperto,
An sit mortalis, nee erit dubitabile verum.
Nocte gravem somno nee opina perdere morte
Me parat : haec illi placet experientia veri. 225
Nee contentus eo, missi de geftte Molossa
Obsidis unius jugulum mucrone resolvit,
Atque ita semineces partim ferventibus artus
Mollit aquis partim subjecto torruit igni.
Quos simul imposuit mensis, ego vindice flamma 230
In dominum dignosque everti tecta Penates.
Territus ipse fugit, nactusque silentia ruris
Exululat frustraque loqui conatur : ab ipso
Colligit os rabiem, solitaeque cupidine caedis
Vertitur in pecudes ; et nunc quoque sanguine gaudet. 235
In villos abeunt vestes, in crura lacerti ;
Fit lupus, et veteris servat vestigia formae :
Canities eadem est, eadem violentia vultus,
Idem oculi lucent, eadem feritatis imago.
Occidit una domus ; sed non domus una perire 240
Digna fuit : qua terra patet, fera regnat Erinnys ;
In facinus jurasse putes. Dent ocius omnes,
Quas meruere pati sic stat sententia poenas.
Dicta Jovis pars voce probant stimulosque frementi
Adjiciunt ; alii partes assensibus implent. 245
Est tamen humani generis jactura dolori
Omnibus, et, quae sit terrae mortalibus orbae
Forma futura, rogant ; quis sit laturus in aras
Tura ? ferisne paret populandas tradere terras ?
Talia quaerentes sibi enim fore cetera curae 250
Rex superum trepidare vetat, sobolemque priori
Dissimilem populo promittit origine mira.
Jamque erat in totas sparsurus fulmina terras ;
Sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether
Conciperet flammas, longusque ardesceret axis. 253
Esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur, aifore tempus,
6 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Quo mare, quo tellus correptaque regia coeli
Ardeat et mundi moles operosa laboret.
Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum :
Poena placet diversa, genus mortale sub undis 260
Perdere et ex omni nimbos dimittere coelo.
Protinus Aeoliis Aquilonem claudit in antris
Et quaecumque fugant inductas flamina nubes,
Emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alls,
Terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum ; 265
Barba gravis nimbis, canis fluit unda capillis,
Fronte sedent nebulae, rorant pennaeque sinusque.
Utque manu late pendentia nubila pressit,
Fit fragor : hinc densi funduntur ab aethere nimbi.
Nuntia Junonis varios induta colores, 270
Concipit Iris aquas alimentaque nubibus affert.
Sternuntur segetes, et deplorata colonis
Vota jacent longique perit labor irritus anni.
Nee coelo contenta suo est Jovis ira ; sed ilium
Caeruleus frater juvat auxiliaribus undis. 275
Convocat hie amnes : qui postquam tecta tyranni
Intravere sui, Non est hortamine longo
Nunc, ait, utendum : vires effundite vestras
Sic opus est aperite domos, ac mole remota
Fluminibus vestris totas immittite habenas. 280
Jusserat : hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant,
Et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cursu.
Ipse tridente suo terram percussit ; at ilia
Intremuit motuque vias patefecit aquarum.
Exspatiata ruunt per apertos flumina campos, 285
Cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque
Tectaque, cumque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris.
Si qua domus mansit potuitque resistere tanto
Indejecta malo, culmen tamen altior hujus
Unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turres. 29
Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant :
Omnia pontus erat ; deerant quoque litora ponto.
METAMORPH. LIB. I. 7
Occupat hie collem ; cymba sedet alter adunca
Et ducit remos illic, ubi nuper ararat ;
Ille super segetes aut mersae culmina villae 295
Navigat ; hie summa piscem deprendit in ulmo.
Figitur in viridi, si fors tulit, ancora prato,
Aut subjecta terunt curvae vineta carinae ;
Et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellae,
Nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phocae. 300
Mirantur sub aqua lucos urbesque domosque
Nereides, silvasque tenent delphines et altis
Incursant ramis agitataque robora pulsant.
Nat lupus inter oves, fulvos vehit unda leones,
Unda vehit tigres, nee vires fulminis apro 305
Crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo,
Quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sistere possit,
In mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis.
Obruerat tumulos immensa licentia pond,
Pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus. 310
Maxima pars unda rapitur ; quibus unda pepercit,
Illos longa domant inopi jejunia victu.
Separat Aonios Oetaeis Phocis ab arvis,
Terra ferax, dum terra fuit, sed tempore in illo
Pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum. 315
Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus,
Nomine Parnasus, superatque cacumine nubes.
Hie ubi Deucalion nam cetera texerat aequor
Cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit,
Corycidas Nymphas et numina mentis adorant 32
Fatidicamque Themin, quae tune oracla tenebat.
Non illo melior quisquam nee amantior aequi
Vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum.
Jupiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem,
Et superesse videt de tot modo millibus unum, 325
Et superesse videt de tot modo millibus unam,
Innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos,
Nubila disjecit, nimbisque aquilone remotis
8 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Et coelo terras ostendit et aethera terris.
Nee mans ira manet, positoque tricuspide telo 33*
Mulcet aquas rector pelagi, supraque profundum
Exstantem atque humeros innato murice tectum
Caeruleum Tritona vocat, conchaeque sonanti
Inspirare jubet fluctusque et flumina signo
Jam revocare dato. Cava buccina sumitur illi 335
Tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo,
Buccina, quae medio concepit ubi aera ponto,
Litora voce replet sub utroque jacentia Phoebo.
Tune quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba
Contigit et cecinit jussos inflata receptus, 340
Omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis,
Et quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes.
Jam mare litus habet, plenos capit alveus amnes,
Flumina subsidunt collesque exire videntur,
Surgit humus, crescunt loca decrescentibus undis, 345
Postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae
Ostendunt limumque tenent in fronde relictum.
Redditus orbis erat Quern postquam vidit apertum,
Et desolatas agere alta silentia terras,
Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham affatur obortis : 350
O soror, O conjux, O femina sola superstes,
Quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo,
Deinde torus junxit, nunc ipsa pericula jungunt,
Terrarum, quascumque vident occasus et ortus,
Nos duo turba sumus : possedit cetera pontus. 355
Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae
Certa satis : terrent etiam nunc nubila mentem.
Quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses,
Nunc animi, miseranda, foret? Quo sola timorem
Ferre modo posses ; quo consolante doleres ? 360
Namque ego crede mihi si te quoque pontus haberet,
Te sequerer, conjux, et me quoque pontus haberet.
O utinam possem populos reparare paternis
Artibus, atque animas formatae infundere terrae !
METAMORPH. LIB. I. 9
Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus 365
Sic visum superis hominumque exempla manemus.
Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit coeleste precari
Numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes.
Nulla mora est : adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas,
Ut nondum liquidas sic jam vada nota secantes. 370
Inde ubi libatos irroravere liquores
Vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae
Ad delubra deae, quorum fastigia turpi
Pallebant musco, stabantque sine ignibus arae.
Ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque 373
Pronus humi gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo,
Atque ita, Si precibus, dixerunt, numina justis
Victa remollescunt, si flectitur ira deorum,
Die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri
Arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus. 380
Mota dea est, sortemque dedit : Discedite templo,
Et velate caput cinctasque resolvite vestes,
Ossaque post tergum magnae jactate parentis.
Obstupuere diu, rumpitque silentia voce
Pyrrha prior jussisque deae parere recusat, 385
Detque sibi veniam, pavido rogat ore, pavetque
Laedere jactatis maternas ossibus umbras.
Interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris
Verba datae sortis secum inter seque volutant :
Inde Promethiades placidis Epimethida dictis 390
Mulcet et, Aut fallax, ait, est sollertia nobis,-
Aut pia sunt nullumque nefas oracula suadent.
Magna parens terra est, lapides in corpore terrae
Ossa reor dici : jacere hos post terga jubemur.
Conjugis augurio quanquam Titania mota est, 395
Spes tamen in dubio est : adeo coelestibus ambo
Diffidunt monitis ; sed quid tentare nocebit ?
Discedunt, velantque caput tunicasque recingunt,
Et jussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt.
Saxa quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ? 400
I0 P. OYIDII NASONIS
Ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem,'
Mollirique mora mollitaque ducere formam.
Mox, ubi creverunt naturaque mitior illis
Contigit, ut quaedam sic non manifesta videri
Forma potest hominis, sed, uti de marmore coepta, 405
Non exacta satis rudibusque simillima signis.
Quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars humida suco,
Et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum ;
Quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ;
Quae modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit. 410
Inque brevi spatio superorum numine saxa
Missa viri manibus faciem traxere virorum,
Et de femineo reparata est femina jactu.
Inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum,
Et documenta damus, qua simus origine nati. 415
LIBER II.
REGIA Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis,
Clara micante auro flammasque imitante pyropo,
Cujus ebur nitidum fastigia summa tenebat,
Argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae.
Materiem superabat opus : nam Mulciber illic
Aequora caelarat medias cingentia terras,
Terrarumque orbem, coelumque quod imminet orbi.
Caeruleos habet unda decs, Tritona canorum,
Proteaque ambiguum, balaenarumque prementem
Aegaeona suis immania terga lacertis,
Doridaque et natas, quarum pars nare videntur,
Pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos,
Pisce vehi quaedam ; facies non omnibus una,
Nee diversa tamen : qualem decet esse sororum.
Terra viros urbesque gerit silvasque ferasque
METAMORPH. LIB. II. II
Fluminaque et nymphas et cetera numina ruris.
Haec super imposita est coeli fulgentis imago,
Signaque sex foribus dextris totidemque sinistris.
Quo simul acclivo Clymeneia limite proles
Venit, et intravit dubitati tecta parentis, 30
Protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus,
Consistitque procul : neque enim propiora ferebat
Lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat
In solio Phoebus claris lucente smaragdis.
A dextra laevaque Dies et Mensis et Annus 25
Saeculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus Horae,
Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona ;
Stabat nuda Aestas et spicea serta gerebat ;
Stabat et Autumnus calcatis sordidus uvis,
Et glacialis Hiems, canos hirsuta capillos. 30
Inde loco medius rerum novitate paventem
Sol oculis juvenem, quibus adspicit omnia, vidit,
Quaeque viae tibi causa ? quid hac, ait, arce petisti,
Progenies, Phaethon, baud infitianda parenti ?
Ille refert : O lux immensi publica mundi, 35
Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum
Nee falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine celat,
Pignora da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago
Credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris.
Dixerat ; at genitor circum caput omne micantes, 40
Deposuit radios propiusque accedere jussit,
Amplexuque dato, Nee tu meus esse negari
Dignus es, et Clymene veros, ait, edidit ortus ;
Quoque minus dubites, quodvis pete munus, et illud
Me tribuente feres : promissi testis adesto 45
Dis juranda palus, oculis incognita nostris.
Vix bene desierat, currus petit ille paternos
Inque diem alipedum jus et moderamen equorum.
Poenituit jurasse patrem, qui terque quaterque
Concutiens illustre caput, Temeraria, dixit, so
Vox mea facta tua est. Utinam promissa liceret
12 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Non dare ! Confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem.
Dissuadere licet. Non est tua tuta voluntas.
Magna petis, Phacthon, et quae nee viribus istis
Munera conveniunt nee tarn puerilibus annis. ss
Sors tua mortalis : non est mortale, quod optas.
Plus etiam, quam quod superis contingere fas est,
Nescius afifectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit ;
Non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe
Me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olympi, 60
Qui fera terribili jaculatur fulmina dextra,
Non agat hos currus : et quid Jove majus habemus ?
Ardua prima via est et qua vix mane recentes
Enituntur equi. Medio est altissima coelo ;
Unde mare et terras ipsi mihi saepe videre 65
Fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus.
Ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo.
Tune etiam, quae me subjectis excipit undis,
Ne ferar in praeceps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri.
Adde quod assidua rapitur vertigine coelum, 70
Sideraque alta trahit celerique volumine torquet.
Nitor in adversum, nee me, qui cetera, vincit
Impetus, et rapido contrarius evehor orbi.
Finge datos currus. Quid ages ? Poterisne rotatis
Obvius ire polis, ne te citus auferat axis ? 75
Forsitan et lucos illic urbesque deorum
Concipias animo delubraque ditia donis
Esse. Per insidias iter est formasque ferarum.
Utque viam teneas nulloque errore traharis,
Per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, 80
Haemoniosque arcus, violentique ora Leonis,
Saevaque circuitu curvantem brachia longo
Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem brachia Cancrum.
Nee tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis,
Quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, s s
In promtu regere est : vix me patiuntur, ubi acres
Incaluere animi, cervixque repugnat habenis.
METAMORPH. LIB. II. 13
At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor,
Nate, cave, dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota.
Scilicet, ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas, 9
Pignora certa petis : do pignora certa timendo,
Et patrio pater esse metu probor. Adspice vultus
Ecce meos, utinamque oculos in pectora posses
Inserere et patrias intus deprendere curas !
Denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus, os
Eque tot ac tantis coeli terraeque marisque
Posce bonis aliquid : nullam patiere repulsam.
Deprecor hoc unum, quod vero nomine poena,
Non honor est. Poenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis.
Quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis ? 100
Ne dubita : dabitur Stygias juravimus undas
Quodcumque optaris ; sed tu sapientius opta.
Finierat monitus ; dictis tamen ille repugnat,
Propositumque premit flagratque cupidine currus.
Ergo, qua licuit, genitor cunctatus, ad altos 105
Deducit juvenem, Vulcania munera, currus.
Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summae
Curvatura rotae, radiorum argenteus ordo ;
Per juga chrysolithi positaeque ex ordine gemmae
Clara repercusso reddebant lumina Phoebo. no
Dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur opusque
Perspicit, ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu
Purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum
Atria. Diffugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit
Lucifer et coeli statione novissimus exit. 115
At pater, ut terras mundumque rubescere vidit
Cornuaque extremae velut evanescere Lunae,
Jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis.
Jussa deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes,
Ambrosiae suco saturos, praesepibus altis 120
Quadrupedes ducunt, adduntque sonantia frena.
Turn pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati
Contigit et rapidae fecit patientia flammae,
14 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Imposuitque comae radios, praesagaque luctus
Pectore sollicito repetens suspiria dixit : "5
Si poles his saltern monitis parere parentis,
Parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris :
Sponte sua properant ; labor est inhibere volentes.
Nee tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus.
Sectus in obliquum est lato curvamine limes, 130
Zonarumque trium contentus fine polumque
Effugit australem junctamque aquilonibus Arcton.
Hac sit iter ; manifesta rotae vestigia cernes.
Utque ferant aequos et coelum et terra calores,
Nee preme nee summum molire per aethera currum : ijs
Altius egressus coelestia tecta cremabis,
Inferius terras ; medio tutissimus ibis.
Neu te dexterior tortum declinet ad Anguem,
Neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram :
Inter utrumque tene. Fortunae cetera mando, M*
Quae juvet et melius quam tu tibi consulat, opto.
Dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas
Humida nox tetigit. Non est mora libera nobis ;
Poscimur, et fulget tenebris Aurora fugatis.
Corripe lora manu, vel, si mutabile pectus MS
Est tibi, consiliis, non curribus utere nostris,
Dum potes et solidis etiam nunc sedibus adstas,
Dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes.
Quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris.
Occupat ille levem juvenili corpore currum, 150
Statque super manibusque datas contingere habenas
Gaudet, et invito grates agit inde parenti.
Interea volucres, Pyroeis, Eous, et Aethon,
Solis equi, quartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras
Flammiferis implent pedibusque repagula pulsant. 155
Quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis,
Repulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi,
Corripuere viam, pedibusque per ae'ra mods
Obstantes scindunt nebulas, pennisque levati
METAMORPH. LIB. II. 15
Praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros. 160
Sed leve pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent
Solis equi, solitaque jugum gravitate carebat ;
Utque labant curvae justo sine pondere naves,
Perque mare in stabiles nimia levitate feruntur,
Sic onere assueto vacuus dat in aera saltus 165
Succutiturque alte similisque est currus inani.
Quod simulac sensere, ruunt tritumque relinquunt
Quadrijugi spatium, nee, quo prius, ordine currunt.
Ipse pavet, nee qua commissas flectat habenas,
Nee scit qua sit iter, nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 170
Turn primum radiis gelidi caluere Triones,
Et vetito frustra tentarunt aequore tingi ;
Quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens,
Frigore pigra prius nee formidabilis ulli,
Incaluit sumsitque novas fervoribus iras. 175
Te quoque turbatum memorant fugisse, Boote,
Quamvis tardus eras et te tua Plaustra tenebant.
Ut vero summo despexit ab aethere terras
Infelix Phaethon penitus penitusque jacentes,
Palluit et subito genua intremuere timore, 180
Suntque oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen obortae.
Et jam mallet equos nunquam tetigisse paternos ;
Jam cognosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando ;
Jam Meropis dici cupiens, ita fertur, ut acta
Praecipiti pinus borea, cui victa remisit 185
Frena suus rector, quam dis votisque reliquit.
Quid facial ? Multum coeli post terga relictum,
Ante oculos plus est : animo metitur utrumque,
Et modo, quos illi fatum contigere non est,
Prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus ; 190
Quidque agat ignarus, stupet, et nee frena remittit
Nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum ;
Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula coelo
Vastarumque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum.
Est locus, in geminos ubi brachia concavat arcus 195
1 6 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Scorpios, et cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis
Porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum.
Hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni
Vulnera cun r ata minitantem cuspide viclit,
Mentis inops gelida formidine lora remisit. aoo
Quae postquam summo sensere jacentia tergo,
Exspatiantur equi, nulloque inhibente per auras
Ignotae regionis eunt, quaque impetus egit,
Hac sine lege ruunt, altoque sub aethere fixis
Incursant stellis rapiuntque per avia currum, 205
Et modo summa petunt, modo per decliva viasque
Praecipites spatio terrae propiore feruntur.
Inferiusque suis fraternos currere Luna
Admiratur equos, ambustaque nubila fumant ;
Corripitur flammis, ut quaeque altissima, tellus, 210
Fissaque agit rimas et sucis aret ademtis ;
Pabula canescunt, cum frondibus uritur arbos,
Materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno.
Parva queror : magnae pereunt cum moenibus urbes,
Cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes 215
In cinerem vertunt. Silvae cum montibus ardent :
Ardet Athos Taurusque Cilix et Tmolus et Oete,
Et tune sicca, prius celeberrima fontibus, Ide,
Virgineusque Helicon et nondum Oeagrius Haemos ;
Ardet in immensum geminatis ignibus Aetne, 220
Parnasusque biceps et Eryx et Cynthus et Othrys,
Et tandem Rhodope nivibus caritura, Mimasque
Dindymaque et Mycale natusque ad sacra Cithaeron ;
Nee prosunt Scythiae sua frigora : Caucasus ardet,
Ossaque cum Pindo majorque ambobus Olympus, 225
Aeriaeque Alpes et nubifer Apenninus.
Turn vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem
Adspicit accensum, nee tantos sustinet aestus,
Ferventesque auras velut e fornace profunda
Ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit ; 230
Et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam
METAMORPH. LIB. II. If
Ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique fumo ;
Quoque eat aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus
Nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum.
Sanguine tune credunt in corpora summa vocato 235
Aethiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem ;
Tune facta est Libye raptis humoribus aestu
Arida ; tune Nymphae passis fontesque lacusque
Deflevere comis : quaerit Boeotia Dircen,
Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pirenidas undas. 240
Nee sortita loco distantes flumina ripas
Tuta manent : mediis Tanais fumavit in undis,
Peneosque senex Teuthranteusque Caicus
Et celer Ismenos cum Psophideo Erymantho,
Arsurusque iterum Xanthus flavusque Lycormas, 245
Quique recurvatis ludit Maeandros in undis,
Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurotas ;
Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes,
Thermodonque citus Gangesque et Phasis et Ister ;
Aestuat Alpheos, ripae Spercheides ardent ; 250
Quodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus, aurum ;
Et, quae Maeonias celebrabant carmine ripas,
Flumineae volucres medio caluere Caystro.
Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem,
Occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet : ostia septem 255
Pulverulenta vacant septem sine flumine valles.
Fors eadem Ismarios, Hebrum cum Strymone, siccat
Hesperiosque amnes, Rhenum Rhodanumque Padumque,
Cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Thybrin.
Dissilit omne solum, penetratque in Tartara rimis 260
Lumen et infernum terret cum conjuge regem ;
Et mare contrahitur, siccaeque est campus arenae
Quod modo pontus erat, quosque altum texerat aequor,
Exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent.
Ima petunt pisces, nee se super aequora curvi 265
Tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras.
Corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo
1 8 P. OVIDII NASOXIS
Exanimata natant. Ipsum quoque Nerea fama est
Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris.
Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo brachia vultu 270
Exserere ausus erat, ter non tulit aeris ignes.
Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto,
Inter aquas pelagi contractosque undique fontes,
Qui se condiderant in opacae viscera matris,
Sustulit ommferos collo tenus arida vultus, 275
Opposuitque manum fronti, magnoque tremore
Omnia concutiens paullum subsedit et infra,
Quam solet esse, fuit, siccaque ita voce locuta est :
Si placet hoc meruique, quid o tua fulmina cessant,
Summe deum ? Liceat periturae viribus ignis 280
Igne perire tuo, clademque auctore levare.
Vix equidem fauces haec ipsa in verba resolvo :
Presserat ora vapor : tostos en adspice crines,
Inque oculis tantum, tantum super ora favillae.
Hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem 285
Officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri
Rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno,
Quod pecori frondes, alimentaque mitia, fruges,
Humano generi, vobis quoque tura ministro ?
Sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse : quid undae, 290
Quid meruit frater ? Cur illi tradita sorte
Aequora decrescunt et ab aethere longius absunt?
Quod si nee fratris nee te mea gratia tangit,
At coeli miserere tui. Circumspice utrumque :
Fumat uterque polus ; quos si vitiaverit ignis, 295
Atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat,
Vixque suis humeris candentem sustinet axem.
Si freta, si terrae pereunt, si regia coeli,
In chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis,
Si quid adhuc superest, et rerum consule summae. 300
Dixerat haec Tellus ; neque enim tolerare vaporem
Ulterius potuit nee dicere plura ; suumque
Retulit os in se propioraque manibus antra.
METAMORPH. LIB. II. 19
At pater omnipotens superos testatus et ipsum,
Qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 305
Interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arcem,
Unde solet nubes latis inducere terris,
Unde movet tonitrus vibrataque fulmina jactat.
Sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes
Tune habuit, nee, quos coelo dimitteret, imbres. 31
Intonat, et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure
Misit in aurigam, pariterque animaque rotisque
Expulit, et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes.
Consternantur equi, et saltu in contraria facto
Colla jugo eripiunt abruptaque lora relinquunt. 315
Illic frena jacent, illic temone revulsus
Axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum,
Sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus.
At Phaethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos,
Volvitur in praeceps longoque per ae'ra tractu 320
Fertur, ut interdum de coelo Stella sereno,
Etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri.
Quern procul a patria diverso maximus orbe
Excipit Eridanus, fumantiaque abluit ora.
Nai'des Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma 325
Corpora dant tumulo, signant quoque carmine saxum :
Hie situs est Phaethon, currus auriga paterni :
Quern si non tenuit, magnis tamen excidit ausis.
Nam pater obductos, luctu miserabilis aegro,
Condiderat vultus ; et si modo credimus, unum 330
Isse diem sine sole ferunt. Incendia lumen
Praebebant, aliquisque malo fuit usus in illo.
At Clymene, postquam dixit quaecunque fuerunt
In tantis dicenda malis, lugubris et amens
Et laniata sinus totum percensuit orbem, 335
Exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens,
Reperit ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa,
Incubuitque loco, nomenque in marmore lectum
Perfudit lacrimis et aperto pectore fovit.
20 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Nec minus Heliades fletus et, inania morti 340
Munera, dant lacrimas, et caesae pectora palmis
Non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querelas
Nocte dieque vocant, adsternunturque sepulcro.
Luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem :
Illae more suo nam morem fecerat usus 345
Plangorem dederant. E quis Phaethusa, sororum
Maxima, quum vellet terrae procumbere, questa est
Deriguisse pedes j ad quam conata venire
Candida Lampetie, subita radice retenta est ;
Tertia, quum crinem manibus laniare pararet, 350
Avellit frondes ; haec stipite crura teneri,
Ilia dolet fieri longos sua brachia ramos.
Dumque ea mirantur, complectitur inguina cortex,
Perque gradus uterum pectusque humerosque manusque
Ambit, et exstabant tantum ora vocantia matrem. 355
Quid faciat mater, nisi, quo trahat impetus illam,
Hue eat atque illuc, et, dum licet, oscula jungat?
Non satis est : truncis avellere corpora tentat
Et teneros manibus ramos abrumpit ; at inde
Sanguineae manant tanquam de vulnere guttae. 360
Parce, precor, mater, quaecunque est saucia clamat,
Parce, precor : nostrum laceratur in arbore corpus.
Jamque vale. Cortex in verba novissima venit.
Inde fluunt lacrimae, stillataque sole rigescunt
De ramis electra novis, quae lucidus amnis 365
Excipit et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis.
Affuit huic monstro proles StheneleTa Cygnus,
Qui tibi materno quamvis a sanguine junctus,
Mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit. Ille relicto
Nam Ligurum populos et magnas rexerat urbes 37
Imperio ripas virides amnemque querelis
Eridanum implerat silvamque sororibus auctam ;
Quum vox est tenuata viro, canaeque capillos
Dissimulant plumae, collumque a pectore longe
Porrigitur digitosque ligat junctura rubentes, 375
METAMORPH. LIB. III. 21
Penna latus velat, tenet os sine acumine rostrum.
Fit nova Cygnus avis, nee se coeloque Jovique
Credit, ut injuste missi memor ignis ab illo :
Stagna petit patulosque lacus, ignemque perosus,
Quae colat, elegit contraria flumina flammis. 3 8o
Squalidus interea genitor Phaethontis et expers
Ipse sui decoris, qualis, quum deficit orbem,
Esse solet, lucemque odit seque ipse diemque,
Datque animum in luctus, et luctibus adjicit iram,
Officiumque negat mundo. Satis, inquit, ab aevi 385
Sors mea principiis fuit irrequieta, pigetque
Actorum sine fine mihi, sine honore, laborum.
Quilibet alter agat portantes lumina currus.
Si nemo est, omnesque dei non posse fatentur,
Ipse agat, ut saltern, dum nostras tentat habenas, 390
Orbatura patres aliquando fulmina ponat.
Turn sciet, ignipedum vires expertus equorum,
Non meruisse necem, qui non bene rexerit illos.
Talia dicentem circumstant omnia Solem
Numina, neve velit tenebras inducere rebus, 395
Supplice voce rogant ; missos quoque Jupiter ignes
Excusat, precibusque minas regaliter addit.
Colligit amentes et adhuc terrore paventes
Phoebus equos, stimuloque dolens et verbere saevit ;
Saevit enim, natumque objectat et imputat illis. 4 oo
LIBER III.
JAMQUE deus posita fallacis imagine tauri
Se confessus erat, Dictaeaque rura tenebat ;
Quum pater ignarus raptam perquirere Cadmo
Imperat, et poenam, si non invenerit, addit
Exsilium, facto pius et sceleratus eodem.
22 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Orbe pererrato quis enim deprendere possit
Furta Jovis ? profugus patriamque iramque parentis
Vitat Agenorides, Phoebique oracula supplex
Consulit et, quae sit tellus habitanda, requirit.
Bos tibi, Phoebus ait, solis occurret in arvis, 10
Nullum passa jugum curvique immunis aratri :
Hac duce carpe vias et, qua requieverit herba,
Moenia fac condas, Boeotiaque ilia vocato.
Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro,
Incustoditam lente videt ire juvencam, is
Nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem.
Subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu,
Auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat.
Jam vada Cephisi Panopesque evaserat arva :
Bos stetit et, tollens spatiosam cornibus altis 20
Ad coelum frontem, mugitibus impulit auras,
Atque ita, respiciens comites sua terga sequentes,
Procubuit teneraque latus submisit in herba.
Cadmus agit grates, peregrinaeque oscula terrae
Figit et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 25
Sacra Jovi facturus erat : jubet ire ministros
Et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas.
Silva vetus stabat, nulla violata securi,
Et specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus,
Efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum, 30
Uberibus fecundus aquis : ubi conditus antro
Martius anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro ;
Igne micant oculi, corpus tumet omne veneno,
Tresque vibrant linguae, triplici stant ordine dentes.
Quern postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 35
Infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas
Urna dedit sonitum, longo caput extulit antro
Caeruleus serpens horrendaque sibila misit.
Effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque reliquit
Corpus et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 40
Ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes
METAMORPH. LIB. III. 23
Torquet, et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus,
Ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras
Despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpora, quanto,
Si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 45
Nee mora ; Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant
Sive fugam, sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque,
Occupat : hos morsu, longis amplexibus illos,
Hos necat afflati funesta tabe veneni.
Fecerat exiguas jam sol altissimus umbras : 50
Quae mora sit sociis miratur Agenore natus,
Vestigatque viros. Tegimen direpta leoni
Pellis erat, telum splendenti lancea ferro
Et jaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni.
Ut nemus intravit, letataque corpora vidit, 55
Victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem
Tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua,
Aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis
Aut comes, inquit, ero. Dixit, dextraque molarem
Sustulit, et magnum magno conamine misit. 60
Illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis
Moenia mota forent ; serpens sine vulnere mansit,
Loricaeque modo squamis defensus et atrae
Duritia pellis, validos cute repulit ictus.
At non duritia jaculum quoque vicit eadem : 65
Quod medio lentae spinae curvamine fixum
Constitit, et totum descendit in ilia ferrum.
Ille, dolore ferox, caput in sua terga retorsit
Vulneraque adspexit, fixumque hastile momordit,
Idque, ubi vi multa partem labefecit in omnem, 70
Vix tergo eripuit ; ferrum tamen ossibus haesit.
Turn vero, postquam solitas accessit ad iras
Causa recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis,
Spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus,
Terraque rasa sonat squamis, quique halitus exit 75
Ore niger Stygio vitiatas inficit herbas.
Ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem
24 P. OVIDII NASOXIS
Cingitur ; interdum longa trabe rectior exstat ;
Impete nunc vasto, ceu concitus imbribus amnis
Fertur, et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. 80
Cedit Agenorides paullum, spolioque leonis
Sustinet incursus, instantiaque ora retardat
Cuspide praetenta. Furit ille, et inania duro
Vulnera dat ferro, figitque in acumine denies.
Jamque venenifero sanguis manare palato 85
Coeperat, et virides adspergine tinxerat herbas ;
Sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu
Laesaque colla dabat retro, plagamque sedere
Cedendo arcebat nee longius ire sinebat :
Donee Agenorides conjectum in gutture ferrum 90
Usque sequens pressit, dum retro quercus eunti
Obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix.
Pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et imae
Parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae.
Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis, 9s
Vox subito audita est : neque erat cognoscere promtum,
Unde ; sed audita est : Quid, Agenore nate, peremtum
Serpentem spectas ? Et tu spectabere serpens.
Ille, diu pavidus, pariter cum mente colorem
Perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant i<x>
Ecce, viri fautrix, superas delapsa per auras
Pallas adest, motaeque jubet supponere terrae
Vipereos denies, populi incrementa futuri.
Paret el, ul presso sulcum patefecit aratro,
Spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina, denies. 105
Inde, fide majus, glebae coepere moveri,
Primaque de sulcis acies apparuil haslae,
Tegmina mox capitum picto nulantia cono ;
Mox humeri pectusque onerataque brachia telis
Exsislunl, crescilque seges clypeala virorum. no
Sic, ubi lollunlur feslis aulaea iheatris,
Surgere signa solent, primumque ostendere vultus
Cetera paullatim, placidoque educta tenore
METAMORPH. LIB.' III. 25
Tota patent, imoque pedes in margine ponunt.
Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat : us
Ne cape, de populo quern terra creaverat unus
Exclamat, nee te civilibus insere bellis !
Atque ita terrigenis rigido de fratribus unum
Cominus ense ferit ; jaculo cadit eminus ipse.
Hie quoque, qui dederat leto, non longius illo 120
Vivit, et exspirat, modo quas acceperat, auras ;
Exemploque pari furit omnis turba, suoque
Marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres.
Jamque brevis vitae spatium sortita juventus
Sanguineam trepido plangebant pectore matrem, 125
Quinque superstitibus, quorum fuit unus Echion.
Is sua jecit humi monitu Tritonidis arma,
Fraternaeque fidem pacis petiitque deditque.
Hos operis comites habuit Sidonius hospes,
Quum posuit jussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem. 13*
* * * * *
Ille metu vacuus, Nomen mihi, dixit, Acoetes,
Patria Maeonia est, humili de plebe parentes.
Non mihi, quae duri colerent, pater, arva juvenci,
Lanigerosve greges, non ulla armenta reliquit : 585
Pauper et ipse fuit, linoque solebat et hamis
Decipere et calamo salientes ducere pisces ;
Ars illi sua census erat. Quum traderet artem,
Accipe quas habeo, studii successor et heres,
Dixit, opes, moriensque mihi nihil ille reliquit 590
Praeter aquas : unum hoc possum appellare paternum.
Mox ego, ne scopulis haererem semper in isdem,
Addidici regimen dextra moderante carinae
Flectere, et Oleniae sidus pluviale Capellae
Taygetenque Hyadasque oculis Arctonque notavi, 595
Ventorumque domos et portus puppibus aptos.
Forte petens Delon, Chiae telluris ad oras
Applicor, et dextris adducor litora remis,
Doque leves saltus udaeque immittor arenae.
26 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Nox ubi consumta est Aurora rubescere primum 600
Coeperat exsurgo, laticesque inferre recentes
Admoneo, monstroque viam quae ducat ad undas.
Ipse, quid aura mihi tumulo promittat ab alto
Prospicio, comitesque voco repetoque carinam.
Adsumus en ! inquit sociorum primus Opheltes, 605
Utque putat, praedam deserto nactus in agro,
Virginea puerum ducit per litora forma.
Ille, mero somnoque gravis, titubare videtur,
Vixque sequi. Specto cultum faciemque gradumque :
Nil ibi, quod credi posset mortale, videbam ; 610
Et sensi, et dixi sociis : Quod numen in isto
Corpore sit, dubito ; sed corpore numen in isto est.
Quisquis es, o faveas nostrisque laboribus adsis ;
His quoque des veniam ! Pro nobis mitte precari !
Dictys ait, quo non alius conscendere summas 615
Ocior antennas, prensoque rudente relabi.
Hoc Libys, hoc flavus, prorae tutela, Melanthus,
Hoc probat Alcimedon et, qui requiemque modumque
Voce dabat remis, animorum hortator Epopeus,
Hoc omnes alii. Praedae tam caeca cupido est. 6
Non tamen hanc sacro violari pondere pinum
Perpetiar, dixi : pars hie mihi maxima juris.
Inque aditu obsisto. Furit audacissimus omni
De numero Lycabas, qui Tusca pulsus ab urbe
Exsilium dira poenam pro caede luebat. 625
Is mihi, dum resto, juvenili guttura pugno
Rupit ; et excussum misisset in aequora, si non
Haesissem, quamvis amens, in fune retentus.
Impia turba probat factum. Turn denique Bacchus
Bacchus enim fuerat veluti clamore solutus 6 3 o
Sit sopor aque mero redeant in pectora sensus,
Quid facitis? Quis clamor? ait, Qua, dicite, nautae,
Hue ope perveni ? Quo me deferre paratis ?
Pone metum, Proreus, et quos contingere portus
Ede velis, dixit : terra sistere petita. 6 35
METAMORPH. LIB. III. 27
Naxon, ait Liber, cursus advertite vestros :
Ilia mihi domus est ; vobis erit hospita tellus.
Per mare fallaces perque omnia numina jurant,
Sic fore, meque jubent pictae dare vela carinae.
Dextera Naxos erat : dextra mihi lintea danti, 640
Quid facis, o demens ? Quis te furor, inquit, Acoete,
Pro se quisque, tenet ? laevam pete ! Maxima nutu
Pars mihi significat, pars, quid velit, aure susurrat.
Obstupui, Capiatque aliquis moderamina ! dixi,
Meque ministerio scelerisque artisque removi. 645
Increpor a cunctis, totumque immurmurat agmen ;
E quibus Aethalion, Te scilicet omnis in uno
Nostra salus posita est ! ait, et subit ipse meumque
Explet opus, Naxoque petit diversa relicta.
Turn deus illudens, tanquam modo denique fraudem 6 5 o
Senserit, e puppi pontum prospectat adunca,
Et flenti similis, Non haec mihi litora, nautae,
Promisistis, ait ; non haec mihi terra rogata est.
Quo merui poenam facto ? Quae gloria vestra est,
Si puerum juvenes, si multi fallitis unum ? 655
Jamdudum flebam ; lacrimas manus impia nostras
Ridet, et impellit properantibus aequora remis.
Per tibi nunc ipsum neque enim praesentior illo
Est deus adjuro, tarn me tibi vera referre,
Quam veri majora fide : stetit aequore puppis 660
Haud aliter, quam si siccum navale teneret.
I Hi admirantes remorum in verbere perstant,
Velaque deducunt, geminaque ope currere tentant :
Impediunt hederae remos, nexuque recurvo
Serpunt et gravidis distringunt vela corymbis. 665
Ipse, racemiferis frontem circumdatus uvis,
Pampineis agitat velatam frondibus hastam ;
Quern circa tigres simulacraque inania lyncum
Pictarumque jacent fera corpora pantherarum.
Exsiluere viri ; sive hoc insania fecit, 670
Sive timor ; primusque Medon nigrescere pinnis
'28 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Corpora depresso, et spinae curvamina flecti
Incipit. Huic Lycabas, In quae miracula, dixit,
Verteris ? et lati rictus et panda loquenti
Naris erat, squamamque cutis durata trahebat. 675
At Libys, obstantes dum vult obvertere remos,
In spatium resilire manus breve vidit, et illas
Jam non esse manus, jam pinnas posse vocari.
Alter, ad intortos cupiens dare brachia funes,
Brachia non habuit, truncoque repandus in undas 680
Corpore desiluit ; falcata novissima cauda est,
Qualia dimidiae sinuantur cornua lunae.
Undique dant saltus, multaque adspergine rorant,
Emerguntque iterum redeuntque sub aequora rursus,
Inque chori ludunt speciem lascivaque jactant 685
Corpora, et acceptum patulis mare naribus efflant.
De modo viginti tot enim ratis ilia ferebat
Restabam solus. Pavidum gelidumque trementi
Corpore, vixque meum firmat deus, Excute, dicens,
Corde metum, Diamque tene ! Delatus in illam 690
Accessi sacris Baccheaque festa frequento.
LIBER IV.
# * * * *
PYRAMUS et Thisbe, juvenum pulcherrimus alter, S5
Altera, quas Oriens habuit, praelata puellis,
Contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam
Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem.
Notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit,
Tempore crevit amor : taedae quoque jure coissent ; &
Sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare,
Ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo.
Conscius omnis abest : nutu signisque loquuntur ;
METAMORPH. LIB. IV. 29
Quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis.
Fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim, e s
Quum fieret, paries domui communis utrique :
Id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum
Quid non sentit amor ? primi vidistis amantes,
Et vocis fecistis iter, tutaeque per illud
Murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant. 70
Saepe, ut constiterant hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc,
Inque vices fuerat captatus anhelitus oris,
Invide, dicebant, paries, quid amantibus obstas ?
Quantum erat, ut sineres nos toto corpore jungi ;
Aut hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! 75
Nee sumus ingrati : tibi nos debere fatemur,
Quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures.
Talia diversa nequicquam sede locuti,
Sub noctem dixere vale, partique dedere
Oscula quisque suae, non pervenientia contra. 80
Postera nocturnes Aurora removerat ignes,
Solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas ;
Ad solitum coiere locum. Turn murmure parvo
Multa prius questi, statuunt, ut nocte silenti
Fallere custodes foribusque excedere tentent, 85
Quumque domo exierint, urbis quoque claustra relinquant ;
Neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo,
Conveniant ad busta Nini, lateantque sub umbra
Arboris : arbor ibi, niveis uberrima pomis,
Ardua morus erat, gelido contermina fonti. 90
Pacta placent, et lux, tarcle discedere visa,
Praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox surgit ab isdem.
Callida per tenebras versato cardine Thisbe
Egreditur fallitque suos, adopertaque vultum
Pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. 95
Audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti
Caede leaena boum spumantes oblita rictus,
Depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda.
Quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe
30 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Vidit, et obscurum timido pede fugit in antrum,
Dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit.
Ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda,
Dum redit in silvas, inventos forte sine ipsa
Ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus.
Serius egressus vestigia videt in alto
Pulvere certa ferae totoque expalluit ore
Pyramus. Ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam
Reperit : Una duos, inquit, nox perdet amantes :
E quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita ;
Nostra nocens anima est : ego te, miseranda, peremi,
In loca plena metus qui jussi nocte venires,
Nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus,
Et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu,
O quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones !
Sed timidi est optare necem ! Velamina Thisbes
Tollit, et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram ;
Utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula, vesti,
Accipe nunc, inquit, nostri quoque sanguinis haustus !
Quoque erat accinctus, demisit in ilia ferrum.
Nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit,
Et jacuit resupinus humi : cruor emicat alte,
Non aliter quam quum vitiato fistula plumbo
Scinditur et tenui stridente foramine longas
Ejaculatur aquas, atque ictibus ae'ra rumpit.
Arborei fetus adspergine caedis in atram
Vertuntur faciem, madefactaque sanguine radix
Puniceo tingit pendentia mora colore.
Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem,
Ilia redit, juvenemque oculis animoque requirit,
Quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit ;
Utque locum et visam cognovit in arbore formam
Sic facit incertam pomi color haeret, an haec sit.
Dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cruentum
Membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo
Pallidiora gerens exhorruit aequoris instar,
METAMORPH. LIB. IV. 31
Quod fremit exigua quum summum stringitur aura.
Sed postquam remorata suos cognovit amores,
Percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos,
Et, laniata comas amplexaque corpus amatum,
Vulnera supplevrt lacrimis fletumque cruori J40
Miscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens,
Pyrame, clamavit, quis te mihi casus ademit?
Pyrame, responde : tua te carissima Thisbe
Nominal ! Exaudi, vultusque attolle jacentes !
Ad nomen Thisbes oculos jam morte gravatos MS
Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia.
Quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit, et ense
Vidit ebur vacuum, Tua te manus, inquit, amorque
Perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum
Hoc manus, est et amor ; dabit hie in vulnera vires. 15
Persequar exstinctum, letique miserrima dicar
Causa comesque tui ; quique a me morte revelli
Heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli.
Hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati,
O multum miseri, meus illiusque, parentes, 155
Ut, quos certus amor, quos hora novissima junxit,
Componi tumulo non invideatis eodem.
At tu, quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus
Nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum,
Signa tene caedis, pullosque et luctibus aptos 160
Semper habe fetus, gemini monumenta cruoris.
Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum
Incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat.
Vota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes :
Nam color in porno est, ubi permaturuit, ater ; 165
Quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna.
*****
Sed tamen ambobus versae solatia formae
Magna nepos dederat, quem debellata colebat 605
India, quem positis celebrabat Achaia templis.
Solus Abantiades ab origine cretus eadem
32 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Acrisius superest, qui moenibus arceat urbis
Argolicae, contraque deum ferat arma, genusque
Ision putet esse deum : neque enim Jovis esse putabat 610
Persea, quem pluvio Danae conceperat auro.
Mox tamen Acrisium tanta est praesentia veri
Tarn violasse deum, quam non agnosse nepotem,
Poenitet : impositus jam coelo est alter ; at alter,
Viperei referens spolium memorabile monstri, 615
Aera carpebat tenerum stridentibus alis.
Quumque super Libycas victor penderet arenas,
Gorgonei capitis guttae cecidere cruentae ;
Quas humus exceptas varies animavit in angues :
Unde frequens ilia est infestaque terra colubris. 6>
Inde per immensum ventis discordibus actus
Nunc hue, nunc illuc, exemplo nubis aquosae
Fertur, et ex alto seductas aethere longe
Despectat terras, totumque supervolat orbem.
Ter gelidas Arctos, ter Cancri brachia vidit ; 625
Saepe sub occasus, saepe est ablatus in ortus ;
Jamque cadente die veritus se credere nocti
Constitit Hesperio, regnis Atlantis, in orbe,
Exiguamque petit requiem, dum Lucifer ignes
Evocet Aurorae, cursus Aurora diurnos. f>3
Hie, hominum cunctos ingenti corpore praestans,
lapetionides Atlas fuit. Ultima tellus
Rege sub hoc et pontus erat, qui Solis anhelis
Aequora subdit equis et fessos excipit axes.
Mille greges illi totidemque armenta per herbas 635
Errabant, et humum vicinia nulla premebant ;
Arboreae frondes auro radiante nitentes
Ex auro ramos, ex auro poma tegebant.
Hospes, ait Perseus illi, seu gloria tangit
Te generis magni, generis mini Jupiter auctor ; 640
Sive es mirator rerum, mirabere nostras :
Hospitium, requiemque peto. Memor ille vetustae
Sortis erat : Themis hanc dederat Parnasia sortem :
METAMORPH. LIB. IV. 33
Tempus, Atla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro
Arbor ; et hunc praedae titulum Jove natus habebit. 643
Id metuens, solidis pomaria clauserat Atlas
Moenibus et vasto dederat servanda draconi,
Arcebatque suis externos finibus omnes.
Huic quoque, Vade procul, ne longe gloria rerum,
Quas mentiris, ait, longe tibi Jupiter absit ! 650
Vimque minis addit, manibusque expellere tentat
Cunctantem et placidis miscentem fortia dictis.
Viribus inferior- -quis enim par esset Atlanti
Viribus ? At quoniam parvi tibi gratia nostra est,
Accipe munus ! ait, laevaque a parte Medusae 655
Ipse retroversus squalentia protulit ora.
Quantus erat, mons factus Atlas : nam barba comaeque
In silvas abeunt ; juga sunt humerique manusque ;
Quod caput ante fuit, summo est in monte cacumen ;
Ossa lapis fiunt ; turn partes auctus in omnes 660
Crevit in immensum sic Di statuistis et omne
Cum tot sideribus coelum requievit in illo.
Clauserat Hippotades aeterno carcere ventos,
Admonitorque operum coelo clarissimus alto
Lucifer ortus erat : pennis ligat ille resumtis 665
Parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco,
Et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit.
Gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis,
Aethiopum populos Cepheaque conspicit arva.
Illic immeritam maternae pendere linguae 6 7 o
Andromeden poenas injustus jusserat Hammon.
Quam simul ad duras religatam brachia cautes
Vidit Abantiades, nisi quod levis aura capillos
Moverat, et trepido manabant lumina fletu,
Marmoreum ratus esset opus trahit inscius ignes 673
Et stupet, et, visae correptus imagine formae,
Paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas.
Ut stetit, O, dixit, non istis digna catenis,
Sed quibus inter se cupidi junguntur amantes,
3
34 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque, 6&>
Et cur vincla geras. Primo silet ilia, nee audet
Appellare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos
Celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset.
Lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis.
Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri 685
Nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque,
Quantaque maternae fuerit fiducia formae,
Indicat ; et, nondum memoratis omnibus, unda
Insonuit, veniensque immenso bellua ponto
Eminet et latum sub pectore possidet aequor. 690
Conclamat virgo : genitor lugubris et una
Mater adest, ambo miseri, sed justius ilia ;
Nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus
Plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent.
Quum sic hospes ait : Lacrimarum longa manere 695
Tempora vos poterunt ; ad opem brevis hora ferendam est.
Hanc ego si peterem Perseus Jove natus et ilia,
Quam clausam implevit fecundo Jupiter auro,
Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator, et alis
Aetherias ausus jactatis ire per auras, T>
Praeferrer cunctis certe gener : addere tantis
Dotibus et meritum faveant modo numina tento.
Ut mea sit, servata mea virtute, paciscor.
Accipiunt legem quis enim dubitaret? et orant
Promittuntque super regnum dotale parentes. 705
Ecce, velut navis praefixo concita rostro
Sulcat aquas, juvenum sudantibus acta lacertis,
Sic fera, dimotis impulsu pectoris undis :
Tantum aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto
Funda potest plumbo medii transmittere coeli, 710
Quum subito juvenis, pedibus tellure repulsa,
Arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo
Umbra viri visa est, visam fera saevit in umbram.
Utque Jovis praepes, vacuo quum vidit in arvo
Praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem, ?'S
METAMORPH. LIB. IV. 35
Occupat aversum, neu saeva retorqueat ora,
Squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues ;
Sic celeri missus praeceps per inane volatu
Terga ferae pressit, dextroque frementis in armo
Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. 720
Vulnere laesa gravi modo se sublimis in auras
Attollit, modo subdit aquis, modo more ferocis
Versat apri, quem turba canum circumsona terret.
Ille avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis,
Quaque patent, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, 725
Nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda
Desinit in piscem, falcato verberat ense.
Bellua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus
Ore vomit. Maduere graves adspergine pennae ;
Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus 730
Credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo
Stantibus exstat aquis, operitur ab aequore moto :
Nixus eo rupisque tenens juga prima sinistra,
Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum.
Litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum 735
Implevere domos : gaudent generumque salutant,
Auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur
Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis
Incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris.
Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda ; 74
Anguiferumque caput nuda ne laedat arena,
Mollit humum foliis natasque sub aequore virgas
Sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae.
Virga recens bibulaque etiamnum viva medulla
Vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit hujus, 74*
Percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigorem.
At pelagi Nymphae factum mirabile tentant
Pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent,
Seminaque ex illis iterant jactata per undas.
Nunc quoque curaliis eadem natura remansit, 75
Duritiam tacto capiant ut ab aere, quodque
36 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Vimen in aequore erat fiat super aequora saxum.
Dis tribus ille focos totidem de cespite ponit,
Laevum Mercuric, dextrum tibi, bellies Virgo ;
Ara Jovis media est. Mactatur vacca Minervae, 755
Alipedi vitulus, taurus tibi, summe deorum.
Protinus Andromeden et tanti praemia facti
Indotata rapit : taedas Hymenaeus Amorque
Praecutiunt ; largis satiantur odoribus ignes,
Sertaque dependent tectis, et ubique lyraeque ;->
Tibiaque et cantus, animi felicia laeti
Argumenta, sonant ; reseratis aurea valvis
Atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu
Cephenum proceres ineunt convivia regis.
Postquam epulis functi generosi munere Bacchi 763
Diffudere animos, cultusque genusque locorum
Quaerit Abantiades : quaerenti protinus unus
Narrat, Lyncides, moresque habitumque virorum.
Quae simul edocuit, Nunc, o fortissime, dixit,
Fare precor, Perseu, quanta virtute quibusque 770
Artibus abstuleris crinita draconibus ora.
Narrat Agenorides, gelido sub Atlante jacentem
Esse locum, solidae tutum munimine molis,
Cujus in introitu geminas habitasse sorores
Phorcidas, unius sortitas luminis usum ; 775
Id se sollerti furtim, dum traditur, astu
Supposita cepisse manu, perque abdita longe
Deviaque et silvis horrentia saxa fragosis
Gorgoneas tetigisse domos, passimque per agros
Perque vias vidisse hominum simulacra ferarumque 780
In silicem ex ipsis visa conversa Medusa ;
Se tamen horrendae clypei, quod laeva gerebat,
Acre repercusso formam adspexisse Medusae,
Dumque gravis somnus colubras ipsamque tenebat,
Eripuisse caput collo ; pennisque fugacem 785
Pegason et fratrem matris de sanguine natos
Addidit, et longi non falsa pericula cursus,
METAMORPH. LIB. V. 37
Quae freta, quas terra's sub se vidisset ab alto,
Et quae jactatis tetigisset sidera pennis.
LIBER V.
* * * * *
PRIMA Ceres unco glebam dimovit aratro,
Prima dedit fruges alimentaque mitia terris,
Prima dedit leges ; Cereris sunt omnia munus :
Ilia canenda mihi est. Utinam modo dicere possem
Carmina digna dea ! Certe dea carmine digna est. 343
Vasta Giganteis injecta est insula membris
Trinacris, et magnis subjectum molibus urget
Aetherias ausum sperare Typhoea sedes.
Nititur ille quidem pugnatque resurgere saepe ;
Dextra sed Ausonio manus est subjecta Peloro, 350
Laeva, Pachyne, tibi, Lilybaeo crura premuntur,
Degravat Aetna caput : sub qua resupinus arenas
Ejectat flammamque fero vomit ore Typhoeus.
Saepe remoliri luctatur pondera terrae,
Oppidaque et magnos devolvere corpore monies. 355
Inde tremit tellus, et rex pavet ipse silentum,
Ne pateat latoque solum retegatur hiatu,
Immissusque dies trepidantes terreat umbras.
Hanc metuens cladem tenebrosa sede tyrannus
Exierat, curruque atrorum vectus equorum 36
Ambibat Siculae cautus fundamina terrae.
Postquam exploratum satis est, loca nulla labare,
Depositique metus, videt hunc Erycina vagantem
Monte suo residens, natumque amplexa volucrem,
Arma manusque meae, mea, nate, potentia, dixit, 365
Ilia, quibus superas omnes, cape tela, Cupido,
Inque dei pectus celeres molire sagittas,
38 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Cui triplicis cessit fortuna novissima regni.
Tu superos ipsumque Jovem, tu numina ponti
Victa domas ipsumque, regit qui numina ponti. 37
Tartara quid cessant ? Cur non matrisque tuumque
Imperium profers ? Agitur pars tertia mundi.
Et tamen in coelo, quae jam patientia nostra est,
Spernimur, ac mecum vires minuuntur Amoris.
Pallada nonne vides jaculatricemque Dianam 375
Abscessisse mihi ? Cereris quoque filia virgo,
Si patiemur, erit : nam spes affectat easdem.
At tu, pro socio si qua est tibi gratia regno,
Junge deam patruo. Dixit Venus ; ille pharetram
Solvit, et arbitrio matris de mille sagittis 33
Unam seposuit, sed qua nee acutior ulla
Nee minus incerta est, nee quae magis audiat arcum ;
Oppositoque genu curvavit flexile cornum,
Inque cor hamata percussit arundine Ditem.
Haud procul Hennaeis lacus est a moenibus altae, 385
Nomine Fergus, aquae ; non illo plura Caystros
Carmina cygnorum labentibus audit in undis ;
Silva coronat aquas, cingens latus omne, suisque
Frondibus, ut velo, Phoebeos submovet ignes ;
Frigora dant rami, varies humus humida flores ; 39
Perpetuum ver est. Quo dum Proserpina luco
Ludit et aut violas aut Candida lilia carpit,
Dumque puellari studio calathosque sinumque
Implet, et aequales certat superare legendo,
Paene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Diti : 395
Usque adeo properatur amor. Dea territa maesto
Et matrem et comites, sed matrem saepius, ore
Clamat, et, ut summa vestem laniarat ab ora,
Collecti flores tunicis cecidere remissis ;
Tantaque simplicitas puerilibus affuit annis, 4
Haec quoque virgineum movit jactura dolorem.
Raptor agit currus et nomine quemque vocatos
Exhortatur equos, quorum per colla jubasque
METAMORPH. LIB. V. 39
Excutit obscura tinctas ferrugine habenas,
Perque lacus altos et olentia sulfure fertur 405
Stagna Palicorum, rupta ferventia terra,
Et qua Bacchiadae, bimari gens orta Corintho,
Inter inaequales posuerunt moenia portus.
Est medium Cyanes et Pisaeae Arethusae,
Quod coit angustis inclusum cornibus, aequor : 410
Hie fuit, a cujus stagnum quoque nomine dictum est,
Inter Sicelidas Cyane celeberrima Nymphas.
Gurgite quae medio summa tenus exstitit alvo,
Agnovitque deam, Nee longius ibitis : inquit,
Non potes invitae Cereris gener esse : roganda, . 415
Non rapienda fuit. Quod si componere magnis
Parva mihi fas est, et me dilexit Anapis ;
Exorata tamen nee, ut haec, .exterrita nupsi.
Dixit, et in partes diversas brachia tendens
Obstitit. Haud ultra tenuit Saturnius iram, 420
Terribilesque hortatus equos, in gurgitis ima
Contortum valido sceptrum regale lacerto
Condidit : icta viam tellus in Tartara fecit,
Et pronos currus medio cratere recepit.
At Cyane, raptamque deam contemtaque fontis 425
Jura sui maerens, inconsolabile vulnus
Mente gerit tacita, lacrimisque absumitur omnis,
Et, quarum fuerat magnum modo numen, in illas
Extenuatur aquas. Molliri membra videres,
Ossa pati flexus, ungues posuisse rigorem ; 43 o
Primaque de tota tenuissima quaeque liquescunt,
Caerulei crines digitique et crura pedesque :
Nam brevis in gelidas membris exilibus undas
Transitus est. Post haec humeri tergumque latusque
Pectoraque in tenues abeunt evanida rivos ; 435
Denique pro vivo vitiatas sanguine venas
Lympha subit, restatque nihil quod prendere possis.
Interea pavidae nequicquam filia matri
Omnibus est terris, omni quaesita profundo.
4O P. OVIDII NASONIS
Illam non udis veniens Aurora capillis 440
Cessantem vidit, non Hesperus ; ilia duabus
Flammiferas pinus manibus succendit ab Aetna,
Perque pruinosas tulit irrequieta tenebras ;
Rursus, ubi alma dies hebetarat sidera, natam
Solis ad occasus solis quaerebat ab ortu. 445
Fessa labore sitim collegerat, oraque nulli
Colluerant fontes, quum tectam stramine vidit
Forte casam, parvasque fores pulsavit : at inde
Prodit anus, divamque videt, lymphamque roganti
Dulce dedit, tosta quod coxerat ante polenta. 450
Dum bibit ilia datum, duri puer oris et audax
Constitit ante deam, risitque avidamque vocavit.
Offensa est, neque adhuc epota parte loquentem
Cum liquido mixta perfudit diva polenta.
Combibit os maculas, et, qua modo brachia gessit, 455
Crura gerit ; cauda est mutatis addita membris ;
Inque brevem formam, ne sit vis magna nocendi,
Contrahitur, parvaque minor mensura lacerta est.
Mirantem flentemque et tangere monstra parantem
Fugit anum, latebramque petit aptumque colori 4 6o
Nomen habet, variis stellatus corpora guttis.
Quas dea per terras et quas erraverit undas,
Dicere longa mora est : quaerenti defuit orbis.
Sicaniam repetit, dumque omnia lustrat eundo,
Venit et ad Cyanen. Ea, ni mutata fuisset, 465
Omnia narrasset ; sed et os et lingua volenti
Dicere non aderant, nee quo loqueretur habebat.
Signa tamen manifesta dedit, notamque parenti,
Illo forte loco delapsam in gurgite sacro,
Persephones zonam summis ostendit in undis. 470
Quam simul agnovit, tanquam turn denique raptam
Scisset, inornatos laniavit diva capillos,
Et repetita suis percussit pectora palmis.
Nee scit adhuc ubi sit ; terras tamen increpat omnes,
Ingratasque vocat nee frugum munere dignas, 475
METAMORPH. LIB. V. 41
Trinacriam ante alias, in qua vestigia damni
Reperit. Ergo illic saeva vertentia glebas
Fregit aratra manu, parilique irata colonos
Ruricolasque boves leto dedit, arvaque jussit
Fallere depositum, vitiataque semina fecit. 480
Fertilitas terrae, latum vulgata per orbem,
Cassa jacet : primis segetes moriuntur in herbis,
Et modo sol nimius, nimius modo corripit imber ;
Sideraque ventique nocent, avidaeque volucres
Semina jacta legunt ; lolium tribulique fatigant 485
Triticeas messes et inexpugnabile gramen.
Turn caput Eleis Alpheias extulit undis,
Rorantesque comas a fronte removit ad aures,
Atque ait : O toto quaesitae virginis orbe
Et frugum genitrix, immensos siste labores, 49
Neve tibi fidae violenta irascere terrae.
Terra nihil meruit, patuitque invita rapinae.
Nee sum pro patria supplex : hue hospita veni :
Pisa mihi patria est, et ab Elide ducimus ortus ;
Sicaniam peregrina colo, sed gratior omni 495
Haec mihi terra solo est : hos nunc Arethusa penates,
Hanc habeo sedem, quam tu, mitissima, serva.
Mota loco cur sim tantique per aequoris undas
Advehar Ortygiam, veniet narratibus hora
Tempestiva meis ; quum tu curisque levata 500
Et vultus melioris eris. Mihi pervia tellus
Praebet iter, subterque imas ablata cavernas
Hie caput attollo desuetaque sidera cerno.
Ergo, dum Stygio sub terris gurgite labor,
Visa tua est oculis illic Proserpina nostris. 505
Ilia quidem tristis nee adhuc interrita vultu,
Sed regina tamen, sed opaci maxima mundi,
Sed tamen inferni pollens matron a tyranni.
Mater ad auditas stupuit, ceu saxea, voces,
Attonitaeque diu similis fuit. Utque dolore 510
Pulsa gravi gravis est amentia, curribus auras
43 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Exit in aetherias. Ibi toto nubila vultu
Ante Jovem passis stetit invidiosa capillis,
Proque meo veni supplex tibi, Jupiter, inquit,
Sanguine, proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris, 515
Nata patrem moveat, neu sit tibi cura, precamur,
Vilior illius, quod nostro est edita partu.
En quaesita diu tandem mihi nata reperta est ;
Si reperire vocas amittere certius, aut si
Scire ubi sit reperire vocas. Quod rapta, feremus ; 520
Dummodo reddat earn : neque enim praedone marito
Filia digna tua est, si jam mea filia non est.
Jupiter excepit : Commune est pignus onusque
Nata mihi tecum ; sed, si modo nomina rebus
Addere vera placet, non hoc injuria factum, 525
Verum amor est ; neque erit nobis gener ille pudori :
Tu modo, diva, velis. Ut desint cetera, quantum est
Esse Jovis fratrem ! Quid, quod non cetera desunt,
Nee cedit nisi sorte mihi ? Sed tanta cupido
Si tibi discidii est, repetet Proserpina coelum : 530
Lege tamen certa, si nullos contigit illic
Ore cibos : nam sic Parcarum foedere cautum est.
Dixerat ; at Cereri certum est educere natam.
Non ita fata sinunt, quoniam jejunia virgo
Solverat et, cultis dum simplex errat in hortis, 533
Puniceum curva decerpserat arbore pomum,
Sumtaque pallenti septem de cortice grana
Presserat ore suo. Solusque ex omnibus illud
Ascalaphus vidit quern quondam dicitur Orphne,
Inter Avernales haud ignotissima Nymphas, 54
Ex Acheronte suo furvis peperisse sub antris
Vidit et indicio reditum crudelis ademit
Ingemuit regina Erebi, testemque profanam
Fecit avem, sparsumque caput Phlegethontide lympha
In rostrum et plumas et grandia lumina vertit. 545
Ille sibi ablatus fulvis amicitur ab alis,
Inque caput crescit longosque reflectitur ungues,
METAMORPH. LIB. VI. 43
Vixque movet natas per inertia brachia pennas ;
Foedaque fit volucris, venturi nuntia luctus,
Ignavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen. 55
Hie tamen indicio poenam linguaque videri
Commeruisse potest ; vobis, Acheloides, unde
Pluma pedesque avium, quum virginis ora geratis ?
An quia, quum legeret vernos Proserpina flores,
In comitum numero mixtae, Sirenes, eratis ? 555
Quam postquam toto frustra quaesistis in orbe,
Protinus, ut vestram sentirent aequora curam,
Posse super fluctus alarum insistere remis
Optastis, facilesque deos habuistis, et artus
Vidistis vestros subitis flavescere pennis. 560
Ne tamen ille canor, mulcendas natus ad aures,
Tantaque dos oris linguae deperderet usum,
Virginei vultus et vox humana remansit.
At medius fratrisque sui maestaeque sororis
Jupiter ex aequo volventem dividit annum. 563
Nunc dea, regnorum numen commune duorum,
Cum matre est totidem, totidem cum conjuge menses.
Vertitur extemplo facies et mentis et oris :
Nam, modo quae poterat Diti quoque maesta videri,
Laeta deae frons est : ut Sol, qui tectus aquosis 570
Nubibus ante fuit, victis ubi nubibus exit.
*****
LIBER VI.
LYDIA tota fremit, Phrygiaeque per oppida facti
Rumor it et magnum sermonibus occupat orbem.
Ante suos Niobe thalamos cognoverat illam,
Tune quum Maeoniam .virgo Sipylumque colebat ;
44 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Nec tamen admonita est poena popularis Arachnes, i S o
Cedere coelitibus verbisque minoribus uti.
Multa dabant animos : sed enim nee conjugis artes
Nec genus amborum magnique potentia regni
Sic placuere illi quamvis ea cuncta placerent
Ut sua progenies. Et felicissima matrum 155
Dicta foret Niobe, si non sibi visa fuisset.
Nam sata Tiresia, venturi praescia, Manto
Per medias fuerat, divino concita motu,
Vaticinata vias : Ismenides, ite frequentes,
Et date Latonae Latonigenisque duobus 160
Cum prece tura pia, lauroque innectite crinem !
Ore meo Latona jubet. Paretur, et omnes
Thebaides jussis sua tempora frondibus ornant,
Turaque dant sanctis et verba precantia flammis.
Ecce, venit comitum Niobe celeberrima turba, 165
Vestibus intexto Phrygiis spectabilis auro,
Et, quantum ira sinit, formosa movensque decoro
Cum capite immissos humerum per utrumque capillos,
Constitit ; utque oculos circumtulit alta superbos,
Quis furor auditos, inquit, praeponere visis 170
Coelestes ? Ant cur colitur Latona per aras,
Numen adhuc sine ture meum est ? Mihi Tantalus auctor,
Cui licuit soli superorum tangere mensas ;
Pleiadum soror est genitrix mea ; maximus Atlas
Est avus, aetherium qui fert cervicibus axem ; 175
Jupiter alter avus ; socero quoque glorior illo.
Me gentes metuunt Phrygiae ; me regia Cadmi
Sub domina est, fidibusque mei commissa mariti
Moenia cum populis a meque viroque reguntur.
In quamcumque domus adverto lumina partem, 180
Immensae spectantur opes. Accedit eodem
Digna dea facies. Hue natas adjice septem
Et totidem juvenes, et mox generosque nurusque.
Quaerite nunc, habeat quam nostra superbia causam !
Quoque modo audetis genitam Titanida Coeo 185
METAMORPH. LIB. VI. 45
Latonam praeferre mihi, cui maxima quandam
Exiguam sedem pariturae terra negavit ?
Nee coelo nee humo nee aquis dea vestra recepta est ;
Exul erat mundi, donee, miserata vagantem,
Hospita tu terris erras ; ego, dixit, in undis ! 190
Instabilemque locum Delos dedit. Ilia duorum
Facta parens : uteri pars haec est septima nostri.
Sum felix : quis enim neget hoc ? felixque manebo.
Hoc quoque quis dubitet ? Tutam me copia fecit :
Major sum, quam cui possit Fortuna nocere ; 195
Multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquet.
Excessere metum mea jam bona. Fingite demi
Huic aliquid populo natorum posse meorum,
Non tamen ad numerum redigar spoliata duorum
[Latonae. Turba quae quantum clistat ab orba ? ] 200
Ite sacris, properate sacris, laurumque capillis
Ponite ! Deponunt et sacra infecta relinquunt,
Quodque licet, tacito venerantur murmure numen.
Indignata dea est, summoque in vertice Cynthi
Talibus est dictis gemina cum prole locuta : 203
En ego, vestra parens, vobis animosa creatis,
Et nisi Junoni nulli cessura dearum,
An dea sim, dubitor, perque omnia secula cultis
Arceor, o nati, nisi vos succurritis, aris.
Nee dolor hie solus : diro convicia facto 210
Tantalis adjecit, vosque est postponere natis
Ausa suis, et me, quod in ipsam recidat, orbam
Dixit, ex exhibuit linguam scelerata paternam.
Adjectura preces erat his Latona relatis ;
Desine : Phoebus ait, poenae mora longa querela est. 213
Dixit idem Phoebe ; celerique per aera lapsu
Contigerant tecti Cadmeida nubibus arcem.
Planus erat lateque patens prope moenia campus,
Assiduis pulsatus equis, ubi turba rotarum
Duraque mollierat subjectas ungula glebas. 220
Pars ibi de septem genitis Amphione fortes
46 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Conscendunt in equos, Typoque rubentia suco
Terga premunt auroque graves moderantur habenas.
E quibus Ismenos, qui matri sarcina quondam
Prima suae fuerat, dum certum flectit in orbem 235
Quadrupedis cursus spumantiaque ora coercet,
Hei mihi ! conclamat medioque in pectore fixus
Tela gerit, frenisque manu moriente remissis
In latus a dextro paullatim defluit armo.
Proximus, audito sonitu per inane pharetrae, 23
Frena dabat Sipylus, veluti quum praescius imbris
Nube fugit visa pendentiaque undique rector
Carbasa deducit, ne qua levis effluat aura.
Frena tamen dantem non evitabile telum
Consequitur, summaque tremens cervice sagitta 23$
Haesit, et exstabat nudum de gutture ferrum.
Ille, ut erat pronus, per colla admissa jubasque
Volvitur, et calido tellurem sanguine foedat
Phaedimus infelix et aviti nominis heres
Tantalus, ut solito finem imposuere labori, 240
Transierant ad opus nitidae juvenile palaestrae ;
Et jam contulerant arto luctantia nexu
Pectora pectoribus, quum tento concita nervo,
Sicut erant juncti, trajecit utrumque sagitta.
Ingemuere simul, simul incurvata dolore 245
Membra solo posuere, simul suprema jacentes
Lumina versarunt, animam simul exhalarunt.
Adspicit Alphenor laniataque pectora plangens
Advolat, ut gelidos complexibus allevet artus,
Inque pio cadit officio : nam Delius illi 250
Intima fatiferd rupit praecordia ferro ;
Quod simul eductum est, pars est pulmonis in hamis
Eruta, cumque anima cruor est effusus in auras.
At non intonsum simplex Damasichthona vulnus
Afficit : ictus erat, qua crus esse incipit et qua 255
Mollia nodosus facit internodia poples,
Dumque manu tentat trahere exitiabile telum,
METAMORPH. LIB. VI. 47
Altera per jugulum pennis tenus acta sagitta est.
Expulit hanc sanguis, seque ejaculatus in altum
Emicat et longe terebrata prosilit aura. 260
Ultimus Ilioneus non profectura precando
Brachia sustulerat, Dique o communiter omnes,
Dixerat, ignarus non omnes esse rogandos,
Parcite ! Motus erat, quum jam revocabile telum
Non fuit, Arcitenens ; minimo tamen occidit ille 265
Vulnere, non alte percusso corde sagitta.
Fama mali populique dolor lacrimaeque suorum
Tarn subitae matrem certam fecere ruinae,
Mirantem potuisse, irascentemque quod ausi
Hoc essent superi, quod tantum juris haberent. 270
Nam pater Amphion ferro per pectus adacto
Finierat moriens pariter cum luce dolorem.
Heu, quantum haec Niobe Niobe distabat ab ilia,
Quae modo Latois populum submoverat aris
Et mediam tulerat gressus resupina per urbem, 275
Invidiosa suis ! At nunc miseranda vel hosti
Corporibus gelidis incumbit, et ordine nullo
Oscula dispensat natos suprema per omnes.
A quibus ad coelum liventia brachia tendens,
Pascere, crudelis, nostro, Latona, dolore, 28
[Pascere, ait, satiaque meo tua pectora luctu,]
Corque ferum satia ! dixit : Per funera septem
Efferor : exsulta, victrixque inimica triumpha !
Cur autem victrix ? Miserae mihi plura supersunt,
Quam tibi felici : post tot quoque funera -vinco. 285
Dixerat ; et sonuit contento nervus ab arcu,
Qui praeter Nioben unam conterruit omnes ;
Ilia malo est audax. Stabant cum vestibus atris
Ante toros fratrum demisso crine sorores.
E quibus una, trahens haerentia viscere tela, 29
Imposito fratri moribunda relanguit ore.
Altera, solari miseram conata parentem,
Conticuit subito, duplicataque vulnere caeco est,
48 P. OVIDH NASOMS
Oraque non pressit, sibi postquam spiritus exit.
Haec frustra fugiens collabitur, ilia sorori 295
Immoritur ; latet haec, illam trepidare videres.
Sexque datis leto diversaque vulnera passis,
Ultima restabat ; quam toto corpore mater
Tota veste tegens, Unam minimamque relinque !
De multis minimam posco, clamavit, et unam. 3
Dumque rogat, pro qua rogat, occidit. Orba resedit
Examines inter natos natasque virumque,
Diriguitque malis : nullos movet aura capillos,
In vultu color est sine sanguine, lumina maestis
Slant immota genis, nihil est in imagine vivum. 3s
Ipsa quoque interius cum duro lingua palato
Congelat, et venae desistunt posse moveri ;
Nee flecti cervix, nee brachia reddere gestus,
Nee pes ire potest ; intra quoque viscera saxum est.
Flet tamen, et validi circumdata turbine venti 310
In patriam rapta est : ubi fixa cacumine mentis
Liquitur, et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant.
LIBER VIII.
DAEDALUS interea Creten longumque perosus
Ex ilium, tactusque soli natalis amore,
Clausus erat pelago. Terras licet, inquit, et undas '85
Obstruat, at coelum certe patet : ibimus iliac !
Omnia possideat, non possidet ae'ra Minos !
Dixit, et ignotus animum dimittit in artes,
Naturamque novat : nam ponit in ordine pennas
A minima coeptas, longam breviore sequente, 9
Ut clivo crevisse putes. Sic rustica quondam
Fistula disparibus paullatim surgit avenis.
METAMORPH. LIB. VIII. 49
Turn lino medias et ceris alligat imas,
Atque ita compositas parvo curvamine flectit,
Ut veras imitetur aves. Puer Icarus una 195
Stabat et, ignarus sua se tractare pericla,
Ore renidenti modo, quas vaga moverat aura,
Captabat plumas, flavam modo pollice ceram
Mollibat lusuque suo mirabile patris
Impediebat opus. Postquam manus ultima coeptis 200
Imposita est, geminas opifex libravit in alas
Ipse suum corpus, motaque pependit in aura.
Instruit et natum, Medioque ut limite curras,
Icare, ait, moneo, ne, si demissior ibis,
Unda gravet pennas ; si celsior, ignis adurat. 205
Inter utrumque vola ! Nee te spectare Booten
Aut Helicen jubeo strictumque Orionis ensem ;
Me duce carpe viam ! Pariter praecepta volandi
Tradit, et ignotas humeris accommodat alas.
Inter opus monitusque genae maduere seniles 210
E patriae tremuere manus. Uedit oscula nato
Non iterum repetenda suo, pennisque levatus
Ante volat, comitique timet, velut ales, ab alto
Quae teneram prolem produxit in ae'ra nido
Hortaturque sequi damnosasque erudit artes, 315
Et movet ipse suas et nati respicit alas.
Hos aliquis, tremula dum captat arundine pisces,
Aut pastor baculo stivave innixus arator
Videt et obstupuit, quique aethera carpere possent,
Credidit esse deos. Et jam Junonia laeva 220
Parte Samos fuerant Delosque Parosque relictae,
Dextra Lebynthos erat fecundaque melle Calymne,
Quum puer audaci coepit gaudere volatu
Deseruitque ducem, coelique cupidine tactus
Altius egit iter. Rapidi vicinia solis 225
Mollit odoratas, pennarum vincula, ceras.
Tabuerant cerae : nudos quatit ille lacertos,
Remigioque carens non ullas percipit auras ;
4
50 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen
Excipiuntur aqua, quae nomen traxit ab illo. 230
At pater infelix, nee jam pater, Icare ! dixit,
Icare, dixit, ubi es ? Qua te regione requiram,
Icare ! dicebat : pennas conspexit in undis,
Devovitque suas artes, corpusque sepulcro
Condidit ; et tellus a nomine dicta sepulti. 235
# * * * *
Immensa est finemque potentia coeli
Non habet, et quicquid superi voluere, peractum est. 620
Quoque minus dubites, tiliae contermina quercus
Collibus est Phrygiis, modico circumdata muro.
Ipse locum vidi : nam me Pelopeia Pittheus
Misit in arva, suo quondam regnata parenti.
Haud procul hinc stagnum, tellus habitabilis olim ; 625
Nunc celebres mergis fulicisque palustribus undae.
Jupiter hue specie mortali, cumque parente
Venit Atlantiades positis caducifer alis.
Mille domos adiere, locum requiemque petentes ;
Mille domos clausere serae. Tamen una recepit, 630
Parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri ;
Sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon
Ilia sunt annis juncti juvenilibus, ilia
Consenuere casa, paupertatemque fatendo
Effecere levem nee iniqua mente ferendam. 635
Nee refert, dominos illic famulosne requiras :
Tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque jubentque.
Ergo ubi coelicolae parvos tetigere penates,
Submissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes,
Membra senex posito jussit relevare sedili, 6 4 o
Quo superinjecit textum rude sedula Baucis.
Inde foco tepidum cinerem dimovit, et ignes
Suscitat hesternos, foliisque et cortice sicco
Nutrit, et ad flammas anima producit anili,
Multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto 645
Detulit, et minuit parvoque admovit aheno ;
METAMORPH. LIB. VIII. $1
Quodque suus conjux riguo collegerat horto,
Truncat olus foliis. Furca levat ille bicorni
Sordida terga suis, nigro pendentia tigno,
Servatoque diu resecat de tergore partem 650
Exiguam, sectamque domat ferventibus undis.
Interea medias fallunt sermonibus horas,
Sentirique moram prohibent. Erat alveus illic
Fagineus, dura clavo suspensus ab ansa :
Is tepidis impletur aquis, artusque fovendos 655
Accipit. In medio torus est de mollibus ulvis,
Impositus lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis :
Vestibus hunc velant, quas non nisi tempore festo
Sternere consuerant ; sed et haec vilisque vetusque
Vestis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno. 660
Accubuere dei : mensam succincta tremensque
Ponit anus ; mensae sed erat pes tertius impar :
Testa parem fecit. Quae postquam subdita clivum
Sustulit, aequatam mentae tersere virentes.
Ponitur hie bicolor sincerae bacca Minervae, 665
Conditaque in liquida corna autumnalia faece,
Intubaque et radix et lactis massa coacti,
Ovaque non acri leviter versata favilla :
Omnia fictilibus. Post haec caelatus eodem
Sistitur argento crater, fabricataque fago 670
Pocula, qua cava sunt, flaventibus illita ceris.
Parva mora est, epulasque foci misere calentes.
Nee longae rursus referuntur vina senectae,
Dantque locum mensis paullum seducta secundis.
Hie nux, hie mixta est rugosis carica palmis, 675
Prunaque et in patulis redolentia mala canistris,
Et de purpureis collectae vitibus uvae ;
Candidus in medio favus est. Super omnia vultus
Accessere boni, nee iners pauperque voluntas.
Interea toties haustum cratera repleri 680
Sponte sua per seque vident succrescere vina :
Attoniti novitate pavent, manibusque supinis
52 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon,
Et veniam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant.
Unicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae, 6Ss
Quern dis hospitibus domini mactare parabant
Ille celer penna tardos aetate fatigat,
Eluditque diu, tandemque est visus ad ipsos
Confugisse deos. Super! vetuere necari,
Dique sumus, meritasque luet vicinia poenas 690
Impia, dixerunt, vobis immunibus hujus
Esse mali dabitur : modo vestra relinquite tecta
Ac nostros comitate gradus, et in ardua mentis
Ite simul ! Parent et, dis praeeuntibus, ambo
Membra levant baculis, tardique senilibus annis 695
Nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo.
Tantum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta
Missa potest : flexere oculos, et mersa-palude
Cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta manere.
Dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum, 700
Ilia vetus, dominis etiam casa parva duobus,
Vertitur in templum : furcas subiere columnae,
Stramina flavescunt aurataque tecta videntur,
Caelataeque fores adopertaque marmore tellus.
Talia turn placido Saturnius edidit ore : 701
Dicite, juste senex et femina conjuge justo
Digna, quid optetis. Cum Baucide pauca locutus,
Judicium Superis aperit commune Philemon :
Esse sacerdotes delubraque vestra tueri
Poscimus ; et quoniam Concordes egimus annos, 7'
Auferat hora duos eadem, nee conjugis unquam
Busta meae videam, neu sim tumulandus ab ilia.
Vota fides sequitur : templi tutela fuere,
Donee vita data esL Annis aevoque soluti
Ante gradus sacros quum starent forte locique 715
Narrarent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis,
Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon :
Jamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus,
METAMORPH. LIB. X. 53
Mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta, Valeque,
O conjux! dixere simul, simul abdita texit 720
Ora frutex. Ostendit adhuc Tyaneius illic
Incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos.
Haec mini non vani nee erat cur fallere vellent
Narravere series ; equidem pendentia vidi
Serta super ramos, ponensque recentia dixi : 723
Cura pii Dis sunt, et, qui coluere, coluntur.
LIBER X.
INDE per immensum croceo velatus amictu
Aera digreditur Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad oras
Tendit, et Orphea nequicquam voce vocatur.
Affuit ille quidem ; sed nee sollennia verba
Nee laetos vultus nee felix attulit omen ;
Fax quoque, quam tenuit, lacrimoso stridula fumo
Usque fuit nullosque invenit motibus ignes.
Exitus auspicio gravior : nam nupta per herbas
Dum nova Naiadum turba comitata vagatur,
Occidit in talum serpentis dente recepto.
Quam satis ad superas postquam Rhodopeius auras
Deflevit vates, ne non tentaret et umbras,
Ad Styga Taenaria est ausus descendere porta,
Perque leves populos simulacraque functa sepulcris
Persephonen adiit inamoenaque regna tenentem
Umbrarum dominum, pulsisque ad carmina nervis
Sic ait : O positi sub terra numina mundi,
In quern decidimus quicquid mortale creamur,
Si licet et falsi positis ambagibus oris
Verba loqui sinitis, non hue, ut opaca viderem
Tartara, descendi, nee uti villosa colubris
Terna Medusaei vincirem guttura monstri :
54 P. OVID1I NASONIS
Causa viae conjux, in quam calcata venenum
Vipera diffudit crescentesque abstulit annos.
Posse pati volui, nee me tentasse negabo ; 25
Vicit Amor. Supera deus hie bene notus in ora est ;
An sit et hie, dubito, sed et hie tamen auguror esse ;
Famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae,
Vos quoque junxit Amor. Per ego haec loca plena timoris,
Per chaos hoc ingens vastique silentia regni, 3
Eurydices, oro, properata retexite fata !
Omnia debemur vobis, paullumque morati,
Serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam.
Tendimus hue omnes, haec est domus ultima, vosque
Humani generis longissima regna tenetis. 35
Haec quoque, quum justos matura peregerit annos,
Juris erit vestri ; pro munere poscimus usum.
Quod si fata negant veniam pro conjuge, certum est
Nolle redire mihi : leto gaudete duorum.
Talia dicentem nervosque ad verba moventem 4
Exsangues flebant animae : nee Tantalus undam
Captavit refugam, stupuitque Ixionis orbis,
Nee carpsere jecur volucres, urnisque vacarunt
Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo.
Tune primum lacrimis victarum carmine fama est 45
Eumenidum maduisse genas ; nee regia conjux
Sustinet oranti nee, qui regit ima, negare,
Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat ilia recentes
Inter, et incessit passu de vulnere tardo.
Hanc simul et legem Rhodopeius accipit heros, 5
Ne flectat retto sua lumina, donee Avernas
Exierit valles ; aut irrita dona futura.
Carpitur acclivis per muta silentia trames,
Arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca.
Nee procul abfuerant telluris margine summae : ss
Hie, ne deficeret, metuens, avidusque videndi
Flexit amans oculos ; et protinus ilia relapsa est,
Brachiaque intendens, prendique et prendere captans,
METAMORPH. LIB. XI. 55
Nil nisi cedentes infelix arripit auras.
Jamque iterum moriens non est de conjuge quicquam &>
Questa suo : quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam ?
Supremumque vale, quod jam vix auribus ille
Acciperet, dixit, revolutaque rursus eodem est.
Non aliter stupuit gemina nece conjugis Orpheus,
Quam tria qui tiraidus, medio portante catenas, 65
Colla canis vidit : quem non pavor ante reliquit,
Quam natura prior, saxo per corpus oborto ;
Quique in se crimen traxit voluitque videri
Olenos esse nocens, tuque, o confisa figurae
Infelix Lethaea tuae, junctissima quondam 70
Pectora, nunc lapides, quos humida sustinet Ide.
Orantem frustraque iterum transire volentem
Portitor arcu.erat'; septem tanien ille diebus
Squalidus in ripa Cereris sine munere sedit :
Cura dolorque animi lacrimaeque alimenta fuere. 75
Esse deos Erebi crudeles questus, in altam
Se recipit Rhodopen pulsumque Aquilonibus Haemon.
LIBER XI.
CARMINE dum tali silvas animosque ferarum
Threicius vates et saxa sequentia ducit,
Ecce nurus Ciconum, tectae lymphata ferinis
Pectora velleribus, tumuli de vertice cernunt
Orphea percussis sociantem carmina nervis.
E quibus una, levem jactato crine per auram,
En, ait, en hie est nostri contemtor ! et hastam
Vatis Apollinei vocalia misit in ora,
Quae foliis praesuta notam sine vulnere fecit.
Alterius telum lapis est, qui missus in ipso
Aere concentu victus vocisque lyraeque est.
56 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Ac veluti supplex pro tarn furialibus ausis
Ante pedes jacuit. Sed enim temeraria crescunt
Bella, modusque abiit insanaque regnat Erinnys.
Cunctaque tela forent cantu mollita, sed ingens 15
Clamor et inflato Berecyntia tibia cornu
Tympanaque et plausus et Bacchei ululatus
Obstrepuere sono citharae. Turn denique saxa
Non exauditi rubuerunt sanguine vatis.
Ac primum attonitas etiamnum voce canentis 20
Innumeras volucres anguesque agmenque ferarum
Maenades Orphei titulum rapuere theatri ;
Inde cruentatis vertuntur in Orphea dextris,
Et coeunt, ut aves, si quando luce vagantem
Noctis avem cernunt, structoque utrimque theatro 25
Ut matutina cervus periturus arena
Praeda canum est ; vatemque petunt, et fronde virentes
Conjiciunt thyrsos non haec in munera factos.
Hae glebas, illae direptos arbore ramos,
Pars torquent silices. Neu desint tela furori, 3 o
Forte boves presso subigebant vomere terram,
Nee procul hinc, multo fructum sudore parantes,
Dura lacertosi fodiebant arva coloni :
Agmine qui viso fugiunt operisque relinquunt
Arma sui, vacuosque jucent dispersa per agros 35
Sarculaque rastrique graves longique ligones.
Quae postquam rapuere ferae, cornuque minaces
Divellere boves, ad vatis fata recurrunt,
Tendentemque manus atque illo tempore primum
Irrita dicentem nee quicquam voce moventem 40
Sacrilegae perimunt ; perque os pro Jupiter ! illud,
Auditum saxis intellectumque ferarum
Sensibus, in ventos anima exhalata recessit
Te maestae volucres, Orpheu, te turba ferarum,
Te rigidi silices, tua carmina saepe secutae 45
Fleverunt silvae ; positis te frondibus arbos
Tonsa comam luxit ; lacrimis quoque flumina dicunt
METAMORPH. LIB. XL 57
Increvisse suis, obscuraque carbasa pullo
Naides et Dryades passosque habuere capillos.
Membra jacent diversa locis. Caput, Hebre, lyramque 50
Excipis, et mirum medio dum labitur amne,
Flebile nescio quid queritur lyra, flebile lingua
Murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae.
Jamque mare invectae flumen populare relinquunt,
Et Methymnaeae potiuntur litore Lesbi : 55
Hie ferus expositum peregrinis anguis arenis
Os petit et sparsos stillantt rore capillos.
Tandem Phoebus adest morsusque inferre parantem
Arcet, et in lapidem rictus serpentis apertos
Congelat, et patulos, ut erant, indurat hiatus. 60
Umbra subit terras et, quae loca viderat ante,
Cuncta recognoscit, quaerensque per arva piorum
Invenit Eurydicen cupidisque amplectitur ulnis.
Hie modo conjunctis spatiantur passibus ambo,
Nunc praecedentem sequitur, nunc praevius anteit 65
Eurydicenque suam jam tuto respicit Orpheus.
Non impune tamen scelus hoc sinit esse Lyaeus ;
Amissoque dolens sacrorum vate suorum,
Protinus in silvis matres Edonidas omnes,
Quae videre nefas, torta radice ligavit. ?
Quippe pedum digitos, in quantum est quaeque secuta,
Traxit et in solidam detrusit acumine terram.
Utque suum laqueis, quos callidus abdidit auceps,
Crus ubi commisit volucris sensitque teneri,
Plangitur, ac trepidans adstringit vincula motu : 75
Sic, quaecunque solo de fixa cohaeserat harum,
Exsternata fugam frustra tentabat ; at illam
Lenta tenet radix exsultantemque coercet.
Dumque ubi sint digiti, dum pes ubi, quaerit, et ungues,
Adspicit in teretes lignum succedere suras, &>
Et conata femur maerenti plangere dextra,
Robora percussit ; pectus quoque robora fiunt,
Robora sunt humeri, porrectaque brachia veros
Esse putes ramos et non fallare putando.
58 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Nec satis hoc Baccho est : ipsos quoque deserit agros,
Cumque choro meliore sui vineta Tymoli
Pactolonque petit, quamvis non aureus illo
Tempore nee caris erat invidiosus arenis.
Hunc assueta cohors, Satyri Bacchaeque, frequentant ;
At Silenus abest Titubantem annisque meroque
Ruricolae cepere Phryges, vinctumque coronis
Ad regem duxere Miclan, cui Thracius Orpheus
Orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo.
Qui simul agnovit socium comitemque sacrorum,
Hospitis adventu festuni genialiter egit
Per bis quinque dies et junctas ordine noctes.
Et jam stellarum sublime coegerat agmen
Lucifer undecimus, Lydos quum laetus in agros
Rex venit, et juveni Silenum reddit alumno.
Huic deus optandi gratum, seel inutile, fecit
Muneris arbitrium, gaudens altore recepto.
Ille, male usurus donis, ait : Eflice, quicquid
Corpore contigero, fulvum vertatur in aurum.
Annuit optatis, nocituraque munera solvit
Liber, et indoluit quod non meliora petisset.
Laetus abit gaudetque malo Berecyntius heros,
Pollicitique fidem tangendo singula tentat.
Vixque sibi credens, non alta fronde virentem
Ilice detraxit virgam ; virga aurea facta est.
Tollit humo saxum ; saxum quoque palluit auro :
Contigit et glebam ; contactu gleba potenti
Massa fit : arentes Cereris decerpsit aristas ;
Aurea messis erat : demtum tenet arbore pomum ;
Hesperidas donasse putes : si postibus altis
Admovit digitos, postes radiare videntur.
Ille etiam liquidis palmas ubi laverat undis,
Unda fluens palmis Danaen eludere posset.
Vix spes ipse suas animo capit, aurea fingens
Omnia. Gaudenti mensas posuere ministri,
Exstructas dapibus nee tostae frugis egentes.
Turn vero sive ille sua Cerealia dextra
METAMORPH. LIB. XI. .59
Munera contigerat, Cerealia dona rigebant ;
Sive dapes avido convellere dente parabat,
Lamina fulva dapes admoto dente premebat.
Miscuerat purls auctorem muneris undis ; **s
Fusile per rictus aurum fluitare videres.
Attonitus novitate mali, divesque miserque
Effugere optat opes et, quae modo voverat, odit.
Copia nulla famem relevat ; sitis arida guttur
Urit, et inviso meritus torquetur ab auro. 13
Ad coelumque manus et splendida brachia tollens,
Da veniam, Lenaee pater ! Peccavimus ; inquit,
Sed miserere, precor, speciosoque eripe damno !
Mite deum numen, Bacchus peccasse fatentem
Restituit, factaque fide data munera solvit. 135
Neve male optato maneas circumlitus auro,
Vade, ait, ad magnis vicinum Sardibus amnem,
Perque jugum ripae labentibus obvius undis
Carpe viam, donee venias ad fluminis ortus ;
Spumigeroque tuum fonti, qua plurimus exit, 14
Subde caput, corpusque simul, simul elue crimen.
Rex jussae succedit aquae. Vis aurea tinxit
Flumen et humane de corpore cessit in amnem.
Nunc quoque jam veteris percepto semine venae
Arva rigent, auro madidis pallentia glebis. 145
Ille, perosus opes, silvas et rura colebat
Panaque montanis habitantem semper in antris.
Pingue sed ingenium mansit ; nocituraque, ut ante,
Rursus erant domino stolidae praecordia mentis.
Nam freta prospiciens, late riget arduus alto 150
Tmolus in adscensu, clivoque extentus utroque,
Sardibus hinc, illinc parvis finitur Hypaepis.
Pan ibi dum teneris jactat sua carmina Nymphis,
Et leve cerata modulatur arundine carmen,
Ausus Apollineos prae se contemnere cantus, 155
Judice sub Tmolo certamen venit ad impar.
Monte suo senior judex consedit, et aures
60 P. OVIDII NASONIS METAMORPH. LIB. XI.
Liberal arboribus : quercu coma caerula tan turn
Cingitur, et pendent circum cava tempora glandes.
Isque deum pecoris spectans, In judice, dixit,
Nulla mora est. Calamis agrestibus insonat ille,
Barbaricoque Midan aderat nam forte canenti
Carmine delenit. Post hunc sacer ora retorsit
Tmolus ad os Phoebi : vultum sua silva secuta est.
Ille, caput flavum lauro Parnaside vinctus,
Verrit humum Tyrio saturata murice palla,
Distinctamque lyram gemmis et dentibus Indis
Sustinuit laeva, tenuit manus altera plectrum.
Artificis status ipse fuit. Turn stamina docto
Pollice sollicitat : quorum dulcedine captus
Pana jubet Tmolus citharae .submittere cannas.
Judicium sanctique placet sententia mentis
Omnibus ; arguitur tamen atque injusta vocatur
Unius sermone Midae. Nee Delius aures
Humanam stolidas patitur retinere figuram ;
Sed trahit in spatium, villisque albentibus implet,
Instabilesque imo facit et dat posse moveri.
Cetera sunt hominis ; partem damnatur in unam,
Induiturque aures lente gradientis aselli.
Ille quidem celat, turpique onerata pudore
Tempora purpureis tentat velare tiaris ;
Sed solitus longos ferro resecare capillos
Viderat hoc famulus. Qui quum nee prodere visum
Dedecus auderet, cupiens efferre sub auras,
Nee posset reticere tamen, secedit humumque
Effodit et, domini quales adspexerit aures,
Voce refert parva, terraeque immurmurat haustae ;
Indiciumque suae vocis tellure regesta
Obruit, et scrobibus tacitus discedit opertis.
Creber arundinibus tremulis ibi surgere lucus
Coepit et, ut primum pleno maturuit aevo,
Prodidit agricolam : leni nam motus ab Austro
Obruta verba refert dominique coarguit aures.
P. OVIDII NASONIS
TRISTIUM LIBER IV.
ELEGIA X.
ILLE ego, qui fuerim, tenerorum lusor amorum,
Quern legis, ut noris, accipe, posteritas.
Sulmo mihi patria est, gelidis uberrimus undis,
Millia qui novies distat ab Urbe decem :
Editus hinc ego sum ; nee non, ut tempora noris,
Quum cecidit fato consul uterque pari ;
Si quid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres,
Non modo Fortunae munere factus eques.
Nee stirps prima fui ; genito sum fratre creatus,
Qui tribus ante quater mensibus ortus erat.
Lucifer amborum natalibus affuit idem j
Una celebrata est per duo liba dies.
Haec est armiferae festis de quinque Minervae,
Quae fieri pugna prima cruenta solet.
Protinus excolimur teneri, curaque parentis
Imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte viros.
Frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo,
Fortia verbosi natus ad arma fori.
At mihi jam puero coelestia sacra placebant,
Inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus.
Saepe pater dixit : Studium quid inutile tentas ?
Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes.
Motus eram dictis, totoque Helicone relicto,
Scribere conabar verba soluta modis :
62 P. OVIDII NASONIS
Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos, 25
Et, quod tentabam scribere, versus erat.
Interea tacito passu labentibus annis,
Liberior fratri sumta mihique toga est,
Induiturque humeros cum lato purpura clavo ;
Et studium nobis, quod fuit ante, manet. 30
Jarhque decem vitae frater geminaverat annos,
Quum perit, et coepi parte carere mei.
Cepimus et tenerae primes aetatis honores,
Deque viris quondam pars tribus una fui.
Curia restabat ; clavi mensura coacta est : 35
Majus erat nostris viribus illud onus.
Nee patiens corpus nee mens fuit apta labori,
Sollicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram ;
Et petere Aoniae suadebant tuta Sorores
Otia, judicio semper amata meo. *
Temporis illius colui fovique poetas,
Quotque aderant vates, rebar adesse deos.
Saepe suas volucres legit mihi grandior aevo,
Quaeque necet serpens, quae juvet herba, Macer ;
Saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes, 45
Jure sodalitii qui mihi junctus erat.
Ponticus heroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambo,
Dulcia convictus membra fuere mei ;
Et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures,
Dum ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra. 50
Virgilium vidi tantum ; nee amara Tibullo
Tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae.
Successor fuit hie tibi, Galle, Propertius illi ;
Quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui.
Utque ego majores, sic me coluere minores, 55
Notaque non tarde facta Thalia mea est.
Carmina quum primum populo juvenilia legi,
Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit.
Moverat ingenium totam cantata per Urbera
Nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi. 60
TRISTIUM LIB. IV. ELEG. X. 63
Multa quidem scrips! ; sed, quae vitiosa putavi,
Emendaturis ignibus ipse dedi.
Tune quoque, quum fugerem, quaedam placitura cremavi,
Iratus studio carminibusque meis.
Molle, Cupidineis nee inexpugnabile telis 65
Cor mihi, quodque levis causa moveret, erat.
Quum tamen hie essem, minimoque accenderer igne,
Nomine sub nostro fabula nulla fuit.
Paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxor
Est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fuit. 7
Illi successit quamvis sine crimine conjux,
Non tamen in nostro firma futura toro.
Ultima, quae mecum seros permansit in annos,
Sustinuit conjux exsulis esse viri.
Filia me mea bis prima fecunda juventa, 75
Sed non ex uno conjuge, fecit avum.
Et jam complerat genitor sua fata, novemque
Addiderat lustris altera lustra novem.
Non aliter flevi, quam me fleturus ademtum
Ille fuit. Matri proxima justa tuli. 80
Felices ambo, tempestiveque sepulti,
Ante diem poenae quod periere meae !
Me quoque felicem, quod non viventibus illis
Sum miser, et de me quod doluere nihil !
Si tamen exstinctis aliquid nisi nomina restat, 85
Et gracilis structos effugit umbra rogos ;
Fama, parentales, si vos mea contigit, umbrae,
Et sunt in Stygio crimina nostra foro ;
Scite, precor, causam nee vos mihi fallere fas est
Errorem jussae, non scelus, esse fugae. 9
Manibus hoc satis est. Ad vos, studiosa, revertor,
Pectora, quae vitae quaeritis acta meae.
Jam mihi canities, pulsis melioribus annis,
Venerat, antiquas miscueratque comas,
Postque meos ortus Pisaea vinctus oliva 95
Abstulerat decies praemia victor equus,
64 P. OVIDII NASONIS TRISTIUM LIB. IV. ELEG. X.
Quum maris Euxini positos ad laeva Tomitas
Quaerere me laesi Principis ira jubet.
Causa meae cunctis nimium quoque nota ruinae
Indicio non est testificanda meo. 100
Quid referam comitumque nefas famulosque nocentes ?
Ipsa multa tuli non leviora fuga.
Indignata mails mens est succumbere, seque
Praestitit invictam viribus usa suis ;
Oblitusque mei ductaeque per otia vitae, n> 5
Insolita cepi temporis arma manu ;
Totque tuli terra casus pelagoque, quot inter
Occultum stellae conspicuumque polum.
Tacta mihi tandem longis erroribus acto
Juncta pharetratis Sarmatis ora Getis. no
Hie ego, finitimis quamvis circumsoner armis,
Tristia, quo possum, carmine fata levo.
Quod quamvis nemo est cujus referatur ad aures,
Sic tamen absumo decipioque diem.
Ergo, quod vivo durisque laboribus obsto, us
Nee me sollicitae taedia lucis habent,
Gratia, Musa, tibi : nam tu solatia praebes ;
Tu curae requies, tu medicina venis :
Tu dux et comes es ; tu nos abducis ab Istro,
In medioque mihi das Helicone locum. 120
Tu mihi, quod rarum, vivo sublime dedisti
Nomen, ab exsequiis quod dare fama solet ;
Nee, qui detrectat praesentia, livor iniquo
Ullum de nostris dente momordit opus.
Nam tulerint magnos quum secula nostra poetas, 125
Non fuit ingenio fama maligna meo ;
Quumque ego praeponam multos mihi, non minor illis
Dicor, et in toto plurimus orbe legor.
Si quid habent igitur vatum praesagia veri,
Protinus ut moriar, non ero, terra, tuus. 130
Sive favore tuli, sive hanc ego carmine famam
Jure, tibi grates, candide lector, ago.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
BUCOLICON LIBER.
ECLOGA I.
TITYRUS.
MELIBOEUS. TITYRUS.
MELIBOEUS.
TITYRE, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi
Silvestrem tenui Musam meditaris avena ;
Nos patriae fines et dulcia linquimus arva :
Nos patriam fugimus ; tu, Tityre, lentus in umbra
Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas. 5
TITYRUS.
O Meliboee, deus nobis haec otia fecit.
Namque erit ille mihi semper deus ; illius aram
Saepe tener nostris ab ovilibus imbuet agnus.
Ille meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipsum
Ludere, quae vellem, calamo permisit agresti. 10
MELIBOEUS.
Non equidem invideo ; miror magis : undique totis
Usque adeo turbatur agris. En, ipse capellas
Protinus aeger ago ; hanc etiam vix, Tityre, duco.
Hie inter densas corylos modo namque gemellos,
Spem gregis, ah ! silice in nuda connixa reliquit. 15
Saepe malum hoc nobis, si mens non laeva fuisset,
De coelo tactas memini praedicere quercus.
[Saepe sinistra cava praedixit ab ilice cornix.]
Sed tainen, iste deus qui sit, da, Tityre, nobis.
s
66 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
TITYRUS.
Urbem, quam dicunt Romam, Meliboee, putavi 20
Stultus ego huic nostrae similem, quo saepe solemus
Pastores ovium teneros depellere fetus.
Sic canibus catulos similes, sic matribus haedos
Noram, sic parvis componere magna solebam.
Verum haec tantum alias inter caput extulit urbes, 25
Quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi.
MELIBOEUS.
Et quae tanta fuit Romam tibi caussa videndi ?
TITYRUS.
Libertas ; quae sera, tamen respexit inertem,
Candidior postquam tondenti barba cadebat ;
Respexit tamen, et longo post tempore venit, 30
Postquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit.
Namque, fatebor enim, dum me Galatea tenebat,
Nee spes libertatis erat, nee cura peculi.
Quamvis multa meis exiret victima saeptis,
Pinguis et ingratae premeretur caseus urbi, as
Non umquam gravis acre domum mini dextra redibat.
MELIBOEUS.
Mirabar, quid maesta deos, Amarylli, vocares,
Cui pendere sua patereris in arbore poma :
Tityrus hinc aberat. Ipsae te, Tityre, pinus,
Ipsi te fontes, ipsa haec arbusta vocabant. 4
TITYRUS.
Quid facerem ? neque servitio me exire licebat,
Nee tarn praesentes alibi cognoscere divos.
Hie ilium vidi juvenem, Meliboee, quot annis
Bis senos cui nostra dies altaria fumant.
Hie mihi responsum primus dedit ille petenti : 45
Pascite, ut ante, boves, pueri, submittite tauros.
MELIBOEUS.
Fortunate senex, ergo tua rura manebunt,
Et tibi magna satis, quamvis lapis omnia nudus
Limosoque palus obducat pascua junco !
BUCOLICA. ECL. I. 67
Non insueta graves tentabunt pabula fetas, 50
Nee mala vicini pecoris contagia laedent.
Fortunate senex, hie, inter flumina nota
Et fontes sacros, frigus captabis opacum !
Hinc tibi, quae semper, vicino ab limite, saepes
Hyblaeis apibus florem depasta salicti, ss
Saepe levi somnum suadebit inire susurro ;
Hinc alta sub rupe canet frondator ad auras ;
Nee tamen interea raucae, tua cura, palumbes,
Nee gemere aeria cessabit turtur ab ulmo.
TITYRUS.
Ante leves ergo pascentur in aethere cervi, 60
Et freta destituent nudos in litore pisces,
Ante, pererratis amborum finibus, exsul
Aut Ararim Parthus bibet, aut Germania Tigrim,
Quam nostro illius labatur pectore vultus.
MELIBOEUS.
At nos hinc alii sitientes ibimus Afros, 65
Pars Scythiam et rapidum Cretae veniemus Oaxen, v
Et penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos.
En umquam patrios longo post tempore fines,
Pauperis et tuguri congestum caespite culmen,
Post aliquot, mea regna videns, mirabor aristas ? 70
Impius haec tarn culta novalia miles habebit ?
Barbaras has segetes ? En, quo discordia cives
Produxit miseros ! e,n, quis consevimus agros !
Insere nunc, Meliboee, piros, pone ordine vites.
Ite meae, felix quondam pecus, ite capellae. 75
Non ego vos posthac, viridi projectus in antro,
Dumosa pendere procul de rupe videbo ;
Carmina nulla canam ; non, me pascente, capellae,
Florentem cytisum et salices carpetis amaras.
TITYRUS.
Hie tamen hanc mecum poteras requiescere noctem So
Fronde super viridi : sunt nobis mitia poma,
Castaneae molles, et pressi copia lactis ;
68 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Et jam summa procul villarum culmina fumant,
Majoresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae.
ECLOGA III.
PALAEMON.
MENALCAS. DAMOETAS. PALAEMOX.
MENALCAS.
Die mihi, Damoeta, cujum pecus ? an Meliboei ?
DAMOETAS.
Non, verum Aegonis ; nuper mihi tradidit Aegon.
MENALCAS.
Infelix o semper, oves, pecus ! ipse Neaeram
Dum fovet, ac, ne me sibi praeferat ilia, veretur,
Hie alienus oves custos bis mulget in hora,
Et sucus pecori et lac subducitur agnis.
I DAMOETAS.
Parcius ista viris tamen objicienda memento.
Novimus, et qui te, transversa tuentibus hircis,
Et quo sed faciles Nymphae risere sacello.
MKN. \LCAS.
Turn, credo, quum me arbustum videre Miconis
Atque mala vites incidere falce novellas.
DAMOETAS.
Aut hie ad veteres fagos quum Daphnidis arcum
Fregisti et calamos : quae tu, perverse Menalca,
Et, quum vidisti puero donata, dolebas,
Et, si non aliqua nocuisses, mortuus esses.
MKNALCAS.
Quid domini faciant, auclent quum talia fures !
Non ego te vidi Damonis, pessime, caprum
Excipere insidiis, multum latrante Lycisca ?
Et quum clamarem : Quo nunc se proripit ille ?
Tityre, coge pecus ; tu post carecta latebas.
BUCOLICA. ECL. III. 69
DAMOETAS.
An mihi cantando victus non redderet ille,
Quern mea carminibus meruisset fistula caprum ?
Si nescis, meus ille caper fuit ; et mihi Damon
Ipse fatebatur : sed reddere posse negabat.
MENALCAS.
Cantando tu ilium ? aut umquam tibi fistula cera 25
Juncta fuit ? non tu in triviis, indocte, solebas
Stridenti miserum stipula disperdere carmen ?
DAMOETAS.
Vis ergo, inter nos, quid possit uterque, vicissim
Experiamur ? ego hanc vitulam ne forte recuses,
Bis venit ad mulctram, binos alit ubere fetus 30
Depono : tu die, mecum quo pignore certes.
MENALCAS. ,
De grege non ausim quicquam deponere tecum :
Est mihi namque domi pater, est injusta noverca;
Bisque die numerant ambo pecus, alter et haedos.
Verum, id quod multo tute ipse fatebere majus, 35
Insanire libet quoniam ti*, pocula ponam
Fagina, caelatum divini opus Alcimedontis :
Lenta quibus torno facili superaddita vitis
Diffuses hedera vestit pallente corymbos.
In medio duo signa, Conon, et quis fuit alter, 4 o
Descripsit radio totum qui gentibus orbem,
Tempera quae messor, quae curvus arator haberet ?
Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo.
DAMOETAS.
Et nobis idem Alcimedon duo pocula fecit,
Et molli circum est ansas amplexus acantho, 45
Orpheaque in medio posuit silvasque sequentes.
Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo.
Si ad vitulam spectas, nihil est, quod pocula laudes.
MENALCAS.
Nunquam hodie effugies ; veniam, quocumque vocaris.
Audiat haec tantum vel qui venit, ecce, Palaemon. 5
yo P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Efficiam posthac ne quemquam voce lacessas.
DAMOETAS.
Quin age, si quid habes, in me mora non erit ulla,
Nee quemquam fugio : tantum, vicine Palaemon,
Sensibus haec imis res est non parva reponas.
PALAEMON.
Dicite, quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba. - ss
Et nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos ;
Nunc frondent silvae ; nunc formosissimus annus.
Incipe, Damoeta ; tu deinde sequere, Menalca.
Alternis dicetis ; amant alterna Camenae.
DAMOETAS.
Ab Jove principium, Musae ; Jovis omnia plena; 60
Ille colit terras ; illi mea carmina curae.
MENALCAS.
Et me Phoebus amat ; Phoebo sua semper apud me
Munera sunt, lauri et suave rubens hyacinthus.
DAMOETAS.
Malo me Galatea petit, lasciva pfiella,
Et fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante videri. 65
MKNALCAS.
At mihi sese offert ultro, meus ignis, Amyntas,
Notior ut jam sit canibus non Delia nostris.
DAMOETAS.
Parta meae Veneri sunt munera : namque notavi
Ipse locum, aeriae quo congessere palumbes.
MENALCAS.
Quod potui, puero silvestri ex arbore lecta 70
Aurea mala decem misi ; eras altera mittam.
DAMOETAS.
O quoties et quae nobis Galatea locuta est !
Partem aliquam, venti, divum referatis ad aures !
MENALCAS.
Quid prodest, quod me ipse animo non spernis, Amynta,
Si, dum tu sectaris apros, ego retia servo ? 75
BUCOLICA. ECL. III. 71
DAMOETAS.
Phyllida mitte mihi : meus est natalis, lolla ;
Quum faciam vitula pro frugibus, ipse venito.
MENALCAS.
Phyllida amo ante alias ; nam me discedere flevit,
Et longum Formose, vale, vale, inquit, lolla.
DAMOETAS.
Triste lupus stabulis, maturis frugibus imbres, So
Arboribus venti, nobis Amaryllidis irae.
MENALCAS.
Dulce satis humor, depulsis arbutus haedis,
Lenta salix feto pecori, mihi solus Amyntas.
DAMOETAS;
Pollio amat nostram, quamvis est rustica, Musam :
Pierides, vitulam lectori pascite vestro. 85
MENALCAS.
Pollio et ipse facit nova carmina : pascite taurum,
Jam cornu petat et pedibus qui spargat arenam.
DAMOETAS.
Qui te, Pollio, amat, veniat, quo te quoque gaudet,
Mella fluant illi, ferat et rubus asper amomum.
MENALCAS.
Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, Maevi, 90
Atque idem jungat vulpes et mulgeat hircos.
DAMOETAS.
Qui legitis flores et humi nascentia fraga,
Frigidus, o pueri, fugite hinc, latet anguis in herba.
MENALCAS.
Parcite, oves, nimium procedere : non bene ripae
Creditur; ipse aries etiam nunc vellera siccat. 95
DAMOETAS.
Tityre, pascentes a flumine reice capellas :
Ipse, ubi tempus erit, omnes in fonte lavabo.
MENALCAS.
Cogite oves, pueri ; si lac praeceperit aestus,
Ut nuper, frustra pressab'mus ubera palmis.
12 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
DAMOETAS.
Heu, heu, quam pingui macer est mihi taurus in ervo ! 100
Idem amor exitium pecori pecorisque magistro.
MENAI.CAS.
His certe neque amor caussa est ; vix ossibus haerent.
Nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos.
DAMOETAS.
Die, quibus in terris et eris mihi magnus Apollo
Tres pateat coeli spatium non amplius ulnas. 105
MENALCAS.
Die, quibus in terris inscripti nomina regum
Nascantur flores, et Phyllida solus habeto.
TALAEMON.
Non nostrum inter vos tantas componere lites.
Et vitula tu dignus, et hie, et quisquis amores
Aut metuet dulces, aut experietur amaros. no
Claudite jam rivos, pueri : sat prata biberunt
ECLOGA IV.
POLLIO.
SICELIDES Musae, paulo majora canamus !
Non omnes arbusta juvant humilesque myricae ;
Si canimus silvas, silvae sint Consule dignae.
Ultima Cumaei venit jam carminis aetas ;
Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo.
Jam redit et Virgo, redeunt Saturnia regna :
Jam nova progenies coelo demittitur alto.
Tu modo nascenti puero, quo ferrea primum
Desrnet ac toto surget gens aurea mundo,
Casta fave Lucina : tuus jam regnat Apollo.
Teque adeo decus hoc aevi, te Consule, inibit,
Pollio, et incipient magni procedere menses ;
Te duce, si qua manent sceleris vestigia nostri,
Irrita perpetua solvent formidine terras.
BUCOLICA. ECL. IV. 73
Ille deum vitam accipiet divisque videbit 15
Permixtos heroas et ipse videbitur illis,
Pacatumque reget patriis virtutibus orbem.
At tibi prima, puer, nullo munuscula cultu
Errantes hederas passim cum bacchare tellus
Mixtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho. 20
Ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae
Ubera, nee magnos metuent armenta leones.
Ipsa tibi blandos fundent cunabula flores.
Occidet et serpens, et fallax herba veneni
Occidet ; Assyrium vulgo nascetur amomum. 25
At simul heroum laudes et facta parentis
Jam legere et quae sit poteris cognoscere virtus,
Molli paulatim flavescet campus arista,
Incultisque rubens pendebit sentibus uva,
Et durae quercus sudabunt roscida mella. 30
Pauca tamen suberunt priscae vestigia fraudis,
Quae tentare Thetim ratibus, quae cingere muris
Oppida, quae jubeant telluri infmdere sulcos.
Alter erit turn Tiphys, et altera quae vehat Argo
Delectos heroas ; erunt etiam altera bella, ss
Atque iterum ad Trojam magnus mittetur Achilles.
Hinc, ubi jam firmata virum te fecerit aetas,
Cedet et ipse mari vector, nee nautica pinus
Mutabit merces : omnis feret omnia tellus.
Non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem ; 40
Robustus quoque jam tauris juga solve t arator ;
Nee varies discet mentiri lana colores,
Irjse sed in pratis aries jam suave rubenti
Murice, jam croceo mutabit vellera luto ;
Sponte sua sandyx pascentes vestiet agnos. 45
Talia saecla, suis dixerunt, currite, fusis
Concordes stabili fatorum numine Parcae.
Aggredere o magnos aderit jam tempus honores,
Cara deum suboles, magnum Jovis incrementum !
Adspice convexo nutantem pondere mundum, so
74 P- VIRGILII MAROXIS
Terrasque tractusque maris coelumque profundum,
Adspice, venture laetantur ut omnia saeclo !
O mihi tarn longae maneat pars ultima vitae,
Spiritus et, quantum sat erit tua dicere facta :
Non me carminibus vincet nee Thracius Orpheus, 55
Nee Linus, huic mater quamvis atque huic pater adsit,
Orphei Calliopea, Lino formosus Apollo.
Pan etiam, Arcadia mecum si judice certet,
Pan etiam Arcadia dicat se judice victum.
Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem : 6
Matri longa decem tulerunt fastidia menses ;
Incipe, parve puer : cui non risere parentes,
Nee deus hunc mensa, dea nee dignata cubili est.
ECLOGA V.
DAPHNIS.
MENALCAS. MOPSUS.
MENALCAS.
CUR non, Mopse, boni quoniam convenimus ambo,
Tu calamos inflare leves, ego dicere versus,
Hie corylis mixtas inter considimus ulmos ?
MOPSUS.
Tu major ; tibi me est aequum parere, Menalca,
Sive sub incertas Zephyris motantibus umbras,
Sive antro potius succedimus. Adspice, ut antrum
Silvestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis.
MENALCAS.
Montibus in nostris solus tibi certat Amyntas.
MOPSUS.
Quid, si idem certet Phoebum superare canendo ?
MKX.U.CAS.
Incipe, Mopse, prior, si quos aut Phyllidis ignes,
Aut Alconis habes laudes, aut jurgia Codri.
BUCOLICA. ECL. V. 75
Incipe ; pascentes servabit Tityrus haedos.
MOPSUS.
Immo haec, in viridi nuper quae cortice fagi
Carmina descripsi et modulans alterna notavi,
Experiar : tu deinde jubeto ut certet Amyntas. 15
MEXALCAS.
Lenta salix quantum pallenti cedit olivae,
Puniceis humilis quantum saliunca rosetis,
Judicio nostro tantum tibi cedit Amyntas.
MOPSUS.
Sed tu desine plura, puer ; successimus antro.
Exstinctum Nymphae crudeli funere Daphnim 20
Flebant ; vos coryli testes et flumina Nymphis ;
Quum complexa sui corpus miserabile nati
Atque deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater.
-Non ulli pastes illis egere diebus
Frigida, Daphni, boves ad flumina ; nulla nee amnem 25
Libavit quadrupes, nee graminis attigit herbam.
Daphni, tuum Poenos etiam ingemuisse leones
Interitum montesque feri silvaeque loquuntur.
Daphnis et Armenias curru subjungere tigres
Instituit, Daphnis thiasos inducere Bacchi 30
Et foliis lentas intexere mollibus hastas.
Vitis ut arboribus clecori est, ut vitibus uvae,
Ut gregibus tauri, segetes ut pinguibus arvis,
Tu decus omne tuis. Postquam te fata tulerunt,
Ipsa Pales agros atque ipse reliquit Apollo. 35
Grand ia saepe quibus mandavimus hordea sulcis,
Infelix lolium et steriles nascuntur avenae ;
Pro molli viola, pro purpureo narcisso,
Carduus et spinis surgit paliurus acutis.
Spargite humum foliis, inducite fontibus umbras, 4
Pastores ; mandat fieri sibi talia Daphnis ;
Et tumulum facite, et tumulo superaddite carmen :
Daphnis ego in silvis, hinc usque ad sidera notus,
Formosi pecoris custos, formosior ipse.
76 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
MENALCAS.
Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine poeta, 45
Quale sopor fessis in gramine, quale per aestum
Dulcis aquae saliente sitim restinguere rivo.
Nee calamis solum aequiparas, sed voce magistrum.
Fortunate puer, tu nunc eris alter ab illo.
Nos tamen haec quocumque modo tibi nostra vicissim 5
Dicemus, Daphnimque tuum tollemus ad astra ;
Daphnin ad astra feremus : amavit nos quoque Daphnis.
MOPSUS.
An quicquam nobis tali sit munere majus ?
Et puer ipse fuit cantari dignus, et ista
Jam pridem Stimicon laudavit carmina nobis. 55
MENALCAS.
Candidus insuetum miratur limen Olympi
Sub pedibusque videt nubes et sidera Daphnis.
Ergo alacris silvas et cetera rura voluptas
Panaque pastoresque tenet Dryadasque puellas.
Nee lupus insidias pecori, nee retia cervis &>
Ulla dolum meditantur ; amat bonus otia Daphnis.
Ipsi laetitia voces ad sidera jactant
Intonsi montes ; ipsae jam carmina rupes,
Ipsa sonant arbusta : deus, deus ille, Menalca !
Sis bonus o felixque tuis ! en quattuor aras : 65
Ecce duas tibi, Daphni, duas altaria Phoebo.
Pocula bina novo spumantia lacte quot annis
Craterasque duos statuam tibi pinguis olivi,
Et multo in primis hilarans convivia Baccho,
Ante focum, si frigus erit, si messis, in umbra, 70
Vina novum fundam calathis Ariusia nectar.
Cantabunt mihi Damoetas et Lyctius Aegon ;
Saltantes Satyros imitabitur Alphesiboeus.
Haec tibi semper erunt, et quum sollemnia vota
Reddemus Nymphis, et quum lustrabimus agros. 75
Dum juga montis aper, fluvios dum piscis amabit,
Dumque thymo pascentur apes, dum rore cicadae,
BUCOLICA. ECL. VII. 77
Semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt.
Ut Baccho Cererique, tibi sic vota quot annis
Agricolae facient ; damnabis tu quoque votis. 80
MOPSUS.
Quae tibi, quae tali reddam pro carmine dona ?
Nam neque me tantum venientis sibilus austri,
Nee percussa juvant fluctu tarn litora, nee quae
Saxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles.
MENALCAS.
Hac te nos fragili donabimus ante cicuta. 8$
Haec nos, Formosum Corydon ardebat Alexim,
Haec eadem docuit, Cujum pecus ? an Meliboei ?
MOPSUS.
At tu sume pedum, quod, me quum saepe rogaret,
Non tulit Antigenes et erat turn dignus amari
Formosum paribus nodis atque acre, Menalca. 9=>
ECLOGA VII.
MELIBOEUS.
MELIBOEUS. CORYDON. THYRSIS.
MELIBOEUS.
FORTE sub arguta consederat ilice Daphnis,
Compulerantque greges Corydon et Thyrsis in unum,
Thyrsis oves, Corydon distentas lacte capellas,
Ambo florentes aetatibus, Arcades ambo,
Et cantare pares, et respcmdere parati.
Hue mihi, dum teneras defendo a frigore myrtos,
Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat ; atque ego Daphnim
Adspicio. Ille ubi me contra videt : Ocius, inquit,
Hue ades, o Meliboee ! caper tibi salvus et haedi ;
Et, si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbra. *
Hue ipsi potum venient per prata juvenci ;
78 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Hie virides tenera praetexit arundine ripas
Mincius, eque sacra resonant examina quercu.
Quidfacerem ? neque ego Alcippen, neque Phyllidahabebam,
Depulsos a lacte domi quae claucleret agnos ; is
Et certamen erat, Corydon cum Thyrside, magnum.
Posthabui tamen illorum mea seria ludo.
Alternis igitur contendere versibus ambo
Coepere ; alternos Musae meminisse volebant.
Hos Corydon, illos referebat in ordine Thyrsis. *>
CORYDON.
Nymphae, noster amor, Libethrides, aut mihi carmen,
Quale meo Codro, concedite ; proxima Phoebi
Versibus ille facit ; aut, si non possumus omnes,
Hie arguta sacra pendebit fistula pinu.
THYRSIS.
Pastores, hedera nascentem ornate poetam, *s
Arcades, invidia rumpantur ut ilia Codro ;
Aut, si ultra placitum laudarit, bacchare frontem
Cingite, ne vati noceat mala lingua futuro.
CORYDON.
Saetosi caput hoc apri tibi, Delia, parvus
Et ramosa M icon vivacis cornua cervi. 30
Si proprium hoc fuerit, levi de marmore tota
Puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno.
THYRSIS.
Sinum lactis et haec te liba, Priape, quot annis
Exspectare sat est : custos es pauperis horti.
Nunc te marmoreum pro tempore fecimus ; at tu, 35
Si fetura gregem suppleverit, aureus esto.
CORYDON.
Nerine Galatea, thymo mihi dulcior Hyblae,
Candidior cycnis, hedera formosior alba,
Quum primum pasti repetent praesepia tauri,
Si qua tui Corydonis habet te cura, venito. 4
THYRSIS.
Immo ego Sardoniis videar tibi amarior herbis,
BUCOLICA. ECL. VII. 79
Horridior rusco, projecta vilior alga,
Si mihi non haec lux toto jam longior anno est.
Ite domum pasti, si quis pudor, ite juvenci.
CORYDON.
Muscosi fontes et somno mollior herba, +s
Et quae vos rara viridis tegit arbutus umbra,
Solstitium pecori defendite ; jam venit aestas
Torrida, jam laeto turgent in palmite gemmae.
THYRSIS.
Hie focus et taedae pingues, hie plurimus ignis
Semper, et adsidtia postes fuligine nigri ; s<*
Hie tantum Boreae curamus frigora, quantum
Aut numerum lupus, aut torrentia flumina ripas.
CORYDON.
Stant et juniperi et castaneae hirsutae ;
Strata jacent passim sua quaque sub arbore poma ;
Omnia nunc rident ; at si formosus Alexis ss
Montibus his abeat, videas et flumina sicca.
THYRSIS.
Aret ager ; vitio moriens sitit ae'ris herba ;
Liber pampineas invidit collibus umbras :
Phyllidis adventu nostrae nemus omne virebit,
Juppiter et laeto descendet plurimus imbri. 60
CORYDON.
Populus Alcidae gratissima, vitis laccho,
Formosae myrtus Veneri, sua laurea Phoebo ;
Phyllis amat corylos ; illas dum Phyllis amabit,
Nee myrtus vincet corylos, nee laurea Phoebi.
THYRSIS.
Fraxinus in silvis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis, 65
Populus in fluviis, abies in montibus altis ;
Saepius at si me, Lycida formose, revisas,
Fraxinus in silvis cedat tibi, pinus in hortis.
MELIBOEUS.
Haec memini, et victum frustra contendere Thyrsim.
Ex illo Corydon Corydon est tempore nobis. 7
8o P. VIRGILII MARONIS
ECLOGA IX. .
MOERIS.
LYCIDAS. MOERIS.
LYCIDAS.
Quo te, Moeri, pedes ? an, quo via ducit, in urbem ?
MOERIS.
O Lycida, vivi pervenimus, advena nostri,
Quod numquam veriti sumus, ut possessor agelli
Diceret : Haec mea sunt ; veteres migrate coloni.
Nunc victi, tristes, quoniam Fors omnia versat,
Hos illi quod nee vertat bene mittimus haedos.
LYCIDAS.
Certe equidem audieram, qua se subducere colles
Incipiunt, mollique jugum demittere clivo,
Usque ad aquam et veteres, jam fracta cacumina, fagos
Omnia carminibus vestrum servasse Menalcan.
MOERIS.
Audieras, et fama fuit ; sed carmina tantum
Nostra valent, Lycida, tela inter Martia, quantum
Chaonias dicunt aquila veniente columbas.
Quod nisi me quacumque novas incidere lites
Ante sinistra cava monuisset ab ilice cornix,
Nee tuus hie Moeris, nee viveret ipse Menalcas.
LYCIDAS.
Heu, cadit in quemquam tantum scelus ? heu, tua nobis
Paene simul tecum solatia rapta, Menalca ?
Quis caneret Nymphas ? quis humum florentibus herbis
Spargeret, aut viridi fontes induceret umbra?
Vel quae sublegi tacitus tibi carmina nuper,
Quum te ad delicias ferres, Amaryllida, nostras ?
"Tityre, dum redeo brevis est via pasce capellas,
Et potum pastas age, Tityre, et inter agendum
Occursare capro cornu ferit ille caveto."
BUCOLICA. ECL. IX. 8 1
MOERIS.
Immo haec, quae Varo necdum perfecta canebat :
" Vare, tuum nomen, superet modo Mantua nobis,
Mantua, vae, miserae nimium vicina Cremonae,
Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni."
LYCIDAS.
Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxos, 30
Sic cytiso pastae distendant ubera vaccae,
Incipe, si quid habes. Et me fecere poetam
Pierides ; sunt et mihi carmina ; me quoque dicunt
Vatem pastores ; sed non ego credulus illis.
Nam neque adhuc Vario videor, nee dicere Cinna 35
Digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores.
MOERIS.
Id quidem ago et tacitus, Lycida, mecum ipse voluto,
Si valeam meminisse ; neque est ignobile carmen.
" Hue ades, o Galatea ; quis est nam ludus in undis ?
Hie ver purpureum, varies hie flumina circum 40
Fundit humus flores, hie Candida populus antro
Imminet, et lentae texunt umbracula vites ;
Hue ades ; insani feriant sine litora fluctus."
LYCIDAS.
Quid, quae te pura solum sub nocte canentem
Audieram ? numeros memini, si verba tenerem. 45
MOERIS.
" Daphni, quid antiques signorum suspicis ortus ?
Ecce Dionaei processit Caesaris astrum,
Astrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus, et quo
Duceret apricis in collibus uva colorem.
Insere, Daphni, piros ; carpent tua poma nepotes." so
Omnia fert aetas, animum quoque ; saepe ego longos
Cantando puerum memini me condere soles :
Nunc oblita mihi tot carmina ; vox quoque Moerim
Jam fugit ipsa ; lupi Moerim videre priores.
Sed tamen ista satis referet tibi saepe Menalcas. ss
6
82 P. VIRGILII MARONIS BUCOLICA. ECL. IX.
LYCIDAS.
Caussando nostros in longum ducis amores.
Et nunc omne tibi stratum silet aequor, et omnes,
Aspice, ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae ;
Hinc adeo media est nobis via ; namque sepulchrum
Incipit apparere Bianoris : hie, ubi densas 60
Agricolae stringunt frondes, hie, Moeri, canamus ;
Hie haedos depone, tamen veniemus in urbem.
Aut si, nox pluviam ne colligat ante, veremur,
Cantantes licet usque minus via laedit eamus ;
Cantantes ut eamus, ego hoc te fasce levabo. 6 5
MOERIS.
Desine plura, puer, et quod nunc instat agamus ;
Carmina turn melius, quum venerit ipse, canemus.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
GEORGICA.
LIBER I.
QUID faciat laetas segetes, quo sidere terram
Vertere, Maecenas, ulmisque adjungere vites
Conveniat, quae cura bourn, qui cultus habendo
Sit pecori, apibus quanta experientia parcis,
Hinc canere incipiam. Vos, o clarissima mundi 5
Lumina, labentem coelo quae ducitis annum ;
Liber et alma Ceres, vestro si munere tellus
Chaoniam pingui glandem mutavit arista,
Poculaque inventis Acheloia miscuit uvis ;
Et vos, agrestum praesentia numina, Fauni, 10
Ferte simul Faunique pedem Dryadesque puellae :
Munera vestra cano. Tuque o, cui prima frementem
Fudit equum magno tellus percussa tridenti,
Neptune ; et cultor nemorum, cui pinguia Ceae
Ter centum nivei Jondent dumeta juvenci ; is
Ipse, nemus linquens patrium saltusque Lycaei,
Pan, ovium custos, tua si tibi Maenala curae,
Adsis, o Tegeaee, favens, oleaeque Minerva
Inventrix, uncique puer monstrator aratri,
Et teneram ab radice ferens, Silvane, cupressum, 20
Dique deaeque omnes, studium quibus arva tueri,
Quique novas alitis non ullo semine fruges,
Quique satis largum coelo demittitis imbrem ;
Tuque adeo, quem mox quae sint habitura deorum
Concilia, incertum est, urbesne invisere, Caesar, 25
84 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Terrarumque veils curam, et te maximus orbis
Auctorem frugum tempestatumque potentem
Accipiat, cingens materna tempora myrto,
An deus immensi venias maris, ac tua nautae
Numina sola colant, tibi serviat ultima Thule, 30
Teque sibi generum Tethys emat omnibus unclis,
Anne novum tardis sidus te mensibus addas,
Qua locus Erigonen inter Chelasque sequentes
Panditur ; ipse tibi jam brachia contrahit ardens
Scorpios, et coeli justa plus parte reliquit ; 35
Quidquid eris, nam te nee sperant Tartara regem,
Nee tibi regnandi veniat tarn dira cupido ;
Quamvis Elysios miretur Graecia campos,
Nee repetita sequi curet Proserpina matrem
Da facilem cursum, atque audacibus adnue coeptis, 4 o
Ignarosque viae mecum miseratus agrestes
Ingredere, et votis jam nunc adsuesce vocari.
Vere novo, gelidus canis quum montibus humor
Liquitur et Zephyro putris se glaeba resolvit,
Depresso incipiat jam turn mihi taurus aratro 4s
Ingemere, et sulco attritus splendescere vomer.
Ilia seges demum votis respondet avari
Agricolae, bis quae solem, bis frigora sensit ;
Illius immensae ruperunt horrea messes.
At prius ignotum ferro quam scindimus aequor, 50
Ventos et varium coeli praediscere morom
Cura sit ac patrios cultusque habitusque locorum,
Et quid quaeque ferat regio et quid quaeque recuset
Hie segetes, illic veniunt felicius uvae ;
Arborei fetus alibi, atque injussa virescunt ss
Gramina. Nonne vides, croceos ut Tmolus odores,
India mittit ebur, molles sua tura Sabaei,
At Chalybes nudi ferrum, virosaque Pontus
Castorea, Eliadum palmas Epiros equarum ?
Continuo has leges aeternaque foedera certis 60
Imposuit natura locis, quo tempore primum
GEORGICON LIB. I. 85
Deucalion vacuum lapides jactavit in orbem,
Unde homines nati, durum genus. Ergo age, terrae
Pingue solum primis extemplo a mensibus anni
Fortes invertant tauri, glaebasque jacentes 65
Pulverulenta coquat maturis solibus aestas ;
At si non fuerit tellus fecunda, sub ipsum
Arcturum tenui sat erit suspendere sulco :
Illic, officiant laetis ne frugibus herbae,
Hie, sterilem exiguus ne deserat humor arenam. 70
Alternis idem tonsas cessare novales,
Et segnem patiere situ durescere campum ;
Aut ibi flava seres mutato sidere farra,
Unde prius laetum siliqua quassante legumen
Aut tenuis fetus viciae tristisque lupini 75
Sustuleris fragiles calamos silvamque sonantem.
Urit enim lini campum seges, urit avenae,
Urunt Lethaeo perfusa papavera somno :
Sed tamen alternis facilis labor ; arida tantum
Ne saturare fimo pingui pudeat sola, neve 80
Effetos cinerem immundum jactare per agros.
Sic quoque mutatis requiescunt fetibus arva,
Nee nulla interea est inaratae gratia terrae.
Saepe etiam steriles incendere profuit agros
Atque levem stipulam crepitantibus urere flammis : 85
Sive inde occultas vires et pabula terrae
Pinguia concipiunt ; sive illis omne per ignem
Excoquitur vitium, atque exsudat inutilis humor ;
Seu plures calor ille vias et caeca relaxat
Spiramenta, novas veniat qua sucus in herbas ; 90
Seu durat magis, et venas adstringit hiantes,
Ne tenues pluviae, rapidive potentia solis
Acrior, aut Boreae penetrabile frigus adurat.
Multum adeo, rastris glaebas qui frangit inertes
Vimineasque trahit crates, juvat arva ; neque ilium 95
Flava Ceres alto nequidquam spectat Olympo ;
Et qui, proscisso quae suscitat aequore terga,
86 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Rursus in obliquum verso perrumpit aratro,
Exercetque frequens tellurem, atque imperat arvis.
Humida solstitia atque hiemes orate serenas, 100
Agricolae ; hiberno laetissima pulvere farra,
Laetus ager : nullo tantum se Mysia cultu
Jactat et ipsa suas mirantur Gargara messes.
Quid dicam, jacto qui semine comminus arva
Insequitur cumulosque ruit male pinguis arenae, 105
Deinde satis fluvium inducit rivosque sequentes,
Et, quum exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis,
Ecce supercilio clivosi tramitis undam
Elicit ? ilia cadens raucum per levia murmur
Saxa ciet, scatebrisque arentia temperat arva. . no
Quid, qui, ne gravidis procumbat culmus aristis,
Luxuriem segetum tenera depascit in herba,
Quum primum sulcos aequant sata ? quique paludis
Collectum humorem bibula deducit arena,
Praesertim incertis si mensibus amnis abundans us
Exit, et obducto late tenet omnia limo,
Unde cavae tepido sudant humore lacunae?
Nee tamen, haec quum sint hominumque boumque labores
Versando terram experti, nihil improbus anser
Strymoniaeque grues et amaris intuba fibris 120
Officiunt aut umbra nocet. Pater ipse colendi
Haud facilem esse viam voluit, primusque per artem
Movit agros, curis acuens mortalia corda,
Nee torpere gravi passus sua regna veterno.
Ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni ; 125
Ne signare quidem aut partiri limite campum
Fas erat : in medium quaerebant, ipsaque tellus
Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat.
Ille malum virus serpentibus addidit atris,
Praedarique lupos jussit, pontumque moveri, 130
Mellaque decussit foliis, ignerhque removit,
Et passim rivis currentia vina repressit,
Ut varias usus meditando extunderet artes
GEORGICON LIB. I. 87
Paulatim, et sulcis frumenti quaereret herbam,
Ut silicis venis abstrusum excuderet ignem. 135
Tune alnos primum fluvii sensere cavatas ;
Navita turn stellis numeros et nomina fecit,
Pleiadas, Hyadas, claramque Lycaonis Arcton ;
Turn laqueis captare feras, et fallere visco
Inventum, et magnos canibus circumdare saltus. 140
Atque alius latum funda jam verberat amnem,
Alta petens, pelagoque alius trahit humida Una.
Turn ferri rigor atque argutae lamina serrae,
Nam primi cuneis scindebant fissile lignum
Turn variae venere artes. Labor omnia vicit MS
Inprobus et duris urguens in rebus egestas.
Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere terram
Instituit, quum jam glandes atque arbuta sacrae
Deficerent silvae et victum Dodona negaret.
Mox et frumentis labor additus, ut mala culmos 150
Esset robigo segnisque horreret in arvis
Carduus ; intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva,
Lappaeque tribulique, interque nitentia culta
Infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avenae.
Quod nisi et assiduis herbam insectabere rastris, 155
Et sonitu terrebis aves, et ruris opaci
Fake premes umbram, votisque vocaveris imbrem,
Heu, magnum alterius frustra spectabis acervum,
Concussaque famem in silvis solabere quercu.
Dicendum et, quae sint duris agrestibus arma, 160
Quis sine nee potuere seri nee surgere messes :
Vomis et inflexi primum grave robur aratri,
Tardaque Eleusinae matris volventia plaustra,
Tribulaque, traheaeque, et iniquo pondere rastri ;
Virgea praeterea Celei vilisque supellex, 165
Arbuteae crates et mystica vannus lacchi.
Omnia quae multo ante memor provisa repones,
Si te digna manet divini gloria ruris.
Continue in silvis magna vi flexa domatur
88 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
In burim et curvi formam accipit ulmus aratri. 170
Huic ab stirpe pedes temo protentus in octo,
Binae aures, duplici aptantur dentalia dorso.
Caeditur et tilia ante jugo levis, altaque fagus
Stivaque, quae cursus a tergo torqueat imos ;
Et suspensa focis explorat robora fumus. 175
Possum multa tibi veterum praecepta referre,
Ni refugis tenuesque piget cognoscere curas.
Area cum primis ingenti aequanda cylindro
Et vertenda manu et creta solidanda tenaci,
Ne subeant herbae, neu pulvere victa fatiscat. 180
Turn variae illudant pestes : saepe exiguus mus
Sub terris posuitque domos atque horrea fecit ;
Aut oculis capti fodere cubilia talpae ;
Inventusque cavis bufo, et quae plurima terrae
Monstra ferunt ; populatque ingentem farris acervum 185
Curculio, atque inopi metuens formica senectae.
Contemplator item, quum se nux plurima silvis
Induct in florem et ramos curvabit olentes :
Si superant fetus, pariter frumenta sequentur,
Magnaque cum magno veniet tritura calore ; 190
At si luxuria foliorum exuberat umbra,
Nequidquam pingues palea teret area culmos.
Semina vidi equidem multos medicare serentes
Et nitro prius et nigra perfundere amurca,
Grandior ut fetus siliquis fallacibus esset, 195
Et, quamvis igni exiguo, properata maderent.
Vidi lecta diu et multo spectata labore
Degenerare tamen, ni vis humana quot annis
Maxima quaeque manu legeret. Sic omnia fatis
In pejus mere, ac retro sublapsa referri ; 200
Non aliter, quam qui adverse vix flumine lembum
Remigiis subigit, si brachia forte remisit,
Atque ilium in praeceps prono rapit alveus amni.
Praeterea tam sunt Arcturi sidera nobis
Haedorumque dies servandi et lucidus Anguis, 205
GEORGICON LIB. I. 89
Quam quibus in patriam ventosa per aequora vectis
Pontus et ostriferi fauces tentantur Abydi.
Libra die somnique pares ubi fecerit horas,
Et medium luci atque umbris jam dividit orbem,
Exercete, viri, tauros, serite hordea campis, 210
Usque sub extremum brumae intractabilis imbrem ;
Nee non et lini segetem et Cereale papaver
Tempus humo tegere, et jamdudum incumbere aratris,
Dum sicca tellure licet, dum nubila pendent.
Vere fabis satio ; turn te quoque, Medica, putres zi?
Accipiunt sulci, et milio venit annua cura,
Candidus auratis aperit quum cornibus annum
Taurus, et adverse cedens Canis occidit astro.
At si triticeam in messem robustaque farra
Exercebis humum solisque instabis aristis, 220
Ante tibi Eoae Atlantides abscondantur
Gnosiaque ardentis decedat stella Coronae,
Debita quam sulcis committas semina, quamque
Invitae properes anni spem credere terrae.
Multi ante occasum Maiae coepere ; sed illos 225
Exspectata seges vanis elusit aristis.
Si vero viciamque seres vilemque phaselum
Nee Pelusiacae curam aspernabere lentis,
Haud obscura.cadens mittet tibi signa Bootes :
Incipe, et ad medias sementem extende pruinas. 230
Idcirco certis dimensum partibus orbem
Per duodena regit mundi Sol aureus astra.
Quinque tenent coelum zonae ; quarum una corusco
Semper sole rubens et torrida semper ab igni ;
Quam circum extremae dextra laevaque trahuntur, 235
Caerulea glacie concretae atque imbribus atris ;
Has inter mediamque duae mortalibus aegris
Munere concessae divum, et via secta per ambas,
Obliquus qua se signorum verteret ordo.
Mundus, ut ad Scythiam Rhipaeasque arduus arces 240
Consurgit, premitur Libyae devexus in austros.
go P. VIRGILII MAROXIS
Hie vertex nobis semper sublimis ; at ilium
Sub pedibus Styx atra videt Manesque profundi.
Maximus hie flexu sinuoso elabitur Anguis
Circum perque duas in morem fluminis Arctos, 241
Arctos Oceani metuentes aequore tingui.
Illic, ut perhibent, aut intempesta silet nox
Semper, et obtenta densantur nocte tenebrae,
Aut redit a nobis Aurora diemque reducit,
Nosque ubi primus equis Oriens afflavit anhelis, 350
Illic sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper.
Hinc tempestates dubio praediscere coelo
Possumus, hinc messisque diem tempusque serendi,
Et quando infidum remis impellere marmor
Conveniat, quando armatas deducere classes, 355
Aut tempestivam silvis evertere pinum :
Nee frustra signorum obitus speculamur et ortus,
Temporibusque parem diversis quattuor annum.
Frigidus agricolam si quando continet imber,
Multa, forent quae mox coelo properanda sereno, 6o
Maturare datur : durum procudit arator
Vomeris obtunsi dentem, cavat arbore lintres,
Aut pecori signum aut numeros impressit acervis.
Exacuunt alii vallos furcasque bicornes,
Atque Amerina parant lentae retinacula viti. 365
Nunc facilis rubea texatur fiscina virga ;
Nunc torrete igni fruges, nunc frangite saxo.
Quippe etiam festis quaedam exercere diebus
Fas et jura sinunt : rivos deducere nulla
Religio vetuit, segeti praetendere saepem, 270
Insidias avibus moliri, incendere vepres,
Balantumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri.
Saepe oleo tardi costas agitator aselli
Vilibus aut onerat pomis, lapidemque revertens
Incusum aut atrae massam picis urbe reportat a?s
Ipsa dies alios alio dedit ordine Luna
Felices operum. Quintam fuge : pallidus Orcus
GEORGICON LIB. I. 91
Eumenidesque satae ; turn partu Terra nefando
Coeumque lapetumque creat, saevumque Typhoea,
Et conjuratos coelum rescindere fratres. 280
Ter sunt conati imponere Pelio Ossam
Scilicet, atque Ossae frondosum involvere Olympum ;
Ter Pater exstructos disjecit fulmine montes.
Septima post decimam felix et ponere vitem,
Et prensos domitare boves, et licia telae 285
Addere ; nona fugae melior, contraria furtis.
Multa adeo gelida melius se nocte dedere,
Aut quum sole novo terras irrorat Eous.
Nocte leves melius stipulae, nocte arida prata
Tondentur ; noctes lentus non deficit humor. 290
Et quidam seros hiberni ad luminis ignes
Pervigilat, ferroque faces inspicat acuto ;
Interea longum cantu solata laborem
Arguto conjux percurrit pectine telas,
Aut dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit humorem 293
Et foliis undam trepidi despumat aeni.
At rubicunda Ceres medio succiditur aestu,
Et medio tostas aestu terit area fruges.
Nudus ara, sere nudus ; hiems ignava colono.
Frigoribus parto agricolae plerumque fruuntur, 3
Mutuaque inter se laeti convivia curant ;
Invitat genialis hiems curasque resolvit :
Ceu pressae quum jam portum tetigere carinae,
Puppibus et laeti nautae imposuere coronas.
Sed tamen et quernas glandes turn stringere tempus 305
Et lauri baccas oleamque cruentaque myrta ;
Turn gruibus pedicas et retia ponere cervis,
Auritosque sequi lepores ; turn figere damas,
Stuppea torquentem Balearis verbera fundae,
Quum nix alta jacet, glaciem quum flumina trudunt. 310
Quid tempestates autumni et sidera dicam,
Atque, ubi jam breviorque dies et mollior aestas,
Quae vigilanda viris ? vel quum ruit imbriferum ver,
92 P. VIRG1LII MARONIS
Spicea jam campis quum messis inhorruit, et quum
Frumenta in viridi stipula lactentia turgent ? 315
Saepe ego, quum flavis messorem induceret arvis
Agricola et fragili jam stringeret hordea culmo,
Omnia ventorum concurrere proelia vidi,
Quae gravidam late segetem ab radicibus imis
Sublimem expulsam eruerent ; ita turbine nigro 32
Ferret hiems culmumque levem stipulasque volantes.
Saepe etiam immensum coelo venit agmen aquarum,
Et foedam glomerant tempestatem imbribus atris
Collectae ex alto nubes ; ruit arduus aether,
Et pluvia ingenti sata laeta boumque labores 325
Diluit ; implentur fossae, et cava flumina crescunt
Cum sonitu, fervetque fretis spirantibus aequor.
Ipse Pater media nimborum in nocte corusca
Fulmina molitur dextra ; quo maxima motu
Terra tremit, fugere ferae, et mortalia corda 33 o
Per gentes humilis stravit pavor ; ille flagranti
Aut Athon, aut Rhodopen, aut alta Ceraunia telo
Dejicit ; ingeminant austri et densissimus imber ;
Nunc nemora ingenti vento, nunc litora plangunt.
Hoc metuens, coeli menses et sidera serva, 335
Frigida Saturni sese quo Stella receptet,
Quos ignis coeli Cyllenius erret in orbes.
In primis venerare deos, atque annua magnae
Sacra refer Cereri laetis operatus in herbis,
Extremae sub casum hiemis, jam vere sereno. 340
Turn pingues agni, et turn mollissima vina ;
Turn somni dulces densaeque in montibus umbrae.
Cuncta tibi Cererem pubes agrestis adoret,
Cui tu lacte favos et miti dilue Baccho,
Terque novas circum felix eat hostia fruges, 345
Omnis quam chorus et socii comitentur ovantes,
Et Cererem clamore vocent iirtecta; neque ante
Falcem maturis quisquam supponat aristis,
Quam Cereri torta rcdimitus tempora quercu
GEORGICON LIB. I. 93
Det motus incompositos et carmina dicat. 35
Atque haec ut certis possemus discere signis,
Aestusque, pluviasque, et agentes frigora ventos,
Ipse Pater statuit, quid menstrua Luna moneret ;
Quo signo caderent austri ; quid saepe videntes
Agricolae propius stabulis armenta tenerent. 355
Continue, vends surgentibus, aut freta ponti
Incipiunt agitata tumescere et aridus altis
Montibus audiri fragor, aut resonantia longe
Litora misceri et nemorum increbrescere murmur.
Jam sibi turn a curvis male temperat unda carinis, 360
Quum medio celeres revolant ex aequore mergi
Clamoremque ferunt ad litora, quumque marinae
In sicco ludunt fulicae, notasque paludes
Deserit atque altam supra volat ardea nubem.
Saepe etiam Stellas, vento impendente, videbis 3 6 s
Praecipites coelo labi, noctisque per umbram
Flammarum longos a tergo albescere tractus ;
Saepe levem paleam et frondes volitare caducas,
Aut summa nantes in aqua colludere plumas.
At Boreae de parte trucis quum fulminat, et quum 370
Eurique Zephyrique tonat domus, omnia plenis
Rura natant fossis, atque omnis navita ponto
Humida vela legit. Numquam imprudentibus imber
Obfuit : aut ilium surgentem vallibus imis
Aeriae fugere grues, aut bucula coelum 375
Suspiciens patulis captavit naribus auras,
Aut arguta lacus circumvolitavit hirundo,"
Et veterem in limo ranae cecinere querelam.
Saepius et tectis penetralibus extulit ova
Angustum formica terens iter, et bibit ingens 380
Arcus, et e pastu decedens agmine magno
Corvorum increpuit densis exercitus alis.
Jam varias pelagi volucres, et quae Asia circum
Dulcibus in stagnis rimantur prata Caystri,
Certatim largos humeris infundere rores, 385
94 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Nunc caput objectare fretis, nunc currere in undas,
Et studio incassum videas gestire lavandi.
Turn cornix plena pluviam vocat improba voce
Et sola in sicca secum spatiatur arena.
Ne nocturna quidem carpentes pensa puellae yp
Nescivere hiemem, testa quum ardente viderent
Scintillare oleum et putres concrescere fungos.
Nee minusfex imbri soles et aperta serena
Prospicere et certis poteris cognoscere signis :
Nam neque turn stellis acies obtunsa videtur, 395
Nee fratris radiis obnoxia surgere Luna,
Tenuia nee lanae per coelum vellera ferri ;
Non tepidum ad solem pennas in litore pandunt
Dilectae Thetidi alcyones, non ore solutos
Immundi meminere sues jactare maniplos. 400
At nebulae magis ima petunt campoque recumbunt,
Solis et occasum servans de culmine summo
Nequidquam seros exercet noctua cantus.
Apparet liquido sublimis in aere Nisus,
Et pro purpureo poenas dat Scylla capillo ; 405
Quacumque ilia levem fugiens secat aethera pennis,
Ecce inimicus, atrox, magno stridore per auras
Insequitur Nisus ; qua se fert Nisus ad auras,
Ilia levem fugiens raptim secat aethera pennis.
Turn liquidas corvi presso ter gutture voces 413
Aut quater ingeminant, et saepe cubilibus altis,
Nescio qua praeter solitum dulcedine laeti,
Inter se in foliis strepitant ; juvat imbribus actis
Progeniem parvain dulcesque revisere nidos ;
Haud, equidem credo, quia sit divinitus illis 4 i 3
Ingenium aut reruin fato prudentia major ;
Verum, ubi tempestas et coeli mobilis humor
Mutavere vias et Juppiter uvidus austris
Denset, erant quae rara modo, et quae densa, relaxat,
Vertuntur species aniinorum, et pectora motus 420
Nunc alios, alios, dum nubila ventus agebat,
GEORGICON LIB. I. 95
Concipiunt : hinc ille avium concentus in agris,
Et laetae pecudes, et ovantes gutture corvi.
Si vero solem ad rapidum lunasque sequentes
Ordine respicies, numquam te crastina fallet 425
Hora, neque insidiis noctis capiere serenae.
Luna, revertentes quum primum colligit ignes,
Si nigrum obscuro comprenderit aera cornu,
Maximus agricolis pelagoque parabitur imber ;
At si virgineum suffuderit ore ruborem, 43
Ventus erit ; vento semper rubet aurea Phoebe.
Sin ortu quarto, namque is certissimus auctor,
Pura neque obtunsis per coelum cornibus ibit,
Totus et ille dies, et qui nascentur ab illo
Exactum ad mensem, pluvia ventisque carebunt, 435
Votaque servati solvent in litore nautae
Glauco et Panopeae et Inoo Melicertae.
Sol quoque et exoriens, et quum se condet in undas,
Signa dabit ; solem certissima signa sequuntur,
Et quae mane refert, et quae surgentibus astris. 440
Ille ubi nascentem maculis variaverit ortum
Conditus in nubem, medioque refugerit orbe,
Suspecti tibi sint imbres ; namque urguet ab alto
Arboribusque satisque Notus pecorique sinister.
Aut ubi sub lucem densa inter nubila sese 445
Diversi rumpent radii, aut ubi pallida surget
Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile,
Heu, male turn mites defendet pampinus uvas :
Tarn multa in tectis crepitans salit horrida grando.
Hoc etiam, emenso quum jam decedit Olympo, 450
Profuerit meminisse magis ; nam saepe videmus
Ipsius in vultu varios errare colores ;
Caeruleus pluviam denuntiat, igneus Euros ;
Sin maculae incipient rutilojmrniscejier_igni,
Omnia turn pariter vento nimbisque videbis 455
Fervere. Non ilia quisquam me nocte per altum
Ire, neque a terra moneat convellere funem.
g6 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
At si, quum referetque diem condetque relatum,
Lucidus orbis erit, frustra terrebere nimbis,
Et claro silvas cernes Aquilone moveri. 4<*>
Denique, quid vesper serus vehat, unde serenas
Ventus agat nubes, quid cogitet humidus Auster,
Sol tibi signa dabit. Solem quis dicere falsum
Audeat ? Ille etiam caecos instare tumultus
Saepe monet, frauclemque et operta tumescere bella. 465
Ille etiam exstincto miseratus Caesare Romam,
Quum caput obscura nitidum ferrugine texit,
Impiaque aeternam timuerunt saecula noctem.
Tempore quamquam illo tellus quoque et aequora ponti,
Obscenaeque canes, importunaeque volucres 470
Signa dabant. Quoties Cyclopum effervere in agros
Vidimus undantem ruptis fornacibus Aetnam,
Flammarumque globos liquefactaque volvere saxa !
Armorum sonitum toto Germania coelo
Audiit ; insolitis tremuerunt motibus Alpes. 475
Vox quoque per lucos vulgo exaudita silentes,
Ingens, et simulacra modis pallentia miris
Visa sub obscurum noctis ; pecudesque locutae,
Infandum ! sistunt amnes, terraeque dehiscunt,
Et maestum illacrimat templis ebur, aeraque sudant 480
Proluit insano contorquens vertice silvas
Fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes
Cum stabulis armenta tulit. Nee tempore eodem
Tristibus aut extis fibrae apparere minaces,
Aut puteis manare cruor cessavit, et altae 485
Per noctem resonare lupis ululantibus urbes.
Non alias coelo ceciderunt plura sereno
Fulgura nee diri toties arsere cometae.
Ergo inter sese paribus concurrere telis
Romanas acies iterum videre Philippi ; 49 o
Nee fuit indignum superis, bis sanguine nostro
Emathiam et latos Haemi pinguescere campos.
Scilicet et tempus veniet, quum finibus illis
GEORGICON LIB. II. 97
Agricola, incurvo terram molitus aratro,
Exesa inveniet scabra robigine pila, 495
Aut gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanes,
Grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris.
Di patrii, Indigetes, et Romule Vestaque mater,
Quae Tuscum Tiberim et Romana Palatia servas,
Hunc saltern everso juvenem succurrere saeclo so
Ne prohibete ! Satis jam pridem sanguine nostro
Laomedonteae luimus perjuria Trojae ;
Jam pridem nobis coeli te regia, Caesar,
Invidet, atque hominum queritur curare triumphos ;
Quippe ubi fas versum atque nefas : tot bella per orbem, 505
Tarn multae scelerum facies ; non ullus aratro
Dignus honos ; squalent abductis arva colonis,
Et curvae rigidum falces conflantur in ensem.
Hinc movet Euphrates, illinc Germania bellum ;
Vicinae ruptis inter se legibus urbes 510
Arma ferunt ; saevit toto Mars impius orbe ;
Ut quum carceribus sese effudere quadrigae,
Addunt in spatia, et frustra retinacula tendens
Fertur equis auriga, neque audit currus habenas.
LIBER II.
HACTENUS arvorum cultus et sidera coeli,
Nunc te, Bacche, canam, nee non silvestria tecum
Virgulta et prolem tarde crescentis olivae.
Hue, pater o Lenaee ; tuis hie omnia plena
Muneribus, tibi pampineo gravidus autumno
Floret ager, spumat plenis vindemia labris ;
Hue, pater o Lenaee, veni, nudataque musto
Tingue novo mecum dereptis crura cothurnis.
Principio arboribus varia est natura creandis.
Namque aliae, nullis hominum cogentibus, ipsae
98 P. VIRGILII MAROMS
Sponte sua veniunt camposque et flumina late
Curva tenent, ut molle siler, lentaeque genestae,
Populus et glauca canentia fronde salicta ;
Pars autem posito surgunt de semine, ut altae
Castaneae, nemorumque Jovi quae maxima frondet 15
Aesculus, atque habitae Graiis oracula quercus.
Pullulat ab radice aliis densissima silva,
Ut cerasis ulmisque ; etiam Parnasia laurus
Parva sub ingenti matris se subjicit umbra.
Hos natura modos primum dedit ; his genus omne 20
Silvarum fruticumque viret nemorumque sacrorum.
Sunt alii, quos ipse via sibi reperit usus.
Hie plantas tenero abscindens de corpore matrum
Deposuit sulcis ; hie stirpes obruit arvo,
Quadrifidasque sudes, et acuto robore vallos ; 25
Silvarumque aliae presses propaginis arcus
Exspectant et viva sua plantaria terra ;
Nil radicis egent aliae, summumque putator
Haud dubitat terrae referens mandare cacumen ;
Quin et caudicibus sectis mirabile dictu 30
Truditur e sicco radix oleagina ligno ;
Et saepe alterius ramos impune videmus
Vertere in alterius, mutatamque insita mala
Ferre pirum, et prunis lapidosa rubescere corna.
Quare agite o, proprios generatim discite cultus, 35
Agricolae, fructusque feros mollite colendo,
Neu segnes jaceant terrae. Juvat Ismara Baccho
Conserere, atque olea magnum vestire Taburnum.
Tuque ades, inceptumque una decurre laborem,
O decus, o famae merito pars maxima nostrae, 4
Maecenas, pelagoque volans da vela patenti.
Non ego cuncta meis amplecti versibus opto,
Non, mihi si linguae centum sint, oraque centum,
Ferrea vox ; ades, et primi lege litoris oram ;
In manibus terrae ; non hie te carmine ficto 45
Atque per ambages et longa exorsa tenebo.
GEORGICON LIB. II. 99
Sponte sua quae se tollunt in luminis oras,
Infecunda quidem, seel laeta et fortia surgunt ;
Quippe solo natura subest. Tamen haec quoque, si quis
Inserat, aut scrobibus mandet mutata subactis, so
Exuerint silvestrem animum, cultuque frequenti
In quascumque voces artes baud tarda sequentur.
Nee non et sterilis, quae stirpibus exit ab imis,
Hoc faciet, vacuos si sit digesta per agros ;
Nunc altae frondes et rami matris opacant, 55
Crescentique adimunt fetus, uruntque ferentem.
Jam, quae seminibus jactis se sustulit arbos,
Tarda venit, seris factura nepotibus umbram,
Pomaque degenerant sucos oblita priores,
Et turpes avibus praedam fert uva racemos. 60
Scilicet omnibus est labor impendendus, et omnes
Cogendae in sulcum, ac multa mercede domandae.
Sed truncis oleae melius, propagine vites
Respondent, solido Paphiae de robore myrtus ;
Plantis et durae coryli nascuntur, et ingens 6$
Fraxinus, Herculeaeque arbos umbrosa coronae,
Chaoniique patris glandes ; etiam ardua palma
Nascitur, et casus abies visura marinos.
Inseritur vero et nucis arbutus horrida fetu,
Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes ; 7 o
Castaneae fagus, ornusque incanuit albo
Flore piri, glandemque sues fregere sub ulmis.
Nee modus inserere atque oculos imponere simplex.
Nam, qua se- medio trudunt de cortice gemmae
Et tenues rumpunt tunicas, angustus in ipso 75
Fit nudo sinus : hue aliena ex arbore germen
Includunt, udoque decent inolescere libro.
Aut rursum enodes trunci resecantur, et alte
Finditur in solidum cuneis via, deinde feraces
Plantae immittuntur : nee longum tempus, et ingens 80
Exiit ad coelum ramis felicibus arbos,
Miraturque novas frondes et non sua poma.
100 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Praeterea genus baud unum, nee fortibus ulmis,
Nee salici lotoque, neque Idaeis cyparissis ;
Nee pingues unam in faciem nascuntur olivae, 83
Orchades, et radii, et amara pausia bacca,
Pomaque et Alcinoi silvae ; nee surculus idem
Crustumiis Syriisque piris gravibusque volemis.
Non eadem arboribus pendet vindemia nostris,
Quam Methymnaeo carpit de palmite Lesbos ; 90
Sunt Thasiae vites, sunt et Mareotides albae,
Pinguibus hae terris habiles, levioribus illae ;
Et passo Psithia utilior, tenuisque Lageos,
Tentatura pedes olim vincturaque linguam ;
Purpureae, preciaeque ; et quo te carmine dicam, 95
Rhaetica? nee cellis ideo contende Falernis.
Sunt et Aminaeae vites, firmissima vina,
Tmolius adsurgit quibus et rex ipse Phanaeus ;
Argitisque minor, cui non certaverit ulla
Aut tantum fluere aut totidem durare per annos. 100
Non ego te, Dis et mensis accepta secundis,
Transierim, Rhodia, et tumidis, Bumaste, racemis.
Sed neque, quam multae species, nee, nomina quae sint,
Est numerus ; neque enim numero comprendere refert ;
Quern qui scire velit, Libyci velit aequoris idem 105
Discere quam multae Zephyro turbentur arenae,
Aut, ubi navigiis violentior incidit Eurus,
Nosse, quot lonii veniant ad litora fluctus.
Nee vero terrae ferre omnes omnia possunt
Fluminibus salices crassisque paludibus alni no
Nascuntur, steriles saxosis montibus orni ;
Litora myrtetis laetissima ; denique apertos
Bacchus amat colles, aquilonem et frigora taxi.
Adspice et extremis domitum cultoribus orbem,
Eoasque domos Arabum pictosque Gelonos. us
Divisae arboribus patriae : sola India nigrum
Fert ebenum, solis est turea virga Sabaeis.
Quid tibi odorato referam sudantia ligno
GEORGICON LIB. II. IOI
Balsamaque et baccas semper frondentis acanthi ?
Quid nemora Aethiopum, melH Ccmenria lana ' 120
Velleraque ut foliis depectant' fenuia" Seres ?
Aut quos Oceano propior' gerif India Jucbs,
Extremi sinus orbis, ubi aera'vincere summum
Arboris baud ullae jactu potuere sagittae ?
Et gens ilia quidem sumptis non tarda pharetris. 125
Media fert tristes sucos tardumque saporem
Felicis mali, quo non praesentius ullum,
Pocula si quando saevae infecere novercae
Miscueruntque herbas et non innoxia verba,
Auxilium venit, ac membris agit atra venena. 130
Ipsa ingens arbos faciemque simillima lauro,
Et, si non alium late jactaret odorem,
Laurus erat ; folia baud ullis labentia ventis ;
Flos ad prima tenax ; animas et olentia Medi
Ora fovent illo et senibus medicantur anhelis. 135
Sed neque Medorum silvae, ditissima terra,
Nee pulcber Ganges atque auro turbidus Hermus
Laudibus Italiae certent, non Bactra, neque Indi,
Totaque turiferis Panchaia pinguis arenis.'
Haec loca non tauri spirantes naribus ignem 140
Invertere satis immanis dentibus hydri,
Nee galeis densisque virum seges horruit hastis ;
Sed gravidae fruges et Bacchi Massicus humor
Implevere ; tenent oleae armentaque laeta.
Hinc bellator equus campo sese arduus infert ; HS
Hinc albi, Clitumne, greges et maxima taurus
Victima, saepe tuo perfusi flumine sacro,
Romanes ad templa deum duxere triumphos.
Hie ver adsiduum atque alienis mensibus aestas ;
Bis gravidae pecudes, bis pomis utilis arbos. 150
At rabidae tigres absunt et saeva leonum
Semina, nee miseros fallunt aconita legentes,
Nee rapit immensos orbes per humum, neque tanto
Squameus in spiram tractu se colligit anguis.
102 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Adde tot egregias urbes operumque laborem, 155
Tot congests manu praeruptis- oppida saxis,
Fluminaque antiques sVoterlabentia muros.
An mare, quod supra, jnemorenvquodque alluit infra?
Anne lacus tan'tos, te, Lari nraxime, teque,
Fluctibus et fremitu adsurgens Benace marine ? 160
An memorem portus Lucrinoque addita claustra
Atque indignatum magnis stridoribus aequor,
Julia qua ponto longe sonat unda refuso
Tyrrhenusque fretis immittitur aestus Avernis ?
Haec eadem argenti rivos aerisque metalla 165
Ostendit venis, atque auro plurima fluxit.
Haec genus acre virum, Marsos, pubemque Sabellam,
Adsuetumque malo Ligurem, Volscosque verutos
Extulit, haec Decios, Marios, magnosque Camillos,
Scipiadas duros bello, et te, maxime Caesar, 170
Qui nunc extremis Asiae jam victor in oris
Imbellem avertis Romanis arcibus Indum.
Salve, magna parens frugum, Saturnia tellus,
Magna virum ; tibi res antiquae laudis et artis
Ingredior, sanctos ausus recludere fontes, 175
Ascraeumque cano Romana per oppida carmen.
Nunc locus arvorum ingeniis, quae robora cuique,
Quis color, et quae sit rebus natura ferendis.
Difficiles primum terrae collesque maligni,
Tenuis ubi argilla et dumosis calculus arvis, 180
Palladia gaudent silva vivacis olivae.
Indicio est tractu surgens oleaster eodem
Plurimus et strati baccis silvestribus agri.
At quae pinguis humus dulcique uligine laeta,
Quique frequens herbis et fertilis ubere campus 185
Qualem saepe cava mentis convalle solemus
Despicere ; hue summis liquuntur rupibus amnes,
Felicemque trahunt limum quique editus austro,
Et filicem curvis invisam pascit aratris :
Hie tibi praevalidas olim multoque fluentes 190
GEORGICON LIB. II. 103
Sufficiet Baccho vites, hie fertilis uvae,
Hie laticis, qualem pateris libamus et auro,
Inflavit quum pinguis ebur Tyrrhenus ad aras
Lancibus et pandis fumantia reddimus exta.
Sin armenta magis studium vitulosque tueri, 195
Aut fetus ovium, aut urentes culta capellas,
Saltus et saturi petito longinqua Tarenti,
Et qualem infelix amisit Mantua campum,
Pascentem niveos herboso flumine cycnos :
Non liquidi gregibus fontes, non gramina deerunt, 200
Et, quantum longis carpent armenta diebus,
Exigua tan turn gelidus ros nocte reponet.
Nigra fere et presso pinguis sub vomere terra,
Et cui putre solum, namque hoc imitamur arando
Optima frumentis ; non ullo ex aequore cernes 205
Plura domum tardis decedere plaustra juvencis ;
Aut unde iratus silvam devexit arator
Et nemora evertit multos ignava per annos,
Antiquasque domos avium cum stirpibus imis
Eruit ; illae altum nidis petiere relictis ; 210
At rudis enituit impulse vomere campus.
Nam jejuna quidem clivosi glarea ruris
Vix humiles apibus casias roremque ministrat ;
Et tofus scaber, et nigris exesa chelydris
Creta negant alios aeque serpentibus agros 215
Dulcem ferre cibum et curvas praebere latebras.
Quae tenuem exhalat nebulam fumosque volucres,
Et bibit humorem, et quum vult, ex se ipsa remittit,
Quaeque suo semper viridis se gramine vestit,
Nee scabie et salsa laedit robigine ferrum, 220
Ilia tibi laetis intexet vitibus ultnos,
Ilia ferax oleae est, illam experiere colendo
Et facilem pecori et patientem vomeris unci.
Talem dives arat Capua et vicina Vesevo
Ora jugo et vacuis Clanius non aequus Acerris. 225
Nunc, quo quamque modo possis cognoscere, dicam.
104 p - VIRGILII MARONIS
Rara sit an supra morem si densa requires,
Altera frumentis quoniam favet, altera Baccho,
Densa magis Cereri, rarissima quaeque Lyaeo ;
Ante locum capies oculis, alteque jubebis 230
In solido puteum demitti, omnemque repones
Rursus humum, et pedibus summas aequabis arenas.
Si deerunt, rarum, pecorique et vitibus almis
Aptius uber erit ; sin in sua posse negabunt
Ire loca et scrobibus superabit terra repletis, 235
Spissus ager ; glaebas cunctantes crassaque terga
Exspecta, et validis terram proscinde juvencis.
Salsa autem tellus et quae perhibetur amara
Frugibus infelix ea, nee mansuescit arando,
Nee Baccho genus, aut pomis sua nomina servat 240
Tale dabit specimen : tu spisso vimine qualos,
Colaque prelorum fumosis deripe tectis ;
Hue ager ille malus dulcesque a fontibus undae
Ad plenum calcentur ; aqua eluctabitur omnis
Scilicet, et grandes ibunt per vimina guttae ; 243
At sapor indicium faciet manifestus, et ora
Tristia tentantum sensu torquebit amaro.
Pinguis item quae sit tellus, hoc denique pacto
Discimus : haud umquam manibus jactata fatiscit,
Sed picis in morem ad digitos lentescit habendo. 250
Humida majores herbas alit, ipsaque justo
Laetior. Ah nimium ne sit mihi fertilis ilia,
Neu se praevalidam primis ostendat aristis !
Quae gravis est, ipso tacitam se pondere prodit,
Quaeque levis. Promptum est oculis praediscere nigram, 255
Et quis cui color. At sceleratum exquirere frigus
Difficile est : piceae tantum taxique nocentes
Interdum aut hederae pandunt vestigia nigrae.
His animadversis, terram multo ante memento
Excoquere et magnos scrobibus concidere monies, 260
Ante supinatas aquiloni ostendere glaebas,
Quam laetum infodias vitis genus. Optima putri
GEORGICON LIB. II. 105
Arva solo : id venti curant gelidaeque pruinae
Et labefacta movens robustus jugera fossor.
At, si quos haud ulla viros vigilantia fugit, 265
Ante locum similem exquirunt, ubi prima paretur
Arboribus seges, et quo mox digesta feratur,
Mutatam ignorent subito ne semina matrem.
Quin etiam coeli regionem in cortice signant,
Ut, quo quaeque modo steterit, qua parte calores 270
Austrinos tulerit, quae terga obverterit axi,
Restituant : adeo in teneris consuescere multum est.
Collibus an piano melius sit ponere vitem,
Quaere prius. Si pinguis agros metabere campi,
Densa sere ; in denso non segnior ubere Bacchus ; 275
Sin tumulis acclive solum collesque supinos,
Indulge ordinibus, nee secius omnis in unguem
Arboribus positis secto via limite quadret.
Ut saepe ingenti bello quum longa cohortes
Explicuit legio, et campo stetit agmen aperto, 280
Directaeque acies, ac late fluctuat omnis
Acre renidenti tellus, necdum horrida miscent
Proelia, sed dubius mediis Mars errat in armis ;
Omnia sint paribus numeris dimensa viarum ;
Non animum modo uti pascat prospectus inanem, 285
Sed quia non aliter vires dabit omnibus aequas
Terra, neque in vacuum poterunt se extendere rami.
Forsitan et scrobibus quae sint fastigia quaeras.
Ausim vel tenui vitem committere sulco.
Altior ac penitus terrae defigitur arbos, 290
Aesculus in primis, quae, quantum vertice ad auras
Aetherias, tantum radice in Tartara tendit.
Ergo non hiemes illam, non flabra, neque imbres
Convellunt ; inmota manet, multosque nepotes,
Multa virum volvens durando saecula vincit ; 295
Turn fortes late ramos et brachia tendens
Hue illuc, media ipsa ingentem sustinet umbram.
Neve tibi ad solem vergant vineta cadentem ;
106 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Neve inter vites corylum sere ; neve flagella
Summa pete, aut summa defringe ex arbore plantas ; 3<
Tantus amor terrae ; neu ferro laede retunso
Semina ; neve oleae silvestris insere truncos :
Nam saepe incautis pastoribus excidit ignis,
Qui, furtim pingui primum sub cortice tectus,
Robora comprendit, frondesque elapsus in altas 305
Ingentem coelo sonitum dedit ; inde secutus
Per ramos victor perque alta cacumina regnat,
Et totum involvit flammis nemus, et ruit atram
Ad coelum picea crassus caligine nubem,
Praesertim si tempestas a vertice silvis 310
Incubuit, glomeratque ferens incendia ventus.
Hoc ubi, non a stirpe valent caesaeque reverti
Possunt atque ima similes revirescere terra ;
Infelix superat foliis oleaster amaris.
Nee tibi tarn prudens quisquam j)ersuadeat auctor 315
Tellurem Borea rigidam spirante movere.
Rura gelu tune clauclit hiems, nee scmine jacto
Concretam patitur radicem affigere terrae.
Optima vinetis satio, quum vere rubenti
Candida venit avis longis invisa colubris, 320
Prima vel autumni sub frigora, quum rapidus Sol
Konduin hiemem contingit equis, jam praeterit aestas.
Ver adeo frondi nemorum, ver utile silvis,
Vere tument terrae et genitalia semina poscunt.
t Turn pater omnipotens fecundis imbribus Aether 325
Conjugis in gremium laetae descendit, et omnes
Magnus alit, magno commixtus corpore, fetus.
Avia turn resonant avibus virgulta canoris,
Et Venerem certis repetunt armenta diebus ;
Parturit almus ager, Zephyrique tepentibus auris 330
Laxant arva sinus ; superat tener omnibus humor ;
Inque novos soles audent se gramina tuto
Credere ; nee metuit surgentis pampinus austros
Aut actum coelo magnis aquilonibus imbrem,
GEORGICON LIB. II. 1 07
Sed trudit gemmas et frondes explicat omnes. 335
Non alios prima crescentis origine mundi
Illuxisse dies aliumve habuisse tenorem
Crediderim : ver illud erat, ver magnus agebat
Orbis, et hibernis parcebant flatibus Euri :
Quum primae lucem pecudes hausere, virumque 340
Ferrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,
Immissaeque ferae silvis et sidera coelo.
Nee res hunc tenerae possent perterre laborem,
Si non tanta quies iret frigusque caloremque
Inter, et exciperet coeli indulgentia terras. 345
Quod superest, quaecumque premes virgulta per agros,
Sparge fimo pingui, et multa memor occule terra,
Aut lapidem bibulum, aut squalentes infode conchas,
Inter enim labentur aquae, tenuisque subibit
Halitus, atque animos tollent sata ; jamque reperti, 350
Qui saxo super atque ingentis pondere testae
Urguerent ; hoc effusos munimen ad imbres,
Hoc ubi hiulca siti findit Canis aestifer arva.
Seminibus positis, superest diducere terram
Saepius ad capita, et duros jactare bidentes, 355
Aut presso exercere solum sub vomere, et ipsa
Flectere luctantes inter vineta juvencos ;
Turn leves calamos et rasae hastilia virgae
Fraxineasque aptare sudes, furcasque valentes,
Viribus eniti quarum et contemnere ventos 360
Adsuescant, summasque sequi tabulata per ulmos.
Ac dum prima novis adolescit frondibus aetas,
Parcendum teneris, et, dum se laetus ad auras
Palmes agit laxis per purum immissus habenis,
Ipsa acie nondum falcis tentanda, sed uncis 365
Carpendae manibus frondes, interque legendae :
Inde ubi jam validis amplexae stirpibus ulmos
Exierint, tune stringe comas, tune brachia tonde ;
Ante reformidant ferrum ; turn denique dura
Exerce imperia, et ramos compesce fluentes. 370
108 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Texendae saepes etiam et pecus omne tenendum,
Praecipue dum frons tenera imprudensque laborum ;
Cui super indignas hiemes solemque potentem
Silvestres uri adsidue capreaeque sequaces
Illudunt, pascuntur oves avidaeque juvencae. 375
Frigora nee tantum cana concreta pruina,
Aut gravis incumbens scopulis arentibus aestas,
Quantum illi nocuere greges, durique venenum
Dentis et admorso signata in stirpe cicatrix.
Non aliam ob culpam Baccho caper omnibus aris sSo
Caeditur et veteres ineunt proscenia ludi,
Praemiaque ingeniis pagos et compita circum
Thesidae posuere, atque inter pocula laeti
Mollibus in pratis unctos saluere per utres.
Nee non Ausonii, Troja gens missa, coloni 385
Versibus incomptis ludunt risuque soluto,
Oraque corticibus sumunt horrenda cavatis,
Et te, Bacche, vocant per carmina laeta, tibique
Oscilla ex alta suspendunt mollia pinu.
Hinc omnis largo pubescit vinea fetu, 39
Complentur vallesque cavae saltusque profundi,
Et quocumque deus circum captit egit honestum.
Ergo rite suum Baccho dicemus honorem
Carminibus patriis lancesque et liba feremus,
Et ductus cornu stabit sacer hircus ad aram, 395
Pinguiaque in veribus torrebimus exta colurnis.
Est etiam ille labor curandis vitibus alter,
Cui numquam exhausti satis est : namque omne quot annis
Terque quaterque solum scindendum, glaebaque versis
Aeternum frangenda bidentibus ; omne levandum 4
Fronde nemus. Redit agricolis labor actus in orbem,
Atque in se sua per vestigia volvitur annus.
Ac jam olim seras posuit quum vinea frondes
Frigidus et silvis aquilo decussit honorem,
Jam turn acer curas venientem extendit in annum 403
Rusticus, et curvo Saturni dente relictam
GEORGICON LIB. II. 1 09
Persequitur vitem attondens fingitque putando.
Primus humum fodito, primus devecta cremato
Sarmenta, et vallos primus sub tecta referto ;
Postremus metito. Bis vitibus ingruit umbra ; 410
Bis segetem densis obducunt sentibus herbae ;
Durus uterque labor : laudato ingentia rura,
Exiguum colito. Nee non etiam aspera rusci
Vimina per silvam, et ripis fluvialis arundo
Caeditur, incultique exercet cura salicti. 415
Jam vinctae vites, jam falcem arbusta reponunt,
Jam canit effectos extremus vinitor antes :
Sollicitanda tamen tellus, pulvisque movendus,
Et jam maturis metuendus Juppiter uvis.
Contra non ulla est oleis cultura ; neque illae 420
Procurvam exspectant falcem rastrosque tenaces,
Quum semel haeserunt arvis aurasque tulerunt ;
Ipsa satis tellus, quum dente recluditur unco,
Sufficit humorem et gravidas cum vomere fruges ;
Hoc pinguem et placitam Paci nutritor olivam. 425
Poma quoque, ut primum truncos sensere valentes
Et vires habuere suas, ad sidera raptim
Vi propria nituntur opisque baud indiga nostrae.
Nee minus interea fetu nemus omne gravescit,
Sanguineisque inculta rubent aviaria baccis : 430
Tondentur cytisi, taedas silva alta ministrat,
Pascunturque ignes nocturni et lumina fundunt :
Et dubitant homines serere atque impendere curam ?
Quid majora sequar? salices humilesque genestae,
Aut illae pecori frondem aut pastoribus umbras 435
Sufficiunt, saepemque satis et pabula melli.
Et juvat undantem buxo spectare Cytorum
Naryciaeque picis lucos, juvat arva videre
Non rastris, hominum non ulli obnoxia curae.
Ipsae Caucasio steriles in vertice silvae, 440
Quas animosi Euri adsidue franguntque feruntque,
Dant alios aliae fetus, dant utile lignum
110 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Navigiis pinos, domibus cedrumque cupressosque ;
Hinc radios trivere rotis, hinc tympana plaustris
Agricolae, et pandas ratibus posuere carinas ; 445
Viminibus salices fecundae, frondibus ulmi,
At inyrtus validis hastilibus et bona bello
Cornus ; Ituraeos taxi torquentur in arcus ;
Nee tiliae leves aut torno rasile buxum
Non formam accipiunt ferroque cavantur acuto ; 450
Nee non et torrentem undam levis innatat alnus,
Missa Pado ; nee non et apes examina condunt
Corticibusque cavis vitiosaeque ilicis alveo.
Quid memorandum aeque Baccheia dona tulerunt?
Bacchus et ad culpam caussas dedit : ille furentes 455
Centauros leto domuit, Rhoetumque Pholumque
Et magno Hylaeum Lapithis cratere minantem.
O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint,
Agricolas, quibus ipsa, procul discordibus armis,
Fundit humo facilem victum justissima tellus ! 460
Si non ingentem foribus domus alta superbis
Mane salutantum totis vomit aedibus undam,
Nee varios inhiant pulchra testudine postes,
Illusasque auro vestes, Ephyreiaque aera,
Alba neque Assyrio fucatur lana veneno, 465
Nee casia liquidi corrumpitur usus olivi :
At secura quies et nescia fallere vita,
Dives opum variarum, at latis otia fundis,
Speluncae, vivique lacus, at frigida Tempe,
Mugitusque bourn, mollesque sub arbore somni 470
Non absunt ; illic saltus ac lustra ferarum,
Et patiens operum exiguoque adsueta juventus,
Sacra deum, sanctique patres ; extrema per illos
Justitia excedens terris vestigia fecit.
Me vero primum dukes ante omnia Musae, 475
Quarum sacra fero ingenti percussus amore,
Accipiant, coelique vias et sidera monstrent,
Defectus solis varios, lunaeque labores,
GEORGICON LIB. II. Ill
Unde tremor terris, qua vi maria alta tumescant
Objicibus ruptis rursusque in se ipsa residant, 480
Quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles
Hiberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet.
Sin, has ne possim naturae accedere partes,
Frigidus obstiterit circum praecordia sanguis,
Rura mihi et rigui placeant in vallibus amnes ; 485
Flumina amem silvasque inglorius. O, ubi campi
Spercheusque, et virginibus bacchata Lacaenis
Taygeta ! o, qui me gelidis convallibus Haemi
Sistat, et ingenti ramorum protegat umbra !
Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere caussas, 490
Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum
Subjecit pedibus strepitumque Acherontis avari !
Fortunatus et ille, deos qui novit agrestes,
Panaque Silvanumque senem Nymphasque sorores !
Ilium non populi fasces, non purpura regum 495
Flexit et infidos agitans discordia fratres,
Aut conjurato descendens Dacus ab Histro,
Non res Romanae perituraque regna ; neque ille
Aut doluit miserans inopem, aut invidit habenti.
Quos rami fructus, quos ipsa volentia rura 500
Sponte tulere sua, carpsit, nee ferrea jura
Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit.
Sollicitant alii remis freta caeca, ruuntque
In ferrum, penetrant aulas et limina regum ;
Hie petit exscidiis urbem miserosque Penates, 505
Ut gemma bibat et Sarrano dormiat ostro ;
Condit opes alius, defossoque incubat auro ;
Hie stupet attonitus Rostris ; hunc plausus hiantem
Per cuneos geminatus enim plebisque patrumque
Corripuit ; gaudent perfusi sanguine fratrum, 510
Exsilioque domos et dulcia limina mutant,
Atque alio patriam quaerunt sub sole jacentem.
Agricola incurvo terram dimovit aratro :
Hinc anni labor, hinc patriam parvosque Penates
117 P. VIRGILII MAROXIS GEORGICOX LIB. II.
Sustinet, hinc armenta bourn meritosque juvencos. 515
Nee requies, quin aut pomis exuberet annus,
Aut fetu pecorum, aut Cerealis mergite culmi,
Proventuque oneret sulcos atque horrea vincat.
Venit hiems : teritur Sicyonia bacca trapetis,
Glande sues laeti redeunt, dant arbuta silvae ; 520
Et varios ponit fetus autumnus, et alte
Mitis in apricis coquitur vindemia saxis.
Interea dulces pendent circum oscula nati,
Casta pudicitiam servat domus, ubera vaccae
Lactea demittunt, pinguesque in gramine laeto 525
Inter se adversis luctantur cornibus haedi.
Ipse dies agitat festos, fususque per herbam,
Ignis ubi in medio et socii cratera coronant,
Te, libans, Lenaee, vocat, pecorisque magistris
Velocis jaculi certamina ponit in ulmo, 530
Corporaque agresti nudant praedura palaestrae.
Hanc olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini,
Hanc Remus et frater, sic fortis Etruria crevit
Scilicet, et rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma,
Septemque una sibi muro circumdedit arces. 5 35
Ante etiam sceptrum Dictaei regis, et ante
Impia quam caesis gens est epulata juvencis,
Aureus hanc vitam in terris Saturnus agebat :
Necdum etiam audierant inflari classica, necdum
Impositos duris crepitare incudibus enses. 54
Sed nos immensum spatiis confecimus aequor,
Et jam tempus equum fumantia solvere colla.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
AENEi'S.
LIBER I.
ARM A viriimque cano, Trojae qui primus ab oris
Italiam, fato profugus, Lavinaque venit
Litora, multum ille et terris jactatus et alto
Vi superum, saevae memorem Junonis ob iram,
Multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem,
Inferretque decs Latio, genus unde Latinum
Albanique patres atque altae moenia Romae.
Musa, mihi caussas memora, quo numine laeso,
Quidve dolens, regina deum tot volvere casus
Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores
Impulerit. Tantaene animis coelestibus irae ?
Urbs antiqua fuit, Tyrii tenuere coloni,
Karthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque longe
Ostia, dives opum studiisque asperrima belli ;
Quam Juno fertur terris magis omnibus unam
Posthabita coluisse Samo ; hie illius arma,
Hie currus fuit ; hoc regnum dea gentibus esse,
Si qua fata sinant, jam turn tenditque fovetque.
Progeniem sed enim Trojano a sanguine duci
Audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces ;
Hinc populum late regem belloque superbum
Venturum exscidio Libyae : sic volvere Parcas.
Id metuens veterisque memor Saturnia belli,
Prima quod ad Trojam pro caris gesserat Argis
114 p - VIRGILII MARONIS
Necdum etiam caussae irarum saevique dolores 25
Exciderant animo : manet alta mente repostum
Judicium Paridis spretaeque injuria formae,
Et genus invisum, et rapti Ganymedis honores ;
His accensa super jactatos aequore toto
Troas reliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli, 30
Arcebat longe Latio, multosque per annos
Errabant, acti fatis, maria omnia circum.
Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem.
Vix e conspectu Siculae telluris in altum
Vela dabant laeti, et spumas salis acre ruebant, 35
Quum Juno, aeternum servans sub pectore vulnus,
Haec secura : Mene incepto desistere victam,
Nee posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem?
Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasne exurere classem
Argivum atque ipsos potuit submergere ponto, 40
Unius ob noxam et furias Ajacis Oilei?
Ipsa, Jovis rapidum jaculata e nubibus ignem,
Disjecitque rates evertitque aequora ventis,
Ilium exspirantem transfixo pectore flammas
Turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto ; 45
Ast ego, quae divum incedo regina, Jovisque
Et soror et conjux, una cum gente tot annos
Bella gero. Et quisquam numen Junonis adorat
Praeterea, aut supplex aris imponit honorem ?
Talia flammato secum clea corde volutans 5
Nimbomm in patriam, loca feta furentibus austris,
Aeoliam venit. Hie vasto rex Aeolus antro
Luctantcs ventos tempestatesque sonoras
Imperio premit ac vinclis et carcere frenat.
Illi indignantes magno cum murmure mentis 55
Circum claustra fremunt ; celsa sedet Aeolus arce
Sceptra tenens, mollitque animos et temperat iras ;
Ni facial, maria ac terras coelumque profundum
Quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per auras.
Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris, 60
AENEIDOS LIB. I. Il5
Hoc metuens, molemque et montes insuper altos
Imposuit, regemque dedit, qui foedere certo
Et premere et laxas sciret dare jussus habenas.
Ad quern turn Juno supplex his vocibus usa est :
Aeole, namque tibi divum pater atque hominum rex 65
Et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento,
Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor,
Ilium in Italian! portans victosque Penates :
Incute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppes,
Aut age diversos et disjice corpora ponto. 70
Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore Nymphae,
Quarum quae forma pulcherrima Deiopea,
Connubio jungam stabili propriamque dicabo,
Omnes ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos
Exigat et pulchra facial te prole parentem. 73
Aeolus haec contra : Tuus, o regina, quid optes,
Explorare labor ; mihi jussa capessere fas est.
Tu mihi ; quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra Jovemque
Concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divum,
Nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem. 80
Haec ubi dicta, cavum conversa cuspide montem
Impulit in latus : ac venti, velut agmine facto,
Qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant.
Incubuere man, totumque a sedibus irnis
Una Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis 85
Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus.
Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum.
Eripiunt subito nubes coelumque diemque
Teucrorum ex oculis ; ponto nox incubat atra.
Intonuere poli, et crebris micat ignibus aether, 90
Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem.
Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra ;
Ingemit, et duplices tendens ad sidera palmas
Talia voce refert : O terque quaterque beati,
Quis ante ora patrum Trojae .sub moenibus altis 95
Contigit oppetere I o Danaum fortissime gentis
I 1 6 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Tydide ! mene Iliacis occumbere campis
Non potuisse tuaque animam hanc effundere dextra,
Saevus ubi Aeacidae telo jacet Hector, ubi ingens
Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis
Scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit ?
Talia jactanti stridens Aquilone procella
Velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera tollit.
Franguntur remi ; turn prora avertit, et undis
Dat latus ; insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons.
Hi summo in fluctu pendent ; his unda dehiscens
Terrain inter fluctus aperit ; furit aestus arenis.
Tres Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet
Saxa vocant Itali mediis quae in fluctibus Aras
Dorsum immane mari summo ; tres Eurus ab alto
In brevia et Syrtes urguet miserabile visu
Illiditque vadis atque aggere cingit arenae.
Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten,
Ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus
In puppim ferit : excutitur pronusque magister
Volvitur in caput ; ast illam ter fluctus ibidem
Torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore verb ..
Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto,
Arma virum, tabulaeque, et Troia gaza per undas.
Jam validam Ilionei navem, jam fortis Achatae,
Et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevus Aletes,
Vicit hiems ; laxis laterum compagibus omnes
Accipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt.
Interea magno misceri murmure pontum,
Emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus et imis
Stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus : et alto
Prospiciens, summa placidum caput extulit unda.
Disjectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem,
Fluctibus oppresses Troas coelique ruina,
Nee latuere doli fratrem Junonis et irae.
Eurum ad se Zephyrumque vocat, dehinc talia fatur :
Tantane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestri ?
AENEIDOS LIB. I. 117
Jam coelum terramque meo sine numine, Venti,
Miscere, et tantas audetis tollere moles ?
Quos ego ! Sed mbtos praestat^componere fluctus. 135
Post mihi non simili poena commissa luetis.
Maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro :
Non illi imperium pelagi saevumque tridentem,
Sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania saxa,
Vestras, Eure, domos ; ilia se jactet in aula 143
Aeolus, et clauso ventorum carcere regnet.
Sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora placat,
Collectasque fugat nubes solemque reducit.
Cymothoe simul et Triton adnixus acuto
Detrudunt naves scopulo ; levat ipse tridenti ; 145
Et vastas aperit Syrtes, et temperat aequor,
Atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas.
Ac veluti magno in populo quum saepe coorta est
Seditio, saevitque animis ignobile vulgus,
Jamque faces et saxa volant furor arma ministrat 150
Turn, pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum quem
Gonspexere, silent arrectisque auribus adstant ;
Ille regit dictis animos, et pectora mulcet :
Sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, aequora postquam
Prospiciens genitor coeloque invectus aperto 155
Flectit equos curruque volans dat lora secundo.
Defessi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu
Contendunt petere, et Libyae vertuntur ad oras.
Est in secessu longo locus : insula portum
Efficit objectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto i<x>
Frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos ;
Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur
In coelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late
Aequora tuta silent ; turn silvis scena coruscis
Desuper horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbra ; 165
Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum,
Intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo,
Nympharum domus : hie fessas non vincula naves
Il8 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Ulla tenent, unco non alligat ancora morsu.
Hue septem Aeneas collectis navibus omni 170
Ex numero subit ; ac magno telluris amore
Egressi optata potiuntur Troes arena
Et sale tabentes artus in litore ponunt.
Ac primum silici scintillam excudit Achates
Succepitque ignem foliis atque arida circum 175
Nutrimenta dedit rapuitque in fomite flammam.
Turn Cererem corruptam undis Cerealiaque arma
Expediunt fessi rerum, frugesque receptas
Et torrere parant flammis et frangere saxo.
Aeneas scopulum interea conscendit et omnem 180
Prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si quern
Jactatum vento videat Phrygiasque biremes,
Aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici.
Navem in conspectu nullam, tres litore cervos
Prospicit errantes ; hos tota armenta sequuntur 185
A tergo, et longum per valles pascitur agmcn.
Constitit hie, arcumque manu celeresque sagittas
Corripuit, ficlus quae tela gerebat Achates,
Ductoresque ipsos primum, capita alta ferentes
Cornibus arboreis, sternit, turn vulgus, et omnem 190
Miscet agens telis nemora inter frondea turbam ;
Nee prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor
Corpora fundat humi et numerum cum navibus aequet.
Hinc portum petit, et socios partitur in omnes.
Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes . 195
Litore Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus heros,
Dividit, et dictis maerentia pectora mulcet :
O socii, neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum
O passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem.
Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantes 200
Accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopia saxa
Experti : revocate animos, maestumque timorem
Mittite : forsan et haec olim memtnisse juvabiL
Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum
AENEIDOS LIB. I. 1 19
Tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas 205
Ostendunt ; illic fas regna resurgere Trojae.
Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis.
Talia voce refert, curisque ingentibus aeger
Spem vultu simulat, premit altum corde dolorem.
Illi se praedae accingunt dapibusque futuris : 210
Tergora deripiunt costis et viscera nudant;
Pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia figunt ;
Litore aena locant alii, flammasque ministrant.
Turn victu revocant vires, fusique per herbam
Implentur veteris Bacchi pinguisque ferinae. 215
Postquam exempta fames epulis mensaeque remotae,
Amissos longo socios sermone requirunt,
Spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant,
Sive extrema pati nee jam exaudire vocatos.
Praecipue pius Aeneas nunc acris Oronti, 220
Nunc Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum
Fata Lyci, fortemque Cyan, fortemque Cloanthum.
Et jam finis erat, quum Juppiter aethere summo
Despiciens mare velivolum terrasque jacentes
Litoraque et latos populos, sic vertice coeli 225
Constitit et Libyae defixit lumina regnis.
Atque ilium tales jactantem pectore curas
Tristior et lacrimis oculos suffusa nitentes
Alloquitur Venus : O qui res hominumque deumque
Aeternis regis imperiis, et fulmine terres, 230
Quid meus Aeneas in te committere tantum,
Quid Troes potuere, quibus, tot funera passis,
Cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis ?
Certe hinc Romanes olim, volventibus annis,
Hinc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri, 235
Qui mare, qui terras omni ditione tenerent,
Pollicitus, quae te, genitor, sententia vertit ?
Hoc equidem occasum Trojae tristesque ruinas
Solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens ;
Nunc eadem fortuna viros tot casibus actos 340
120 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Insequitur. Quern das finem, rex magne, laborum ?
Antenor potuit, mediis elapsus Achivis,
Illyricos penetrare sinus atque intima tutus
Regna Liburnorum, et fontem superare Timavi,
Unde per ora novem vasto cum murmure mentis 245
It mare proruptum et pelago premit arva sonanti.
Hie tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit
Teucrorum, et genti nomen dedit annaque fixit
Troia, nunc placida compostus pace quiescit :
Nos tua progenies, coeli quibus adnuis arcem, 250
Navibus infandum ! amissis, unius ob iram
Prodimur atque Italis longe disjungimur oris.
Hie pietatis honos ? sic nos in sceptra reponis ?
Olli subridens hominum sator atque deorum
Vultu, quo coelum tempestatesque serenat, 255
Oscula libavit natae, dehinc talia fatur :
Parce metu, Cytherea, manent iminota tuorum
Fata ti'bi : cernes urbem et promissa Lavini
Moenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera coeli
Magnanimum Aenean ; neque me sententia vertit. 260
Hie tibi fabor enim, quando haec te cura remordet,
Longius et volvens fatorum arcana movebo
Bellum ingens geret Italia populosque feroces
Contundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet,
Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas, 265
Ternaque transierint Rutulis hiberna subactis.
At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen lulo
Additur, Ilus erat, dum res stetit Ilia regno
Triginta magnos volvendis mensibus orbes
Imperio explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini 27*
Transferet, et longam multa vi muniet Albam.
Hie jam ter centum totos regnabitur annos
Gente sub Hectorea, donee regina sacerdos
Marte gravis geminam partu clabit Ilia prolem.
Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus a?s
Romulus excipiet gentem, et Mavortia condet
AENEIDOS LIB. I. 121
Moenia Romanesque suo de nomine dicet.
His ego nee metas rerum nee tempora pono ;
Imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera Juno,
Quae mare nunc terrasque metu coelumque fatigat, 280
Consilia in melius referet, mecumque fovebit
Romanes, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam.
Sic placitum. Veniet lustris labentibus aetas,
Quum domus Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas
Servitio premet ac victis dominabitur Argis. 285
Nascetur pulchra Trojanus origine Caesar,
Imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris,
Julius, a magno demissum nomen lulo.
Hunc tu olim coelo, spoliis Orientis onustum,
Accipies secura ; vocabitur hie quoque votis. 290
Aspera turn positis mitescent secula bellis ;
Cana Fides, et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinus,
Jura dabunt ; dirae ferro et compagibus artis
Claudentur Belli portae ; Furor impius intus
Saeva sedens super arma et centum vinctus aenis 295
Post tergum nodis fremet horridus ore cruento.
Haec ait, et Maia genitum demittit ab alto,
Ut terrae, utque novae pateant Karthaginis arces
Hospitio Teucris, ne fati nescia Dido
Finibus arceret. Volat ille per ae'ra magnum 300
Remigio alarum, ac Libyae citus adstitit oris.
Et jam jussa facit, ponuntque ferocia Poeni
Corda volente deo ; in primis regina quietum
Accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam.
At pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens, 305
Ut primum lux alma data est, exire locosque
Explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras,
Qui teneant, nam inculta videt, hominesne feraene,
Quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta referre.
Classem in convexo nemorum sub rupe cavata 3 io
Arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus umbris
Occulit ; ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate,
122 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro.
Cui mater media sese tulit obvia silva,
Virginis os habitumque gerens et virginis arma, 315
Spartanae, vel qualis equos Threissa fatigat
Harpalyce volucremque fuga praevertitur Hebrum.
Namque humeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum
Venatrix, dederatque comam diffundere ventis,
Nuda genu, nodoque sinus collecta fluentes. 3*>
Ac prior, Heus, inquit, juvenes, monstrate, mearum
Vidistis si quam hie errantem forte sororum,
Succinctam pharetra et maculosae tegmine lyncis,
Aut spumantis apri cursum clamore prementem.
Sic Venus ; et Veneris contra sic filius orsus : 325
Nulla tuarum audita mihi neque visa sororum,
O quam te memorem, virgo ? namque baud tibi vultus
Mortalis, nee vox hominern sonat : o, dea certe ;
An Phoebi soror? an Nympharum sanguinis una ?
Sis felix, nostrumque leves, quaecumque, laborem, 330
Et, quo sub coelo tandem, quibus orbis in oris
Jactemur, doceas : ignari hominumque locorumque
Erramus, vento hue vastis et fluctibus acti :
Multa tibi ante aras nostra cadet hostia dextra.
Turn Venus : Haud equidem tali me dignor honore ; 335
Virginibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram,
Purpureoque alte suras vincire cothurno.
Punica regna vides, Tyrios et Agenoris urbem ;
Sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello.
Imperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta, 340
Germanum fugiens. Longa est injuria, longae
Ambages ; sed summa sequar fastigia rerum.
Huic conjux Sychaeus erat, ditissimus agri
Phoenicum, et magno miserae dilectus amore,
Cui pater intactam dederat, primisque jugarat 345
Ominibus. Sed regna Tyri germanus habebat
Pygmalion, scelere ante alios immanior omnes.
Quos inter medius venit furor. Ille Sychaeum
AENEIDOS LIB. I. 123
Impius ante aras atque auri caecus amore
Clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum 350
Germanae ; factumque diu celavit, et aegram,
Multa malus simulans, vana spe lusit amantem.
Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago
Conjugis, ora modis attollens pallida miris ;
Cru deles aras trajectaque pectora ferro 355
Nudavit, caecumque domus scelus omne retexit.
Turn celerare fugam patriaque excedere suadet,
Auxiliumque viae veteres tellure recludit
Thesau'ros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri.
His commota fugam Dido sociosque parabat. 360
Conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni
Aut metus acer erat ; naves, quae forte paratae,
Corripiunt, onerantque auro ; portantur avari
Pygmalionis opes pelago ; dux femina facti.
Devenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernis 365
Moenia surgentemque novae Karthaginis arcem,
Mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam,
Taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo.
Sed vos qui tandem, quibus aut venistis ab oris,
Quove tenetis iter ? Quaerenti talibus ille 370
Suspirans imoque trahens a pectore vocem :
O dea, si prima repetens ab origine pergam,
Et vacet annales nostrorum audire laborum,
Ante diem clauso componat Vesper Olympo.
Nos Troja antiqua, si vestras forte per aures 375
Trojae nomen iit, diversa per aequora vectos
Forte sua Libycis tempestas appulit oris.
Sum pius Aeneas, raptos qui ex hoste Penates
Classe veho mecum, fama super aethera notus.
Italiam quaere patriam et genus ab Jove summo. 380
Bis denis Phrygium conscendi navibus aequor,
Matre dea monstrante viam, data fata secutus ;
Vix septem convulsae undis Euroque supersunt
Ipse ignotus, egens, Libyae deserta peragro,
124 p - VIRGILII MARONIS
Europa atque Asia pulsus. Nee plura querentem 3 8 S
Passa Venus medio sic interfata dolore est :
Quisquis es, baud, credo, invisus coelestibus auras
Vitales carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris urbem.
Perge modo, atque hinc te reginae ad limina perfer.
Namque tibi reduces socios classemque relatam 390
Nuntio et in tutum versis aquilonibus actam,
Ni frustra augurium vani docuere parentes.
Adspice bis senos laetantes agmine cycnos,
Aetheria quos lapsa plaga Jovis ales aperto
Turbabat coelo ; nunc terras ordine longo 39 s
Aut capere aut captas jam despectare videntur :
Ut reduces illi ludunt stridentibus alis,
Et coetu cinxere polum, cantusque dedere,
Haud aliter puppesque tuae pubesque tuorum
Aut portum tenet, aut pleno subit ostia velo. 400
Perge modo, et, qua te ducit via, dirige gressum.
Dixit, et avertens rosea cervice refulsit,
Ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem
Spiravere, pedes vestis defluxit ad imos,
Et vera incessu patuit dea. Ille ubi matrem 405
Agnovit, tali fugientem est voce secutus :
Quid natum toties, crudelis tu quoque, falsis
Ludis imaginibus ? cur dextrae jungere dextram
Non datur ac veras audire et reddere voces ?
Talibus incusat, gressumque ad moenia tendit 410
At Venus obscuro gradientes acre saepsit,
Et multo nebulae circum dea fudit amictu,
Cernere ne quis eos, neu quis contingere posset,
Molirive moram, aut veniendi poscere caussas.
Ipsa Paphum sublimis abit, sedesque revisit 4 i 5
Laeta suas, ubi templum illi, centumque Sabaeo
Ture calent arae sertisque recentibus halant.
Corripuere viam interea, qua semita inonstrat.
Jamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi
Imminet adversasque adspectat desuper arces. 420
AENEIDOS LIB. I. 125
Miratur molem Aeneas, magalia quondam,
Miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum.
Instant ardentes Tyrii, pars ducere muros
Molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa,
Pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulco ; 425
Jura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum ;
Hie portus alii effodiunt : hie alta theatri
Fundamenta locant alii, immanesque columnas
Rupibus excidunt, scenis decora alta futuris.
Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura 430
Exercet sub sole labor, quum gentis adultos
Educunt fetus, aut quum liquentia mella
Stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas,
Aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto
Ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent : 435
Fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella.
O fortunati, quorum jam moenia surgunt !
Aeneas ait, et fastigia suspicit urbis.
Infert se saeptus nebula mirabile dictu
Per medios, miscetque viris, neque cernitur ulli. 440
Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbrae,
Quo primum jactati undis et turbine Poeni
Effodere loco signum, quod regia Juno
Monstrarat, caput acris equi : sic nam fore bello
Egregiam et facilem victu per saecula geritem. 445
Hie templum Junoni ingens Sidonia Dido
Condebat, donis opulentum et numine divae,
Aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina nexaeque
Acre trabes, foribus cardo stridebat aenis.
Hoc primum in luco nova res oblata timorem 450
Leniit, hie primum Aeneas sperare salutem
Ausus et afflictis melius confidere rebus.
Namque sub ingenti lustrat dum singula templo,
Reginam opperiens, dum, quae Fortuna sit urbi,
Artificumque manus inter se operumque laborem 455
Miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas
126 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Bellaque jam fama totum vulgata per orbem,
Atridas, Priamumque, et saevum ambobus Achillen.
Constitit, et lacrimans, Quis jam locus, inquit, Achate,
Quae regio in terris nostri non plena laboris ? 460
En Priamus. Sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi ;
Sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt.
Solve metus ; feret haec aliquam tibi fama salutem.
Sic ait, atque animum pictura pascit inani,
Multa gemens, largoque humectat flumine vultum. 465
Namque videbat, uti bellantes Pergama circum
Hac fugerent Graii, premeret Trojana juventus,
Hac Phryges, instaret curru cristatus Achilles.
Nee procul hinc Rhesi niveis tentoria velis
Agnoscit lacrimans, primo quae prodita somno 470
Tydides multa vastabat caecle cruentus,
Ardentesque avertit equos in castra, prius quam
Pabula gustassent Trojae Xanthumque bibissent.
Parte alia fugiens amissis Troilus armis,
Infelix puer atque impar congressus Achilli, 475
Fertur equis, curruque haeret resupinus inani,
Lora tenens tamen ; huic cervixque comaeque trahuntur
Per terram, et versa pulvis inscribitur hasta.
Interea ad templum non aequae Palladis ibant
Crinibus Iliades passis peplumque ferebant, 48
Suppliciter tristes et tunsae pectora palmis ;
Diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat.
Ter circum Iliacos raptaverat Hectora muros,
Exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles.
Turn vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab imo, 485
Ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amici,
Tendentemque manus Priamum conspexit inermes.
Se quoque principibus permixtum agnovit Achivis,
Eoasque acies et nigri Memnonis arma.
Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis 49
Penthesilea furens, mediisque in milibus ardet,
Aurea subnectens exsertae cingula mammae,
AENEIDOS LIB. I. 127
Bellatrix, audetque viris concurrere virgo.
Haec dum Dardanio Aeneae miranda videntur,
Dum stupet, obtutuque haeret defixus in uno, 49 s
Regina ad templum, forma pulcherrima Dido,
Incessit, magna juvenum stipante caterva.
Qualis in Eurotae ripis aut per juga Cynthi
Exercet Diana chores, quam mille secutae
Hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades ; ilia pharetram S oo
Pert humero, gradiensque deas supereminet omnes ;
Latonae taciturn pertentant gaudia pectus :
Talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat
Per medios, instans operi regnisque futuris.
Turn foribus divae, media testudine templi, 505
Saepta armis, solioque alte subnixa resedit.
Jura dabat legesque viris, operumque laborem
Partibus aequabat justis, aut sorte trahebat :
Quum subito Aeneas concursu accedere magno
Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum, 510
Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo
Dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat oras.
Obstupuit simul ipse simul perculsus Achates
Laetitiaque metuque ; avidi conjungere dextras
Ardebant ; sed res animos incognita turbat. 515
Dissimulant, et nube cava speculantur amicti,
Quae fortuna viris, classem quo litore linquant,
Quid veniant ; cunctis nam lecti navibus ibant,
Orantes veniam, et templum clamore petebant.
Postquam introgressi et coram data copia fandi, 52?
Maximus Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit :
O Regina, novam cui condere Juppiter urbem
Justitiaque dedit gentes frenare superbas,
Troes te miseri, ventis maria omnia vecti,
Oramus, prohibe infandos a navibus ignes, S2 >
Parce pio generi, et propius res adspice nostras.
NOR nos aut ferro Libycos populare Penates
Venimus, aut raptas ad litora vertere praedas ;
128 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Non ea vis animo, nee tanta superbia victis.
Est locus, Hesperiam Graii cognomine dicunt, 53
Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae ;
Oenotri coluere viri ; nunc fama, minores
Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem.
Hie cursus fuit :
Quum subito adsurgens fluctu nimbosus Orion 535
In vada caeca tulit, penitusque procacibus austris
Perque undas, superante salo, perque invia saxa
Dispulit ; hue pauci vestris adnavimus oris.
Quod genus hoc hominum? quaeve hunc tam barbara morem
Permittit patria ? hospitio prohibemur arenae ; 5*0
Bella cient, primaque vetant consistere terra.
Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma,
At sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi.
Rex erat Aeneas nobis, quo justior alter,
Nee pietate fuit nee bello major et armis. 545
Quern si fata virum servant, si vescitur aura
Aetheria, neque adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris,
Non metus ; officio nee te certasse priorem
Poeniteat. Sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes
Armaque,Trojanoque a sanguine clarus Acestes. 550
Quassatam ventis liceat subducere classem.
Et silvis aptare trabes et stringere remos,
Si datur Italiam, sociis et rege recepto,
Tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumque petamus,
Sin absumpta salus, et te, pater optime Teucrum, 555
Pontus habet Libyae, nee spes jam restat luli,
At freta Sicaniae saltern sedesque paratas,
Unde hue advecti, regemque petamus Acesten.
Talibus Ilioneus; cuncti simul ore fremebant
Dardanidae. 5 6o
Turn breviter Dido, vultum demissa, profatur :
Solvite corde metum, Teucri, secludite curas.
Res dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt
Moliri, et late fines custode tueri.
AENEIDOS LIB. I. 129
Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Trojae nesciat urbem, 565
Virtutesque virosque, aut tanti incendia belli ?
Non obtunsa adeo gestamus pectora Poeni,
Nee tarn aversus equos Tyria Sol jungit ab urbe.
Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva,
Sive Erycis fines regemque optatis Acesten, 570
Auxilio tutos dimittam, opibusque juvabo.
Vultis et his mecum pariter considere regnis ?
Urbem quam statuo, vestra est ; subducite naves ;
Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur.
Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodem 575
Afforet Aeneas ! Equidem per litora certos
Dimittam et Libyae lustrare extrema jubebo,
Si quibus ejectus silvis aut urbibus errat.
His animum arrecti dictis et fortis Achates
Et pater Aeneas jamdudum erumpere nubem s&>
Ardebant. Prior Aenean cpmpellat Achates :
Nate dea, quae nunc ammo sententia surgit?
Omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque receptos.
Unus abest, meclio in fluctu quern vidimus ipsi
Submersum ; dictis respondent cetera matris. 585
Vix ea fatus erat, quum circumfusa repente
Scindit se nubes et in aeth%ra purgat apertum.
Restitit Aeneas claraque in luce refulsit,
Os humerosque deo similis ; namque ipsa decoram
Caesariem nato genetrix lumenque juventae 530
Purpureum et laetos oculis afflarat honores :
Quale manus addunt ebori decus, aut ubi flavo
Argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro.
Turn sic reginam alloquitur, cunctisque repente
Inprovisus ait : Coram, quern quaeritis, adsum, 595
Troius Aeneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis.
O sola infandos Trojae miserata labores,
Quae nos, reliquias Danaum, terraeque marisque
Omnibus exhaustos jam casibus, omnium egenos,
Urbe, domo, socias, grates persolvere dignas 600
130 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Non opis est nostrae, Dido, nee quidquid ubique est
Gentis Dardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem.
Di tibi, si qua pios respectant numina, si quid
Usquam justitia est et mens sibi conscia recti,
Praemia digna ferant. Quae te tarn laeta tulerunt 605
Saecula ? qui tanti talem genuere parentes ?
In freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae
Lustrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet,
Semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt,
Quae me cumque vocant terrae. Sic fatus, amicum 610
Ilionea petit dextra, laevaque Serestum,
Post alios, fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum.
Obstupuit prime adspectu Sidonia Dido,
Casu deinde viri tanto, et sic ore locuta est :
Quis te, nate dea, per tanta pericula casus 615
Insequitur ? quae vis immanibus app'.icat oris ?
Tune ille Aeneas, quem Dardanio Anchisae
Alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam ?
Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire
Finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem 620
Auxilio Beli ; genitor turn Belus opimam
Vastabat Cyprum, et victor ditione tenebat.
Tempore jam ex illo casus mihf cognitus urbis
Trojanae nomenque tuum regesque Pelasgi.
Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat, 625
Seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum ab stirpe volebat.
Quare agite, o tectis, juvenes, succedite nostris.
Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores
Jactatam hac demum voluit consistere terra.
Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco. 630
Sic memorat ; simul Aenean in regia ducit
Tecta, simul divum templis indicit honorem.
Nee minus interea sociis ad litora mittit
Viginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum
Terga suum, pingues centum cum matribus agnos, 6 35
Munera laetitiamque del
AENEIDOS LIB. I. 131
At domus interior regali splendida luxu
Instruitur, mediisque parant convivia tectis :
Arte laboratae vestes ostroque superbo,
Ingens argentum mensis, caelataque in auro 6 4 o
Fortia facta patrum, series longissima rerum
Per tot ducta viros antiquae ab origine gentis.
Aeneas neque enim patrius consistere mentem
Passus amor rapidum ad naves praemittit Achaten,
Ascanio ferat haec, ipsumque ad moenia ducat ; 643
Omnis in Ascanio cari stat cura parentis.
Munera praeterea, Iliacis erepta minis,
Ferre jubet, pallam signis auroque rigentem,
Ft circumtextum croceo velamen acantho,
Ornatus Argivae Helenae, quos ilia Mycenis, 650
Pergama quum peteret inconcessosque Hymenaeos,
Extulerat, matris Ledae mirabile donum :
Praeterea sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim,
Maxima natarum Priami, colloque monile
Baccatum, et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. 655
Haec celerans iter ad naves tendebat Achates.
At Cytherea novas artes, nova pectore versat
Consilia, ut faciem mutatus et ora Cupido
Pro dulci Ascanio veniat, donisque furentem
Incendat reginam, atque ossibus implicet ignem ; 660
Quippe domum timet ambiguam Tyriosque bilingues ;
Urit atrox Juno, et sub noctem cura recursat
Ergo his aligerum dictis affatur Amorem :
Nate, meae vires, mea magna potentia solus,
Nate, patris summi qui tela Typhoia temnis, 66 S
Ad te confugio et supplex tua numina posco.
Frater ut Aeneas pelago tuus omnia circum .
Litora jactetur odiis Junonis iniquae,
Nota tibi, et nostro doluisti saepe dolore.
Hunc Phoenissa tenet Dido blandisque moratur 6 7 o
Vocibus ; et vereor, quo se Junonia vertant
Hospitia ; haud tanto cessabit cardine rerum.
132 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Quocirca capere ante dolis et cingere flamma
Reginam meditor, ne quo se numine mutet,
Sed magno Aeneae mecum teneatur amore. 675
Qua facere id possis, nostram mine accipe mentem :
Regius accitu cari genitoris asl urbem
Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima cura,
Dona ferens, pelago et flammis restantia Trojae ;
Hunc ego sopitum somno super alta Cythera 6?o
Aut super Idalium sacrata sede recondam,
Ne qua scire dolos mediusve occurrere possit.
Tu faciem illius noctem non amplius unam
Falle dolo, et notos pueri puer indue vultus,
tit, quum te gremio accipiet laetissima Dido 685
Regales inter mensas laticemque Lyaeum,
Quum clabit amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet,
Occultum inspires ignem fallasque veneno.
Paret Amor dictis carae genetricis, et alas
Exuit, et gressu gaudens incedit luli. 690
At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem
Irrigat, et fotum gremio dea tollit in altos
Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis amaracus ilium
Floribus et dulci adspirans complectitur umbra.
Jamque ibat dicto parens et dona Cupido 695
Regia portabat Tyriis, duce laetus Achate.
Quum venit, aulaeis jam se regina superbis
Aurea composuit sponda mediamque locavit.
Jam pater Aeneas et jam Trojana juventus
Conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro. 700
Dant famuli manibus lymphas, Cereremque canistris
Expediunt, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis.
Quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longam
Cura penum struere, et flammis adolere Penates ;
Centum aliae totidemque pares aetate ministri, 705
Oui dapibus mensas onerent et pocula ponant.
Xec non et Tyrii per limina laeta frequentes
Convenere, toris jussi discumbere pictis.
AENEIDOS LIB. I. 133
Mirantur dona Aeneae, mirantur lulum
Flagrantesque dei vultus simulataque verba, 710
Pallamque et pictum croceo velamen acantho.
Praecipue infelix, pesti devota futurae,
Expleri mentem nequit ardescitque tuendo
Phoenissa, et pariter puero donisque movetur.
Ille ubi complexu Aeneae colloque pependit 715
Et magnum falsi implevit genitoris amorem,
Reginam petit. Haec oculis, haec pectore toto
Haeret et interdum gremio fovet, inscia Dido,
Insideat quantus miserae deus. At memor ille
Matris Acidaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeum
Incipit, et vivo tentat praevertere amore
Jam pridem resides animos desuetaque corda.
Postquam prima quies epulis, mensaeque remotae,
Crateras magnos statuunt et vina coronant.
Fit strepitus tectis, vocemque per ampla volutant 725
Atria ; dependent lychni laquearibus aureis
Incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt.
Hie regina gravem gemmis auroque poposcit
Implevitque mero pateram, quam Belus et omnes
A Belo soliti ; turn facta silentia tectis : 730
Juppiter, hospitibus nam te dare jura loquuntur,
Hunc laetum Tyriisque diem Trojaque profectis
Esse velis, nostrosque hujus meminisse minores.
Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator, et bona Juno ,
Et vos, o, coetum, Tyrii, celebrate faventes. 735
Dixit, et in mensam laticum libavit honorem,
Primaque, libato, summo tenus attigit ore ;
Turn Bitiae dedit increpitans ; ille impiger hausit
Spumantem pateram, et pleno se proluit auro ;
Post alii proceres. Cithara crinitus lopas 740
Personal aurata, docuit quern maximus Atlas.
Hie canit errantem lunam solisque labores ;
Unde hominum genus et pecudes ; unde imber et ignes ;
Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones ;
134 P- VIRGILII MARONIS
Quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles 745
Hiberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet.
Ingeminant plausu Tyrii, Troesque sequuntur.
Nee non et vario noctem sermone trahebat
Infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amorem,
Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa ; 750
Nunc, quibus Aurorae venisset filius armis,
Nunc, quales Diomedis equi, nunc, quantus Achilles.
Immo age, et a prima die, hospes, origine nobis
Insidias, inquit, Danaum, casusque tuorum,
Erroresque tuos ; nam te jam septima portat 755
Omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas.
LIBER II.
CONTICUERE omnes, intentique ora tenebant
Inde toro pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto :
Infandum, Regina, jubes renovare dolorem,
Trojanas ut opes et lamentabile regnum
Eruerint Danai ; quaeque ipse miserrima vidi, s
Et quorum pars magna fui. Quis talia fando
Myrmidonum Dolopumve aut duri miles Ulixi
Temperet a lacrimis ? et jam nox humida coelo
Praecipitat, suadentque cadentia sidera somnos.
Sed si tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros 10
Et breviter Trojae supremum audire laborem,
Quamquam animus meminisse horret, luctuque refugit,
Incipiam. Fracti bello fatisque repulsi
Ductores Danaum, tot jam labentibus annis,
Instar montis equum divina Palladis arte 15
Aedificant, sectaque intexunt abiete costas ;
Votum pro reditu simulant ; ea fama vagatur.
Hue delecta virum sortiti corpora furtim
AENEIDOS LIB! II. 135
Includunt caeco lateri, penitusque caveraas
Ingentes uterumque armato milite complent. 20
Est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima fama
Insula, dives opum, Priami dum regna manebant,
Nunc tantum sinus et static male fida carinis ;
Hue se provecti deserto in litore condunt.
Nos abiisse rati et vento petiisse Mycenas. 25
Ergo omnis longo solvit se Teucria luctu.
Panduntur portae ; juvat ire et Dorica castra
Desertosque videre locos litusque relictum.
Hie Dolopum manus, hie saevus tendebat Achilles ;
Classibus hie locus ; hie acie certare solebant. 3
Pars stupet innuptae donum exitiale Minervae
Et molem mirantur equi ; primusque Thymoetes
Duci intra rnuros hortatur et arce locari,
Sive dolo, seu jam Trojae sic fata ferebant.
At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti, 35
Aut pelago Danaum insidias. suspectaque dona,
Praecipitare jubent, subjectisque urere flammis,
Aut terebrare cavas uteri et tentare latebras.
Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus.
Primus ibi ante omnes, magna comitante caterva, 40
Laocoon ardens summa decurrit ab arce,
Et procul : O miseri, quae tanta insania, cives ?
Creditis avectos hostis ? aut ulla putatis
Dona carere dolis Danaum ? sic notus Ulixes ?
Aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi, 45
Aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros
Inspectura domos venturaque desuper urbi,
Aut aliquis latet error ; equo ne credite, Teucri.
Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes.
Sic fatus validis ingentem viribus hastam 50
In latus inque feri curvam compagibus alvum
Contorsit. Stetit ilia tremens, uteroque recusso
Insonuere cavae gemitumque dedere cavernae.
Et, si fata deum, si mens non laeva fuisset,
136 P. VIRGILII MAROXIS
Impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras, 55
Trojaque, mine stares, Priamique arx alta, maneres.
Ecce, nianus juvenem interea post terga revinctum
Pastores magno ad regem clamore trahebant
Dardanidae, qui se ignotum venientibus ultro,
Hoc ipsum ut strueret Trojamque aperiret Achivis, 60
Obtulerat, fidens animi, atque in utrumque paratus,
Seu versare dolos, seu certae occumbere morti.
Undique visendi studio Trojana juventus
Circumfusa ruit, certantque illudere capto.
Accipe mine Danaum insidias, et crimine ab uno 65
Disce omnes.
Namque ut conspectu in medio turbatus, inermis,
Constitit atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit :
Heu, quae nunc tellus, inquit, quae me aequora possunt
Accipere? aut quid jam misero mihi denique restat, 7*
Cui neque apud Danaos usquam locus, et super ipsi
Dardanidae r infensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt ?
Quo gemitu conversi animi, compressus et omnis
Impetus. Hortamur fari ; quo sanguine cretus,
Quidve ferat, memoret, quae sit fiducia capto. ?i
[Ille haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur :]
Cuncta equidem tibi, Rex, fuerit quodcumque, fatebor
Vera, inquit ; neque me Argolica de gente negabo ;
Hoc primum ; nee, si miserum Fortuna Sinonem
Finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget. So
Fando aliquod si forte tuas pervenit ad aures
Belidae nomen Palamedis et incluta fama
Gloria, quern falsa sub proditione Pelasgi
Insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetabat,
Demisere neci, nunc cassum lumine lugent : b>
Illi me comitem et consanguinitate propinquum
Pauper in arma pater primis hue misit ab annis.
Dum stabat regno incolumis regumque vigebat
Consiliis, et nos aliquod nomenque decusque
Gessimus. Invidia postquam pellacis Ulixi . 90
AENEIDOS LIB. II. 137
Haud ignota loquor superis concessit ab oris,
Afflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam,
Et casum insontis mecum indignabar amici.
Nee tacui demens, et me, fors si qua tulisset,
Si patrios umquam remeassem victor ad Argos, 95
Promisi ultorem, et verbis odia aspera movi.
Hinc mihi prima mali labes, hinc semper Ulixes
Criminibus terrere novis, hinc spargere voces
In vulgum ambiguas, et quaerere conscius arma.
Nee requievit enim, donee Calchante ministro 100
Sed quid ego haec autem nequidquam ingrata revolvo ?
Quidve moror, si omnes uno ordine habetis Achivos,
Idque audire sat est ? Jamdudum sumite poenas ;
Hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae.
Turn vero ardemus scitari et quaerere caussas, 105
Ignari scelerum tantorum artisque Pelasgae.
Prosequitur pavitans, et ficto pectore fatur :
Saepe fugam Danai Troja cupiere relicta
Moliri et longo fessi discedere bello ;
Fecissentque utinam ! saepe illos aspera ponti no
Interclusit hiems, et terruit Auster euntes.
Praecipue, quum jam hie trabibus contextus acernis
Staret equus, toto sonuerunt aethere nimbi.
Suspensi Eurypylum scitantem oracula Phoebi
Mittimus, isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat : us
Sanguine placastis ventos et virgine caesa,
Quum primum Iliacas, Danai, venistis ad oras ;
Sanguine quaerendi reditus, animaque litandum
Argolica. Vulgi quae vox ut venit ad aures,
Obstupuere animi, gelidusque per ima cucurrit 120
Ossa tremor, cui fata parent, quern poscat Apollo.
Hie Ithacus vatem magno Calchanta tumultu
Protrahit in medios ; quae sint ea numina divum,
Flagitat. Et mihi jam multi crudele canebant
Artificis scelus, et taciti ventura videbant. 125
Bis quinos silet ille dies, tectusque recusat
138 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Prodere voce sua quemquam aut opponere morti.
Vix tandem, magnis Ithaci clamoribus actus,
Composito rumpit vocem, et me destinat arae.
Adsensere omnes, et, quae sibi quisque timebat, 130
Unius in miseri exitium conversa tulere.
Jamque dies infanda aderat ; mihi sacra parari,
Et salsae fruges, et circum tempora vittae.
Eripui, fateor, leto me, et vincula rupi,
Limosoque lacu per noctem obscurus in ulva . 135
Delitui, dum vela darent, si forte dedissent.
Nee mihi jam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi,
Nee dulces natos exoptatumque parentem ;
Quos illi fors et poenas ob nostra reposcent
Effugia, et culpam hanc miserorum morte piabunt. 14
Quod te per superos et conscia numina veri,
Per, si qua est, quae restet adhuc mortalibus usquam
Intemerata fides, oro, miserere laborum
Tantorum, miserere animi non digna ferentis.
His lacrimis vitam damus, et miserescimus ultro. MS
Ipse viro primus manicas atque arta levari
Vincla jubet Priamus, dictisque ita fatur amicis :
Quisquis es, amissos hinc jam obliviscere Graios ;
Noster eris, mihique haec edissere vera roganti :
Quo molem hanc immanis equi statuere? quis auctor? 150
Quidve petunt ? quae religio ? aut quae machina belli ?
Dixerat. Ille, dolis instructus et arte Pelasga,
Sustulit exutas vinclis ad sidera palmas :
Vos, aeterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum
Testor numen, ait, vos arae ensesque nefandi, 155
Quos fugi, vittaeque deum, quas hostia gessi :
Fas mihi Graiorum sacrata resolvere jura,
Fas odisse viros, atque omnia ferre sub auras,
Si qua tegunt ; teneor patriae nee legibus ullis.
Tu modo promissis maneas, servataque serves 160
Troja fidem, si vera feram, si magna rependam.
Omnis spes Danaum et coepti fiducia belli
AENEIDOS LIB. II. 139
Palladis auxiliis semper stetit. Impius ex quo
Tydides sed enim scelerumque inventor Ulixes,
Fatale aggressi sacrato avellere templo 165
Palladium, caesis summae custodibus arcis,
Corripuere sacram effigiem, manibusque cruentis
Virgineas ausi divae contingere vittas,
Ex illo fluere ac retro sublapsa referri
Spes Danaum, fractae vires, aversa deae mens. 170
Nee dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris.
Vix positum castris simulacrum : arsere coruscae
Luminibus flammae arrectis, salsusque per artus
Sudor iit, terque ipsa solo mirabile dictu
Ernicuit, parmamque ferens hastamque trementem. 175
Extemplo tentanda fuga canit aequora Calchas,
Nee posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis,
Omina ni repetant Argis, numenque reducant,
Quod pelago et curvis secum avexere carinis.
Et nunc, quod patrias vento petiere Mycenas, 180
Arma deosque parant comites, pelagoque remenso
Improvisi aderunt. Ita digerit omina Calchas.
Hanc pro Palladio moniti, pro numine laeso
Effigiem statuere, nefas quae triste piaret.
Hanc tamen immensam Calchas attollere molem 185
Roboribus textis coeloque educere jussit,
Ne recipi portis, aut duci in moenia possit,
Neu populum antiqua sub religione tueri.
Nam si vestra manus violasset dona Minervae,
Turn magnum exitium quod di prius omen in ipsum 190
Convertant ! Priami imperio Phrygibusque futurum ;
Sin manibus vestris vestram ascendisset in urbem,
Ultro Asiam magno Pelopea ad moenia bello
Venturam, et nostros ea fata manere nepotes.
Talibus insidiis perjurique arte Sinonis 195
Credita res, captique dolis lacrimisque coactis,
Quos r^eque Tydides, nee Larissaeus Achilles,
Non anni domuere decem, non mille carinae.
140 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Hie aliud majus miseris multoque tremendum
Objicitur magis, atque improvida pectora turbat. 200
Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos,
Sollemnes taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras.
Ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranquilla per alta
Horresco referens immensis orbibus angues
Incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad litora tendunt ; 205
Pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta jubaeque
Sanguineae superant undas ; pars cetera pontum
*Pone legit sinuatque immensa volumine terga.
Fit sonitus spumante salo ; jamque arva tenebant,
Ardentesque oculos suflfecti sanguine et igni, 310
Sibila lambebant linguis vibrantibus ora.
Diffugimus visu exsangues. Illi agmine certo
Laocoonta petunt ; et primum parva duorum
Corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque
Implicat et miseros morsu depascitur artus ; 215
Post ipsum, auxilio subeuntem ac tela ferentein,
Corripiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus; et jam
Bis medium amplexi, bis collo squamea circum
Terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus altis.
Ille simul manibus tendit divellere nodos, 220
Perfusus sanie vittas atroque veneno,
Clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit :
Quales mugitus, fugit quum saucius aram
Taurus et incertam excussit cervice securim.
At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones 223
EfTugiunt saevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem,
Sub pedibusque deae-clipeique sub orbe teguntur.
Turn vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis
Insinuat pavor, et scelus expendisse merentem
Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qui cuspide robur 230
Laeserit et tergo sceleratam intorserit hastam.
Ducendum ad sedes simulacrum orandaque divae
Numina conclamant. ,
Dividimus muros et moenia pandimus urbis.
AENEIDOS LIB. II. 141
Accingunt omnes operi, pedibusque rotarum 235
Subjiciunt lapsus, et stuppea vincula collo
Intendunt. Scandit fatalis machina muros,
Feta armis. Pueri circum innuptaeque puellae
Sacra canunt, funemque manu contingere gaudent.
Ilia subit, mediaeque minans illabitur urbi. 240
O patria, o divum domus Ilium, et incluta bello
Moenia Dardaniclum ! quater ipso in'limine portae
Substitit, atque utero sonitum quater arma dedere ;
Instamus tamen immemores caecique furore,
Et monstrum infelix sacrata sistimus arce. 245
Tune etiam fatis aperit Cassandra futuris
Ora, dei jussu non umquam credita Teucris.
Nos delubra deum miseri, quibus ultimus esset
Ille dies, festa velamus fronde per urbem.
Vertitur interea coelum et ruit oceano Nox, 250
Involvens umbra magna terramque polumque
Myrmidonumque doles ; fusi per moenia Teucri
Conticuere ; sopor fessos complectitur artus.
Et jam Argiva phalanx instructis navibus ibat
A Tenedo, tacitae per arnica silentia lunae 255
Litora nota petens, flammas quum regia puppis
Extulerat, fatisque deum defensus iniquis
Inclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim
Laxat claustra Sinon. Illos patefactus ad auras
Reddit equus, laetique cavo se robore promunt 260
Thessandrus Sthenelusque duces et dirus Ulixes,
Demissum lapsi per funem, Acamasque, Thoasque,
Pelidesque Ne6ptolemus, primusque Machaon,
Et Menelaus, et ipse doli fabricator Epeus.
Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam ; 265
Caeduntur vigiles, portisque patentibus omnes
Accipiunt socios atque agmina conscia jungunt.
Tempus erat, quo prima quies mortalibus aegris
Incipit et dono divum gratissima serpit.
In somnis, ecce, ante oculos maestissimus Hector 270
142 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Visus adesse mihi, largosque effundere fletus,
Raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento
Pulvere, perque pedes trajectus lora tumentes.
Hei mihi, qualis erat ! quantum mutatus ab illo
Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achilli, 275
Vel Danaum Phrygios jaculatus puppibus ignes !
Squalentem barbam et concretes sanguine crines
Vulneraque ilia gereris, quae circum plurima muros
Accepit patrios. Ultro flens ipse videbar
Compellare virum et maestas expromere voces : 280
O lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrum,
Quae tantae tenuere morae ? quibus Hector ab oris
Exspectate venis ? ut te post multa tuorum
Funera, post varios hominumque urbisque labores
Defessi adspicimus ! quae caussa indigna serenos 285
Foedavit vultus ? aut cur haec vulnera cerno ?
Ille nihil, nee me quaerentem vana moratur,
Sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens,
Heu fuge, nate dea, teque his, ait, eripe flammis.
Hostis habet muros ; ruit alto a culmine Troja. 290
Sat patriae Priamoque datum : si Pergama dextra
Defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent :
Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troja Penates :
Hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere
Magna, pererrato statues quae denique ponto. 295
Sic ait, et manibus vittas Vestamque potentem
Aeternumque adytis effert penetralibus ignem.
Diverse interea miscentur moenia luctu,
Et magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis
Anchisae domus arboribusque obtecta recessit, 300
Clarescunt sonitus, armorumque ingruit horror.
Excutior somno, et summi fastigia tecti
Ascensu supero, atque arrectis auribus adsto :
In segetem veluti quum flamma furentibus austris
Incidit, aut rapidus montano flumine torrens 305
Sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores,
AENEIDOS LIB. II. 143
Praecipitesque trahit silvas, stupet inscius alto
Accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor.
Turn vero manifesta fides, Danaumque patescunt
Insidiae. Jam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam 31
Vulcano superante domus, jam proximus ardet
Ucalegon ; Sigea igni freta lata relucent.
Exoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum.
Arma amens capio ; nee sat rationis in armis ;
Sed glomerare manum bello et concurrere in arcem 315
Cum sociis ardent animi ; furor iraque mentem
Praecipitant, pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis.
Ecce autem telis Panthus elapsus Achivum,
Panthus Othryades, arcis Phoebique sacerdos,
Sacra manu victosque deos parvumque nepotem 320
Ipse trahit, cursuque amens ad limina tendit.
Quo res summa loco, Panthu ? quam prendimus arcem ?
Vix ea fatus eram, gemitu quum talia reddit :
Venit summa dies et ineluctabile tempus
Dardaniae. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens 325
Gloria Teucrorum ; ferus omnia Juppiter Argos
Transtulit : incensa Danai dominantur in urbe.
Arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstans
Fundit equus, victorque Sinon incendia miscet
Insultans. Portis alii bipatentibus adsunt, 33
Milia quot magnis umquam venere Mycenis ;
Obsedere alii telis angusta viarum
Oppositi ; stat ferri acies mucrone corusco
Stricta, parata neci ; vix primi proelia tentant
Portarum vigiles, et caeco Marte resistunt 335
Talibus Othryadae dictis et numine divum
In flammas et in arma feror, quo tristis Erinnys,
Quo fremitus vocat et sublatus ad aethera clamor.
Addunt se socios Rhipeus et maximus armis
Epytus, oblati per lunam, Hypanisque Dymasque, 340
Et lateri agglomerant nostro, juvenisque Coroebus,
Mygdonides. Illis ad Trojam forte diebus
144 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Venerat, insano Cassandrae incensus amore,
Et gener auxilium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat,
Infelix, qui non sponsae praecepta furentis 345
Audierit.
Quos ubi confertos audere in proelia vicli,
Incipio super his : Juvenes, fortissima frustra
Pectora, si vobis audentem extrema cupido
Certa sequi, quae sit rebus fortuna vidctis : 330
Excessere omnes, adytis arisque relictis,
Di, quibus imperium hoc steterat ; succurritis urbi
Incensae ; moriamur, et in media arma ruamus.
Una salus victis, nullam sperare salutem.
Sic animis juvenum furor additus. Inde, lupi ceu 355
Raptores atra in nebula, quos improba ventris
Exegit caecos rabies, catulique relicti
Faucibus exspectant siccis, per tela, per hostes
Vadimus haud dubiam in mortem, mediaeque tenemus
Urbis iter ; nox atra cava circumvolat umbra. 360
Quis cladem illius noctis, quis funera fando
Explicet, aut possit lacrimis aequare labores ?
Urbs antiqua ruit, multos dominata per annos ;
Plurima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim
Corpora perque domos et religiosa deorum 365
Limina. Nee soli poenas dant sanguine Teucri ;
Quondam etiam victis redit in praecordia virtus
Victoresque caclunt Danai. Crudelis ubique
Luctus, ubique pavor, et plurima mortis imago.
Primus se, Danaum magna comitante caterva, 370
Androgeos ofifert nobis, socia agmina credens
Inscius, atque ultro verbis conipcllat amicis :
Festinate, viri. Nam quae tarn sera moratur
Segnities ? Alii rapiunt inccnsa feruntque
Pergama ; vos celsis nunc primum a navibus itis. 373
Dixit, et extemplo, neque enim responsa clabantur
Fida satis, sensit meclios delapsus in hostes.
Obstupuit, retroque pedem cum voce repressit.
AENEIDOS LIB. II. 145
Improvisum aspns veluti qui sentibus anguem
Pressit humi nitens, trepidusque repente refugit 380
Attollentem iras et caerula colla tumentem ;
Haud secus Androgeos visu tremefactus abibat.
Irruimus, densis et circumfundimur armis,
Ignarosque loci passim et formidine captos
Sternimus. Adspirat primo fortuna labori. 385
Atque hie successu exsultans animisque Coroebus,
O socii, qua prima, inquit, fortuna salutis
Monstrat iter, quaque ostendit se dextra, sequamur :
Mutemus clipeos, Danaumque insignia nobis
Aptemus. Dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requirat ? 390
Anna dabunt ipsi. Sic fatus, deinde comantem
Androgei galeam clipeique insigne decorum
Induitur, laterique Argivum accommodat ensem.
Hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse Dymas omnisque juventus
Laeta facit ; spoliis se quisque recentibus armat. 395
Vadimus immixti Danais haud numine nostro,
Multaque per caecam congressi proelia noctem
Conserimus, multos Danaum demittimus Oreo.
Diffugiunt alii ad naves, et litora cursu
Fida petunt : pars ingentem formidine turpi 400
Scandunt rursus equum et nota conduntur in alvo.
Heu nihil invitis fas quemquam fidere divis !
Ecce trahebatur passis Priameia virgo
Crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae,
Ad coelum tendens ardentia lumina frustra, 405
Lumina, nam teneras arcebant vincula palmas.
Non tulit hanc speciem furiata mente Coroebus,
Et sese medium injecit periturus in agmen.
Consequimur cuncti et densis incurrimus armis.
Hie primum ex alto delubri culmine telis 410
Nostrorum obruimur, oriturque miserrima caedes
Armorum facie et Graiarum errore jubarum.
Turn Danai gemitu atque ereptae virginis ira
Undique collecti invadunt, acerrimus Ajax,
146 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Et gemini Atridae, Dolopumque exercitus omnis ; 415
Adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti
Confligunt, Zephyrusque Notusque et laetus Eois
Eurus equis ; stridunt silvae, saevitque tridenti
Spumeus atque imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo.
Illi etiam, si quos obscura nocte per umbram 420
P'udimus insidiis totaque agitavimus urbe,
Apparent ; primi clipeos mentitaque tela
Agnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant.
Ilicet obruimur numero ; primusque Coroebus
Penelei dextra divae armipotentis ad aram 425
Procumbit ; cadit et Rhipeus, justissimus unus
Qui fuit in Teucris et servantissimus aequi ;
Dis aliter visum ; pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque
Confixi a sociis ; nee te tua plurima, Panthu,
Labentem pietas nee Apollinis infula texit. 430
Iliaci cineres et flarnma extrema meorum,
Tester, in occasu vestro nee tela nee ullas
Vitavisse vices Danaum, et, si fata fuissent,
Ut caderem, meruisse manu. Divellimur inde,
Iphitus et Pelias mecum, quorum Iphitus aevo 435
Jam gravior, Pelias et vulnere tardus Ulixi ;
Protinus ad sedes Priami clamore vocati.
Hie vero ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam
Bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe,
Sic Martem indomitum, Danaosque ad tecta ruentes 440
Cernimus obsessumque acta testudine limen.
Haerent parietibus scalae, postesque sub ipsos
Nituntur gradibus, clipeosque ad tela sinistris
Protecti objiciunt, prensant fastigia dextris.
Dardanidae contra turres ac tecta domorum 445
Culmina convellunt ; his se, quando ultima cernunt,
Extrema jam in morte parant defendere telis ;
Auratasque trabes, veterum decora alta parentum,
Devolvunt ; alii strictis mucronibus imas
Obsedere fores ; has servant agmine denso. 45
AENEIDOS LIB. II. 147
Instaurati animi, regis succurrere tectis,
Auxilioque levare viros, vimque addere victis.
Limen erat caecaeque fores et pervius usus
Tectorum inter se Priami, postesque relied
A tergo, infelix qua se, dum regna manebant, 455
Saepius Andromache ferre incomitata solebat
Ad soceros, et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat.
Evado ad summi fastigia culminis, unde
Tela manu miseri jactabant irrita Teucri.
Turrim in praecipiti stantem summisque sub astra 460
Eductam tectis, unde omnis Troja videri
Et Danaum solitae naves et Achaia castra,
Aggressi ferro circum, qua summa labantes
Juncturas tabulata dabant, convellimus altis
Sedibus impulimusque ; ea lapsa repente ruinam 465
Cum sonitu trahit et Danaum super agmina late
Incidit. Ast alii subeunt, nee saxa, nee ullum
Telorum interea cessat genus.
Vestibulum ante ipsum primoque in limine Pyrrhus
Exsultat, telis et luce coruscus aena ; 470
Qualis ubi in lucem coluber mala gramina pastus,
Frigida sub terra tumidum quern bruma tegebat,
Nunc, positis novus exuviis nitidusque juventa,
Lubrica convolvit sublato pectore terga
Arduus ad solera, et linguis micat ore trisulcis. 475
Una ingens Periphas et equorum agitator Achillis,
Armiger Automedon, una omnis Scyria pubes
Succedunt tecto, et flammas ad culmina jactant.
Ipse inter primos correpta dura bipenni
Limina perrumpit, postesque a cardine vellit 4So
Aeratos ; jamque excisa trabe firma cavavit
Robora, et ingentem lato dedit ore fenestram.
Apparet domus intus, et atria longa patescunt ;
Apparent Priami et veterum penetralia regum,
Armatosque vident stantes in limine primo. 485
At domus interior gemitu miseroque tumultu
148 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Miscetur, penitusque cavae plangoribus aedes
Femineis ululant ; ferit aurea sidera clamor.
Turn pavidae tectis matres ingentibus errant,
Amplexaeque tenent postes atque oscula figunt. 490
Instat vi patria Pyrrhus ; nee claustra, neque ipsi
Custodes sufferre valent ; labat ariete crebro
Janua, et emoti procumbunt cardine postes.
Fit via vi ; rumpunt aditus, primosque trucidant
Immissi Danai, et late loca milite complent. 495
Non sic, aggeribus ruptis quum spumeus amnis
Exiit oppositasque evicit gurgite moles,
Fertur in arva furens cumulo, camposque per omnes
Cum stabulis armenta trahit. Vidi ipse furentem
Caede Neoptolemum geminosque in limine Atridas ; 500
Vidi Hecubam centumque nurus, Priamumque per aras
Sanguine foedantem, quos ipse sacraverat, ignes.
Quinquaginta illi thalami, spes tanta nepotum,
Barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi,
Procubuere ; tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis. ss
Forsitan et, Priami fuerint quae fata, requiras.
Urbis uti captae casum convulsaque vidit
Limina tectorum et medium in penetralibus hostem,
Arma diu senior desueta trementibus aevo
Circumdat nequidquam humeris, et inutile ferrum 51
Cingitur, ac densos fertur moriturus in hostes.
Aedibus in mediis nudoque sub aetheris axe
Ingens ara fuit juxtaque veterrima laurus,
Incumbens arae atque umbra complexa Penates.
Hie Hecuba et natae nequidquam altaria circum, 515
Praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae,
Condensae et divum amplexae simulacra sedebant.
Ipsum autem sumptis Priamum juvenalibus armis
Ut vidit, Quae mens tarn dira, miserrime conjux,
Impulit his cingi telis ? aut quo ruis ? inquit. s*>
Non tali auxilio nee defensoribus istis
Tempus eget ; non, si ipse meus nunc afforet Hector.
AENEIDOS LIB. II. 149
Hue tandem concede ; haec ara tuebitur omnes,
Aut moriere simul. Sic ore effata recepit
Ad sese et sacra longaevum in sede locavit^ 523
Ecce autem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polites,
Unus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostes
Porticibus longis fugit, et vacua atria lustrat
Saucius. Ilium ardens infesto vulnere Pyrrhus
Insequitur, jam jamque manu tenet et premit hasta. 530
Ut tandem ante oculos evasit et ora parentum,
Concidit, ac multo vitam cum sanguine fudit.
Hie Priamus, quamquam in media jam morte tenetur,
Non tamen abstinuit, nee voci iraeque pepercit :
At tibi pro scelere, exclamat, pro talibus ausis, 535
Di, si qua est coelo pietas, quae talia curet,
Persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant
Debita, qui nati coram me cernere letum
Fecisti et patrios foedasti funere vultus.
At non ille, satum quo te mentiris, Achilles 540
Talis in hoste fuit Priamo ; sed jura fidemque
Supplicis erubuit, corpusque exsangue sepulchro
Reddidit Hectoreum, meque in mea regna remisit
Sic fatus senior, telumque imbelle sine ictu
Conjecit, rauco quod protinus acre repulsum 545
Et summo clipei nequidquam umbone pependit.
Cui Pyrrhus : Referes ergo haec et nuntius ibis
Pelidae genitori ; illi mea tristia facta
Degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento.
Nunc morere. Hoc dicens altaria ad ipsa trementem 550
Traxit et in multo lapsantem sanguine nati,
Implicuitque comam laeva, dextraque coruscum
Extulit ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem.
Haec finis Priami fatorum ; hie exitus ilium
Sorte tulit, Trojam incensam et prolapsa videntem 555
Pergama, tot quondam populis terrisque superbum
Regnatorem Asiae. Jacet ingens litore truncus,
Avulsumque humeris caput, et sine nomine corpus.
150 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
At me turn primum saevus circumstetit horror.
Obstupui ; subiit cari genitoris imago, 560
Ut regem aequaevum crudeli vulnere vidi
Vitam exhalantem ; subiit deserta Creusa,
Et direpta domus, et parvi casus luli.
Respicio, et, quae sit me circum copia, lustro.
Deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltu 565
Ad terram misere aut ignibus aegra dedere.
[Jamque adeo super unus eram, quum limina Vestae
Servantem et tacitam secreta in sede latentem
Tyndarida adspicio : dant clara incendia lucem
Erranti passimque oculos per cuncta ferenti. 570
Ilia sibi infestos eversa ob Pergama Teucros
Et poenas Danaum et deserti conjugis iras
Praemetuens, Trojae et patriae communis Erinnys,
Abdiderat sese atque aris invisa sedebat.
Exarsere ignes animo ; subit ira cadentem 575
Ulcisci patriam et sceleratas sumere poenas.
Scilicet haec Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas
Adspiciet ? partoque ibit regina triumpho,
Conjugiumque, domumque, patres, natosque videbit,
Iliadum turba et Phrygiis comitata ministris ? 580
Occident ferro Priamus ? Troja arserit igni ?
Dardanium toties sudarit sanguine litus ?
Non ita. Namque etsi nullum memorabile nomen
Feminea in poena est nee habet victoria laudem,
Exstinxisse nefas tamen et sumpsisse merentes 585
Laudabor poenas, animumque explesse juvabit
Ultricis flammae, et cineres satiasse meorum.
Talia jactabam, et furiata mente ferebar,]
Quum mihi se, non ante oculis tarn clara, videndam
Obtulit et pura per noctem in luce refulsit 590
Alma parens, confessa deam, qualisque videri
Coelicolis et quanta solet, dextraque prehensum
Continuit, roseoque haec insuper addidit ore :
Nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras ?
AENEIDOS LIB. II. 151
Quid furis ? aut quonam nostri tibi cura recessit ? 595
Non prius adspicies, ubi fessum aetate parentem
Liqueris Anchisen ? superet conjuxne Creusa,
Ascaniusque puer ? quos omnes undique Graiae
Circumerrant acies, et, ni mea cura resistat,
Jam flammae tulerint inimicus et hauserit ensis. 600
Non tibi Tyndaridis facies invisa Lacaenae
Culpatusve Paris, divum inclementia, divum,
Has evertit opes sternitque a culmine Trojam.
Adspice namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti
Mortales hebetat visus tibi et humida circura 605
Caligat, nubem eripiam ; tu ne qua parentis
Jussa time, neu praeceptis parere recusa
Hie, ubi disjectas moles avulsaque saxis
Saxa vides mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum,
Neptunus muros magnoque emota tridenti 610
Fundamenta quatit totamque a sedibus urbem
Eruit. Hie Juno Scaeas saevissima portas
Prima tenet, sociumque furens a navibus agmen
Ferro accincta vocat.
Jam summas arces Triton ia, respice, Pallas 615
Insedit, nimbo effulgens et Gorgone saeva.
Ipse Pater Danais animos viresque secundas
Sufficit, ipse deos in Dardana suscitat arma.
Eripe, nate, fugam, finemque impone labori.
Nusquam abero, et tutum patrio te limine sistam. 620
Dixerat, et spissis noctis se condidit umbris.
Apparent dirae facies inimicaque Trojae
Numina magna deum.
Turn vero omne mihi visum considere in ignes
Ilium et ex imo verti Neptunia Troja ; 625
Ac veluti summis antiquam in montibus ornum
Quum ferro accisam crebrisque bipennibus instant
Eruere agricolae certatim ; ilia usque minatur
Et tremefacta comam concusso vertice nutat,
Vulneribus donee paulatim evicta supremum 630
152 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Congemuit traxitque jugis avulsa ruinam.
Descendo, ac ducente deo flammam inter et hostes
Expedior ; dant tela locum, flammaeque recedunt.
Atque ubi jam patriae perventum ad limina sedis
Antiquasque domos, genitor, quern tollere in altos 6 35
Optabam primum monies primumque petebam,
Abnegat excisa vitam producere Troja
Exsiliumque pati. Vos o, quibus integer aevi
Sanguis, ait, solidaeque suo stant robore vires,
Vos agitate fugam. 640
Me si coelicolae voluissent ducere vitam,
Has mihi servassent sedes. Satis una superque
Vidimus exscidia et captae superavimus urbi.
Sic o, sic positum afiati discedite corpus.
Ipse manu mortem inveniam ; miserebitur hostis 645
Exuviasque petet ; facilis jactura sepulchri.
Jam pridem invisus divis et inutilis annos
Demoror, ex quo me divum pater atque hominum rex
Fulminis afflavit vends et contigit igni.
Talia perstabat memorans, fixusque manebat. 650
Nos contra effusi lacrimis conjuxque Creusa
Ascaniusque omnisque domus, ne vertere secum
Cuncta pater fatoque urguenti incumbere vellet.
Abnegat, inceptoque et sedibus haeret in isdem.
Rursus in arma feror, mortemque miserrimus opto, 055
Nam quod consilium aut quae jam fortuna dabatur ?
Mene efferre pedem, genitor, te posse relicto
Sperasti, tantumque nefas patrio excidit ore ?
Si nihil ex tanta Superis placet urbe relinqui,
Et sedet hoc animo, perituraeque addere Trojae 660
Teque tuosque juvat, patet isti janua leto,
Jamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus,
Natum ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras.
Hoc erat, alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignes
Eripis, ut mediis hostem in penetralibus, utque 66j
Ascanium patremque meum juxtaque Creusam
AENEIDOS LIB. II. 153
Alterum in alterius mactatos sanguine cernam ?
Arma, viri, ferte arma ; vocat lux ultima victos.
Reddite me Danais ; sinite instaurata revisam
Proelia. Numquam omnes hodie moriemur inulti. 6 7 o
Hinc ferro accingor rursus clipeoque sinistram
Insertabam aptans meque extra tecta ferebam.
Ecce autem complexa pedes in limine conjux
Haerebat, parvumque patri tendebat lulum :
Si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum ; 675
Sin aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis in armis,
Hanc primum tutare domum. Cui parvus lulus,
Cui pater et conjux quondam tua dicta relinquor ?
Talia vociferans gemitu tectum omne replebat,
Quum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum. 680
Namque manus inter maestorumque ora parentum
Ecce levis summo de vertice visus luli
Fundere lumen apex, tactuque innoxia molles
Lambere flamma comas et circum tempora pasci.
Nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem 685
Excutere et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes.
At pater Anchises oculos ad sidera laetus
Extulit, et coelo palmas cum voce tetendit :
Juppiter omnipotens, precibus si flecteris ullis,
Adspice nos ; hoc tantum ; et, si pietate meremur, 690
Da deinde auxilium, pater, atque haec omina firma.
Vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore
Intonuit laevum, et de coelo lapsa per umbras
Stella facem ducens multa cum luce cucurrit.
Illam, summa super labentem culmina tecti, 695
Cernimus Idaea claram se condere silva
Signantemque vias ; turn longo limite sulcus
Dat lucem, et late circum loca sulfure fumant.
Hie vero victus genitor se tollit ad auras,
Affaturque deos et sanctum sidus adorat : 7
Jam jam nulla mora est ; sequor, et, qua ducitis, adsum.
Di patrii, servate domum, servate nepotem.
154 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Vestrum hoc augurium, vestroque in numine Troja est.
Cedo equidem, nee, nate, tibi comes ire recuso.
Dixerat ille ; et jam per moenia clarior ignis
Auditur, propiusque aestus incendia volvunt.
Ergo age, care pater, cervici imponere nostrae ;
Ipse subibo humeris, nee me labor iste gravabit ;
Quo res cumque cadent, unum et commune periclum,
Una salus ambobus erit. Mihi parvus lulus
Sit comes, et longe servet vestigia conjux.
Vos, famuli, quae dicam, animis advertite vestris.
Est urbe egressis tumulus templumque vetustum
Desertae Cereris, juxtaque antiqua cupressus
Religione patrum multos servata per annos.
Hanc ex diverse sedem veniemus in unam.
Tu, genitor, cape sacra manu patriosque Penates ;
Me, bello e tanto digressum et caede recenti,
Attrectare nefas, donee me rlumine vivo
Abluero.
Haec fatus, latos humeros subjectaque colla
Veste super fulvique insternor pelle leonis,
Succedoque oneri ; dextrae se parvus lulus
Implicuit sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis ;
Pone subit conjux. Ferimur per opaca locorum ;
Et me, quem dudum non ulla injecta movebant
Tela neque adverse glomerati ex agmine Graii,
Nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis
Suspensum et pariter comitique onerique timentem.
Jamque propinquabam portis, omnemque videbar
Evasisse viam, subito cum creber ad aures
Visus adesse pedum sonitus, genitorque per umbram
Prospiciens, Nate, exclamat, fuge, nate ; propinquant.
Ardentes clipeos atque aera micantia cerno.
Hie mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum
Confusam eripuit mentem. Namque avia cursu
Dum sequor et nota excedo regione viarum,
Heu ! misero conjux fatone erepta Creusa
AENEIDOS LIB. II. 155
Substitit, erravitne via, seu lassa resedit,
Incertum ; nee post oculis est reddita nostris. 740
Nee prius amissam respexi animumve reflexi,
Quam tumulum antiquae Cereris sedemque sacratam
Venimus ; hie demum collectis omnibus una
Defuit, et comites natumque virumque fefellit.
Quern non incusavi amens hominumque deorumque, 745
Aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urbe ?
Ascanium Anchisenque patrem Teucrosque Penates
Commendo sociis et curva valle recondo ;
Ipse urbem repeto et cingor fulgentibus armis.
Stat casus renovare omnes, omnemque reverti 750
Per Trojam, et rursus caput objectare periclis.
Principio muros obscuraque limina portae,
Qua gressum extuleram, repeto, et vestigia retro
Observata sequor per noctem et lumine lustro.
Horror ubique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent 755
Inde domum, si forte pedem, si forte tulisset,
Me refero. Irruerant Danai, et tectum omne tenebant.
Ilicet ignis edax summa ad fastigia vento
Volvitur ; exsuperant flammae, furit aestus ad auras.
Frocedo et Priami sedes arcemque reviso. 760
Et jam porticibus vacuis Junonis asylo
Custodes lecti Phoenix et dirus Ulixes
Praedam adservabant. Hue undique Troia gaza
Incensis erepta adytis, mensaeque deorum,
Crateresque auro solidi, captivaque vestis 765
Congeritur. Pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres
Stant circum.
Ausus quin etiam voces jactare per umbram
Implevi clamore vias, maestusque Creusam
' Nequidquam ingeminans iterumque iterumque vocavi. 770
Quaerenti et tectis urbis sine fine furenti
Infelix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creusae
Visa mihi ante oculos et nota major imago.
Obstupui, steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesit.
156 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Turn sic affari et curas his demere dictis : 775
Quid tantum insane juvat indulgere dolori,
O dulcis conjux ? non haec sine numine divum
Eveniunt ; nee te hinc comitem asportare Creusam
Fas aut ille sinit superi regnator Olympi.
Longa tibi exsilia, et vastum maris aequor arandum, 7 So
Et terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva
Inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris :
Illic res laetae regnumque et regia conjux
Parta tibi. Lacrimas dilectae pelle Creusae :
Non ego Myrmidonum sedes Dolopumve superbas 785
Adspiciam, aut Graiis servitum matribus ibo,
Dardanis, et divae Veneris nurus ;
Sed me magna deum genetrix his detinet oris.
Jamque vale, et nati serva communis amorem.
Haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et multa volentem 790
Dicere deseruit, tenuesque recessit in auras.
Ter conatus ibi collo dare brachia circum :
Ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago,
Par levibus vends volucrique simillima somno.
Sic demum socios consumpta nocte revise. 795
Atque hie ingentem comitum affluxisse novorum
Invenio admirans numerum, matresque, virosque,
Collectam exsilio pubem, miserabile vulgus.
Undique convenere, animis opibusque parati,
In quascumque velim pelago deducere terras. 800
Jamque jugis summae surgebat Lucifer Idae
Ducebatque diem, Danaique obsessa tenebant
Limina portarum, nee spes opis ulla dabatur ;
Cessi et sublato monies genitore petivi.
AENEIDOS LIB. III. 157
LIBER III.
POSTQUAM res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem
Immeritam visutn Superis, ceciditque superbum
Ilium et omnis humo fumat Neptunia Troja,
Diversa exsilia et desertas quaerere terras
Auguriis agimur divum, classemque sub ipsa
Antandro et Phrygiae molimur montibus Idae,
Incerti, quo fata ferant, ubi sistere detur,
Contrahimusque viros. Vix prima inceperat aestas,
Et pater Anchises dare fatis vela jubebat ;
Litora quum patriae lacrimans portusque relinquo
Et campos, ubi Troja flat. Feror exsul in altum
Cum sociis natoque Penatibus et magnis dis.
Terra procul vastis colitur Mavortia campis,
Thraces arant, acri quondam regnata Lycurgo,
Hospitium antiquum Trojae sociique Penates,
Dum fortuna fuit. Feror hue, et litore curvo
Moenia prima loco, fatis ingressus iniquis,
Aeneadasque meo nomen de nomine fingo.
Sacra Dionaeae matri divisque ferebam
Auspicibus coeptorum operum, superoque nitentem
Coelicolum regi mactabam in litore taurum.
Forte fuit juxta tumulus, quo cornea summo
Virgulta et densis hastilibus horrida myrtus.
Accessi, viridemque ab humo convellere silvam
Conatus, ramis tegerem ut frondentibus aras,
Horrendum et dictu video mirabile monstrum.
Nam, quae prima solo ruptis radicibus arbos
Vellitur, huic atro liquuntur sanguine guttae
Et terrain tabo maculant. Mihi frigidus horror
Membra quatit, gelidusque coit formidine sanguis.
Rursus et alterius lentum convellere vimen
Insequor et caussas penitus tentare latentes :
Ater et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis.
158 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Multa movens animo Nymphas venerabar agrestes
Gradivumque patrem, Geticis qui praesidet arvis, 35
Rite secundarent visus omenque levarent.
Tertia sed postquam majore hastilia nisu
Aggredior genibusque adversae obluctor arenae
Eloquar, an sileam ? gemitus lacrimabilis imo
Auditur tumulo, et vox reddita fertur ad aures : 40
Quid miserum, Aenea, laceras? jam parce sepulto ;
Parce pias scelerare manus. Non me tibi Troja
Externum tulit, aut cruor hie de stipite manat.
Heu ! fuge crudeles terras, fuge litus avarum.
Nam Polydorus ego. Hie confixum ferrea texit 45
Telorum seges et jaculis increvit acutis.
Turn v-ero ancipiti mentem formidine pressus
Obstupui, steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesit.
Hunc Polydorum auri quondam cum pondere magno
Infelix Priamus furtim mandarat alendum 5
Threicio regi, quum jam diffideret armis
Dardaniae cingique urbem obsidione videret
I lie, ut opes fractae Teucrum, et Fortuna recessit,
Res Agamemnonias victriciaque arma secutus,
Fas omne abrumpit ; Polydorum obtruncat, et auro 55
Vi potitur. Quid non mortalia pectora cogis,
Auri -sacra fames? Postquam pavor ossa reliquit,
Delectos populi ad proceres primumque parentem
Monstra deum refero, et, quae sit sententia, posco.
Omnibus idem animus, scelerata excedere terra, 60
Linqui pollutum hospitium, et dare classibus austros.
Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus : et ingens
Aggeritur tumulo tellus ; slant Manibus arae,
Caeruleis maestae vittis atraque cupresso,
Et circum Iliades crinem de more solutae ; 65
Inferimus tepido spumantia cymbia lacte
Sanguinis et sacri pateras, animamque sepulchro
Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus.
Inde, ubi prima fides pelago, placataque vend
Dant maria et lenis crepitans vocat auster in altum, 70
AENEIDOS LIB. III. 159
Deducunt socii naves et litora complent.
Provehimur portu, terraeque urbesque recedunt.
Sacra mari colitur medio gratissima tellus
Nereidum matri et Neptuno Aegaeo,
Quam pius Arcitenens oras et litora circum 75
Errantem Mycono e celsa Gyaroque revinxit,
Immotamque coli dedit et contemnere ventos.
Hue feror ; haec fessos tuto placidissima portu
Accipit. Egressi veneramur Apollinis urbem:
Rex Anius, rex idem hominum Phoebique sacerdos, So
Vittis et sacra redimitus tempora lauro,
Occurrit ; veterem Anchisen agnoscit amicum.
Jungimus hospitio dextras, et tecta subimus.
Templa dei saxo venerabar structa vetusto :
Da propriam, Thymbraee, domum ; da moenia fessis 85
Et genus et mansuram urbem ; serva altera Trojae
Pergama, reliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli.
Quern sequimur? quove ire jubes? ubi ponere sedes?
Da, pater, augurium, atque animis illabere nostris.
Vix ea fatus eram : tremere omnia visa repente, 90
Liminaque laurusque dei, totusque mover!
Mons circum, et mugire adytis cortina reclusis.
Submissi petimus terrarn, et vox fertur ad aures :
Dardanidae duri, quae vos a stirpe parentum
Prima tulit tellus, eadem vos ubere laeto 95
Accipiet reduces. Antiquam exquirite matrem.
Hie domus Aeneae cunctis dominabitur oris,
Et nati natorum, et qui nascentur ab illis.
Haec Phoebus ; mixtoque ingens exorta tumultu
Laetitia, et cuncti, quae sint ea moenia, quaerunt, 100
Quo Phoebus vocet errantes jubeatque reverti ?
Turn genitor, veterum volvens monumenta virorum,
Audite, o proceres, ait, et spes discite vestras :
Greta Jovis magni medio jacet insula ponto ;
Mons Idaeus ubi, et gentis cunabula nostrae. 105
Centum urbes habitant magnas, uberrima regna ;
l6o P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Maximus unde pater, si rite audita recorder,
Teucrus Rhoeteas primum est advectus ad oras,
Optavitque locum regno. Nondum Ilium et arces
Pergameae steterant ; habitabant vallibus imis. no
Hinc mater cultrix Cybelae Corybantiaque aera
Idaeumque nemus ; hinc fida silentia sacris,
Et juncti currum dominae subiere leones.
Ergo agite, et, divum ducunt qua jussa, sequamur ;
Placemus ventos et Gnosia regna petamus. us
Nee longo distant cursu ; modo Juppiter adsit,
Tertia lux classem Cretaeis sistet in oris.
Sic fatus, meritos aris mactavit honores,
Taurum Neptuno, taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo,
Nigram Hiemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam. 120
Fama volat pulsum regnis cessisse paternis
Idomenea ducem, desertaque litora Cretae,
Hoste vacare domos, sedesque adstare relictas.
Linquimus Ortygiae portus, pelagoque volamus,
Bacchatamque jugis Naxon viridemque Donysam, 125
Olearon, niveamque Paron sparsasque per aequor
Cycladas et crebris legimus freta consita terris.
Nauticus exoritur vario certamine clamor ;
Hortantur socii : Cretam proavosque petamus.
Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntes, 130
Et tandem antiquis Curetum allabimur oris.
Ergo avidus muros optatae molior urbis,
Pergameamque voco, et laetam cognomine gentem
Hortor amare focos arcemque attollere tectis.
Jamque fere sicco subductae litore puppes ; 135
Connubiis arvisque novis operata juventus ;
Jura domosque dabam : subito quum tabida membris,
Corrupto coeli tractu, miserandaque venit
Arboribusque satisque lues et letifer annus.
Linquebant dulces animas, aut aegra trahebant MO
Corpora ; turn steriles exurere Sirius agros ;
Arcbant herbae, et victum seges aegra negabat.
AENEIDOS LIB. III. l6l
Rursus ad oraclum Ortygiae Phoebumque remenso
Hortatur pater ire mari, veniamque precari :
Quam fessis finem rebus ferat ; unde laborum 145
Ten tare auxilium jubeat ; quo vertere cursus.
Nox erat, et terris animalia somnus habebat :
Effigies sacrae divum Phrygiique Penates,
Quos mecum a Troja mediisque ex ignibus urbis
Extuleram, visi ante oculos adstare jacentis 15
In somnis, multo manifest! lumine, qua se
Plena per insertas fundebat luna-fenestras ;
Turn sic affari et curas his demere dictis :
Quod tibi delato Ortygiam dicturus Apollo est,
Hie canit, et tua nos en ultro ad limina mittit. 155
Nos te, Dardania incensa, tuaque arma secuti,
Nos tumidum sub te permensi classibus aequor,
Idem venturos tollemus in astra nepotes,
Imperiumque urbi dabimus. Tu moenia magnis
Magna para, longumque fugae ne linque laborem. 160
Mutandae sedes. Non haec tibi litora suasit
Delius aut Cretae jussit considere Apollo.
Est locus, Hesperiam Graii cognomine dicunt,
Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae ;
Oenotri coluere viri ; nunc fama minores 165
Italian! dixisse ducis de nomine gentem :
Hae nobis propriae sedes ; hinc Dardanus ortus,
lasiusque pater, genus a quo principe nostrum.
Surge age, et haec laetus longaevo dicta parenti
Haud dubitanda refer : Corythum terrasque requirat 170
Ausonias. Dictaea negat tibi Juppiter arva.
Talibus attonitus visis et voce deorum
Nee sopor illud erat, sed coram agnoscere vultus
Velatasque comas praesentiaque ora videbar ;
Turn gelidus toto manabat corpore sudor 175
Corripio e stratis corpus, tendoque supinas
Ad coelum cum voce manus, et munera libo
Intemerata focis. Perfecto laetus honore
1 62 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Anchisen facio certum, remque ordine pando.
Agnovit prolem ambiguam geminosque parentes, iSo
Seque novo veterum cleceptum errore locorum.
Turn memorat : Nate, Iliads exercite fatis,
Sola mihi tales casus Cassandra canebat.
Nunc repeto haec generi portendere debita nostro,
Et saepe Hesperiam, saepe Itala regna vocare. 185
Sed quis ad Hesperiae ventures litora Teucros
Crederet ? aut quem turn vates Cassandra moveret ?
Cedamus Phoebo, et moniti meliora sequamur.
Sic ait ; et cuncti dicto paremus ovantes.
Hanc quoque deserimus sedem, paucisque relictis 190
Vela damus, vastumque cava trabe currimus aequor.
Postquam altum tenuere rates, nee jam amplius ullae
Apparent terrae, coelum undique et undique pontus,
Turn mihi caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber,
Noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. 195
Continue venti volvunt mare magnaque surgunt
Aequora ; dispersi jactamur gurgite vasto ;
Involvere diem nimbi, et nox humida coelum
Abstulit ; ingerrlinant abruptis nubibus ignes.
Excutimur cursu, et caecis erramus in undis. 200
Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere coelo,
Nee meminisse viae media Palinurus in unda.
Tres adeo incertos caeca caligine soles
Erramus pelago, totidem sine sidere noctes.
Quarto terra die primum se attollere tandem 205
Visa, aperire procul monies, ac volvere fumum.
Vela cadunt, remis insurgimus ; baud mora, nautae
Adnixi torquent spumas et caerula verrunt.
Servatum ex undis Strophadum me litora primum
Accipiunt ; Strophades Graio stant nomine dictae, 2:0
Insulae lonio in magno, quas dira Celaeno
Harpyiaeque colunt aliae, Phineia postquam
Clausa domus, mensasque metu liquere priores.
Tristius baud illis monstrum, nee saevior ulla
AENEIDOS LIB. III. 1 63
Pestis et ira deum Stygiis sese extulit undis. 215
Virginei volucrum vultus, foedissima ventris
Proluvies, uncaeque manus, et pallida semper
Ora fame.
Hue ubi delati portus intravimus, ecce
Laeta bourn passim campis armenta videmus 2*0
Caprigenumque pecus nullo custode per herbas.
Irruimus ferro, et divos ipsumque vocamus
In partem praedamque Jovem ; turn litore curvo
Exstruimusque toros dapibusque epulamur opimis.
At subitae horrifico lapsu de montibus adsunt 225
Harpyiae et magnis quatiunt clangoribus alas,
Diripiuntque dapes contactuque omnia foedant
Immundo ; turn vox tetrum dira inter odorem.
Rursum in secessu longo sub rupe cavata,
Arboribus clausi circum atque horrentibus umbris, 230
Instruimus mensas arisque reponimus ignem :
Rursum ex diverse coeli caecisque latebris
Turba sonans praedam pedibus circumvolat uncis,
Polluit ore dapes. Sociis tune, arma capessant,
Edico, et dira bellum cum gente gerendum. 235
Haud secus ac jussi faciunt, tectosque per herbam
Disponunt enses et scuta latentia condunt.
Ergo ubi delapsae sonitum per curva dedere
Litora, dat signum specula Misenus ab alta
Acre cavo. Invadunt socii, et nova proelia tentant, 240
Obscenas pelagi ferro foedare volucres.
Sed neque vim plumis ullam nee vulnera tergo
Accipiunt, celerique fuga sub sidera lapsae
Semiesam praedam et vestigia foeda relinquunt.
Una in praecelsa consedit rupe Celaeno, 4S
Infelix vates, rumpitque hanc pectore vocem :
Bellum etiam pro caede bourn stratisque juvencis,
Laomedontiadae, bellumne inferre paratis
Et patrio Harpyias insontes pellere regno ?
Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta. 250
1 64 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Quae Phoebo pater omnipotens, mihi Phoebus Apollo
Praedixit, vobis Furiarum ego maxima pando.
Italiam cursu petitis, ventisque vocatis
Ibitis Italiam, portusque intrare licebit ;
Sed non ante datam cingetis moenibus urbem, 255
Quam vos dira fames nostraeque injuria caedis
Ambesas subigat malis absumere mensas.
Dixit, et in silvam pennis ablata refugit.
At sociis subita gelidus formidine sanguis
Deriguit ; cecidere animi ; nee jam amplius armis, 260
Sed votis precibusque jubent exposcere pacem,
Sive deae, seu sint dirae obscenaeque volucres.
Et pater Anchises passis de litore palmis
Numina magna vocat, meritosque indicit honores :
Di, prohibete minas ; di, talem avertite casum, 265
Et placidi servate pios ! Turn litore funem
Deripere, excussosque jubet laxare rudentes.
Tendunt vela Noti ; fugimus spumantibus undis,
Qua cursum ventusque gubernatorque vocabat.
Jam medio apparet fluctu nemorosa Zacynthos 270
Dulichiumque Sameque et Neritos ardua saxis.
Effugimus scopulos Ithacae, Laertia regna,
Et terram altricem saevi exsecramur Ulixi.
Mox et Leucatae nimbosa cacumina mentis
Et formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo. 275
Hunc petimus fessi et parvae succedimus urbi ;
Ancora de prora jacitur, stant litore puppes.
Ergo insperata tandem tellure potiti
Lustramurque Jovi votisque incendimus aras,
Actiaque Iliacis celebramus litora ludis. 280
Exercent patrias oleo labente palaestras
Nudati socii ; juvat evasisse tot urbes
Argolicas mediosque fugam tenuisse per hostes.
Interea magnum sol circumvolvitur annum,
Et glacialis hiems aquilonibus aspcrat undas. 285
Acre cavo clipeum, magni gestamen Abantis,
AENEIDOS LIB. III. ' 165
Postibus adversis figo, et rem carmine signo :
AENEAS HAEC DE DANAIS VICTORIBUS ARMA.
Linquere turn portus jubeo et considere transtris.
Certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt. 290
Protinus aerias Phaeacum abscondimus arces,
Litoraque Epiri legimus portuque subimus
Chaonio et celsam Buthroti accedimus urbem.
Hie incredibilis rerum fama occupat aures
Priamiden Helenum Graias regnare per urbes, 295
Conjugio Aeacidae Pyrrhi sceptrisque potitum,
Et patrio Andromachen iterum cessisse marito.
Obstupui, miroque incensum pectus amore,
Compellare virum et casus cognoscere tantos.
Progredior portu, classes et litora linquens, 30
Sollemnes quum forte dapes et tristia dona
Ante urbem in luco falsi Simoentis ad undam
Libabat cineri Andromache Manesque vocabat
Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quern caespite inanem
Et geminas, caussam lacrimis, sacraverat aras. 305
Ut me conspexit venientem et Troia circum
Anna amens vidit, magnis exterrita monstris
Deriguit visu in medio, calor ossa reliquit ;
Labitur, et longo vix tandem tempore fatur :
Verane te facies, verus mihi nuntius affers, 310
Nate dea ? vivisne ? aut, si lux alma recessit,
Hector ubi est ? Dixit, lacrimasque effudit et omnem
Implevit clamore locum. Vix pauca furenti
Subjicio et raris turbatus vocibus hisco :
Vivo equidem, vitamque extrema per omnia duco ; 315
Ne dubita, nam vera vides.
Heu ! quis te casus dejectam conjuge tanto
Excipit? aut quae digna satis fortuna revisit
Hectoris Andromachen ? Pyrrhin' connubia servas ?
Dejecit vultum et demissa voce locuta est : 320
O felix una ante alias Priameia virgo,
Hostilem ad tumulum Trojae sub moenibus altis
I 66 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Jussa mori, quae sortitus non pertulit ullos,
Nee victoris heri tetigit captiva cubile !
Nos, patria incensa diversa per aequora vectae, 325
Stirpis Achilleae fastus juvenemque superbum,
Servitio enixae, tulimus ; qui deinde, secutus
Ledaeam Hermionen Lacedaemoniosque hymenaeos,
Me famulo famulamque Heleno transmisit habendam.
Ast ilium, ereptae magno infiammatus amore 330
Conjugis et scelerum Furiis agitatus, Orestes
Excipit incautum patriasque obtruncat ad aras.
Morte Neoptolemi regnorum reddita cessit
Pars Heleno, qui Chaonios cognomine campos
Chaoniamque omnem Trojano a Chaone dixit, 335
Pergamaque Iliacamque jugis hanc addidit arcem.
Sed tibi qui cursum venti, quae fata dedere ?
Aut quisnam ignarum nostris deus appulit oris ?
Quid puer Ascanius ? superatne et vescitur aura,
Quern tibi jam Troja 340
Ecqua tamen puero est amissae cura parentis ?
Ecquid in antiquam virtutem animosque viriles
Et pater Aeneas et avunculus excitat Hector ?
Talia fundebat lacrimans longosque ciebat
Incassum fletus, quum sese a moenibus heros 345
Priamides multis Helenus comitantibus affert,
Agnoscitque suos, laetusque ad limina ducit,
Et multum lacrimas verba inter singula fumlit.
Procedo, et parvam Trojam simulataque magnis
Pergama et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum 350
Agnosco, Scaeaeque amplector limina portae.
Nee non et Teucri socia simul urbe fruuntur.
Illos porticibus rex accipiebat in amplis;
Aulai medio libabant pocula Bacchi,
Impositis auro dapibus, paterasque tenebant 355
Jamque dies alterque dies processit, et aurae
Vela vocant tumidoque inflatur carbasus austro.
His vatem aggredior dictis ac talia quaeso :
AENEIDOS LIB. III. 167
Trojugena, interpres divum, qui numina Phoebi,
Qui tripodas, Clarii laurus, qui sidera sentis 360
Et volucrum linguas et praepetis omina pennae,
Fare age namque omnem cursum mihi prospera dixit
Religio, et cuncti suaserunt numine divi
Italiam petere et terras tentare repostas ;
Sola novum dictuque nefas Harpyia Celaeno 365
Prodigium canit, et tristes denuntiat iras,
Obscenamque famem quae prima pericula vito ?
Quidve sequens tantos possim superare labores ?
Hie Helenus caesis primum de more juvencis
Exorat pacem divum, vittasque resolvit 370
Sacrati capitis, meque ad tua limina, Phoebe,
Ipse manu multo suspensum numine ducit,
Atque haec deinde canit divino ex ore sacerdos :
Nate dea, nam te majoribus ire per altum
Auspiciis manifesta fides : sic fata deum rex 375
Sortitur, volvitque vices ; is vertitur ordo
Pauca tibi e multis, quo tutior hospita lustres
Aequora et Ausonio possis considere portu,
Expediam dictis ; prohibent nam cetera Parcae
Scire Helenum farique vetat Saturnia Juno. 380
Principio Italiam, quam tu jam rere propinquam
Vicinosque, ignare, paras invadere portus,
Longa procul longis via dividit invia terris.
Ante et Trinacria lentandus remus in unda,
Et salis Ausonii lustrandum navibus aequor, 385
Infernique lacus Aeaeaeque insula Circae,
Quam tuta possis urbem componere terra.
Signa tibi dicam ; tu condita mente teneto :
Quum tibi sollicito secreti ad fluminis undam
Litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus 39
Triginta capitum fetus enixa jacebit,
Alba, solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati,
Is locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum.
Nee tu mensarum morsus horresce futures :
1 68 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Fata viam invenient aderitque vocatus Apollo. 395
Has autem terras, Italique hanc litoris oram,
Proxima quae nostri perfunditur aequoris aestu,
Effuge ; cuncta malis habitantur moenia Graiis.
Hie et Narycii posuerunt moenia Locri,
Et Sallentinos obsedit milite campos 4 >
Lyctius Idomeneus ; hie ilia ducis Meliboei
Parva Philoctetae subnixa Petelia muro.
Quin, ubi transmiss'ae steterint trans aequora classes
Et positis aris jam vota in litore solves,
Purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu, 4s
Ne qua inter sanctos ignes in honore deorum
Hostilis facies occurrat et omina turbet.
Hunc socii morem sacrorum, hunc ipse teneto ;
Hac casti maneant in religione nepotes.
Ast ubi digressum Sieulae te admoverit orae 4*0
Ventus et angusti rarescent claustra Pelori,
Laeva tibi tellus et longo laeva petantur
Aequora circuitu ; dextrum fuge litus et undas.
Haec loca vi quondam et vasta convulsa ruina
Tantum aevi longinqua valet mutare vetustas 415
Dissiluisse ferunt, quum protinus utraque tellus
Una foret ; venit medio vi pontus et undis
Hesperium Siculo latus abscidit, arvaque et urbes
Litore diductas angusto interluit aestu.
Dextrum Scylla latus, laevum implacata Charybdis 420
Obsidet, atque imo barathri ter gurgite vastos
Sorbet in abruptum fluctus, rursusque sub auras
Erigit alternos et sidera verberat unda.
At Scyllam caecis cohibet spelunca latebris,
Ora exsertantem et naves in saxa trahentem. 425
Prima horn in is facies et pulchro pectore virgo
Pube tenus, postrema immani corpore pristis,
Delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum.
1'racstat Trinacrii metas lustrare Pachyni
Cessantem, longos et circumflectere cursus, 43 o
AENEIDOS LIB. III. 169
Quam semel informem vasto vidisse sub antro
Scyllam et caeruleis canibus resonantia saxa.
Praeterea, si qua est Heleno prudentia, vati
Si qua fides, animum si veris implet Apollo,
Unum illud tibi, nate dea, proque omnibus unum 435
Praedicam, et repetens iterumque iterumque monebo :
Junonis magnae primum prece numen adora ;
Junoni cane vota libens dominamque potentem
Supplicibus supera donis : sic denique victor
Trinacria fines Italos mittere relicta. 44 o
Hue ubi delatus Cumaeam accesseris urbem
Divinosque lacus et Averna sonantia silvis,
Insanam vatem adspicies, quae rupe sub ima
Fata canit foliisque notas et nomina mandat.
Quaecumque in foliis descripsit carmina virgo, 44 s
Digerit in numerum atque antro seclusa relinquit.
Ilia manent immota locis neque ab ordine cedunt ;
Verum eadem, verso tenuis quum cardine ventus
Impulit et teneras turbavit janua frondes,
Numquam deinde cavo volitantia prendere saxo, 4 so
Nee revocare situs aut jungere carmina curat :
Inconsulti abeunt, sedemque odere Sibyllae.
Hie tibi ne qua morae fuerint dispendia tanti,
Quamvis increpitent socii, et vi cursus in altum
Vela vocet possisque sinus implere secundos, 4 55
Quin adeas vatem precibusque oracula poscas
Ipsa canat, vocemque volens atque ora resolvat.
Ilia tibi Italiae populos venturaque bella,
Et quo quemque modo fugiasque ferasque laborem,
Expediet, cursusque dabit venerata secundos. ^o
Haec sunt, quae nostra liceat te voce moneri.
Vade age, et ingentem factis fer ad aethera Trojam.
Quae postquam vates sic ore effatus amico est,
Dona dehinc auro gravia sectoque elephanto
Imperat ad naves ferri, stipatque carinis 465
Ingens argentum, Dodonaeosque lebetas,
170 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Loricam consertam hamis auroque trilicem,
Et conum insignis galeae cristasque comantes,
Arma Neoptolemi. Sunt et sua dona parent!.
Addit equos, additque duces ; 47
Remigium supplet ; socios simul instruit armis.
Interea classem veils aptare jubebat
Anchises, fieret vento mora ne qua ferenti.
Quern Phoebi interpres multo con;pellat honore :
Conjugio, Anchise, Veneris dignate superbo, 475
Cura deum, bis Pergameis erepte ruinis,
Ecce tibi Ausoniae tellus ; hanc arripe veils.
Et tamen hanc pelago praeterlabare necesse est ;
Ausoniae pars ilia procul, quam pandit Apollo.
Vade, ait, o felix nati pietate. Quid ultra 480
Provehor et fando surgentes demoror austros ?
Nee minus Andromache, digressu maesta supremo,
Fert picturatas auri subtemine vestes
Et Phrygiani Ascanio chlamydem, nee cedit honori,
Textilibusque onerat donis, ac talia fatur : 485
Accipe et haec, manuum tibi quae monumenta mearum
Sint, puer, et longum Andromachae testentur amorem,
Conjugis Hectoreae. Cape dona extrema tuorum,
O mihi sola mei super Astyanactis imago.
Sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora ferebat ; 490
Et nunc aequali tecum pubesceret aevo.
Hos ego digrediens lacrimis affabar obortis :
Vivite felices, quibus est fortuna peracta
Jam sua ; nos alia ex aliis in fata vocamur.
Vobis parta quies ; nullum maris aequor arandum, 4 - /5
Arva neque Ausoniae semper cedentia retro
Quaerenda. Effigiem Xanthi Trojamque videtis,
Quam vestrae fecere manus, melioribus, opto,
Auspiciis, et quae fuerit minus obvia Graiis.
Si quando Thybrim vicinaque Thybridis arva joo
Intraro gentique meae data moenia cernam,
Cognatas urbes olim populosque propinquos,
AENEIDOS LIB. III. 17 1
Epiro, Hesperia, quibus idem Dardanus auctor
Atque idem casus, unam faciemus utramque
Trojam animis ; maneat nostros ea cura nepotes. ss
Provehimur pelago vicina Ceraunia juxta,
Unde iter Italiam cursusque brevissimus undis.
Sol ruit interea et monies umbrantur opaci.
Sternimur optatae gremio telluris ad undam,
Sortiti remos, passimque in litore sicco 51
Corpora curamus ; fessos sopor irrigat artus.
Necdum orbem medium Nox horis acta subibat :
Haud segnis strato surgit Palinurus et omnes
Explorat ventos, atque auribus aera captat ;
Sidera cuncta notat tacito labentia coelo, 515
Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones,
Armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona.
Postquam cuncta videt coelo constare sereno,
Dat clarum e puppi signum ; nos castra movemus,
Tentamusque viam et velorum pandimus alas. 52
Jamque rubescebat stellis Aurora fugatis,
Quum procul obscures colles humilemque videmus
Italiam. Italiam primus conclamat Achates,
Italiam laeto socii clamore salutant.
Turn pater Anchises magnum cratera corona 523
Induit implevitque mero, divosque vocavit
Stans celsa in puppi :
Di maris et terrae tempestatumque potentes,
Ferte viam vento facilem et spirate secundi.
Crebrescunt optatae aurae, portusque patescit 530
Jam proprior, templumque apparet in arce Minervae.
Vela legunt socii, et proras ad litora torquent.
Portus ab Euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum ;
Objectae salsa spumant adspergine cautes ;
Ipse latet ; gemino demittunt brachia muro 535
Turriti scopuli, refugitque ab litore templum.
Quatuor hie, primum omen, equos in gramine vidi
Tondentes campum late, candore nivali.
I 72 P. .VIRGILII MARONIS
Et pater Anchises : Bellum, o terra hospita, portas ;
Bello armantur equi, bellum haec annenta minantur. 540
Sed tamen idem olim curru succedere sueti
Quadrupedes, et frena jugo concordia ferre :
Spes et pacis, ait. Turn numina sancta precamur
Palladis armisonae, quae prima accepit ovantes,
Et capita ante aras Phrygio velamur amictu ; 545
Praeceptisque Heleni, dederat quae maxima, rite
Junoni Argivae jussos adolemus honores.
Haud mora, continue perfectis ordine votis,
Cornua velatarum obvertimus antennarum,
Grajugenumque domos suspectaque linquimus arva. 550
Hinc sinus Herculei, si vera est fama, Tarenti
Cernitur ; attollit se diva Lacinia contra,
Caulonisque arces et navifragum Scylaceum.
Turn procul e fluctu Trinacria cernitur Aetna,
Et gemitum ingentem pelagi pulsataque saxa 555
Audimus longe fractasque ad litora voces,
Exsultantque vada, atque aestu miscentur arenae.
Et pater Anchises : Nimirum haec ilia Charybdis :
Hos Helenus scopulos, haec saxa horrenda canebat.
Eripite, o socii, pariterque insurgite remis. 560
Haud minus ac jussi faciunt, primusque rudentem
Contorsit laevas proram Palinurus ad undas ;
Laevam cuncta cohors remis ventisque petivit.
Tollimur in coelum curvato gurgite, et idem
Subducta ad Manes imos desedimus unda. 565
Ter scopuli clamorem inter cava saxa dedere ;
Ter spumam elisam et rorantia vidimus astra,
Interea fessos ventus cum sole reliquit,
Ignarique viae Cyclopum allabimur oris.
Portus ab accessu ventorum immotus et ingens 570
Ipse ; sed horrificis juxta tonat Aetna ruinis,
Interdumque atram prorumpit ad aethera nubem,
Turbine fumantem piceo et candente favilla,
Attollitque globos flammarum et sidera lambit ;
AENEIDOS LIB. III. 173
Interdum scopulos avulsaque viscera mentis s?s
Erigit eructans, liquefactaque saxa sub auras
Cum gemitu glomerat, fundoque exaestuat imo.
Fama est Enceladi semiustum fulmine corpus
Urgueri mole hac, ingentemque insuper Aetnam
Impositam ruptis flammam exspirare caminis ; ( 51
Et fessum quoties mutet latus, intremere omnem
Murmure Trinacriam, et coelum subtexere fumo.
Noctem illam tecti silvis immania monstra
Perferimus, nee, quae sonitum det caussa, videmus.
Nam neque erant astrorum ignes, nee lucidus aethra 585
Siderea polus, obscuro sed nubila coelo,
Et lunam in nimbo nox intempesta tenebat.
Postera jamque dies primo surgebat Eoo,
Humentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram,
Quum subito e silvis, macie confecta suprema, 590
Ignoti nova forma viri miserandaque cultu
Procedit supplexque manus ad litora tendit.
Respicimus. Dira illuvies immissaque barba,
Gonsertum tegumen spinis ; at cetera Graius,
Et quondam patriis ad Trojam missus in armis. 593
Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Troia vidit
Arma procul, paulum adspectu conterritus haesit,
Continuitque gradum ; mox sese ad litora praeceps
Cum fletu precibusque tulit : Per sidera tester,
Ber superos atque hoc coeli spirabile lumen, 600
Tollire me, Teucri ; quascumque abducite terras ;
Hoc sat erit. Scio me Danais e classibus unum,
Et bello Iliacos fateor petiisse Penates.
Pro quo, si sceleris tanta est injuria nostri,
Spargite me in fluctus, vastoque immergite ponto. 605
Si pereo, hominum manibus perisse juvabit.
Dixerat, et genua amplexus genibusque volutans
Haerebat. Qui sit, fari, quo sanguine cretus,
Hortamur ; quae deinde agitet fortuna, fateri.
Ipse pater dextram Anchises, haud multa moratus, 61
174 p - VIRGILII MARONIS
Dat juveni, atque animum praesenti pignore firmat.
Ille haec, cleposita tandem formicline, fatur :
Sum patria ex Ithaca, comes infelicis Ulixi,
Npmine Achemenides, Trojam genitore Adamasto
Paupere mansissetque utinam fortuna ! profectus. 615
Hie me, dum trepidi crudelia limina linquunt,
Immemores socii vasto Cyclopis in antro
Deseruere. Domus sanie dapibusque cruentis,
Intus opaca, ingens. Ipse arduus, altaque pulsat
Sidera Di, talem terris avertite pestem ! 620
Nee visu facilis nee clictu affabilis ulli.
Visceribus miserorum et sanguine vescitur atro.
Vidi egomet, duo de numero quum corpora nostro
Prensa manu magna medio resupinus in antro
Frangeret ad saxum, sanieque exspersa natarent 625
Limina ; vicli atro quum membra fluentia tabo
Manderet, et tepidi tremerent sub dentibus artus.
Haud impune quidem ; nee talia passus Ulixes,
Oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto.
Nam simul expletus dapibus vinoque sepultus 630
Cervicem inflexam posuit, jacuitque per antrum
Immensus, saniem eructans et frusta cruento
Per somnum commixta mero, nos, magna precati
Numina sortitique vices, una undique circum
Fundimur, et telo lumen terebramus acuto, 635
Ingens, quod torva solum sub fronte latebat, ,
Argolici clipei aut Phoebeae lampadis instar,
Et tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras.
Sed fugite, o miseri, fugite, atque ab litore funem
Rumpite. 6 40
Nam qualis quantusque cavo Polyphemus in antro
Lanigeras claudit pecudes atque ubera pressat,
Centum alii curva haec habitant ad litora vulgo
Infandi Cyclopes et altis montibus errant.
Tertia jam lunae se cornua lumine complent, 645
Quum vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum
AENEIDOS LIB. III. 175
T-ustr0domosque traho, vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas
Prospicio, sonitumque pedum vocemque tremisco.
Victum infelicem, baccas lapidosaque corna,
Dant rami, et vulsis pascunt radicibus herbae. 650
Omnia collustrans, hanc primum ad litora classem
Conspexi venientem. Huic me, quaecumque fuisset,
Addixi : satis est gentem effugisse nefandam.
Vos animam hanc potius quocumque absumite leto.
Vix ea fatus erat, summo quum monte videmus 655
Ipsum inter pecudes vasta se mole moventem
Pastorem Polyphemum et litora nota petentem,
Monstrumhorrendum, informe, ingens,cui lumen ademptum.
Trunca manu pinus regit et vestigia firmat;
Lanigerae comitantur oves ; ea sola voluptas 660
Solamenque mali.
Postquam altos tetigit fluctus et ad aequora venit,
Luminis effossi fluidum lavit hide cruorem,
Dentibus infrendens gemitu, graditurque per aequor
Jam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit. 665
Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto
Supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere funem ;
Verrimus et proni certantibus aequora remis.
Sensit, et ad sonitum vocis vestigia torsit.
Verum ubi nulla datur dextra afifectare potestas, 670
Nee potis lonios fluctus aequare sequendo,
Clamorem immensum tollit, quo pontus et omnes
Contremuere undae, penitusque exterrita tellus
Italiae, curvisque immugiit Aetna cavernis.
At genus e silvis Cyclopum et montibus altis 675
Excitum ruit ad portus et litora complent.
Cernimus adstantes nequidquam lumine torvo
Aetnaeos fratres, coelo capita alta ferentes,
Concilium horrendum : quales quum vertice celso
Aeriae quercus, aut coniferae cyparissi 680
Constiterunt, silva alta Jovis, lucusve Dianae.
Praecipites metus acer agit quocumque rudentes
176 P. VIRGILII MAROXIS
Excutere, et ventis intendere vela secundis.
Contra jussa monent Heleni, Scyllam atque Charybdim
Inter utramque viam leti discrimine parvo 685
Ni teneant cursus ; certum est dare lintea retro.
Ecce aut'em Boreas angusta ab sede Pelori
Missus adest. Vivo praetervehor ostia saxo
Pantagiae Megarosque sinus Thapsumque jacentem.
Talia monstrabat relegens errata retrorsus 690
Litora Achemenides, comes infelicis Ulixi.
Sicanio praetenta sinu jacet insula contra
Plemyrium undosum ; nomen dixere priores
Ortygiam. Alpheum fama est hue Elidis amnem
Occultas egisse vias subter mare ; qui nunc 695
Ore, Arethusa, tuo Siculis confunditur undis.
Jussi numina magna loci veneramur ; et inde
Exsupero praepingue solum stagnantis Helori.
Hinc altas cautes projectaque saxa Pachyni
Raclimus, et fatis numquam concessa moveri 7
Apparet Camarina procul campique Geloi,
Immanisque Gela fluvii cognomine dicta.
Arcluus inde Acragas ostentat maxima longe
Moenia, magnanimum quondam generator equorum ;
Teque datis linquo ventis, palmosa Selinus, ?s
Et vada dura lego saxis Lilybeia caecis.
Hinc Drepani me portus et illaetabilis ora
Accipit. Hie, pelagi tot tempestatibus actus,
Heu genitorem, omnis curae casusque levamen,
Amitto Anchisen. Hie me, pater optime, fessum ?
Deseris, heu, tantis nequidquam erepte periclis!
Nee vates Helenus, quum multa horrenda moneret,
Hos mihi praedixit luctus, non dira Celaeno.
Hie labor extremus, longarum haec meta viarum,
Hinc me digressum vestris deus appulit oris. 715
Sic pater Aeneas intends omnibus unus
Fata renarrabat clivum, cursusque docebat.
Conticuit tandem, factoque hie fine quievit.
AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 177
LIBER IV.
AT regina gravi jamdudum saucia cura
Vulnus alit venis, et caeco carpitur igni.
Multa viri virtus animo, multusque recursat
Gentis honos ; haerent infix! pectore vultus
Verbaque, nee placidam membris dat cura quietem. 5
Postera Phoebea lustrabat lampade terras
Humentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram,
Quum sic unanimam alloquitur male sana sororem :
Anna soror, quae me suspensam insomnia terrent !
Quis novus hie nostris successit sedibus hospes, 10
Quem sese ore ferens, quam ford pectore et armis !
Credo equidem, nee vana fides, genus esse deorum.
Degeneres animos timor arguit. Heu, quibus ille
Jactatus fatis ! quae bella exhausta canebat !
Si mihi non animo fixum immotumque sederet, is
Ne cui me vinclo velleni sociare jugali,
Postquam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit,
Si non pertaesum thalami taedaeque fuisset,
Huic uni forsan potui succumbere culpae.
Anna, fatebor enim, miseri post fata Sychaei 20
Conjugis et sparsos fraterna caede Penates,
Solus hie inflexit sensus, animumque labantem
Impulit. Agnosco veteris vestigia flammae.
Sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat,
Vel Pater omnipotens adigat me fulmine ad umbras, 25
Pallentes umbras Erebi noctemque profundam,
Ante, Pudor, quam te violo, aut tua jura resolvo.
Ille meos, primus qui me sibi junxit, amores
Abstulit ; ille habeat secum servetque sepulchro.
Sic effata sinum lacrimis implevit obortis. 30
Anna refert : O luce magis dilecta sorori,
Solane perpetua maerens carpere juventa,
178 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Nec dulces natos, Veneris nee praemia noris ?
Id cinerem aut Manes credis curare sepultos ?
Esto, aegram nulli quondam flexere mariti, 35
Non Libyae, non ante Tyro ; despectus larbas
Ductoresque alii, quos Africa terra triumphis
Dives alit : placitone etiam pugnabis amori ?
Nec venit in mentem, quorum consederis arvis ?
Hinc Gaetulae urbes, genus insuperabile bello, 4
Et Numidae infreni cingunt et inhospita Syrtis ;
Hinc deserta siti regio, lateque furentes
Barcaei. Quid bella Tyro surgentia dicam,
Germanique minas ?
Dis equidem auspicibus reor et Junone secunda 45
Hunc cursum Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas.
Quam tu urbem, soror, hanc cernes, quae surgere regna
Conjugio tali ! Teucrum- comitantibus armis
Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus !
Tu modo posce deos veniam, sacrisque litatis 50
Indulge hospitio, caussasque innecte morandi,
Dum pelago desaevit hiems et aquosus Orion,
Quassataeque rates, dum non tractabile coelum.
His dictis incensum animum inrlammavit amore,
Spemque dedit dubiae menti, solvitque pudorem. 55
Principio delubra adeunt, pacemque per aras
Exquirunt ; mactant lectas de more bidentes
Legiferae Cereri Phoeboque patrique Lyaeo,
Junoni ante omnes, cui vincla jugalia curae.
Ipsa, tenens.dextra pateram, pulcherrima Dido fo
Candentis vaccae media inter cornua fundit,
Aut ante ora deum pingues spatiatur ad aras,
Instauratque diem donis, pecudumque reclusis
Pectoribus inhians spirantia consulit exta.
Heu vatum ignarae mentes ! Quid vota furentem, 65
Quid delubra juvant ? Est molles flamma medullas
Interea, et taciturn vivit sub pectore vulnus.
Uritur infelix Dido totaque vagatur
AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 179
Urbe furens, qualis conjecta cerva sagitta,
Quam procul incautam nemora inter Cresia fixit 70
Pastor agens telis, liquitque volatile ferrum
Nescius ; ilia fuga silvas saltusque peragrat
Dictaeos ; haeret lateri letalis arundo.
Nunc media Aenean secum per moenia ducit,
Sidoniasque ostentat opes urbemque paratam ; 75
Incipit effari, mediaque in voce resistit ;
Nunc eadem labente die convivia quaerit,
Iliacosque iterum demens audire labores
Exposcit, pendetque iterum narrantis ab ore.
Post, ubi digressi, lumenque obscura vicissim 80
Luna premit suadentque cadentia sidera somnos,
Sola domo maeret vacua, stratisque relictis
Incubat. Ilium absens absentem auditque videtque,
Aut gremio Ascanium, genitoris imagine capta,
Detinet, infandum si fallere possit amorem. 8 5
Non coeptae adsurgunt turres, non arma juventus
Exercet, portusve aut propugnacula bello
Tuta parant ; pendent opera interrupta minaeque
Murorum ingentes aequataque machina coelo.
Quam simul ac tali persensit peste teneri 90
Cara Jovis conjux, nee famam obstare furori,
Talibus adgreditur Venerem Saturnia dictis :
Egregiam vero laudem et spolia ampla refertis
Tuque puerque tuus, magnum et memorabile nomen,
Una dolo divum si femina victa duorum est. 95
Nee me adeo fallit veritam te moenia nostra
Suspectas habuisse domos Karthaginis altae.
Sed quis erit modus, aut quo nunc certamine tanto ?
Quin potius pacem aeternam pactosque hymenaeos
Exercemus ? habes, tota quod mente petisti : too
Ardet amans Dido traxitque per ossa furorem.
Communem hunc ergo populum paribusque regamus
Auspiciis ; liceat Phrygio servire marito,
Dotalesque tuae Tyrios permittere dextrae.
l8o P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Olli sensit enim siraulata mente locutam, 105
Quo regnum Italiae Libycas averteret oras
Sic contra est ingressa Venus : Quis talia demens
Abnuat, aut tecum malit contendere bello,
Si modo, quod memoras, factum fortuna sequatur ?
Sed fatis incerta feror, si Juppiter unam no
Esse velit Tyriis urbem Trojaque profectis,
Miscerive probet populos, aut foedera jungi.
Tu conjux ; tibi fas animum ten tare precando.
Perge ; sequar. Turn sic excepit regia Juno :
Mecum erit iste labor. Nunc qua ratione, quod instat, n 5
Confieri possit, paucis, adverte, docebo.
Venatum Aeneas unaque miserrima Dido
In nemus ire parant, ubi primes crastinus ortus
Extulerit Titan radiisque retexerit orbem.
His ego nigrantem commixta grandine nimbum, 120
Dum trepidant alae, saltusque indagine cingunt,
Desuper infundam, et tonitru coelum omne ciebo.
Diffugient comites et nocte tegentur opaca :
Speluncara Dido dux et Trojanus eandem
Devenient. Adero, et, tua si mihi certa voluntas, 125
Connubio jungam stabili propriamque dicabo.
Hie Hymenaeus erit. Non adversata petenti
Adnuit, atque dolis risit Cytherea repertis.
Oceanum interea surgens Aurora reliquit.
It portis jubare exorto delecta juventus ; 130
Retia rara, plagae, lato venabula ferro,
Massylique ruunt equites et odora canum vis.
Reginam thalamo cunctantem ad limina primi
Poenorum exspectant, ostroque insignis et auro
Stat sonipes ac frena ferox spumantia mandit. 135
Tandem progreditur magna stipante caterva,
Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo.
Cui pharetra ex auro, crines nodantur in aurum,
Aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem.
Nee non et Phrygii comites et laetus lulus 140
AENEIDOS LIB. IV. l8l
Incedunt. Ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnes
Infert se socium Aeneas atque agmina jungit.
Qualis ubi hibernam Lyciam Xanthique fluenta
Deserit ac Delum maternam invisit Apollo
Instauratque choros, mixtique altaria circum 145
Cretesque Dryopesque fremunt pictique Agathyrsi ;
Ipse jugis Cynthi graditur, mollique fluentem
Fronde premit crinem fingens atque implicat auro ;
Tela sonant humeris : baud illo segnior ibat
Aeneas ; tantum egregio decus enitet ore. 150
Postquam altos ventum in monies atque invia lustra,
Ecce ferae, saxi dejectae vertice, caprae
Decurrere jugis ; alia de parte patentes
Transmittunt cursu campos atque agmina cervi
Pulverulenta fuga glomerant montesque relinquunt. 155
At puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acri
Gaudet equo, jamque hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,
Spumantemque dari pecora inter inertia votis
Optat aprum, aut fulvum descendere monte leonem.
Interea magno misceri murmure coelum 160
Incipit ; insequitur commixta grandine nimbus ;
Et Tyrii comites passim et Trojana juventus
Dardaniusque nepos Veneris diversa per agros
Tecta metu petiere ; ruunt de montibus amnes.
Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem 165
Deveniunt. Prima et Tellus et pronuba Juno
Dant signum ; fulsere ignes et conscius aether
Connubiis, summoque ulularunt vertice Nymphae.
Ille dies primus leti primusque malorum
Caussa fuit ; neque enim specie famave movetur 17
Nee jam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem ;
Conjugium vocat ; hoc praetexit nomine culpam.
Extemplo Libyae magnas it Fama per urbes,
Fama, malum qua non aliud velocius ullum ;
Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo ; i7S
Parva metu primo ; mox sese attollit in auras,
1 82 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit.
Illam Terra parens, ira irritata deorum,
Extremam, ut perhibent, Coeo Enceladoque sororem
Progenuit, pedibus celerem et pernicibus alis, i&>
Monstrum horrendum, ingens, cui, quot sunt corpore plumae,
Tot vigiles oculi subter, mirabile dictu,
Tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot subrigit aures.
Nocte volat coeli medio terraeque per umbram,
Stridens, nee dulci declinat lumina somno ; 185
Luce sedet custos aut summi culmine tecti,
Turribus aut altis, et magnas territat urbes,
Tarn ficti pravique tenax, quam nuntia veri.
Haec turn multiplici populos sermone replebat
Gaudens et pariter facta atque infecta canebat : 190
Venisse Aenean, Trojano sanguine cretum,
Cui se pulchra viro dignetur jungere Dido ;
Nunc hiemem inter se luxu, quam longa, fovere
Regnorum immemores turpique cupidine captos.
Haec passim dea foeda virum diffundit in ora. 195
Protinus ad regem cursus detorquet larban,
Incenditque animum dictis atque aggerat iras.
Hie Hammone satus, rapta Garamantide Nympha,
Templa Jovi centum latis immania regnis,
Centum aras posuit, vigilemque sacraverat ignem, 200
Excubias divum aeternas, pecudumque cruore
Pingue solum et variis florentia limina sertis.
Isque amens animi et rumore accensus amaro
Dicitur ante aras media inter numina divum
Multa Jovem manibus supplex orasse supinis : 205
Juppiter omnipotens, cui nunc Maurusia pictis
Gens epulata toris Lenaeum libat honorem,
Adspicis haec ? an te, genitor, quum fulmina torques,
Nequidquam horremus, caecique in nubibus ignes
Terrificant animos et inania murmura miscent ? 210
Femina, quae nostris errans in finibus urbem
Exiguam pretio posuit, cui litus arandum
AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 183
Cuique loci leges dedimus, connubia nostra
Repulit ac dominum Aenean in regna recepit.
Et nunc ille Paris cum semiviro comitatu, 215
Maeonia mentum mitra crinemque madentem
Subnexus, rapto potitur : nos munera templis
Quippe tuis ferimus, famamque fovemus inanem.
Talibus orantem dictis arasque tenentem
Audiit omnipotens, oculosque ad moenia torsit 220
Regia et oblitos famae melioris amantes.
Turn sic Mercurium alloquitur ac talia mandat :
Vade age, nate, voca Zephyros et labere pennis,
Dardaniumque ducem, Tyria Karthagine qui nunc
Exspectat, fatisque datas non respicit urbes, 225
Alloquere et celeres defer mea dicta per auras.
Non ilium nobis genetrix pulcherrima talem
Promisit Graiumque ideo bis vindicat armis ;
Sed fore, qui gravid am imperiis belloque frementem
Italiam regeret, genus alto a sanguine Teucri 230
Proderet, ac totum sub leges mitteret orbem.
Si nulla accendit tantarum gloria rerum
Nee super ipse sua molitur laude laborem,
Ascanione pater Romanas invidet arces ?
Quid struit ? aut qua spe inimica in gente moratur, 235
Nee prolem Ausoniam et Lavinia respicit arva ?
Naviget : haec summa est ; hie nostri nuntius esto.
Dixerat. Ille patris magni parere parabat
Imperio ; et primum pedibus talaria nectit
Aurea, quae sublimem alis sive aequora supra 240
Seu terrain rapido pariter cum flamine portant ;
Turn virgam capit ; hac animas ille evocat Oreo
Pallentes, alias sub Tartara tristia mittit,
Dat somnos adimitque, et lumina morte resignat
Ilia fretus agit ventos, et turbida tranat 245
Nubila; jamque volans apicem et latera ardua cernit
Atlantis duri, coelum qui vertice fulcit,
Atlantis, cinctum adsidue cui nubibus atris
184 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Piniferum caput et vento pulsatur et imbri ;
Nix humeros infusa tegit ; turn flumina mento 350
Praecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida barba.
Hie primum paribus nitens Cyllenius alis .
Constitit ; hinc toto praeceps se corpore ad undas
Misit, avi similis, quae circum litora, circum
Piscosos scopulos humilis volat aequora juxta. 255
Haud aliter terras inter coelumque volabat,
Litus arenosum Libyae ventosque secabat
Materno veniens ab avo Cyllenia proles,
tit primum alatis tetigit magalia plantis,
Aenean fundantem arces ac tecta novantem 260
Conspicit : atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva
Ensis erat, Tyrioque ardebat murice laena
Demissa ex humeris, dives quae munera Dido
Fecerat et tenui telas discreverat auro.
Continue invadit : Tu nunc Karthaginis altae 365
Fundamenta locas, pulchramque uxorius urbem
Exstruis ? heu regni rerumque oblite tuarum !
Ipse deum tibi me claro demittit Olympo
Regnator, coelum et terras qui numine torquet ;
Ipse haec ferre jubet celeres mandata per auras : *7<>
Quid struis ? aut qua spe Libycis teris otia terris ?
Si te nulla movet tantarum gloria rerum
Nee super ipse tua moliris laude laborem,
Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis luli
Respice, cui regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus 275
Debentur. Tali Cyllenius ore locutus
Mortales visus medio sermone reliquit,
Et procul in tenuem ex oculis evanuit auram.
At vero Aeneas adspectu obmutuit amens,
Arrectaeque horrore comae, et vox faucibus haesit. 280
Ardet abire fuga dulcesque relinquere terras,
Attonitus tanto monitu imperioque deorum.
Heu quid agat ? quo nunc reginam ambire furentem
Audeat affatu ? quae prima exordia sumat ?
AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 185
Atque animum nunc hue celerem, nunc dividit illuc, 285
In partesque rapit varias perque omnia versat.
Haec alternanti potior sententia visa est :
Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Serestum,
Classem aptent taciti sociosque ad litora cogant,
Arma parent, et, quae rebus sit caussa novandis, 290
Dissimulent ; sese interea, quando optima Dido
Nesciat et tantos rumpi non speret amores,
Tentaturum aditus, et quae mollissima fandi
Tempora, quis rebus dexter modus. Ocius omnes
Imperio laeti parent ac jussa facessunt. 295
At regina dolos quis fallere possit amantem ?
Praesensit, motusque excepit prima futures,
Omnia tuta timens. Eadem impia Fama furenti
Detulit armari classem cursumque parari.
Saevit inops animi, totamque incensa per urbem 300
Bacchatur, qualis commotis excita sacris
Thyias, ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho
Orgia nocturnusque vocat clamore Cithaeron.
Tandem his Aenean compellat vocibus ultro :
Dissimulare etiam sperasti, perfide, tantum 303
Posse nefas, tacitusque mea decedere terra ?
Nee te noster amor, nee te data dextera quondam,
Nee moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido ?
Quin etiam hiberno moliris sidere classem,
Et mediis properas aquilonibus ire per altum, 310
Crudelis ? Quid ? si non arva aliena domosque
Ignotas peteres, et Troja antiqua maneret,
Troja per undosum peteretur classibus aequor ?
Mene fugis ? Per ego has lacrimas dextramque tuam te
Quando aliud mihi jam miserae nihil ipsa reliqui 315
Per connubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos,
Si bene quid de te merui, fuit aut tibi quidquam
Dulce meum, miserere domus labentis et istam,
Oro, si quis ad hue precibus locus, exue mentem.
Te propter Libycae gentes Nomadumque tyranni 320
1 86 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Odere, infensi Tyrii ; te propter eundem
Exstinctus pudor et, qua sola sidera adibam,
Fama prior. Cui me moribundam deseris, hospes ?
Hoc solum nomen quoniam de conjuge restat.
Quid moror ? An mea Pygmalion dum moenia frater 3^5
Destruat, aut captam ducat Gaetulus larbas ?
Saltern si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset
Ante fugam suboles, si quis mihi parvulus aula
Luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret,
Non equidem omnino capta ac deserta viderer. 330
Dixerat. Ille Jovis monitis immota tenebaf
Lumina, et obnixus curam sub corde premebat.
Tandem pauca refert : Ego te, quae plurima fando
Enumerare vales, numquam, Regina, negabo
Promeritam ; nee me meminisse pigebit Elissae, 335
Dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hos regit artus.
Pro re pauca loquar. Neque ego hanc abscondere furto
Speravi, ne finge, fugam, nee conjugis umquam
Praetendi taedas aut haec in foeclera veni.
Me si fata meis paterentur ducere vitam 340
Auspiciis et sponte mea componere curas,
Urbem Trojanam primum dulcesque meorum
Reliquias colerem, Priami tecta alta manerent,
Et recidiva manu posuissem Pergama victis.
Sed nunc Italiam magnam Gryneus Apollo, 345
Italiam Lyciae jussere capessere sortes ;
Hie amor, haec patria est. Si te Karthaginis arces,
Phoenissam, Libycaeque adspectus detinet urbis,
Quae tandem, Ausonia Teucros considere terra,
Invidiaest? Et nos fas extera quaerere regna. 350
Me patris Anchisae, quoties humentibus umbris
Nox operit terras, quoties astra ignea surgunt,
Admonet in somnis et turbida terret imago ;
Me puer Ascanius capitisque injuria cari,
Quern regno Hesperiae fraudo et fatalibus arvis. 355
Nunc etiam interpres divum, Jove missus ab ipso
AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 187
Tester utrumque caput celeres mandata per auras
Detulit ; ipse deum manifesto in lumine vidi
Intrantem muros, vocemque his auribus hausi.
Desine meque tuis incendere teque querelis ; 360
Italiam non sponte sequor.
Talia dicentem jamdudum aversa tuetur,
Hue illuc volvens oculos, totumque pererrat
Luminibus tacitis, et sic accensa profatur :
Nee tibi diva parens, generis nee Dardanus auctor, 365
Perfide ; sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens
Caucasus, Hyrcanaeque admorunt ubera tigres.
Nam quid dissimulo ? aut quae me ad majora reserve ?
Num fletu ingemuit nostro ? num lumina flexit ?
Num lacrimas victus dedit, aut miseratus amantem est? 370
Quae quibus anteferam ? Jam jam nee maxima luno,
Nee Saturnius haec oculis pater adspicit aequis.
Nusquam tuta fides. Ejectum litore egentem
Excepi et regni demens in parte locavi ;
Amissam classem, socios a morte reduxi. 375
Heu furiis incensa feror ! Nunc augur Apollo,
Nunc Lyciae sortes, nunc et Jove missus ab ipso
Interpres divum fert horrida jussa per auras.
Scilicet is Superis labor est, ea cura quietos
Sollicitat. Neque te teneo, neque dicta refello ; 380
I, sequere Italian! ventis, pete regna per undas.
Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt,
Supplicia hausurum scopulis, et nomine Dido
Saepe vocaturum. Sequar atris ignibus absens,
Et, quum frigida mors anima seduxerit artus, 385
Omnibus umbra locis adero. Dabis, improbe, poenas.
Audiam, et haec Manes veniet mini fama sub imos.
His medium dictis sermonem abrumpit, et auras
Aegra fugit, seque ex oculis avertit et aufert,
Linquens multa metu cunctantem et multa parantem 390
Dicere. Suscipiunt famulae, collapsaque membra
Marmoreo referunt thalamo stratisque reponunt.
1 88 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
At plus Aeneas, quamquam lenire dolentem
Solando cupit et dictis avertere curas,
Multa gemens magnoque animum labefactus amore, 393
Jussa tamen divum exsequitur, classemque revisit.
Turn vero Teucri incumbunt et litore celsas
Deducunt toto naves. Natat uncta carina,
Frondentesque ferunt remos et robora silvis
Infabricata, fugae studio. 4
Migrantes cernas, totaque ex urbe ruentes.
Ac velut ingentem formicae farris acervum
Quum populant, hiemis memores, tectoque reponunt ;
It nigrum campis agmen, praedamque per herbas
Convectant calle angusto ; pars grandia trudunt 4s
Obnixae frumenta humeris ; pars agmina cogunt
Castigantque mora,s ; opere omnis semita fervet
Quis tibi turn, Dido, cernenti talia sensus,
Quosve dabas gemitus, quum litora fervere late
Prospiceres arce ex summa, totumque videres 41
Misceri ante oculos tantis clamoribus aequor?
Improbe amor, quid non mortalia pectora cogis ?
Ire iterum in lacrimas, iterum tentare precando
Cogitur, et supplex animos submittere amori,
Ne quid inexpertum frustra moritura relinquat. 4>s
Anna, vides toto properari litore ? Circum
Undique convenere ; vocat jam carbasus auras,
Puppibus et laeti nautae imposuere coronas.
Hunc ego si potui tantum sperare dolorem,
Et perferre, soror, potero. Miserae hoc tamen unum 420
Exsequere, Anna, mihi ; solam nam perfidus ille
Te colere, arcanos etiam tibi credere sensus ;
Sola viri molles aditus et tempora noras :
I, soror, atque hostem supplex affare superbum :
Non ego cum Danais Trojanam exscindere gentem 425
Aulide juravi, classemve ad Pergama misi,
Nee patris Anchisae cinerem Manesve revelli :
Cur mea dicta negat duras demittere in aures ?
AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 189
Quo ruit ? extremum hoc miserae det munus amanti :
Exspectet facilemque fugam ventosque ferentes. 430
Non jam conjugium antiquum, quod prodidit, oro,
Nee pulchro ut Latio careat regnumque relinquat ;
Tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori,
Dum mea me victam doceat fortuna dolere.
Extremam hanc oro veniam miserere sororis 435
Quam mihi quum dederis, cumulatam morte remittam.
Talibus orabat, talesque miserrima fletus
Fertque refertque soror. Sed nullis ille movetur
Fletibus, aut voces ullas tractabilis audit ;
Fata obstant, placidasque viri deus obstruit aures. 440
Ac velut annoso validam quum robore quercum
Alpini Boreae nunc hinc nunc flatibus illinc
Eruere inter se certant ; it stridor, et altae
Consternunt terram concusso stipite frondes ;
Ipsa haeret scopulis, et, quantum vertice ad auras 445
Aetherias, tantum radice in Tartara tendit :
Haud secus adsiduis hinc atque hinc vocibus heros
Tunditur, et magno persentit pectore curas ;
Mens immota manet ; lacrimae volvuntur inanes.
Turn vero infelix fatis exterrita Dido 450
Mortem orat ; taedet coeli convexa tueri.
Quo magis inceptum peragat lucemque relinquat,
Vidit, turicremis quum dona imponeret aris
Horrendum dictu latices nigrescere sacros
Fusaque in obscenum se vertere vina cruorem. 455
Hoc visum nulli, non ipsi effata sorori.
Praeterea fuit in tectis de marmore templum
Conjugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat,
Velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum :
Hinc exaudiri voces et verba vocantis 469
Visa viri, nox quum terras obscura teneret ;
Solaque culminibus ferali carmine bubo
Saepe queri et longas in fletum ducere voces ;
Multaque praeterea vatum praedicta priorum
190 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Terribili monitu horrificant. Agit ipse furentem &
In somnis ferus Aeneas ; semperque relinqui
Sola sibi, semper longam incomitata vicletur
Ire viam et Tyrios deserta quaerere terra :
Eumenidum veluti demens videt agmina Pentheus,
Et solem geminum et duplices se ostendere Thebas ; 47 o
Aut Agamemnonius scenis agitatus Orestes
Armatam facibus matrem et serpentibus atris
Quum fugit, ultricesque sedent in limine Dirae.
Ergo ubi concepit furias evicta dolore
Decrevitque mori, tempus secum ipsa modumque 475
Exigit, et, maestam dictis aggressa sororem,
Consilium vultu tegit, ac spem fronte serenat :
Inveni, germana, viam, gratare sorori
Quae mihi reddat eum, vel eo me solvat amantem.
Oceani finem juxta solemque cadentem 480
Ultimus Aethiopum locus est, ubi maximus Atlas
Axem humero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum :
Hinc mihi Massylae gentis monstrata sacerdos,
Hesperidum templi custos, epulasque draconi
Quae dabat et sacros servabat in arbore ramos, 485
Spargens humida mella soporiferumque papaver.
Haec se carminibus promittit solvere mentes,
Quas velit, ast aliis duras immittere curas ;
Sistere aquam fluviis, et vertere sidera retro ;
Nocturnosque ciet Manes ; mugire videbis 490
Sub pedibus terram, et descendere montibus ornos.
Testor, cara. deos et te, germana, tuumque
Dulce caput, magicas invitam accingier artes.
Tu secreta pyram tecto interiore sub auras
Erige, et arma viri, thalamo quae fixa reliquit 495
Impius, exuviasque omnes, lectumque jugalem,
Quo perii, superimponant : abolere nefandi
Cuncta viri monumenta juvat, monstratque sacerdos.
Haec effata silet ; pallor simul occupat ora.
Non tamen Anna novis praetexere funera sacris 5
AENEIDOS LIB. IV. . 191
Germanam credit, nee tantos mente furores
Concipit, aut graviora timet quam morte Sychaei.
Ergo jussa parat.
At regina, pyra penetrali in sede sub auras
Erecta ingenti taedis atque ilice secta, 505
Intenditque locum sertis et fronde coronat
Funerea ; super exuvias ensemque relictum
Effigiemque toro local, baud ignara futuri.
Stant arae circum, et crines effusa sacerdos
Ter centum tonat ore deos, Erebumque Chaosque 510
Tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianae.
Sparserat et latices simulates fontis Averni,
Falcibus et messae ad Lunam quaeruntur ae'nis
Pubentes herbae nigri cum lacte veneni ;
Quaeritur et nascentis equi de fronte revulsus 513
Et matri praereptus amor.
Ipsa mola manibusque piis altaria juxta,
Unum exuta pedem vinclis, in veste recincta,
Testatur moritura deos et conscia fad
Sidera ; turn, si quod non aequo foedere amantes 520
Curae numen habet justumque memorque, precatur.
Nox erat, et placidum carpebant fessa soporem
Corpora per terras, silvaeque et saeva quierant
Aequora, quum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu,
Quum tacet omnis ager, pecudes pictaeque volucres, 525
Quaeque lacus late liquidos, quaeque aspera dumis
Rura tenent, somno positae sub nocte silenti
[Lenibant curas, et corda oblita laborum].
At non infelix animi Phoenissa, nee unquam
Solvitur in somnos, oculisve aut pectore noctem 530
Accipit : ingeminant curae, rursusque resurgens
Saevit amor, magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu.
Sic adeo insistit, secumque ita corde volutat :
En, quid ago ? rursusne procos irrisa priores
Experiar, Nomadumque petam connubia supplex, 535
Quos ego sim toties jam dedignata maritos ?
IQ2 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Iliacas igitur classes atque ultima Teucrum
Jussa sequar ? quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos,
Et bene apud memores veteris stat gratia facti ?
Quis me autem, fac velle, sinet, ratibusve superbis 540
Invisam accipiet? Nescis heu, perdita, necdum
Laomedonteae sentis perjuria gentis ?
Quid turn ? sola fuga nautas comitabor ovantes ?
An Tyriis omnique manu stipata meorum
Inferar, et, quos Sidonia vix urbe revelli, 545
Rursus agam pelago, et vends dare vela jubebo?
Quin morere, ut merita es, ferroque averte dolorem.
Tu lacrimis evicta meis, tu prima furentem
His, germana, malis oneras atque objicis hostl
Non licuit thalami expertem sine crimine vitam 550
Degere, more ferae, tales nee tangere curas !
Non servata fides, cineri promissa Sychaeo !
Tantos ilia suo rumpebat pectore questus.
Aeneas celsa in puppi, jam certus eundi,
Carpebat somnos, rebus jam rite paratis. sss
Huic se forma dei vultu redeuntis eodem
Obtulit in somnis, rursusque ita visa monere est,
Omnia Mercuric similis, vocemque coloremque
Et crines flavos et membra decora juventa :
Nate dea, potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos, 560
Nee, quae te circum stent deinde pericula, cernis,
Demens, nee Zephyros audis spirare secundos ?
Ilia dolos dirumque nefas in pectore versat,
Certa mori, varioque irarum fluctuat aestu.
Non fugis hinc praeceps, dum praecipitare potestas ? 5 6 5
Jam mare turbari trabibus, saevasque videbis
Collucere faces, jam fervere litora flammis,
Si te his attigerit terris Aurora morantem.
Eja age, rumpe moras. Varium et mutabile semper
Femina. Sic fatus nocti se immiscuit atrae. 570
Turn vero Aeneas, subitis exterritus umbris,
Corripit e somno corpus sociosque fatigat ;
AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 193
Praecipites vigilate, viri, et considite transtris ;
Solvite vela citi. Deus aethere missus ab alto
Festinare fugam tortosque incidere funes 575
Ecce iterum stimulat. Sequimur te, sancte deorum,
Quisquis es, imperioque iterum paremus ovantes.
Adsis o placidusque juves, et sidera coelo
Dextra feras. Dixit, vaginaque eripit ensem
Fulmineum, strictoque ferit retinacula ferro. 580
Idem omnis simul ardor habet, rapiuntque ruuntque ;
Litora deseruere ; latet sub classibus aequor ;
Adnixi torquent spumas et caerula verrunt.
Et jam prima novo spargebat lumine terras
Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile. 585
Regina e speculis ut primum albescere lucem
Vidit et aequatis classem procedere velis,
Litoraque et vacuos sensit sine remige portus,
Terque quaterque manu pectus percussa decorum
Flaventesque abscissa comas, Pro Juppiter ! ibit 59
Hie, ait, et nostris illuserit advena regnis ?
Non arma expedient, totaque ex urbe sequentur,
Deripientque rates alii navalibus ? Ite,
Ferte citi flammas, date tela, impellite remos !
Quid loquor ? aut ubi sum ? Quae mentem insania mutat ? 595
Infelix Dido ! mine te facta impia tangunt ?
Turn decuit, quum sceptra dabas. En dextra fidesque,
Quern secum patrios aiunt portare Penates,
Quern subiisse humeris confectum aetate parentem !
Non potui abreptum divellere corpus et undis 600
Spargere ? non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro
Ascanium, patriisque epulandum ponere mensis ?
Verum anceps pugnae fuerat fortuna. Fuisset ;
Quern metui moritura ? Faces in castra tulissem,
Implessemque foros flammis, natumque patremque 6o S
Cum genere exstinxem, memet super ipsa dedissem.
Sol, qui terrarum flammis opera omnia lustras,
Tuque harum interpres curarum et conscia Juno,
13
194 * VIRGILII MARONIS
Nocturnisque Hecate triviis ululata per urbes,
Et Dirae ultrices, et di morientis Elissae, 6to
Accipite haec, meritumque mails advertite numen,
Et nostras audite preces. Si tangere portus
Infandum caput ac terris adnare necesse est,
Et sic fata Jovis poscunt, hie terminus haeret :
At bello audacis populi vexatus et armis, 615
Finibus extorris, complexu avulsus luli,
Auxilium imploret, videatque indigna suorum
Funera ; nee, quum se sub leges pacis iniquae
Tradiderit, regno aut optata luce fruatur ;
Sed cadat ante diem mediaque inhumatus arena. 620
Haec precor, hanc vocem extremam cum sanguine fundo.
Turn vos, o Tyrii, stirpem et genus omne futurum
Exercete odiis, cinerique haec mittite nostro
Munera. Nullus amor populis, nee foedera sunto.
Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor, 625
Qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos,
Nunc, olim, quocumque dabunt se tempore vires.
Litora litoribus contraria, fluctibus undas
Imprecor, arma armis ; pugnent ipsique nepotesque.
Haec ait, et partes animum versabat in omnes, 630
Invisam quaerens quam primum abrumpere lucem.
Turn breviter Barcen nutricem affata Sychaei ;
Namque suam patria antiqua cinis ater habebat :
Annam cara mihi nutrix hue siste sororem ;
Die corpus properet fluviali spargere lympha, 635
Et pecudes secum et monstrata piacula ducat ;
Sic veniat ; tuque ipsa pia tege tempora vitta.
Sacra Jovi Stygio, quae rite incepta paravi,
Perficere est animus, finemque imponere curis,
Dardaniique rogum capitis permittere flammae. 640
Sic ait. Ilia gradum studio celerabat anili.
At trepida, et coeptis immanibus effera Dido,
Sanguineam volvens aciem, maculisque trementes
Interfusa genas, et pallida morte futura,
AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 195
Interiora domus irrumpit limina, et altos 643
Conscendit furibunda rogos, ensemque recludit
Dardanium, non hos quaesitum munus in usus.
Hie, postquam Iliacas vestes notumque cubile
Conspexit, paulum lacrimis et mente morata,
Incubuitque toro, dixitque novissima verba : 650
Dulces exuviae, dum fata deusque sinebat,
Accipite hanc animam, meque his exsolvite curis.
Vixi, et, quern dederat cursum fortuna, peregi ;
Et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago.
Urbem praeclaram statui ; mea moenia vidi ; 635
Ulta virum, poenas inimico a fratre recepi ;
Felix, heu nimium felix, si litora tantum
Numquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae I
Dixit, et, os impressa toro, Moriemur inultae ?
Sed moriamur, ait. Sic, sic juvat ire sub umbras. 660
Hauriat hunc oculis ignem cruel elis ab alto
Dardanus, et nostrae secum ferat omina mortis.
Dixerat ; atque illam media inter talia ferro
Collapsam adspiciunt comites, ensemque cruore
Spumantem, sparsasque manus. It clamor ad alta 65
Atria ; concussam bacchatur Fama per urbem.
Lamentis gemituque et femineo ululatu
Tecta fremunt ; resonat magnis plangoribus aether.
Non aliter, quam si immissis ruat hostibus omnis
Karthago aut antiqua Tyros, flammaeque furentes 670
Culmina perque hominum volvantur perque deorum.
Audiit exanimis, trepidoque exterrita cursu
Unguibus ora soror foedans et pectora pugnis
Per medios ruit, ac morientem nomine clamat :
Hoc illud, germana, fuit ? me fraude petebas ? 675
Hoc rogus iste mihi, hoc ignes araeque parabant ?
Quid primum deserta querar ? comitemne sororem
Sprevisti moriens ? Eadem me ad fata vocasses ;
Idem ambas ferro dolor, atque eadem hora tulisset.
His etiam struxi manibus, patriosque vocavi 6*>
196 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Voce decs, sic te ut posita crudelis abessem ?
Exstinxti te meque, soror, populumque patresque
Sidonios urbemque tuam. Date vulnera lymphis,
Abluam, et, extremus si quis super halitus errat,
Ore legam. Sic fata gradus evaserat altos, 68$
Semianimemque sinu germanam amplexa fovebat
Cum gemitu, atque atros siccabat veste cruores.
Ilia, graves oculos conata attollere, rursus
Deficit ; infixum striilit sub pectore vulnus.
Ter sese attollens cubitoque adnixa levavit ; 690
Ter revoluta toro est, oculisque errantibus alto
Quaesivit coelo lucem, ingemuitque reperta.
Turn Juno omnipotens, longum miserata dolorem
Difficilesque obitus, Trim demisit Olympo,
Quae luctantem animam nexosque resolveret artus. 695
Nam quia nee fato. merita nee morte peribat,
Sed misera ante diem, subitoque accensa furore,
Nonclum illi flavum Proserpina vertice crinem
Abstulerat, Stygioque caput damnaverat Oreo.
Ergo Iris croceis per coelum roscida pennis, 700
Mille trahens varies adverse sole colores,
Devolat, et supra caput adstitit : Hunc ego Dili
Sacrum jussa fero, teque isto corpore solvo.
Sic ait, et dextra crinem secat ; omnis et una
Dilapsus calor, atque in ventos vita recessit. 705
LIBER V.
INTEREA medium Aeneas jam classe tenebat
Certus iter, fluctusque atros aquilone secabat,
Moenia respiciens, quae jam infelicis Elissae
Collucent flammis. Quae tantum accenderit ignem,
Caussa latet ; duri magno sed amore dolores
Pollute, notumque, furens quid femina possit,
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 197
Triste per augurium Teucrorum pectora ducunt.
Ut pelagus tenuere rates, nee jam amplius ulla
Occurrit tellus, maria undique et undique coelum,
Olli caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber, 10
Noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. '
Ipse gubernator puppi Palinurus ab alta :
Heu ! quianam tanti cinxerunt aethera nimbi ?
Quiclve, pater Neptune, paras ? Sic deinde locutus
Colligere arma jubet validisque incumbere remis, 15
Obliquatque sinus in ventum, ac talia fatur :
Magnanime Aenea, non, si mihi Juppiter auctor
Spondeat, hoc sperem Italiam contingere coelo.
Mutati transversa fremunt et vespere ab atro
Consurgunt venti, atque in nubem cogitur aer. 20
Nee nos obniti contra, nee tendere tantum
Sufficimus. Superat quoniam Fortuna, sequamur,
Quoque vocat, vertamus iter. Nee litora longe
Fida reor fraterna Erycis portusque Sicanos,
Si modo rite memor servata remetior astra. 25
Turn pius Aeneas : Equidem sic poscere ventos
Jamdudum et frustra cerno te tendere contra.
Flecte viam velis. An sit mihi gratior ulla,
Quove magis fessas optem demittere naves,
Quam quae Dardanium tellus mihi servat Acesten, 30
Et patris Anchisae gremio complectitur ossa ?
Haec ubi dicta, petunt portus, et vela secundi
Intendunt Zephyri ; fertur cita gurgite classis,
Et tandem laeti notae advertuntur arenae.
At procul excelso miratus vertice montis 35
Adventum sociasque rates occurrit Acestes,
Horridus in jaculis et pelle Libystidis ursae,
Troia Crimiso conceptum flumine mater
Quern genuit. Veterum non immemor ille parentum
Gratatur reduces et gaza laetus agresti 40
Excipit, ac fessos opibus solatur amicis.
Postera quum primo Stellas Oriente fugarat
198 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Clara dies, socios in coetum litore ab omni
Advocat Aeneas, tumulique ex aggere fatur :
Dardanidae magni, genus alto a sanguine divum, 45
Annuus exactis completur mensibus orbis,
Ex quo reliquias divinique oss'a parentis
Condidimus terra maestasque sacravimus aras.
Jamque dies, nisi fallor, adest, quem semper acerbum,
Semper honoratum sic di voluistis habebo. 50
Hunc ego Gaetulis agerem si Syrtibus exsul,
Argolicove mari deprensus et urbe Mycenae,
Annua vota tamen sollemnesque ordine pompas
Exsequerer, strueremque suis altaria don is.
Nunc ultro ad cineres ipsius et ossa parentis, ss
Haud equidem sine mente reor, sine numine divum,
Adsumus et portus delati intramus amicos.
Ergo agite, et laetum cuncti celebremus honorem ;
Poscamus ventos, atque haec me sacra quot annis
Urbe velit posita templis sibi ferre dicatis. 60
Bina bourn vobis Troja generatus Acestes
Dat numero capita in naves ; adhibete Penates
Et patrios epulis et quos col it hospes Acestes.
Praeterea, si nona diem mortalibus almum
Aurora extulerit radiisque retexerit orbem, 6$
Prima citae Teucris ponam certamina classis ;
Quique peclum cursu valet, et qui viribus audax
Aut jaculo incedit melior levibusque sagittis,
Seu cruclo fidit pugnam committere caestu,
Cuncti adsint, meritaeque exspectent praemia palmae. 70
Ore favete omnes, et cingite tempora ramis.
Sic fatus velat materna tempora myrto.
Hoc Helymus facit, hoc aevi maturus Acestes,
Hoc puer Ascanius, sequitur quos cetera pubes.
Ille e concilio multis cum milibus ibat 73
Ad tumulum, magna medius comitante caterva.
Hie duo rite mero libans carchesia Baccho
Fundit humi, duo lacte novo, duo sanguine sacro,
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 199
Purpureosque jacit flores, ac talia fatur :
Salve, sancte parens, iterum : salvete, recepti 80
Nequidquam cineres, animaeque umbraeque paternae.
Non licuit fines Italos fataliaque arva,
Nee tecum Ausonium, quicumque est, quaerere Thybrim.
Dixerat haec, adytis quum lubricus anguis ab imis
Septem ingens gyros, septena volumina traxit, 85
Amplexus placide tumulum lapsusque per aras,
Caeruleae cui terga notae maculosus et auro
Squamam incendebat fulgor ceu nubibus arcus
Mille jacit varies adverse sole colores.
Obstupuit visu Aeneas. Ille agmine longo 90
Tandem inter pateras et levia pocula serpens
Libavitque dapes, rursusque innoxius imo
Successit tumulo, et depasta altaria liquit.
Hoc magis inceptos genitori instaurat honores,
Incertus, Geniumne loci famulumne parentis 95
Esse putet ; caedit binas de more bidentes,
Totque sues, totidem nigrantes terga juvencos ;
Viqaque fundebat pateris, animamque vocabat
Anchisae magni Manesque Acheronte remissos.
Nee non et socii, quae cuique est copia, laeti 100
Dona ferunt, onerant aras, mactantque juvencos ;
Ordine aena locant alii, fusique per herbam
Subjiciunt veribus prunas et viscera torrent.
Exspectata dies aderat nonamque serena
Auroram Phaethontis equi jam luce vehebant, 105
Famaque finitimos et clari nomen Acestae
Excierat ; laeto complebant litora coetu,
Visuri Aeneadas, pars et certare parati.
Munera principio ante oculos circoque locantur
In medio, sacri tripodes viridesque coronae no
Et palmae pretium victoribus, armaque et ostro
Perfusae vestes, argenti aurique talentum ;
Et tuba commissos medio canit aggere ludos.
Prima pares ineunt gravibus certamina remis
20O P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Quatuor ex omni delectae classe carinae. us
Velocem Mnestheus agit acri remige Pristim,
Mox Italus Mnestheus, genus a quo nomine Memmi,
Ingentemque Gyas ingenti mole Chimaeram,
Urbis opus, triplici pubes quam Dardana versu
Impellunt, terno consurgunt ordine remi ; 120
Sergestusque, domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen,
Centauro invehitur magna, Scyllaque Cloanthus
Caerulea, genus unde tibi, Romane Cluenti.
Est procul in pelago saxum spumantia contra
Litora, quod tumidis submersum tunditur olim 125
Fluctibus, hiberni condunt ubi sidera Cori ;
Tranquillo silet, immotaque attollitur unda
Campus et apricis static gratissima mergis.
Hie viridem Aeneas frondenti ex ilice metam
Constituit signum nautis pater, unde reverti 130
Scirent et longos ubi circumflectere cursus.
Turn loca sorte legunt, ipsique in puppibus auro
Ductores longe effulgent ostroque decori ;
Cetera populea velatur fronde juventus
Nudatosque humeros oleo perfusa nitescit. 135
Considunt transtris, intentaque brachia remis;
Intend exspectant signum, exsultantiaque haurit
Corda pavor pulsans laudumque arrecta cupido.
Inde ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, finibus omnes,
Haud mora, prosiluere suis ; ferit aethera clamor 140
Nauticus, adductis spumant freta versa lacertis.
Infindunt pariter sulcos, totumque dehiscit
Conyulsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor.
Non tam praecipites bijugo certamine campum
Corripuere ruuntque effusi carcere currus, MS
Nee sic immissis aurigae undantia lora
Concussere jugis pronique in verbera pendent.
Turn plausu fremituque virum studiisque faventum
Consonat omne nemus, vocemque inclusa volutant
Litora, pulsati colles clamore resultant. 150
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 2OI
Effugit ante alios primisque elabitur undis
Turbam inter fremitumque Gyas ; quern deinde Cloanthus
Consequitur, melior remis, sed pondere pinus
Tarda tenet. Post Jios aequo discrimine Pristis
Centaurusque locum tendunt superare priorem ; 155
Et nunc Pristis habet, nunc victam praeterit ingens
Centaurus, nunc una ambae junctisque feruntur
Frontibus et longa sulcant vada salsa carina.
Jamque propinquabant scopulo metamque tenebant,
Quum princeps medioqtie Gyas in gurgite victor 160
Rectorem navis compellat voce Menoeten : .
Quo tantum mihi dexter abis ? hue dirige gressum ;
Litus ama, et laevas stringat sine palmula cautes ;
Altum alii teneant. Dixit ; sed caeca Menoetes
Saxa timens proram pelagi detorquet ad undas. 165
Quo diversus abis ? iterum, Pete saxa, Menoete !
Cum clamore Gyas revocabat ; et ecce Cloanthum
Respicit instantem tergo, et propiora tenentem.
Ille inter navemque Gyae scopulosque sonantes
Radit iter laevum interior, subitoque priorem 170
Praeterit et metis tenet aequora tuta relictis.
Turn vero exarsit juveni dolor ossibus ingens,
Nee lacrimis caruere genae, segnemque Menoeten,
Oblitus decorisque sui sociumque salutis,
In mare praecipitem puppi deturbat ab alta ; 175
Ipse gubernaclo rector subit, ipse magister,
Hortaturque viros, clavumque ad litora torquet.
At gravis, ut fundo vix tandem redditus imo est,
Jam senior madidaque fluens in veste Menoetes
Summa petit scopuli siccaque in rupe resedit. 180
Ilium et labentem Teucri et risere natantem,
Et salsos rident revomentem pectore fluctus.
Hie laeta extremis spes est accensa duobus,
Sergesto Mnestheique, Gyan superare morantem.
Sergestus capit ante locum scopuloque propinquat, 185
Nee tota tamen ille prior praeeunte carina ;
202 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Parte prior ; partem rostro premit aemula Pristis.
At media socios incedens nave per ipsos
Hortatur Mnestheus : Nunc, nunc insurgite remis,
Hectorei socii, Trojae quos sorte suprema 190
Delegi comites ; nunc illas promite vires,
Nunc animos, quibus in Gaetulis Syrtibus usi
lonioque mari Maleaeque sequacibus undis.
Non jam prima peto Mnestheus, neque vincere certo ;
Quamquam o ! Sed superent, quibus hoc, Neptune, dedisti;
Extremes pudeat rediisse ; hoc vincite, cives, 196
Et prohibete nefas. Olli certamine summo
Procumbunt ; vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis,
Subtrahiturque solum ; turn creber anhelitus artus
Aridaque ora quatit ; suclor fluit undique rivis. 200
Attulit ipse viris optatum casus honorem.
Namque furens animi dum prorain ad saxa suburguet
Interior spatioque subit Sergestus iniquo,
Infelix saxis in procurrentibus haesit.
Concussae cautes, et acuto in murice remi 2^5
Obnixi crepuere, illisaque prora pependit.
Consurgunt nautae et mag no clamore morantur,
Ferratasque trades et acuta cuspide contos
Expediunt, fractosque legunt in gurgite renios.
At laetus Mnestheus successuque acrior ipso 210
Agmine remorum celeri ventisque vocatis
Prona petit maria et pelago decurrit aperto.
Qualis spelunca subito commota columba,
Cui domus et dulces latebroso in pumice nidi,
Fertur in arva volans, plausumque exterrita pennis 215
Dat tecto ingentem, mox acre lapsa quieto
Kadit iter liquidum, celeres neque commovet alas :
Sic Mnestheus, sic ipsa fuga secat ultima Pristis
Aequora, sic illam fert impetus ipse volantem.
Et primum in scopulo luctantem deserit alto 220
Sergestum brevibusque vadis frustraque vocantem
Auxilia et fractis discentem currere remis.
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 203
Inde Gyan ipsamque ingenti mole Chimaeram
Consequitur ; cedit, quoniam spoliata magistro est.
Solus jamque ipso superest in fine Cloanthus ; 225
Quern petit, et summis adnixus viribus urguet.
Turn vero ingeminat clamor, cunctique sequentem
Instigant studiis, resonatque fragoribus aether.
Hi proprium decus et partum indignantur honorem
Ni teneant, vitamque volunt pro laude pacisci ; 230
Hos successus alit : possunt, quia posse videntur.
Et fors aequatis cepissent praemia rostris,
Ni palmas ponto tendens utrasque Cloanthus
Fudissetque preces, divosque in vota vocasset :
Di, quibus imperium pelagi est, quorum aequora curro, 235
Vobis laetus ego hoc candentem in litore taurum
Constituam ante aras, voti reus, extaque salsos
Porriciam in fluctus et vina liquentia fundam.
Dixit, eumque imis sub fluctibus audiit omnis
Nereidum Phorcique chorus Panopeaque virgo, 240
Et pater ipse manu magna Portunus euntem
Impulit ; ilia Noto citius volucrique sagitta
Ad terrain fugit, et portu se condidit alto.
Turn satus Anchisa, cunctis ex more vocatis,
Victorem magna praeconis voce Cloanthum 245
Declarat, viridique advelat tempera lauro ;
Muneraque in naves ternos optare juvencos
Vinaque et argenti magnum dat ferre talentum.
Ipsis praecipuos ductoribus addit honores :
Victori chlamydem auratam, quam plurima circum 250
Purpura Maeandro duplici Meliboea cucurrit,
Intextusque puer frondosa regius Ida
Veloces jaculo cervos cursuque fatigat,
Acer, anhelanti similis, quern praepes ab Ida
Sublimem pedibus rapuit Jovis armiger uncis ; 255
Longaevi palmas nequidquam ad sidera tendunt
Custodes, saevitque canum latratus in auras.
At qui deinde locum tenuit virtute secundum,
204 p - VIRGILII MARONIS
Levibus huic hamis consertam auroque trilicem
Loricam, quam Demoleo detraxerat ipse 260
Victor apud rapid um Simoenta sub Ilio alto,
Donat habere viro, decus et tutamen in armis.
Vix illam famuli Phegeus Sagarisque ferebant
Multiplicem, connixi humeris ; indutus at olim
Demoleos cursu palantes Troas agebat. 265
Tertia dona facit geminos ex acre lebetas,
Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis.
Jamque adeo donati omnes opibusque superbi
Puniceis ibant evincti tempora taenis,
Quum saevo e scopulo multa vix arte revulsus, 270
Amissis remis atque ordine debilis uno,
Irrisam sine honore ratem Sergestus agebat.
Qualis saepe viae deprensus in aggere serpens,
Aerea quern obliquum rota transiit, aut gravis ictu
Seminecem liquit saxo lacerumque viator, 275
Nequidquam longos fugiens dat corpore tortus,
Parte ferox, ardensque oculis, et sibila colla
Arduus attollens ; pars vulnere clauda retentat
Nexantem nodis seque in sua membra plicantem :
Tali remigio navis se tarda movebat ; 280
Vela facit tamen, et velis subit ostia plenis.
Sergestum Aeneas promisso munere donat,
Servatam ob navem laetus sociosque reductos.
Olli serva datur, operum baud ignara Minervae,
Cressa genus, Pholoe, geminique sub ubere nati. 285
Hoc pius Aeneas misso certamine tenclit
Gramineum in campum, quem collibus undique curvis
Cingebant silvae, mediaque in valle theatri
Circus erat ; quo se multis cum milibus heros
Consessu medium tulit exstructoque resedit. 290
Hie, qui forte velint rapido contendere cursu,
Invitat pretiis animos, et praemia ponit.
Undique conveniunt Teucri mixtique Sicani,
Nisus et Euryalus primi,
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 205
Euryalus forma insignis viridique juventa, 295
Nisus amore pio pueri ; quos deinde secutus
Regius egregia Priami de stirpe Diores ;
Hunc Salius simul et Patron, quorum alter Acarnan,
Alter ab Arcadio Tegeaeae sanguine gentis ;
Turn duo Trinacrii juvenes, Helymus Panopesque, 300
Adsueti silvis, comites senioris Acestae ;
Multi praeterea, quos fama obscura recondit.
Aeneas quibus in mediis sic deinde locutus :
Accipite haec animis, laetasque advertite mentes :
Nemo ex hoc numero mihi non donatus abibit. 3s
Gnosia bina dabo levato lucida ferro
Spicula caelatamque argento ferre bipennem ;
Omnibus hie erit unus honos. Tres praemia primi
Accipient, flavaque caput nectentur oliva.
Primus equum phaleris insignem victor habeto ; 31
Alter Amazon iam pharetram plenamque sagittis
Threiciis, lato quam circumplectitur auro
Balteus, et tereti sUbnectit fibula gemma ;
Tertius Argolica hac galea contentus abito.
Haec ubi dicta, locum capiunt, signoque repente 315
Corripiunt spatia audito, limenque relinquunt,
Effusi nimbo similes, simul ultima signant.
Primus abit longeque ante omnia corpora Nisus
Emicat, et ventis et fulminis ocior alis ;
Proximus huic, longo sed proximus intervallo, 320
Insequitur Salius ; spatio post deinde relicto
Tertius Euryalus ;
Euryalumque Helymus sequitur ; quo deinde sub ipso
Ecce volat calcemque terit jam calce Diores,
Incumbens humero ; spatia et si plura supersint, 323
Transeat elapsus prior, ambiguumque relinquat.
Jamque fere spatio extreme fessique sub ipsam
Finem adventabant, levi quum sanguine Nisus
Labitur infelix, caesis ut forte juvencis
Fusus humum viridesque super madefecerat herbas. 330
206 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Hie juvenis jam victor ovans vestigia presso
Haud tenuit titubata solo, sed pronus in ipso
Concidit immundoque fimo sacroque cruore,
Non tamen Euryali, non ille oblitus amorum ;
Nam sese opposuit Salio per lubrica surgens ; 335
Ille autem spissa jacuit revolutus arena.
Emicat Euryalus, et munere victor amici
Prima tenet, plausuque volat fremituque secundo.
Post Helymus subit, et nunc tertia palma Diores.
Hie totum caveae consessum ingentis et ora 340
Prima patrum magnis Salius clamoribus implet,
Ereptumque dolo reddi sibi poscit honorem.
Tutatur favor Euryalum, lacrimaeque decorae,
Gratior et pulchro veniens in corpore virtus.
Adjuvat et magna proclamat voce Diores, 345
Qui subiit palmae, frustraque ad praemia venit
Ultima, si primi Salio reddantur honores.
Turn pater Aeneas, Vestra, inquit, munera vobis
Certa manent, pueri, et palmam movet ordine nemo ;
Me liceat casus miserari insontis amici. 350
Sic fatus tergum Gaetuli immane leonis
Dat Salio, villis onerosum atque unguibus aureis.
Hie Nisus, Si tanta, inquit, sunt praemia victis,
Et te lapsorum miseret, quae munera Niso
Digna dabis, primam merui qui laude coronam, sss
Ni me, quae Salium, fortuna inimica tulisset ?
Et simul his dictis faciem ostentabat et udo
Turpia membra fimo. Risit pater optimus olli,
Et clipeum efferri jussit, Didymaonis artes,
Neptuni sacro Danais de poste refixum. 3 6o
Hoc juvenem egregium praestanti munere donat.
Post, ubi confecti cursus, et dona peregit :
Nunc, si cui virtus animusque in pectore praesens,
Adsit, et evinctis attollat brachia palmis.
Sic ait et geminum pugnae proponit honorem, 3 f >s
Victori velatum auro vittisque juvencum,
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 207
Ensem atque insignem galeam solatia victo.
Nee mora ; continue vastis cum viribus effert
Ora Dares, magnoque virum se murmure tollit ;
Solus qui Paridem solitus contendere contra, 370
Idemque ad tumulum, quo maximus occubat Hector,
Victorem Buten, immani corpora qui se
Bebrycia veniens Amyci de gente ferebat,
Perculit et fulva moribundum extendit arena.
Talis prima Dares caput altum in proelia tollit, 375
Osteriditque humeros latos, alternaque jactat
Brachia protendens, et verberat ictibus auras.
Quaeritur huic alius ; nee quisquam ex agmine tanto
Audet adire virum manibusque inducere caestus.
Ergo alacris, cunctosque putans excedere palma, 380
Aeneae stetit ante pedes, nee plura moratus
Turn laeva taurum cornu tenet, atque ita fatur :
Nate dea, si nemo audet se credere pugnae,
Quae finis standi ? quo me decet usque teneri ?
Ducere dona jube. Cuncti simul ore fremebant 385
Dardanidae, reddique viro promissa jubebant.
Hie gravis Entellum dictis castigat Acestes,
Proximus ut viridante toro consederat herbae :
Entelle, heroum quondam fortissime frustra,
Tantane tam patiens nullo certamine tolli 390
Dona sines ? Ubi nunc nobis deus ille magister
Nequidquam memoratus Eryx ? Ubi fama per omnem
Trinacriam, et spolia ilia tuis pendentia tectis ?
Ille sub haec : Non laudis amor, nee gloria cessit
Pulsa metu ; sed enim gelidus tardante senecta 395
Sanguis hebet, frigentque effetae in corpore vires.
Si mihi, quae quondam fuerat, quaque improbus iste
Exsultat fidens, si nunc foret ilia juventas,
Haud equidem pretio inductus pulchroque juvenco
Venissem, nee dona moror. Sic deinde locutus 400
In medium geminos immani pondere caestus
Projecit, quibus acer Eryx in proelia suetus
208 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Ferre manum duroque intendere brachia tergo.
Obstupuere animi : tantorum ingentia septem
Terga bourn plumbo insuto ferroque rigebant. 405
Ante omnis stupet ipse Dares, longeque recusat ;
Magnanimusque Anchisiades et ponclus et ipsa
Hue illuc vinclorum immensa volumina versat.
Turn senior tales referebat pectore voces :
Quid, si quis caestus ipsius et Herculis arma 410
Vidisset tristemque hoc ipso in litore pugnam >
Haec germanus Eryx quondam tuus arma gerebat ; "
Sanguine cernis adhuc sparsoque infecta cerebro
His magnum Alciden contra stetit ; his ego suetus,
Dum melior vires sanguis dabat, aemula necdum 415
Temporibus geminis canebat sparsa senectus.
Sed si nostra Dares haec Troius arma recusat,
Idque pio sedet Aeneae, probat auctor Acestes,
Aequemus pugnas. Erycis tibi terga remitto ;
Solve metus ; et tu Trojanos exue caestus. 420
Haec fatus duplicem ex humeris rejecit amictum,
Et magnos membrorum artus, magna ossa lacertosque
Exuit, atque ingens media consistit arena.
Turn satus Anchisa caestus pater extulit aequos,
Et paribus palmas amborum innexuit armis. 425
Constitit in digitos extemplo arrectus uterque,
Brachiaque ad superas interritus extulit auras.
Abduxere retro longe capita ardua ab ictu,
Immiscentque manus manibus, pugnamque lacessunt.
Ille pedum melior motu, fretusque juventa, 430
Hie membris et mole valens ; sed tarcla trementi
Genua labant, vastos quatit aeger anhelitus artus.
Multa viri nequidquam inter se vulnera jactant,
Multa cavo lateri ingeminant et pectore vastos
Dant sonitus, erratque aures et tempora circum 435
Crebra manus, duro crepitant sub vulnere malae.
Stat gravis Entellus nisuque immotus eodem,
Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit.
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 2OQ
Ille, velut celsam oppugnat qui molibus urbem,
Aut montana sedet circum castella sub armis, 440
Nunc hos, nunc illos aditus, omnemque pererrat
Arte locum, et variis adsultibus irritus urguet.
Ostendit dextram insurgens Entellus et alte
Extulit : ille ictum venientem a vertice velox
Praevidit, celerique elapsus corpora cessit : 445
Entellus vires in ventum effudit, et ultro
Ipse gr.avis graviterque ad terram pondere vasto
Concidit : ut quondam cava concidit aut Erymantho,
Aut Ida in magna, radicibus eruta pinus.
Consurgunt studiis Teucri et Trinacria pubes ; 45
It clamor coelo, primusque accurrit Acestes,
Aequaevumque ab humo miserans attollit amicum.
At non tardatus casu neque territus heros
Acrior ad pugnam redit, ac vim suscitat ira.
Turn pudor incendit vires et conscia virtus, 455
Praecipitemque Daren ardens agit aequore toto,
Nunc dextra ingeminans ictus, nunc ille sinistra ;
Nee mora, nee requies : quam multa grandine nimbi
Culminibus crepitant, sic densis ictibus heros
Creber utraque manu pulsat versatque Dareta. 4&
Turn pater Aeneas procedere longius iras
Et saevire animis Entellum baud passus acerbis ;
Sed finem imposuit pugnae, fessumque Dareta
Eripuit, mulcens dictis, ac talia fatur :
Infelix, quae tanta animum dementia cepit ? 465
Non vires alias conversaque numina sentis ?
Cede deo. Dixitque et proelia voce diremit.
Ast ilium fidi aequales, genua aegra trahentem,
Jactantemque utroque caput, crassumque cruorem
Ore ejectantem mixtosque in sanguine dentes, 47
Ducunt ad naves ; galeamque ensemque vocati
Accipiunt ; palmam Entello taurumque relinquunt.
Hie victor, superans animis tauroque superbus :
Nate dea, vosque haec, inquit, cognoscite, Teucri,
14
210 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Et mihi quae fuerint, juvenali in corpore vires, 475
Et qua servetis revocatum a morte Dareta,
Dixit, et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,
Qui donum adstabat pugnae, durosque reducta
Libravit dextra media inter cornua caestus,
Arduus, effractoque illisit in ossa cerebro. <&>
Sternitur exanimisque tremens procumbit humi bos.
I lie super tales effundit pectore voces :
Hanc tibi, Eryx, meliorem animam pro morte Daretis
Persolvo ; hie victor caestus artemque repono.
Protinus Aeneas celeri certare sagitta 485
Invitat qui forte velint, et praemia ponit,
Ingentique manu malum de nave Seresti
Erigit, et volucrem trajecto in fune columbam,
Quo tendant ferrum, malo suspendit ab alto.
Convenere viri, dejectamque aerea sortem 490
Accepit galea ; et primus clamore secundo
Hyrtacidae ante omnes exit locus Hippocoontis ;
Quern modo navali Mnestheus certamine victor
Consequitur, viridi Mnestheus evinctus oliva.
Tertius Eurytion, tuus, o clarissime, frater, 495
Pandare, qui quondam, jussus confundere foedus,
In medios telum torsisti primus Achivos.
Extremus galeaque ima subsedit Acestes,
Ausus et ipse manu juvenum tentare laborem.
Turn validis flexes incurvant viribus arcus s
Pro se quisque viri, et clepromunt tela pharetris.
Primaque per coelum nervo stridente sagitta
Hyrtacidae juvenis volucres diverberat auras ;
Et venit, adversique infigitur arbore mali.
Intremuit malus, timuitque exterrita pennis ss
Ales, et ingenti sonuerunt omnia plausu.
Post acer Mnestheus adducto constitit arcu,
Alta petens, pariterque oculos telumque tetendtt
Ast ipsam miserandus avem contingere ferro
Non valuit; nodos et vincula linea rupit, s>
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 211
Quis innexa pedem malo pendebat ab alto ;
Ilia notos atque atra volans in nubila fugit.
Turn rapidus, jamdudum arcu contenta parato
Tela tenens, fratrem Eurytion in vota vocavit,
Jam vacuo laetam coelo speculatus, et alis 5*5
Plaudentem nigra figit sub nube columbam.
Decidit exanimis, vitamque reliquit in astris
Aetheriis, fixamque refert delapsa sagittam.
Amissa solus palma superabat Acestes ;
Qui tamen aerias telum contendit in auras, 52
Ostentans artemque pater arcumque sonantem.
Hie oculis subitum objicitur magnoque futurum
Augurio monstrum ; docuit post exitus ingens,
Seraque terrifici cecinerunt omina vates.
Namque volans liquidis in nubibus arsit arundo, 525
Signavitque viam flammis, tenuesque recessit
Consumpta in ventos ; coelo ceu saepe refixa
Transcurrunt crinemque volantia sidera ducunt.
Attonitis haesere animis, Superosque precati
Trinacrii Teucrique viri ; nee maximus omen 53
Abnuit Aeneas ; sed laetum amplexus Acesten
Muneribus cumulat magnis, ac talia fatur :
Sume, pater ; nam te voluit rex magnus Olympi
Talibus auspiciis exsortem ducere honorem.
Ipsius Anchisae longaevi hoc munus habebis, sss
Cratera impressum signis, quern Thracius olim
Anchisae genitori in magno munere Cisseus
Ferre sui dederat monumentum et pignus amoris.
Sic fatus cingit viridanti tempora lauro,
Et primum ante omnes victorem appellat Acesten. 54
Nee bonus Eurytion praelato inviclit honori,
Quamvis solus avem coelo dejecit ab alto.
Proximus ingreditur donis, qui vincula rupit,
Extremus, volucri qui fixit arundine malum.
At pater Aeneas, nondum certamine misso, 545
Custodem ad sese comitemque impubis luli
212 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Epytiden vocat, et fidam sic fatur ad aurem :
Vade age, et Ascanio, si jam puerile paratum
Agmftn habet secum, cursusque instruxit equorum,
Ducat avo turnias, et sese ostendat in armis, ss
Die, ait. Ipse omnem longo decedere circo
Infusum populum, et ca'mpos jubet esse patentes.
Incedunt pueri, pariterque ante ora parentum
Frenatis lucent in equis, quos omnis euntes
Trinacriae mirata fremit Trojaeque juventus. 5=5
Omnibus in morem tonsa coma pressa corona ;
Cornea bina ferunt praefixa hastilia ferro ;
Pars leves humero pharetras ; it pectore summo
Flexilis obtorti per collum circulus auri.
Tres equitum numero turmae, ternique vagantur s<*>
Ductores ; pueri bis seni quemque secuti
Agmine partito fulgent paribusque magistris.
Una acies juvenum, ducit quam parvus ovantem
Nomen avi referens Priamus, tua clara, Polite,
Progenies, auctura Italos ; quern Thracius albis 565
Portat equus bicolor maculis, vestigia primi
Alba pedis frontemque ostentans arduus albam.
Alter Atys, genus unde Atii duxere Latini,
Parvus Atys, pueroque puer dilectus lulo.
Extremus, fonnaque ante omnes pulcher, lulus 57
Sidonio est invectus equo, quern Candida Dido
Esse sui dederat monumentum et pignus amoris.
Cetera Trinacriis pubes senioris Acestae
Fertur equis.
Excipiunt plausu pavidos, gaudentque tuentes 575
Dardanidae, veterumque agnoscunt ora parentum.
Postquam omnem laeti consessum oculosque suorum
Lustravere in equis, signum clamore paratis
Epytides longe dedit insonuitque flagello.
Olli discurrere pares, atque agmina terni $^
Diductis solvere choris, rursusque vocati
Convertere vias infestaque tela tulere.
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 213
Inde alios ineunt cursus aliosque recursus
Adversi spatiis, alternosque orbibus orbes
Impediunt, pugnaeque cient simulacra sub armis ; 585
Et nunc terga fuga nudant, nunc spicula vertunt
Infensi, facta pariter nunc pace feruntur.
Ut quondam Creta fertur Labyrinthus in alta
Parietibus textum caecis iter, ancipitemque
]\lille viis habuisse dolum, qua signa sequendi 590
Falleret indeprensus et irremeabilis error;
Haud alio Teucrum nati vestigia cursu
Impediunt, texuntque fugas et proelia ludo,
Delphinum similes, qui per maria humida nando
Carpathium Libycumque secant [luduntque per undas]. 595
Hunc morem cursus atque haec certamina primus
Ascanius, Longam muris quum cingeret Albam,
Retulit et priscos docuit celebrare Latinos,
Quo puer ipse modo, secum quo Troia pubes ;
Albani docuere suos ; hinc maxima porro 600
Accepit Roma, et patrium servavit honorem ;
Trojaque nunc pueri, Trojanum dicitur agmen.
Hac celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri.
Hie primum Fortuna fidem mutata novavit.
Dum variis tumulo referunt sollemnia ludis, 605
Irim de coelo misit Saturnia Juno
Iliacam ad classem, ventosque adspirat eunti,
Multa movens, necdum antiquum saturata dolorem.
Ilia, viam Qelerans per mille coloribus arcum,
Nulli visa cito decurrit tramite virgo. 610
Conspicit ingentem concursum, et litora lustrar,
Desertosque videt portus classemque relictam.
At procul in sola secretae Troades acta
Amissum Anchisen flebant, cunctaeque profundum
Pontum adspectabant flentes. Heu tot vada fessis 615
Et tantum superesse maris ! vox omnibus una.
Urbem orant ; taedet pelagi perferre laborem.
Ergo inter medias sese haud ignara nocendi
214 P. V1RG1LII MARONIS
Conjicit, et faciemque deae vestemque reponit ;
Fit Beroe, Tmarii conjux longaeva Dorycli, 620
Cui genus et quondam nomen natique fuissent ;
Ac sic Dardanidum mediam se matribus infert :
O miserae, quas non manus, inquit, Achaica bello
Traxerit ad letum patriae sub moenibus ! O gens
Infelix, cui te exitio Fortuna reservat ? 625
Septima post Trojae exscidium jam vertitur aestas,
Quum freta, quum terras omnes, tot inhospita saxa
Sideraque emensae ferimur, dum per mare magnum
Jtaliam sequimur fugientem, et volvimur undis.
Hie Er)-cis fines fraterni, atque hospes Acestes : 630
Quis prohibet muros jacere et dare civibus urbem ?
( ) patria et rapti nequidquam ex hoste Penates,
Nullane jam Trojae dicentur moenia? Nusquam
Hectoreos amnes, Xanthum et Simoenta, videbo ?
Quin agite et mecum infaustas exurite puppes. 635
Nam mihi Cassandrae per somnum vatis imago
Ardentes dare visa faces : Hie quaerite Trojam ;
Hie domus est, inquit, vobis. Jam tempus agi res,
Nee. tantis mora prodigiis. En quatuor arae
Neptuno ; deus ipse faces animumque ministrat. 6 4 o
Haec memorans prima infensum vi corripit ignem,
Sublataque procul dextra connixa coruscat,
Et jacit. Arrectae mentes stupefactaque corda
Iliadum. Hie una e multis, quae maxima natu,
Pyrgo, tot Priami natorum regia nutrix : 645
Non Beroe vobis, non haec Rhoeteia, matres,
Est Dorycli conjux ; divini signa decoris
Ardentesque notate oculos ; qui spiritus illi,
Qui vultus, vocisque sonus, vel gressus eunti.
Ipsa egomet dudum Beroen digressa reliqui 650
Aegram, indignantem, tali quod sola careret
Munere, nee meritos Anchisae inferret honores.
Haec efFata.
At matres primo ancipites, oculisque malignis
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 2 15
Ambiguae spectare rates miserum inter amorem 655
Praesentis terrae fatisque vocantia regna :
Quum dea se paribus per coelum sustulit aiis
Ingentemque fuga secuit sub nubibus arcum.
Turn vero attonitae monstris actaeque furore
Conclamant, rapiuntque focis penetralibus ignem ; 660
Pars spoliant aras, frondem ac virgulta facesque
Conjiciunt. Furit immissis Vulcanus habenis
Transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes.
Nuntius Anchisae ad tumulum cuneosque theatri
Incensas perfert naves Eumelus, et ipsi 665
Respiciunt atram in nimbo volitare favillam.
Primus et Ascariius, cursus ut laetus equestres
Ducebat, sic acer equo turbata petivit
Castra, nee exanimes possunt retinere magistri.
Quis furor iste novus ? Quo nunc, quo tenditis, inquit, 670
Heu miserae cives ? Non hostem inimicaque castra
Argivum, vestras spes uritis. En, ego vester
Ascanius ! galeam ante pedes projecit inanem,
Qua ludo indutus belli simulacra ciebat.
Accelerat simul Aeneas, simul agmina Teucrum. 675
Ast illae diversa metu per litora passim
Diffugiunt, silvasque et^icubi concava furtim
Saxa petunt ; piget incepti lucisque, suosque
Mutatae agnoscunt, excussaque pectore Juno est.
Sed non idcirco flammae atque incendia vires 680
Indomitas posuere ; udo sub robore vivit
Stuppa vomens tardum fumum, lentusque carinas
Est vapor, et toto descendit corpore pestis,
Nee vires heroum infusaque flumina prosunt.
Turn pius Aeneas humeris abscindere vestem, 685
Auxilioque vocare deos, et tendere palmas :
Juppiter omnipotens, si nondum exosus ad unum
Trojanos, si quid pietas antiqua labores
Respicit humanos, da flammam evadere class!
Nunc, Pater, et tenues Teucrum res eripe leto. 690
2l6 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Vel tu, quoo superest, infesto fulmine morti,
Si mereor, demitte, tuaque hie obrue dextra.
Vix haec ediderat, quum effusis imbribus atra
Tempestas sine more furit, tonitruque tremescunt
Ardua terrarum et campi ; niit aethere toto 695
Turbidus imber aqua densisque nigerrimus austris ;
Implenturque super puppes ; semiusta madescunt
Robora ; restinctus donee vapor omnis, et omnes,
Quatuor amissis, servatae a peste carinae.
At pater Aeneas, casu concussus acerbo, 700
Nunc hue ingentes, nunc illuc pectore curas
Mutabat versans, Siculisne resideret arvis,
Oblitus fatorum, Italasne capesseret oras.
Turn senior Nautes, unum Tritonia Pallas
Quern docuit multaque insignem reddidit arte 705
Haec responsa dabat, vel quae portenderet ira
Magna deum, vel quae fatorum posceret ordo
Isque his Aenean solatus vocibus infit :
Nate dea, quo fata trahunt retrahuntque, sequamur;
Quidquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est. 710
Est tibi Dardanius divinae stirpis Acestes :
Hunc cape consiliis socium et conjunge volentem ;
Huic trade, amissis superant qui navibus, et quos
Pertaesum magni incepti rerumque tuarum est ;
Longaevosque senes ac fessas aequore matres, 715
Et quidquid tecum invalidum metuensque pericli est,
Delige, et his habeant terris sine moenia fessi ;
Urbem appellabunt permisso nomine Acestam.
Talibus incensus dictis senioris amici,
Turn vero in curas animo diducitur omnes. 7*
Et Nox atra polum bigis subvecta tenebat :
Visa dehinc coelo facies delapsa parentis
Anchisae subito tales effundere voces :
Nate, mihi vita quondam, dum vita manebat,
Care magis, nate, Iliacis exercite fatis, 7*5
Imperio Jovis hue venio, qui classibus ignem
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 217
Depulit, et coelo tandem miseratus ab alto est.
Consiliis pare, quae nunc pulcherrima Nautes
Dat senior ; lectos juvenes, fortissima corda,
Defer in Italiam : gens dura atque aspera cultu 730
Debellanda tibi Latio est. Ditis tamen ante
Infernas accede domos, et Averna per alta
Congressus pete, nate, meos. Non me impia namque
Tartara habent tristesve umbrae, sed amoena piorum
Concilia Elysiumque colo. Hue casta Sibylla 735
Nigrarum multo pecudum te sanguine ducet.
Turn genus omne tuum, et quae dentur moenia, disces.
Jamque vale ; torquet medios Nox humida cursus,
Et me saevus equis Oriens afflavit anhelis.
Dixerat, et tenues fugit, ceu fumus, in auras. 740
Aeneas, Quo deinde ruis ? quo proripis ? inquit,
Quern fugis ? aut quis te nostris complexibus arcet ?
Haec memorans cinerem et sopitos suscitat ignes,
Pergameumque Larem et canae penetralia Vestae
Farre pio et plena supplex veneratur acerra. 745
Extemplo socios primumque arcessit Acesten,
Et Jovis imperium et cari praecepta parentis
Edocet, et quae nunc animo sententia constet.
Haud mora consiliis, nee jussa recusat Acestes.
Transcribunt urbi matres, populumque volentem 750
V'Deponunt, animos nil magnae laudis egentes.
Ipsi transtra novant, flammisque ambesa reponunt
Robora navigiis, aptant remosque rudentesque,
Exigui numero, sed bello vivida virtus.
Interea Aeneas urbem designat aratro 755
Sortiturque domos ; hoc Ilium et haec loca Trojam
Esse jubet. Gaudet regno Trojanus Acestes,
Indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis.
Turn vicina astris Erycino in vertice sedes
Fundatur Veneri Idaliae, tumuloque sacerdos 760
Ac lucus late sacer additur Anchiseo.
Jamque dies epulata novem gens omnis, et aris
2l8 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Factus honos : placidi straverunt aequora vend,
Creber et adspirans rursus vocat Auster in altum.
Exoritur procurva ingens per litora fletus ; 765
Complexi inter se noctemque diemque morantur.
Ipsae jam matres, ipsi, quibus aspera quondam
Visa maris facies et non tolerabile nomen,
Ire volunt, omnemque fugae perferre laborem.
Quos bonus Aeneas dictis solatur amicis, 770
Et consanguineo lacrimans commendat Acestae.
Tres Eryci vitulos et Tempestatibus agnam
Caedere deinde jubet, solvique ex ordine funem.
Ipse, caput tonsae foliis evinctus olivae,
Stans procul in prora pateram tenet, extaque salsos 775
Porricit in fluctus ac vina liquentia fundit.
Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntes.
Certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt.
At Venus interea Ncptunum exercita curis
Alloquitur, talesque effundit pectore questus : 7:0
Junonis gravis ira nee exsaturabile pectus
Cogunt me, Neptune, preces descendere in omnes ;
Quam nee longa dies, pietas nee mitigat ulla,
Nee Jovis imperio fatisque infracta quiescit.
Non media de gente Phrygum exedisse nefandis 785
Urbem odiis satis est, nee poenam traxe per omnem :
Reliquias Trojae, cineres atque ossa peremptae
Insequitur. Caussas tanti sciat ilia furoris.
Ipse mihi nuper Libycis tu testis in undis
Quam molem subito excierit : maria omnia coelo 790
Miscuit, Aeoliis nequidquam freta procellis,
In regnis hoc ausa tuis.
Per scelus ecce etiam Trojanis matribus actis
Exussit foede puppes, et classe subegit
Amissa socios ignotae linquere terrae. 795
Quod superest, oro, liceat dare tuta per undas
Vela tibi, liceat Laurentem attingere Thybrim,
Si concessa peto, si dant ea moenia Parcae.
AENEIDOS LIB. V. 219
Turn Saturnius haec domitor maris edidit aid :
Fas omne est, Cytherea, meis te fidere regnis, 800
Unde genus duels. Merui quoque ; saepe furores
Compress! et rabiem tantam coelique marisque.
Nee minor in terris, Xanthum Simoentaque testor,
Aeneae mihi cura tui. Quum Troia Achilles
Exanimata sequens impingeret aginina muris, 805
Milia multa daret leto, gemerentque repleti
Amnes, nee reperire viam atque evolvere posset
In mare se Xanthus, Pelidae tune ego forti
Congressum Aenean nee dis nee viribus aequis
Nube cava rapui, cuperem quum vertere ab imo s
. Structa meis manibus perjurae moenia Trojae.
N-unc quoque mens eadem perstat mihi ; pelle timorem.
Tutus, quos qptas, portus accedet Averni.
Unus erit tantum, amissum quern gurgite quaeres ;
Unum pro multis dabitur caput. 815
His ubi laeta deae permulsit pectora dictis,
Jungit equos auro Genitor, spumantiaque addit
Frena feris, manibusque omnes effundit habenas.
Caeruleo per summa levis volat aequora curru ;
Subsidunt undae, tumidumque sub axe tonanti 820
Sternitur aequor aquis, fugiunt vasto aethere nimbi.
Turn variae comitum facies, immania cete,
Et senior Glauci chorus, Inousque Palaemon,
Tritonesque citi, Phorcique exercitus omnis ;
Laeva tenet Thetis, et Melite, Panopeaque virgo, 825
Nesaee, Spioque, Thaliaque, Cymodoceque.
Hie patris Aeneae suspensam blanda vicissim
Gaudia pertentant mentem ; jubet ocius omnes
Attolli malos, intendi brachia velis.
Una omnes fecere pedem, pariterque sinistros, 830
Nunc dextros solvere sinus ; una ardua torquent
Cornua detorquentque ; ferunt sua flamina classem.
Princeps ante omnes densum Palinurus agebat
Agmen ; ad hunc alii cursum contendere jussi.
220 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Jamque fere mediam coeli Nox humida metam 835
Contigerat ; placida laxabant membra quiete
Sub remis fusi per dura sedilia nautae :
Quum levis aetheriis delapsus Somnus ab astris
Ae'ra dimovit tenebrosum et dispulit umbras,
Te, Palinure, petens, tibi somnia tristia portans 8 4 o
Insonti ; puppique deus consedit in alta,
Phorbanti similis, funditque has ore loquelas :
laside Palinure, ferunt ipsa aequora classem ;
Aeqtiatae spirant aurae ; datur hora quieti.
Pone caput, fessosque oculos furare labori. 8 45
Ipse ego paulisper pro te tua munera inibo.
Cui vix attollens Palinurus lumina fatur :
Mene salis placidi vultum fluctusque quietos
Ignorare jubes ? mene huic confklere monstrp ?
Aenean credam quid enim fallacibus auris 850
Et coeli toties deceptus fraude sereni ?
Talia dicta dabat, clavumque affixus et haerens
Nusquam amittebat, oculosque sub astra tenebat
Ecce deus ramum Lethaeo rore madentem
Vique soporatum Stygia super utraque quassat 855
Tempora, cunctantique natantia lumina solvit.
Vix primos inopina quies laxaverat artus :
Et superincumbens cum puppis parte revulsa
Cumque gubernaclo liquidas projecit in undas
Praecipitem ac socios nequidquam saepe vocantem ; sso
Ipse volans tenues se sustulit ales ad auras.
Currit iter tutum non secius aequore classis,
Promissisque patris Neptuni interrita fertur.
Jamque adeo scopulos Sirenum advecta subibat,
Difficiles quondam multorumque ossibus albos, 86 5
Turn rauca adsiduo longe sale saxa sonabant :
Quum pater amisso fluitantem errare magistro
Sensit, et ipse ratem nocturnis rexit in undis,
Multa gemens, casuque animutn concussus amici :
O nimium coelo et pelago confise sereno, 870
Nudus in ignota, Palinure, jacebis arena.
AENEIDOS LIB. VI.
LIBER VI.
Sic fatur lacrimans, classique immittit habenas,
Et tandem Euboicis Cumarum allabitur oris.
Obvertunt pelago proras ; turn dente tenaci
Ancora fundabat naves, et litora curvae
Praetexunt puppes. Juvenum manus emicat ardens 5
Litus in Hesperium ; quaerit pars semina flammae
Abstrusa in venis silicis, pars densa ferarum
Tecta rapit silvas, inventaque flumina monstrat.
At pius Aeneas arces, quibus altus Apollo
Praesidet, horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae, w
Antrum immane, petit, magnam cui mentem animumque
Delius inspirat vates aperitque futura.
Jam subeunt Triviae lucos atque aurea tecta.
Daedalus, ut fama est, fugiens Minoia regna,
Praepetibus pennis ausus se credere coelo, is
Insuetum per iter gelidas enavit ad Arctos,
Chalcidicaque levis tandem super adstitit arce.
Redditus his primum terris, tibi, Phoebe, sacravit
Remigium alarum, posuitque immania templa.
In foribus letum Androgeo ; turn pendere poenas 20
Cecropidae jussi miserum ! septena quot annis
Corpora natorum ; stat ductis sortibus urna.
Contra elata mari respondet Gnosia tellus :
Hie crudelis amor tauri, suppostaque furto
Pasiphae, mixtumque genus prolesque biformis 25
Minotaurus inest, Veneris monumenta nefandae ;
Hie labor ille domus et inextricabilis error ;
Magnum reginae sed enim miseratus amorem
Daedalus, ipse dolos tecti ambagesque resolvit,
Caeca regens filo vestigia. Tu quoque magnam 30
Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes.
Bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro ;
222 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Bis patriae cecidere manus. Quin protinus omnia
Perlegerent oculis, ni jam praemissus Achates
Afforet atque una Phoebi Triviaeque sacerdos, as
Deiphobe Glauci, fatur quae talia regi :
Non hoc ista sibi tempus spectacula poscit ;
Nunc grege de intacto septem mactare juvencos
Praestiterit, totidem lectas de more bidentes.
Talibus affata Aenean nee sacra morantur 40
Jussa viri Teucros vocat alta in templa sacerdos.
Excisum Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum,
Quo lati ducunt aditus centum, ostia centum ;
Unde ruunt totidem voces, responsa Sibyllae.
Ventum erat ad limen, quum virgo, Poscere fata 45
Tempus, ait ; deus, ecce, deus ! Cui talia fanti
Ante fores subito non vultus, non color unus,
Non comptae mansere comae ; sed pectus anhelum,
Et rabie fera corda tument ; majorque videri,
Nee mortale sonans, afflata est numihe quando 5
Jam propiore dei. Cessas in vota precesque
Tros, ait, Aenea, cessas ? Neque enim ante dehiscent
Attonitae magna ora domus. Et talia fata
Conticuit. Gelidus Teucris per dura cucurrit
Ossa tremor, funditque preces rex pectore ab imo : 55
Phoebe, graves Trojae semper miserate labores,
Dardana qui Paridis direxti tela manusque
Corpus in Aeacidae, magnas obeuntia terras
Tot maria intravi duce te penitusque repostas
Massylum gerites praetentaque Syrtibus arva, 60
Jam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus oras ;
Hac Trojana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta.
Vos quoque Pergameae jam fas est parcere genti,
Dique deaeque omnes, quibus obstitit Ilium et ingens
Gloria Dardaniae. Tuque, o sanctissima vates, 63
Praescia venturi, da non indebita posco
Regna meis fatis Latio considere Teucros
Errantesque deos agitataque numina Trojae.
AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 223
Turn Phoebo et Triviae solido de marmore templum
Instituam, festosque dies de nomine Phoebi. ?
Te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia nostris.
Hie ego namque tuas sortes arcanaque fata,
Dicta meae genti, ponam, lectosque sacrabo,
Alma, viros. Foliis tantum ne carmina manda,
Ne turbata volent rapidis ludibria ventis ; 75
Ipsa canas oro. Finem dedit ore loquendi.
At, Phoebi nondum patiens, immanis in antro
Bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possit
Excussisse deum ; tanto magis ille fatigat
Os rabidum, fera corda domans, fingitque premendo. 80
Ostia jamque domus patuere ingentia centum
Sponte sua, vatisque ferunt responsa per auras :
O tandem magnis pelagi defuncte periclis !
Sed terrae graviora manent. In regna Lavini
Dardanidae venient ; mitte hanc de pectore curam ; 85
Sed non et venisse volent. Bella, horrida bella,
Et Thybrim multo spumantem sanguine cerno.
Non Simois tibi, nee Xanthus, nee Dorica castra
Defuerint ; alius Latio jam partus Achilles,
Natus et ipse dea ; nee Teucris addita Juno 90
Usquam aberit ; quum tu supplex in rebus egenis
Quas gentis Italum aut quas non oraveris urbes !
Caussa mali tanti conjux iterum hospita Teucris
Externique iterum thalami.
Tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito, 95
Quam tua te Fortuna sinet. Via prima salutis,
Quod minime reris, Graia pandetur ab urbe.
Talibus ex adyto dictis Cumaea Sibylla
Horrendas canit ambages antroque remugit,
Obscuris vera involvens : ea frena furenti IQO
Concutit, et stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo.
Ut primum cessit furor et rabida ora quierunt,
Incipit Aeneas heros : Non ulla laborum,
O virgo, nova mi facies inopinave surgit ;
224 P- VIRGILII MARONIS
Omnia praecepi atque animo fnecum ante peregi.
Unum oro : quando hie inferni janua regis
Dicitur et tenebrosa palus Acheron te refuso,
Ire ad conspectum cari genitoris et ora
Contingat ; doceas iter et sacra ostia pandas.
Ilium ego per flammas et mille sequentia tela
Eripui his humeris, medioque ex hoste recepi ;
Ille meum comitatus iter maria omnia mecum
Atque omnes pelagique minas coelique ferebat,
Invalidus, vires ultra sortemque senectae.
Quin, ut te supplex peterem et tua limina adirem,
Idem orans mandata dabat. Natique patrisque,
Alma, precor, miserere potes namque omnia, nee te
Nequidquam lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis
Si potuit Manes arcessere conjugis Orpheus,
Threicia fretus cithara fidibusque canoris,
Si fratrem Pollux alterna morte redemit,
Itque reditque viam toties. Quid Thesea, magnum
Quid memorem Alciden ? et mi genus ab Jove summo.
Talibus orabat dictis, arasque tenebat,
Quum sic orsa loqui vates : Sate sanguine divum,
Tros Anchisiade, facilis descensus Averno;
Noctes atque dies patet atri janua Ditis ;
Sed revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras,
Hoc opus, hie labor est. Pauci, quos aequus amavit
Juppiter, aut ardens evexit ad aethera virtus,
Dis geniti potuere. Tenent media omnia silvae,
Cocytosque sinu labens circumvenit atro.
Quo'd si tantus amor menti, si tanta cupido est,
Bis Stygios innare lacus, bis nigra videre
Tartara, et insano juvat indulgere labori,
Accipe, quae peragenda prius. Latet arbore opaca
Aureus et foliis et lento vimine ramus,
Junoni infernae dictus sacer ; hunc tegit omnis
Lucus et obscuris clauclunt convallibus umbrae.
Sed non ante datur telluris operta subire,
AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 225
Auricomos quam qui clecerpserit arbore fetus.
Hoc sibi pulchra suum ferri Proserpina munus
Instituit. Primo avulso non deficit alter
Aureus, et simili frondescit virga metallo.
Ergo alte vestiga oculis, et rite repertum 145
Carpe manu ; namque ipse volens facilisque sequetur,
Si te fata vocant ; aliter non viribus ullis
Vincere, nee duro poteris convellere ferro.
Praeterea jacet exanimum tibi corpus amici
Heu nescis totamque incestat funere classem, 150
Dum consulta petis nostroque in limine pendes.
Sedibus hunc refer ante suis et conde sepulchre.
Due nigras pecudes ; ea prima piacula sunto.
Sic demum lucos Stygis et regna invia vivis
Adspicies. Dixit, pressoque obmutuit ore. 155
Aeneas maesto defixus lumina vultu
Ingreditur, linquens antrum, caecosque volutat
Eventus animo secum. Cui fidus Achates
It comes, et paribus curis vestigia figit.
Multa inter sese vario sermone serebant, 160
Quern socium exanimem vates, quod corpus humandum
Diceret. Atque illi Misenum in litore sicco,
Ut venere, vident indigna morte peremptum,
Misenum Aeoliden, quo non praestantior alter
Acre ciere viros, Martemque accendere cantu. 165
Hectoris hie magni fuerat comes, Hectora circum
Et lituo pugnas insignis obibat et hasta.
Postquam ilium vita victor spoliavit Achilles,
Dardanio Aeneae sese fortissimus heros
Addiderat socium, non inferiora secutus. 170
Sed turn, forte cava dum personal aequora concha,
Demens, f et cantu vocat in certamina divos,
Aemulus exceptum Triton, si credere dignum est,
Inter saxa virum spumosa immerserat unda.
Ergo omnes magno circum clamore fremebant, 175
Praecipue pius Aeneas. Turn jussa Sibyllae,
226 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Haud mora, festinant flentes, aramque sepulchri
Congerere arboribus coeloque educere certant.
Itur in antiquam silvam, stabula alta ferarum,
Procumbunt piceae, sonat icta securibus ilex, i&>
Fraxineaeque trabes cuneis et fissile robur
Scinditur, advolvunt ingentes montibus ornos.
Nee non Aeneas opera inter talia primus
Hortatur socios, paribusque accingitur armis.
Atque haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat, 185
Adspectans silvam immensam, et sic voce precatur :
Si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus
Ostendat nemore in tanto ! quando omnia vere
Heu nimium de te vates, Misene, locuta est.
Vix ea fatus erat, geminae quum forte columbae 190
Ipsa sub ora viri coelo venere volantes,
Et viridi sedere solo. Turn maximus heros
Maternas agnoscit aves, laetusque precatur :
Este duces, o, si qua via est, cursumque per auras
Dirigite in lucos, ubi pinguem dives opacat 195
Ramus humum. Tuque, o, dubiis ne defice rebus,
Diva parens. Sic effatus vestigia pressit,
Observans, quae signa ferant, quo tendere pergant.
Pascentes illae tan turn prodire volando,
Quantum acie possent oculi servare sequentum. 200
Inde ubi venere ad fauces graveolentis Averni,
Tollunt se celeres, liquidumque per aera lapsae
Sedibus optatis geminae super arbore sidunt,
Discolor unde auri per ramos aura refulsit
Quale solet silvis brumali frigore viscum ' 205
Fronde virere nova, quod non sua seminat arbos,
Et croceo fetu teretes circumdare truncos :
Talis erat species auri fronclentis opaca
Ilice, sic leni crepitabat bractea vento.
Corripit Aeneas extemplo aviclusque refringit
Cunctantem, et vatis portat sub tecta Sibyllae.
Nee minus interea Misenum in litore Teucri
AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 227
Flebant, et cineri ingrato suprema ferebant.
Principle pinguem taedis et robore secto
Ingentem struxere pyram, cui frondibus atris 215'
Intexunt latera, et ferales ante cupressos
Constituunt, decorantque super fulgentibus armis.
Pars calidos latices et aena undantia flammis
Expediunt, corpusque lavant frigentis et unguunt
Fit gemitus. Turn membra toro defleta reponunt, 220
Purpureasque super vestes, velamina nota,
Conjiciunt. Pars ingenti subiere feretro,
Triste ministerium, et subjectam more parentum
Aversi tenuere facem. Congesta cremantur
Turea dona, dapes, fuso crateres olivo. 5
Postquam coHapsi cineres et flamma quievit,
Reliquias vino et bibulam lavere favillam,
Ossaque lecta cado texit Corynaeus aeno.
Idem ter socios pura circumtulit unda,
Spargens rore levi et ramo felicis olivae, 230
Lustravitque viros, dixitque novissima verba.
At pius Aeneas ingenti mole sepulchrum
Imponit, suaque arma viro remumque tubamque,
Monte sub aerio, qui nunc Misenus ab illo
Dicitur, aeternumque tenet per saecula nomen. 235
His actis propere exsequitur praecepta Sibyllae.
Spelunca alta fuit vastoque immanis hiatu,
Scrupea, tuta lacu nigro nemorumque tenebris,
Quani super haud ullae poterant impune volantes
Tendere iter pennis : talis sese halitus atris 14
Faucibus effundens supera ad convexa ferebat :
[Unde locum Graii dixerunt nomine Aornon.]
Quatuor hie primum nigrantes terga juvencos
Constituit frontique invergit vina sacerdos,
Et summas carpens media inter cornua setas 245
Ignibus imponit sacris, libamina prima,
Voce vbcans Hecaten, Coeloque Ereboque potentem.
Supponunt alii cultros, tepidumque cruorem
228 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Suscipiunt patens. Ipse atri velleris agnam
Aeneas matri Eumenidum magnaeque sorori 250
Ense ferit, sterilemque tibi, Proserpina, vaccam.
Turn Stygio regi nocturnas inchoat aras,
Et solida imponit taurorum viscera flammis,
Pingue super oleum infundens ardentibus .extis.
Ecce autem, primi sub lumina solis et ortus 255
Sub pedibus mugire solum et juga coepta moveri
Silvarum, visaeque canes ululare per umbram,
Adventante dea. Procul o, procul este, profani,
Conclamat vates, totoque absistite luco ;
Tuque invade viam, vaginaque eripe ferrum ; 260
Nunc animis opus, Aenea, nunc pectore firmo.
Tantum efifata, furens antro se immisit aperto ;
Ille ducem baud timidis vadentem passibus aequat.
Di, quibus imperium est animarum, Umbraeque silentes
Et Chaos, et Phlegethon, loca nocte tacentia late, 265
Sit mihi fas audita loqui ; sit numine vestro
Pandere res alta terra et caligine mersas.
Ibant obscuri sola sub nocte per umbram,
Perque domos Ditis vacuas et inania regna :
Quale per incertam lunam sub luce maligna 270
Est iter in silvis, ubi coelum condidit umbra
Juppiter, et rebus nox abstulit atra colorem.
Vestibulum ante ipsum primisque in faucibus Orci
Luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae ;
Pallentesque habitant Morbi, tristisque Senectus, 275
Et Metus, et malesuada Fames, ac turpis Egestas,
Terribiles visu formae, Letumque, Labosque ;
Turn consanguineus Leti Sopor, et mala mentis
Gaudia, mortiferumque adverse in limine Bellum,
Ferreique Eumenidum thalami, et Discordia demens, tSo
Vipereum crinem vittis innexa cruentis.
In medio ramos annosaque brachia pandit
Ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem Soinnia vulgo
Vana tenere ferunt, foliisque sub omnibus haerent.
AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 229
Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum 285
Centauri in foribus stabulant Scyllaeque biformes
Et centumgeminus Briareus ac belua Lernae,
Horrendum stridens, flammisque armata Chimaera,
Gorgones Harpyiaeque et forma tricorporis umbrae.
Corripit hie subita trepidus formidine ferrum 290
Aeneas, strictamque aciem venientibus offert,
Et, ni docta comes tenues sine corpore vitas
Admoneat volitare cava sub imagine formae,
Irruat, et frustra ferro diverberet umbras.
Hinc via, Tartarei quae fert Acherontis ad undas. 295
Turbidus hie caeno vastaque voragine gurges
Aestuat atque omnem Cocyto eructat arenam.
Portitor has horrendus aquas et flumina servat
Terribili squalore Charon, cui plurima mento
Canities inculta jacet, stant lumina flamma, 300
Sordidus ex humeris nodo dependet amictus.
Ipse ratern conto subigit, velisque ministraf,
Et ferruginea subvectat corpora cymba,
Jam senior, sed cruda deo viridisque senectus.
Hue omnis turba ad ripas effusa ruebat, 305
Matres atque viri, defunctaque corpora vita
Magnanimum heroum, pueri innuptaeque puellae,
Impositique rogis juvenes ante ora parentum :
Quam multa in silvis autumni frigore primo
Lapsa cadunt folia, aut ad terram gurgite ab alto 310
Quam multae glomerantur aves, ubi frigidus annus
Trans pontum fugat et terris immittit apricis.
Stabant orantes primi transmittere cursum,
Tendebantque manus ripae ulterioris amore.
Navita sed tristis nunc hos nunc accipit illos, 315
Ast alios longe submotos arcet arena.
Aeneas miratus enim motusque tumultu
Die, ait, o virgo, quid vult concursus ad amnem ?
Quidve petunt animae ? vel quo discrimine ripas
Hae linquunt, illae remis vada livida verrunt ? 320
230 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Olli sic breviter fata est longaeva sacerdos :
Anchisa generate, deum certissima proles,
Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiamque paludem,
Di cujus jurare timent et fallere numen.
Haec omnis, quam cernis, inops inhumataque turba est ; 325
Portitor ille Charon ; hi, quos vehit unda, sepulti.
Nee ripas datur horrendas et rauca fluenta
Transportare prius, quam sedibus ossa quierunt.
Centum errant annos volitantque haec litora circum ;
Turn demum admissi stagna exoptata revisunt. 3^0
Constitit Anchisa satus et vestigia pressit,
Multa putans, sortemque animo miseratus iniquam.
Cernit ibi maestos et mortis honore carentes
Leucaspim et Lyciae ductorem classis Oronten,
Quos simul, a Troja ventosa per aequora vectos, 335
Obruit Auster, aqua involvens navemque virosque.
Ecce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat,
Qui Libyco nuper cursu, dum sidera servat,
Exciderat puppi mediis effusus in undis.
Hunc ubi vix multa maestum cognovit in umbra, 340
Sic prior alloquitur : Quis te, Palinure, deorum
Eripuit nobis, medioque sub aequore mersit ?
Die age. Namque mihi, fallax haud ante repertus,
Hoc uno response animum delusit Apollo,
Qui fore te ponto incolumem, finesque canebat 345
Venturum Ausonios. En haec promissa fides est ?
Ille autem : Neque te Phoebi cortina fefellit,
Dux Anchisiade, nee me deus aequore mersit.
Namque gubernaclum multa vi forte revulsum,
Cui datus haerebam custos cursusque regebam, 35 o
Praecipitans traxi mecum. Maria aspera juro
Non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem,
Quam tua ne, spoliata armis, excussa magistro,
Deficeret tantis navis surgentibus undis.
Tres Notus hibernas immensa per aequora noctes 355
Vexit me violentus aqua ; vix lumine quarto
AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 231
Prospexi Italian summa sublimis ab unda.
Paulatim adnabam terrae ; jam tuta tenebam,
Ni gens crudelis madida cum veste gravatum
Prensantemque uncis manibus capita aspera mentis 360
Ferro invasisset, praedamque ignara putasset.
Nunc me fluctus habet, versantque in litore venti.
Quod te per coeli jucundum lumen et auras,
Per genitorem oro, per spes surgentis luli,
Eripe me his, invicte, malis : aut tu mihi terram 365
Injice, namque potes, portusque require Velinos ;
Aut tu, si qua via est, si quam tibi diva creatrix
Ostendit neque enim, credo, sine numine divum
Flumina tanta paras Stygiamque innare paludem
Da dextram misero, et tecum me tolle per undas, 37
Sedibus ut saltern placidis in morte quiescam.
Talia fatus erat, coepit quum talia vates :
Unde haec, o Palinure, tibi tarn dira cupido ?
Tu Stygias inhumatus aquas amnemque severum
Eumenidum adspicies, ripamve injussus adibis ? 375
Desine fata deum flecti sperare precando.
Sed cape dicta memor, duri solatia casus.
Nam tua finitimi, longe lateque per urbes
Prodigiis acti coelestibus, ossa piabunt,
Et statuent tumulum, et tumulo sollemnia mittent, 380
Aeternumque locus Palinuri nomen habebit.
His dictis curae emotae, pulsusque parumper
Corde dolor tristi ; gaudet cognomine terra.
Ergo iter inceptum peragunt fluvioque propinquant.
Navita quos jam inde ut Stygia prospexit ab unda 385
Per taciturn nemus ire pedemque advertere ripae,
Sic prior aggreditur dictis, atque increpat ultro :
Quisquis es, armatus qui nostra ad flumina tendis,
Fare age, quid venias, jam istinc, et comprime gressum.
Umbrarum hie locus est, Somni Noctisque soporae ; 390
Corpora viva nefas Stygia vectare carina.
Nee vero Alciden me sum laetatus euntem
232 P. VIRGILII MAROXIS
Accepisse lacu, nee Thesea Pirithoumque,
Dis quamquam geniti atque invicti viribus essent.
Tartareum ille manu custodem in vincla petivit, 393
Ipsius a solio regis, traxitque trementem ;
Hi dominam Ditis thalamo deducere adorti.
Quae contra breviter fata est Amphrysia vates :
Nullae hie insidiae tales ; absiste moveri ;
Nee vim tela ferunt ; licet ingens janitor antro 400
Aeternum latrans exsangues terreat umbras, |
Casta licet patrui servet Proserpina limen.
Troius Aeneas, pietate insignis et armis,
Ad genitorem imas Erebi descendit ad umbras.
Si te nulla movet tantae pietatis imago, 405
At ramum hunc aperit ramum, qui veste latebat
Agnoscas. Tumida ex ira turn corda residunt.
Nee plura his. Ille admirans venerabile donum
Fatalis virgae, longo post tempore visum,
Caeruleam advertit puppim, ripaeque propinquat. 410
Inde alias animas, quae per juga longa sedebant,
Deturbat, laxatque foros ; simul accipit alveo
Ingentem Aenean. Gemuit sub pondere cymba
Sutilis, et multam accepit rimosa paludem.
Tandem trans fluvium incolumis vatemque virumque 4'5
Informi limo glaucaque exponit in ulva,
Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci
Personal, adverso recubans immanis in antro.
Cui vates, horrere videns jam colla colubris,
Melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam 420
Objicit. Ille fame rabida tria guttura pandens
Corripit objectam, atque immania terga resolvit
Fusus humi, totoque ingens extenditur antro.
Occupat Aeneas aditum custode sepulto,
Evaditque celer ripam irremeabilis undae. 435
Continue auditae voces vagitus et ingens
Infantumque animae flentes in limine primo,
Quos dulcis vitae exsortes et ab ubere raptos
AENE1DOS LIB. VI. 233
Abstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo.
Hos juxta falso damnati crimine mortis. 430
Nee vero hae sine sorte datae, sine judice, sedes :
Quaesitor Minos urnam movet ; ille silenturn
Conciliumque vocat vitasque et crimina discit.
Proxima deinde tenent maesti loca, qui sibi letum
Insontes peperere manu, lucemque perosi 435
Projecere animas. Quam vellent aethere in alto
Nunc et pauperiem et duros perferre labores !
Fas obstat, tristique palus inamabilis unda
Alligat, et novies Styx interfusa coercet.
Nee procul hinc pattern fusi monstrantur in omnem 440
Lugentes campi ; sic illos nomine dicunt.
Hie, quos durus amor crudeli tabe peredit,
Secreti celant calles et myrtea circum
Silva tegit ; curae non ipsa in morte relinquunt.
His Phaedram Procrimque locis, maestamque Eriphylen, 445
Crudelis nati monstrantem vulnera, cernit,
Evadnenque et Pasiphaen ; his Laodamia
It comes, et juvenis quondam, nunc femina, Caeneus,
Rursus et in veterem fato revoluta figuram.
Inter quas Phoenissa recens a vulnere Dido 450
Errabat silva in magna ; quam Troius heros
Ut primum juxta stetit agnovitque per umbram
Obscuram, qualem primo qui surgere mense
Aut videt, aut vidisse putat per nubila lunam,
Demisit lacrimas, dulcique affatus amore est : 435
Infelix Dido, verus mihi nuntius ergo
Venerat exstinctam, ferroque extrema secutam ?
Funeris heu tibi caussa fui ? Per sidera juro,
Per superos et si qua fides tellure sub ima est,
Invitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi. 460
Sed me jussa deum, quae nunc has ire per umbras,
Per loca senta situ cogunt noctemque profundam,
Imperiis egere suis ; nee credere quivi
Hunc tantum tibi me discessu ferre dolorem.
234 p - VIRGILII MARONIS
Siste gradum, teque adspectu ne subtrahe nostro. 465
Quern fugis ? extremum fato, quod te alloquor, hoc est.
Talibus Aeneas ardentem et torva tuentem
Lenibat dictis animum, lacrimasque ciebat.
Ilia solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat,
Nee magis incepto vultum sermone movetur, 470
Quam si dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautes.
Tandem corripuit sese, atque inimica refugit
In nemus urhbriferum, conjux ubi pristinus illi
Respondet curis aequatque Sychaeus amorem.
Nee minus Aeneas, casu concussus iniquo, 4-5
Prosequitur lacrimans longe, et miseratur euntem.
Inde datum molitur iter. Jamque arva tenebant
Ultima, quae bello clari secreta frequentant.
Hie illi occurrit Tydeus, hie inclutus armis
Parthenopaeus et Adrasti pallentis imago; 480
Hie multum fleti ad superos belloque caduci
Dardanidae, quos ille omnes longo ordine cernens
Ingemuit, Glaucumque Medontaque Thersilochumque,
Tres Antenoridas, Cererique sacrum Polyphoeten,
Idaeumque, etiam currus, etiam arma tenentem. 485
Circumstant animae dextra laevaque frequentes.
Nee vidisse semel satis est ; juvat usque morari,
Et conferre gradum, et veniendi discere caussas.
At Danaum proceres Agamemnoniaeque phalanges
Ut videre virum fulgentiaque arma per umbras, 490
Ingenti trepidare metu ; pars vertere terga,
Ceu quondam petiere rates ; pars tollere vocem
Exiguam : inceptus clamor frustratur hiantes.
Atque hie Priamiden laniatum corpore toto
Deiphobum videt et lacerum crudeliter ora, 495
Ora manusque ambas, populataque tempora raptis
Auribus, et truncas inhonesto vulnere nares.
Vix adeo agnovit pavitantem et dira tegentem
Supplicia, et notis compellat vocibus ultro :
Deiphobe armipotens, genus alto a sanguine Teucri, 500
AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 235
Quis tarn crudeles optavit sumere poenas ?
Cui tantum de te licuit ? Mihi fama suprema
Nocte tulit fessum vasta te caede Pelasgum
Procubuisse super confusae stragis acervum.
Tune egomet tumulum Rhoeteo in litore inanem 505
Constitui, et magna Manes ter voce vocavi.
Nomen et arma locum servant ; te, amice, nequivi
Conspicere et patria decedens ponere terra.
Ad quae Priamides : Nihil o tibi amice relictum ;
Omnia Deiphobo solvisti et funeris umbris. 510
Sed me fata mea et scelus exitiale Lacaenae
His mersere malis ; ilia haec monumenta reliquit.
Namque ut supremam falsa inter gaudia noctem
Egerimus, nosti ; et nimium meminisse necesse est.
Quum fatalis equus saltu super ardua venit 515
Pergama et armatum peditem gravis attulit alvo,
Ilia, chorum simulans, evantes orgia circum
Ducebat Phrygias ; flammam media ipsa tenebat
Ingentem, et summa Danaos ex arce vocabat
Turn me, confectum curis somnoque gravatum, 520
Infelix habuit thalamus, pressitque jacentem
Dulcis et alta quies placidaeque simillima morti.
Egregia interea conjux arma omnia tectis ^ p /
Amovet, et fidum capiti subduxerat ensem ;
Intra tecta vocat Menelaum, et limina pandit, 525
Scilicet id magnum sperans fore munus amanti,
Et famam exstingui veterum sic posse malorum.
Quid moror? Irrumpunt thalamo ; comes additur una
Hortator scelerum Aeolides. Di, talia Graiis
Instaurate, pio si poenas ore reposco. 530
Sed te qui vivum casus, age, fare vicissim,
Attulerint. Pelagine venis erroribus actus,
An monitu divum ? An quae te fortuna fatigat,
Ut tristes sine sole domos, loca turbida, adires?
Hac vice sermonum roseis Aurora quadrigis 535
Jam medium aetherio cursu trajecerat axem ;
236 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Et fors omne datum traherent per talia tempus ;
Sed comes admonuit breviterque affata Sibylla est :
Nox ruit, Aenea ; nos flendo ducimus horas.
Hie locus est, partes ubi se via findit in ambas : 54
Dextera quae Ditis magni sub moenia tendit,
Hac iter Elysium nobis ; at laeva malorum
Exercet poenas, et ad impia Tartara mittit.
Deiphobus contra : Ne saevi, magna sacerdos ;
Discedam, explebo numerum, reddarque tenebris. 545
I decus, i, nostrum ; melioribus utere fatis.
Tantum effatus, et in verbo vestigia torsit.
Respicit Aeneas subito, et sub rupe sinistra
Moenia lata videt, triplici circumdata muro,
Quae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis, 550
Tartareus Phlegethon, torquetque sonantia saxa.
Porta adversa, ingens, solidoque adamante columnae,
Vis ut nulla virum, non ipsi exscindere bello
Coelicolae valeant ; stat ferrea turris ad auras,
Tisiphoneque sedens, palla succincta cruenta, sss
Vestibulum exsomnis servat noctesque diesque.
Hinc exaudiri gemitus, et saeva sonare
Verbera ; turn stridor ferri, tractaeque catenae.
Constitit Aeneas, strepituque exterritus haesit.
Quae scelerum facies ? o virgo, effare ; quibusve 560
Urguentur poenis ? quis tantus plangor ad auras ?
Turn vates sic orsa loqui : Dux inclute Teucrum,
Nulli fas casto sceleratum insistere limen ;
Sed me quum lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis,
Ipsa deum poenas docuit, perque omnia duxit. 565
Gnosius haec Rhadamanthus habet, durissima regna,
Castigatque auditque dolos, subigitque fateri,
Quae quis apud superos, furto laetatus inani,
Distulit in seram commissa piacula mortem.
Continuo sontes ultrix accincta flagello 570
Tisiphone quatit insultans, torvosque sinistra
Intentans angues vocat agmina saeva sororum.
AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 237
Turn demum horrisono stridentes cardine sacrae
Panduntur portae. Cernis, custodia qualis
Vestibule sedeat ? facies quae limina servet ? 575
Quinquaginta atris immanis hiatibus Hydra
Saevior intus habet sedem. Turn Tartarus ipse
Bis patet in praeceps tanturn tenditque sub umbras,
Quantus ad aetherium coeli suspectus Olympum.
Hie genus antiquum Terrae, Titania pubes, 580
Fulmine dejecti fundo volvuntur in imo.
Hie et Aloidas geminos immania vidi
Corpora, qui manibus magnum rescindere coelum
Aggressi, superisque Jovem detrudere regnis.
Vidi et crudeles dantem Salmonea poenas, 585
Dum flammas Jovis et sonitus imitatur Olympi.
Quatuor hie invectus equis et lampada quassans
Per Graium populos mediaeque per Elidis urbem
Ibat ovans, divumque sibi poscebat honorem,
Demens ! qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen 59
Acre et cornipedum pulsu simularet equorum.
At pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum
Contorsit, non ille faces nee fumea taedis
Lumina, praecipitemque immani turbine adegit
Nee non et Tityon, Terrae omniparentis alumnum, 595
Cernere erat, per tota novem cui jugera corpus
Porrigitur, rostroque immanis vultur obunco
Inmortale jecur tondens fecundaque poenis
Viscera rimaturque epulis habitatque sub alto
Pectore, nee fibris requies datur ulla renatis. 600
Quid memorem Lapithas, Ixiona Pirithoumque ?
Quos super atra silex jam jam lapsura cadentique
Imminet adsimilis ; lucent genialibus altis
Aurea fulcra toris, epulaeque ante ora paratae
Regifico luxu ; Furiarum maxima juxta 603
Accubat, et manibus prohibet contingere mensas,
Exsurgitque facem attollens, atque intonat ore.
Hie quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat,
238 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Pulsatusve parens, et fraus innexa clienti,
Aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis, 610
Nee partem posuere suis, quae maxuma turba est,
Quique ob adulterium caesi, quique arma secuti
Impia nee veriti dominorum fallere dextras,
Inclusi poenam exspectant. Ne quaere doceri,
Quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave mersit. 615
Saxum ingens volvunt alii, radiisque rotarum
Districti pendent ; sedet, aeternumque sedebit,
Infelix Theseus ; Phlegyasque miserrimus omnes
Admonet et magna testatur voce per umbras :
Discite justitiam moniti, et non temnere divos. 620
Vendidit hie auro patriam, dominumque potentem
Imposuit ; fixit leges pretio atque refixit ;
Hie thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos ;
Ausi omnes immane nefas, ausoque potiti.
Non mihi si linguae centum sint oraque centum, 625
Ferrea vox, omnes scelerum comprendere formas,
Omhia poenarum percurrere nomina possim.
Haec ubi dicta dedit Phoebi longaeva sacerdos :
Sed jam age, carpe viam et susceptum perfice munus ;
Acceleremus, ait ; Cyclopum educta caminis 6 3 o
Moenia conspicio atque adverso fornice portas,
Haec ubi nos praecepta jubent deponere dona.
Dixerat, et pariter, gressi per opaca viarum,
Corripiunt spatium medium, foribusque propinquant.
Occupat Aeneas aditum, corpusque recenti 635
Spargit aqua, ramumque adverso in limine figit.
His demum exactis, perfecto munere divae,
Devenere locos laetos et amoena virecta
Fortunatorum nemorum sedesque beatas.
Largior hie campos aether et lumine vestit 6 4 c
Purpureo, solemque suum, sua sidera norunt.
Pars in gramineis exercent membra palaestris,
Contendunt ludo et fulva luctantur arena ;
Pars pedibus plaudunt choreas et carmina dicunt
AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 239
Nec non Threicius longa cum veste sacerdos 645
Obloquitur numeris septem discrimina vocum,
Jamque eadem digitis, jam pectine pulsat eburno.
Hie genus antiquum Teucri, pulcherrima proles,
Magnanimi heroes, nati melioribus annis,
Ilusque Assaracusque et Trojae Dardanus auctor. 650
Arma procul currusque virum miratur inanes.
Stant terra defixae hastae, passimque soluti
Per campum pascuntur equi. Quae gratia currum
Armorumque fuit vivis, quae cura nitentes
Pascere equos, eadem sequitur tellure repostos. 635
Conspicit, ecce, alios dextra laevaque per herbam
Vescentes laetumque choro Paeana canentes
Inter odoratum lauri nemus, unde superne
Plurimus Eridani per silvam volvitur amnis.
Hie manus ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi, 660
Quique sacerdotes casti, dum vita manebat,
Quique pii vates et Phoebo digna locuti,
Inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes,
Quique sui memores alios fecere merendo ;
Omnibus his nivea cinguntur tempora vitta. 665
Quos circumfusos sic est affata Sibylla,
Musaeum ante omnes ; medium nam plurima turba
Hunc habet, atque humeris exstantem suspicit altis :
Dicite, felices animae, tuque, optime vates, -
Quae regio Anchisen, quis habet locus ? illius ergo 6 7 o
Venimus et magnos Erebi tranavimus amnes.
Atque huic responsum paucis ita reddidit heros :
Nulli certa domus ; lucis habitamus opacis,
Riparumque toros et prata recentia rivis
Incolimus. Sed vos, si fert ita corde voluntas, 675
Hoc superate jugum ; et facili jam tramite sistam.
Dixit, et ante tulit gressum, camposque nitentes
Desuper ostentat ; dehinc summa cacumina linquunt.
At pater Anchises penitus convalle virenti
Inclusas animas superumque ad lumen ituras 680
240 P. VIRGILII MAROXIS
Lustrabat studio recolens, omnemque suorum
Forte recensebat numerum carosque nepotes,
Fataque fortunasque virum moresque manusque.
Isque ubi tenclentem adversum per gramina vidit
Aenean, alacris palmas utrasque tetendit, 685
Effusaeque genis lacrimae, et vox excidit ore :
Venisti tandem, tuaque exspectata parent!
Vicit iter durum pietas ? datur ora tueri,
Nate, tua, et notas audire et reddere voces ?
Sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum, 690
Tempora dinumerans, nee me mea cura fefellit.
Quas ego te terras et quanta per aequora vectum
Accipio ! quantis jactatum, nate, periclis !
Quam metui, ne quid Libyae tibi regna nocerent '
Ille autem : Tua me, genitor, tua tristis imago, 695
Saepius occurrens, haec limina tendere adegit ;
Stant sale Tyrrhene classes. Da jungere dextram,
Da, genitor, teque amplexu ne subtrahe nostro.
Sic memorans largo fletu simul ora rigabat.
Ter conatus ibi collo dare brachia circum, T
Ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago,
Par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno.
Interea videt Aeneas in valle reducta
Seclusum nemus et virgulta sonantia silvis,
Lethaeumque, domos placidas qui praenatat, amnem. ?s
Hunc circum innumerae gentes populique volabant
Ac velut in pratis ubi apes aestate serena
Floribus insidunt variis, et Candida circum
Lilia funduntur ; strepit omnis murmure campus.
Horrescit visu subito, caussasque requirit 7'
Inscius Aeneas, quae sint ea flumina porro,
Quive viri tanto complerint agmine ripas.
Turn pater Anchises : Animae, quibus altera fato
Corpora debentur, Lethaei ad fluminis undam
Secures latices et longa oblivia potant. 7'5
Has equidem memorare tibi atque ostendere coram,
AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 24!
Jampridem hanc prolem cupio enumerare meorum,
Quo magis Italia mecum laetere reperta.
O pater, anne aliquas ad coelum hinc ire putandum est
Sublimes animas, iterumque ad tarda reverti 720
Corpora ? Quae lucis miseris tarn dira cupido ?
Dicam equidem, nee te suspensum, nate, tenebo ;
Suscipit Anchises, atque ordine singula pandit.
Principio coelum ac terras camposque liquentes
Lucentemque globum lunae Titaniaque astra 725
Spiritus intus alit, totamque infusa per artus
Mens agitat molem et magno se corpore miscet.
Inde hominum pecudumque genus vitaeque volantum
Et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aequore pontus.
Igneus est ollis vigor et coelestis origo 730
Seminibus, quantum non noxia corpora tardant
Terrenique hebetant artus moribundaque membra.
Hinc metuunt cupiuntque, dolent gaudentque, neque auras
Dispiciunt clausae tenebris et carcere caeco.
Quin et supremo quum lumine vita reliquit, 735
Non tamen omne malum miseris nee funditus omnes
Corporeae excedunt pestes, penitusque necesse est
Multa diu concreta modis inolescere miris.
Ergo exercentur poenis, veterumque malorum
Supplicia expendunt : aliae panduntur inanes 74
Suspensae ad ventos ; aliis sub gurgite vasto
Infectum eluitur scelus, aut exuritur igni ;
Quisque suos patimur Manes ; cxinde per amplum
Mittimur Elysium, et pauci laeta arva tenemus j
Donee longa dies, perfecto temporis orbe, 745
Concretam exemit labem, purumque relinquit
Aetherium sensum atque auraf simplicis ignem.
Has omnes, ubi mille rotam volvere per annos,
Lethaeum ad fluvium deus evocat agmine magno,
Scilicet immemores supera ut convexa revisant 750
Rursus et incipiant in corpora velle reverti.
Dixerat Anchises, natumque unaque Sibyllam
16
242 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Conventus trahit in medios turbamque sonantem,
Et tumulum capit, unde omnes longo orcline possit
Adversos legere, et venientum discere vultus. 75 5
Nunc age, Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur
Gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes,
Illustres animas nostrurnque in nomen ituras,
Expediam dictis, et te tua fata docebo.
Ille, vides, pura juvenis qui nititur hasta, 7^
Proxima sorte tenet lucis loca, primus ad auras
Aetherias Italo commixtus sanguine surget,
Silvius, Albanum nomen, tua postuma proles,
Quem tibi longaevo serum Lavinia conjux
Educet silvis regem regumque parentem, 765
Unde genus Longa nostrum dominabitur Alba.
Proximus ille Procas, Trojanae gloria gentis,
Et Capys, et Numitor, et qui te nomine reddet
Silvius Aeneas, pariter pietate vel armis
Egregius, si umquam regnandam acceperit Albam. 770
Qui juvenes ! quantas ostentant, adspice, vires,
Atque umbrata gerunt civili tempora quercu !
Hi tibi Momentum et Gabios urbemque Fidenam,
Hi Collatinas imponent montibus arces,
Pometios Castrumque Inui Bolamque Coramque. 775
Haec turn nomina erunt, nunc sunt sine nomine terrae.
Quin et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet
Romulus, Assaraci quern sanguinis Ilia mater
Educet. Yiden', ut geminae stant vertice cristae,
Et pater ipse suo superum jam signal honore? 780
En, hujus, nate, auspiciis ilia incluta Roma
Imperium terris, animos aequabit Olympo,
Septemque una sibi muro circumdabit arces,
Felix prole virum : qualis Berecyntia mater
Invehitur curru Phrygias turrita per urbes, 785
Laeta deum partu, centum complexa nepotes,
Omnes coelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes.
Hue geminas nunc flecte acies, hanc adspice gentem
AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 243
Romanesque tuos. Hie Caesar et omnis lull
Progenies, magnum coeli ventura sub axem. 790
Hie vir, hie est, tibi quem promitti saepius audis,
Augustus Caesar, Divi genus, aurea condet
Saecula qui rursus Latio regnata per arva
Saturno quondam, super et Garamantas et Indos
Proferet imperium ; jacet extra sidera tellus, 795
Extra anni solisque vias, ubi coelifer Atlas
Axem humero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum.
Hujus in adventum jam nunc et Caspia regna
Responsis horrent divum et Maeotia tellus,
Et septemgemini turbant trepida ostia Nili. 800
Nee vero Alcides tantum telluris obivit,
Fixerit aeripedem cervam licet, aut Erymanthi
Pacarit nemora, et Lernam tremefecerit arcu ;
Nee, qui pampineis victor juga flectit habenis,
Liber, agens celso Nysae de vertice tigres. 805
Et dubitamus adhuc virtutem extendere factis,
Aut metus Ausonia prohibet consistere terra?
Quis procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae
Sacra ferens ? Nosco crines incanaque menta
Regis Romani, primam qui legibus urbem 810
Fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra
Missus in imperium magnum. Cui deinde subibit,
Otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movebit
Tullus in arm a viros et jam desueta triumphis
Agmina. Quem juxta sequitur jactantior Ancus, 815
Nunc quoque jam nimium gaudens popularibus auris.
Vis et Tarquinios reges, animamque superbam
Ultoris Bruti, fascesque videre receptos ?
Consulis imperium hie primus saevasque secures
Accipiet, natosque pater nova bella moventes 820
Ad poenam pulchra pro libertate vocabit,
Infelix ! Utcumque ferent ea facta minores,
Vincet amor patriae lauclumque immensa cupido.
Quin Decios Drusosque procul saevumque secure
244 p - VIRGILII MARONIS
Adspice Torquatum et referentem signa Camillum. 825
Illae autem, paribus quas fulgere cernis in armis,
Concordes animae nunc et dum nocte premuntur,
Heu quantum inter se bellum, si lumina vitae
Attigerint, quantas acies stragemque ciebunt !
Aggeribus socer Alpinis atque arce Monoeci 830
Descendens, gener adversis instructus Eois.
Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis aclsuescite bella,
Neu patriae validas in viscera vertite vires ;
Tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui ducis Olympo,
Projice tela manu, sanguis meus ! 835
Ille triumphata Capitolia ad alta Corintho
Victor aget currum, caesis insignis Achivis.
Eruet ille Argos Agamemnoniasque Mycenas,
Ipsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis Achilli,
Ultus avos Trojae, templa et temerata Minervae. ?*<>
Quis te, magne Cato, taciturn, aut te, Cosse, relrnquat ?
Quis Gracchi genus, aut geminos, duo fulmina belli,
Scipiadas, cladem Libyae, parvoque potentem
Fabricium, vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem ?
Quo fessum rapitis, Fabii ? tu Maximus ille es, 845
Unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem.
Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera,
Credo equidem, vivos ducent de marmore vultus,
Orabunt caussas melius, coelique meatus
Describent radio et surgentia sidera dicent : 8 5
Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento ;
Hae tibi erunt artes ; pacisque imponere morem,
Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbos.
Sic pater Anchises, atque haec mirantibus addit :
Adspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis 55
Ingreditur, victorque viros supereminet omnes !
Hie rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu,
Sistet, eques sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem,
Tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino.
Atque hie Aeneas ; una namque ire videbat ax>
AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 245
Egregium forma juvenem et fulgentibus armis,
Sed frons laeta parum, et dejecto lumina vultu :
Quis, pater, ille, virum qui sic comitatur euntem ?
Filius, anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum ?
Quis strepitus circa comitum ! quantum instar in ipso ! 865
Sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbra.
Turn pater Anchises, lacrimis ingressus obortis :
O nate, ingentem luctum ne quaere tuorum ;
Ostendent terris hunc tantum fata, neque ultra
Esse sinent. Nimium vobis Romana propago 873
Visa potens, Superi, propria haec si dona fuissent.
Quantos ille virum magnam Mavortis ad urbem
Campus aget gemitus ! vel quae, Tiberine, videbis
Funera, quum tumulum praeterlabere recentem !
Nee puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos 875
In tantum spe toilet avos, nee Romula quondam
Ullo se tantum tellus jactabit alumno.
Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, invictaque bello
Dextera ! Non illi se quisquam impune tulisset
Obvius armato, seu quum pedes iret in hostem, s:o
Seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos.
Heu, miserande puer ! si qua fata aspera rumpas,
Tu Marcellus eris. Manibus date lilia plenis,
Purpureos spargam flores, animamque nepotis
His saltern accumulem donis, et fungar inani sss
Munere. Sic tota passim regione vagantur
Ae'ris in campis latis, atque omnia lustrant.
Quae postquam Anchises natum per singula duxit,
Incenditque animum famae venientis amore,
Exin bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda, 890
Laurentesque docet populos urbemque Latini,
Et quo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem.
Sunt geminae Somni portae, quarum altera fertur
Cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus Umbris ;
Altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto, Sjs
Sed falsa ad coelum mittunt insomnia Manes.
246 P. VIRGILII MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. VI.
His ubi turn natum Anchises unaque Sibyllam
Prosequitur dictis, portaque emittit eburna,
Ille viam secat ad naves sociosque revisit ;
Turn se ad Caietae recto fert litore portum.
Ancora de prora jacitur ; stant litore puppes.
Q. HORATII FLACCI
C A R M I N A.
LIBER PRIMUS.
CARMEN I.
MAECENAS atavis edite regibus,
O et praesidium et dulce decus meum,
Sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum
Collegisse juvat, metaque fervidis
Evitata rotis palmaque nobilis
Terrarum dominos evehit ad Deos ;
Hunc, si mobilium turba Quiritium
Certat tergeminis tollere honoribus ;
Ilium, si proprio condidit horreo
Quidquid de Libycis verritur areis.
Gaudentem patrios findere sarculo
Agros Attalicis conditionibus
Nunquam dimoveas, ut trabe Cypria
Myrtoum pavidus nauta secet mare.
Luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum
Mercator metuens otium et oppidi
Laudat rura sui ; mox reficit rates
Quassas indocilis pauperiem pati.
Est qui nee veteris pocula Massici
Nee partem solido demere de die
Spernit, nunc viridi membra sub arbuto
Stratus, nunc ad aquae lene caput sacrae.
248 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Multos castra juvant et lituo tubae
Permixtus sonitus bellaque matribus
Detestata. Manet sub Jove frigido 35
Venator tenerae conjugis immemor,
Seu visa est catulis cerva fidelibus,
Seu rupit teretes Marsus aper plagas.
Me doctarum hederae praemia frontium
Dis miscent superis ; me gelidum nemus 3
Nympliarumque leves cum Satyris chori
Secernunt populo, si neque tibias
Euterpe cohibet nee Polyhymnia
Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton.
Quod si me lyricis vatibus inseris, 35
Sublimi feriam sidera vertice.
CARMEN II.
JAM satis terris nivis atque dirae
Grandinis misit Pater, et rubente
Dextera sacras jaculatus arces
Terruit Urbem,
Terruit gentes, grave ne rediret
Seculum Pyrrhae nova monstra questae,
Omne quum Proteus pecus egit altos
Visere montes,
Piscium et summa genus haesit ulmo
Nota quae sedes fuerat columbis,
Et superjecto pavidae natarunt
Aequore damae.
Vidimus flavum Tiberim retortis
Littore Etrusco violenter undis
Ire dejectum monumenta regis
Templaque Vestae ;
Iliae dum se nimium querenti
CARMINUM LIB. I. C. II. 249
Jactat ultorem, vagus et sinistra
Labitur ripa Jove non probante u-
xorius amnis. 20
Audiet cives acuisse ferrum
Quo graves Persae melius perirent;
Audiet pugnas vitio parentum
Rara juventus.
Quern vocet divum populus ruentis 25
Imperi rebus ? Prece qua fatigent
Virgines sanctae minus audientem
Carmina Vestam ?
Cui dabit partes scelus expiandi
Juppiter ? Tandem venias precamur 30
Nube candentes humeros amictus,
Augur Apollo ;
Sive tu mavis, Erycina ridens,
Quam Jocus circum volat et Cupido ;
Sive neglectum genus et nepotes 3 s
Respicis auctor,
Heu nimis longo satiate ludp,
Quern juvat clamor galeaeque leves
Acer et Mauri peditis cruentum
Vultus in hostem ; 4 o
Sive mutata juvenem figura
Ales in terris imitaris, almae
Filius Maiae, patiens vocari
Caesaris ultor :
Serus in coelum redeas diuque 4 s
Laetus intersis populo Quirini ;
Neve te nostris vitiis iniquum
Ocior aura
Tollat. Hie magnos potius triumphos,
Hie ames dici pater atque princeps, 50
Neu sinas Medos equitare inultos
Te duce, Caesar.
250 Q. HORATII FLACCI
CARMEN III.
Sic te diva potens Cypri,
Sic fratres Helenae lucida sidera,
Ventorumque regat pater,
Obstrictis aliis praeter lapyga :
Navis, quae tibi creditum 5
Debes Virgilium finibus Atticis
Reddas incolumen precor,
Et serves animae dimidium meae.
Illi robur et aes triplex
Circa pectus erat qui fragilem truci 10
Commisit pelago ratem
Primus, nee timuit praecipitem Africum
Decertantem Aquilonibus,
Nee tristes Hyadas, nee rabiem Noti
Quo non arbiter Hadriae 15
Major tollere seu ponere vult freta.
Quem Mortis timuit gradum
Qui siccis oculis monstra natantia,
Qui vidit mare turgidum et
Infames scopulos Acroceraunia ? 20
Nequidquam deus abscidit
Prudens Oceano dissociabili
Terras, si tamen impiae
Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada.
Audax omnia perpeti 25
Gens humana ruit per vetitum nefas.
Audax lapeti genus
Ignem fraude mala gentibus intulit
Post ignem aetheria domo
Subductum macies et nova febrium . 30
Terris incubuit cohors,
Semotique prius tarda necessitas
CARMINUM LIB. I. C. IV. 2$ I
Leti corripuit gradum.
Expertus vacuum Daedalus aera
Pennis non homini datis ; 35
Perrupit Acheronta Herculeus labor.
Nil mortalibus ardui est ;
Coelum ipsum petimus stultitia, neque
Per nostrum patimur scelus
Iracunda Jovem ponere fulmina. 4
CARMEN IV.
SOLVITUR acris hiems grata vice veris et Favoni,
Trahuntque siccas machinae carinas,
Ac neque jam stabulis gaudet pecus aut arator igni ;
Nee prata canis albicant pruinis.
Jam Cytherea chores ducit Venus imminente luna,
Junctaeque Nymphis Gratiae decentes
Alterno terram quatiunt pede, dum graves Cyclopum
Vulcanus ardens urit officinas.
Nunc decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto
Aut flore terrae quern ferunt solutae.
Nunc et in umbrosis Fauno decet immolare lucis,
Seu poscat agnam sive malit haedum.
Pallida Mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas
Regumque turres. O beate Sesti,
Vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat inchoare longam.
Jam te premet nox fabulaeque Manes
Et domus exilis Plutonia : quo simul mearis,
Nee regna vini sortiere talis
Nee tenerum Lycidan mirabere, quo calet juventus
Nunc omnis et mox virgines tepebunt.
252 Q. HORATII FLACCI
CARMEN VII.
LAUDABUNT alii claram Rhodon aut Mytilenen
Aut Epheson bimarisve Corinthi
Moenia, vel Baccho Thebas vel Apolline Delphos
Insignes, aut Thessala Tempe.
Sunt quibus unum opus est intactae Palladia urbem s
Carmine perpetuo celebrare et
Undique decerptam fronti praeponere olivam.
Plurimus in Junonis honorem
Aptum dicit equis Argos ditesque Mycenas.
Me nee tarn patiens Lacedaemon *
Nee tarn Larissae percussit campus opimae,
Quam domus Albuneae resonantis
Et praeceps Anio ac Tiburni lucus et uda
Mobilibus pomaria rivis.
Albus ut obscuro deterget nubila coelo 15
Saepe Notus neque parturit imbres
Perpetuo, 'sic tu sapiens finire memento
Tristitiam vitaeque labores
Molli, Plance, mero, seu te fulgentia signis
Castra tenent, seu densa tenebit 2
Tiburis umbra tui. Teucer Salamina patremque
Quum fugeret tamen uda Lyaeo
Tempora populea fertur vinxisse corona,
Sic tristes affatus amicos :
Quo nos cumque feret melior fortuna parente 25
Ibimus, o socii comitesque.
Nil desperandum Teucro duce et auspice Teucro ;
Certus enim promisit Apollo
Ambiguam tellure nova Salamina futuram.
O fortes pejoraque passi 3
Mecum saepe viri, nunc vino pellite curas ;
Cras ingens iterabimus aequor.
CARMINUM LIB. I. C. X. 253
CARMEN IX.
VIDES ut alta stet nive candidum
Soracte, nee jam sustineant onus
Silvae laborantes geluque
Flumina constiterint acuto.
Dissolve 'frigus ligna super foco
Large reponens, atque benignius
Deprome quadrimum Sabina,
O thaliarche, merum diota.
Permitte divis cetera, qui simul
Stravere ventos aequore fervido
Deproeliantes, nee cupressi
Nee veteres agitantur orni.
Quid sit futurum eras fuge quaerere, et
Quern Fors dierum cumque dabit lucro
Appone, nee dulces amores
Sperne puer neque tu choreas,
Donee virenti canities abest
Morosa. Nunc et campus et areae
Lenesque sub noctem susurri
Composita repetantur hora ;
Nunc et latentis proditor intimo
Gratus puellae risus ab angulo,
Pignusque dereptum lacertis
Aut digito male pertinaci.
CARMEN X.
MERCURI, facunde nepos Atlantis,
Qui feros cultus hominum recentum
Voce formasti catus et decorae
More palaestrae,
254 Q- HORATII FLACCI
Te canam, magni Jovis et deorum
Nuntium curvaeque lyrae parentem,
Callidum quidquid placuit jocoso
Condere furto.
Te boves olim nisi reddidisses
Per dolum amotas puerum minaci
Voce dum terret, viduus pharetra
Risit Apollo.
Quin et Atridas duce te superbos
Ilio dives Priamus relicto
Thessalosque ignes et iniqua Trojae
Castra fefellit.
Tu pias laetis animas reponis
Sedibus virgaque levem coerces
Aurea turbam, superis deorum
Gratus et imis.
CARMEN XI.
Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quem mihi, quern tibi
Finem di dederint, Leuconoe, nee Babylonios
Tentaris numeros. Ut melius quidquid erit pati,
Seu plures hiemes seu tribuit Juppiter ultimam,
Quae nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare
Tyrrhenum. Sapias, vina liques, et spatio brevi
Spem longam reseces. Dum loquimur, ftigerit invida
Aetas. Carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero.
CARMEN XII.
QUEM virum aut heroa lyra vel acri
Tibia sumis celebrare, Clio,
CARMINUM LIB. I. C. XII. 255
Quern deum? Cujus recinet jocosa
Nomen imago
Aut in umbrosis Heliconis oris 5
Aut super Pindo, gelidove in Haemo
Unde vocalem temere insecutae
Orphea silvae
Arte materna rapid os morantem
Fluminum lapsus celeresque ventos, 10
Blandum et auritas fidibus canoris
Ducere quercus ?
Quid prius dicam solitis Parentis
Laudibus, qui res hominum ac deorum,
Qui mare ac terras variisque mundum 15
Temperat horis ?
Unde nil majus generatur ipso,
Nee viget quidquam simile aut secundum :
Proximos illi tamen occupavit
Pallas honores. 20
Proeliis audax, neque te silebo,
Liber, et saevis inimica Virgo
Beluis, nee te, metuende certa
Phoebe sagitta.
Dicam et Alciden puerosque Ledae, 25
Hunc equis, ilium superare pugnis
Nobilem ; quorum simul alba nautis
Stella refulsit,
Defluit saxis agitatus humor,
Concidunt vend fugiuntque nubes, 30
Et minax, quod sic voluere, ponto
Unda recumbit.
Romulum post hos prius an quietum
Pompili regnum memorem an superbos
Tarquini fasces dubito, an Catonis 35
Nobile letum.
Regulum et Scauros animaeque magnae
Prodigum Paullum superante Poeno
256 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Gratus insigni referam Camena
Fabriciumque. 4
Hunc et incomptis Curium capillis
Utilem bello tulit et Camillum
Saeva paupertas et avitus apto
Cum lare fundus.
Crescit occulto velut arbor aevo 45
Fama Marcelli ; micat inter omnes
Julium sidus velut inter ignes
Luna minores.
Gentis humanae ])ater atque custos
Orte Saturno, tibi cura magni so
Caesaris fatis data : tu secundo
Caesare regnes.
Hie, seu Parthos Latio imminentes
Egerit justo domitos triumpho,
Sive subjectos Orientis orae ss
Seras et Indos,
Te minor latum reget aequus orbem ;
Tu gravi curru quaties Olympum,
Tu parum castis inimica mittes
Fulmina lucis. 60
CARMEN XIV.
O NAVIS, referent in mare te novi
Fluctus ! O quid agis ? Fortiter occupa
Portum. Nonne vides ut
Nudum remigio latus
Et malus celeri saucius Africo
Antennaeque gemant, ac sine funibus
Vix durare carinae
Possint imperiosius
Aequor? Non tibi sunt integra lintea,
CARMINUM LIB. I. C. XVI. 257
Non di, quos iterum pressa voces malo. 10
Quamvis Pontica pinus,
Silvae filia nobilis,
Jactes et genus et nomen inutile,
Nil pictis timidus navita puppibus
Fidit. Tu, nisi vends is
Debes ludibrium, cave.
Nuper sollicitum quae mini taedium,
Nunc desiderium curaque non levis,
Interfusa nitentes
Vites aequora Cycladas. 2
CARMEN XVI.
O MATRE pulchra filia pulchrior,
Quern criminosis cumque voles modum
Pones iambis, sive flamma
Sive mari libet Hadriano.
Non Dindymene, non adytis quatit
Mentem sacerdotum incola Pythius,
Non Liber aeque, non acuta
Sic geminant Corybantes aera,
Tristes ut irae, quas neque Noricus
Deterret ensis nee mare naufragum
Nee saevus ignis nee tremendo
Juppiter ipse ruens tumultu.
Fertur Prometheus, addere principi
Limo coactus particulam undique
Desectam, et insani leonis
Vim stomacho apposuisse nostro.
Irae Thyesten exitio gravi
Stravere, et altis urbibus ultimae
Stetere causae, cur perirent
Funditus imprimeretque muris
258 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Hostile aratrum exercitus insolens.
Compesce mentem : me quoque pectoris
Tentavit in dulci juventa
Fervor et in celeres iambos
Misit furentem ; nunc ego mitibus ?s
Mutare quaero tristia, dum mihi
Fias recantatis arnica
Opprobriis animumque reddas.
CARMEN XXII.
INTEGER vitae scelerisque purus
Non eget Mauris jaculis neque arcu
Nee venenatis gravida sagittis,
Fusee, pharetra,
Sive per Syrtes iter aestuosas
Sive facturus per inhospitalem
Caucasum vel quae loca fabulosus
Lambit Hydaspes.
Namque me silva lupus in Sabina,
Dum meam canto Lalagen et ultra
Terminum curis vagor expeditis,
Fugit inermem ;
Quale portentum neque militaris
Daunias latis alit aesculetis,
Nee Jubae tellus general, leonum
Aricla nutrix.
Pone me pigris ubi nulla campis
Arbor aestiva recreatur aura,
Quod latus mundi nebulae malusque
Juppiter urget ;
Pone sub curru nimium propinqui
Solis in terra domibus negata:
Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo,
Dul.e loquentem.
CARMINUM LIB. I. C. XXVI. 259
CARMEN XXIV.
Quis desiderio sit pudor aut modus
Tarn cari capitis ? Praecipe lugubres
Cantus, Melpomene, cui liquidam pater
Vocem cum cithara dedit.
Ergo Quinctilium perpetuus sopor
Urget! cui Pudor, et Justitiae soror
Incorrupta Fides, nudaque Veritas
Quando ullum inveniet parem ?
Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit,
Nulli flebilior quam tibi, Virgili.
Tu frustra pius heu non ita creditum
Poscis Quinctilium deos.
Quod si Threicio blandius Orpheo
Auditam moderere arboribus fidem,
Non vanae redeat sanguis imagini,
Quam virga semel horrida
Non lenis precibus fata recludere
Nigro compulerit Mercurius gregi.
Durum : sed levius fit patientia
Quidquid corrigere est nefas.
CARMEN XXVI.
Musis amicus tristitiam et metus
Tradam protervis in mare Creticum
Portare ventis, quis sub Arcto
Rex gelidae metuatur orae,
Quid Tiridaten terreat unice
Securus. O, quae fontibus integris
Gaudes, apricos necte flores,
Necte meo Lamiae coronam,
260 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Pimplea dulcis ! Nil sine te mei
Prosunt honores : hunc fidibus novis,
Hunc Lesbio sacrare plectro
Teque tuasque decet sorores.
CARMEN XXXI.
QUID dedicatum poscit Apollinem
Vates ? quid orat de patera novum
Fundens liquorem ? Non opimae
Sardiniae segetes feraces,
Ndn aestuosae grata Calabriae s
Armenta, non aurum aut ebur Indicum,
Non rura quae Liris quieta
Mordet aqua taciturnus amnis.
Premant Galena falce quibus dedit
Fortuna vitem, dives et aureis 10
Mercator exsiccet culullis
Vina Syra reparata merce,
Dis cams ipsis, quippe ter et quater
Anno revisens aequor Atlanticum
Impune. Me pascunt olivae, 15
Me cichorea levesque malvae.
Frui paratis et valido mihi,
Latoe, dones et precor Integra
Cum mente, nee turpem senectam
Degere nee cithara carentem. =o
CARMEN XXXIV.
PARCUS deorum cultor et infrequens
Insanientis dum sapientiae
CARMINUM LIB. I. C. XXXV. 261
Consultus erro, nunc retrorsum
Vela dare atque iterare cursus
Cogor relictos ; namque Diespiter, 5
Igni corusco nubila dividens
Plerumque, per purum tonantes
Egit equos volucremque currum,
Quo bruta tellus et vaga flumina,
Quo Styx et invisi horrida Taenari J0
Sedes "Atlanteusque finis
Concutitur. Valet ima summis
Mutare et insignem attenuat deus
Obscura promens ; hinc apicem rapax
Fortuna cum stridore acuto 15
Sustulit, hie posuisse gaudet
CARMEN XXXV.
O DIVA, gratum quae regis Antiura,
Praesens vel imo tollere de gradu
Mortale corpus, vel superbos
Vertere funeribus triumphos,
Te pauper ambit sollicita prece
Ruris colonus, te dominam aequoris
Quicurnque Bithyna lacessit
Carpathium pelagus carina.
Te Dacus asper, te profugi Scythae
Urbesque gentesque et Latium ferox
Regumque matres barbarorum et
Purpurei metuunt tyranni,
Injurioso ne pede proruas
Stantem columnam, neu populus frequens
Ad arma cessantes, ad arma
Concitet imperiumque frangat.
Te semper anteit saeva Necessitas
262 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Clavos trabales et cuneos manu
Gestans aena, nee severus
Uncus abest liquidumque plumbum. 20
Te Spes et albo rara Fides ^olit
Velata panno nee comitem abnegat,
Utcumque mutata potentes
Veste domos inimica linquis.
At vulgus infidum et meretrix retro 25
Perjura cedit ; diffugiunt cadis"
Cum faece siccatis amici
Ferre jugum pariter dolosi.
Serves iturum Caesarem in ultimos
Orbis Britannos, et juvenum recens 3
Examen Eois timendum
Partibus Oceanoque rubro.
Eheu cicatricum et sceleris pudet
Fratrumque. Quid nos dura refugimus
Aetas? quid intactum nefasti as
Liquimus ? unde manum juventus
Metu deoruni continuit ? quibus
Pepercit aris ? O utinam nova
Incude diffingas retusum in
Massagetas Arabasque ferrum ! 40
CARMEN XXXVII.
NUNC est bibendum, nunc pede libero
Pulsanda tellus, nunc Saliaribus
Ornare pulvinar deorum
Tempus erat dapibus, sodales.
Antehac nefas depromere Caecubum
Cellis avitis, dum Capitolio
Regina dementes ruinas
Funus et imperio parabat
CARMINUM LIB. I. C. XXXVIII. 263
Contaminate cum grege turpium
Morbo virorum, quidlibet impotens *>
Sperare fortunaque dulci
Ebria. Sed minuit furorem
Vix una sospes navis ab ignibus,
Mentemque lymphatam Mareotico
Redegit in veros timores 15
Caesar, ab Italia volantem
Remis aflurgens, accipiter velut
Molles columbas, aut leporem citus
Venator in campis nivalis
Haemoniae, daret ut catenis no
Fatale monstrum : quae generosius
Perire quaerens, nee muliebriter
Expavit ensem nee latentes
Classe cita reparavit oras.
Ausa et jacentem visere regiam 25
Vultu sereno, fortis et asperas
Tractare serpentes, ut atrum
Corpore combiberet venenum,
Deliberata morte ferocior,
Saevis Liburnis scilicet invidens 30
Privata deduci superbo
Non humilis mulier triumpho.
CARMEN XXXVIII.
PERSICOS odi, puer, apparatus,
Displicent nexae philyra coronae ;
Mitte sectari rosa quo locorum
Sera moretur.
Simplici myrto nihil allabores
Sedulus euro : neque te ministrum
Dedecet myrtus neque me sub arta
Vite bibentem.
264 Q- HORATII FLACCI
LIBER SECUNDUS.
CARMEN II.
NULLUS argento color est a^aris
Abdito terris, inimice laranae
Crispe Sallusti, nisi temperato
Splendeat usu.
Vivet extento Proculeius aevo
Notus in fratres animi paterni ;
Ilium aget penna metuente solvi
Fama superstes.
Latius regnes avidum domando
Spiritum, quam si Libyam remotis
Gadibus jungas et uterque Poenus
Serviat uni.
Crescit indulgens sibi dirus hydrops,
Nee sitim pellit nisi causa morbi
Fugerit venis et aquosus albo
Corpore languor.
Redclitum Cyri solio Phraaten
Dissidens plebi numero beatorum
Eximit Virtus, populumque falsis
Dedocet uti
Vocibus, regnum et diadema tutum
Deferens uni propriamque laurum
Quisquis ingentes oculo irretorto
Spectat acervos.
CARMINUM LIB. II. C. III. 265
CARMEN III.
AEQUAM memento rebus in arduis
Servare mentem, non secus in bonis
Ab insolenti temperatam
Laetitia, moriture Belli,
Seu mae^tus omni tempore vixeris, 5
Seu te in remote gramine per dies
Festos reclinatum bearis
Interiore nota Falerni.
Quo pinus ingens albaque populus
Umbram hospitalem consociare amant 10
Ramis ? Quid obliquo laborat
Lympha fugax trepidare rivo ?
Hue vina et unguenta et nimium breves
Flores amoenae ferre jube rosae,
Dum res et aetas et sororum 15
Fila trium patiuntur atra.
Cedes coemptis saltibus et domo
Villaque flavus quam Tiberis lavit,
Cedes et exstructis in altum
Divitiis potietur heres. 20
Divesne prisco natus ab Inacho
Nil interest an pauper et infima
De gente sub divo moreris,
Victiina nil miserantis Orci.
Omnes eodem cogimur, omnium 25
Versatur urna serius ocius
Sors exitura et nos in aeternum
Exilium impositura cumbae.
266 Q. HORATII FLACCI
CARMEN IX.
\
NON semper imbres nubibus hispidos
Manant in agros, aut mare Caspium
Vexant inaequales procellae
Usque, nee Armeniis in oris,
Amice Valgi, stat glacies iners
Menses per omnes, aut Aquilonibus
Querceta Gargani laborant
Et foliis viduantur orni :
Tu semper urges flebilibus modis
Mysten ademptum, nee tibi Vespero
Surgente dececlunt ainores
Nee rapidum fugiente Solem.
At non ter aevo functus amabilem
Ploravit omnes Antilochum senex
Annos, nee impubem parentes
Troilon, aut Phrygiae sorores
Flevere semper. Desine mollium
Tandem querelarum, et potius nova
Cantemus Augusti tropaea
Caesaris et rigidum Niphaten,
Medumque flumen gentibus additum
Victis minores volvere vertices,
Intraque praescriptum Gelonos
Exiguis equitare campis.
CARMEN X.
RECTIUS vives, Licini, neque altum
Semper urgendo neque, dum procellas
Cautus horrescis, nimium premendo
Litus iniquum.
CARMINUM LIB. II. C. XIII. 267
Auream quisquis mediocritatem 5
Diligit, tutus caret obsoleti
Sordibus tecti, caret invidenda
Sobrius auia.
Saepius vends agitatur ingens
Pinus, et celsae graviore casu 10
Decidunt turres, feriuntque summos
Fulgura montes.
Sperat infestis, metuit secundis
Alteram sortem bene praeparatum
Pectus. Informes hiemes reducit 15
Juppiter, idem
Summovet. Non, si male nunc, et olim
Sic erit : quondam cithara tacentem
Suscitat Musam, neque semper arcum
Tendit Apollo. 20
Rebus angustis animosus atque
Fords appare ; sapienter idem
Contrahes vento nimium secundo
Turgida vela.
CARMEN XIII.
ILLE et nefasto te posuit die,
Quicumque primum, et sacrilega manu
Produxit, arbos, in nepotum
Perniciem opprobriumque pagi ;
Ilium et parentis crediderim sui
Fregisse cervicem et penetralia
Sparsisse nocturno cruore
Hospitis ; ille venena Colchica
Et quidquid usquam concipitur nefas
Tractavit, agro qui statuit meo
Te, triste lignum, te caducum
268 Q. HORATII FLACCI
In domini caput immerentis.
Quid quisque vitet, nunquam homini satis
Cautum est in horas : navita Bosporum
Poenus perhorrescit neque ultra 15
Caeca timet aliunde fata,
Miles sagittas et celerem fugam
Parthi, catenas Parthus et Italum
Robur ; sed improvisa leti
Vis rapuit rapietque gentes. 20
Quam paene furvae regna Proserpinae
Et judicantem vidimus Aeacum
Sedesque discretas piorum, et
Aeoliis fidibus querentem
Sappho puellis de popularibus, 35
Et te sonantem plenius aureo,
Alcaee, plectro dura navis,
Dura fugae mala, dura belli !
Utrumque sacro digna silentio
Mirantur umbrae dicere ; sed magis 30
Pugnas et exactos tyrannos
Densum humeris bibit aure vulgus.
Quid minim, ubi illis carminibus stupens
Demittit atras belua centiceps
Aures, et intorti capillis 35
Eumenidum recreantur angues ?
Quin et Prometheus et Pelopis parens
Dulci laborum decipitur sono ;
Nee curat Orion leones
Aut timidos agitare lyncas. 40
CARMEN XIV.
EHEU fugaces, Postume, Postume,
Labuntur anni, nee pietas moram
CARMINUM LIB. II. C. XV. 269
Rugis et instant! senectae
Afferet indomitaeque morti ;
Non, si trecenis, quotquot eunt dies, 5
Amice, places illacrimabilem
Plutona tauris, qui ter amplum
Geryonen Tityonque tristi
Compescit unda, scilicet omnibus
Quicumque terrae munere vescimur 10
Enaviganda, sive reges
Sive inopes erimus coloni.
Frustra cruento Marte carebimus,
Fractisque rauci fluctibus Hadriae,
Frustra per auctumnos nocentem is
Corporibus metuemus Austrum :
Visendus ater flumine languido
Cocytos errans et Danai genus
Infame damnatusque longi
Sisyphus Aeolides laboris. 20
Linquenda tellus et domus et placens
Uxor, neque harum quas colis arborum
Te praeter invisas cupressos
Ulla brevem dominum sequetur.
Absumet heres Caecuba dignior 35
Servata centum clavibus, et mero
Tinget pavimentum superbo
Pontificum potiore coenis.
CARMEN XV.
JAM pauca aratro jugera regiae
Moles relinquent ; undique latius
Extenta visentur Lucrino
Stagna lacu, platanusque caelebs
Evincet ulmos ; turn violaria et
270 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Myrtus et omnis copia narium
Spargent olivetis odorem
Fertilibus domino priori,
Turn spissa ramis laurea fervidos
Excludet ictus. Non ita Romuli >o
Praescriptum et intonsi Catonis
Auspiciis veterumque norma.
Privatus illis census erat brevis,
Commune magnum : nulla decempedis
Metata privatis opacam 15
Porticus excipiebat Arcton,
Nee fortuitum spernere caespitem
Leges sinebant, oppida publico
Sumptu jubentes et deorum
Templa novo decorare saxo. ao
CARMEN XVI.
OTIUM divos rogat in patente
Prensus Aegaeo, simul atra nubes
Condidit lunam neque certa fulgent
Sidera nautis ;
Otium bello furiosa Thrace, 5
Otium Medi pharetra decori,
Grosphe, non gemmis neque purpura ve-
nale neque auro.
Non enim gazae neque consularis
Summovet lictor miseros tumultus 10
Mentis, et curas laqueata circum
Tecta volantes.
Vivitur parvo bene cui paternum
Splendet in mensa tenui salinum,
Nee leves somnos timor aut cupido 15
Sordidus aufert.
CARMINUM LIB. II. C. XVII. 271
Quid brevi fortes jaculamur aevo
Multa? Quid terras alio calentes
Sole mutamus ? Patriae quis exsul
Se quoque fugit ? 20
Scandit aeratas vitiosa naves
Cura nee turmas equitum relinquit,
Ocior cervis et agente nimbos
Ocior Euro.
Laetus in praesens animus quod ultra est 25
Oderit curare, et amara lento
Temperet risu ; nihil est ab omni
Parte beatum.
Abstulit clarum cita mors Achillem,
Longa Tithonum minuit senectus, 30
Et mihi forsan tibi quod negarit
Porriget hora.
Te greges centum Siculaeque circum
Mugiunt vaccae, tibi tollit hinnitum
Apta quadrigis equa, te bis Afro 35
Murice tinctae
Vestiunt lanae : mihi parva rura et
Spiritum Graiae tenuem Camenae
Parca non mendax dedit et malignum
Spernere vulgus. 40
CARMEN XVII.
CUR me querelis exanimas tuis ?
Nee dis amicum est nee mihi te prius
Obire, Maecenas, mearum
Grande decus columenque rerum.
Ah te meae si partem animae rapit
Maturior vis, quid moror altera,
Nee cams aeque nee superstes
272 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Integer ? Ille dies utramque
Ducet ruinam. Non ego perfidum
Dixi sacramentum : ibimus, ibimus, 10
Utcumque praecedes, supremum
Carpere iter comites parati.
Me nee Chimaerae spiritus igneae
Nee, si resurgat, centimanus Gyas
Divellet unquam : sic potenti 15
Justitiae placitumque Parcis.
Seu Libra seu me Scorpios adspicit
Formidolosus pars violentior
Natalis horae, seu tyrannus
Hesperiae Capricornus undae, 20
Utrumque nostrum incredibili modo
Consentit astrum. Te Jovis impio
Tutela Saturno refulgens
Eripuit volucrisque Fati
Tardavit alas, quum populus frequens 25
Laetum theatris ter crepuit sonum :
Me truncus illapsus cerebro
Sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum
Dextra levasset, Mercurialium
Gustos virorum. Reddere victimas 30
Aedemque votivam memento :
Nos humilem feriemus agnam.
CARMEN XVIII.
NON ebur neque aureum
Mea renidet in domo lacunar ;
Non trabes Hymettiae
Premunt columnas ultima recisas
Africa ; neque Attali
Ignotus heres regiam occupavi ;
CARMINUM LIB. II. C. XVIII. 273
Nec Laconicas mihi
Trahunt honestae purpuras clientae :
At fides et ingeni
Benigna vena est, pauperemque dives 10
Me petit ; nihil supra
Deos lacesso, nee potentem amicum
Largiora flagito,
Satis beatus unicis Sabinis.
Truditur dies die, 15
Novaeque pergunt interire lunae.
Tu secanda marmora
Locas sub ipsum funus, et sepulchri
Immemor struis domos
Marisque Baiis obstrepentis urges 20
Summovere litora,
Parum locuples continente ripa.
Quid, quod usque proximos
Revellis agri terminos et ultra
Limites clientium 25
Salis avarus ? Pellitur paternos
In sinu ferens deos
Et uxor et vir sordidosque natos;
Nulla certior tamen
Rapacis Orci fine destinata 30
Aula divitem manet
Herum. Quid ultra tendis ? Aequa tellus
Pauperi recluditur
Regumque pueris, nee satelles Orci
Callidum Promethea ss
Revexit auro captus. Hie superbum
Tantalum atque Tantali
Genus coercet ; hie levare functum
Pauperem laboribus
Vocatus atque non vocatus audit. 40
18
274 Q- HORATII FLACCI
CARMEN XX.
NON usitata nee tenui ferar
Penna biformis per liquidum aethera
Vates, neque in terris morabor
Longius, invidiaque major
Urbes relinquam. Non ego pauperum
Sanguis parentum, non ego quern vocas,
Dilecte Maecenas, obibo,
Nee Stygia cohibebor unda.
Jam jam residunt cruribus asperae
Pelles, et album mutor in alitem
Superne, nascunturque leves
Per digitos humerosque plumae.
Jam Daedaleo ocior Icaro
Visam gementis litora Bospori
Syrtesque Gaetulas canorus
Ales Hyperboreosque campos.
Me Colchus et qui dissimulat metum
Marsae cohortis Dacus et ultimi
Noscent Geloni, me peritus
Discet Hiber Rhodanique potor.
Absint inani funere neniae
Luctusque turpes et querimoniae ;
Compesce clamorem ac sepulcri
Mitte supervacuos honores.
CARMINUM LIB. III. C. I. 275
LIBER TERTIUS.
CARMEN I.
ODI profanum vulgus et arceo ;
Favete linguis : carmina non prius
Audita Musarum sacerdos
Virginibus puerisque canto.
Regum timendorum in proprios greges,
Reges in ipsos imperium est Jovis
Clari Giganteo triumpho,
Cuncta supercilio moventis.
Est ut viro vir latius ordinet
Arbusta sulcis, hie generosior
Descendat in campum petitor,
Moribus hie meliorque fama
Coniendat, illi turba clientium
Sit major : aequa lege Necessitas
Sortitur insignes et imos ;
Omne capax movet urna nomen.
Districtus ensis cui super impia
Cervice pendet non Siculae dapes
Dulcem elaborabunt saporem,
Non avium citharaeque cantus
Somnum reducent. Somnus agrestium
Lenis virorum non humiles domos
Fastidit umbrosamque ripam,
Non Zephyris agitata Tempe.
Desiderantem quod satis est neque
Tumultuosum sollicitat mare,
Nee saevus Arcturi cadentis
Impetus aut orientis Haedi,
Non verberatae grandine vineae
276 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Fundusque mendax, arbore nunc aquas 30
Culpante nunc torrentia agros
Sidera nunc hienies iniquas.
Contracta pisces aequora sentiunt
Jactis in altum molibus ; hue frequens
Caementa demittit redemptor 35
Cum famulis dominusque terrae
Fastidiosus. Sed Timor et Minae
Scandunt eodem quo clominus, neque
Decedit aerata triremi, et
Post equitem sedet atra Cura. 40
Quodsi dolentem nee Phrygius lapis
Nee purpurarum sidere clarior
Delenit usus nee Falerna
Vitis Achaemeniumque costum,
Cur invidendis postibus et novo w
Sublime ritu moliar atrium ?
Cur valle permutem Sabina
Divitias operosiores?
CARMEN II.
ANGUSTAM amice pauperiem pati
Robustus acri militia puer
Condiscat, et Parthos feroces
Vexet eques metuendus hasta,
Vitamque sub divo et trepidis agat
In rebus. Ilium ex moenibus hosticis
Matrona bellantis tyranni
Prospiciens et adulta virgo
Suspiret, eheu, ne rudis agminum
Sponsus lacessat regius asperum
Tactu leoncm, quern cruenta
Per medias rapit ira caedes.
CARMINUM LIB. III. C. III. 277
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori :
Mors et fugacem persequitur virum,
Nee parcit imbellis juventae 15
Poplitibus timidoque tergo.
Virtus repulsae nescia sordidae
Intaminatis fulget honoribus,
Nee sumit aut ponit secures
Arbitrio popularis aurae. at
Virtus recludens immeritis mori
Coelum negata tentat iter via,
Coetusque vulgares et udam
Spernit humum fugiente penna.
Est et fideli tuta silentio 25
Merces : vetabo qui Cereris sacrum
Vulgarit arcanae sub isdem
Sit trabibus fragilemve mecum
Solvat phaselon. Saepe Diespiter
Neglectus incesto acldidit integrum ; 3
Raro antecedentem scelestum
Deseruit pede Poena claudo.
CARMEN III.
JUSTUM et tenacem propositi virum
Non civium ardor prava jubentium,
Non vultus instantis tyranni
Mente quatit solida, neque Auster
Dux inquieti turbidus Hadriae,
Nee fulminantis magna manus Jovis;
Si fractus illabatur orbis,
Impavidum ferient ruinae.
Hac arte Pollux et vagus Hercules
Enisus arces attigit igneas,
Quos inter Augustus recumbens
278 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Purpureo bibit ore nectar.
Hac te merentem, Bacche pater, tuae
Vexere tigres indocili jugum
Collo trahentes ; hac Quirinus is
Martis equis Acheronta fugit,
Gratum elocuta consiliantibus
Junone divis : Ilion, Ilion
Fatalis incestusque judex
Et mulier peregrina vertit 20
In pulverem, ex quo destituit decs
Mercede pacta Laomedon, mihi
Castaeque damnatum Minervae
Cum populo et duce fraudulento.
Jam nee Lacaenae splendet adultefae 25
Famosus hospes nee Priami domus
Perjura pugnaces Achivos
Hectoreis opibus refringit,
Nostrisque ductum seditionibus
Bellum resedit. Protinus et graves 30
Iras et invisum nepotem
Troica quem peperit sacerdos
Marti redonabo ; ilium ego lucidas
Inire sedes, ducere nectaris
Sucos, et adscribi quietis ss
Ordinibus patiar deorum.
Dum longus inter saeviat Ilion
Romamque pontus, qualibet exsules
In parte regnanto beati ;
Dum Priami Paridisque busto 40
Insultet armentum et catulos ferae
Celent inultae, stet Capitolium
Fulgens, triumphatisque possit
Roma ferox dare jura Medis.
Horrenda late nomen in ultimas 45
Extendat oras, qua medius liquor
Secern it Europen ab Afro,
CARMINUM LIB. III. C. IV. 279
Qua tumidus rigat arva Nilus,
Aurum irrepertum et sic melius situm
Quum terra celat spernere fortior, 50
Quam cogere humanos in usus
Omne sacrum rapiente dextra.
Quicumque mundo terminus obstitit
Hunc tangat armis, visere gestiens
Qua parte debacchentur ignes, 55
Qua nebulae pluviique rores.
Sed bellicosis fata Quiritibus
Hac lege dico, ne nimium pii
Rebusque fidentes avitae
Tecta velint reparare Trojae. 60
Trojae renascens aJite lugubri
Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur,
Ducente victrices catervas
Conjuge me Jovis et sorore.
Ter si resurgat murus aeneus 65
Auctore Phoebo, ter pereat meis
Excisus Argivis, ter uxor
Capta virum puerosque ploret.
Non hoc jocosae conveniet lyrae :
Quo, Musa, tendis ? Desine pervicax 70
Referre sermones deorurn et
Magna modis tenuare parvis.
CARMEN IV.
DESCENDE coelo et die age tibia
Regina Jongum Calliope melos,
Seu voce nunc mavis acuta,
Seu fidibus citharaque Phoebi.
Auditis, an me ludit amabilis
Insania ? Audire et videor pios
280 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Errare per lucos amoenae
Quos et aquae subeunt et aurae.
Me fabulosae Vulture in Apulo
Altricis extra limen Apuliae 10
Ludo fatigatumque somno
Fronde nova puerum palumbes
Texere, mirum quod foret omnibus,
Quicumque celsae niclum Acherontiae
Saltusque Bantinos et arvum 15
Pingue tenent humilis Forenti,
Ut tuto ab atris corpore viperis
Dormirem et ursis, ut premerer sacra
Lauroque collataque myrto,
Non sine dis animosus infans. 20
Vester, Camenae, vester in arduos
Toiler Sabinos, seu mihi frigidum
Praeneste seu Tibur supinum
Seu liquidae placuere Baiae.
Vestris amicum fontibus et choris s
Non me Philippis versa acies retro,
Devota non exstinxit arbos,
Nee Sicula Palinurus unda.
Utcumque mecum vos eritis, libens
Insanientem navita Bosporum 3
Tentabo et urentes arenas
Litoris Assyrii viator ;
Visam Britannos hospitibus feros
Et laetum equino sanguine Concanum,
Visam pharetratos Gelonos 35
Et Scythicum inviolatus amnem.
Vos Caesarem altum, militia simul
Fessas cohortes addidit oppidis,
Finire quaerentem labores
Pierio recreatis antro. 4
Vos lene consilium et datis et dato
Gaudetis almae. Scimus, ut impios
CARMINUM LIB. III. C. IV. 281
Titanas immanemque turmam
Fulmine sustulerit caduco,
Qui terram inertem, qui mare temperat 45
Ventosum, et urbes regnaque tristia
Divosque mortalesque turbas
Imperio Tegit unus aequo.
Magnum ilia terrorem intulerat Jovi
Fidens juventus horrida brachiis, 50
Fratresque tendentes opaco
Pelion imposuisse Olympo.
Sed quid Typhoeus et validus Mimas,
Aut quid minaci Porphyrion statu,
Quid Rhoetus evulsisque truncis 55
Enceladus jaculator audax
Contra sonantem Palladis aegida
Possent ruentes ? Hinc avidus stetit
Vulcanus, hinc matrona Juno et
Nunquam humeris positurus arcum, 60
Qui rore puro Castaliae lavit
Crines solutos, qui Lyciae tenet
Dumeta natalemque silvam,
Delius et Patareus Apollo.
Vis consili expers mole ruit sua : 65
Vim temperatam di quoque provehunt
In majus ; idem odere vires
Omne nefas animo moventes.
Testis mearum centimanus Gyas
Sententiarum, notus et integrae 7
Tentator Orion Dianae
Virginea domitus sagitta.
Injecta monstris Terra dolet suis
Maeretque partus fulmine luridum
Missos ad Orcum ; nee peredit 75
Impositam celer ignis Aetnen,
Incontinentis nee Tityi jecur
Reliquit ales, nequitiae additus
282 Q- HORATII FLACCI
Gustos ; amatorem trecentae
Pirithoum cohibent catenae. 80
CARMEN V.
COELO Tonantem credidimus Jovem
Regnare : praesens divus habebitur
Augustus adjectis Britannis
Imperio gravibusque Persis.
Milesne Crassi conjuge barbara 5
Turpis maritus vixit et hostium,
Pro curia inversique mores !
Consenuit socerorum in armis
Sub rege Medo Marsus et Apulus,
Anciliorum et nominis et togae 10
Oblitus aeternaeque Vestae,
Incolumi Jove et urbe Roma?
Hoc caverat mens provida Reguli
Dissentientis condicionibus
Foedis et exemplo trahentis 15
Perniciem veniens in aevum,
Si non periret immiserabilis
Captiva pubes. Signa ego Punicis
Affixa delubris et arma
Militibus sine caede, dixit, *>
Derepta vidi ; vidi ego civium
Retorta tergo brachia libero
Portasque non clausas et arva
Marte coli populata nostro.
Auro repensus scilicet acrior 25
Miles redibit. Flagitio additis
Damnum : neque amissos colores
Lana refert medicata fuco,
Nee vera virtus quum semel excidit
CARMINUM LIB. III. C. VIII. 283
Curat reponi deterioribus. 30
Si pugnat extricata densis
Cerva plagis, erit ille fortis
Qui perfidis se credidit hostibus,
Et Marte Poenos proteret altero
Qui lora restrictis lacertis 35
Sensit iners timuitque mortem.
Hie unde vitam sumeret inscius
Pacem duello miscuit. O pudor !
O magna Karthago, probrosis
Altior Italiae minis ! 40
Fertur pudicae conjugis osculum
Parvosque natos ut capitis minor
Ab se removisse et virilem
Torvus humi posuisse vultum :
Donee labantes consilio patres 45
Firmaret auctor nunquam alias dato,
Interque maerentes amicos
Egregius properaret exsul.
Atqui sciebat quae sibi barbarus
Tortor pararet ; non aliter tamen 50
Dimovit obstantes propinquos,
Et populum reditus morantem,
Quam si clientum longa negotia
Dijudicata lite relinqueret,
Tendens Venafranos in agros 55
Aut Lacedaemonium Tarentum.
CARMEN VIII.
MARTIIS caelebs quid agam Kalendis,
Quid velint flores et acerra thuris
Plena miraris, positusque carbo in
Caespite vivo,
284 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Docte sermones utriusque linguae ?
Voveram dulces epulas et album
Libero caprum prope funeratus
Arboris ictu.
Hie dies anno redeunte festus
Corticem adstrictum pice dimovebit
Amphorae fumum bibere institutae
Consule Tullo.
Sume, Maecenas, cyathos amici
Sospitis centum, et vigiles lucernas
Perfer in lucem ; procul omnis esto
Clamor et ira.
Mitte civiles super urbe curas :
Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen,
Medus infestus sibi luctuosis
Dissidet armis,
Servit Hispanae vetus hostis orae
Cantaber sera domitus catena ;
Jam Scythae laxo meditantur arcu
Cedere campis.
Neglegens ne qua populus laboret
Parce privatus nimium cavere ;
Dona praesentis cape laetus horae et
Linque severa.
CARMEN XVI.
INCLUSAM Danaen turris ae'nea
Robustaeque fores et vigilum canum
Tristes excubiae munierant satis
Nocturnis ab adulteris,
Si non Acrisium virginis abditae
Custodem pavidum Juppiter et Venus
Risissent ; fore enim tutum iter et patens
CARMINUM LIB. III. C. XVI. 285
Converse in pretium deo.
Aurum per medios ire satellites
Et perrumpere amat saxa potentius 10
Ictu fulmineo : concidit auguris
Argivi domus ob lucrum
Demersa exitio ; diffidit urbium
Portas vir Macedo et subruit aemulos
Reges muneribus ; munera navium 15
Saevos illaqueant duces.
Crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam
Majorumque fames. Jure perhorrui
Late conspicuum tollere verticem,
Maecenas, equitum decus. 20
Quanto quisque sibi plura negaverit,
Ab dis plura feret : nil cupientium
Nuclus castra peto et transfuga divitum
Partes linquere gestio,
Contemptae dominus splendidior rei, 25
Quam si quidquid arat impiger Apulus
Occultare meis dicerer horreis,
Magnas inter opes inops.
Purae rivus aquae silvaque jugerum
Paucorum et segetis certa fides meae 30
Fulgentem imperio fertilis Africae
Fallit sorte beatior.
Quamquam nee Calabrae mella ferunt apes
Nee Laestrygonia Bacchus in amphora
Languescit mihi nee pinguia Gallicis 35
Crescunt vellera pascuis,
Importuna tamen pauperies abest,
Nee si plura veliin tu dare deneges.
Contracto melius parva cupidine
Vectigalia porrigam, 40
Quam si Mygdoniis regnum Alyattei
Campis continuem. Multa petentibus
Desunt multa : bene est cui deus obtulit
Parca quod satis est manu.
Q. HORATII FLACCI
CARMEN XXIV.
INTACTIS opulentior
Thesauris Arabum et divitis Indiae
Caementis licet occupes
Tyrrhenian omne tuis et mare Apulicum,
Si figit adamantines s
Summis verticibus dira Necessitas
Clavos, non animum metu,
Non mortis laqueis expedies caput.
Campestres melius Scythae
Quorum plaustra vagas rite trahunt domos K>
Vivunt, et rigidi Getae
Immetata quibus jugera liberas
Fruges et Cererem ferunt,
Nee cultura placet longior annua,
Defunctumque laboribus 15
Aequali recreat sorte vicarius.
Illic matre carentibus
Privignis mulier temperat innocens,
Nee dotata regit virum
Conjux nee nitido fidit adultero. *
Dos est magna parentium
Virtus et metuens alterius viri
Certo foedere castitas ;
Et peccare nefas aut pretium est mori.
O quisquis volet impias 23
Caedes et rabiem tollere civicam,
Si quaeret PATKR URBIUM
Subscribi statuis, indomitam audeat
Refrenare licentiam,
Clarus postgenitis ; quatenus, heu nefas ! 30
Virtutem incolumem odimus,
Sublatam ex oculis quaerimus invidi.
CARMINUM LIB. III. C. XXIV. 287
Quid tristes querimoniae,
Si non supplicio culpa reciditur?
Quid leges sine moribus 35
Vanae proficiunt, si neque fervidis
Pars inclusa caloribus
Mundi nee Boreae finitimum latus
Durataeque solo nives
Mercatorem abigunt, horrida callidi 40
Vincunt aequora navitae,
Magnum pauperies opprobrium jubet
Quidvis et facere et pati
Virtutisque viam deserit arduae ?
Vel nos in Capitolium 45
Quo clamor vocat et turba faventium,
Vel nos in mare proximum
Gemmas et lapides aurum et inutile,
Summi materiem mali,
Mittamus, scelerum si bene poenitet. 50
Eradenda cupidinis
Pravi sunt elementa, et tenerae nimis
Mentes asperiocibus
Formandae studiis. Nescit equo rudis
Haerere ingenuus puer ss
Venarique timet, ludere doctior,
Seu Graeco jubeas trocho
Seu malis vetita legibus alea,
Quum perjura patris fides
Consortem socium fallat et hospitem 60
Indignoque pecuniam
Heredi properet. Scilicet improbae
Crescunt divitiae ; tamen
Curtae nescio quid semper abest rei.
288 Q. HORATII FLACCI
CARMEN XXIX.
TYRRHENA regum progenies, tibi
Non ante verso lene merum cado
Cum flore, Maecenas, rosarum et
Pressa tuis balanus capillis
Jamdudum apud me est. Eripe te morae ; 5
Ne semper udum Tibur et Aesulae
Declive contempleris arvum et
Telegoni juga parricidae.
Fastidiosam desere copiam et
Molem propinquam nubibus arduis ; 10
Omitte mirari beatae
Fumum et opes strepitumque Romae.
Plerumque gratae divitibus vices,
Mundaeque parvo sub lare pauperum
Coenae sine aulaeis et ostro 15
Sollicitam explicuere frontem.
Jam clarus occultum Andromedae pater
Ostendit ignem, jam Procyon furit
Et stella vesani Leonis,
Sole dies referente siccos. *>
Jam pastor umbras cum grege languido
Rivumque fessus quaerit et horridi
Dumeta Silvani, caretque
Ripa vagis taciturna ventis.
Tu civitatem quis deceat status 25
Curas et Urbi sollicitus times
Quid Seres et regnata Cyro
Bactra parent Tanaisque discors.
Prudens futuri temporis exitum
Caliginosa nocte premit deus, 30
Ridetque si mortalis ultra
Fas trepidat. Quod adest memento
CARMINUM LIB. III. C. XXIX. 289
Componere aequus ; cetera fluminis
Ritu feruntur, nunc medio aequore
Cum pace delabentis Etruscum 35
In mare, nunc lapides adesos
Stirpesque raptas et pecus et domus
Volventis una non sine montium
Clamore vicinaeque silvae,
Quum fera diluvies quietos 40
Irritat amnes. Ille potens sui
Laetusque deget, cui licet in diem
Dixisse Vixi : eras vel atra
Nube polum Pater occupato
Vel sole puro ; non tamen irritum 45
Quodcumque retro est efficiet, neque
Diffinget infectumque reddet
Quod fugiens semel hora vexit.
Fortuna saevo laeta negotio et
Ludum insolentem ludere pertinax 50
Transmutat incertos honores,
Nunc mihi, nunc alii benigna.
Laudo manentem ; si celeres quatit
Pennas, resigno quae dedit, et mea
Virtute me involve probamque 55
Pauperiem sine dote quaero.
Non est meum, si mugiat Africis
Malus procellis, ad miseras preces
Decurrere, et votis pacisci
Ne Cypriae Tyriaeque merces 60
Addant avaro divitias mari :
Tune me biremis praesidio scaphae
Tutum per Aegaeos tumultus
Aura feret geminusque Pollux.
290 Q. HORATII FLACCI
CARMEN XXX.
EXEGI monumentum acre perennius
Regalique situ pyramidum altius,
Quod non imber edax, non Aquilo impotens
Possit diruere aut innumerabilis
Annorum series et fuga temporum.
Non omnis moriar, multaque pars mei
Vitabit Libitinam : usque ego postera
Crescam laude recens dum Capitolium
Scandet cum tacita virgine pontifex.
Dicar qua violens obstrepit Aufidus
Et qua pauper aquae Daunus agrestium
Regnavit populorum, ex humili potens,
Princeps Aeolium carmen ad Italos
Deduxisse modos. Sume superbiam
Quaesitam meritis et mihi Delphica
Lauro cinge volens, Melpomene, comam.
LIBER QUARTUS.
CARMEN II.
PINDARUM quisquis studet aemulari,
lule, ceratis ope Daedalea
Nititur pennis vitreo daturus
Nomina ponto.
Monte decurrens velut amnis imbres
Quern super notas aluere ripas
Fervet immensusque ruit profundo
Pindarus ore,
CARMINUM LIB. IV. C. II. 29 1
Laurea donandus Apollinari,
Seu per audaces nova dithyrambos " 10
Verba devolvit numerisque fertur
Lege solutis ;
Seu deos regesve canit deorum
Sanguinem per quos cecidere justa
Morte Centauri, cecidit tremendae 15
Flamma Chimaerae ;
Sive quos Elea domum reducit
Palma coelestes pugilemve equumve
Dicit et centum potiore signis
Munere donat ; 20
Flebili sponsae juvenemve raptum
Plorat et vires animumque moresque
Aureos educit in astra nigroque
Invidet Oreo.
Multa Dircaeum levat aura cycnum 35
Tendit, Antoni, quoties in altos
Nubium tractus. Ego apis Matinae
More modoque
Grata carpentis thyma per laborem
Plurimum circa nemus uvidique 30
Tiburis ripas operosa parvus
Carmina fingo.
Concines majore poeta plectro
Caesarem quandoque trahet feroces
Per sacrum clivum merita decorus 33
Fronde Sygambros,
Quo nihil majus meliusve terris
Fata donavere bonique divi,
Nee dabunt quamvis redeant in aurum
Tempora priscum. 40
Concines laetosque dies et Urbis
Publicum ludum super impetrato
Fords August! reditu forumque
Litibus orbum.
292 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Turn meae si quid loquar audiendum 45
Vocis accedet bona pars et, O Sol
Pulcher ! o laudande ! canam, recepto
Caesare felix.
Teque dum procedis, io Triumphe !
Non semel dicemus, io Triumphe ! so
Civitas omnis dabimusque divis
Thura benignis.
Te decem tauri totidemque vaccae,
Me tener solvet vitulus relicta
Matre qui largis juvenescit herbis ss
In mea vota,
Fronte curvatos imitatus ignes
Tertium lunae referentis ortum,
Qua notam duxit niveus videri
Cetera fulvus. 60
CARMEN III.
QUEM tu, Melpomene, semel
Nascentem placido lumine videris,
Ilium non labor Isthmius
Clarabit pugilem, non equus impiger
Curru ducet Achaico s
Victorem, neque res bellica Deliis
Ornatum foliis ducem,
Quod regum tumidas contuderit minas,
Ostendet Capitolio :
Sed quae Tibur aquae fertile praefluunt io
Et spissae nemorum comae
Fingent Aeolio carmine nobilem.
Romae principis urbium
Dignatur suboles inter amabiles
Vatum ponere rne choros, 15
CARMINUM LIB. IV. C. IV. 293
Et jam dente minus mordeor invido.
O, testudinis aureae
Dulcem quae strepitum, Fieri, temperas,
O, mutis quoque piscibus
Donatura cycni, si libeat, sonum, 20
Totum muneris hoc tui est :
Quod monstror digito praetereuntium
Romanae fidicen lyrae,
Quod spiro et placeo, si placeo, tuum est.
CARMEN IV.
QUALEM ministrum fulminis alitem,
Cui rex deorum regnum in aves vagas
Permisit expertus fidelem
Juppiter in Ganymede flavo,
Olim juventas et patrius vigor
Nido laborum propulit inscium,
Vernique jam nimbis remotis
Insolitos docuere nisus
Venti paventem, mox in ovilia
Demisit hostem vividus impetus,
Nunc in reluctantes dracones
Egit amor dapis atque pugnae :
Qualemve laetis caprea pascuis
Intenta fulvae matris ab ubere
Jam lacte depulsum leonem
Dente novo peritura vidit :
Videre Raetis bella sub Alpibus
Drusum gerentem Vindelici ; quibus
Mos unde deductus per omne
Tempus Amazonia securi
Dextras obarmet quaerere distuli,
Nee scire fas est omnia ; sed diu
294 Q- HORATII FLACCI
Lateque victriccs catervae
Consiliis juvenis revictae
Sensere quid mens rite, quid indoles 25
Nutrita faustis sub penetralibus
Posset, quid August! paternus
In pueros animus Nerones.
Fortes creantur fortibus et bonis ;
Est in juvencis, est in equis patrum 3
Virtus, neque imbellem feroces
Progenerant aquilae columbam :
Doctrina sed vim promovet insitam,
Rectique cultus pectora roborant ;
Utcumque defecere mores 35
Indecorant bene nata culpae.
Quid debeas, o Roma, Neronibus
Testis Metaurum flumen et Hasdrubal
Devictus et pulcher fugatis
Ille dies Latio tenebris 40
Qui primus alma risit adorea,
Dims per urbes Afer ut Italas
Ceu flamma per taedas vel Eurus
Per Siculas equitavit undas.
Post hoc secundis usque laboribus 45
Romana pubes crevit et impio
Vastata Poenorum tumultu
Fana deos habuere rectos ;
Dixitque tandem perridus Hannibal :
Cervi luporum praeda rapacium so
Sectamur ultro quos opimus
Fallere et effugere est triumphus.
Gens quae cremato fortis ab Ilio
Jactata Tuscis aequoribus sacra
Natosque maturosque patres ss
Pertulit Ausonias ad urbes,
Duris ut ilex tonsa bipennibus
Nigrae feraci frondis in Algido,
CARMINUM LIB. IV. C. VII. 295
Per damna, per caedes, ab ipso
Ducit opes animumque ferro. 60
Non hydra secto corpore finnior
Vinci dolentem crevit in Herculem,
Monstrumve submisere Colchi
Majus Echioniaeve Thebae.
Merses profundo, pulchrior evenit : 65
Luctere, multa proruet integrum
Cum laude victorem geretque
Proelia conjugibus loquenda.
Karthagini jam non ego nuntios
Mittam superbos : occidit, occidit 70
Spes omnis et fortuna nostri
Nominis Hasdrubale interempto.
Nil Claudiae non perficient manus,
Quas et benigno numine Juppiter
Defendit et curae sagaces 7s
Expediunt per acuta belli.
CARMEN VII.
DIFFUGERE nives, redeunt jam gramina campis
Arboribusque comae ;
Mutat terra vices et decrescentia ripas
Flumina praetereunt ;
Gratia cum Nymphis geminisque sororibus audet
Ducere nuda choros.
Immortalia ne speres monet annus et almum
Quae rapit hora diem.
Frigora mitescunt Zephyris, ver proterit aestas
Interitura simul
Pomifer Auctumnus fruges effuderit, et mox
Bruma recurrit iners.
Damna tamen celeres reparant coelestia lunae :
296 Q. HORATII FLACC1
Nos ubi decidimus
Quo plus Aeneas quo dives Tullus et Ancus 15
Pulvis et umbra sumus.
Quis scit an adjiciant hodiernae crastina summae
Tempora di superi ?
Cuncta manus avidas fugient hereclis amico
Quae dederis animo. 20
Quum semel occideris et de te splendida Minos
Fecerit arbitria,
Non, Torquate, genus, non te facundia, non te
Restituet pietas ;
Infernis neque enim tenebris Diana pudicum 25
Liberal Hippolytum,
Nee Lethaea valet Theseus abrumpere caro
Vincula Pirithoo.
CARMEN IX.
NE forte credas interitura quae
Longe sonantem natus ad Aufidum
Non ante vulgatas per artes
Verba loquor socianda chordis
Non si priores Maeonius tenet
Sedes Homerus Pindaricae latent
Ceaeque et Alcaei minaces
Stesichorique graves Camenae
Nee si quid olim lusit Anacreon
Delevit aetas ; spiral adhuc amor
Vivuntque commissi calores
Aeoliae fidibus puellae.
Non sola comptos arsit adulteri
Crines, et aurum vestibus illitum
Mirata regalesque cultus
Et comites Helene Lacaena,
CARMINUM LIB. IV. C. IX. 297
Primusve Teucer tela Cydonio
Direxit arcu ; non semel Ilios
Vexata ; non pugnavit ingens
Idomeneus Sthenelusve solus 20
Dicenda Musis prqelia ; non ferox
Hector vel acer Deiphobus graves
Excepit ictus pro pudicis
Conjugibus puerisque primus.
Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona 25
Multi ; sed omnes iliacrimabiles
Urgentur ignotique longa
Nocte, carent quia vate sacro.
Paullum sepultae distat inertiae
Celata virtus. Non ego te meis 30
Chartis inornatum silebo,
Totve tuos patiar labores
Impune, Lolli, carpere lividas
Obliviones. Est animus tibi
Rerumque prudens et secundis 35
Temporibus dubiisque rectus,
Vindex avarae fraudis, et abstinens
Ducentis ad se cuncta pecuniae,
Consulque non unius anni
Sed quoties bonus atque fidus 40
Judex honestum praetulit utili,
Rejecit alto dona nocentium
Vultu, per obstantes catervas
Explicuit sua victor arma.
Non possidentem multa vocaveris 45
Recte beatum : rectius occupat
Nomen beati qui deorum
Muneribus sapienter uti
Duramque callet pauperiem pati,
Pej usque leto flagitium timet, 50
Non ille pro caris amicis
Aut patria timid us perire.
298 Q. HORATII FLACCI
CARMEN XIV.
QUAE cura patrum quaeve Quiritium
Plenis honorum muneribus tuas,
Auguste, virtutes in aevum
Per titulos memoresque fastos
Aeternet, o qua sol habitabiles 5
Illustrat oras maxime principum ?
Quem legis expertes Latinae
\"indelici didicere nuper
Quid Marte posses. Milite nam tuo
Drusus Genaunos, implacidum genus, 10
Breunosque veloces, et arces
Alpibus impositas tremendis
Dejecit acer plus vice simplici ;
Major Neronum mox grave proelium
Commisit immanesque Raetos 15
Auspiciis pepulit secundis,
Spectandus in certamine Martio,
Devota morti pectora liberae
Quantis fatigaret ruinis ;
Indomitas prope qualis undas 20
Exercet Auster, Pleiadum choro
Scindente nubes, impiger hostium
Vexare turmas et frementem
Mittere equum medios per ignes.
Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus, 25
Qua regna Dauni praefluit Apuli,
Quum saevit horrendamque cultis
Diluviem meditatur agris,
Ut barbarorum Claudius agmina
Ferrata vasto diruit impetu 3
Primosque et extremes metendo
Stravit humum, sine clade victor,
CARMINUM LIB. IV. C. XIV. 299
Te copias, te consilium et tuos
Praebente divos. Nam tibi, quo die
Portus Alexandrea supplex 35
Et vacuam patefecit aulam,
Fortuna lustro prospera tertio
Belli secundos reddidit exitus,
Laudemque et optatum peractis
Imperiis decus arrogavit. 40
Te Cantaber non ante domabilis
Medusque et Indus, te profugus Scythes
Miratur, o tutela praesens
Ilaliae dominaeque Romae.
Te fontium qui celat origines 45
Nilusque et Ister, te rapidus Tigris-
Te beluosus qui remotis
Obstrepit Oceanus Britannis,
Te non paventis funera Galliae
Duraeque tellus audit Hiberiae, 30
Te caede gaudentes Sygambri
Compositis venerantur armis.
Q. HORATII FLACCI
CARMEN SECULARE.
PHOEBE silvarumque potens Diar^i,
Lucidum coeli decus, o colendi
Semper et culti, date, quae precamur
Tempore sacro,
Quo Sibyllini monuere versus
Virgines lectas puerosque castos
Dis quibus septem placuere colles
Dicere carmen.
Alme Sol, curru nitido diem qui
Promis et celas aliusque et idem
Nasceris, possis nihil urbe Roma
Visere majus.
Rite matures aperire partus
Lenis, Ilithyia, tuere matres,
Sive tu Lucina probas vocari
Seu Genitalis.
Diva, producas subolem patrumque
Prosperes decreta super jugandis
Feminis prolisque novae feraci
Lege marita,
Certus undenos decies per annos
Orbis ut cantus referatque ludos
Ter die claro totiesque grata
Nocte frequentes.
Vosque veraces cecinisse, Parcae,
CARMEN SECULARE. 301
Quod semel dictum est stabilisque rerum
Terminus servat, bona jam peractis
Jungite fata.
Fertilis frugum pecorisque Tellus
Spicea donet Cererem corona ; 30
Nutriant fetus et aquae salubres
Et Jovis aurae.
Condito mitis placidusque telo
Supplices audi pueros, Apollo :
Siderum regina bicornis audi, 35
Luna, puellas.
Roma si vestrum est opus, Iliaeque
Litus Etruscum tenuere turmae,
Jussa pars mutare Lares et urbem
Sospite cursu, 4 o
Cui per ardentem sine fraude Trojam
Castus Aeneas patriae superstes
Liberum munivit iter, daturus
Plura relictis :
Di, probos mores docili juventae, 45
Di, senectuti placidae quietem,
Romulae genti date remque prolemque
Et decus omne !
Quaeque vos bubus veneratur albis
Clarus Anchisae Venerisque sanguis, 50
Impetret, bellante prior, jacentem
Lenis in hostem !
Jam mari terraque manus potentes
Medus Albanasque timet secures,
Jam Scythae responsa petunt, superbi 55
Nuper, et Indi.
Jam Fides et Pax et Honos Pudorque
Priscus et neglecta redire Virtus
Audet, apparetque beata pleno
Copia cornu. 60
Augur et fulgente decorus arcu
3O2 Q. HORATII FLACCI CARMEN' SECULARE.
Phoebus acceptusque novem Camenis,
Qui salutari levat arte fessos
Corporis artus,
Si Palatinas videt aequus arces 65
Remque Romanam Latiumque, felix
Alterum in lustrum meliusque semper
Proroget aevum.
Quaeque Aventinum tenet Algidumque,
Quindecim Diana preces virorum 70
Curet et votis puerorum arnicas
Applicet aures.
Haec Jovem sentire deosque cunctos
Spem bonam certamque domum reporto,
Doctus et Phoebi chorus et Dianae 75
Dicere laudes.
Q. HORATII FLACCI
EPODON LIBER.
CARMEN II.
BEATUS ille qui procul negotiis,
Ut prisca gens mortalium,
Paterna rura bobus exercet suis
Solutus omni fenore.
Neque excitatur classico miles truci,
Neque horret iratum mare,
Forumque vitat et superba civium
Potentiorum limina.
Ergo aut adulta vitium propagine
Altas maritat populos,
Aut in reducta valle mugientium
Prospectat errantes greges,
Inutilesque falce ramos amputans
Feliciores inserit,
Aut pressa puris mella condit amphoris,
Aut tondet infirmas oves ;
Vel quum decorum mitibus pomis caput
Auctumnus agris extulit,
Ut gaudet insitiva decerpens pira,
Certantem et uvam purpurae,
Qua muneretur te, Priape, et te, pater
Silvane tutor finium !
Libet jacere modo sub antiqua ilice,
Modo in tenaci gramine.
304 Q- HORATII FLACCI
Labuntur altis interim ripis aquae, *$
Queruntur in silvis aves,
Fontesque lymphis obstrepunt manantibus,
Somnos quod invitet leves.
At quum tonantis annus hibernus Jovis
Imbres nivesque comparat, 30
Aut trudit acres hinc et hinc multa cane
Apros in obstantes plagas,
Aut amite levi rara tendit retia
Turdis edacibus dolos,
Pavidumque leporem et advenam laqueo gruem 35
Jucunda captat praemia.
Quis non malarum quas amor curas habet
Haec inter obliviscitur?
Quodsi pudica mulier in partem juvet
Domum atque dulces liberos, 40
Sabina qualis aut perusta solibus
Pernicis uxor Apuli,
Sacrum vetustis exstruat lignis focum
Lassi sub adventum viri,
Claudensque textis cratibus laetum pecus 45
Distenta siccet ubera,
Et horna dulci vina promens dolio
Dapes inemptas apparet :
Non me Lucrina juverint conchylia
Magisve rhombus aut scari, 5
Si quos Eois intonata fluctibus
Hiems ad hoc vertat mare ;
Non Afra avis descendat in ventrem meum
Non attagen lonicus
Jucundior, quam lecta de pinguissimis ss
Oliva ramis arborum
Aut herba lapathi prata amantis et gravi
Malvae salubres corpori,
Vel agna festis caesa Terminalibus,
Vel haedus ereptus lupo. 60
EPOD. LIB. CARM. VII. 305
Has inter epulas ut juvat pastas oves
Videre properantes domum,
Videre fessos vomerem inversum boves
Collo trahentes languido,
Positosque vernas, ditis examen domus, 65
Circum renidentes Lares !
Haec ubi locutus fenerator Alphius,
Jam jam futurus rusticus,
Omnem redegit Idibus pecuniam,
Quaerit Kalendis ponere. 7
CARMEN VII.
Quo, quo scelesti ruitis ? aut cur dexteris
Aptantur enses conditi ?
Parumne campis atque Neptuno super
Fusum est Latini sanguinis,
Non ut superbas invidae Karthaginis
Romanus arces ureret,
Intactus aut Britannus ut descenderet
Sacra catenatus via,
Sed ut secundum vota Parthorum sua
Urbs haec periret dextera ?
Neque hie lupis mos nee fuit leonibus
Unquam nisi in dispar feris.
Furorne caecus, an rapit vis acrior,
An culpa ? Responsum date.
Tacent et albus ora pallor inficit
Mentesque perculsae stupent.
Sic est : acerba fata Romanes agunt
Scelusque fraternae necis,
Ut immerentis fluxit in terram Remi
Sacer nepotibus cruor.
306 Q. HORATII FLACCI
CARMEN XIII.
HORRIDA tempestas coelum contraxit et imbres
Nivesque deducunt Jovem ; nunc mare, nunc siluae
Threicio Aquilone sonant : rapiamus, amici,
Occasionem de die, dumque virent genua
Et decet, obducta solvatur fronte senectus.
. Tu vina Torquato move consule pressa meo.
Cetera mitte loqui : deus haec fortasse benigna
Reducet in sedem vice. Nunc et Achaemenio
Perfundi nardo juvat et fide Cyllenea
Levare diris pectora sollicitudinibus;
Nobilis ut grandi cecinit Centaurus alumno :
Invicte, mortalis dea nate puer Thetide,
Te manet Assaraci tellus, quam frigida parvi
Findunt Scamandri flumina lubricus et Simoi's,
Unde tibi reditum certo subtemine Parcae
Rupere, nee mater domum caerula te revehet.
Illic omne malum vino cantuque levato,
Deformis aegrimoniae dulcibus alloquiis.
CARMEN XVI.
ALTERA jam teritur bellis civilibus aetas,
Suis et ipsa Roma viribus ruit :
Quam neque finitimi valuerunt perdere Marsi
Minacis aut Etrusca Porsenae manus,
Aemula nee virtus Capuae nee Spartacus acer
Novisque rebus infidelis Allobrox,
Nee fera caerulea domuit Germania pube
Parentibusque abominatus Hannibal,
Impia perdemus devoti sanguinis aetas,
EPOD. LIB. CARM. XVI. 307
Ferisque rursus occupabitur solum. 10
Barbaras heu cineres insistet victor et Urbem ,
Eques sonante verberabit ungula,
Quaeque carent ventis et solibus ossa Quirini,
Nefas videre ! dissipabit insolens.
Forte quid expediat communiter aut melior pars 15
Malis carere quaeritis laboribus :
Nulla sit hac potior sententia, Phocaeorum
Velut profugit exsecrata civitas
Agros atque Lares patrios habitandaque fana
Apris reliquit et rapacibus lupis, 20
Ire pedes quocumque ferent, quocumque per undas
Notus vocabit aut protervus Africus.
Sic placet? an melius quis habet suadere? Secunda
Ratem occupare quid moramur alite ?
Sed juremus in haec : Simul imis saxa renarint 25
Vadis levata, ne redire sit nefas ;
Neu conversa domum pigeat dare lintea, quando
Padus Matina laverit cacumina,
In mare seu celsus procurrerit Apenninus,
Novaque monstra junxerit libidine 30
Mirus amor, juvet ut tigres subsidere cervis,
Adulteretur et columba miluo,
Credula nee ravos timeant armenta leones,
Ametque salsa levis hircus aequora.
Haec et quae poterunt reditus abscindere dulces . 35
Eamus omnis exsecrata civitas,
Aut pars indocili melior grege ; mollis et exspes
Inominata perprimat cubilia,
Vos quibus est virtus muliebrem tollite luctum
Etrusca praeter et volate litora. 4 o
Nos manet Oceanus circumvagus : arva, beata
Petamus arva divites.et insulas,
Reddit ubi Cererem tellus inarata quotannis
Et imputata floret usque vinea,
Germinat et nunquam fallentis termes olivae, 45
308 Q. HORATII FLACCI EPOD. LIB. CARM. X
Suamque pulla ficus ornat arborem,
Mella cava manant ex ilice, montibus altis
Levis crepante lympha desilit pede.
Illic injussae veniunt ad mulctra capellae,
Refertque tenta grex amicus ubera ; 5
Nee vespertinus circumgemit ursus ovile,
Neque intumescit alta viperis humus.
Pluraque felices mirabimur : ut neque largis
Aquosus Eurus arva radat imbribus,
Pinguia nee siccis urantur semina glebis, 55
Utrumque rege temperante coelitum.
Non hue Argoo contendit remige pinus,
Neque impudica Colchis intulit pedem,
Non hue Sidonii torserunt cornua nautae
Laboriosa nee cohors Ulixei. 60
Nulla nocent pecori contagia, nullius astri
Gregem aestuosa torret impotentia.
Juppiter ilia piae secrevit litora genti,
Ut inquinavit acre tempus aureum ;
Acre, dehinc ferro duravit seeula : quorum 65
Piis secunda vate me datur fuga.
Q. HORATII FLACCI
SATIRAE.
LIBER PRIMUS.
SATIRA I.
Qui fit, Maecenas, ut nemo quam sibi sortem
Seu ratio dederit seu fors objecerit ilia
Contentus vivat, laudet diversa sequentes ?
O fortunati mercatores ! gravis annis
Miles ait multo jam fractus membra labore.
Contra mercator, navem jactantibus Austris :
Militia est potior. Quid enim, concurritur : horae
Memento cita mors venit aut victoria laeta.
Agricolam laudat juris legumque peritus,
Sub galli cantum consultor ubi ostia pulsat.
Ille datis vadibus qui rure extractus in urbem est
Solos Felices viventes clamat in urbe.
Cetera de genere hoc, adeo sunt multa, loquacem
Delassare valent Fabium. Ne te morer, audi
Quo rem deducam. Si quis Deus, En ego, dicat,
Jam faciam quod vultis : eris tu, qui modo miles,
Mercator ; tu, consultus modo, rusticus : hinc vos,
Vos hinc mutatis discedite partibus : Eja !
Quid statis? nolint. Atqui licet esse beatis.
Quid causae est merito quin illis Juppiter ambas
Iratus buccas inflet, neque se fore posthac
Tarn facilem dicat votis ut praebeat aurem ?
310 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Praeterea ne sic, ut qui jocularia, ridens
Percurram quamquam ridentem dicere verum
Quid vetat? ut pueris olim dant crustula blandi 25
Doctores, elementa velint ut discere prima
Sed tamen amoto quaeramus seria ludo.
I lie gravem duro terram qui vertit aratro,
Perfidus hie caupo, miles, nautaeque per omne
Audaces mare qui currunt, hac mente laborem 3
Sese ferre, senes ut in otia tuta recedant,
Aiunt, quum sibi sint congesta cibaria : sicut
Parvula, nam exemplo est, magni formica laboris
Ore trahit quodcumque potest atque addit acervo,
Quern struit baud ignara ac non incauta futuri. 35
Quae, simul inversum contristat Aquarius annum,
Non usquam prorepit et illis utitur ante
Quaesitis sapiens; quum te neque fervidus aestus
Demoveat lucro, neque hiems, ignis, mare, ferrum,
Nil obstet tibi dum ne sit te ditior alter. 4
Quid juvat immensum te argenti pondus et auri
Furtim defossa timidum deponere terra?
Quod si comminuas vilem redigatur ad assem.
At ni id fit quid habet pulchri constructus acervus?
Milia frumenti tua triverit area centum, 45
Non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus : ut si
Reticulum panis venales inter onusto
Forte vehas humero, nihilo plus accipias quam
Qui nil portarit. Vel die quid referat intra
Naturae fines viventi, jugera centum an so
Mille aret ? At suave est ex magno tollere acervo.
Dum ex parvo nobis tantundem haurire relinquas,
Cur tua plus laucles cumeris granaria nostris ?
Ut tibi si sit opus liquidi non amplius urna,
Vel cyatho, et dicas, Magno cle rlumine malim ss
Quam ex hoc fonticulo tantundem sumere. Eo fit
Plenior ut si quos delectet copia justo
Cum ripa simul avulsos ferat Aufidus acer.
SATIRARUM LIB. I. SAT. I. 31 1
At qui tantuli eget quanto est opus is neque limo
Turbatam haurit aquam neque vitam amittit in undis. 60
At bona pars hominum decepta cupidine falso,
Nil satis est,.inquit; quia tanti quantum habeas sis.
Quid facias illi ? Jubeas miserum esse libenter
Quatenus id facit ; ut quid am memoratur Athenis
Sordidus ac dives, populi contemnere voces 65
Sic solitus : Populus me sibilat ; at mihi plaudo
Ipse domi simul ac nummos contemplor in area.
Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia captat
Flumina .... Quid rides? mutato nomine de te
Fabula narratur : congestis undique saccis 70
Indormis inhians et tamquam parcere sacris
Cogeris aut pictis tamquam gaudere tabellis.
Nescis quo valeat nummus ? quern praebeat usum ?
Panis ematur, olus, vini sextarius, adde
Quis humana sibi doleat natura negatis. 75
An vigilare metu exanimem, noctesque diesque
Formidare malos fures, incendia, servos
Ne te compilent fugientes, hoc juvat ? Horum
Semper ego optarim pauperrimus esse bonorum.
At si condoluit tentatum frigore corpus, 80
Aut alius casus lecto te affixit, habes qui
Adsideat, fomenta paret, medicum roget ut te
Suscitet ac gnatis reddat carisque propinquis.
Non uxor salvum te vult, non filius ; omnes
Vicini oderunt, noti, pueri atque puellae. 85
Miraris, quum tu argento post omnia ponas,
Si nemo praestet quern non merearis amorem ?
An si cognatos, nullo natura labore
Quos tibi dat, retinere velis servareque amicos,
Infelix operam perdas? ut si quis asellum 90
In Campo doceat parentem currere frenis.
Denique sit finis quaerendi, quumque habeas plus
Pauperiem metuas minus et finire laborem
Incipias, parto quod avebas, ne facias quod
312 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Ummidius quidam non longa est fabula dives
Ut metiretur nummos ; ita sordidus ut se
Non unquam servo melius vestiret ; adusque
Supremum tempus, ne se penuria victus
Opprimeret metuebat. At hunc liberta securi
Divisit medium, fortissima Tyndaridarum.
Quid mi igitur suades? ut vivam Maenius? aut sic
Ut Nomentanus? Pergis pugnantia secum
Frontibus adversis componere : non ego avarum
Quum veto te fieri vappam jubeo ac nebulone m.
Est inter Tanain quiddam socerumque Viselli.
Est modus in rebus, sunt certi denique fines,
Quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum.
Illuc unde abii redeo, nemo ut avarus
Se probet ac potius laudet diversa sequentes,
Quodque aliena capella gerat distentius uber
Tabescat, neque se major! pauperiorum
Turbae comparet, hunc atque hunc superare laboret.
Sic festinanti semper locupletior obstat,
Ut, quum carceribus missos rapit ungula currus,
Instat equis auriga suos vincentibus, ilium
Praeteritum temnens extremes inter euntem.
Inde fit, ut raro, qui se vixisse beatum
Dicat, et exacto contentus tempore vita
Cedat uti conviva satur, reperire queamus.
Jam satis est. Ne me Crispin! scrinia lippi
Compilasse putes, verbum non amplius addam.
SATIRA V.
EGRESSUM magna me excepit Aricia Roma
Hospitio modico ; rhetor comes Heliodorus,
Graecorum longe doctissimus ; inde Forum Appi,
Differtum nautis cauponibus atque malignis.
SATIRARUM LIB. I. SAT. V. 313
Hoc iter ignavi divisimus, altius ac nos 5
Praecinctis unum ; minus est gravis Appia tardis.
Hie ego propter aquam, quod erat deterrima, ventri
Indico bellum, coenantes haud ammo aequo
Exspectans comites. Jam nox inducere terris
Umbras et coelo diffundere signa parabat ; 10
Turn pueri nautis, puens convicia nautae
Ingerere. Hue appelle ! Trecentos inseris : ohe
Jam satis est ! Dum aes exigitur, dum mula ligatur,
Tota abit hora. Mali culices ranaeque palustres
Avertunt somnos, absentem ut cantat amicam 15
Multa prolutus vappa nauta atque viator
Certatim. Tandem fessus dormire viator
Incipit, ac missae pastum retinacula mulae
Nauta piger saxo religat stertitque supinus.
Jamque dies aderat, nil quum procedere lintrera 20
Sentimus, donee cerebrosus prosilit unus
Ac mulae nautaeque caput lumbosque saligno
Fuste dolat : quarta vix demum exponimur hora.
Ora manusque tua lavimus, Feronia, lympha.
Milia turn pransi tria repimus atque subimus 25
Impositum saxis late candentibus Anxur.
Hue venturus erat Maecenas optimus atque
Cocceius, missi magnis de rebus uterque
Legati, aversos soliti componere amicos.
Hie oculis ego nigra meis collyria lippus 30
Illinere. Interea Maecenas advenit atque
Cocceius Capitoque simul Fonteius, ad unguem
Factus homo, Antoni non ut magis alter amicus.
Fundos Aufidio Lusco praetore libenter
Linquimus, insani ridentes praemia scribae, 35
Praetextam et latum clavum prunaeque batillum.
In Mamurrarum lassi deinde urbe manemus,
Murena praebente clomum, Capitone culinam.
Postera lux oritur multo gratissima ; namque
Plotius et Varius Sinuessae Virgiliusque 40
314 Q- HORATII FLACCI
Occurrunt, animae quales neque candidiorcs
Terra tulit neque quis me sit devinctior alter.
O qui complexus et gaudia quanta fuerunt !
Nil ego contulerim jucundo sanus amico.
Proxima Campano ponti quae villula tectum 45
Praebuit, et parochi quae debent ligna salemque.
Hinc muli Capuae clitellas tempore ponunt.
Lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego Virgiliusque ;
Namque pila lippis inimicum et ludere crudis.
Hinc nos Cocceii recipit plenissima villa 5
Quae super est Caudi cauponas. Nunc mihi paucis
Sarmenti scurrae pugnam Messique Cicirrhi,
Musa, velim memores, et quo patre natus uterque
Contulerit lites. Messi clarum genus Osci ;
Sarmenti domina exstat : ab his majoribus orti ss
Ad pugnam venere. Prior Sarmentus : Equi te
Esse feri similem dico. Ridemus, et ipse
Messius, Accipio, caput et movet. O, tua cornu
Ni foret exsecto frons, inquit, quid faceres, quum
Sic mutilus miniteris ? At illi foeda cicatrix 60
Setosam laevi frontem turpaverat oris.
Campanum in morbum, in faciem permulta jocatus,
Pastorem saltaret uti Cyclopa rogabat :
Nil illi larva aut tragicis opus esse cothurnis.
Multa Cicirrhus ad haec : donasset jamne catenam 65
Ex voto Laribus, quaerebat ; scriba quod esset,
Nihilo deterius dominae jus esse. Rogabat
Denique cur unquam fugisset, cui satis una
Farris libra foret gracili sic tamque pusillo.
Prorsus jucunde coenam produximus illam. 70
Tendimus hinc recta Beneventum, ubi sedulus hospes
Paene macros arsit dum turdos versat in igni :
Nam vaga per veterem dilapso flamma culinam
Vulcano summum properabat lambere tectum.
Convivas avidos coenam servosque timentes 75
Turn rapere, atque omnes restinguere velle videres.
SATIRARUM LIB. I. SAT. VI. 315
Incipit ex illo montes Apulia notos
Ostentare mihi, quos torret Atabulus et quos
Nunquam erepsemus nisi nos vicina Trivici
Villa recepisset, lacrimoso non sine fumo, 80
Udos cum foliis ramos urente camino.
Quattuor hinc rapimur viginti et milia rhedis.
Mansuri oppidulo quod versu dicere non est,
Signis. perfacile est : venit vilissima rerum
Hie aqua ; sed panis longe pulcherrimus, ultra 85
Callidus ut soleat humeris portare viator ;
Nam Canusi lapidosus, aquae non ditior urna,
Qui locus a forti Diomede est conditus olim.
Flentibus hinc Varius discedit maestus amicis.
Inde Rubos fessi pervenimus, utpote longum 90
Carpentes iter et factum corruptius imbri.
Postera tempestas melior, via pejor ad usque
Bari moenia piscosi ; dein Gnatia Lymphis
Iratis exstructa dedit risusque jocosque,
Dum flamma sine thura liquescere limine sacro, 95
Persuadere cupit. Credat Judaeus Apella,
Non ego ; namque decs didici securum agere aevum,
Nee, si quid miri faciat natura, deos id
Tristes ex alto coeli demittere tecto.
Brundusium longae finis chartaeque viaeque est. too
SATIRA VI.
NON quia, Maecenas, Lydorum quidquid Etruscos
Incoluit fines nemo generosior est te,
Nee quod avus tibi maternus fuit atque paternus
Olim qui magnis legionibus imperitarent,
Ut plerique solent, naso suspendis adunco
Ignotos, ut me libertino patre natum.
Quum referre negas quali sit quisque parente
316 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Natus dum ingenuus, persuades hoc tibi vere,
Ante potestatem Tulli atque ignobile regnum
Multos saepe viros nullis majoribus ortos 10
Et vixisse probos amplis et honoribus auctos ;
Contra Laevininn, Valeri genus uncle superbus
Tarquinius regno pulsus fugit, unius assis
Non unquam pretio pluris licuisse, notante
Judice quo nosti populo, qui stultus honores 15
Saepe dat indignis et famae servit ineptus,
Qui stupet in titulis et imaginibus. Quid oportet
Nos facere a vulgo longe longeque remotos ?
Namque' esto populus Laevino mallet honorem
Quam Decio mandare novo, censorque moveret 20
Appius ingenuo si non essem patre natus :
Vel merito, quoniam in propria non pelle quiessera.
Sed fulgente trahit constrictos Gloria curru
Non minus ignotos generosis. Quo tibi, Tilli,
Sumere depositum clavum nerique tribuno ? 35
Invidia accrevit privato quae minor esset.
Nam ut quisque insanus nigris medium impediit crus
Pellibus et latum demisit pectore clavum,
Audit continue : Quis homo hie est ? quo patre natus ?
Ut si qui aegrotet quo morbo Barrus, haberi 30
Ut cupiat formosus, eat quacumque puellis
Injiciat curam quaerendi singula, quali
Sit facie, sura, quali pede, dente, capillo :
Sic qui promittit cives, urbem sibi curae,
Imperium fore et Italiam, delubra deorum, ss
Quo patre sit natus, num ignota matre inhonestus,
Omnes mortales curare et quaerere cogit
Tune Syri, Damae aut Dionysi filius, audes
Dejicere e saxo cives aut tradere Cadmo?
At Novius collega gradu post me sedet uno ; 40
Namque est ille pater quod erat meus. Hoc tibi Paullus
Et Messalla videris ? At hie, si plostra ducenta
Concurrantque foro tria funera, magna sonabit
SATIRARUM LIB. I. SAT. VI. 317
Cornua quod vincatque tubas ; saltern tenet hoc nos.
Nunc ad me redeo libertino patre natum, 45
Quern rodunt omnes libertino patre natum,
Nunc, quia sum tibi, Maecenas, convictor ; at olim,
Quod mihi pareret legio Romana tribune.
Dissimile hoc illi est ; quia non ut forsit honorem
Jure mihi invideat quivis ita te quoque amicum, so
Praesertim cautum dignos assumere prava
Ambitione procul. Felicem dicere non hoc
Me possum casu quod te sortitus amicum ;
Nulla etenim mihi te fors obtulit : optimus olim
Virgilius, post hunc Varius dixere quid essem. ss
Ut veni coram singultim pauca locutus,
Infans namque pudor prohibebat plura profari,
Non ego me claro natum patre, non ego circum
Me Satureiano vectari rura caballo,
Sed quod eram narro. Respondes ut tuus est mos 60
Pauca : abeo ; et revocas nono post mense jubesque
Esse in amicorum numero. Magnum hoc ego duco
Quod placui tibi qui turpi secernis honestum,
Non patre praeclaro sed vita et pectore puro.
Atqui si vitiis mediocribus ac mea paucis 65
Mendosa est natura alioqui recta, velut si
Egregio inspersos reprehendas corpore naevos ;
Si neque avaritiam neque sordes aut mala lustra
Objiciet vere quisquam mihi, purus et insons
Ut me collaudem si et vivo carus amicis, 7 o
Causa fuit pater his, qui macro pauper agello
Noluit in Flavi ludum me mittere, magni
Quo pueri magnis e centurionibus orti,
Laevo suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto,
Ibant octonis referentes Idibus aera ; 75
Sed puerurn est ausus Romam portare docendum
Artes quas doceat quivis eques atque senator
Semet prognatos. Vestem servosque sequentes,
In magno ut populo, si qui vidisset, avita
318 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Ex re praeberi sumptus mihi crederet illos. &>
Ipse mihi custos incorruptissimus omnes
Circum doctores aderat. Quid multa? Pudicum,
Qui primus virtutis honos, servavit ab omni
Non solum facto verum opprobrio quoque turpi ;
Nee timuit sibi ne vitio quis verteret olim 85
Si praeco parvas aut, ut fuit ipse, coactor
Mercedes sequerer ; neque ego essem questus : at hoc nunc
Laus illi debetur et a me gratia major.
Nil me poeniteat sanum patris hujus, eoque
Non, ut magna dolo factum negat esse suo pars 9
Quod non ingenues habeat clarosque parentes,
Sic me defendam. Longe mea discrepat istis
Et vox et ratio : nam si natura juberet
A certis annis aevum remeare peractum
Atque alios legere ad fastum quoscumque parentes 95
Optaret sibi quisque, meis contentus honestos
Fascibus et sellis nollem mihi sumere, demens
Judicio vulgi, sanus fortasse tuo, quod
Nollem onus haud unquam solitus portare molestum.
Nam mihi contiuuo major quaerenda foret res 100
Atque salutandi plures, ducendus et unus
Et comes alter uti ne solus rusve peregreve
Exirem ; plures calones atque caballi
Pascencli, ducenda petorrita. Nunc mihi curto
Ire licet mulo vel si libet usque Tarentum, 105
Mantica cui lumbos onere ulceret atque eques armos :
Objiciet nemo sordes mihi quas tibi, Tilli,
Quum Tiburte via praetorem quinque sequuntur
Te pueri lasanum portantes oenophorumque.
Hoc ego commodius quam tu, praeclare senator, no
Milibus atque aliis vivo. Quacumque libido est,
Incedo solus, percenter quanti olus ac far ;
Fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro
Saepe Forum ; adsisto divinis ; inde domum me
Ad porri et ciceris rcfero laganique catinum ; us
SATIRARUM LIB. I. SAT. IX. 319
Coena ministratur pueris tribus, et lapis albus
Pocula cum cyatho duo sustinet ; adstat echinus
Vilis, cum patera guttus, Campana supellex.
Deinde eo dormitum, non sollicitus mihi quod eras
Surgendum sit mane, obeundus Marsya, qui se 120
Vultum ferre negat Noviorum posse minoris.
Ad quartam jaceo ; post hanc vagor ; aut ego, lecto
Aut scripto quod me taciturn juvet, ungor olivo,
Non quo fraudatis immundus Natta lucernis.
Ast ubi me fessum sol acrior ire lavatum 125
Admonuit, fugio Campurrr lusumque trigonem.
Pransus non avide, quantum interpellet inani
Ventre diem durare, domesticus otior. Haec est
Vita solutorum misera ambitione gravique ;
His me consolor victurum suavius ac si . 130
Quaestor avus, pater atque meus patruusque fuisset.
SATIRA IX.
I BAM forte via Sacra, sicut meus est mos,
Nescio quid meditans nugarum, totus in illis :
Accurrit quidam notus mihi nomine tantum,
Arreptaque manu, Quid agis, dulcissime rerum ?
Suaviter tit nunc. est, inquam, et cupio omnia quae vis.
Quum assectaretur : Num quid vis ? occupo. At ille,
Noris nos, inquit ; docti sumus. Hie ego, Pluris
Hoc, inquam, mihi eris. Misere discedere quaerens
Ire raodo ocius, interdtim consistere, in aurem
Dicere nescio quid puero, quum sudor ad imos
Manaret talos. O te, Bolane, cerebri
Felicem ! aiebam tacitus ; quum quidlibet ille
Garriret, vicos, urbem laudaret. Ut illi
Nil respondebam, Misere cupis, inquit, abire ;
Jamdudum video ; sed nil agis ; usque tenebo ;
320 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Persequar : hinc quo nunc iter est tibi ? Nil opus est te
Circumagi ; quendam volo visere non tibi notum ;
Trans Tiberim longe cubat is prope Caesaris hortos.
Nil habeo quod agam et non sum piger ; usque sequar te.
Demitto auriculas ut iniquae mentis asellus, 20
Quum gravius dorso subiit onus. Incipit ille :
Si bene me novi, non Viscum pluris amicum,
Non Varium facies , nam quis me scribere plures
Aut citius possit versus ? quis membra movere
Mollius ? Invideat quod et Hermogenes ego canto. 25
Interpellandi locus hie erat : Est tibi mater,
Cognati, quis te salvo est opus ? Haud mihi quisquam.
Omnes composui. Felices ! nunc ego resto.
Confice ; namque instat fatum mihi triste Sabella
Quod puero cecinit divina mota anus urna : 30
Hunc neque dira venena nee hosticus auferet ensis
Nee laterum dolor aut tussis nee tarda podagra ;
Garrulus hunc quando consumet cumque ; loquaces
Si sapiat vitet simul atque adoleverit aetas.
Ventum erat ad Vestae, quarta jam parte diei 35
Praeterita, et casu tune respondere vadato
Debebat, quod ni fecisset perdere litem.
Si me amas, inquit, paulum hie ades. Inteream si
Aut valeo stare aut novi civilia jura ;
Et propero quo scis. Dubius sum quid faciam, inquit, 40
Tene relinquam an rem. Me sodes. Non faciam, ille ;
Et praecedere coepit. Ego ut contendere durum est
Cum victore sequor. Maecenas quomodo tecum ?
Hinc repetit ; paucorum hominum et mentis bene sanae ;
Nemo dexterius fortuna est usus. Haberes 4 s
Magnum adjutorem posset qui ferre secundas,
Hunc hominem velles si tradere ; dispeream ni
Submosses omnes. Non isto vivimus illic
Quo tu rere modo ; domus hac nee purior ulla est
Nee magis his aliena malis ; nil mi officit unquam, s
Ditior hie aut est quia doctior ; est locus uni
SATIRARUM LIB. I. SAT. IX. 321
Cuique suus. Magnum narras, vix credibile ! Atqui
Sic habet. Accendis, quare cupiam magis illi
Proximus esse. Velis tantummodo : quae tua virtus,
Expugnabis ; et est qui vinci possit, eoque 55
Difficiles aditus primes habet. Haud mihi deero :
Muneribus servos corriimpam ; non hodie si
Exclusus fuero desistam ; tempora quaeram,
Occurram in triviis, deducam. Nil sine magno
Vita labore dedit mortalibus. Haec dum agit, ecce 60
Fuscus Aristius occurrit, mihi carus et ilium
Qui pulchre nosset. Consistimus. Unde venis ? et
Quo tendis ? rogat et respondet. Vellere coepi
Et prensare manu lentissima brachia, nutans,
Distorquens oculos, ut me eriperet. Male salsus 65
Ridens dissimulare : meum jecur urere bilis.
Certe nescio quid secreto velle loqui te
Aiebas mecum. Memini bene, sed meliore
Tempore dicam ; hodie tricesima sabbata : vin tu
Curtis Judaeis oppedere ? Nulla mihi, inquam, 7 o
Religio est. At mi ; sum paulo infirmior, unus
Multorum ; ignosces ; alias loquar. Huncine solem
Tarn nigrum surrexe mihi ! Fugit improbus ac me
Sub cultro linquit. Casu venit obvius illi
Adversarius et : Quo tu turpissime ? magna 75
Inclamat voce ; et Licet antestari? Ego veto
Oppono auriculam. Rapit in jus ; clamor utrimque ;
Undique concursus. Sic me servavit Apollo.
322 Q. HORATII FLACCI
LIBER SECUNDUS.
SATIRA VI.
Hoc erat in votis : modus agri non ita magnus,
Hortus ubi et tecto vicinus jugis aquae fons
Et paulum silvae super his foret. Auctius atque
Di melius fecere. Bene est. Nil amplius oro,
Maia nate, nisi ut propria haec mihi munera faxis.
Si neque majorem feci ratione mala rem
Nee sum facturus vitio culpave minorem ;
Si veneror stultus nihil horum : O si angulus ille
Proximus accedat qui nunc denormat agellum !
O si urnam argenti fors quae mihi monstret, ut illi
Tliesauro invento qui mercenarius agrum
Ilium ipsum mercatus aravit, dives amico
Hercule ! si quod adest gratum juvat, hac prece te oro :
Pingue pecus domino facias et cetera praeter
Ingenium, utque soles custos mihi maximus adsis.
Ergo ubi me in montes et in arcem ex urbe removi,
Quid prius illustrem satiris musaque pedestri ?
Nee mala me ambitio perdit nee plumbeus Auster
Auctumnusque gravis, Libitinae quaestus acerbae.
Matutine pater, seu Jane libentius audis,
Unde homines operum primos vitaeque labores
Instituunt, sic dis placitum, tu carminis esto
Principium. Romae sponsorem me rapis. Eja,
Ne prior officio quisquam respondeat, urge.
Sive Aquilo radit terras seu bruma nivalem
Interiore diem gyro trahit, ire necesse est.
Postmodo, quod mi obsit clare certumque loc>**o,
Luctandum in turba et facienda injuria tarJis.
Quid vis, insane, et quas res agis ? improb"*
SATIRARUM LIB. II. SAT. VI. 323
Iratis precibus ; tu pulses omne quod obstat, 3 o
Ad Maecenatem memori si mente recurras ?
Hoc juvat et melli est ; non mentiar. At simul atras
Ventum est Esquilias aliena negotia centum
Per caput et circa saliunt latus. Ante secundam
Roscius orabat sibi adesses ad Puteal eras. as
De re communi scribae magna atque nova te
Orabant hodie meminisses, Quinte, reverti.
Imprimat his cura Maecenas signa tabellis.
Dixeris, Experiar : Si vis, potes, addit et instat.
Septimus octavo propior jam fugerit annus <o
Ex quo Maecenas me coepit habere suorum
In numero ; dumtaxat ad hoc, quem tollere rheda
Vellet iter faciens et cui concredere nugas
Hoc genus : Hora quota est ? Thrax est Gallina Syro par ?
Matutina parum cautos jam frigora mordent ; <$
Et quae rimosa bene deponuntur in aure. '
Per totum hoc tempus subjectior in diem et horam
Invidiae noster. Ludos spectaverat una,
Luserat in Campo : Fortunae filius ! omnes.
Frigidus a Rostris manat per compita rumor : so
Quicumque obvius est me consulit : O bone, nam te
Scire deos quoniam propius contingis oportet ;
Numquid de Dacis audisti ? Nil equidem. Ut tu
Semper eris derisor ! At omnes di exagitent me
Si quidquam. Quid; militibus promissa Triquetn 55
Praedia Caesar an est Itala tellure daturus ?
Jurantem me scire nihil mirantur ut unum
Scilicet egregii mortalefn alt'que silenti.
Perditur haec inter misero lux non sine votis :
O rus, quando ego te adspici^m ? quandoque UoehJi 60
Nunc veterum libris, nunc somoo -.t inertibu?
Ducere sollicitae jucunda oblivia vite?
O quando faba Pythagorae cognata -simulque
Uncta satis pingui ponentur oluscula lardo ?
O noctes coenaeque deum ! quibus ip&j meiquv-
324 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Ante Larem proprium vescor vernasque procaces
Pasco libatis dapibus. Prout cuique libido est
Siccat inaequales calices conviva, solutus
Legibus insanis, seu quis capit acria fortis
Pocula seu modicis uvescit laetius. Ergo 70
Sermo oritur, non de villis domibusve alienis,
Nee male necne Lepos saltet ; sed quod magis ad nos
Pertinet et nescire malum est agitamus : utrumne
Divitiis homines an sint virtute beati ;
Quidve ad amicitias, usus rectumne, trahat nos ; 7$
Et quae sit natura boni summumque quid ejus.
Cervius haec inter vicinus garrit aniles
Ex re fabellas. Si quis nam laudat Arelli
Sollicitas ignarus opes, sic incipit : Olim
Rusticus urbanum murem mus paupere fertur 80
Accepisse cavo, veterem vetus hospes amicum,
Asper et attentus quaesitis, ut tamen artum
Solveret hospitiis animum. Quid multa ? neque ille
Sepositi ciceris nee longae invidit avenae,
Aridum et ore ferens acinum semesaque lardi s s
Frusta dedit, cupiens varia fastidia coena
Vincere tangentis male singula dente superbo ;
Quum pater ipse domus palea porrectus in horna
Esset ador loliumque, dapis meliora relinquens.
Tandem urbanus ad hunc : Quid te juvat, inquit, amice, 90
Praerupti nemoris patientem vivere dorso ?
Vis tu homines urbemque feris praeponere silvis ?
Carpe viam, mihi crede, comes ; terrestria quando
Mortales animas vivunt sortita, neque ulla est
Aut magno aut parvo leti fuga : quo, bone, circa, 95
Dum licet, in rebus jucundis vive beatus ;
Vive memor quam sis aevi brevis. Haec ubi dicta
Agrestem pepulere domo levis exsilit ; inde
Ambo propositum peragunt iter, urbis aventes
Mo'enia nocturni subrepere. Jamque tenebat i<
Nox medium coeli spatium quum ponit uterque
SATIRARUM LIB. II. SAT. VI.
In locuplete domo vestigia, rubro ubi cocco
Tincta super lectos canderet vestis eburnos,
Multaque de magna superessent fercula coena,
Quae procul exstructis inerant hesterna canistris.
Ergo ubi purpurea porrectum in veste locavit
Agrestem, veluti succinctus cursitat hospes
Continuatque dapes nee non verniliter ipsis
Fungitur officiis, praelambens omne quod affert.
Ille Cubans gaudet mutata sorte bonisque
Rebus agit laetum convivam, quum subito ingens
Valvarum strepitus lectis excussit utrumque.
Currere per totum pavidi conclave, magisque
Exanimes trepidare, simul domus alta Molossis
Personuit canibus. Turn rusticus : Haud mihi vita
Est opus hac, ait, et valeas ; me silva cavusque
Tutus ab insidiis tenui solabitur ervo.
325
Q. HORATII FLACCI
EPISTOLAE.
LIBER PRIMUS.
t
EPISTOLA II.
TROJANI belli scriptorem, maxime Lolli,
Dum tu declamas Romae, Praeneste relegi ;
Qui quid sit pulchrum, quid turpe, quid utile, quid non,
Planius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore dicit.
Cur ita crediderim, nisi quid te detinet, audi.
Fabula qua Paridis propter narratur amorem
Graecia Barbariae lento collisa duello
Stultorum regum et populorum continet aestus.
Antenor censet belli praecidere causam :
Quid Paris ? Ut salvus regnet vivatque beatus
Cogi posse negat. Nestor componere lites
Inter Peliden festinat et inter Atriden :
Hunc amor, ira quidem communiter urit utrumque.
Quidquid delirant reges plectuntur Achivi.
Seditione, dolis, scelere atque libidine et ira
Iliacos intra muros peccatur et extra.
Rursus quid virtus et quid sapientia possit
Utile proposuit nobis exemplar Ulixen,
Qui domitor Trojae multorum providus urbes
Et mores hominum inspexit, latumque per aequor,
Dum sibi dum sociis reditum parat, aspera multa
Pertulit adversis rerum immersabilis undis.
EPISTOLARUM LIB. I. EPIST. 327
Sirenum voces et Circae pocula nosti ;
Quae si cum sociis stultus cupidusque bibisset,
Sub domina meretrice fuisset turpis et excors, 25
Vixisset canis immundus vel arnica luto sus.
Nos numerus sumus et fruges consumere nati,
Sponsi Penelopae, nebulones, Alcinoique
In cute curanda plus aequo operata juventus,
Cui pulchrum fuit in medios dormire dies et 3
Ad strepitum citharae cessatum ducere curam.
Ut jugulent homines surgunt de nocte latrones :
Ut te ipsum serves non expergisceris ? Atqui
Si noles sanus curres hydropicus ; et ni
Posces ante diem librum cum lumine, si non 35
Intendes animum studiis et rebus honestis,
Invidia vel amore vigil torquebere. Nam cur
Quae laedunt oculos festinas demere, si quid
Est animum differs curandi tempus in annum ?
Dimidium facti qui coepi* habet : sapere aude ; 40
Incipe. Qui recte vivendi prorogat horam
Rusticus exspectat dum defluat amnis ; at ille
Labitur et labetur in omne volubilis aevum.
Quaeritur argentum puerisque beata creandis
Uxor, et incultae pacantur vomere silvae : 45
Quod satis est cui contingit nil amplius optet.
Non domus et fundus, non aeris acervus et auri
Aegroto domini deduxit corpore febres,
Non animo curas. Valeat possessor oportet
Si comportatis rebus bene cogitat uti. 50
Qui cupit aut metuit juvat ilium sic domus et res
Ut lippum pictae tabulae, fomenta podagram,
Auriculas citharae collecta sorde dolentes.
Sincerum est nisi vas, quodcumque infundis acescit.
Sperne voluptates, nocet empta dolore voluptas. 55
Semper avarus eget : certum voto pete finem.
Invidus alterius macrescit rebus opimis :
Invidia Siculi non invenere tyranni
328 Q. HORATII FLACCI
M^ijus tormentum. Qui non moderabitur irae
Tnfectum volet esse dolor quod suaserit et mens, 60
Dum poenas odio per vim festinat inulto.
Ira furor brevis est : animum rege, qui nisi paret
Imperat : hunc frenis, hunc tu compesce catena.
Fingit equum tenera docilem cer.vice magister
Ire viam qua monstret eques ; venaticus, ex quo 65
Tempore cervinam pellem latravit in aula,
Militat in silvis catulus. Nunc adbibe puro
Pectore verba, puer, nunc te melioribus offer.
Quo semel est imbuta recens servabit odorem
Testa diu. Quodsi cessas aut strenuus anteis, 70
Nee tardum opperior nee praecedentibus insto.
EPISTOLA X.
URBIS amatorem Fuscum salvere jubemus
Ruris amatores, hac in re scilicet una
Multum dissimiles, ad cetera paene gemelli ;
Fraternis animis quidquid negat alter et alter;
Annuimus pariter vetuli notique columbi.
Tu nidum servas ; ego laudo ruris amoeni
Rivos et musco circumlita saxa nemusque.
Quid quaeris ? Vivo et regno simul ista reliqui
Quae vos ad coelum fertis rumore secundo :
Utque sacerdotis fugitivus liba recuso ;
Pane egeo jam mellitis potiore placentis.
Vivere naturae si convenienter oportet
Ponendaeque domo quaerenda est area primum,
Novistine locum potiorem rure beato ?
Est ubi plus tepeant hiemes, ubi gratior aura
Leniat et rabiem Canis et momenta Leonis,
Quum semel accepit solem furibundus acutum ?
Est ubi divellat somnos minus invida cura ?
EPISTOLARUM LIB. I. EPIST. X. 329
Deterius Libycis olet aut nitet herba lapillis ?
Purior in vicis aqua tendit rumpere plumbum 20
Quam quae per pronum trepidat cum murmure rivum ?
Nempe inter varias nutritur silva column as,
Laudaturque domus longos quae prospicit agros.
Naturam expellas furca tamen usque recurret,
Et mala perrumpet furtim fastidia victrix. . 25
Non qui Sidonio contendere callidus ostro
Nescit Aquinatem potantia vellera fucum
Certius accipiet damnum propiusque medullis,
Quam qui non poterit vero distinguere falsum.
Quern res plus nimio delectavere secundae, 30
Mutatae quatient. Si quid mirabere pones
Invitus. Fuge magna ; licet sub paupere tecto
Reges et regum vita praecurrere amicos.
Cervus equum pugna melior communibus herbis
Pellebat, donee minor in certamine longo 35
Imploravit opes hominis frenumque recepit ;
Sed postquam victor violens discessit ab hoste
Non equitem dorso, non frenum depulit ore.
Sic qui pauperiem veritus potiore metallis
Libertate caret, dominum vehit improbus atque 40
Serviet aeternum, quia parvo nesciet uti.
Cui non conveniet sua res, ut calceus olim,
Si pede major erit subvertet, si minor uret.
Laetus sorte tua vives sapienter, Aristi,
Nee me dimittes incastigatum ubi plura 45
Cogere quam satis est ac non cessare videbor.
Imperat aut servit collecta pecunia cuique,
Tortum digna sequi potius quam ducere funem.
Haec tibi dictabam post fanum putre Vacunae,
Excepto quod non sitnul esses cetera laetus. so
330 Q. HORATII FLACCI
EPISTOLA XI.
QUID tibi visa Chios, Bullati, notaque Lesbos,
Quid concinna Samos, quid Croesi regia Sardes,
Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorave fama,
Cunctane prae Campo et Tiberino flumine sordent ?
An venit in votum Attalicis ex urbibus una,
An Lebedum laudas odio maris atque viarum ?
Scis Lebedus quid sit : Gabiis desertior atque
Fidenis vicus ; tamen illic vivere vellem,
Oblitusque meorum obliviscendus et illis
Neptunum procul e terra spectare furentem.
Sed neque qui Capua Romam petit imbre lutoque
Adspersus volet in caupona vivere ; nee qui
Frigus collegit furnos et balnea laudat
Ut fortunatam plene praestantia vitam.
Nee si te validus jactaverit Auster in alto,
Idcirco navem trans Aegaeum mare vendas.
Incolumi Rhodos et Mytilene pulchra facit quod
Paenula solstitio, campestre nivalibus auris,
Per brumam Tiberis, Sextili mense caminus.
Dum licet ac vultum servat fortuna benignum,
Romae laudetur Samos et Chios et Rhodos absens.
Tu quamcumque deus tibi fortunaverit horam
Grata sume manu, neu dulcia differ in annum,
Ut quocumque loco fueris vixisse libenter
Te dicas : nam si ratio et prudentia curas,
Non locus effusi late maris arbiter aufert,
Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt.
Strenua nos exercet inertia ; navibus atque
Quadrigis petimus bene vivere. Quod petis hie est,
Est Ulubris, animus si te non deficit aequus.
EPISTOLARUM LIB. I. EPIST. XVI. 331
EPISTOLA XVI.
NE perconteris fundus metis, optima Quinti,
Arvo pascat herum an baccis opulentet olivae,
Pomisne et pratis an amicta vitibus ulmo,
Scribetur tibi forma loquaciter et situs agri.
Continui monies ni dissocientur opaca
Valle, sed ut veniens dextrum latus adspiciat Sol,
Laevum discedens curru fugiente vaporet.
Temperiem laudes. Quid, si rubicunda benigni
Corna vepres et pruna ferant, si quercus et ilex
Multa fruge pecus multa dominum juvet umbra,
Dicas adductum propius frondere Tarentum.
Fons etiam rivo dare nomen idoneus, ut nee
Frigidior Thracam nee purior ambiat Hebrus,
Infirmo capiti fluit utilis, utilis alvo.
Hae latebrae dulces, etiam si credis amoenae,
Incolumen tibi me praestant Septembribus horis.
Tu recte vivis si curas esse quod audis.
Jactamus jampridem omnis te Roma beatum;
Sed vereor ne cui de te plus quam tibi credas,
Neve putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum,
Neu si te populus sanum recteque valentem
Dictitet occultam febrem sub tempus edendi
Dissimules, donee manibus tremor incidat unctis.
Stultorum incurata pudor malus ulcera celat.
Si quis bella tibi terra pugnata marique
Dicat et his verbis vacuas permulceat aures :
Tene magis salvum populus velit an populum tu
Servet in ambiguo qui consulit et tibi et urbi
Juppiter ; Augusti laudes agnoscere possis :
Cum pateris sapiens emendatusque vocari,
Respondesne tuo die sodes nomine ? Nempe
Vir bonus et prudens dici delector ego ac tu.
332 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Qui dedit hoc hodie eras si volet auferet, ut si
Detulerit fasces indigno detrahet idem.
Pone, meum est : inquit. Pono tristisque recedo. 3$
Idem si clamet furem, neget esse pudicum,
Contendat laqueo collum pressisse paternum,
Mordear opprobriis falsis mutemque colores ?
Falsus honor juvat et mendax infamia terret
Quem nisi mendosum et medicandum? Vir bonus estquis?
Qui consulta patrum, qui leges juraque servat, 4 i
Quo multae magnaeque secantur judice lites,
Quo res sponsore et quo causae teste tenentur.
Sed videt hunc omnis domus et vicinia tota
Introrsum turpem, speciosum pelle decora. HS
Nee furtum feci nee fugi, si mihi dicat
Servus, Habes pretium, loris non ureris, aio.
Non hominem occidi. Non pasces in cruce corvos.
Sum bonus et frugi. Renuit negitatque Sabellus :
Cautus enim metuit foveam lupus accipiterque 50
Suspectos laqueos et opertum miluus hamum.
Oderunt peccare boni virtutis amore ;
Tu nihil admittes in te formidine poenae :
Sit spes fallendi, miscebis sacra profanis ;
Nam de mille fabae modiis quum surripis unum, 55
Damnum est non facinus mihi pacto lenius isto.
Vir bonus, omne forum quern spectat et omne tribunal,
Quandocumque deos vel porco vel bove placat,
Jane pater ! clare, clare quum dixit, Apollo !
I^abra movet metuens audiri : Pulchra Laverna, 60
Da mihi fallere, da justo sanctoque videri,
Noctem peccatis et fraudibus objice nubem.
Qui melior servo, qui liberior sit avarus,
In triviis fixum quum se dimittit ob assem,
Non video ; nam qui cupiet metuet quoque ; porro, 65
Qui metuens vivet liber mihi non erit unquam.
Perclidit arma, locum virtutis deseruit, qui
Semper in augenda festinat et obruitur re.
EPISTOLARUM LIB. I. EPIST. XX. 333
Vendere quum possis captivum occidere noli ;
Serviet utiliter : sine pascat durus aretque, 70
Naviget ac mediis hiemet mercator in undis ;
Annonae prosit ; portet frumenta penusque.
Vir bonus et sapiens audebit dicere : Pentheu,
Rector Thebarum, quid me perferre patique
Indignum coges? Adimam bona. Nempe pecus, rem, 75
Lectos, argentum : tollas licet. In manicis et
Compedibus saevo te sub custode tenebo.
Ipse deus simul atque volam me solvet. Opinor
Hoc sentit : Moriar ; mors ultima linea rerum est
EPISTOLA XX.
VERTUMNUM Janumque, liber, spectare videris,
Scilicet ut prostes Sosiorum pumice mundus.
Odisti claves et grata sigilla pudico ;
Faucis ostendi gemis et communia laudas,
Non ita nutritus. Fuge quo descendere gestis.
Non erit emisso reditus tibi. Quid miser egi ?
Quid volui ? dices ubi quis te laeserit ; et scis
In breve te cogi quum plenus languet amator.
Quodsi non odio peccantis desipit augur,
Carus eris Romae donee te deserat aetas ;
Contrectatus ubi manibus sordescere vulgi
Coeperis, aut tineas pasces taciturnus inertes,
Aut fugies Uticam aut vinctus mitteris Ilerdam.
Ridebit monitor non exauditus, ut ille
Qui male parentem in rupes protrusit asellum
Iratus : quis enim invitum servare laboret ?
Hoc quoque te manet, ut pueros elementa docentem
Occupet extremis in vicis balba senectus.
Quum tibi sol tepidus plures admoverit aures,
Me, libertino natum patre et in tenui re,
334 Q- HORATII FLACCI
Majores pennas nido extendisse loqueris,
Ut quantum generi demas virtutibus addas ;
Me primis Urbis belli placuisse domique ;
Corporis exigui, praecanum, solibus aptum,
Irasci celerem, tamen ut placabilis essem.
Forte meum si quis te percontabitur aevum,
Me quater undenos sciat implevisse Decembres
Collegam Lepidum quo duxit Lollius anno.
LIBER SECUNDUS.
EPISTOLA I.
QUUM tot sustineas et tanta negotia solus,
Res Italas armis tuteris, moribus ornes,
Legibus emendes, in publica commoda peccem
Si longo sermone morer tua tempora, Caesar.
Romulus et Liber pater et cum Castore Pollux, 5
Post ingentia facta deorum in templa recepti,
Dum terras hominumque colunt genus, aspera bella
Componunt, agros assignant, oppida condunt,
Ploravere suis non respondere favorem
Speratum meritis. Diram qui contudit hydram 10
Notaque fatali portenta labore subegit,
Comperit invidiam supremo fine domari.
Urit enim fulgore suo qui praegravat artes
Infra se positas ; exstinctus amabitur idem.
Praesenti tibi maturos largimur honores, is
Jurandasque tuuvn per nomen ponimus aras,
Nil oriturum alias, nil ortum tale fatentes.
Sed tuus hie populus, sapiens et Justus in uno,
Te nostris ducibus, te Graiis anteferendo,
Cetera nequaquam simili ratione modoque *>
EPISTOLARUM LIB. II. EPIST. I. 355
Aestimat, et nisi quae terris semota suisque
Temporibus defuncta videt, fastidit et odit ;
Sic fautor veterum ut tabulas peccare vetantes
Quas bis quinque viri sanxerunt, foedera regum
Vel Gabiis vel cum rigidis aequata Sabinis, 25
Pontificum libros, annosa volumina vatum,
Dictitet Albano Musas in monte locutas.
Si quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque
Scripta vel optima Romani pensantur eadem
Scriptores trutina, non est quod multa loquamur ; 3 o
Nil intra est oler.m, nil extra est in nuce duri ;
Venimus ad summum fortunae ; pingimus atque
Psallimus et luctamur Achivis doctius unctis.
Si meliora dies ut vina poemata reddit,
Scire velim chartis pretium quotus arroget annus. 35
Scriptor abhinc annos centum qui decidit inter
Perfectos veteresque referri debet, an inter
Viles atque novos ? Excludat jurgia finis.
Est vetus atque probus centum qui perficit annos.
Quid, qui deperiit minor uno mense vel anno, 40
Inter quos referendus erit ? veteresne poetas,
An quos et praesens et postera respuat aetas ?
Iste quidem veteres inter ponetur honeste
Qui vel mense brevi vel toto est junior anno.
Utor permisso caudaeque pilos ut equinae 45
Paulatim vello, et demo unum, demo et item unum,
Dum cadat elusus ratione mentis acervi
Qui redit in fastos et virtutem aestimat annis,
Miraturque nihil nisi quod Libitina sacravit.
Ennius et sapiens et fortis et alter Homerus, so
Ut critici dicunt, leviter curare videtur
Quo promissa cadant et somnia Pythagorea.
Naevius in manibus non est et mentibus haeret
Paene recens ? Adeo sanctum est vetus omne poema.
Ambigitur quoties uter utro sit prior, aufert 55
Pacuvius docti famam senis, Accius alti,
336 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Dicitur Afrani toga convenisse Menandro,
Plautus ad exemplar Siculi properare Epicharmi,
Vincere Caecilius gravitate, Terentius arte.
Hos ediscit et hos arto stipata theatre
Spectat Roma potens ; habet hos numeratque poetas
Ad nostrum tempus Livi scriptoris ab aevo.
Interdum vulgus rectum videt, est ubi peccat.
Si veteres ita miratur laudatque poetas
Ut nihil anteferat nihil illis comparet, errat :
Si quaedam nimis antique, si pleraque dure
Dicere credit eos, ignave multa fatetur,
Et sapit et mecum facit et Jove judicat aequo.
Non equidem insector delendaque carmina Livi
Esse reor, memini quae plagosum mihi parvo
Orbilium dictare ; sed emendata videri
Pulchraque et exactis minimum distantia miror ;
Inter quae verbum emicuit si forte decorum, et
Si versus paulo concinnior unus et alter,
Injuste totum ducit venditque poema.
Indignor quidquam reprehendi, non quia crasse
Compositum illepideve putetur, sed quia nuper ;
Nee veniam antiquis sed honorem et praemia posci.
Recte necne crocum floresque perambulet Attae
Fabula si dubitem, clament perisse pudorem
Cuncti paene patres, ea quum reprehendere coner
Quae gravis Aesopus, quae doctus Roscius egit :
Vel quia nil rectum nisi quod placuit sibi ducunt,
Vel quia turpe putant parere minoribus, et quae
Imberbes didicere senes perdenda fateri.
Jam Saliare Numae carmen qui laudat, et illud
Quod mecum ignorat solus vult scire videri,
Ingeniis non ille favet plauditque sepultis,
Nostra sed impugnat, nos nostraque lividus odit.
Quod si tarn Graecis novitas invisa fuisset
Quam nobis, quid nunc esset vetus ? aut quid haberet
Quod legeret tereretque viritim publicus usus ?
EPISTOLARUM LIB. II. EPIST. I. 337
Ut primum positis nugari Graecia bellis
Coepit et in vitium fortuna labier aequa,
Nunc athletarum studiis, nunc arsit equorum, 95
Marmoris aut eboris fabros aut aeris amavit,
Suspendit picta vultum mentemque tabella,
Nunc tibicinibus, nunc est gavisa tragoedis ;
Sub nutrice puella velut si luderet infans,
Quod cupide petiit mature plena reliquit. 100
Quid placet aut odio est quod non mutabile credas ?
Hoc paces habuere bonae ventique secundi.
Romae dulce diu fuit et sollemne reclusa
Mane dcnno vigilare, clienti promere jura,
Cautos nominibus rectis expendere nummos, 105
Majores audire, minori dicere, per quae
Crescere res posset, minui damnosa libido.
Mutavit mentem populus levis et calet uno
Scribendi studio ; puerique patresque severi
Fronde comas vincti coenant et carmina dictant. no
Ipse ego qui nullos me affirmo scribere versus
Invenior Parthis mendacior, et prius orto
Sole vigil calamum et chartas et scrinia posco.
Navim agere ignarus navis timet ; abrotonum aegro
Non audet nisi qui didicit dare ; quod medicorum est 115
Promittunt medici ; tractant fabrilia fabri :
Scribimus indocti doctique poemata passim.
Hie error tamen et levis haec insania quantas
Virtutes habeat sic collige : vatis avarus
Non temere est animus ; versus amat, hoc studet unum ; 120
Detrimenta, fugas servorum, incendia ridet;
Non fraudem socio puerove incogitat ullam
Pupillo ; vivit siliquis et pane secundo ;
Militiae quamquam piger et malus, utilis urbi,
Si das hoc, parvis quoque rebus magna juvari. 125
Os tenerum pueri balbumque poeta rigurat,
Torquet ab obscoenis jam nunc sermonibus aurem,
Mox etiam pectus praeceptis format amicis,
338 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Asperitatis et invidiae corrector ct irae ;
Recte facta refert, orientia tempora notis 130
Instruit exemplis, inopem solatur et aegrum.
Castis cum pueris ignara puella mariti
Disceret uncle preces vatem ni Musa dedisset ?
Poscit opem chorus et praesentia numina sentit,
Coelestes implorat aquas docta prece blandus, i.-,s
Avertit morbos, metuenda pericula pellit,
Impetrat et pacem et locupletem frugibus annum.
Carmine di super! placantur, carmine Manes.
Agricolae prisci, fortes parvoque beati,
Condita post frumenta levantes tempore festo M
Corpus et ipsum animum spe finis dura fcrentem,
Cum sociis operum, pueris et conjuge fida,
Tellurem porco, Silvanum lacte piabant,
Floribus et vino Genium memorem brevis aevi.
Fescennina per hunc inventa licentia morem 145
Versibus alternis opprobria rustica fudit,
Libertasque recurrentes accepta per annos
Lusit amabiliter, donee jam saevus apertam
In rabiem coepit verti jocus et per honestas
Ire domos impune minax. Doluere cruento 150
Dente lacessiti ; fuit intactis quoque cura
Condicione super communi ; quin etiam lex
Poenaque lata malo quae nollet carmine quemquam
Describi ; vertere modum, formidine fustis
Ad bene dicendum delectandumque redacti. 155
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artes
Intulit agresti Latio : sic horridus ille
Defluxit numerus Saturnius et grave virus
Munditiae pepulere ; sed in longum tamen aevum
Manserunt hodieque manent vestigia ruris. 160
Serus enim Graecis admovit acumina chartis,
Et post Punica bella quietus quaerere coepit
Quid Sophocles et Thespis et Aeschylus utile ferrent.
Tentavit quoque rem, si digne vertere posset,
EPISTOLARUM LIB. II. EPIST. I. 339
Et placuit sibi, natura sublimis et acer : 165
Nam spirat tragicum satis et feliciter audet,
Sed turpem putat inscite metuitque lituram.
Creditur ex medio quia res arcessit habere
Sudoris minimum, sed habet comoedia tanto
Plus oneris quanto veniae minus. Adspice, Plautus 170
Quo pacto partes tutetur amantis ephebi,
Ut patris attenti, lenonis ut insidiosi ;
Quantus sit Dossennus edacibus in parasitis,
Quam non adstricto percurrat pulpita socco ;
Gestit enim nummum in loculos demittere, post hoc 175
Securus cadat an recto stet fabula talo.
Quern tulit ad scenam ventoso Gloria curru
Exanimat lentus spectator, sedulus inflat :
Sic leve, sic parvum est, animum quod laudis avarum
Submit aut reficit. Valeat res ludicra si me iSo
Palma negata macrum, donata reducit opimum.
Saepe etiam audacem fugat hoc terretque poetam,
Quod numero plures, virtute et honore minores,
Indocti stolidique et depugnare parati
Si discordet eques, media inter carmina poscunt 185
Aut ursum aut pugiles : his nam plebecula plaudit.
Verum equitis quoque jam migravit ab aure voluptas
Omnis ad incertos oculos et gaudia vana.
Quattuor aut plures aulaea premuntur in horas,
Dum fugiunt equitum turmae peditumque catervae ; 190
Mox trahitur manibus regum fortuna retortis,
Esseda festinant, pilenta, petorrita, naves,
Captivum portatur ebur, captiva Corinthus.
Si foret in terris rideret Democritus, seu
Diversum confusa genus panthera camelo, 195
Sive elephas albus vulgi converteret ora ;
Spectaret populum ludis attentius ipsis,
Ut sibi praebentem mimo spectacula plura ;
Scriptores autem narrare putaret asello
Fabellam surdo. Nam quae pervincere voces 300
340 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Evaluere sonum referunt quern nostra theatra?
Garganum mugire putes nemus aut mare Tuscum,
Tanto cum strepitu ludi spectantur et artes
Divitiaeque peregrinae, quibus oblitus actor
Quum stetit in scena concurrit dextera laevae. 20$
Dixit adhuc aliquid ? Nil sane. Quid placet ergo ?
Lana Tarentino violas imitata veneno.
Ac ne forte putes me quae facere ipse recusem
Quum recte tractent alii laudare maligne ;
Ille per extentum funem mihi posse videtur 210
Ire poeta, meum qui pectus inaniter angit,
Irritat, mulcet, falsis terroribus implet,
Ut magus, et modo me Thebis, modo ponit Athenis.
Verum age et his qui se lectori credere malunt
Quam spectatoris fastidia ferre superbi 215
Curam redde brevem, si munus Apolline dignum
Vis complere libris et vatibus addere calcar,
Ut studio majore petant Helicona virentem.
Multa quidem nobis facimus. mala saepe poetae,
Ut vineta egomet caedam mea, quum tibi librum 220
Sollicito damus aut fesso ; quum laedimur unum
Si quis amicorum est ausus reprehendere versum ;
Quum loca jam recitata revolvimus irrevocati ;
Quum lamentamur non apparere labores
Nostros et tenui deducta poemata filo ; 225
Quum speramus eo rem venturam ut simul atque
Carmina rescieris nos fingere commodus ultro
Arcessas, et egere vetes, et scribere cogas.
Sed tamen est operae pretium cognoscere, quales
Aedituos habeat belli spectata domique 230
Virtus, indigno non committenda poetae.
Gratus Alexandro regi Magno fuit ille
Choerilus, incultis qui versibus et male natis
Rettulit acceptos, regale nomisma, Philippos.
Sed veluti tractata notam labemque remittunt 235
Atramenta, fere scriptores carmine foedo
EPISTOLARUM LIB. II. EPIST. I. 341
Splendida facta linunt. Idem rex ille poema
Qui tarn ridiculum tam care prodigus emit,
Edicto vetuit ne quis se praeter Apellen
Pingeret, aut alius Lysippo duceret aera 240
Fortis Alexandri vultum simulantia. Quodsi
Judicium subtile videndis artibus illud
Ab libros et ad haec Musarum dona vocares,
Boeotum in crasso jurares aere natum.
At neque dedecorant tua de se judicia atque 245
Munera, quae multa dantis cum laude tulerunt
Dilecti tibi Virgilius Variusque poe'tae ;
Nee magis expressi vultus per aenea signa,
Quam per vatis opus mores animique virorum
Clarorum apparent. Nee sermones ego mallem 250
Repentes per humum quam res componere gestas,
Terrarumque situs et flumina dicere, et arces
Montibus impositas, et barbara regna, tuisque
Auspiciis totum confecta duella per orbem,
Claustraque custodem pacis cohibentia Janum, 255
Et formidatam Parthis te principe Romam,
Si quantum cuperem possem quoque ; sed neque parvum
Carmen majestas recipit tua nee meus audet
Rem tentare pudor quam vires ferre recusent.
Sedulitas autem stulte quern diligit urget, 260
Praecipue quum se numeris commendat et arte :
Discit enim citius meminitque libentius illud
Quod quis deridet, quam quod probat et veneratur.
Nil moror officium quod me gravat, ac neque ficto
In pejus vultu proponi cereus usquam, 265
Nee prave factis decorari versibus opto,
Ne rubeam pingui donatus munere, et una
Cum scriptore meo, capsa porrectus aperta,
Deferar in vicum vendentem thus et odores
Et piper et quidquid chartis amicitur ineptis. 270
342 Q. HORATII FLACCI
EPISTOLA II.
FLORE, bono claroque fidelis amice Neroni,
Si quis forte velit puerum tibi vendere natum
Tibure vel Gabiis, et tecum sic agat : Hie et
Candidas et talos a vertice pulcher ad imos
Fiet eritque tuus nummorum millibus octo, 5
Verna ministeriis ad nutus aptus heriles,
Litterulis Graecis imbutus, idoneus arti
Cuilibet ; argilla quidvis imitaberis uda ;
Quin etiam canet indoctum sed dulce bibenti.
Multa fidem promissa levant, ubi plenius aequo 10
Laudat venales qui vult extrudere merces.
Res urget me nulla : meo sum pauper in acre.
Nemo hoc mangonum faceret tibi ; non temere a me
Quivis ferret idem. Semel hie cessavit et, ut fit,
In scalis latuit metuens pendentis habenae. 15
Des nummos, excepta nihil te si fuga laedat ;
Ille ferat pretium poenae securus, opinor.
Prudens emisti vitiosum ; dicta tibi est lex :
Insequeris tamen hunc et lite moraris iniqua?
Dixi me pigrum proficiscenti tibi, dixi 20
Talibus officiis prope mancum, ne mea saevus
Jurgares ad te quod epistola nulla rediret.
Quid turn profeci mecum facientia jura
Si tamen attentas ? Quereris super hoc etiam, quod
Exspectata tibi non mittam carmina mendax. 25
Luculli miles collecta viatica multis
Aerurnnis, lassus dum noctu stertit, ad assem
Perdiderat ; post hoc vehemens lupus et sibi et hosti
Iratus pariter, jejunis dentibus acer,
Praesidium regale loco dejecit, ut aiunt, 30
Summe munito et multarum divite rerum.
Clarus ob id factum donis ornatur honestis,
EPISTOLARUM LIB. II. EPIST. II. 343
Accipit et bis dena super sestertia nummum.
Forte sub hoc tempus castellum evertere praetor
Nescio quod cupiens, hortari coepit eundem 35
Verbis quae timido quoque possent addere mentem :
I, bone, quo virtus tua te vocat, i pede fausto,
Grandia laturus meritorum praemia. Quid stas ?
Post haec ille catus quantumvis rusticus : Ibit,
Ibit eo quo vis qui zonam perdidit, inquit. 40
Romae nutriri mihi contigit atque doceri
Iratus Graiis quantum nocuisset Achilles.
Adjecere bonae paullo plus artis Athenae,
Scilicet ut vellem curvo dignoscere rectum,
Atque inter silvas Academi quaerere verum. 45
Dura sed emovere loco me tempora grato,
Civilisque rudem belli tulit aestus in arma
Caesaris August! non responsura lacertis.
Unde simul primum me dimisere Philippi,
Decisis humilem pennis inopemque paterni 50
Et laris et fundi, paupertas impulit audax,
Ut versus facerem ; sed quod non desit habentem
Quae poterunt unquam satis expurgare cicutae,
Ni melius dormire putem quam scribere versus ?
Singula de nobis anni praedantur euntes : 55
Eripuere jocos, venerem, convivia, ludum ;
Tendunt extorquere poemata : quid faciam vis ?
Denique non omnes eadem mirantur amantque :
Carmine tu gaudes, hie delectatur iambis,
Ille Bioneis sermonibus et sale nigro. 60
Tres mihi convivae prope dissentire videntur,
Poscentes vario multum diversa palato.
Quid dem ? quid non dem ? renuis tu quod jubet alter ;
Quod petis id sane est invisum acidumque duobus.
Praeter cetera, me Romaene poemata censes 65
Scribere posse inter tot curas totque labores ?
Hie sponsum vocat, hie auditum scripta relictis
Omnibus officiis ; cubat hie in colle Quirini,
344 Q- HORATII FLACCI
Hie extreme in Aventino, visendus uterque ;
Intervalla vides humane commoda. Verum 70
Purae sunt plateae, nihil ut meditantibus obstet.
Festinat calidus mulis gerulisque redemptor,
Torquet nunc lapidem, nunc ingens machina tignum,
Tristia robustis luctantur funera plaustris,
Hac rabiosa fugit canis, hac lutulenta ruit sus : 7S
I nunc et versus tecum meditare canoros.
Scriptorum chorus omnis amat nemus et fugit urbem,
Rite cliens Bacchi somno gaudentis et umbra :
Tu me inter strepitus nocturnes atque diurnos
Vis canere et contracta sequi vestigia vatum ? 80
Ingenium sibi quod vacuas clesumpsit Athenas,
Et studiis anno septem dedit insenuitque
Libris et curis, statua taciturnius exit
Plerumque et risu populum quatit : hie ego rerum
Fluctibus in mediis et tempestatibus urbis 85
Verba lyrae motura sonum connectere digner?
Frater erat Romae consulti rhetor, ut alter
Alterius sermone meros audiret honores,
Gracchus ut hie illi, foret huic ut Mucius ille,
Qui minus argutos vexat furor iste poetas ? 90
Carmina compono, hie elegos. Mirabile visu
Caelatumque novem Musis opus ! Adspice primum,
Quanto cum fastu, quanto molimine circum-
Spectemus vacuam Romanis vatibus aedem !
Mox etiam, si forte vacas, sequere et procul audi, ss
Quid ferat et quare sibi nectat uterque coronam.
Caedimur et totidem plagis consumimus hostem
Lento Samnites ad lumina prima duello.
Discedo Alcaeus puncto illius ; ille meo quis ?
Quis nisi Callimachus ? Si plus adposcere visus, 100
Fit Mimnermus, et optivo cognomine crescit.
Multa fero ut placem genus irritabile vatum,
Quum scribo et supplex populi suffragia capto ;
Idem, finitis studiis et mente recepta,
EPISTOLARUM LIB. II. EPIST. II. 345
Obturem patulas impune legentibus aures. 105
Ridentur mala qui componunt carmina ; verum
Gaudent scribentes et se venerantur, et'ultro,
Si taceas, laudant quidquid scripsere beati.
At qui legitimum cupiet fecisse poema
Cum tabulis animum censoris sumet honesti ; no
Audebit quaecumque parum splendoris habebunt
Et sine pondere erunt et honore indigna ferentur
Verba movere loco, quamvis invita recedant
Et versentur adhuc intra penetralia Vestae.
Obscurata diu populo bonus eruet atque 115
Proferet in lucem speciosa vocabula rerum,
Quae priscis memorata Catonibus atque Cethegis
Nunc situs informis premit et deserta vetustas ;
Adsciscet nova quae genitor produxerit usus.
Vehemens et liquidus puroque simillimus amni 120
Fundet opes Latiumque beabit divite lingua ;
Luxuriantia compescet, nimis aspera sano
Levabit cultu, virtute carentia toilet,
Ludentis speciem dabit et torquebitur, ut qui
Nunc Satyrum, mine agrestem Cyclopa movetur. 125
Praetulerim scriptor delirus inersque videri,
Dum mea delectent mala me vel denique fallant,
Quam sapere et ringi. Fuit baud ignobilis Argis,
Qui se credebat miros audire tragoedos,
In vacuo laetus sessor plausorque theatro ; 130
Cetera qui vitae servaret munia recto
More, bonus sane vicinus, amabilis hospes,
Comis in uxorem, posset qui ignoscere servis
Et signo laeso non insanire lagenae,
Posset qui rupem et puteum vitare patentem. i 35
Hie ubi cognatorum opibus curisque refectus
Expulit hellebore morbum bilemque meraco
Et redit ad sese : Pol me occidistis, amici,
Non servastis, ait, cui sic extorta voluptas
Et demptus per vim mentis gratissimus error. 140
Q- HORATII FLACCI
Nimirum sapere est abjectis utile nugis,
Et tempestivum pueris concedere ludum ;
Ac non verba sequi fidibus modulanda Latinis,
Sed verae numerosque modosque ediscere vitae.
Quocirca mecum loquor haec tacitusque recorder : MS
Si tibi nulla sitim finiret copia lymphae,
Narrares medicis : quod quanto plura parasti
Tanto plura cupis, nulline faterier audes ?
Si vulnus tibi m on strata radice vel herba
Non fieret levius, fugeres radice vel herba 1:0
Proficiente nihil curarier. Audieras, cui
Rem di donarent illi decedere pravam
Stultitiam ; et quum sis nihilo sapientior ex quo
Plenior es, tamen uteris monitoribus isdem ?
At si divitiae prudentem reddere possent, 155
Si cupidum timidumque minus te, nempe ruberes
Viveret in terris te si cjuis avarior uno.
Si proprium est quod quis libra mercatur et aere,
Quaedam, si credis consultis, mancipat usus ;
Qui te pascit ager tuus est, et villicus Orbi, 160
Quum segetes occat tibi mox frumenta daturas,
Te dominum sentit. Das nummos, accipis uvam,
Pullos, ova, cadum temeti : nempe modo isto
Paulatim mercaris agrum fortasse trecentis
Aut etiam supra nummorum millibus emptum. 165
Quid refert vivas numerato nuper an olim ?
Emptor Aricini quondam Veientis et arvi
Emptum coenat olus, quamvis aliter putat ; emptis
Sub noctem gelidam lignis calefactat aenum ;
Sed vocat usque suum qua populus adsita certis 170
Limitibus vicina refugit jurgia : tarn qu am
Sit proprium quidquam, puncto quod mobilis horae
Nunc prece, nunc pretio, nunc vi, nunc morte suprema
Pennutet dominos et cedat in altera jura.
Sic quia perpetuus nulli datur usus, et heres 175
Heredem alterius velut unda supervenit undam,
EPISTOLARUM LIB. II. EPIST. II. 347
Quid vici prosunt aut horrea ? quidve Calabris
Saltibus adjecti Lucani, si metit Orcus
Grandia cum parvis, non exorabilis auro ?
Gemmas, marmor, ebur, Tyrrhena sigilla, tabellas, iSo
Argentum, vestes Gaetulo murice tinctas,
Sunt qui non habeant, est qui non curat habere.
Cur alter fratrum cessare et ludere et ungi
Praeferat Herodis palmetis pinguibus, alter
Dives et importunus ad umbram lucis ab ortu * 185
Silvestrem flammis et ferro mitiget agrum,
Scit Genius, natale comes qui temperat astrum,
Naturae deus humanae, mortalis in unum
Quodque caput, vultu mutabilis, albus et ater.
Utar et ex modico quantum res poscet acervo 190
Tollam, nee metuam quid de me judicet heres,
Quod non plura datis invenerit ; et tamen idem
Scire volam quantum simplex hilarisque nepoti
Discrepet et quantum discordet parcus avaro.
Distat enim spargas tua prodigus an neque sumptum 195
Invitus facias neque plura parare labores,
Ac potius, puer ut festis Quinquatribus olim,
Exiguo gratoque fruaris tempore raptim.
Pauperies immunda domus procul absit : ego, utrum
Nave ferar magna an parva, ferar unus et idem. 200
Non agimur tumidis velis aquilone secundo ;
Non tamen adversis aetatem ducimus austris,
Viribus, ingenio, specie, virtute, loco, re,
Extremi primorum, extremis usque priores.
Non es avarus : abi ; quid, cetera jam simul isto 205
Cum vitio fugere ? Caret tibi pectus inani
Ambitione ? Caret mortis formidine et ira ?
Somnia, terrores magicos, miracula, sagas,
Nocturnos lemures portentaque Thessala rides?
Natales grate numeras ? Ignoscis amicis ? 210
Lenior et melior fis accedente senecta ?
348 Q. HORATII FLACCI EPIST. LIB. II. EP. II.
Quid te exempta levat spinis de pluribus una ?
Vivere si recte nescis decede peritis.
Lusisti satis, edisti satis atque bibisti ;
Tempus abire tibi est, ne potum largius aequo 215
Rideat et pulset lasciva decentius aetas.
Q. HORATII FLACCI
DE ARTE POETICA
LIBER.
HUMANO capiti cervicem pictor equinam
Jungere si velit, et varias inducere plumas
Undique collatis membris, ut turpiter atrum
Desinat in piscem mulier formosa superne,
Spectatum admissi risum teneatis, amici ? 5
Credite, Pisones, isti tabulae fore librum
Persimilem cujus, velut aegri somnia, vanae
Fingentur species, ut nee pes nee caput uni
Reddatur formae. Pictoribus atque poe'tis
Quidlibet audendi semper fuit aequa potestas. 10
Scimus et hanc veniam petimusque damusque vicissim ;
Sed.hon ut placidis coeant immitia, non ut
Serpentes avibus geminentur, tigribus agni.
Inceptis gravibus plerumque et magna professis
Purpureus, late qui splendeat, unus et alter is
Assuitur pannus, quum lucus et ara Dianae
Et properantis aquae per amoenos ambitus agros,
Aut flumen Rhenum aut pluvius describitur arcus :
Sed nunc non erat his locus. Et fortasse cupressum
Scis simulare ; quid hoc, si fractis enatat exspes 20
Navibus acre dato qui pingitur ? Amphora coepit
Institui : currente rota cur urceus exit ?
Denique sit quidvis simplex dumtaxat et unum.
Maxima pars vatum, pater et juvenes patre digni,
Decipimur specie recti. Brevis esse laboro, 25
35 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Obscurus fio ; sectantem levia nervi
Deficiunt animique ; professus grandia turget ;
Serpit humi tutus nimium timidusque procellae ;
Qui variare cupit rem prodigialiter unam,
Delphinum silvis appingit, fluctibus aprum. 3
In vitium ducit culpae fuga si caret arte.
Aemilium circa ludum faber unus et ungues
Exprimet et molles imitabitur acre capillos,
Infelix operis summa quia ponere totum
Nesciet. Hunc ego me, si quid componere curem, 35
Non magis esse velim quam naso vivere pravo,
Spectandum nigris oculis nigroque capillo.
Sumite materiam vestris qui scribitis aequam
Viribus et versate cliu quid ferre recusent,
Quid valeant humeri. Cui lecta potenter erit res, 40
Nee facundia deseret hunc nee lucidus ordo.
Ordinis haec virtus erit et venus, aut ego fallor,
Ut jam nunc dicat jam nunc debentia dici,
Pleraque differat et praesens in tempus omittat ;
Hoc amet, hoc spernat promissi carminis auctor. 45
In verbis etiam tenuis cautusque serendis,
Dixeris egregie notum si callida verbum
Reddiderit junctura novum. Si forte necesse est
Indiciis monstrare recentibus abdita rerum,
Fingere cinctutis non exaudita Cethegis s
Continget, dabiturque licentia sumpta pudenter ;
Et nova fictaque nuper habebunt verba fidem si
Graeco fonte cadant, parce detorta. Quid autem
Caecilio Plautoque dabit Romanus ademptum
Virgilio Varioque ? Ego cur acquirere pauca 55
Si possum invideor, quum lingua Catonis et Enni
Sermonem patrium ditaverit et nova rerum
Nomina protulerit ? Licuit, semperque licebit
Signatum praesente nota producere nomen.
Ut silvae foliis pronos mutantur in annos, 60
Prima cadunt ; ita verborum vetus interit aetas,
ARS POETICA. 351
Et juvenum ritu florent modo nata vigentque.
Debemur morti nos nostraque : sive receptus
Terra Neptunus classes aquilonibus arcet,
Regis opus, sterilisve diu palus aptaque remis 65
Vicinas urbes alit et grave sentit aratrum,
Seu cursum mutavit hiquum frugibus arhnis
Doctus iter melius, mortalia facta peribunt,
Nedum sermonum stet honos et gratia vivax.
Multa renascentur quae jam cecidere, cadentque 70
Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus,
Quern penes arbitrium est et jus et norma loquendi.
Res gestae regumque ducumque et tristia bella
Quo scribi possent numero monstravit Homerus.
Versibus impariter junctis querimonia primum, 75
Post etiam inclusa est voti sententia compos ;
Quis tamen exiguos elegos emiserit auctor,
Grammatici certant et adhuc sub judice Us est.
Archilochum proprio rabies armavit iambo ;
Hunc socci cepere pedem grandesque cothurni, &>
Alternis aptum sermonibus et populares
Vincentem strepitus et natum rebus agendis.
Musa dedit fidibus divos puerosque deorum
Et pugilem victorem et equum certamine primum
Et juvenum curas et libera vina referre. 85
Descriptas servare vices operumque colores
Cur ego' si nequeo ignoroque poeta salutor ?
Cur nescire pudens prave quam discere malo ?
Versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult ;
Indignatur item privatis ac prope socco 90
Dignis carminibus narrari coena Thyestae.
Singula quaeque locum teneant sortita decenter.
Interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit,
Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore ;
Et tragicus plerumque dolet sermone pedestri 95
Telephus et Peleus, quum pauper et exsul uterque
Projicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba,
352 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Si curat cor spectantis tetigisse querela.
Non satis est pulchra esse poemata ; clulcia sunto
Et quocumque volent animum auditoris agunto. 100
Ut ridentibus arrident, ita flentibus adsunt
Human! vultus : si vis me flere dolendum est
Primum ipsi tibi ; tune tua me infortunia laedent,
Telephe vel Peleu : male si mandata loqueris
Aut dormilabo aut ridebo. Tristia maestum i 5
Vultum verba decent, iratum plena minarum,
Ludentem lasciva, severum seria dictu.
Format enim natura prius nos intus ad omnem
Fortunarum habitum ; juvat aut impellit ad iram,
Aut ad humum maerore gravi deducit et angit ; no
Post effert animi motus interprete lingua.
Si dicentis erunt fortunis absona dicta
Romani tollent equites peditesque cachinnum.
Intererit multum divusne loquatur an heros,
Maturusne senex an ad hue florente juventa 115
Fervidus, et matrona potens an sedula nutrix,
Mercatorne vagus cultorne virentis agelli,
Colchus an Assyrius, Thebis nutritus an Argis.
Aut famam sequere aut sibi convenientia finge.
Scriptor honoratum si forte reponis Achillem, 120
Impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer,
Jura neget sibi nata, nihil non arroget armis.
Sit Medea ferox invictaque, flebilis I no,
Perfidus Ixion, lo vaga, tristis Orestes.
Si quid inexpertum scenae committis et audes 125
Personam formare novam, servetur ad imum
Qualis ab incepto processerit, et sibi constet.
Difficile est proprie communia dicere ; tuque
Rectius Iliacum carmen deducis in actus,
Quam si proferres ignota indictaque primus. 13
Publica materies privati juris erit, si
Non circa vilem patulumque moraberis orbem,
Ncc verbo verbum curabis reddere fidus
ARS POETICA. 353
Interpres, nee desilies imitator in arctum
Unde pedem proferre pudor vetet aut operis lex. 135
Nee sic incipies, ut scriptor cyclicus olim :
Fortunam Priami cantabo et nobile bellum.
Quid dignum tanto feret hie promissor hiatu J
Parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
Quanto rectius hie, qui nil molitur inepte : MO
Die mihi, Musa, virum, captae post tempera Trojae
Qui mores hominum multorum vidit et urbes.
Non fumum ex fulgore sed ex fumo dare lucem
Cogitat, ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat,
Antiphaten Scyllamque et cum Cyclope Charybdin ; 145
Nee reditum Diomedis ab interim Meleagri,
Nee gemino bellum Trojanum orditur ab ovo ;
Semper ad eventum festinat et in medias res
Non secus ac notas auditorem rapit, et quae
Desperat tractata nitescere posse relinquit ; 150
Atque ita mentitur, sic veris falsa remiscet,
Primo ne medium, medio ne discrepet imum. 1
Tu quid ego et populus mecum desideret, audi :
Si plausoris eges aulaea manentis et usque
Sessuri donee cantor, Vos plaudite ! dicat, 155
Aetatis cujusque notandi sunt tibi mores,
Mobilibusque decor naturis dandus et annis.
Reddere qui voces jam scit puer et pede certo
Signat humum, gestit paribus colludere, et iram
Colligit ac ponit temere, et mutatur in horas. * 160
Imberbis juvenis tandem custode remoto
Gaudet equis canibusque et aprici gramine campi,
Cereus in vitium flecti, monitoribus asper,
Utilium tardus provisor, prodigus aeris,
Sublimis cupidusque et amata relinquere pernix. 165
Conversis studiis aetas animusque virilis
Quaerit opes et amicitias, inservit honori,
Commisisse cavet quod mox mutare laboret.
Multa senem circumveniunt incommoda, vel quod
354 Q- HORATII FLACCI
Quaerit et inventis miser abstinet ac timet uti, 170
Vel quod res omnes timide gelideque ministrat,
Dilator, spe longus, iners, avidusque futuri,
Difficilis, querulus, laudafor temporis acti
Se puero, castigator censorque minorum.
Multa ferunt anni venientes commoda secum, 175
Multa recedentes adimunt. Ne forte seniles
Mandentur juveni partes pueroque viriles,
Semper in adjunctis aevoque morabimur aptis.
Aut agitur res in scenis aut acta refertur.
Segnius irritant animos detnissa per aurem, So
Quam quae sunt oculis subjecta fiddibus, et quae
Ipse sibi tradit spectator : non tamen intus
Digna geri promes in scenam, multaque tolles
Ex oculis quae mox narret facundia praesens.
Ne pueros coram populo Medea trucidet, 185
Aut liumana palam coquat exta nefarius Atreus,
Aut in avem Procne vertatur, Cadmus in anguem.
Quodcumque ostendis mihi sic incredulus odi.
Neve minor neu sit quinto productior actu
Fabula, quae posci vult et spectata reponi ; 190
Nee deus intersit nisi dignus vindice nodus
Incident ; nee quarta loqui persona laboret.
Actoris partes chorus officiumque virile
Defendat, neu quid medios intercinat actus
Quod non proposito conducat et haereat apte. 195
I lie bonis faveatque et consilietur amice,
Et regat iratos et amet peccare timentes ;
Ille dapes laudet mensae brevis, ille salubrem
Justitiam legesque et apertis otia portis ;
Ille tegat commissa deosque precetur et oret, 200
Ut redeat miseris, abeat fortuna superbis.
Tibia non ut nunc orichalco vincta tubaeque
Aemula, sed tenuis simplexque foramine pauco
Adspirare et adesse choris erat utilis atque
Nondum spissa nimis complere sedilia ilatu ; 205
ARS POETIC A. 355
Quo sane populus numerabilis, utpote parvus,
Et frugi castusque verecundusque coibat.
Postquam coepit agros extendere victor, et urbes
Latior amplecti murus, vinoque diurno
Placari Genius festis impune diebus, 210
Accessit numerisque modisque licentia major ;
Indoctus quid enim saperet liberque laborum
Rusticus urbano confusus, turpis honesto?
Sic priscae motumque et luxuriem addidit arti
Tibicen traxitque vagus per pulpita vestem ; 215
Sic etiam fidibus voces crevere severis,
Et tulit eloquium insolitum facundia praeceps,
Utiliumque sagax rerum et divina futuri
Sortilegis non discrepuit sententia Delphis.
Carmine qui tragico vilem certavit ob hircum, 220
Mox etiam agrestes Satyrbs nudavit, et asper
Incolumi gravitate jocum tentavit, eo quod
Illecebris erat et grata novitate morandus
Spectator, functusque sacris et potus et exlex.
Verum ita risores, ita commendare dicaces =25
Conveniet Satyros, ita vertere seria ludo,
Ne quicumque deus, quicumque adhibebitur heros,
Regali conspectus in auro nuper et ostro,
Migret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas,
Aut, dum vitat humum, nubes et inania captet. 230
Effutire leves indigna Tragoedia versus,
Ut festis matrona moveri jussa diebus,
Intererit Satyris paulum pudibunda protervis.
Non ego inornata et dominantia nomina solum
Verbaque, Pisones, Satyrorum scriptor amabo ; 235
Nee sic enitar tragico differre colori
Ut nihil intersit Davusne loquatur et audax
Pythias emuncto lucrata Simone talentum,
An custos famulusque dei Silenus alumni.
Ex noto fictum carmen sequar, ut sibi quivis 240
Speret idem, sudet multum frustraque laboret
356 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Ausus idem : tantum series juncturaque pollet,
Tantum de medio sumptis accedit honoris.
Silvis deducti caveant me judice Fauni,
Ne velut innati triviis ac paene forenses 245
Aut nimium teneris juvenentur versibus unquam,
Aut immunda crepent ignominiosaque dicta :
Offenduntur enim quibus est equus et pater et res,
Nee, si quid fricti ciceris probat et nucis emptor,
Aequis accipiunt animis donantve corona. 250
Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus,
Pes citus ; unde etiam trimetris accrescere jussit
Nomen iambeis, quum senos redderet ictus
Primus ad extremum similis sibi. Non ita pridem,
Tardior ut paulo graviorque veniret ad aures, 255
Spondeos stabiles in jura paterna recepit
Commodus et patiens, non ut de sede secunda
Cederet aut quarta socialiter. Hie et in Acci
Nobilibus trimetris apparet rarus, et Enni
In scenam missos cum magno pondere versus 260
Aut operae celeris nimium curaque carentis
Aut ignoratae premit artis crimine turpi.
Non quivis videt immodulata poemata judex,
Et data Romanis venia est indigna poetis.
Idcircone vager scribamque licenter? an omnes 265
Visuros peccata putem mea, tutus et intra
Spem veniae cautus ? Vitavi denique culpam,
Non laudem merui. Vos exemplaria Graeca
Nocturna versate manu, versate diurna.
At vestri proavi Plautinos et numeros et 270
Laudavere sales : nimium patienter utrumque
Ne dicam stulte mirati, si modo ego et vos
Scimus inurbanum lepido seponere dicto
Legitimumque sonum digitis callemus et aure.
Ignotum tragicae genus invenisse Camenae 275
Dicitur et plaustris vexisse poemata Thespis,
Quae canerent agerentque peruncti faecibus ora.
ARS POETICA. 357
Post hunc personae pallaeque repertor honestae
Aeschylus et modicis instravit pulpita tignis
Et docuit magnumque loqui nitique cothurno. 280
Successit vetus his comoedia, non sine multa
Laude ; sed in vitium libertas excidit et vim
Dignam lege regi : lex est accepta chorusque
Turpiter obticuit sublato jure nocendi.
Nil intentatum nostsi liquere poetae, 2? 5
Nee minimum meruere decus vestigia Graeca
Ausi deserere et celebrare domestica facta,
Vel qui praetextas vel qui docuere togatas.
Nee virtute foret clarisve potentius armis
Quam lingua Latium, si non offenderet unum 290
Quemque poetarum limae labor et mora. Vos, o
Pompilius sanguis, carmen reprehendite quod non
Multa dies et multa litura coercuit, atque
Perfectum decies non castigavit ad unguem.
Ingenium misera quia fortunatius arte 295
Credit et excludit sanos Helicone poetas
Democritus, bona pars non ungues ponere curat,
Non barbam, secreta petit loca, balnea vitat.
Nanciscetur enim pretium nomenque poetae,
Si tribus Anticyris caput insanabile nunquam 300
Tonsori Licino commiserit. O ego laevus,
Qui purgor bilem sub verni temporis horam !
Non alius faceret meliora poemata. Verum
Nil tanti est. Ergo fungar vice cotis, acutum
Reddere quae ferrum valet exsors ipsa secandi ; 35
Munus et officium nil scribens ipse docebo,
Unde parentur opes, quid alat formetque poe'tam ;
Quid deceat, quid non ; quo virtus, quo ferat error.
Scribendi recte sapere est et principium et fons :
Rem tibi Socraticae poterunt ostendere chartae, 310
Verbaque provisam rem non invita sequentur.
Qui didicit patriae quid debeat et quid amicis,
Quo sit amore parens, quo frater amandus et hospes,
358 Q. HORATII FLACCI
Quod sit conscripti, quod judicis officium, quae
Partes in bellum missi ducis, ille profecto 315
Reddere personae scit convenientia cuique.
Respicere exemplar vitae morumque jubebo
Doctum imitatorem et vivas hinc ducere voces.
Interdum speciosa locis morataque recte
Fabula nullius veneris, sine pondere et arte, 3-
Valdius oblectat populum meliusque moratur
Quam versus inopes rerum nugaeque canorae.
Graiis ingenium, Graiis dedit ore rotundo
Musa loqui, praeter laudem nullius avaris.
Romani pueri longis rationibus assem 325
Discunt in partes centum diducere. Dicat
Filius Albini : Si de quincunce remota est
Uncia, quid superat ? Poteras dixisse. Triens. Eu !
Rem poteris servare tuam. Redit uncia, quid fit?
Semis. At haec animos aerugo et cura peculi 330
Quum semel imbuerit, speramus carmina fingi
Posse linenda cedro et levi servanda cupresso ?
Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetae,
Aut simul et jucunda et idonea dicere vitae.
Quidquid praecipies esto brevis, ut cito dicta 335
Percipiant animi dociles teneantque fideles :
Omne supervacuum pleno de pectore manaL
Ficta voluptatis causa sint proxima veris,
Nee quodcumque volet poscat sibi fabula credi,
Neu pransae Lamiae vivum puerum extrahat alvo. 340
Centuriae seniorum agitant expertia frugis,
Celsi praetereunt austera poe'mata Ramnes :
Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci,
Lectorem delectando pariterque monendo.
Hie meret aera liber Sosiis ; hie et mare transit 345
Et longum noto scriptori prorogat aevum.
Sunt delicta tamen quibus ignovisse velimus :
Nam neque chorda sonum reddit quem vult manus et mens,
Poscentique gravem persaepe remittit acutum ;
ARS POETICA. 359
Nec semper feriet quodcumque minabitur arcus. 350
Verum ubi plura nitent in carmine non ego paucis
Offendar maculis, quas aut incuria fudit
Aut humana parum cavit natura. Quid ergo, est ?
Ut scriptor si peccat idem librarius usque
Quamvis est monitus venia caret, ut citharoedus 355
Ridetur chorda qui semper oberrat eadem,
Sic mihi qui multum cessat fit Choerilus ille,
Quem bis terve bonum cum risu miror ; et idem
Indignor quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus ;
Verum operi longo fas est obrepere somnum. 3&>
Ut pictura pot-sis : erit quae si propius stes
Te capiat magis, et quaedam si longius abstes :
Haec amat obscurum, volet haec sub luce videri,
Judicis argutum quae non formidat acumen ;
Haec placuit semel, haec decies repetita placebit. 365
O major juvenum, quamvis et voce paterna
Fingeris ad rectum et per te sapis, hoc tibi dictum
Tolle memor, certis medium et tolerabile rebus
Recte concedi. Consultus juris et actor
Causarum mediocris abest virtute diserti 370
Messallae nee scit quantum Cascellius Aulus,
Sed tamen in pretio est ; mediocribus esse poetis
Non homines, non di, non concessere columnae.
Ut gratas inter mensas symphonia discors
Et crassum unguentum et Sardo cum melle papaver 375
Offendunt, poterat duci quia coena sine istis ;
Sic animis natum inventumque poerna juvandis,
Si paulum summo decessit, vergit ad imum.
Ludere qui nescit campestribus abstinet armis,
Indoctusque pilae discive trochive quiescit, sSj
Ne spissae risum tollant impune coronae :
Qui nescit versus tamen audet fingere. Quidni ?
Liber et ingenuus, praesertim census equestrem
Summam nummorum vitioque remotus ab omni.
Tu nihil in vita dices faciesve Minerva ; 385
360 Q. HORATH FLACCI
Id tibi judicium est, ea mens. Si quid tamen olim
Scripseris in Maeci descendat judicis aures
Et patris et nostras, nonumque prematur in annum,
Membranis intus positis : delere licebit
Quod non edideris ; nescit vox missa reverti. 390
Silvestres homines sacer interpresque deorum
Caedibus et victu foedo deterruit Orpheus,
Dictus ob hoc lenire tigres rabidosque leones ;
Dictus et Amphion, Thebanae conditor arcis,
Saxa movere sono testudinis et prece blancla 395
Ducere quo vellet. Fuit haec sapientia quondam,
Publica privatis secernere, sacra profanis,
Concubitu probibere vago, dare jura maritis,
Oppida moliri, leges incidere ligno :
Sic honor et nomen divinis vatibus atque 4-0
Carminibus venit. Post hos insignis Homerus,
Tyrtaeusque mares animos in Martia bella
Versibus exacuit ; dictae per carmina sortes,
Et vitae monstrata via est ; et gratia regum
Pieriis tentata modis ; ludusque repertus 405
Et longorurn operum finis : ne forte pudori
Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers et cantor Apollo.
Natura fieret laudabile carmen an arte
Quaesitum est ; ego nee studium sine divite vena
Nee rude quid posset video ingenium : alterius sic 410
Altera poscit opem res et con jurat amice.
Qui studet optatam cursu contingere metam
Multa tulit fecitque puer, sudavit et alsit,
Abstinuit venere et vino ; qui Pythia cantat
Tibicen didicit prius extimuitque magistrum. 415
Nee satis est dixisse : Ego mira poemata pango ;
Occupet extremum scabies ; mihi turpe relinqui est
Et quod non didici sane nescire fateri.
Ut praeco, ad merces turbam qui cogit emendas,
Assentatores jubet ad lucrum ire poeta 420
Dives agris, dives positis in fenore nummis.
ARS POETICA. 361
Si vero est unctum qui recte ponere possit
Et spondere levi pro paupere et eripere atris
Litibus implicitum, mirabor si sciet inter-
Noscere mendacem verumque beatus amicum. 425
Tu seu donaris seu quid donare voles cui,
Nolito ad versus tibi factos ducere plenum
Laetitiae ; clamabit enim, Pulchre ! bene ! recte !
Pallescet super his, etiam stillabit amicis
Ex oculis rorem, saliet, tundet pede terram. 430
Ut qui conducti plorant in funere dicunt
Et faciunt prope plura dolentibus ex animo, sic
Derisor vero plus laudatore movetur.
Reges dicuntur multis urgere culullis
Et torquere mero quern perspexisse laborant, 435
An sit amicitia dignus : si carmina condes
Nunquam te fallant animi sub vulpe latentes.
Quintilio si quid recitares, Corrige sodes
Hoc, aiebat, et hoc. Melius te posse negares
Bis terque expertum frustra, delere jubebat 440
Et male tornatos incudi reddere versus.
Si defendere delictum quam vertere malles,
Nullum ultra verbum aut operam insumebat inanem
Quin sine rivali teque et tua solus amares.
Vir bonus et prudens versus reprehendet inertes, 445
Culpabit duros, incomptis adlinet atrum
Traverso calamo signum, ambitiosa recidet
Ornamenta, parum claris lucem dare coget,
Arguet ambigue dictum, mutanda notabit,
Fiet Aristarchus ; non dicet : Cur ego amicum 4;
Offendam in nugis ? Hae nugae seria ducent
In mala derisum semel exceptumque sinistre.
Ut mala quern scabies aut morbus regius urget
Aut fanaticus error et iracunda Diana,
Vesanum tetigisse timent fugiuntque poe'tam 455
Qui sapiunt ; agitant pueri incautique sequuntur.
Hie, dum sublimis versus ructatur et errat,
362 Q. HORATII FLACCI ARS POETICA.
Si veluti merulis intentus decidit auceps
In puteum foveamve, licet, Succurritc, longum
Clamet, lo cives ! non sit qui tollere curet. 4<
Si curet quis opem ferre et demittere funem,
Qui scis an prudens hue se projecerit atque
Servari nolit ? dicam, Siculique poetae
Narrabo interitum. Deus immortalis haberi
Dum cupit Empedocles, ardentem frigidus Aetnam 465
Insiluit. Sit jus liceatque perire poe'tis :
Invitum qui servat idem facit occidenti.
Nee semel hoc fecit, nee si retractus erit jam
Fiet homo et ponet famosae mortis amorem.
Nee satis apparet cur versus factitet, utrum 47
Minxerit in patrios cineres, an triste bidental
Moverit incestus : certe furit ac velut ursus
Objectos caveae valuit si frangere clathros,
Indoctum doctumque fugat recitator acerbus ;
Quern vero arripuit tenet occiditque legendo, 475
Non missura cutem nisi plena cruoris hirudo.
NOTES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
A., Aencid.
A. P., Ars Poetica.
A. & S., Andrews and Stoddard's Latin
Grammar.
C. (Carmina), Odes.
Cf. (confer), compare.
Con., Conington.
C. S., Carmen Seculare.
Dillenb., Dillenburger.
Dod., Doderlein.
E , Eclogue, Epistles.
Eleg., Elegy.
Ep., Epodes.
Ex., Exception,
fo'l., following.
Forb., Forbiger.
G., Georgics.
Gr., Harkness's Latin Grammar.
Horn., Homer.
Hor., Horace.
II., Iliad.
lit., literal, literally.
M., Metamorphoses.
N., Note.
Od., Odyssey.
Ov., Ovid.
R., Remark.
S., Satires.
Sc. (scilicet), supply.
Sp., Spohn.
Trist., Tristia.
v., vv., verse, verses.
Virg., Virgil.
Wr., Wagner.
Wch., Wunderlich.
Z., Zumpt's Latin Grammar.
Abbreviations of grammatical terms, as gen., dat., sing., pres., infin., etc., and
many of a miscellaneous character, as B. C., A. U. C., MSS., etc., need no explana-
tion.
THE LIFE OF OVID.
IN the Tenth Elegy of the Fourth Book of his Trisf/a, our poet has
himself given us a minute account of his life and fortunes. In other
poems, he often speaks of himself, so that there are few writers of
ancient times with whose history we are better acquainted. Several
biographies of him have come down to us ; but they add little of im-
portance to what we thus learn from his own writings.
PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO was born of an ancient and noble family,
at Sulmo (now Sulmona), in the country of the Peligni, March 20,
B. c. 43. At an early age, he was sent to Rome to be educated, and
studied with some of the most eminent teachers of the day, among
whom he mentions Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro. He was de-
signed by his father for the bar, and seems to have made commend-
able proficiency in the preliminary studies of the profession. The
elder Seneca speaks highly of his declamations, and has preserved an
extract from one of them. He remarks, however, that Ovid's oratory
resembled a sohttum carmen, and Ovid himself tells us that whatever
he attempted to write took the form of verse sponte sua. His father
endeavored to wean him from this tendency to poetical pursuits, warn-
ing him that poetry was the direct road to poverty ; but, after a brief
struggle against the ruling passion, he yielded to his destiny, aban-
doned the profession for which he was intended, and devoted himself
to the service of the Muses. He mentions several of the leading
poets of the day as among the number of his friends at this time ;
Macer, Propertius, Bassus, and Horace. Virgil and Tibullus, both
of whom died when he was but twenty-four, he knew less intimately.
He seems to have been most familiar with Propertius, who, like him-
self, had relinquished forensic for poetical pursuits, and who occa-
sionally read to him his elegies, which naturally excited the admira-
tion and the emulation of the youthful listener. Ovid, like Proper-
tius, had attempted epic poetry ; but the failure of his friend in this
species of writing, and his brilliant success in elegy, appear to have
determined his own hesitating muse. His first published work, the
Amores, was the result, and the favor with which it was received en-
couraged him to persevere in the career on which he had entered.
366 THE LIFE OF OVID.
The life of Ovid, like that of most literary men, exhibits few prom-
inent incidents. From himself we learn that he was thrice married.
His first marriage took place when he was very young, and was soon
dissolved as a low and unworthy connection. His second wile was
also divorced, though he makes no charge against her. The third, to
whom he seems to have been tenderly attached, remained with him
until his banishment, in which she was forbidden by Augustus to ac-
company him. He studied at Athens, as was customary with the
young men of his time. He held the judicial offices of triumvir, of
centumvir, and of decemvir. Till his fiftieth year, he continued to
reside at Rome, where he had a house near the Capitol. He not
only enjoyed the friendship of a large circle of distinguished men,
but was honored with the favor of Augustus and the imperial family.
Meanwhile he had given to the world the second edition of the
A mores ; the IferoiJes,\n which the most tragic love-stories of an-
cient legend are versified under the form of epistles ; a tragedy, Afcdcu,
only two lines of which have come down to us, but which was esteemed
by contemporary critics as his masterpiece ; the Ars Amatoria, or De
Arte Amandi ; the Rcmcdia Amoris ; and some minor poems. He
had been engaged for some ten years on hisjgreat work, the .1/</,7-
morphoses, which was nearly ready for publication. He had collected
the materials for the Fasti, a poetical version of the pontifical ritual,
and may have made some progress in the composition of that work.
While thus engaged, he was suddenly commanded by an imperial
edict to transport himself to Tomi, a town on the Euxine, near the
mouth of the Danube, on the very frontiers of the empire. A few
hours only were allowed him to prepare for the journey which was to
remove him forever from his home, his friends, and his family. He-
was exiled, unheard and unarraigned, and the cause of his banish-
ment was only vaguely indicated by a complaint against the perni-
cious tendency of the Ars Amatoria, which had been published ten
years previous. Had he been exiled at the time of its publication, it
might not have seemed extraordinary, since the poem tended directly
to subvert all those measures for the regulation of public morals
which Augustus was taking singular pains to enforce ; but Ovid \vris
never molested on the ground of the licentiousness of his writings
until an event occurred, which is now hidden in impenetrable mys-
tery, although it is evident that it was no secret at the time. This
event was the real ground of the banishment, for which the poem was
made the pretext.
It is much easier to show what the offence was not than what it
was. " It seems to have been of a nature which Augustus could not
venture to declare openly : had it been an offence against public mo-
rality, he would have claimed merit for making it the subject of a
THE LIFE OF OVID. 367
public arraignment. Though the sufferer bows to his sentence, and
acquiesces discreetly in the charge which he knows to be fictitious,
his allusions point plainly to some other cause, well known to Augus-
tus and himself, the possession apparently, and possibly, as he pro-
tests, the innocent possession of some fatal secret. The conjectures
which have^been made regarding it may be readily dismissed as
groundless It seems natural to surmise that Ovid, though no
public man himself, got unwittingly implicated in the political in-
trigues of the time, and suffered as an accomplice in projects, of the
scope of which he was perhaps actually unconscious. " *
After a night of inexpressible distress, which the poet could never
recall without tears, a night spent in taking leave of his wife and of
two friends who remained with him to the last, (his daughter was in
Africa,) by early morning he was afloat on a tempestuous sea, the
gloomy image of his future life on the Getic coast. It was nearly a
year before he reached Tomi ; but he beguiled the time by writing,
several of his pieces having been written on shipboard.
" From the scene of his punishment, on the verge of the inhospi-
table Dobrudscha, dreary and pestilential now, but then alternating
the frosts of the Neva with the fevers of the Niger, the wretched vic-
tim poured forth his misery in verses of grace and sweetness, though
of little power : he murmured at the loss of every friend and amuse-
ment, at the rudeness of the people, and hostility of their savage
neighbors, while he shuddered at the sight of the frozen Euxine, or
shivered in the agues of the Danubian marshes. A gleam of reviving
cheerfulness induced him at more favorable moments to cultivate the
hospitality of the natives, and to flatter them by cultivating their lan-
guage, and even writing verses in it ; but neither lamentations nor
industry availed to soothe the bitterness of his sorrows, which were
only for a moment allayed by anticipations of future celebrity ; and he
continued in vain to solicit with abject humiliation the compassion of
the offended emperor. Though his punishment was not strictly
exile (exilium), but only the milder form of relegation (relegatio}, which
allowed him to retain his fortune and his citizenship, and admitted
the hope of eventual pardon, he never obtained remission of his sen-
tence, though he survived Augustus three years." t
Ovid died, A. D. 18, in the sixtieth year of his age, and the tenth of
his exile. His constitution, never robust, gradually gave way under
the burden of his sorrows. The severity of the climate, the want of
home comforts and of good medical advice, doubtless hastened his
decline ; but it is probable that this last chapter of the sad story is
briefly comprehended in the simple words of one of his biographers :
" he died of a broken heart."
* Merivale, History of tlie Romans under the Empire, Vol. IV. p. 260.
f Merivale, loc. cit.
368 THE LIFE OF OVID.
The works of Ovid up to the time of his exile have already been
enumerated. To these are to be added the five books of elegies
called Trisfia, written during the first four years of his banishment,
and the four books of Epistolae ex Ponto, written subsequently, in the
same measure as the Tristia, and, like that work, made up of descrip-
tions of his afflicted condition and petitions for mercy. TJicre is also
a satirical poem called Ibis, written in exile, and several other pieces,
whose genuineness is more or less doubtful. Of the twelve books of
the Fasti, only six have come down to us, and some have thought
that only six were ever written. The Metamorphoses, which the poet
burnt on going into exile, was complete in its plan, though it had not
received its last touches, and copies of it were already in the hands
of friends, through whom it was preserved.
" If Ovid, as a man, was unfortunate, as a poet he cannot be alto-
gether so regarded. He was born at the happiest time for the exhi-
bition of his chief excellence, skill in the mechanical structure of his
language. Even in the Julian Age he would scarcely have developed
this, nor, if he had, would it have been duly appreciated ; and imme-
diately after his decease a new school had arisen. Of the mutual
adaptation of his time and his genius he was fully sensible ; and he
made good use of his opportunities. When we speak, however, of
Ovid's elegance as his principal distinction, it is only because his suc-
cess in this respect is so transcendent. He was, in imaginative power,
perhaps, superior to all other Latin poets ; and Milton hesitates not
to affirm, that, but for the influence of misfortune on his genius, he
would have surpassed Virgil in epic achievement. The Metamor-
phoses, though in part indebted to Greek originals for form and mate-
rial, are yet a marvellous work of fancy. Some of the stories are
exuberant with creative force ; and the subtle thread which connects
the diverse materials in one harmonious and beautiful whole is not
less admirable than the structure itself. .... Ovid was the only
writer of eminence who prolonged the golden age of Latin poetry be-
yond the time of Horace." *
" His various compositions," says another writer, from whom we
have already quoted, " comprehend many pieces of unsullied purity
and grace, which are still the first pages of antiquity we put into the
hands of our children, and among the last on which we turn the retro-
spect of our own declining years His amatory poems were
principally the work of his earlier years, and the maturity of his powers
was devoted sedulously, nor with less felicity, to subjects of wider
scope and higher interest." t
* Thompson, History of Roman Literature.
f Merivale.
NOTES
SELECTIONS FROM OVID,
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK I.
THE FOUR AGES. fvv. 89-162.] In regard to the number
of these Ages, the poets do not agree. Hesiod reckons five, adding
the heroic after the brazen ; Ovid, four ; Aratus, three ; Virgil (G. I.
125 foil.) and Tibullus mention two. There was also a prophecy
that, after the present age is ended, these ages are to repeat them-
selves in inverse order. See Virg. E. IV.
89 Prima est = first began. Gr. 443. 2. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (b}.
Vindice nullo = with no magistrate to punish ^:rime. Gr. 431.
A. & S. 257, R. 7 (a). 90. Sponte. Gr. 134. A. & S. 94. Rec-
tum. Gr. 441. A. & S. 205, R. 7 (2). Colebat. Gr. 469. II.
A. & S. 145, II. i. 92. Aere = brazen tablets; on which, in early
times, the laws were set up for public view. Cf. Virg. A. VI. 622.
Gr. 422. i. 2). A. & S. 254, R. 3. Supplex turba = the accused
and their friends. 93. Erant. Gr. 461. I. A. & S. 209, R. u &
(2). Tuti. Gr. 438. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 3. 94. Suis = its na-
tive. Peregrinum .... orbem = foreign lands. Viseret,
Gr. 481. II. i ; 491. A. & S. 258. I. 2 ; 262. 95. Pinus. Gr.
705. III. A. & S. 324. 3. Undas. Gr. 435. i. A. & S. 235 (2). On
vv - 94. 95. cf - Virg. E. IV. 32-38. 96. Norant. Gr. 234. 2;
297. 2. A. & S. 162. 7 (a) ; 183, N. 3. 97. As yet there were no
wars. Praecipites = deep. 98. The hcba was straight, and
used by infantry ; the cornu, curved, used by cavalry. Aeris. Gr.
396. IV. A. & S. 211, R. 6. 99. Erat. Gr. 463 I. A. & S. 209,
R. 12 (3). Sine usu = without need of soldiery. 101. Cf.
Virg. G. I. 94. Immunis is, literally, free from taxes ; here =
nullo cogente, v. 103. Rastro. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 102.
Per se = spontaneously. Omnia. Gr. 441. A. & S. 205, R. 7
'".). 103. Content!; sc. homines. Cibis. Gr. 419. IV. A. &
. 244. Nullo. Gr. 431 ; 457. 2. A. & S. 257, R. 7 (a) ; 207, R. 31 (<:).
- 104. Arbuteos foetus the fruit of the strawberry-tree (Arbu-
24
370 NOTES ON OVID.
tits nnedo], which grows wild in Italy. Montana fraga common
strawlx:rries, which are abundant on wooded hills. 105. Corna
the fruit of the wild cornel-tree. Homer mentions it as the food
of swine. Cf. Virg. A. III. 649. Mora= blackberries, the fruit of the
rnbeta. Rubetis. Gr. 435. i. A. & S. 235(2). 106 Arbore =
the oak, sacred to Jupiter, as the laurel to Apollo, the poplar to Her-
cules, the olive to Minerva, etc. Gr. 425. A. & S. 242. 107. Au-
ris. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 108. Sine semine = without
cultivation. 109. Fruges. Gr. 133. 2. A. & S. 94. So nuila, v.
112. 110. Nee renovatus ager = ct agcr non renm-atus ; i. c.
without having been renewed by lying fallow. 112. Cf. Virg. E.
IV. 30. Viridi = evergreen. 113. Saturn o Gr. 431. A. & S.
257. Saturn, the father of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, was driven
from his kingdom by his sons, and banished to Tartarus. The golden
age was during his reign. Hence Virgil (G. II. 538) calls him anretis
Saturmis. 114. Subiit. The last syllable is lengthened by the
arsis. Gr. 660. A. & S. 308 (2). 115. Auro. Gr. 417. A.&S.
256, R. i. Deterior = worse, with reference to good ; fejor, with
reference to bad. Gr. 166. A. & S. 126. i. Auro and acre for aurea
and acnca (sc. prole, or aetat,-}. 116. Contraxit. Gr. 248. I.
A. & S. 171. i. 117. A j/><W(//f line. Gr. 672. 3. A. & S. 310. I. i.
Inaequales Changeable. Cf. incertis ; Virg. G.I. 115. 118.
Spatiis. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. Exegit = completed.
Some critics make it = measured, or divided. 119. Fervoribua.
Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i. So vctitis, \. 120. 120. Adstricta, or
astricta = congealed. Adstringere is used with reference to the cold
of Winter, as solvcre (Cf. Hor. C. I. 4. i) to the warmth of Spring.
Pependit, from pcndcrc. 121. Domos. Gr. 117. I ; 371. 4. i).
A. & S. 89 ; 233 (3) and N. 123. Cerealia. Ceres, the daugh-
ter of Saturn and Vesta, first taught men the arts of agriculture and
bread-making. See Met V. 343 foil, and Virg. G. I. 147. Scinina
Cerealia = corn. Cf. Virg. A. I. 177. Sulcis. Gr. 422. I. 2).
A. & S. 254, R. 3. 125. The Hrazen Age is described very briefly.
The poet may have intended to amplify and complete the passage, in
the final revision of the work, which he never made. Sec Life.
126. Ingeniis. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. Horrida = saeva. Some
explain it as = horreniia, bristling. 127. Ultima. Gr. 166. A. &
S. 126. i. 129. Verum. An adjective used as an abstract noun.
Gr. 441. 131. Insidiae. Gr. 131. i. 4). A. & S. 96. Amor
habeudi love of gain, or covetousness. Cf. Virg. A. III. 56:
aun ' sacra fames. Gr. 563. A. & S. 275. III. R. I. 132. Ventis.
Gr. 384. II. A. & S. 223. 133. Steterant = had stood ; i. e. as
trees. 134. Fluctibus. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. Insultavere
= bounded over ; L e. contemptuously. Cf. Hor. C. I. 3. 24. Tibul-
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK I. 371
lus (I. 3. 37) uses contemnere in the same way : Nondtun caeruleas
pimis contemserat undas. Carinae. Gr. 705. III. A. & 8. 324. 3.
135. Lumina . . . aurae ; sc. snnt (communia). 137. Segetes.
Gr. 374. i. A. & S. 234. I. Debita=due ; i. e. which men have a
right to expect as a return for their labor. 138. I turn est. Gr.
301.3. A. & S. 184. 2. 139. Recondiderat ; sc. ilia = terra.
Stygiis = Stygian ; i. e. infernal. The Styx, one of the rivers of
the lower world, is often put for the lower world itself. 140. Irri-
tamenta. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204 and R. 3. 141. Ferro. Gr.
417. A. &. S. 256, R. i. 142. Frodierat. Gr. 295. 3 ; 338.
i. A. & S. 182, R. 3 ; 196, I. 13. Utroque = auro et ferro ;
i. e. niimmis et armis. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 144. Vivi-
tur. See on itnm est, v. 138. Ex rapto = by rapine. Gr.
580. A. & S. 162. 22 ; 247, R. 3. 145. Quoque. Gr. 602,
III. A. & S. 279. 3 (,/). 146. Exitio. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224.
Vir = maritus. 147. Aconita ; a poisonous plant, found in
Pontus and sometimes in Italy. It is called Inrida from its effect on
the color of its victims. Cf. Virg. G. II. 128. 148. He consults
the astrologers to find out how soon his father will die. Fatrios.
Gr. 398. 2. A. & S. 211, R. 4 (a). On ante diem cf. Virg. A. IV. 697.
150. Ultima. See on v. 127. Gr. 443. 2. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (b).
Coelestum. Gr. 158. 3. A. & S. 114, Ex. 3. Astraea; the god-
dess of justice, who was driven from the earth by the impiety of the
iron age, and became the constellation Virgo in the zodiac. Cf. on
Virg. E. IV. 6. 151. Foret Gr. 297. III. 2; 311. 5; 489.
A. & S. 154, R. 3 ; 198. 8 ; 262, R. 5. Terris. See on auro, v. 115.
152. Affectasse. Gr. 234; 551. I. A. & S. 162. 7. (a) ; 272.
Ferunt. Gr. 367. 2. 2). A. & S. 209, R. 2. (2). Gigantas. Gr. 98.
A. &. S. 85. Ex. 2. The Giants were the sons of Earth, who, at the
instigation of their mother, attacked the Gods in their own abode, to
avenge the overthrow of the Titans. 153. Congestos. Gr. 579.
A. & S. 274. 3. (b). 155. Fulmine. Gr. 431. A. & 8.257. Ossae.
Gr. 385. 4. A. & S. 224, R. 2. Olympus, Ossa, and Pelion are moun-
tains of Thessaly. Cf. on Virg. G. I. 281, 282. 156. Sua mole;
i. e. the mountains which they themselves had heaped up. Jacerent.
Gr. 518. II. A. & S. 263, R. 2. 158. Animasse. See on affec-
tasse, v. 152. 159. Ne manerent = lest no remnant of that
race of hers should survive. Gr. 491. A. & S. 262, R. 5. 160.
Sed et ilia propago = But that race also. 161. Superum.
Gr. 45. 5. 4); 441. 3. A. & S. 53 ; 205, R. 7. 162. Scires
natos = Scires eos (referring to propago) e sanguine natos esse. Gr.
486. 4 ; 551. I. A. & S. 260, R. 2 ; 272.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF LYCAON. [vv. 163-243.]
This fable is introduced in illustration of the impious and blood-
372 NOTES ON OVID.
thirsty character of the race sprung from the blood of the Giants.
163. Pater Saturnius = Jupiter, the son of Saturn. See on v.
113. Arce ; sc. coeli. 164. Facto . . . recent! = since the deed
was recent. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. R. 7 (a). The order of translation
is, Et referens (= calling to mind) foeda convivia Lycaoniae (Gr. 398.
2. A. & S. 211, R. 4) mensae nondum t'li/^ata, facto red -nti, concifit
animo iras ingentes et dtgnas Jwc, etc. Gr. 419. IV. A. & S. 244,
167. Tenuit = rctimiit. 169. Lactea; used as a noun in ap-
position with nomen. For its gender, see Gr. 35. III. 2. A. <S: S.
34. 3 & 4 ; for the construction, Gr. 363. A. & S. 204, R. 8
(f), where a similar expression is explained. Candore. Gr. 414.
2. A. & S. 247. i. 170. Hac; sc. via. Superis. See second rcf.
on v. 161. On the case, Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. Tonaiitis = the
Thunderer ; i. e. Jupiter. 171. Dextra laevaque ; sc. maint.
172. Celebrautur are thronged; as the vestibules of the houses
of the Roman patricians by the crowds of their clients. The dii no-
biles here are the higher of the two classes of Roman gods, the dii
majontm gentium and the dii minor-urn gentium. The latter are the
flebsol\. 173. 173. Locis. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I. So /<*<?, v.
178. A fronts = in the front. 174. Penates = domes ; literally,
household gods. 175. Detur. Gr. 503. III. A. & S. 261. 2. 176.
Tiineam. Gr. 486. i. A. & S. 260, R. 4, Dixisse. dr. 542. 2.
A. & S. 268, R. 2. Palatia; the palace of Augustus on the I\ilatie
hill. 177. Recessu. Gr. 422. i. 2). A. & S. 254, R. 3. 178.
Ipse = Jupiter. Sceptro. Gr. 419. II. A. & S. 245. II. i. 180.
Cum. Gr. 187. 2. A. & S. 241, R. i. 182. Magis anxius; sc.
yttam mine. 183. Tempestate. Gr. 426. A. & S. 253. The
order of translation is, qua quisqne anginpcditm parabat injicere cfii-
tum brachia captivo coelo. Captivo is used " by anticipation," and
which they hoped to seize. For the case of coelo see Gr. 386. A. & S.
224. 185. Erat Gr. 516. I. A. & S. 263. 2 (4). 186. Cor-
pore; a collective noun; as, in English, a body of men. 187. Mi-
hi Gr. 388. I. A. & S. 225. III. Nereus; a sea-god, here put Tor
the sea itself. He was the son of Oceanus and Terra, and had fifty
daughters called Nereides. Orbem. Gr. 371. 4. 2). A. & S. 233.
188. Perdendum est. Gr. 229. A. & S. 162. 15. ^orefidcndum
est, v. 191. Flumina infera = the Styx. See on v. 139 and cf.
Virg. A. VI. 323,324. 189. Luco. See on rccessii, v. 177. 19O.
Tentata. Gr. 551. I. A. & S. 272 and 270, R. 3. 191. Ense.
Gr. 414. 4. A. & 8.247. 3- Trahatur = should be infected. Gr.
491. A. & S. 262, R. 5. 192. Mihi. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. Semi-
dei = literally, half-gods ; " heroes," intermediate between gods and
men. Nymphae ; female deities of low rank and of several classes,
the Nereids (see on v. 187), the Naiads, Dryads, Oreads, etc. 193.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK I. 373
Faunique Satyrique Fauns and Satyrs, rural deities, having the
ears, legs, and feet of goats, and the rest of the body human. Sil-
vani. Silvanus (from silva) was the god of the woods. The name
is here plural, instead of the usual singular form. The last syllable
of Faunique is lengthened by the arsis. See on v. 114. The line is
spondaic. See on v. 117. 194. Dignamur honore. Gr. 520;
419. V. 2. A. & S. 244, R. i. 195. Siuamus. Gr. 486. III.;
551. II. I. A. & S. 260. II. ; 273. 4. 196. Fore. Gr. 297. III. ;
551. I. A. & S. 154, R. 3 ; 272, and R. 6. 197. Mihi. Gr. 384.
II. A. & S. 223. 198. Struxerit. Gr. 517. I. A. & S. 263. 5.
Feritate. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. 199. Ausum = him who had
dared. Gr. 221. 2; 272. 3. A. & S. 142. 2; 162. 17. 200. De-
poscunt; sc. ad suppliciiim. Gr. 254. 5. A. & S. 163, E. i. Sae-
vit = saeviit saeviv it. Gr. 234. I. A. & S. 162. 7 (d). $>omollit,v.
229. 201. Sanguine Caesareo. Some commentators refer this to
the assassination of Julius Caesar ; others, to some conspiracy against
Augustus. On Caesareo, see Gr. 398. 2. A. & S. 211, R. 4. 204.
Tibi. Gr. 391. i. A. & S. 222, R. i. So Jovi, v. 205. Tuorum.
Gr. 441. i. A. & S. 205, R. 7. N. i. 205. Qui. Gr. 453. A. & S.
206 (17). 210. Admissum crime. Sit. Gr. 525. A. & S.
265. So sit, v. 214. 212. Quam. Gr. 551. II. A. & S. 271, R. 4.
Olympo. Gr. 422. 2. A. & S. 255, R. 3 (b). 214. Longa mora
est . . . enumerate = it is tedious to tell. Noxae of crime.
Gr. 396. III. 2. 3) (3). A. & S. 212, R. 3 and (b). 216. Maenala,
Cyllene, Lycaei ; mountains in Arcadia. Transieram. Gr. 234.
A. & S. 162. 7 (b). Latebris. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i. 217.
Fineta. Gr. 317. 2. A. & S. 100. 7. 218. Arcados ; adjective
with tyranni. Gr. 68. 2. A. & S. 68. I. The use of the word here
is an instance of prolepsis (anticipation), since Arcadia took its name
from Areas, the grandson of Lycaon. 219. Traherent. Gr. 518.
I. A. & S. 263. 5, R. 2. On fngredior, see Gr. 467. III. A. & S.
259. i (a). 220. Venisse. Gr. 551. I. 3. A. & S. 272. N. i.
221. Irridet = derides ; here transitive. Gr. 371. 3. A. & S. 232
(2). 222. Deus hie ... an sit mortalis = whether he is a god
or a mortal. Gr. 526. II. 2. A. & S. 265, R. 2. Discrimiue =
test. 224. Nocte. Gr. 426. A. & S. 253, and N. i. 225. Illi.
Gr. 385. A. & S. 223, R. 2. 226. Eo. Gr. 419. IV. A. & S.
244. Molossa. The Molossi were a people of Epirus. 228.
Atque ita = quo facto, or postea. 229. Mollit. See on v. 200.
230. Quos . . mensis. Gr. 386. i. A. & S. 224. N. i. Simul
= simul ac. Vindice flamma = with avenging flame; i.e. light-
ning. Penates. The household gods were responsible for what
was done in the house. 233. Exululat = howls forth. Ex is in-
tensive here. Ab ipso ; i. e. from his own ferocious nature. Hence
374 NOTES ON OVID.
also solitae, in next line. 235. Vertitur = he turns (himself). The
word is used reflexively, like the middle voice in Greek. San-
guine. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i (2). 236. Abeunt = ////,/-
tur. 238. Est. (sc. ) = he has. 239. Idem = Udem. 240
Non . . una = not one alone. Perire. Gr. 552. 3. A. & S. 244,
R. 2 (/>) and 270, R. i (/>). 241. Erinnys. The Furies were
Alecto, Megaera, and Ti.siphone. They were employed by the gods
to punish the impious, both on the earth and in the lower world.
242. Jurasse. See on v. 152. Gr. 551. I. A. & S. 272, N. i. Pu-
tes. Gr. 486. I. A. & S. 260. II. Dent. Gr. 487. A. & S. 260,
R. 6. Ocius. Gr. 444. i. A. & S. 122, R. 3. 243. Sententia ;
sc. men.
THE DELUGE AND THE STORY OF DEUCALION AND
PYKKHA. [vv. 244-415.] 244. Frobant Gr.46i. I. A. & S.
209, R. u. Frementi; sc. ei. Gr. 386. i. A. & S. 224, N. i. 245.
Partes implent = fulfil their part by assent ; an allusion to the
Roman senate. 246. Dolori. Gr. 390. I. A. & S. 227. 247.
Sit futura. Gr. 481. III. I. ; 525. A. & S. 260, R. 7 (2) ; 265.
Mortaiibus. Gr. 399. 5. 3). A. & S. 250. 2 (i). 249. Feris.
Gr. 384.11. A. & 8.223. Paret See on sit, \. 247. 250. Sibi . . .
curae. See on dolori, v. 246. Fore depends on the verbum dicendi
implied in vetat. Gr. 530. II. I. A. & S. 270, R. 2 (b). 251.
Trepidare vetat Gr. 551. II. i. A. & S. 273, 2 (a). 252. Po-
pulo. Gr. 391. A. & S. 222, R. i. Origine mira = of miracu-
lous origin. 253. Erat - . . sparsurus. Gr. 228. A. & S. 162.
14. 254. Sacer = sacred ; because it is the home of the gods.
255. Conciperet. Gr. 492. 4. i). A. & S. 262, R. 7. Axis;
for heaven itself. 256. Ease. The clause, affore, etc., is the sub-
ject of esse. Gr. 551. I. 3. A. & S. 239, R. 4 ; 272, N. i. Esse in
fatis = that it is fated ; i. e. the Fates had decreed. The three Fates,
or Parcae, were the supreme arbiters of the destinies, not only of
men, but of the gods themselves. Even Jupiter must submit to
them. Their names were Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. 258.
Ardeat. Gr. 501. I. A. & S. 264. 6andN. i. Laboret = shall per-
ish. 259. Cyclopum. The Cyclopes were the workmen of Vulcan,
(see on II. 5,) and made the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Cf. Virgil, A.
III. 569 foil, and Horace, C. I. 4. 7. 261. Perdere is in apposition
with poena. Gr. 553. II. A. & S. 204, R. 9; 273, N. 9, where this
use of the infin. should be added. 262. Aeoliis . . . autris = in
the caves of Aeolus. The Aeolian (now Lipari) islands, near Sicily,
were the abode of the winds, over whom Aeolus was king. Cf.
Virg. A. I. 52 foil. Aquilonem = the north wind ; which, in Italy,
generally brings dry weather. Cf. v. 328. 263. Inductas ; sc.
toelo. 264. Notum = the south wind ; which brings rain. 265.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK I. 375
Vultum. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. and R. i. 266. Capillis. Gr.
422. 2. A. & S. 255, R. 3 (b). 267. Fronte ; poetic abl. of place.
See on v. 92. Sinusque = and the folds of his robe. 270. Ju-
nonis. Juno was the sister and wife of Jupiter, and the queen of
heaven. Iris, daughter of Thaumas (whence she is called Thauman-
tias) and Electra, was the goddess of the rainbow, and the attend-
ant and messenger of Juno. Colores. Gr. 374. 7. A. & S. 234,
R. i (a), 271. Concipit = draws up. Nubibus. Gr. 386. i.
A. & S. 224, N. i. 272. Colonis. Gr. 398. 5. A. & S. 211, R.
5(1). 274. CoelO. See on v. 226. 275. Frater Neptune,
brother of Jupiter, and god of the sea. See on v. 113. 277.
Hortamine. Gr. 419. I. A. & S. 245. I. 278. Utendum; sc.
mihi. Gr. 301. 2 ; 388. I. A. & S. 184. 3 ; 225. III. and R. I.
279. Domos fountains. The source of the stream was the home
of the river-god. Mole = literally, the dam or barrier ; here, what-
ever confines or restrains the river. 280. Fluminibus. Gr. 386.
i. A. & S. 224. Totas habenas give loose reins. 281.
Fontibus. Gr. 398. 5. A. & S. 211, R. 5 (i). 282. Volvun-
tur. See on vertitur, v. 235. 286. Satis = crops. 287.
Penetralia ; the inmost part of the house, the shrine of the Penates ;
here = temples. Sacris = the images of the gods. 288. Qua.
Gr. 190. i & 2. A. & S. 137, R. (3). Mansit. Gr. 508. A. & S.
261, R. i. 289. Malo. Gr. 385. A. & S. 223, R. 2. 290.
Pressae = submerged. 292. Erat. Gr. 462. 2. A. & S. 209,
R. 9. Some editions have erant. Ponto. Gr. 386. 2. A. & S.
226, R. 2. 293. Hie; sc. homo. Cymba; poetic abl. of place.
See on v. 92. 294. Ducit = plies. Ararat Gr. 234. A. & S.
162. 7 (a). 296. Summa. Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17.
297. Figitur. See on mansit, v. 288. 302. Nereides. See on
v. 192. 303. Ramis. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. Agitata. See
on congestos, v. 153. 305. Fulminis ; a common metaphor in de-
scriptions of the boar. Apro. Gr. 385. A. & S. 223, R. 2. So
quibus. v. 311. 307. Terris. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. Possit
Gr. 486. III. A. & S. 264, R. 3. 311. Pars; sc. hominum.
312. Iiiopi victu = by want of food. 313. Aonios (sc. agros) =
Aonia, or Boeotia, a district of Greece, N. W. from Attica. Oetaeis
= Thessalian ; Oeta being a mountain range of Thessaly. Phocis,
a district lying west of Boeotia, on the Corinthian gulf. The prose
order is, Phocis, terra ferax, dum terra fuit, Aonios ab Oetaeis arvis
separat. 314. Tempore. Gr. 426. 2. 316. Verticibus. Gr.
428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. 317. Nomine. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250.
i. Parnasus, or Parnassus, was sacred to Apollo and the Muses.
318. Deucalion ; son of Prometheus, and King of Phthia, in
Thessaly. 319. Consorte tori ; his wife Pyrrha, daughter of
376 NOTES ON OVID.
Epimetheus and Pandora. 320. Corycidas = Corycian ; from
a cave in Parnasus. Numina ; sc. cetera. 321. Themin. Gr.
93. 2. A. & S. 80 and Ex. 2. Themis, the daughter of Coelus and
Terra, was the goddess of right, or justice, and held the Delphic
oracle (tune orada tenebat ) as the successor of Terra and previous to
Apollo. Qra.cla.; syncopated form of orncula. 322. Illo Deu-
calion. Gr. 417. A. & S. 256. 2. So ilia (=Pyrrha) in next line.
Aequi. Gr. 399. 2. i) ; 441. A. & S. 205, R. 7 (2) ; 213. 324.
Stagnare to be overflowed. Gr. 551. I. A. & S. 272. So
superesse. 325. Ovid is fond of repetitions like this. Unum ; sc.
hominem. 326. Unam ; sc feminam. 328. Nimbis. Gr.
431. A. & S. 257. So telo, v. 330, and signo, v. 334. Aqiiilone.
Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 329. Aethera. Gr. 93. i. A. & S. 80,
R. So aera, v. 337. 330. Telo = tridente. See v. 283. 331.
Pelagi Gr. 47. II. A. & S. 51. 332. Humeros. Gr. 380.
A. & S. 234. II. Innato murice = with native purple. Murex, a
shell-fish from which a purple dye was obtained. 333. Tritona
= Triton, son of Neptune and Amphitrite, and herald of the sea-
gods. Conchae. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. 334. Iiispirare. Gr.
551. II. i. A. & S. 273. 2 (</). 335. Illi. Gr. 388. 3. A. & S.
225. II. 336. In imo = which increases in width from the
end of the cone ; i. e. the mouth-piece. On imo, see Gr. 441. 6.
A. & S. 205. R. ij. 337. Concepit aera = has received the air ;
has been blown. 338. Voce replet = fills with its blast. Sub
Phoebo = under each Phoebus ; i. e. from the east to the west.
Phoebus (the Bright) is the title of Apollo as the Sun-god. 339.
Tune quoque refers back to v. 281 ; as they had then obeyed,
so now also they obey. 340. Cecinit receptus sounded the
retreat. In prose we have cecinit receptui. 341. Undis. Gr. 388.
4. A. & S. 225. II. The waves are personified. 342. Quibus.
Gr. 445. 8. A. & S. 206 (3). Omiies ; sc. undas. 345. Undis.
Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. 346. Diem. Gr. 120. A. & S. 90. i. N.
Nudata ; sc. aquis, not foliis ; as shown by fronde in next line.
Some, however, make fronde = ramis. 348. Redditus . . .
erat = had reappeared. Apertum ; sc. esse. Gr. 551. I. A. & S.
272. 349. Terras, subject, silentia, object, of agere. 351. O
soror, o conjux; i. e. thou who art myall. 352. Patruelis
origo. See on vv. 318, 319. Prometheus and Epimetheus were sons
of Japetus. 353. Delude is here, as often, a dissyllable. Gr. 669.
II. A. & S. 306. 354, 355. Terrarum . . . turba = the whole
population of the earth. 356, 357. Haec satis = we have
not yet sufficiently certain assurance of our lives. 358. Tibi
Gr. 387 ; 204. i. A. & S. 226 and R. 2. Si ... erepta fuisses.
Gr. 5;o. A. & S. 261. i. So haberet t v. 361. 359. Animi Gr.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK I. 377
396. III. 2. 3), (3). A. & S. 212, R. 3. 360. Posses. Gr. 486.
II. A. & S. 260, R. 5. Quo doleres ? = who would console you
in your grief? Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. 361, 362. See on v. 325.
363. O utinam. Gr. 669. I. 2. A. & S. 305 (i). Possem.
Gr. 488. i & 2. A. & S. 263. i & R. Paternis artibus by my
father's art ; as my father, Prometheus, made men of clay, and ani-
mated them with fire stolen from heaven. 364. Terrae. See on
conchae, v. 333. 366. Visum ; sc. est. 367. Placuit (sc. its)
= it pleased them ; they resolved. 368. Sortes = oracle.
369. Cephisidas ; Greek form of the ace. pi. 3d decl. See Gr. 98.
A. & S. 85, Ex. 2, which apply to adjectives as well as nouns. The
Cephisus, or Cephissus, was the chief river of Phocis, flowing past
Parnasus and Delphi. There was a large river of the same name in
Attica, and several of less note in other parts of Greece. Undas.
Gr. 386. 3. A. & S. 233 (3). 370. Ut secantes = which,
though not yet clear, were flowing in their wonted channel. 371.
Inde = ex Cephiso. Libatos liquores = they had sprinkled
the consecrated waters ; as an act of purification before entering the
Temple. 372. Vestibus. Gr. 386. i. A. & S. 224. 373.
Deae = Themis. See v. 321. 374. Pallebant were foul.
Pallcre is used of any unnatural, sickly color. 376. Humi = on
the ground. Gr. 424. 2. A. & S. 221, R. 3. 378. Remollescunt.
Gr. 508. A. & S. 261, R. i. 379. Die. Gr. 237. A. & S. 162. 4.
Themi. Gr. 94. i. A. & S. 81, R. 380. Sit Gr. 525. A. & S. 265.
Per. See on die, v. 379. Mersis = ruined. Rebus fortunes.
Gr. 384. II. A. & S. 223. 381. Templo. Gr. 422. 2. A. & S.
2 55> R - 3 (&)' 383 - Parentis limits ossa. 385. Prior. Gr.
443. 2. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (b). Jussis. Gr. 385. A. & S. 223,
R. 2. 386. Det Gr. 493. 2. A. & S. 262, R. 4. 387. Jac-
tati. See on congestos, v. 153. 388. Caecis latebris in-
volved in dark mystery. 390. Fromethiades. Gr. 316. A. & S.
100. i (a) and (b}. So Epimethida, on which see also Gr. 93. i.
A. & S. 80. I. 391. Aut fallax nobis = either my penetra-
tion is at fault. Nobis, for mi/ii. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. 394.
Dici Gr. 551. I. A. & S. 272. 395. Augurio = interpretation,
explanation. Titauia = Pyrrha, who was the granddaughter of
Japetus, one of the Titans. Mota est. Gr. 516. I. A. & S. 263.
2 (4). 396. Spes est = but her hope is mingled with fear.
397. Monitis. See on fussis, v. 385. Quid. Gr. 380. 2. A. & S.
2 3 2 (3)- 399. Sua post vestigia = post terga sua. 400. Cre-
dat Gr. 486. II. A. & S. 260, R. 5. Nisi vetustas = if an-
tiquity were not witness for it ; i. e. if it had not been believed for ages.
On sit, see Gr. 509. A. & S. 261, R. 3. 402. Mora gradually ;
after a time. Ducere formarn = to take shape ; to assume a.new
378 NOTES ON OVID.
form. 403. Ulis ; dat. with contigit. 404 - 407. Ut nijjnia,
The English order is, Ut quaedam forma kominis potest videri, non
sic manifesto,, sed uti coepta dc marmore, non set's exacta, sitiiilliinaqiie
rudibus sign's. Cf. v. 370. De marmorc cocpta just begun in
marble. Simillima. Gr. 163. 2. A. & S. 125.2. Sicnic = .#/-
uis. Gr. 391. i. A. & S. 222, R. i. 407,4100. Quae uoum =
whatever part of them was moist with any fluid and earthy, was
changed into flesh ; literally, for the use of the body. Corpus = caro.
Versa est ; sc. ea pars. 410. Vena = the rein in the stone.
411. Spatio. See on tempore, v. 314. Numiiic. Gr. 414. 2.
A. & S. 249. II. 412. Faciem virilem = took the form of
men. 413. Et jactu = and woman (the female race) was re-
stored by the throwing of the woman ; i. e. from the stones thrown
by Pyrrha. 414. Inde sumus ; imitated from Virgil, G. I. 63.
Laborum. Gr. 399. 2. i). A. & S. 213. 415. Siinus. Gr. 5^5.
A. & S. 265. Origine. Gr. 425. 3. i). A. & S. 246.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK II.
THE STORY OF PH AETHON. Phaethon was the son of Phoe-
bus, or Apollo, and the nymph Clymene, the daughter of Oceanus.
His divine origin having been called in question by Epaphus, the son
of Jupiter and lo, he appeals to his mother, who, after assuring him
that he is the son of Phoebus, advis.es him to go to the god himself
for proof of the truth of her story. He sets out at once, and Ovid
here tells us the result of his visit to his father.
1. Columnis. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I. 2. Pyropo. Pliny
makes the pyropus an alloy of copper and gold, l-'lammas imitans
is a literal translation of its Greek name. 3. The prose order is,
Cujus ftistigia summa ebur nitiditm tenebat. Cujus refers to r,'-/a.
5. Mulciber = Vulcan, the Roman god of fire, identified with the
Greek Hephaistos, son of Jupiter and Juno, or, according to later
traditions, of Juno alone. His father, in a fit of anger, kicked him
out of heaven, and after falling a whole day, he alighted on the island
of Lemnos, which became his favorite abode. Other volcanic islands
also, as Lipara, Imbros, and Sicily, are called his abodes, or work-
shops. Homer places his workshop in a splendid palace on Olym-
pus. The palaces of all the gods were built by him, and the ancient
poets abound in descriptions of marvellous and beautiful things which
he made for gods and men. The ancients derived the name Mulci-
ber from inulcere, to soften, and Jlrrum, iron. 6. Caelarat. Gr.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK II. 379
234. A. & S. 162. 7 (a) 7. Orbi. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. 8.
Tritona. See on I. 333. 9. Protest Proteus, the son of Oce-
anus and Tethys, kept the flocks of Neptune. He had the gift of
prophecy and the power of changing himself into any shape ; and he
was famous for taking advantage of the latter, to avoid being com-
pelled to exercise the former. Homer places his residence in the
island Pharos ; Virgil, in Carpathos, between Crete and Rhodes.
Hence, Milton (Connts) calls Proteus " the Carpathian wizard." 10.
Aegaeona. Aegaeon is here a sea-god. Homer identifies him
with Briareus, the hundred-handed son of Uranus. In the earliest
legends, he and his brothers assist Zeus (Jupiter) in his war with the
Titans ; in some of the later ones, he is one of the giants who at-
tacked Olympus. See I. 152 foil. Prementem terga = insiiL-ntcm
tergis. 11. Dorida. Doris was the daughter of Oceanus and
Tethys, and the wife of Nereus. See on I. 187. For the form of
the word, see Gr. 93. i. A. & S. 80. I. Natas = the Nereids, the
fifty daughters of Nereus and Doris. Videntur. Gr. 461. I.
A. & S. 209, R. II. 12. Mole = a rock. Virides, like cacrulcos
(v. 8), is a frequent epithet of the sea-gods. Siccare and vehi, like
nare, depend on videntur. 13. Omnibus. Gr. 387. A. & S.
226. Supply esf. 14. Qualem; sc. facicm. Decet. Gr. 556. I.
A. & S. 229, R. 7 (fine print), and 269, R: 2. 18. Signa = signs
of the Zodiac. Foribus. Gr. 133 ; 422. I. 2). A. & S. 94 ; 254,
R. 3. 19. Simul = simul ac, as often in poetry. Clymeneia
proles = the son of Clymene. 20. Dubitati ; since his pater-
nity had been questioned by Epaphus. 21. Vultus; pi. for sing.
vultum, as often in Ovid. 25. .Dies, Mensis, etc., are not divin-
ities, but mere personifications of the divisions of time, introduced by
the poet as attendants upon the Sun. So Horae here seem to be
the hours, and not, as usual, the seasons, which are separately men-
tioned and described in vv. 26-30. 27. Florente = flowery.
30. Capillos. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. 31. Loco mediua
= in the centre. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I. Novitate. Gr. 414. 2.
A. & S. 247. I (2). 33. Quaeque. The qr<e does not belong to
the address of Phoebus, but to the narration : Et ait: qnae, etc. Tibi.
See on omnibus, v. 13. Arce. Seeonf0ri&us,v. 18. 34. Parent!.
Gr. 388. I. A. & S. 225. III. 36. Si das. Gr. 508. A. & S. 261,
R. i. 37. Falsa . . . sub imagine = under a false pretence.
38. Propago. Gr. 362. A. & S. 210. 39. Credar. Gr. 500.
A. & S. 264. 5. Ariimis. Gr. 425. A. & S. 242. 42. Amplexu.
Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. So me, v. 45. Negari. See on perire, I.
240. 43. Veros . . . edidit ortus = has declared your true pater-
nity. 44. Quoque and that. Dubites. Gr. 490 ; 497. A. & S.
262 and R. 9. 45, 46. Promissi palus Let the stream (i. e.
380 NOTES ON OVID.
the Styx), by which the gods swear, be witness of the promise I
Cf. Virgil. A. VI. 323 : Stygiamque falndem, Di cujus jurare tinient
etfallere numen. Dis. See on v. 34. Oculia. Gr. 391. A. & S.
222. 3. 49. Poenituit Gr. 556. I. A. & S. 215, R. and 229, R.
6. Jurasse />w/.r.r?. 51. Tua; sc. voce. My promise has been
proved rash by your request. Liceret Gr. 488. I and 2. A. & S.
263. i and R. 52. Dare. Gr. 556. I. A. & S. 269, R. 2. So dis-
suadcrc, next line. Negarem. Gr. 493. 2. A. & S. 262, R. 4. 54.
Viribus. Gr. 384. i. A. & S. 223. So annis, next line. Istis. Gr.
450. A. & S. 207, R. 25. 55. Munera is to be joined with maspia
as well as with the relative clause. 56. Nou eat mortale (sc. id)
= is not ibr mortals ; i. e. is beyond mortal powers. 57. Superia.
Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. 58. Placeat licebit = Let each (of
the gods) think what he pleases of himself; i. e. I care not what the
other gods flatter themselves they can do ; no one but I can drive
the chariot of the sun. On placeat, see Gr. 493. 2. A. & S. 262, R.
4. 59. Axe = curru. 60. Me. See on amflexu, v. 42! 62.
Agat. Gr. 485. A. & S. 260, R. 4. Jove. Gr. 417. A. & S.
256. 2. 63. Frima. Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. So media,
next line, and ultima, v. 67. 64. Eiiituntur = climb up. Altie-
sima; sc. via. Coelo. Gr. 422. i. 2). A. & S. 254, R. 3.
65. Ipsi. Gr. 452. A. & S. 207, R. 28. MihL Gr. 390. II. 2.
A. & S. 227, R. 4. 66. Fit Gr. 549. A. & S. 209, R. 3 (5).
Pectus, sc. menm. Gr. 447. A. & S. 207, R. 36 (<-). 67. Mod-
eramine certo = "a firm rein." Gr. 419. III. A. & S. 250. 2 (2).
68. Subjectia = lying below. 69. In praeceps = headlong.
On ferar, see Gr. 492. 4. i. A. & S. 262, R. 7. Tethys ; the wife
of Oceanus, and the greatest of the sea-goddesses. 70. Adde
quod. Gr. 554. IV. A. & S. 273, N. 8. Assidua vertigine =
is hurried round with continual whirl. 71. Celerique volumine
= with swift revolution. 72. Cetera ; sc. sidera. The sphere of
the heavens, with the stars, revolves from west to east, while the sun
makes his way in the opposite direction (nitor in adversutn and con-
trartus evehor), from east to west. 73. Orbi. Gr. 391. A. & S.
222, R. i. 74, 75. Finge = suppose (like fac). Gr. 558. IV. 2.
A. & S. 273, N. 3. Foterisne axis = Can you resist the revolu-
tion of the heaven, so that its swift motion shall not bear you away ?
The critics generally either do not explain the passage, or make
axis = currus. Haupt explains citus axis as " die Schnelligkeit dcr
sich umdreliftiden liitnmelsaxe" the swiftness of the revolving axis
of the heavens, which seems to us the only possible meaning. Au-
ferat Gr. 491. A. & S. 262, R. 5. 77. Concipiaa. Gr. 486.
I. A. & S. 260, R. 4. Doriis. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. 2 (i). 78.
Esse. Gr. 551. I. A, & S. 272. Formas ferarum; L e. the
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK II. 381
constellations of the zodiac, eight of which represent animals. See
vv. 80-83. 79. Teneas. Gr. 516. II. A. & S. 262, R. 2. Ad-
versi (sc. tibi) = fronting you. The head of Taurus is turned to
the east. 80. Haeinoniosque arcus = the Haemonian bow ; i. e.
Sagittarius. Chiron, the Centaur, of Thessaly (or Haemonia), was
changed into this constellation, according to some legends. 83.
Scorpion. Gr. 46. i. A. & S. 54, Aliter = in the opposite di-
rection. 84. Tibi. Gr. 398. 5. A. & S. 222, R. 8, N. Ignibus.
Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i. 85. Ore. Gr. 422. 2. A. & S. 242.
86. In promptu = easy. 87. Ilabenis. Gr. 385. A. & S. 223,
R. 2 88. Sim. Gr. 491. A. & S. 262. So credos, v. 90. 89.
Dum resque = et dum res. 91. Timendo = by my fears for
you. Gr. 566. I. A. & S. 275, R. 4. 92. Esse. Gr. 549. 4.
A. & S. 271, R. 2. 93. Posses. Gr. 488. i and 2. A. & S. 263.
i and R. 94. Deprendere = coptoscere. 98. Nomine. Gr.
429. A. & S. 250. i. 100. Ignare. Cf. nescius, \. 58. 101.
Ne. Gr. 538. i and 2. A. & S. 267, R. i. Undas. Gr. 371. 3.
A. & S. 232 (2). See on v. 46. 103. Dictis. See on v. 87.
Ille = Phaethon. 104. Cupidine currus = with desire for the
chariot. 105. Qua = quatenus. 106. Vulcania. Gr. 398. 2.
A. & S. 211, R. 4. See on v. 5. Munera. Gr. 363. A. S.
204. 107. Summae rotae = of the rim of the wheel. Gr. 441.
6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. 108. Radiorum ordo = the range of
spokes. 109. Ex ordine = m order. 111. Magnanimus =
ambitious, aspiring. 114, 115. Agmina cogit and coeh sta-
tione are metaphors drawn from military life. Novissimus = last.
Cf. novissimuin agmen (Caes.)=the rear. 116-118. Pater . . ,
Titan = Phoebus. Helios, or Sol, the god of the sun, was the son
of the Titan Hyperion, and hence is often called Titan. Later, he
became identified with Phoebus, or Apollo ; but it was not until after
the time of Virgil that the identification was completely carried out,
and Apollo was said to drive the chariot of the sun. For similar
separation of nominatives, see Virgil, A. I. 195, 196,411,412, 717,
718; 11.403,404; IV. 91, 92, etc. Extremae = fading. Jungere.
Gr. 551. II. i and 2. A. & S. 273. 2, N. 4 (a) and (l>). Horis.
See on v. 87. 119. Celeres = celeriter. Gr. 443. 2. A. & S.
205, R. 15 (a). Vomentes ; rithyvAdrupatts. 120. Suco. Gr.
148. 3. 2); -399. 5. 3). A. & S. 105, R. i ; 213, R. 5 (3). Prae-
sepibus. Gr. 145; 422. 2. A. & S. 99 ; 255, R. 3 (/>). 121.
Frena.. 143. 2. A. & S. 92. 5. 123. Hapidae flammae =
made it (his face) able to endure the fierce flame. Gr. 399. 2. i).
A. & S. 213, R. i (2). On rapidae, cf. Virg. G. I. 92. 124.
Comae. Gr. 386. i. A. & S. 224, N. i. Luctus. Gr. 399. 2. 2).
A. & S. 213, R. i (3). 125. Pectore. Gr. 422. 2. A. & S. 255,
382 NOTES ON OVID.
R. 3 (/;). 126. Potes. Or. 508 and 2. A. & S. 261, R. I. Monitia.
See on v. 87. So stimuli*, next line. 127. Farce stimulis =
spare the whip. Loris = /rent's. Gr. 419. I. A. & S. 245. I.
128. Inhibere. Gr. 549. i. A. & S. 209 (5). 129 - 132.
Directos is opposed to obliquum. The five direct circles are the
equator, the tropics, and the polar circles ; the oblique path is the
ecliptic, which, cutting the equator and touching the tropics on either
side, is zonarum trium contentus fine, confined within the
boundaries of three zones, i. e. the torrid and the two temperate.
Ct. Virg. G. I. 238. Junctam Arcton = the north pole. See on
I. 262. Arcton is, literally, the constellation of the Bear (Ursa Major
or Minor], near the north pole. For the form, see Gr. 46. i. A. & S.
54. 133. Hac ; sc. parte = in this direction ; i. e. along the ecliptic.
Sit Gr. 488. II. A. & S. 260, R. 6, 134. Ferant. Gr. 489.
A. & S. 262. 135. Nee currum = neither drive too low, nor
urge the chariot through the uppermost air. On Bummum, see Gr.
441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. Aethera. Gr. 93. i. A. & S. 80, R.
136,137. Altius = too high. Gr. 444. i. A. & S. 122, R. 3.
So inferius =r too low. 138. Dexterior; sc. rota. Gr. 163. i.
A. & S. 125. 4. Declinet. See on sit, v. 133. So ducat, next line.
Anguem the Snake or Dragon, the constellation Draco, which
winds between the Bears. Cf. III. 45 and Virg. G. I. 244. 139.
Aram = the Altar, a constellation in the southern hemisphere, near
Scorpio. It is called pressam, because, in northern latitudes, it is
never ^een far above the horizon. 140. Inter tene (sc. cursnm]
hold your course between the two. 141. Juvet. Gr. 500.
A. & S. 264 and 5. So ccmsulat. 142. Hesperio rnetas =
the goal fixed on the western shore ; i. e. of the Atlantic, where day
and night in turn finish their course. 143. Libera nobis = per-
mitted me. Gr. 391. i. A. & S. 222, R. i. 144. Poscirnur I
am called for ; I must go. Aurora was the goddess of the dawn,
daughter of Hyperion and Thia, or, according to Ovid, of Pallas.
She announced the coming of the sun to the gods as well as to mor-
tals. 146, 147. Tibi. Gr. 398. 5. A. & S. 222, R. 8, N. Consiliis
and curribus. Gr. 419. I. A. & S. 245. 1. Sedibus. Gr. 386.
A. & S. 224. 149. Spectes. Gr. 500. A. & S. 264. i (/>). Sine
= permit. Gr. 551. II. I. A. & S. 273. 4. 150 Levem. Cf
v. 161. Corpore. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i (i). 152. Grates
agit =gratias agit. The former is the more solemn, and therefore
more poetical, expression. Iiide ; 5. e. from the chariot. 153, 154.
The names of the horses are Greek : Pyroeis, or Pyrois, the fiery one ;
Eous, the early (from Eos, dawn) ; Aethon, the burning ; and Fhlegon,
the flaming. 155. Repagula=the barriers, which were placed to
keep the horses from starting before the proper time. 156. Tethya
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK II. 383
See on v. 69. Nepotis = Phasthon. Clymene was the daughter of
Tethys. 157. Repulit. Gr. 669. V. A. & S. 307, 2(1) and (2).
Facta inundi = full scope of the boundless heavens was allowed.
them. 158. Corripuere viain = sped on their way. Cf. Virg. A.
1.418. Aera; a Greek form. See onaethera, v. 135. 160. Isdem
iisdem. Gr. p. 61, foot note, and 669. II. A. & S. 306. I (i). 161.
Wee possent = and not such as they could feel. Gr. 501. I. A.
& S. 264. i (a) and (b). 162. Jugum = eurrus. Gravitate. Gr.
419. III. A. & S. 250 (2). 163. Utque = and as ; correlative to sic,
v. 165. Justo pondere. Gr. 352. 4. A. & S. 202. I. 2. 164.
Levitate; withinstabiles. See on corpore, v. 150. 165. Onere.
Gr. 399. 5. 3). A. & S. 250. 2. In aera. Some editions have in acre.
166. Inani; sc. atrrui. Gr. 391. i. A. & S. 222, R. i. 167,
168. Tritum spatium = the beaten path. Quo prius (sc. cur~
rffra>iti = in which they ran before. 169,170. Flectat and sit.
Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. Sciat and imperet. Gr. 509. A. & S.
261, R. 3. 171, 172. Trionea (or Septem triones} = the Oxen,
seven bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major, known also as
"Charles's Wain" (cf. the ancient Plcatstra) and "the Dipper."
Here, as in Virg. A. I. 744, the two Bears may be meant. Vetito . . .
aequore. Juno asked Oceanus and Tethys not to allow Callisto,
who had been changed into the constellation Ursa Major, to set in
the sea. Cf. Virg. G. I. 246. 173. Quaeque . . . Serpens
and the Dragon, which, etc. See on v. 138. Polo. See on inani,
v. 166. 174. Frigore pigra = sluggish with cold. Ulli. Gr.
391. A. & S. 222, R. i (<). 176. Boote; literally, the driver of
oxen (see on v. 171), a constellation near Ursa Major, also called
Arcturus and Arctophylax, the guard of the Bear. It is now known
as Bootes, and its brightest star as Arcturus. On fugisse, see Gr.
551. I. A. & S. 272. .177. Tar dus = slow ; because near the
pole and therefore describing a smaller circle about it. Plaustra
the Triones. See on v. 171. On eras, see Gr. 516. II. 3. A. & S.
263. 2 (2). 178. Aethere. Gr. 434. i. A. & S. 242, R. i. 179.
Penitus penitusque jacentes = lying far, far below. The repe-
tition is emphatic. 182. Mallet = he would rather. Gr. 486. I.
A. & S. 261, R. 4. 183. Cognosse. Gr. 234. 2. A. & S. 162. 7
(a). Piget; sc. eum. Gr. 410. 6. A. & S. 215, R. Valuisse
rogando = to have prevailed by his entreaties. Gr. 566. I. A. & S.
275, R. 4. 184. Meropis; sc. filius. Gr. 397. i (i). A. & S. 211,
R. 7 (i). Merops was the husband of Clymene, and king of the
Ethiopians. Dici = to be called. Gr. 551. II. i. A. & S. 271, R. 4.
185. Praecipiti = rapido ; literally, headlong. Pinus = navis.
Cf. I. 95. Cut Gr. 384. A. & S. 223 and N. 186. Quam refers
to finus, Votis; i. e. of the pilot (rector) or the sailors. 187.
384 NOTES ON OVID.
Faciat Gr. 486. II. A. & S. 260, R. 5. Multum coeli. Gr. 396.
III. 2. 3) (3). A. & S. 212, R. 3. 189, 190. Modo . . . inter-
dura = modo . . . modo = now . . . now. Gr. 360. I. A. & S. 277, R. 8.
Quos est = which it is not permitted him to reach ; literally, not
fated for him. 191. Agat Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. 192. Novit
= knows. Gr. 297. I. 2. A. & S. 183, N. 3. 193. Vario = di-
versified (with constellations). Miracula = monsters ; the simulacra
of the next line.
195. Concavat = ctin'at. 196. Scorpios = the Scorpion,
one of the constellations of the zodiac. See on v. 78 and v. 83. 197.
At first, the Scorpion occupied the space of two constellations ; later,
the place held by its claws was assigned to Libra. Cf. Virg. G. I.
32 - 35. 199. Cuspide ; sc. caudac. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3.
200. Mentis. Gr. 399. 2. 2) (3). A. & S. 213, R. i (3). 201.
Summo. Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. Tergo. Gr. 422. i. 2).
A. & S. 254, R. 3. 202. Exspatiantur = they leave the road.
Nullo. Gr. 431 ; 457. 2. A. & S. 257 ; 207, R. 31 (c). 205.
Stellis. See on ramis, I. 302. 206. Summa ; sc. hca. So
decliva, a rare form for declivia. So above, v. 19, acdivus for the
usual acclrvis. 208, 209. Luna = Diana, the sister of Phoebus
and goddess of the moon, who drives her chariot round the earth in
a smaller circle, and who wonders now to see her brother's horses
running below (inferius) her own. Suis ; sc. cquis. Gr. 417.
A. & S. 256. 2. Currere. Gr. 551. III. A. & S. 273, N. 7. Fra-
ternos. Gr. 398. 2. A. & S. 211, R. 4 (a). 210. Ut quaeque
altissima = according as each (part) is highest. 211. Agit
rimas = it cracks. Sucis. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. 213. Damuo.
Gr. 384. II. A. & S. 223, N. 215. Gentes = terras , or, as
some explain it, tribes with the nations (populis) of which they form
a part. 217 - 226. In this list of mountains there is no regard to
geographical order. The Greek forms of most of the names are given.
Athos; a mountain of Macedonia, now Monte Santo. Taurus
Cilix ; a great range in Asia, a portion of which borders on Cilicia.
Tmolus ; in Lydia. Cf. Virg. G. I. 56. Oete ; on the southern
boundary of Thessaly. Ide ; in the vicinity of Troy. Helicon ;
in Boeotia, sacred to the Muses ; hence Virginens. Haemos ; in
Thrace, not yet called Oeagrian, from Orpheus, son of Oeager. See
Book XI. Aetne ; in Sicily, which now burns in immeiisum, i. e.
furiously, and geminatis ignibus, with redoubled fires. Parnasus.
See on I. 316. Eryx; in Sicily. Cf. Virg. A. V. 759. Cynthus ;
in the island of Delos. Othrys ; in Thessaly. Rhodope ; in
Thrace, covered with perpetual snows. Mimas ; in Ionia. Din-
dyma ; in Phrygia, on the frontiers of Galatia. Mycale ; on the
coast of Ionia, with a city of the same name. Cithaeron ; in Boeo-
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK II. 385
tia, sacied to Bacchus, Jupiter, and the Muses ; hence natus ad sacra.
Cf. Virg. A. IV. 303. Scythiae; the general name given by the
poets to the cold regions to the r>.orth, little known to the Greeks and
Romans. Caucasus ; a mountain chain between the Euxine and
Caspian seas. Cf. Virg. A. IV. 367. Ossa and Olympus. See
on I. 154. Pindus ; a range between Thessaly and Epirus. Afpea
and Apenninus are the Alps and Apennines as known to us. On
sua, v. 224, see Gn 449. 2. A. & S. 208 (7) (a). On ambobus, v. 225,
see Gr. 417. A. & S. 256. 2. V. 226 is a spondaic line. Gr. 672. 3.
A. & 8. 310. I. i. 228. Nee sustinet = nor can he bear. 231.
Cineres = ashes ; favillam = hot ashes. 233. Quoque sit =
and whither he is going or where he is. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265.
234. Arbitrio= at the will. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 249. II. 235,
236. Corpora summa the surface of their bodies. Gr. 441. 6.
A. & S. 205, R. 17. Traxisse = acquired. Gr. 551. I. A. & S.
272. 237. Libye = Libya, or the African desert. Humoribus.
Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. So sanguine, v. 235 above. Aestu. Gr.
414. A. & S. 247. 238. Passis = dishevelled ; from pandere.
239. Quaerit Dircen = Boeotia misses Dirce ; a fountain near
Thebes. 240. Argos ; sc. quaerit. Argos is here put for Argolis,
of which it was the chief city. Amymone ; a fountain near Lerna,
in Argos. Ephyre ; sc. quaerit ; the old name of Corinth. The
fountain Pirene, sacred to the Muses, had its source on the mountain
(Acrocorinthus) which served as the citadel of Corinth. 241. Nee
ripas = nor do even the broad rivers ; literally, those which. have
obtained by lot banks far apart. Loco. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i.
242. Tanais; now the Don. 243 -253. Peiieos ; in Thessaly.
Senex ; since the river-gods are generally represented as aged in
appearance. Caicus ; in Mysia, called Teuthranteus from Mount
Teuthras, where it rises. Ismenos ; in Boeotia. Erymanthus ;
in Arcadia, flowing past the city Psophis. Xahthus ; near Troy.
Iterum ; because destined to be set on fire by Vulcan, during the
Trojan war. Lycormas ; in Aetolia, afterwards called Evenus.
Maeandros ; rising in Phrygia and flowing between Lydia and
Caria, famous for its windings. Hence our word meander. Melas ;
one of several rivers of the name in one of several districts called
Mygdonia, it is hard to decide which. Eurotas ; in Laconia, empty-
ing into the sea near the promontory of Taenarus. Euphrates ; the
well-known river of Mesopotamia. Orontes ; in Syria. Thermo-
don ; in Pontus, flowing into the Euxine. Ganges; in India.
Phasis ; in Colchis. Ister ; the Danube. Alpheos ; in Elis. The
Spercheos was in Thessaly. Tagus ; in Spain. Caystro = the
Cayster, in Lydia, or Maeonia, famous for its swans. Cf. Virg. G. I.
383 foil. V. 247 is spondaic, the last syllable of Taenarius being
386 NOTES ON OVID.
lengthened by the arsis. Celebrabant, v. 252, frequented, thronged,
[Haupt. Cf. I. 172] or, as generally translated, made resound.
254-259. Nilua = the Nile. Extremum. See on summa, v.
235. Quod adhuc latet; and this has been true even down to our
own day. Cf. Horace, C. IV. 14. 45 : fontittm qni eclat origincs, Nilus ;
an3 Tibullus, I. 7. 24 : Nile pater, qitanam possum /< dicerc causa, Aut
quibus in fern's, occuluisse caput ? Valles. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204.
Ismarios = Thracian (rivers), from Ismarus, a mountain of Thrace,
near the Strymon and Hebrus. Hesperiosque Padumque
= and the rivers of the west, the Rhine, Rhone, and Po. Cui = to
which river ; i. e. to Rome built on its banks. Rerum potentia =
the sovereignty of the world. Thybriii = Tibcrim, the Tiber ; the
Greek form, as the more poetical. Gr. 93. 2. A. & S. 80. II.
260. Tartara; sing. Tartarus. Gr. 141. A. & S. 92. i. Rimis.
414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 261. Regem Pluto, the king of the
lower world. See on I. 113. Conjuge= Proserpina. See lk>ok
V. 263. Pontus. Gr. 362. 2. i). A. & S. 210. 264. Existunt
= emcrgnnt. Sparsas augent = increase the number of islands.
The Cyclades, a cluster of islands in the Aegean sea, are put for
islands in general. 265. Ima (sc. loco) = the bottom. 267.
Summo . . profuiido = on the surface of the deep. See on v.
235. 268, 269. Nerea . . . Doridaque. See on v. u. Latu-
isse. Gr. 551. I. A. & S. 272, N. i. 270. Aquis. Gr. 422. 2.
A. & S. 242. 272. Fonto. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 249. I. 274. In
. . . viscera. The accusative is used because condidcrant includes
the idea of retiring into, as well as hiding. 275. Collo. Gr. 434. 4.
A. & S. 241, R. i. 276. Tremore. Gr. 414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2.
So voce, v. 278. 277. Infra infer ins. 279 - 281. Si placet
hoc meruique = if this seems good (to thee) and I have deserved
it Gr. 508. A. S. 261, R. i. Quid. Gr. 380. 2. A. & S. 232 (3).
Deum. Gr. 45. 5. 4) ; 396. III. 2. 3) (2). A. & S. 53 ; 212, R. 2 (3).
Liceat. Gr. 488. I. A. & S. 260, R. 6. Periturae ; sc. ;;/////. Gr.
385. A. & S. 223, R. 2. Viribus. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i (2).
So igne. Perire. Gr. 545. 2. 2) ; 549. A. & S. 269, R. 2 and R. 5.
Auctore = by its author ; i. e. by the thought of the greatness of
its author. 285, 286. Hosne refers = Is this the reward, this
the recompense you give, etc. 287. Anno. Gr. 378. i. A. & S.
236. 288, 289. Alimenta. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. On pecori,
generi, and vobis, see Gr. 384. II. A. & S. 223. 290. Fac
suppose. Gr. 237 ; 558. IV. 2. A. & S. 162. 4 ; 273, X. 3. Un-
dae; sc. meruerunt. 291. Frater; sc. turn = Neptune. Sorte ;
when the three brothers divided the world among themselves by lot.
See on I. 113. 293. Quod gratia = but if regard neither for
your brother nor for me. Fratris. Gr. 396. II. A. & S. 211 and
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK II. 387
R. 2. Mea. Gr. 398. 3. A. & S. 211, R. 3 (c). Tangit = moves.
Gr. 508 and 2. A. & S. 261, R. i. 294. Coeli. Gr. 406. I.
A. & S. 215 (i). Utrumque ; sc. politm. Gr. 371. 4. 2). A. & S.
2 33 (3)- 295. Vitiaverit = vtolaverif, which is the reading of
some editors. Gr. 508. A. & S. 261, R. I. 296. Atlas; a high
mountain in Africa, whose top was said to support the heavens. Cf.
Virg. A. IV. 246. Its introduction here is an anachronism, for the
transformation of Atlas (see IV. 657) had not yet taken place.
Laborat = is hard pressed. 298. Pereunt. See on v. 295.
299. Chaos antiquum ; i. e. the chaotic confusion previous to the
creation of the world. Flammis. Gr. 425. 2. 2.) A. & S. 242.
300. Superest. See on v. 295. Rerum siimmae = for the uni-
verse; literally, for the totality of things. Gr. 384. I. A. & S. 223.
303. Manibus = to the Manes ; i. e. the lower world. Gr. 391. I.
A. & S. 222, R. i. For refulit, see on repulii, v. 157. 304. Pater
Jupiter. Superos = the gods. Ipsum = Phoebus. 305.
Ferat. Gr. 509 and 533. 3. A. & S. 261. 2. 306. Interitura;
sc. esse. Gr. 228. A. & S. 162. 14. Summam arcem = as-
cending, he seeks the topmost point of heaven. 307. Terris.
Gr. 386. i. A. & S. 224, N. i. 309. Posset. Gr. 501. i.
A. & S. 264. 7. So dimitteref, next line. 310. Coelo. Gr. 422. 2.
A. & S. 255, R. 3 (l>). 311. Libratum . . . ab aure ; i. e. poised
in his upraised hand before hurling it. 312. Animaque rotis-
que. Gr. 425 ; 704, I. 2. A. & S. 242 ; 323. i (2). 313. Igni-
bus. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 314. Saltu. Gr. 431. A. & S.
257. So flanuna, v. 319. 315. Jugo. Gr. 425. A. & S. 242.
316. Temone. Gr. 425. A. & S. 251. 320. Tractu = train.
Gr. 414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2. 322. Cecidit. Gr. 515. III. A. & S.
263. 2 (4). Cecidisse. Gr. 551. I. A. & S. 272. Videri. Gr. 552.
A. & S. 271. 323. Orbe = part of the earth. Gr. 422. I. 2).
A. & S. 254, R. 3. 324. Eridanus = the Padus, or Po. See v.
258. Some have supposed it to be the Rhine. See on Virg. G. I.
482. 325. N aides = Naiades; the Naiads, or water-nymphs.
Hesperiae = western, or Italian. The Greek poets called Italy Hes-
peria, or the western land. See on Virg. A. I. 569. 372. Auriga.
Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. 328. Tenuit. Gr. 508. A. & S. 261, R.
i. So credimus, v. 330. Magnis is emphatic. 329. Luctu.
Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i. 331. Isse ; for ivisse praeterisse.
Gr. 551. I. A. & S. 272. 335. Sinus. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234.
II. So pectora, v. 341. Percensuit = pererravit. Orbem. Gr.
371. 4. i). A. & S. 233 (3). 337. Reperit See on I. 157.
Tamen = indeed. Ripa. See on v. 323. 338. Loco. Gr. 386.
A. & S. 224. 339. Aperto = undo. 340. Heliades = the
daughters of Helios, or Phoebus, sisters of Phaethon. Iiiania =
388 NOTES ON OVID.
non frofittnra. Morti = mortuo. Gr. 391. I. A. & S. 222, R. r.
341. Munera. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. Paluiis. Gr. 414. 4.
A. & S. 247. 3. 342. Auditurum. Gr. 573 ; 577. A. & S. 274,
R. 6 (b). 343. Adsternuntur = prostrate themselves upon ;
used reflexively, like the middle voice in Greek. 344. Luna
orbem; i.e. four months had passed. 345. More. Gr. 414. 2.
A. & S. 249. II. 346. Quis. Gr. 187. I. A. & S. 136, R. 2.
Phaethusa ; the feminine form of Phacthon. 347. Maxima ; sc.
iiatit. Gr. 1 68. 3. A. & S. 126, R. i. Vellet Gr. 518. II. i.
A. & S. 263, R. 2. Terrae. Gr. 424. 3. 2). A. & S. 221, R. 3 (4).
Some critics make it a dative. Gr. 384. 2. i). A. & S. 225. IV.,
R. 2. 348. Diriguisse. Gr. 551. III. A. & S. 273, N. 7. 349.
Lampetie ; from a Greek verb, meaning to shine. 350. Tertia ;
sc. soror. Her name was Phoebe ; or, according to some authorities,
Aeglc, or Pasiphac. Fararet. See on vellet, v. 347. 351. Te-
neri ; sc. dolet. See on v. 348. 352. Ramos. Gr. 362. A. & S.
210. 353. Ea. Gr. 371. 3. i). A. & S. 232 (2). 356. Faciat.
Gr. 486. II. A. & S. 260, R. 5. Trahat. Gr. 486. III. A. & S.
260. II. Impetus = impulse. 357. Eat. Gr. 509. A. & S.
261. 2. So jungat. 358. Truncis. Gr. 425. 2. 2). A. & S. 242,
or 251. So niattibits, next line. 361. Farce = forbear. 363.
Novissima = the last. 364. Stillata ; here passive. Sole.
Gr. 414. 2. 2). A. & S. 248. II. 365. Electra = amber. Am-
nis ; i.e. the Eridanus. 366. Nuribus = women. Gestaiida
= to be worn ; i. e. as necklaces, bracelets, etc. 367. Moiistro
= prodigy. See on v. 338. Proles Stheneleia = the son of
Stheneleus. Cygiius ; or Cycmis, as often written. 369. Mente.
Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I. Propior ; sc. ///>/. 370. Ligurum ; in
the northwestern part of Italy. 371. Imperio. Gr. 431. A. iV S.
257. 372. Sororibus by his sisters; who had been transform-
ed into trees, as just related. 373. Viro. Gr. 398. 5. A. & S. 21 1,
R. 5 (i). 374. Dissimulant obtegnnt, cclant. 375. Junc-
tura= a web ; i. e. the skin between the toes of the swan. 376.
Os ; accusative. Rostrum ; nominative. 377. Jovi = />-/, as
often. Cf. Virg. G. I. 418; II. 419, and Hor. C. I. i. 25. 378. Ig-
nis =////'/>. Gr. 399. 2. 2). A. & S. 213, R. i (3). 380. Colat.
Gr. 500. i. A. & S. 264. 5. Flammis. Gr. 391. i. A. & S. 222, R.
i. 381. Squalidus = clothed in mourning; sorrowing. 382.
Decoris. See on v. 378. Deficit. Gr. 518. 3. A. & S. 263. 5.
Deficit orbctn = is eclipsed ; literally, forsakes (or, fails) the world.
384. Luctibus. See on v. 338. 385. Officiumque negat
and refuses his service. 387. Mihi. Gr. 388. II. A. & S. 225. I 1.
Laborum. Gr. 410. III. A. & S. 215. 388. Agat Gr. 488.
II. A. & S. 260, R. 6. So in v. 390. 389. Est. See on font it,
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK III. 389
v. 328. Posse. Gr. 545. 2. i) A. & S. 239, R. 2. 391. Or-
batura patres ; a bitter sarcasm. Fonat. Gr. 491. A. & S. 262,
and R. i. 393. Meruisse ; sc. cum. Gr. 545. 2. 2); 453. 2.
A. & S. 206 (4). Rexerit Gr. 501. I. A. & S. 264. i. 395.
Velit. Gr. 492. 3. A. & S. 262. The neve serves to connect cir-
c it instant VJthrcgttftf, and rogant with velit ; and they beg that he will
not, etc. Rebus. See on v. 307. So precibus, v. 397. 396.
Voce. Gr. 414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2. 397. Regaliter = more
rep's. 398. Terrore. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i. 399. Do-
lens =propter dolorcm. Stimulo et verbere. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S.
247. 3. 400. Natum ; i. e. mortem ttati. Illis. See on v. 307.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK III.
THE STORY OF CADMUS AND THE DRAGON, [vv.
i - 130.]
1. Deus = Jupiter, who, under the disguise of a bull, had carried
Europa, the daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, from her native
country to Crete. Imagine. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. So orbe, v. 6.
2. Se ; sc. esse Jovem. Dictaea Cretan; from the mountain
Dicte, on which Jupiter was said to have been brought up, whence
his surname, Dictaeus. 3. Pater = Agenor. Ignarus ; i. e. igno-
rant of the fate of Europa, to whom raptam refers. Cadmo =
Cadmus, son of Agenor. Gr. 385. A. & S. 223, R. 2, 4. Im-
perat. Gr. 467. III. ; 518. 3. A. & S. 145. I. 3 ; 263. 5. Iiiveiie-
rit is the fut. perf. 5. Facto. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. Pius ;
i. e. in filiam. Soeleratus ; (crude/is) in filhim. 6. Pos-
sit. Gr. 486. II. A. & S. 260, R. 5. 8. Agenorides. Gr. 316.
A. & S. 100. i. 9. Sit . . . habitanda. Gr. 229 ; 525. A. & S.
162. 15; 265. 10. Tibi. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. Solis soli-
tariis, desertis. 11. Aratri. See on decoris, II. 382. 12. Hac
duce. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257, R. 7 (a) and (b). Carpe vias =
take your way. Herba. Gr. 422. i. 2). A. & S. 254, R. 3. 13.
Fac condas = See that you build. Gr. 493. 2. A. & S. 262, R. 4.
14. Castalio . . . antro ; i. e. the cave in Mount Parnasus which
was the seat of the Delphic oracle, and which Ovid here calls Cas-
talian, from the neighboring fount of that name, sacred to Apollo
and the Muses. Gr. 422. 2. A. & S. 255, R. 3 (b). 16. Cervice.
See on herba, v. 12. 17. Fresso = tardo. Cf. Livy, XXVIII.
14 : Hispanos presso gradu incedere jubet. Auctorem. Gr. 363.
390 NOTES ON OVID.
A. & S. 204. 19. Vada. Gr. 371. 3. A. & S. 233, R. i. Cephisi.
See on I. 369. Panopes = of Panope, a city of Phocis. Sec on I.
313. 20. Cornibus. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. 21. Mugitibus.
Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. Impulit set in motion, shook.
24. Agit grates. See on II. 152. Terrae. Gr. 384. II. A. & S.
223. So Jcn>i, \. 26. 26. Ire. Gr. 551. II. i. A. <S S. 273. 2 (</).
27. Libaiidas = for a libation. Gr. 565. 3. 2). A. & S. 274, R. 7
(a). The water for such a purpose must be taken from a running
stream. 28. SecurL Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 30. Effici-
ens arcum = forming a low arch with stones joined together.
31. Aquis. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. Autro. See on v. 16.
32. Martius. Some say that the dragon was the son of Mars and
Tilphossa, the Fury ; others, that it was sacred to Mars. Cristis
. . . et auro = cristis aureis. Gr. 704. II. 2. A. & S. 323. 2 (3).
35. Tyria. Tyre was a city of Phoenicia. See on v. i. 36.
Gradu. Gr. 414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2. 37. Antro. See on v. 14.
So manibus, v. 39. 42. Sinuatur = winds himself. See on II. 343.
43. Media parte ; sc. corporis more than half his length.
44. Corpore. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. Quanto ; sc. is c-sf.
See on II. 138. 45. Spectes. Gr. 503. III. A. & S. 261. 2.
Arctos. See on II. 132 and 171. 46. Phoenicas. Gr. 98.
A. & S. 85, Ex. 2. Parabant Gr. 474, and 2. A. & S. 259, R. 4 (3).
48. Occupat = attacks.
51. Sit Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. Sociis. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226.
Agenore. Gr. 425. 3. i). A. & S. .246. 52. Leoiii. Gr. 385. 4.
A. & S. 224, R. 2. 53. Erat ; sc. d = he had. Ferro. See on
carport, v. 44. 54. Telo. Gr. 417. A. & S. 256, R. i. 56. Cor-
poris. Gr. 396. IV. A. & S. 211, R. 6. 57. Lingua. Gr. 414. 4.
A. & S. 247. 3. So dextra (sc. vtattu), v. 59. 60. Magnum niagno.
Gr. 596. A. & S. 279. 4. 62. Mota foreiit = would have been
moved Gr. 297. III. 2 and foot-note ; 486. I. A. & S. 154, R. 3 ;
261, R. 4. 64. Repulit; with antepenult lengthened. See on II.
157. 65. Quoque. Gr. 602. III. A. & S. 279. 3 (</). 66. Cur-
vamine. See on cen-iu; v. 16. 68. Dolore. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S.
247. i (i). 71. Tergo. See on v. 37. Ossibus. Gr. 384. I.
A. & S. 223. 76 Ore. See on v. 37. Stygio. See on I. 139.
77, 78. Ipse cingitur Now he winds himself into a great coil ;
literally, with coils making a great circle. See on II. 343. Trabe.
See on v. 54. Exstat = extends himself. 79. Impete ; for im-
fctu, which is not admissible before a consonant in hexameter verse.
Gr. 133. A. & S. 94. 81. Spolio = the skin. 6^414.4. A. \ S.
247. 3. 84. Ferro. Gr. 384. II. A. & S. 223. 85. Palato.
Gr. 422, i. 2). A. & S. 254, R. 3. 88. Dabat retro = drew
back; like retrahebat. Gr. 469. II. A. & S. 145. II. i. Sedere
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK III. 39!
to pierce deeply, or penetrate. Gr. 551. II. i. A. & S. 251, R. 2.
So ire. 89. Cedendo. Gr. 566. I. A. & S. 275, R. 4. 90. In
gutture = in guttura ; the reading of some editions. 91. Eunti ;
sc. serpenti. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. 94. Gemuit ; sc. arbor.
Sua robora; subject of flagellari. Gr. 551. III. A. & S. 273, N. 7.
95. Dum hostis = while the victor is contemplating the mag-
nitude of his vanquished foe. On victor victi, see on v. 60.
97. Unde = whence (it came). The warning came from Mars (see
on v. 32), by whom Cadmus and his wife Harmonia, or Hermione,
were afterwards changed to serpents. Agenore. See on v. 51.
98. Serpens. Gr. 362. 2. 2). A. & S. 210. On tu see Gr. 367. 2. i).
A. & S. 209, R. i (/>). 100. Terrore. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247.
i (2). 101. Fautrix. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. So incrementa, v.
103, and semina, v. 105. 102. Pallas ; or Minerva, the goddess of
wisdom. Motae = ploughed. Gr. 579. A. & S. 274. 3 (b}. Ter-
rae. See on v. 91. 103. Vipereos = of the serpent. Gr. 398. 2.
A. & S. 211, R. 4 (a). 104. Fresso held down ; pressed into
the earth. 105. Humi. Gr. 424. 2. A. & S. 221, R. 3. Mor-
talia = of men. See on v. 103. 106. Fide majus = (a wonder)
beyond belief. Gr. 417. A. & S. 256. 2. 107. Prima. Gr. 443. 2.
A. & S 205, R. 15 (&). Acies the point. 108. Tegmina
capituni = helmets. Picto cono = with painted crest. Gr. 414,
3. A. & S. 247. 2. 111. Aulaea. In the Roman theatre, the
curtain was wound round a roller under the stage, and was let dov*
at the beginning, and raised at the end, of the play. Cf. Horace E.
II. i. 189. As it was raised, the upper part of the figure* (signa)
painted on it would appear first. 113. Placidoque tenore =
drawn up with gentle and even motion. 114. Margine ; sc. au-
laeorum. 115. Hoste. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i . 116. Cape ;
ac. arma. 117. Nee. Gr. 538. I. A. & S. 267, R. I and N.
Bellis. See on v. 91. Civilibus = inter fratres. 119. Ferit;
i. e. unus, v. 116. Ipse refers to the same person, and emu which is
to be supplied as object of dederat ; also illo. 121. Modo = just
now. Auras = the breath ; the life. 122, 123. Suo Marte =
in fight with one another. Gr. 705. II. A. & S. 324. 2. Subiti =
suddenly born ; just sprung from the earth. 124. Juventus =jnve-
nes. 125. Trepido pectore lay with palpitating breasts ;
i.e. dying. Matrem = terrain. Cf. terrigenis t v. 118. 126.
Quinque. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257, R. 7 (a). 127. Humi. See on
v. 105. Tritonidis = Minerva. Some derive the name from Lake
Tritonis in Libya, near which she was said to have been born ;
others, from the stream Triton, in Boeotia, where she was worship-
ped ; others, from rpiro), head, because, according to some traditions,
she sprang from the head of Jupiter. 128. Fidem = a promise, a
392 NOTES ON OVID.
pledge. 129. Sidonius hospes = the Sidonian stranger ; i e.
Cadmus. Sidon was the chief city of Phoenicia. 130. Quum
urbem = when he built the city commanded by the oracle of Phoe-
bus. See on v. 103.
THE STORY OF BACCHUS AND THE SAILORS, [vv.
582-691.] Pentheus, king of Thebes, was the son of Echion and
Agave, daughter of Cadmus. He endeavored to prevent his SUD-
jects from paying divine honors to Bacchus ; and, while the Theban
women were celebrating the orgies of the god, he ordered his ser-
vants to seize the pretended deity and bring him before him. They
cannot find Bacchus, but return with Acoetes, one of his priests.
Pentheus is enraged, and threatens to kill Acoetes, but bids him
first tell his story ; which he does in the extract here given.
582. Metu. Gr. 399. 5. 3). A. & S. 250. 2(1). Mihi Gr. 387.
A. & S. 226 and R. i. 583. Maeonia = Maeonian ; usually = Ly-
dian, but here = Tyrrhenian, or Etrurian. The Lydians are said to
have colonized Etruria. 584. The order in prose would be : Pater
mihi an'a non rcliqnit quae ihiri juvenci colerent. On colerent, see
Gr. 500. A. & S. 264, R. 5. 586. Lino. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S.
247.3. So hamis and calamo. 587. Ducere = to draw out.
588. Illi. See on ;///'///, v. 582. Census = wealth, estate. Cf.
Hor. C. II. 15. 13. Traderet Gr. 518. II. i. A. & S. 263, R. 2.
589. Studii = of my employment, or trade, 591. Paternum
= my patrimony. 592. Haererem. Gr. 491. A. &. S. 262 and
R. 5. Isdem = iisdem. Gr. p. 61, foot-note, and 669. II. A. & S.
306 (i). 593, 594. Addidici regimen . . . flectere = I learned
also to turn the helm. Carinae = of the ship. Gr. 705. III. A. & S.
324. 3. 594. Oleniae Capellae = of the Olenian goat. The
goat Amalthea, which suckled Jupiter, was rewarded by being
placed among the stars, on the shoulder of Auriga, the Charioteer.
It was called Olenian, from the town Olenus, in Achaia (or, as some
say, from the town of the same name in Aetolia), near which it was
born. Pluviale; because its rising was in the rainy season. 595.
Taygeten ; one of the Pleiades, " the Seven Stars " in the constel-
lation Taurus. They were daughters of Atlas (hence called Atlan-
tides), and are said to have been changed into stars on account of
their grief at the death of their sisters, the Hyades, or at the fate of
their father. Hyadas = the Hyades, five (or seven) sisters of the
Pleiades, forming another familiar group in the same constellation,
placed there by Jupiter in compassion for their grief at the death of
their brother Hyas. They are called pluviae by Virgil, A. I. 744,
III. 516, and tristcs by Horace, C. I. 3. 14. The fables concerning
the Pleiades and the Hyades are many and various. Arcton = the
Bear. See on II. 132 and 171, And cf. Virgil, G. I. 138. Taygeten,
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK III. 393
Ifyadas, and Arcton are Greek forms. So Delon, v. 597. 596.
Domos ; i. e. the quarters of the- sky from which they come. Cf.
Virgil, G. I. 371. Puppibus = ships. See on v. 593. See also
Gr. 391. i. A. & S. 222, R. i. 597. Delon DeJos; an island
in the Aegean Sea, one of the Cyclades (see on II. 264), famous as
the birth-place of Apollo and Diana, and as one of the chief seats of
their worship. It was also a great commercial centre. Chiae tel-
luris = Chios; one of the largest and most noted of the islands in
the Aegean. 598. Litora. Gr. 374. 6. A. & S. 233 (i). Re-
mis. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 599. Do salt us = salio, as
dedit sottituin, v. 37 = sonnit. Arenae. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224.
601, 602. Laticesque admoneo = and I order my crew to
take in fresh water. Gr. 558. VI. and 3. A. & S. 218, R. 2 ; 273.
2 and (!>). Ducat. Gr. 500. A. & S. 264. 5. Undas = the
springs, or fountains, whence the supply was to be got. 603. Quid
aura promittat = what the wind may promise ; i. e. what weather
to expect. Gr. 525. A. S. 265. 607. Forma. Gr. 428.
A. & S. 211, R. 6. 608. Mero. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i
(i). 609. Vix = with difficulty. Cultum = dress. 610. Pos-
set. Gr. 501. I. A. & S. 264. 7. 612. Sit. See on v. 603.
613. Faveas. Gr. 488. I. and 2. A. S. 260, R. 6. Laboribus.
Gr. 385. A. & S. 223, R. 2. 614. His = to these ; i. e. the sail-
ors who had seized him. Mitte = cease. 615. Quo. Gr. 417.
A. & S. 256. 2. Coiiscendere. Gr. 552. 3. A. & S. 270, R. i
(a). 616. Ocior. Gr. 166. A. & S. 126. i. 617. Prorae tu-
te\a.=proreta ; who had charge of the fore-part of the ship. 618.
Qui remis = who with his voice kept time (or marked time) for
the rowers. He is called animorum hortator, because by his
singing he cheered them in their labor. 621. Violari. Gr. 551.
II. i. A. & S. 273. 4 (a). Pinum. Cf. I. 95. 622. Mihi.
See on v. 582. Juris = of authority. 625. Exsilium luebat
= was paying the penalty of exile for a dreadful murder. 626.
Mihi. Gr. 398. 5. A. & S. 211, R. 5 (i). Pugno. Gr. 414.4.
A. & S. 247. 3. 627. Rupit = struck violently. Excussum ;
sc. navi, from the ship. Misisset. Gr. 510. A. & S. 261. i. Si
non = /'j/; which would be required in prose. 628. Amens=:
senseless, stunned.
629. Bacchus ; the son of Jupiter and Semele, and the god of
wine, which he invented and taught men to make. 630, 631.
Solutus sit. Gr. 503. II. and 506. A. & S. 263. 2(1). A mero =
from the wine ; i. e. from intoxication. Gr. 705. II. A. & S. 324. 2.
632, 633. Qua ope = by what means. 634. Proreus; i.e.
Melanthus. See v. 617 and note. It is the subject of dixit. 635.
Velis. See on v. 603. Terra petita you shall be landed on
394 NOTES ON OVID.
the desired shore. Gr. 422. i. 2). A. & S. 254, R. 3. 636. Nax-
on=Naxos; an island in the Aegean, the largest of the Cyclack-s,
famed for its fertility, its wines, its marble, and one of the chief seats
of the worship, of Bacchus. C Virg. A. III. 125. Gr. 379. 3.2).
A. & S. 237, R. 5 (l>). Liber; a name often given to Bacchus,
probably from liber are, and = he who frees from care. 637. Mihi.
See on v. 582. Vobis. Gr. 391. i. A. & S. 222, R. i. 638.
Fallaces; sc. naittae. 639. Sic fore = that so it shall be. Gr.
297. III. 2; 551. I. A. & S. 154, R. 3 ; 272. Dare. Gr. 551. II.
and i. A. & S. 273. 2 (ii). Carinae. See on v. 593. 640.
Dextera on the right. Gr. 148. 3. i). A. & S. 106. Dextra ;
sc. / = to the right hand. Some editors give dextra (abl.) in-
stead of dcxtem. The vessel was bound from Chios to Delos (^ee
v. 597), and Naxos lay to the right of its course. 641, 642. Quis
tenet. The order of translation is : " Quis tc furor lenet, Acoctc '.' ''
fro se qiiistjiie inquit. Some read : " Quis te furor " , iitifiiit
Ophcltes, " Pro sc quiiqne timct : lacvam fete ! " making quis te furor
, an instance of aposiopesis. See Gr. 704. I. 3. A. & S. 324. 33.
The passage is probably corrupt. Nutu. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247.
3. 643. Velit. See on v. 603. Aure = in an ran. 644. Capi-
atque . . . diati = ct dixi : Cnfiat, etc. Gr. 488. I. A. & S. 260,
R. 6. Aliquis = some one else. 645. Ministerio. Gr. 425. 2.
2). A. & S. 251. Artis the fraud; but some consider it = my
office. Cf. Virgil, A. II. 106. 647. Scilicet = forsooth ; marking
the irony. Gr. 705. IV. A. & S. 324. 4. 649. Naxo. Gr. 431.
A. & S. 257. Petit diversa (sc. lota) etc. = he steers in a differ-
ent direction, leaving Naxos ; i. e. the way to Naxos. 651. Sen-
serit Gr. 503. II. ; 506. A. & S. 263. 2 (i). 653. Mihi Gr. 388.
3. A. & S. 225. II. 655. Fallitis. Gr. 508. A. & S. 261, R. i.
656. Lacrimas. Gr. 371. 3. i). A. & S. 232 (2) and N. i.
658. Per. The separation of the preposition from the accusative is
very common in oaths. Praeseiitior = more present ; i. e. of more
immediate power, either to reward or punish. Cf. Virg. E. I. 42.
Hie. See on qito, v. 615. 659, 660. Tarn fide = that I am
telling you things as true as they are incredible ; or, as they surpass
what one would believe to be true. Aequore. Gr. 422. i. 2). A.\ S.
254, R. 3. 661. Siccum navale = a dry dock. The ships of
the ancients, when not in use, were drawn up on shore. Teneret.
Gr. 503. II. ; 506. A. & S. 263. 2 (i). 663. Deducunt= draw
down (from the antennae, or yards), i. e. spread them to the wind.
Gemiuaque ope ; i. e. with both oars and sails. 664. The ivy
(which was sacred to Bacchus) impedes the oars by twining about
them. 665. Distriugunt stretch ; i. e. weigh down ; or, as
some editors translate it, occupy, fill. Corymbis. (Jr. 414.4. A. S.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK IV. 395
247. 3. 666. Frontem. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. So curva-
mina, v. 672. 667. Hastam ; i. e. the thyrsus, a staff twined with
ivy and vine leaves, which Bacchus is generally represented as bear-
ing. Cf. XI. 7, 28. 668. The animals named were sacred to Bacchus.
Simulacra inariia= empty images, or phantoms. 669. Fictarum
= spotted. 672. Depresso = flattened (into a fish) ; or, as some
translate it, bowed down ; i. e. no longer erect in human form.
674. Loquenti; sc. ei while he was speaking. Gr. 387. A. & S.
226. 676. Obstantes. Cf. v. 664. 678. Manus. Gr. 362. 3.
i). A. & S. 210 (b). So pinnas. Esse. Gr. 551. I. A. & S. 272.
Vocari. Gr. 552. i. A. & S. 271. 681. Corpora. Gr. 414, 3.
A. & S. 247. 2. Novissima = extrema. Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205,
R. 17. 682. Sinuantur = are curved. 683. Dant saltus.
See on v. 599. 685. Inque speciem = and sport like a com-
pany of dancers. Cf. Virg. A. V. 594. 686. Naribus efflaiit =
spout from their nostrils. Gr. 422. 2. A. & S. 242. 688, 689.
Pavidum ; sc. inc. Corpore. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. Vixque
meum = and scarcely myself. 690. Corde. See on v. 686.
Tene = hold your course towards ; steer for. Diam ; an old name
of Naxos. 691. Sacris. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK IV.
THE STORY OF PYRAMUS AND THISBE. [vv. 55-166.]
This story is found in no other ancient writer whose works have come
down to us.
56. Fuellis. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. 58. Coctilibus = of
brick. Seffvramis ; a queen of Assyria, who built Babylon (urbem)
with all its wonders. The legends concerning her and Ninus, her
husband, whom she succeeded as sovereign (according to some of
the myths, she murdered him), are various and conflicting. 59.
Gradus ; sc. amoris. 60. Tempore. Gr. 414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2.
Taedae coissent = they would have been united in marriage.
Torches were borne before the bride on her way to the house of the
bridegroom ; hence taeda is often used, by metonymy, for marriage.
Cf. Virg. A. IV. 339. See Gr. 512. A. & S. 261, R. 4. Here the
condition is implied in Sed patres. 61. Quod. Gr. 445. 7.
A. & S. 206. (13) (a). 62. Ex aequo = equally. Captis = cap-
tivated. 63. Conscius ; used substantively. 64. Quoque
magis = and the more. The correlative eo is to be supplied with
the second magis. 65. Quani duxerat which it had got ; had
396 NOTES ON OVID.
come to have. 66. Quum fieret = when it was built. Gr.5i8. II.
i. A. & S. 263, R. 2. Domui. Gr. 391. i. A. & S. 222, R. i. 67.
Null! ; for ncmini = by no one. Gr. 388. 4. A. & S. 225. II. 68.
Frimi See on prima, I. 89. For the gender, see Gr. 439. 2. i).
A. & S. 205, R. 2 (i), where the principle is explained. 70. Mur-
mure. Gr. 414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2. 74. Quantum erat = how
much it would be ; i. e. how little it would be. Gr. 705. IV. A. & S.
324. 4. On crat, see Gr. 475. 4. A. & S. 259, R. 3 and (d). Si-
neres. Gr. 516. II. and i. A. & S. 262, R. 2. So fateres, next line.
Corpore. Gr. 414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2. 75. Danda. Gr. 562 ;
565. i. A. & S. 275. II. and R. 3. 77. Quod. Gr. 554. IV. ; 558.
A. & S. 273. 5. Verbis. Gr. 384. A. & S. 223. So parti, v. 79.
78. Diversa sede ; i. e. on opposite sides of the wall. 79.
Dedere. Gr. 461 and 3. A. & S. 209, R. 11 (4). 81. Ignes ;
i. e. the stars. 84. Nocte. Gr. 426. A. & S. 253. 85. Ten-
tent Gr. 491 ; 480 ; 558. II. I. A. & S. 262 ; 258. I.; 273. I, X. i.
On foribus, see Gr. 422. 2. A. & S. 255, R. 3 (/>). 86. Domo. Gr.
424. 2. A. & S. 255, R. i. Exierint. Gr. 518. II. A. & S. 263. 5
and R. i. 87. Neve arvo = and lest they should miss each
other while wandering in the broad fields. Sit errandum. Gr. 301.
2 ; 388. I.; 491. A. & S. 184. 3 ; 262 and R. 5. Arvo. Gr. 422.
1. 2). A. & S. 254, R. 3. 88. Conveniant and lateaut are in
the same construction as tentent and relinqnant. Nini. See on v.
58. His tomb, built by Semiramis, was large and magnificent. 89.
Pomis. Gr. 429. A. S. 250. i. Fonti See on domui, \. 66.
91. Lux = the sun. 92. Aquis. Gr. 384 and 2. i). A. & S.
225. IV. and R. 2. Cf. II. 68. Isdem. See on III. 592. Cf. Virg.
A. II. 250. 93. Cardine. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. Cf. Virg. A.
III. 448. 94. Suos = her friends. Gr. 441. i. A. & S. 205, R. 7.
Vultum. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. So rictus, v. 97. 96. Au-
dacem ; sc. earn. 97. Caede = sanguine. Oblita ; (/' short) from
oblincre. Gr. 651. 3 ; 654. A. & S. 284, Ex. I (2) (a) ; 285. I. 98.
Depositura. Gr. 578. V. A. & S. 274, R. 6 (a). Sitim. Gr. 85. III.
2. A. & S. 79 (b) 2. 101. Dumque fugit. Gr. 467. 4. A. & S.
259. i (f). Tergo. See on foribus, v. 85. 103. Dum redit.
See on v. 101. Sine ipsa = without herself; i. e. Thisbe. 106.
Ore. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. 109. Vita. Gr. 419. IV. A. & S.
244. 110. Nostra est=I am guilty. 111. Venires. Gr.
492. 2 ; 493. 2. A. & S. 262 and R. 4. 112. Prior. Gr. 443. 2.
A. & S. 205, R. 15 (b). 115. Timidi. Gr. 401 ; 402. I. A. & S.
211, R. 8 (3) and (a). Optare. Gr. 549 and i. A. & S. 269, R. 2.
118. Haustus is a noun, object of accipe. 119. Quoque =
et quo ; referring to ferrum. 121. Humi Gr. 424. 2. A. & S.
221, R. 3. 122 - 124. Fistula = a water-pipe ; which bursts (scin-
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK IV. 397
ditur) from a defect in the lead (vitiato plumbo) of which it is
made. Longas aquas = a stpeam of water. 125. Arborei
fetus = the fruit of the tree. Gr. 398. 2. A. & S. 211, R. 4 (a).
Caedis. See on v. 97. 128. Ne fallat = that she may not dis-
appoint. Gr. 491. A. & S. 262 and R. 5. 130. Vitarit. Gr. 525.
A. & S. 265. So sit, v. 132. Narrare. Gr. 552. i. A. & 8.271.
131. In arbore is not precisely the same as arboris. What she re-
cognizes in the tree is its form, not the color of its fruit. 132. In-
certamj sc. illam, referring to Thisbe. Haeret sit = she is
doubtful whether this is the tree. 133, 134. Tremebunda
solum she sees the quivering body lying on the bloody earth. Gr.
551. I. i. A. & S. 272 and R. 5. Buxo. Gr. 417. A. & S. 256. 2.
135. Instar. Gr. 380. 2. A. & S. 232 (3). 136. Summum =
its surface. 137. Suos amores = her lover. 138. Indignos ;
i. e. not deserving such treatment. Claro plangore = with loud
blows. 139. Comas. See on vitltittn, v. 94. 140. CruorL Gr.
385. 5. A. & S. 224, R. 3. 142. Mihi Gr.385. 4. A. & S. 224,
R. 2. 145. Thisbes. Gr. 43. A. & 8.44. Morte. Gr. 414. 2.
A. & S. 247. i. 147. Ense. Gr. 399. 5. 3). A. & S. 250. 2 (i).
148. Ebur = the ivory scabbard. 149. Mini. Gr. 387. A. & S.
226. In uiium hoc = for this one deed ; i. e. for death. 150.
Est ; sc. mihi. Hie vires = This (i. e. love) will give me strength
for the death-blow ; literally, for wounds. 154. Hoc . . . estote
rogati = but grant this; literally, be ye entreated this. Gr. 374. i.
A. & S. 234. I. 155. Meus illiusque = mine and his ; referring
to pareutes. Gr. 398. 3 ; 369. 2 (or it may be explained by 185).
A. & S. 211, R. 3 (b). ; 105, R. 3. 156, 157. Ut . . . non invi-
deatis = not to refuse. Gr. 493. i. A. & S. 262, R. 5, fine print.
No vissima = the last. Componi. Gr. 551. II. i. A. & S. 273-4(rt).
Tumulo. See on an>o, v. 87. 162. Mucrone. Gr. 431. A. & S.
257. Imum. Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. 163. Ferro. Gr.
386. A. & S. 224. So rogis, v. 166. 166. Quodque rogis =
and (their ashes) which remained from the funeral pile.
THE STORY OF PERSEUS [vv. 604 - 789]. This story fol-
lows that of the transformation nf Cadmus and his wife Hermione
into serpents, which had taken place in fulfilment of the prediction
uttered by Mars when Cadmus killed the dragon sacred to that god.
See III. 98.
604. Ambobus ; i. e. Cadmus and Hermione, or Harmonia.
Formae. Gr. 396. II. A. & S. 211 and R. 2. 605. Nepos ; i. e.
Bacchus, whose mother, Semele, was the daughter of Cadmus.
606. India. In the course of his wanderings in Asia, Bacchus is
said to have conquered India. Achaia; a part of Greece, here put
for the whole. 607, 608. Abantiades . . . Acrisius = Acrisius,
398 NOTES ON OVID.
the son of Abas ; descended from Belus, the twin brother of Agenor,
the father of Cadmus : hence, ab origine cretus eadem. Moe-
nibus. Gr. 425. 2. 2). A. & 8.251. Arceat. Or. 501. II. A. S.
264. IO. 609. Argolicae. Acrisius was king of Argos, or Argolis,
a district of Peloponnesus. The city Argos was its capital. 610.
Deum is genitive plural, limiting genus. Gr. 45. 5. 4). A. & S. 53.
Jovis ; sc. ^t->nis, or flhun. 611. Persea = Perseus ; the son of
Jupiter, by Danae, the daughter of Acrisius. Warned by an oracle
that his grandson would kill him, Acrisius shut Danae up in a brazen
tower ; but Jupiter entered it in the form of a shower of gold. After
the birth of Perseus, he and his mother were exposed in an ark, which
floated to Seriphos, where it was found by a fisherman, who carried
the mother and child to Polydectes, king of the island. Perseus
grew up to manhood and performed many wonderful exploits, some
of which are here related. In the course of his adventures, he came to
Larissa, and at the public games, accidentally killed an old man, who
proved to be his grandfather Acrisius. 612. Praesentia = the
power. Cf. III. 658. 613. Violasse. Sec on I. 152. So agnosse.
Nepotem = dirinam nepotis originan. 614. Poeiiitet. Gr. 556. 1.
A. & S. 215, R. (middle). Alter Bacchus. At alter = Perseus.
615. Monstri = Medusa, the Gorgon. See vv. 769-789. ^616.
Teiierum = tenncm, which is the more common epithet. Alls ; i. e.
the wings which Mercury had lent him. See v. 665. 617. Liby-
cas. See on II. 237. Penderet. Gr. 518. i. A. & S. 263, R. 2.
619. Animavit in angues = animarit et formavit in angucs. 620.
Infesta colubris ; a form of expression admissible in prose also.
Cf. Sallust (Jugurtha, 89), infesta serpentilnis. Gr. 419. III. A. & S.
250.2. 621. Immensum = coelntn. Cf. inatif, v. 718; alto, v.
788, etc. 622. Exemplo = like. Gr. 414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2.
624. Orbem. Gr. 371. 4. 2). A. & S. 233 (3). 625. Arctos.
See on II. 132 and 171. Cancri. See on II. 83. 628. Hesperio . . .
orbe = in the western part of the world. Regnis. Gr. 363. A. & S.
204. 629. Lucifer. Cf. II. 115. 630. Evocet. Gr. 522. II.
A. & S. 263. 4. Aurora; sc. evocet. See on II. 113. Diurnos;
i. e. of the sun.
631. Hominum. Gr. 396. III. 2. 3) (4). A. & S. 212, R. 2, N.
6. Cunctos. Some editions have atnctis. Praestare, to excel,
takes the accusative or the dative, in both prose and poetry. The
dative is the more common in Ovid. Corpore. Gr. 429. A. & S.
250. i. t 632. lapetionides ; a Greek form of the patronymic.
Atlas was the son of Japetus, and king of Mauritania. Ultima
= the farthest to the west. 634. Cf. 1 1. 68. Equis. Gr. 386 and I.
A. &S. 224 and N. i. A.xeB = fitrrum. 635. Illi = ofhis. Gr.
398. 5. A. & S. 211, R. 5 (i). Cf. Virg. G. I. 14, 15. 636. Preme-
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK IV. 399
bant = limited. Humum = his lands. 637. Auro. Gr. 414. 2.
A. & S. 247. i. 638. The gokle/i apples of the Hesperides (see on
XI. 144) are here made the property of Atlas himself. 640. M,ihi.
See on v. 635. 641. Rerum ; sc. gcsfarttm. 643. Themis. See
0111.321. 644. Auro. Gr. 425. A. & S. 251. 645. Titulum =
honor. Praedae. Gr. 384. II. A. & S. 223. Jove natus ; not Per-
seus, but Hercules, who killed the dragon and stole the apples. 647.
Moenibus. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. Servanda. Gr. 565. 3.
2). A. & S. 274, R. 7 (a). 650. Mentiris = you falsely claim,
Longe tibi absit = be far from protecting you. Gr. 491. A. & S.
262 and R. 5. 652. Dictis. Gr. 385. 5. A. & S. 223, R. 2.
653. Viribus. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. Atlanti. Gr. 391. i
and 2. 4) (2). A. & S. 222, R. I and R. 2 (a) and (/>). 654. Parvi.
Gr. 402. III. i. A. & S. 214, R. i (a) (i). Gratia = friendship.
655. Munus. Gr. 705. IV. A. & S. 324. 4. 656. Retro
versus = turning his face aside ; that he might not himself be
changed to stone. Squalentia horrida ; i. e. bristling with ser-
pents. 658. Abeunt = nnitatitnr. Compare the description of
Atlas, Virg. A. IV. 246 - 251. 659. Summo. Gr. 441. 6. A. & S.
205, R. 17. 662. The ancients believed that Atlas supported the
heavens on his head, or his shoulders. Cf. Virg. A. IV. 247.
663. Hippotades Aeolus, the son, or, as some say, the grand-
son of Hippotes, a king of Troy. He was king of the winds. Cf.
Virg. A. I. 52 foil. 664. Admonitor operum = who calls men
to the labors of the day. Cf. v. 629. 665. Hie = Perseus. Fen-
nis is here the dative the poetical construction for pcnnas alligat fcdi-
bus. Gr. 384. II. A. & S. 223. 666. Telo = the /tarfe, or short
curved sword, which Mercury had given him. Cf. v. 727. 667. Ta-
laribus = the winged sandals of Mercury. See on v. 616, and cf.
Virg. A. IV. 239. 669. Cepheaque = of Cepheus, a king of Aethi-
opia. It is from Cepheus. The more common form is Ccpheia, which
is found in some MSS. 670. Maternae = of her mother, Cassi-
ope, Cassiopea, or Cassiepea, who, by boasting of her beauty, had
offended the Nereids. They, in revenge, had induced Neptune to
inundate the territories of Cepheus ; and, to appease them, the or-
acle of Ammon had directed that Andromeda should be bound to a
rock and exposed to a sea-monster. Cepheus, 'Cassiope, and Andro-
meda were afterwards placed among the stars. Milton, in // Pen-
seroso, speaks of Cassiope as
that starred Ethiop queen, that strove
To set her beauty's praise above
The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended.
671. Ammon, or Hammon, was an Ethiopian deity whom the
Greeks and Romans identified with Zeus, or Jupiter. He had a
400 NOTES ON OVID.
famous temple and oracle in the oasis of Ammonium (now Siu'iih) in
the Libyan desert. See on Virg. A. IV. 198. 672. Simul sitnul
of, as often. Brachia. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. 673. Abaiitia-
des = Perseus. See on v. 607. 674. Moverat. Gr. 51 1. A. & S.
261, R. 6. (Cf. 259, N.) 675. Trahit . . . ignes = he is enamored.
676. Correptus = charmed, fascinated. 678. Catenis. Gr.
419. IV. A. & S. 244. 679. Quibus ; sc. catcnis. Gr. 414. 4.
A. & S. 247. 3. 680. Requirenti; sc. mi/ii. Terrae = patriae
tiiae. 681. Geras. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. 683. Celasset.
See on I. 152. Gr. 510. A. & S. 261. i. 684. Quod potuit
which she cotild do ; i. e. though she could net cover her face. 685.
Instaiiti; i. e. Perseus. Fateri. Gr. 552. i. A. & S. 271, R. 4.
686. Nolle. Gr. 549. 4. i). A. & S. 272, R. 6. Videretur. Gr.
491. A. & S. 262 and R. 5. 687. Quantaque formae =
"how much her mother had presumed upon her beauty." See on v.
681. 689. Poiito. Gr. 422. 2. A. & S. 255, R. 3 (A). 690.
Possidet --- /; < -wit, tenet. 692. Ambo miseri. Gr. 439. 2. ?).
A. <.V S. 205, R. 2(1). Justius = with the greater reason ; since she
had been the cause of the calamity. 693. Tempore. See on v.
678. 696. Opem . . . ferendam. Gr. 562 ; 565 and i. A. & S.
275. II. and R. 3. 697. Hanc ; i. e. Andromeda. Peterem. Gr.
510. A. & S. 261. i. Ilia; i. e. Danae. See on v. 611. 699. Gor-
gonia. .See on v. 615. Alia. See on v. 616. 701. Praeferrer
gener I ought surely to be preferred to all (others) as a son-in-
law. 702. Dotibus ; referring to his heroism and his renown.
Faveant Gr. 505. A. & S. 263. 2 (i). 703. Ut paciscor
= I stipulate that she shall be mine, if saved by my valor. Gr. 578.
III. A. & S. 274. 3 (a). 704. Dubitaret. Gr. 486. II. A. ,V S.
260, R. 5. 705. Super = insurer. Dotale = as a dowry.
707. Juvenum ; i. e. the rowers. 708. Sic fera = so does the
monster (plough the waters). Undis. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. 709,
710. Tantum coeli = It was as far from the rocks as the dis-
tance in mid-air (quantum inedii couli), which a Balearic sling can
traverse with its whirled bullet. The inhabitants of the Balearic
islands were famous as slingers. Leaden balls were sometimes used
for slinging. 711. Tellure. See on undis, v. 708. 712. Ardu-
us . . . abiit = soared aloft. Gr. 443. 2. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (a)
and (b). Summo. See on v. 659. 714. Jo vis praepes = the
eagle of Jove. Vacuo = aperto. 715. Phoebo to the sun ; i. e.
basking in the sunshine. 716. Occupat aversum = como upon
him from behind. Neu = and that (he may) not. Retorqueat.
Gr. 491. A. & S. 262. 717. Cervicibus; poetic plural and ab-
lative = in ccn'ice. 718. Inane. See on v. 621. Volatu. Gr.
414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2. 720. Iiiachides = Perseus ; because he
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK IV. 40 1
was born at Arrjos, Inachos was the first king and most ancient hero
of Argos. 721. Sublimis. See on arduzis, v. 712. 722. Sub-
dit ; sc. sc = dives beneath. Sovcrsat. Aquis. See on equis, v. 634.
725. Patent = arc exposed ; i. e. terga, costae, caitda. 727. Ense.
Sec on v. 666. 729. Graves ; " by anticipation," since it expresses
the result of adspergine. Pennae ; i. e. of Perseus. 730. Bibu-
lis = wet, dripping. Talaribus. See on v. 665. 731. Surnmo
vertice = with its topmost point. Gr. 414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2.
732. Stantibus moto = rises above the waters when they are
still, is covered by the sea when disturbed. On aquis, see on v. 689.
733. Eo = thither ; i. e. to the rock. 734. Repetita = struck
again and again. Cf. V. 473. 735. Cum plausu clamor =
flansus et clamor. Cf. I. 319, and Virg. A. I. 292. 736. Gene-
rum; sc. eum. Gr. 373. i and 2. A. & S. 230. So auxilium (sc.
entn esse) and servatorem. Cf. Gr. 551. I. A. & S. 272 and 230,
R. i. 738. Catenis. Gr. 425. 2. 2). A. & S. 251. 739. Pre-
tium and causa. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. 741. Laedat. Gr.
491. A. & S. 262. 743. Phorcynidos = daughter of Phorcys ;
a sea-god, the father of the Gorgons, the Graeae, the Hesperian
dragon, and Scylla. See on v. 774. 744. Recens = just broken off.
Bibula ... medulla = the porous pith. 745. Rapuit expresses
the suddenness of the transformation. Hujus, in a construction like
this, is very rarely found without a noun. 746. Ramis. Gr. 429.
A. & S. 250. i. 749. Iterant jactata=/<z ctant et iterant =they
throw again and again, scatter, sow. Gr. 579. A. & S. 274. 3 (6).
750. Curaliis. Gr. 384. I. A. & S. 223. 751. Tacto . . . ab
ae're = from the contact of the air. Capiant Gr. 494. A. & S.
262. So fiat
753. Dis ponit = to three gods he erects as many altars of
turf: to Mercury, who had loaned him the talaria, the sword, and a
helmet ; to Pallas, who had furnished him with a shield ; and to
Jupiter, his father. 754. Virgo = Pallas, or Minerva, goddess of
war as well as of wisdom. 756. Alipedi ; i. e. Mercury, from the
talaria. Deorum. Gr. 396. III. 2. 3) (2). A. & S. 212, R. 2 (3).
757. Et . . . praemia = even the reward ; in apposition with An-
dromeden. 758. Iridotata = without a dowry ; 5. e. without
thought of the dowry that had been promised. See v. 705. Like
rapit, it expresses the eagerness of Perseus to make her his own.
Hymenaeus = Hymen, the god of marriage. He is generally rep-
resented as a youth, bearing the nuptial torch. Amor = Cupid.
759. Praecutiunt Torches were carried before the bride as she
was led to the house of her husband. 762. Argumenta. Gr. 363.
A. & S. 204. 764. Cephenum = of the Ethiopians ; the people
of Cepheus. See on v. 669. Convivia. Gr. 371. 4. i). A. & S.
26
NOTES ON OVID.
2 33(3)- 765. Epulis. Gr. 419. I. A. & S. 245. 1. Munere ; i. e.
with wine. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 766. Diffudere cheered,
exhilarated. Cultusque locorum = the mode of life and the his-
tory of the country ; i. e. of the people of the country. 768. Lyn-
cides ; in apposition with unus = quidam. 769. Siniul = sinnil
at. 770. Perseu. Gr. 94.1. A. & S. 81, R. 771. Abstuleris.
Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. Crinita ora the head (of Medusa)
bristling with serpents. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. I. 772. Age-
norides. Most of the editors speak of Agenor as the great-grand-
father of Perseus ; but according to the best authorities, Perseus was
descended from Belus, the twin-brother of Agenor. His mother, 1 )an.u ,
was the daughter of Acrisius, the son of Abas, the son of Lynccus and
Hypermnestra, the former of whom was the son of Aegyptus, the latter
the daughter of Danaus ; and Aegyptus and Danaus were twin sons of
Belus. See on v. 607. Some read Abantiades instead of A^oioridt-s ;
some think the inaccuracy a slip of the pen which Ovid would have
corrected, had he revised the poem. See Life. Perhaps gelido
sub Atlanta is another slip of the kind. Atlas had been changed to
stone before this time, it is true, but so recently that Perseus would
hardly speak of him as a well-known mountain, especially in relating
events that had taken place previous to his transformation. 773.
Molis ; i. e. of mountains. 774, 775. Geminas Phorcidas
= the Graeae, daughters of Phorcys (see on v. 743), who had gray
hair from their birth, and only one tooth and one eye in common,
which they used by turns. There were three of them, but Ovid here
speaks of but two. 776. Dum traditur = while it is passing ; i. e.
as one is handing it to the other. 777. Supposita . . . maim ; i. e.
by putting his hand in the place of that of the sister who was about
to take the eye. Perseus refused to return the eye until the Graeae
told him how to find the Gorgons. Cepisse and the other infinitives
in the passage depend on narrat, v. 772. Gr. 551. 1. A. & S. 272.
779. Gorgoneas domos he reached the home of the Gorgons ;
three frightful beings, with snaky hair, brazen claws, and enormous
teeth. Of the three, Medusa alone was mortal. See on v. 743.
780. The last syllable of the verse is cut off by synaloepha. Gr.
669. I. A. & S. 307. 3. 781. Ex ipsis ; i. e. from their natural
state. 782. Clypei limits acre.; the brass of the shield, i.e. the
brazen shield. 783. Repercusso = reflecting ; as if repercuticnt:.
786. Pegason = Pegasus ; a winged horse, the offspring of Me-
dusa. In modern times he has become famous as the horse of the
Muses ; but with the ancients he had no connection with the Muses
except producing with his hoof the inspiring fountain Hippocrenc.
His brother was Chrysaor. For the form Pegason, sec Gr. 46. i.
A. & S. 54. 788. Freta = waters, seas. Alto. See on v. 621.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK V. 403
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK V.
THE STORY OF CERES AND PROSERPINA. A hymn
in honor of Ceres, which the Muse Calliope sings in a contest with
the Pierides, the nine daughters of Pierus, king of Emathia. The
Muses themselves are often called Pierides, from Pieria, near Mount
Olympus, where they were first worshipped by the Thracians.
341. Prima. See on I. 89. Ceres, the Greek Demeter, was the
goddess of the earth and the protectress of agriculture. She was
the daughter of Saturn (Chronos) and Rhea. See on I. 123, and cf.
Virg. G. I. 147. 342. Mitia = citlta, cultivated, in distinction from
that which grows spontaneously. C I. 103. 343. Leges ; since
agriculture is the basis of civilization. Hence she is called leg-ifera.
Cf. Virg. A. IV. 58. 344. Mihi. Gr. 388. I. A. & S. 225. III. Modo
= only. Possem. Gr. 488. I. and i. A. & S. 263. I. 345. Dea
and carmine. See on IV. 678. 346. Giganteis. Here the giant
Typhoeus is represented as buried under Mount Aetna. Homer and
Virgil (A. III. 578) put Enceladus there. Gr. 398. 2. A. & S. 211,
R. 4 (a). 347. Trinacris. (or Trinacria) = Sicily, so called from
its three promontories. 348. Aetherias sedes = Typhoeus,
who dared to aspire to the celestial abodes ; referring to the revolt
of the giants against the gods. On ausum, see Gr. 577. A. & S.
274. 3 (<?) 349. Resurgere. Gr. 553. V. A. & S. 273. 2 (b).
350. Peloro = Pelorum, or Pelorus (now Capo di Faro), the pro-
montory opposite Italy ; hence Ausonian. 351. Pachyne, the
southern promontory, now Capo di Passaro. Tibi ; sc. subjecta est.
Lilybaeo = Lilybaeum, now Capo di Boco or di Marsala, on the
western coast. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 248. II. 353. Ore. Gr. 422. 2.
A. & S. 255, R. 3 (b). So corpore, v. 355, and sede, v. 359. 356.
Rex . . . silentum = Pluto. Silentium is inadmissible in hexameter
verse. 357. Pateat = patescat. Gr. 492. 4 and i). A. & S. 262
and R. 7. So retegatur and terreat. 358. Trepidantes; "by
anticipation." See on IV. 729. 361. Ambibat. Gr. 295. 3.
A. & S. 182, R. 3. Fundamiiia. Gr. 371. 4. A. & S. 233. 362.
Exploratum est. Gr. 556. I. (i). A. & S. 209 (5). Labare. Gr.
549 and i. A. & S. 269 (b). 363. Erycina = Venus, who had a
temple on Mount Eryx, in the northern part of Sicily. Cf. Virg. A.
^ 759- 365. Arma, tnanus, and potentia are in apposition with
nate. Ovid had in mind Virg. A. I. 664. 368. In the division
of the universe among themselves, the first lot fell to Jupiter, the
second to Neptune, the third (novissima) to Pluto. See on I. 113.
370. Ipsum = Neptune. 371. Tartara cessant = why do
404 NOTES OX OVID.
the infernal regions delay (to yield to your power ) ? Tuum. Gr.
398. 3. A. & S. 21 1, R. 3 (). 372. Prefers = extend. Agitur P=
is at stake. 373. Quae est = " such is now our lameness."
Gr. 453. 4. A. & S. 206 (i 8). 374. Mecum = mcis cum riribus =
as mine is. 375. Pallas and Diana had made vows of perpetual
virginity. 376. Abscessisse mihi = have withdrawn from me.
Gr. 385. 4. A. & S. 224, R. i (a). Filia = Proserpina. Virgo. C.r.
362. A. & S. 210. 377. Brit = mancbit. Nam easdem = for
she cherishes the same hopes ; i. e. as Pallas and Diana. 378. Pro
regno = if you have any regard for our common kingdom. On
tibi, see Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. 379. Patruo to her uncle,
Pluto. Proserpina was the daughter of Jupiter. 380. Solvit =
opens. Arbitrio. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 249. II. 381. Sed
(one only) but (the sharpest). Qua. Gr. 417. A. & S. 256. 2. 382.
Nee minus arcuru = nor surer, nor more obedient to the bow.
On audiat, see Gr. 501. I. A. & S. 264. 7. 383. Cornum ; sec-
ond decl. neut. 384. Hamata . . . arundine = with the barbed
arrow. Ditem = Dis, a name of Pluto.
385. Heiinaeis . . . moenibus = the city Henna, or Ennn, in
the centre of Sicily, famous for a temple of Ceres. 386. Aquae
limits lacus. Nomine. Gr. 429. A. & 8.250. i. Illo; sc. lam.
Gr. 417. A. & S. 256. 2. Caystros. See on II. 253. 389. Ut
velo = as with an awning, or canopy. Phoebeos . . . ignes
the rays of the sun. 391. Luco. Gr. 422. i. 2). A. & S. 254, R.
3. 393. Studio. Gr. 414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2. 394. Aequales
= her companions. Legendo = in gathering (the flowers). Gr.
566. I. A. & S. 275, R. 4. 395. DitL Gr. 388. 4. A. & S. 225.
II. 396. Usque amor = so impatient is his love. 397.
Matrem. Gr. 371. 3. A. & S. 232 (2). 398. Summa . . . ab
ora from the upper border. 400. Annis. Gr. 386. A. & S. 2:4.
401. Virgineum. Gr. 398. 2. A. & S. 211, R. 4 (<*). 402.
Nomine. Gr. 414. 3. A. & S. 247. 2. 404. Ferrugine. Every-
thing in the lower world was represented as of a dark color. Cf. v.
360, and Virg. A. VI. 303. 406. Palicorum = of the Palici ;
Sicilian gods, twin sons of Jupiter (some say of Vulcan), worshipped
near the city Palice, where were the lake and sulphurous springs here
alluded to. Ferventia = boiling forth. Terra. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257.
407. Bacchiadae ; the descendants of Bacchis, king of Corinth.
Having been banished from that city, a part of them took refuse
in Sicily, where they founded Syracuse. Bimari ; so called be-
cause situated on the isthmus between the Corinthian and Saronic
gulfs. Cf. Ilor. C. I. 7. 2. Corintho. Gr. 425. 3. i). A. & S. 246.
408. Portus. Syracuse had two harbors, the Portus Magnus,
still called Porto Maggiore, and the Pvrlus Minor, or Laccivs. 409.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK V. 405
Medium. This adjective may take a partitive genitive plural, or,
as here, two genitives singular, equivalent to a plural ; midway of
(the two places) Cyane and Arethusa. These are two fountains near
Syracuse. On Pisaeae, see v. 493 foil. The final syllable of the
word is not elided. 410. Quod cornibus = which flows in a
narrow channel, shut in by close promontories ; referring to the
strait between Sicily and Ortygia, a small island on which Syracuse
was partly built. 413. Gurgite. Gr. 434.1. A. & S. 242. Summa.
See on IV. 659. Alvo. Gr. 47. 2. 2). A. & S. 49. i. 414. Deam
= Proserpina. Nee iiiquit = et inquit, " Non longius ibitis." -
415. Roganda = she should have been asked for; i. e. of her
mother. Gr. 229. A. & S. 162. 15. 416. Magnis. Gr. 386. I.
A. & S. 224. 417. Anapis ; the god of the Anapis, a river near
Syracuse. 418. Exorata = wooed. Exterrita = frightened (in-
to yielding to his suit). 420. Saturnius = Pluto, as the son of
Saturn. 421. In ima = into the depths of the spring ; i. e. of
Cyane. Gr. 396. III. 2. 3 (3). A. & S. 205, R. 9, and 212, R. 3.
N. 4. Contortum. Gr. 579. A. & S. 274. 3 (b). 424. Medio
cratere = in the midst of the chasm ; i. e. the opening made by the
stroke of the sceptre. 429. Extenuatur = is dissolved, melts
away. Videres. Gr. 485. A. & S. 260. II. R. 2. 430. Pati
flexus = become flexible. Posuiase. Gr. 542. 2. A. & S. 268,
R. 2. 431. De tota (sc. ilia) = of her whole body. Tenuissima
quaeque = whatever was most slender. 432. Crines, etc. are in
apposition with quaeque. 433. Membris. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226.
Exilibus = slender. See on v. 431. 435. Abeunt. See on IV.
658. 436. Vitiatas ; i. e. having lost their natural constitution.
437. Possis. Gr. 501. I. A. & S. 264. 7.
438. Matri. Gr. 388. 4, A. & S. 225. II. 439. Profundo ;
sc. man'. Cf. II. 267. Gr. 422. I. 2). A. & S. 254, R. 3. So terris.
440. Udis ; because rising from the sea. 441. Hesperus =
the evening star. 442. Firms = torches of pine. 444. Hebeta-
rat = had -dimmed. 446. Sitim. Gr. 85. A. & S. 79. 2. Ora . . .
colluerant = had wet her lips. 450. Dulce; used as a noun =
dulcetn potein. Polenta. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 451.
Oris. Gr. 396. IV. A. & S. 211, R. 6. 453. Neque adhuc =
et nondiim. Parte. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. 457. Ne sit (sc. ei)
= that he may not have. Gr. 491. A. & S. 262. Nocendi. Gr.
563. A. & S. 275. III. R. i and (i). 458. Lacerta. Gr. 417.
A. & S. 256. 2. 461. Nomeu ; i. e. stdlio, which the poet derives
from stella. Corpora. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. Guttis = spots.
462. Erraverit. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. 463. Mora. See on
I. 214. Quaerenti orbis = no part of the world remained for
her to search. Gr. 386. 2. A. & S. 224, R. i. 464. Eundo. Gr.
406 NOTES ON OVID.
566. I. A. & S. 275, R. 4. 465. Fuisset Gr. 510 and i. A. & S.
261. I. 466, 467. Voleiiti (sc. et) is equivalent to a dative of
pessessor, aderant being used for t-rant. Quo loqueretur = the
means of speaking. Gr. 501. i. A. & S. 264. 7. 469. In into.
A. & S. 235 (2), R. 4. 470. Persephones is the Greek form for
Proscrpinac. Summis. See on IV. 659. 471. Simul = jvw;//
or, as often. Tanquam scisset = as if she then at length had
discovered that her daughter had been carried off. Gr. 503. II. and
506. A. & S. 263. 2 (i). 473. Repetita = repeatedly. Sic on
IV. 734. 474. Sit Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. 475. Munere. See
on v. 345, and cf. vv. 342, 343. 477. Repent See on rcpiilit, II.
157. Vertentia (used for) turning. 479. Leto = destruction.
480. Fallere depositum = to betray their trust ; i. e. tl
sown. Gr. 551. II. I. A. & S. 273. 2 (a) and 272, R. 6. Vitiata.
See on v. 436. 481. Terrae = Sicily ; which was famous for its
fertility, in ancient times. 482. Cassa jacet = lies useless; i.e.
avails nothing. Priinis in heibis ; i. e. as soon as they spring up.
484. Sideraque. The final e is lengthened by the arsis. Gr.
660. A. & S. 308. 485. Jacta=that have been sown. Fati-
gant = exhaust, hinder the growth of. 486. Gramen is in the
same construction as lolium and trilntli. 487. Alpheias = Are-
thusa ; a nymph of Elis, beloved by the river-god Alpheus, and
changed by Diana into a fountain, that she might escape him. Hut
he still pursued her ; and when she fled under the sea to Ortygia, he
followed her, and rose with her on that island. Hence it was said
that a cup thrown into the Alpheus would appear again in the foun-
tain of Arethusa in Ortygia. 489. Virginia is in the same con-
struction as frugum. 491. Terrae. Gr. 385. A. & S. 223, R. 2.
492. Nihil; i. e. no punishment. Rapinae. Gr. 384. I. A. & S.
223. Cf. v. 419 foil. 494. Such transition from the singular to
the plural is sometimes found even in prose. Cf. v. 504. 496.
Solo. Gr. 417. A. & S. 256. 2. Arethusa is in apposition with
the subject of habeo. Penates. See on i. 174. 498. Mota
Sim = why I have been driven from my native land. Gr. 525. A. S.
265. 499. Ortygiam. Gr. 379. 3. 2). A. & S. 237, R. 5 (t>) and
(<). Narratibus. Gr. 391. i. A. & S. 222, R. i. 500. Curis-
que. Gr. 425. A. & S. 251. 501. Vultus. Gr. 402. III. A. ,V S.
211, R. 6. Melioris = more cheerful. Pervia tellus. See on
v. 487. 504. Stygio = Stygian ; i. e. beneath the earth, near the
infernal world. Labor = I flow. 506. Vultu. Gr. 429. A. & S.
250. i. 507. Maxima tlomina.
509. Ceu saxea as if petrified. 510. Attomtae = one
thunderstruck. Gr. 391. i and 2. 4) (2). A. & S. 222, R. i and K. 2
(b). Utque amentia = and when her deep stupor was banished
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK V. 407
by deep grief. 512. Vultu. See on v. 506. 513. Invidiosa is
used in an active sense = indignant ; full of wrath against Pluto.
515. Matris ; objective genitive. Gr. 396. II. A. & S. 211, R. 2. So
illius. 516. Moveat. Gr. 488. I. and 2. A. & S. 260, R. 6. So
sit. Neu partu = and do not, I pray, have less regard for her, be-
cause I am her mother. 518. Mihi. Gr. 388. 4. A. & S. 225.
II. 519, 520. Si certius = if you call it finding to lose more
certainly. Gr. 373 ; 550. A. & S. 230 and N. 3. So scire and
the second reperire. On sit, see Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. Rapta ;
sc. est. Gr. 558. V. 2. A. & S. 273. 5, R. (3) and N. 6. 521.
Reddat. Gr. 505. A. & S. 263. 2 (i). Praedone. See on v.
345. Marito. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204 and R. i (a). The idea is :
if my daughter does not deserve such a fate, surely your daughter
does not. 524. Mihi. Gr. 391. i. A. & S. 221, R. i. Si pla-
cet (sc. tibi, or nob is) = if you will only call things by their right
names. 525. Injuria. Gr. 362. A. & S. 210. So amor.
526. Nobis . . . pudori = a disgrace to us. Gr. 390. i. i). A. & S.
227. 527. Tu modo velis = if you will but consent to it ; i. e.
the marriage. See on reddat, v. 521. Ut cetera = were there
nothing else in his favor. Gr. 516. II. and i. A. & S. 262, R. 2.
528. Esse. Gr. 549. A. & S. 269 (b) and R. 2. Quid desunt
= but ^or, nay) other things are not wanting. " Qttid quod often in-
troduces a new and striking fact, when the literal translation would
perhaps be : what -would you say to the fact that ? but the idea may
often be more simply expressed by nay." Key's Lot. Gram, 1454. h.
529. Sorte. See on v. 368. 530. Discidii = of their separa-
tion, or divorce. Repetet. See on reddat, v. 521. 531. Lege =
condition. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 249. II. 532. Nam est = for
so it is enjoined by a decree of the Fates. Not even Jupiter could
change the decrees of the Fates. See on I. 256. 533. At est
= but Ceres is resolved : a construction like Gr. 388. II. A. & S.
225. II. Educere. Gr. 549 and i. A. & S. 269 and R. 2.
535. Simplex ; i. e. with no idea of the danger. 536. Puni-
ceum . . . pomum = a pomegranate. 537. Pallenti . . . cortice
its golden rind. Grana = the " grains " from which the fruit takes
its name, pomum granatnm. 538. Ex omnibus. Gr. 398. 4. 2).
A. & S. 212, R. 2, N. 4. So inter Nymphas. 540. Avernales
infernal ; from the pestilential lake Avernus, in Campania, which
was supposed to be an entrance to the lower world. Cf. Virg. A. VI.
106, 126, 201, etc. 541. Acheronte = Acheron ; one of the rivers
of the infernal regions, here spoken of as a god, the father of Asca-
laphus. Gr. 425 and i. A. & S. 246, R. 2. Purvis. See on v, 404.
542. Reditum (sc. Proserpina,:') ademit = prevented her return.
543. Profanam unhallowed, ill-omened. Some read profanum.
408 NOTES ON OVID.
544. Phlegethontide = of Phlegethon, another of the infernal
rivers. 546. Sibi ablatus = taken away from himself ; i. e. losing
Ms own form. Gr. 385. 4. A. & S. 224, R. 2. 547. Inque un-
gues = his head becomes disproportionately large, and his nails are
bent into long claws. Both nouns depend on /';/. 548. Per = by
means of. Some translate it "on" or "all over." 549. Cf. Virg.
A. IV. 462. 552. Vobis ; sc. sitnt. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. Ache-
loides = the Sirens, daughters of Achelous. Geratis. Gr. 518. I.
A. & S. 263. 5 and R. i. 554. Legeret. Gr. 518. i. A. & S. 263,
R. 2. 555. In is rarely found with mixlns, which generally takes
the ablative with or without cutn, or the dative. Cf. Virg. A. V. 470.
557. Curam solicitude ; i. e. in behalf of Proserpina. 559.
Facilesque habuistis = and found the gods favorable (to your
prayers). 561. Canor. The songs of the Sirens charmed all who
heard them. Mulceiidas. Gr. 562; 565. I. A. & S. 275. II. and
R. 3. 562. Deperderet Gr. 491. A. & S. 262. 563. Re-
mansit. Gr. 463. I. A. & S. 209, R. 12 (3). 564. Medius = as
mediator between. See on v. 409. 565. Ex aequo aetjnalitcr.
Volventem (sc. sf) = revolving. 568. Fades oris = both
her feelings and her looks. 569. Diti quoque = even to Pluto ;
who was the most gloomy of gods. 570. Ut Sol as the sun (is
joyful).
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK VI.
THE STORY OF NIOBE. Niobe was the daughter of Tantalus
and Dione, one of the Hyades. [See on III. 595.] She married
Amphion, king of Thebes, and had seven sons and seven daughters,
of whom she became so proud as to think herself superior to Latona
and her two children, Apollo and Diana. Plow she was punished
for her insolence the poet here tells us.
146. Lydia was a district of Asia Minor, in the middle of the
western side of the peninsula. Fremit = shudders ; i. e. at the pun-
ishment of Arachne, who had boasted that she could surpass Minerva
in weaving, and had been changed by the -goddess into a spider.
Phrygia lay to the east of Lydia. 148. Ante illam = before
her own marriage Niobe had known her ; i. e. Arachne. 149.
Maeoniam = Maeonia, the ancient name of Lydia. Sipylus was
a mountain of Lydia, and the ancient capital of Maeonia is said to
have had the same name. 150. Popularis = her countrywoman.
151. Cedere. Gr. 552. 2. A. & S. 273. z, y,. 4 (a) and (l>). So
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK VI. 409
uti. Verbis minoribus = less arrogant language. Gr. 419. I.
A. & S. 245. I. 152. Animos = pride. Sed enim = at vero.
Conjugis = Amphion, who was famous for his skill in music.
153. Genus. See vv. 172- 176. 154. Illi. 0^385. A. & S.
223, R. 2. Placerent. Gr. 515. I. A. & S. 263. 2. 156. Dicta
foret = dicta esset. Gr. 510. A. & S. 261. i. Si fuisset = if she
had not seemed to herself so (and been vain of it). 157. Tiresia
= Tiresias, a celebrated prophet of Thebes. Gr. 425. 3. i). A. & S.
245. Manto, also called Daphne, inherited her father's skill in
divination. 159. Ismeiiides = Thebaides (v. 163) ; from the
river Ismenus, which flows through Thebes. 160. Latona was
generally worshipped only in conjunction with her children. 161.
Lauro. The laurel was sacred to Apollo. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3.
The usual construction would be crinibusqtie innectite lauruin. [Gr.
386. i. A. & S. 224.] 162. Ore. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3.
Paretur. Gr. 301. 3. A. & S. 184. 2 (a) and (/;). 163. Jussis.
Cf. I. 399 ; III! 105. 165. Celeberrima = stipata. 166. Vesti-
bus. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i. Auro. Gr. 428. A. & S.
211, R. 6. 167. Quantum ira sinit restricts formosa. 169.
Alta ; i. e. haughtily erect. 170. Quis coelestes = what mad-
ness is this, to place gods of whom you have only heard before those
whom you have seen ? 171. Per here denotes, not the means, but
the wide extent, and = throughout. 172. Tantalus, king of Lydia,
or, as some say, of Argos, was invited to the table of the gods, but,
having divulged to men the secrets which he heard there, was pun-
ished in the lower world by being placed in a lake whose waters re-
ceded when he tried to relieve his burning thirst, while over his head
hung tempting fruits which ever eluded his grasp. Hence our word
tantalize. Auctor = pater. 173. Cui. 6^385. A. & S. 223, R. 2,
N. (l>). Licuit. Gr. 556. I. A. & S. 269, R. 2. 174. Pleiadum.
See on III. 595. Some legends make Taygete the mother of Xiobe.
Atlas. See IV. 632 - 662. 176. Jupiter was the father of Tan-
talus. Socero illo I boast him too as my father-in-law. Am-
phion was a son of Jupiter. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i. 177.
Cadmi = Cadmus, the founder of Thebes. See III. i - 130. 178.
Dornina. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. Fidibusque. The walls of
Thebes had risen to the music of Amphion's lyre. 181. Accedit
eodem = to this is added. 182. Dea. See on V. 345. Hue =
to this ; moreover. 183. Habeat. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. 185.
Quoque =et quo. Titanida; i. e. Latona, daughter of the Titan
Coeus. Coeo. See on Tiresia, v. 157. 186. Cui; i.e. Latonae.
187. Pariturae. When Latona was about to become a mother,
the jealous Juno bound all the countries of the earth by an oath not
to allow her a resting-place. 190. Dixit; sc. Ddos. Nepftme
410 NOTES ON OVID.
provided an asylum for Latona by raising the island Delos, which had
previously floated under the sea, and making it fast. Cf. Virgil, A.
III. 75 foil. 192. Uteri = offspring. 193. Neget. Gr. 486. II.
A. & S. 260, R. 5. So dubitet. 195. Cui. See on /'///, v. 154.
Fossit Gr. 501. IV. A. & S. 264. 4. 196. Eripiat Gr. 515. I. ;
516. II. I. A. & S. 262, R. 2. 197. Excessere = have gone be-
yond ; i. e. have precluded. Fingite meorum = suppose that
some part of this multitude of my children may be taken away from
me. On populo, see Gr. 385. 4. A. & S. 224, R. 2. 199. Spo-
liata = when thus bereaved. 200. This line is given up by most
of the commentators as hopelessly corrupt. Of the many readings,
no one is satisfactory, and the conjectures of the critics do not mend
the matter. Turba orba maybe translated : How far does she
differ from the childless multitude ? 201. Sacris. Gr. 422. 2.
A. & S. 255, R. 3 (b). So capillis. 202. Ponite definite, as
often. 203. Quodque licet = which is ail they can do (after the
royal prohibition).
204. Cynthi = of Cynthus ; a mountain in Delos, sacred to
Apollo and Diana. Hence they are often called Cynthins and Cynthia.
206. Vobis creatia = proud of having borne you. Gr. 431.
A. & S. 257. 208. Sim. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. 209. Nati.
Gr. 439. 2. i). A. & S. 205, R. 2 (i). 211. Tantalis *t the daughter
of Tantalus. 212. Quod = which (childlessness). Recidat. Gr.
488. I. A. & S. 260, R. 6. For the long antepenult, see Gr. 669. V.
A. & S. 307. 2 (i). 213. Paternam. See on v. 172. 217-
Tecti. See on v. 209. Cadmeida. See on v. 177. 219. As-
siduis. Gr. 443. 2. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (</). 221. Genitis. See
on V. 538. Amphione. See on Tiresia, v. 157. 222. Tyrio
BUCO = with the Tyrian juice ; a purple dye, for which the Tyrians
were famous, obtained from a shell-fish. 224. Qui fuerat =
who had been the first-born of his mother. 227. Mini. Gr. 389.
2. 2). A. & S. 228. 3. 228. Frenis. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257.
Manu. Gr. 422. 2. A. & S. 255, R. 3 (l>). 230. Inane. See on
IV. 621. Sonitu. See on v. 206. So nube, v. 232. 232. Rec-
tor; sc. navis. 233. Efflnat Gr. 491. A. & S. 262, R. 5.
235. Summa. See on IV. 659. Cervice. Gr. 422. i. 2). A. & S.
254, R. 3. 237. Ut promts = as he was bent forward. Per
admissa = along (or over) the swift neck ; i. e. the neck of the
swift horse. 241. Nitidae ; because the bodies of the wrestlers
were anointed with oil. 246. Solo. See on cervice, v. 235. 247.
A spondaic line. Gr. 672. 3. A. & S. 310. I and R. i. 248. La-
niata; "by anticipation." See on IV. 729. 250. Delius =
Apollo; from his native Delos. Uli. Gr. 398. 5. A. & S. 211, R.
5(1). 252. Simul = simul ac. Hamis = the barbed point Cf-
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK VIII. 411
V. 384. 254. Non modifies simplex. Damasichthona = Da-
masichthon. Gr. 93. A. & S. 80. I. 255. Qua poples ; i. e.
just below the knee. 258. tennis = the feathered part of the
arrow. Tenus. Gr. 602. II. A. & S. 241, R. i. 261. Precan-
do. Gr. 566. I. A. & S. 275, R. 4. 262. Dique . . . dixerat =
et dixerat : Di, etc. 263. Ignarus rogandos = ignorant that
not all need be propitiated. Gr. 229 ; 552. 3. A. & S. 162. 15 ; 270,
R. i (a). 265. Arciteiiens Apollo, the bearer of the bow. Cf.
Virg. A. III. 75.
268. Certam fecere ; in prose, certiorem feceruM. 269. Mi-
rantem superi = wondering that the gods could, angry that they
had dared, do this. Gr. 558. V. I and 2. A. & S. 273. 5 (3) and N.
7. 270. Haberent. Gr. 527. A. & S. 266. i. 272. Luce =
vita. 274. Latois = of Latona. 275. Resupina = alta, v. 169.
276. Invidiosa = envied. Cf. tins passive or objective use of the
word with the active or subjective, V. 513. Hosti. Gr. 388. I.
A. & S. 225. III. 277. Corporibus. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. Or-
dine. Gr. 414, 3. A. & S. 247. 2. 279. Liventia = livid ; from
beating. Cf. v. 248. 280. Dolore. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3.
281. This line is probably spurious. 283. Efferor = I am car-
ried to my grave ; I die in the death of my children. 284. Mis-
erae mini = to me even in my wretchedness. See on corporibus, v.
277. So/rafrf, v. 291. 285. Quoque = even. 289. Demisso
crine ; in token of grief. 291. Ore. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257.
294. Oraque pressit = did not close her mouth (even in death).
Sibi Gr. 385. 4. A. & S. 224, R. i. Exit = *rV. Cf. I. 200.
296. Videres. Gr. 486 and 4. A. & S. 260. II. and R. 2. 299.
Minimam ; sc. natn. 303. Diriguit she became rigid ; i. e.
petrified. Malis. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i. 305. Nihil
vivum = there is nothing of life in her appearance. 307. Con-
gelat = becomes stone. 3O8. Reddere gestus = to move.
311. Patriam. See on v. 149. Montis ; i. e. Sipylus. 312.
Lacrimas. Gr. 371. 3. A. & S. 232 (2).
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK VIII.
THE STORY OF DAEDALUS AND ICARUS, [vv. 183 -
235-1
Daedalus was an Athenian, distinguished for his skill 'in sculpture
and architecture. Being condemned to death for the murder of his
nephew Perdix, he fled with his son Icarus to Crete, where he was
protected by king Minos, and, among other works, constructed the
412 NOTES ON OVID.
famous labyrinth. After a time, he incurred the displeasure of the
king, who imprisoned him. How he escaped is told in the story
here given. Cf. Virg. A. VI. 14-33, and Hor. C. I. 3. 34; II. 20.
13 ; IV. 2. 2.
184. Exilium; i. e. his absence from his native Athens. 186.
Obstruat; sc. Minos. Gr. 515. I. A. & S. 263. 2 (i). 187.
Omnia possideat = even if he possesses everything else. Gr.
503. i. A. & S. 260, R. 3. 189. Naturamque novat = he re-
news nature ; imposes new laws upon nature. 190. Loiigam
sequente = ^ shorter following a longer one. As he begins with
the smallest, it would seem more natural to say brcvctn longiore.
191. Ut putes = so that you may (would) think that they have
(had) grown by regular ascent. Gr. 494. A. & S. 262 and R. i.
192. Aveuis. The shepherd's pipe was made of reeds or straws of
unequal length, joined together with wax. Cf. Virg. E. I. 2 ; III.,
25 ; V. 2, etc. 193. Medias et . . . imas = the middles and the
ends (of the feathers). Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. 195.
Imitetur. Gr. 491. A. & S. 262. 196. Tractare. Gr. 552. 3.
A. <X: S. 270, R. i. Pericla ; the effect for the cause. Gr. 705. II.
A. & S. 324. 2. 199. Mollibat Gr. 239. i. A. & S. 162. 2.
200. Manus ultima = the last touch. 203. Medio. See on
v. 193. Curras. Gr. 492. 2. A. & S. 262. So gravet and adurat.
204. Demissior. Gr. 443. 2. A. & S. 205, R. 15. So celsior.
206. Inter utrumque = between the two (extremes). Spec-
tare. Gr. 551. II. i. A. &S. 273. 2(d). Booten. See on II. 176.
207. Heliceii. See on II. 132, 171. Orionis of Orion, a promi-
nent southern constellation. Cf. Virgil, A. I. 535 ; III. 517 ; IV. 52.
208. Me duce. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257, R. 7 (a) and (l>). 213.
Ante. Gr. 436. A. & S. 235, R. 10. 215. Sequi Gr. 558. VI. 3.
A. & S. 273. 2 and (l>). Damnosas = perilous. 217. Arunditie.
Cf. calattto, III. 587. 218. Baculo. Gr. 419. II. A. & S. 245. II. i.
Pastor and arator are in apposition with aliquis. 219. Possent
Gr. 501. I. A. & S. 264. i. 220. Junonia ; because it was the
birthplace of Juno. Cf. Virg. A. I. 16. 221. Delos. See on III.
597 and VI. 190. Paros was an island in the Aegean, one of the
largest of the Cyclades. See on II. 264, and cf. Virg. A. III. 126.
222. Dextra is nominative with Lebynthos. Cf. III. 640. Le-
bynthus, or Lebinthus, and Calymne are small islands in the Aegean.
Melle. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. 223. Volatu. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S.
247. i (2). 224. Cupidine. Gr. 414. 2. 3) (2). A. & S. 247, R. 2 (o).
225. Rapid! = scorching. The word is derived from rafere, and
originally is nearly = rapax. Hence it is applied to devouring seas
and fires, and often, as here, to the sun. 228. Remigio. Cf. re-
migio alarum, Virg. A. I. 301; VI. 19. 230. The southeastern
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK VIII. 413
part of the Aegean was called mare Icarinm. 233. Dicebat, Gr.
469. II. A. & S. 145. II. i. 235. Tellus ; i.e. the island Icarus,
or Icaria (now Nicaria), in the Aegean, west of Samos. Sepulti ;
sc. Icari.
THE STORY OF PHILEMON AND BAUCIS, [vv. 619-
726.]
Pirithous, the son of -Ixion, had refused to believe that the gods
could change the forms of men ; whereupon Lelex, king of the Lo-
cri, relates the following story as one for the truth of which he can
vouch.
621. Dubites. Gr. 489. I. and 499. A. & S. 262 and R. 9.
623. Pelopeia. Pelops was driven out of Phrygia by Ilus, and fled
to Greece. Pittheus was one of the sons of Pelops. 624. Far-
enti. Gr. 388. 3. A. S. 225. II. 626. Celebres = abounding
in, frequented by. Cf. VI. 165. 628. Atlantiades = Mercury,
whose mother, Maia, was the daughter of Atlas. Cf. Virg. A. IV.
258, and Hor. C. I. 10. i. Caducifer. For a description of the
caduceus, or wand, of Mercury, see Virg. A. IV. 242-246. Alls. Gr.
431. A. S. 257. 629. Locum == shelter, lodging. 632. Ae-
tate. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. 633. Juncti = united (in
marriage). Amiis. Gr. 426. A. & S. 253. 634. Fateudo.
Gr. 566. I. A. & S. 275, R. 4. 635. Nee ferendam = and
not intolerable. 636. Nee refert = nor matters it. Gr. 408. 2.
A. & S. 219, R. 4. Requiras. Gr. 525 and 526. II. 2. A. & S.
265, and R. 2. 637. Tota sunt. Cf. I. 355. Idem. Gr. p.
61, foot-note, and 669. II. A. & S. 306, R. i (i). 638. Penates.
See on I. 174. 639. Submissoque postes = and with bent
head (i. e. stooping) entered the lowly door. 641. Quo = on
which. Textum = stragiilmn. 642. Inde hesternos = then
she raked open the warm embers on the hearth, and kindles up the
remnants of yesterday's fire. 644. Et auili and blew it into a
flame with her aged (feeble) breath. 646. Minuit = broke them.
648. Foliis. Gr. 425. 2. 2). A. & S. 251. Levat = takes
down. 649. Sordida suis = a dingy flitch of bacon ; sordida,
because hanging in 1 the smoke, which blackens the beam also.
Tigno. Gr. 422. 2. A. & S. 255, R. 3 (b). So clavo, \. 654. 651.
Domat = ;0///V ; i.e. boils it. 652. Madias horas = they
beguile the intervening hours with conversation. 654. Clavo . . .
ab ansa = from a nail by the handle. 655. Fovendos. Gr. 565.
3. 2). A. & S. 274, R. 7 (a). 657. Sponda salignis. Gr. 428.
A. & S. 211, R. 6. 659. Et = even. 660. Non indignanda
= not to be scorned by ; i. e. not out of keeping with. Lecto is
personified. Gr. 388. I. A. & S. 225. III. 662. In the Augustan
age, three-footed tables belong to the furniture of the poor. 665.
414 NOTES ON OVID.
The meal is after the Roman manner, but in the simplest style : first,
fruit, etc. to whet the appetite ; then the meal proper ; and, lastly,
the dessert. Bacca = the olive, sacred to Minerva. Sincerae =
chaste. Some understand Minenue = the olive (as Bacchus = vin-
um, Ceres =frumentum, etc.) and sinccrae, agreeing with it in that
secondary sense = recetitis, fresh, in distinction from condita =
preserved. Corna. See on I. 105. Faece <= sauce. 667. Lac-
tis coacti = curd. 668. Ova. The Romans usually began a
meal with eggs and ended it with fruit ; hence the proverb ab <n>o ad
mala = from the beginning to the end. 669. Orniiia fictilibus
= all things in earthern vessels. Gr. 422. I. 2). A. & S. 254, R. 3.
Eodem agrees with argento = (humorously) of the same silver ;
i. e. of clay ; but some consider it the adverb. Eadem argilla is the
reading of some editors, based on very slight manuscript authority.
670. Fago ; sc. dc. 671. Qua cava sunt; i.e. on the inside.
Illita. Gr. 651. 3 ; 654. A. & S. 284, Exc. I (2) (a), and 285. I.
672. Epulas. Sec vv. 648, 651. 673. Nee longae senectae
= not very old. The poor could afford only the cheap new wine.
Rursus some understand to be merely expletive, like " come back
again " == " come back," in colloquial English ; others translate, "is
removed again," having been taken away at the end of the first
course and brought back during the second. Referuiitur = aitfe-
runtur. 675. Palmis. See on V. 555. 679. Boni = kind.
Nee voluntas = and a ready and generous good-will. 681.
Per se . . . succrescere = renewing itself. 682. Attoiiiti.
See on VI. 209. Note the same principle in the use of dcmiiii, v.
686. 684. Nullis paratibus want of preparation. 685.
Custodia = custos ; the abstract for the concrete noun. So tulela,
v. 713. 687. Pemia.- Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. Aetate. Gr.
414. 2. A. & S. 247. i. 689. Necari. See on spectare, v. 206.
690. Dique . . . dixerunt = <Y di.\ -crunt : Di, etc. Cf. v. 203 ;
II. 33, etc. 691, 692. Impia. See v. 630. Immunibus. Gr.
547. II. A. & S. 205, R. 6. Esse. 545. 2. 2). A. & S. 239, R. i.
Mali. Gr. 399. 2. 2). A. & S. 213, R. 5 (3). 693. Ardua. Gr.
396. III. 2. 3) (3). A. & S. 212, R. 3, N. 4. 694. Ite simul ; sc.
nobisrum. 695. Levant = support. Tardi auiiis. Cf. v.
687. 696. Clivo. Gr. 422. i. 2). A. & S. 254, R. 3. 697.
Summo ; sc. monte = the summit. Cf. IV. 709. 700. Miran-
tur. Gr. 522. I. (i). A. & S. 263. 4 (2). 701. lUa duobus =
that old hut (which had been) small even for its two owners. 702.
Furcas columnae = columns took the place of the rude props
(that had supported the roof). 703. Stramina = the thatch.
704. Adopertaque tellus = and the ground (within) is paved
with marble. 705. Saturnius = Jupiter. See on V. 420. 706.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK X. 415
Conjuge. See on V. 345. 707. Optetis. Gr. 525. A. & S.
265. 710. Poscimus = we beg, entreat. 711. Auferat. Gr.
488. I. A. & S. 260, R. 6. So videam and sim tumulandus.
713. Vota sequitur = their prayer is fulfilled. Fuere = they
became. 714. Annis soluti = worn out with age. See on
aetate, v. 687. 715. Starent. Gr. 518. II. I. A. & S. 263, R. 2.
Locique casus = and were talking of the history of the place ;
i.e. the events here related. 716. Frondere = frondescere.
718. Crescente cacumine = as the tree-top grew. Gr. 431.
A. & S. 257. 719. Valeque. See on v. 690. 721. Tyaneius
= of Tyana, a town of Cappadocia. 722. Truncos =arborcs.
723. Noil vani = vertices. Vellent. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265, or
264. 7, N. 3. 725. Ponensque recentia = and placing fresh
garlands there myself. 726. Dis. Gr. 390, and 2. A. & S. 227
and R. 4. Qui coluntur = and those who have honored them
(the gods) are honored.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK X.
THE STORY OF ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. Orpheus
was the son of Oeagrus, king of Thrace, and the Muse Calliope.
Presented with the lyre by Apollo, and instructed by the Muses in its
use, he enchanted with its music not only the wild beasts, but the
very trees and rocks, which moved from their places to follow the
sound. The power of his music caused the Argonauts to seek his
aid, which contributed materially to the success of their expedition.
He married the nymph Eurydice, the legend of whose loss and re-
covery is here given.
1. Immensum. See on IV. 621. Croceo; the color invariably
associated with Hymen, who is called the " yellow-buskined god,"
the "saffron-robed," etc. The god is going from the nuptials of
Iphis and lanthe, in Crete, to those of Orpheus. 2. Ciconumque
= of the Cicones ; who lived in Thrace near the Hebrus. Hyme-
naeus. See on IV. 758. 3. Orphea = of Orpheus. Gr. 398. 2.
A. & S. 211, R. 4 (a). Nequicquam = in vain; since the mar-
riage was inauspicious. 4. Ille; i.e. Hymen. Sollennia verba =
the customary festive songs. 6. Fax. See on IV. 758, 759. Stri-
dula = hissing ; like damp wood that will not burn. 7. Nullos-
que igiies ; i. e. could not be kindled into a blaze by waving it in
the air. 8. Auspicio. Gr. 417. A. & S. 256. 2. Nupta nova
= Eurydice. 9. Naiadum = the Naiads ; the nymphs of fresh
41 6 NOTES ON OVID.
water, whether of rivers, lakes, or springs. - 11. Rhodopeius
Thracian ; from Rhodope, a mountain of Thrace. 12. Ne lion
tentaret = that he might not omit to try. Gr, 491. A. & S. 262.
13. Styga = the Styx; i.e. the infernal regions. See on I. 139.
Taenaria porta = by the Taenarian gate ; a cavern in Mt. Tae-
narum (the promontory now called Cape J/< //<//</;/), which was sup-
posed to lead to the lower world. 14. Leves = shadowy, ghostly.
Sepulcris. Gr. 419. I. A. & S. 245. I. 15. Persephoneii. Sec
on V. 470. Adiit See on I. 114. Inamoena = joyless. 16.
Dominum = Pluto. Fulsis . . . nervis = striking the harp-strings ;
i. e. as an accompaniment to his song. 18. Quicquid, in apposi-
tion with the subject of creamur, is more general, and therefore
more emphatic, than the masculine plural would have been. So
omnia, \. 32. 20. Viderem. See on v. 12. So viiicirem. 22.
Medusae! . . . monstri = Cerberus ; the three-headed dog, guar-
dian of the entrance to Hades, called " Medusa-like " from his snaky
hair. Hercules had bound him and dragged him to the upper world.
Cf. Virg. VI. 395, 417-423. 24. Cresceutesque aniios = took
her away in her youth. With abstiilit, supply cui from /'// quain. Gr.
385. 4. A. & S. 224, R. 2. 25. Pati = to bear this, to be re-
signed. Gr. 552. i. A. & S. 271, N. i and R. 4. Tentasse. Gr.
551. I. A. & S. 272, N. i. 26. Supera . . . ora = in the upper
world. Deus = Amor, or Cupid. 27. An hie = whether he is
(known) even here. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. Esse ; sc. cum. See on
tentasse, v. 25. 28. Rapinae'; i.e. the carrying away of Proser-
pina. See V. 341 foil. 29. Per, in oaths, is often separated from
its object. Cf. 111.658. 30. Chaos. See on II. 299. It is here
put, as often, for the lower world. 31. Froperata fata = un-
ravel the thread of her premature fate. The furaie, or Fates, were
represented as spinning the thread of human destiny. Some make
rctcxite = weave anew. The difference is slight. 32. Omiiia. See
on v. 1 8. Some read debentur, and the weight of authority is, per-
haps, in favor of it ; but we prefer dcbeinnr. The change of gender
in morati is natural enough, though some have wished to make it
niorata. 36. Haec ; i. c. Enrydice. Juris. Gr. 401 ; 402. I.
A. & S. 211, R. 8 (2). 37. Usum = her society. 38. Veuiam
= this favor. Certum mihi. I am resolved not to return. See
on V. 533. The use of nolle is akin to that in prohibitions. Gr.
535. i. 3). A. & S. 267, R. 3. 39. Leto. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S.
247. i. 40. Ad (as in v. i6) = in accompaniment to. 41. Tail-
talus. See on VI. 172. Captavit tried to seize. 42. Ixi-
onis orbis = the wheel of Ixion, king of the Lapithae, who, for at-
tempting to win the love of Juno, was chained in Tartarus to a wheel
which revolved forever. 43. Jecur = the liver; i.e. of Tityus, a
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK X. 417
giant, who, having offered violence to Diana, was cast into Tartarus,
where he lay outstretched on the ground, with two vultures devouring
his liver, which grew as fast as it was consumed. Cf. Virg. A. VI. 595 -
600. 44. Belides = the Danaides, daughters of Danaus, the son of
Uelus, who, for the murder of their husbands, were doomed to draw
water in sieves to fill a leaky cask. Sisyphus was an avaricious and
cruel king of Corinth, who was punished in Hades by having to roll
up hill a huge stone which rolled back again as soon as it reached
the top. The music of Orpheus wins a respite for all these wretches.
4G. Eumenidum ; one of the Greek names of the Furies. It
means " the benevolent goddesses " ; a mere euphemism to avoid call-
ing the fearful beings by their real name. Conjux ; i. e. Proserpina.
47. Oranti ; sc. ei. Gr. 385. A. & S. 223, R. 2. 50. Rhodo-
peius. See on v. 1 1. 51. Ne depends on the command implied in
lecem, Gr. 558. VI. A. & S. 273. 2. 51. A.vernaa = infernas.
See on V. 540. 52. Aut = or else ; '' in opposition to a condition
alluded to, but not completely expressed." Futura ; sc. sint, de-
pending on the implied ut. 56. Ne deficeret = lest she should
fail (from fatigue). Gr. 492. 4 and i). A. & S. 262 and R. 7. Vi-
dendi. Gr. 563. i. 2). A. & S. 275. III. R. i and (2). 60. Quic-
quam. Gr. 380 and 2. A. & S. 232 (3) and N. 2. 61. Quere-
retur. Gr. 486. II. A. & S. 260, R. 5. Amatam ; sc. esse. Gr.
551. III. A. & S. 273, N. 7. 62. Supremum. Gr. 438. 3.
A. & S. 205, R. 8. 63. Acciperet = could catch. Gr.486. III.
A. S. 260. II. 64. Nece. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i (2). 65.
Medio ; sc. collo = his middle neck. 66. Canis ; i. e. Cerberus,
when Hercules dragged him to the upper world. See on v. 22.
67. Saxo. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. 68. The second illustration
is that of Olenus. Nothing is known of the story except from this
passage. Lethaea seems to have offended the gods by boasting of
her beauty, and her husband to have wished to take the blame upon
himself, and both to have been turned to stone. Quique Oleuos =
et (guam) Olenos (stupnit) qui. So tuque. 69. Figurae. Gr.
419. 4. 2). A. & S. 245. II. R. i. 71. Fectora. Gr. 705. III.
A. & S. 324. 3. Cf. Virg. A. II. 349. Ide. See on II. 218. 73.
Portitor; i. e. Charon, who ferried shades across the Styx. Cf.
Virg. A. VI. 298 - 304. 74. Cereris munere = without food.
76. Esse. See on v. 61. 77. Aquilouibus. See on I. 262.
Haemon. See on II. 219.
4l8 NOTES ON OVID.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK XI.
THE STORY OF THE DEATH OF ORPHEUS, [vv. i -
84.] After the loss of Eurydice, Orpheus wandered among the woods
and mountains, singing of his bereavement. The beasts and the
birds gathered about him, and even the trees followed him, charmed
by the magic of his voice and lyre.
Tale nemus vates attraxcrat, ingue ferarum
Concilia medius turba volucrumque sedcbat.
At this point, the narrative in the text begins.
3. Nurus = M//(?r. Cf. II. 366. Ciconum. See on X. 2. Lym-
phata = frantic ; i.e. carried away with Bacchic fury. Strictly, it
means nymf/ioleptic, or made insane by seeing the image of a nymph
in the water. Lympha and nynipha are originally the same word.
4. Pectora. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. 5. Percussis nervis.
Cf. X. 16, 40. 7. Nostri. Orpheus in his grief had shunned the
society of women. 8. Apollinei. See on Orfkea, X. 3. 9.
Foliis. The hasta was a thyrsus, a staff twined with ivy and vine-
leaves, carried by Bacchus and his votaries. See v. 28, and III. 667.
13. Sed eiiim. See on VI. 152. 14. Abiit ; final syllable
lengthened by the caesura. Erinnys, or Erinys. See on I. 241.
15. Forent = essent. Gr. 486. I. A. & S. 260. II. or 261, R. 4,
the condition being implied in Bed, etc. 16. Berecyntia ; from
Berecyntus, a mountain in Phrygia, sacred to the goddess Cybele.
Cf. Virg. A. VI. 785. The instruments used in her worship were
adopted in the Bacchic orgies also. The Berecyntian pipe was
curved like a horn ; hence inflate cornu ; sc. ejus. 17. Bacchei ;
the final syllable not elided. Cf. Virg. G. I. 281, 436 ; A. IV. 667,
etc. See on X. 3. 18. Sono. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. Turn
denique = tiun demuni. 21. See Introduction to this story.
22. Maenades Bacchantes ; from fmlvofjiai, to be mad. Titu-
lum gloria m. Rapuere = attacked ; hence cruentatis dextris.
Theatri ; i. e. the audience of beasts and birds. Theatrum is often
put for the persons in the theatre. Gr. 705. II. A. & S. 324, 2. 23.
Inde. After tearing in pieces the animals which had thronged about
Orpheus, they turn against the minstrel himself. Vertuntur ; used
reflexively, as often. 24. Luce = by day. Cf. Virg. A. IV. 186.
25. Noctis avem = the night-owl. Structoque theatre =
in the amphitheatre ; which, being circular, while the theatre was
semi-circular, may be described as a " theatre built up on both sides,"
or a double theatre. 26. Matutina. The fights of wild beasts
were the morning performance in the Roman theatre. Gr. 443. 2.
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK XL 419
A. & S. 205, R. 15 (a). Cervus. After cocunt, ut, we should ex-
pect canes as the subject ; but the change of construction does not
seem to us so "awkward" as some of the critics have considered it.
28. Non factos = not made for such a use. Cf. Virg. A. IV.
647. 30. Neu furori = and that they may not want for weap-
ons in their frenzy. Gr. 491. A. & S. 262. Neu, as often in Ovid,
= et ne. 31. Presso. Cf. dcpresso aratro, Virg. G. I. 45. Subige-
bant. Cf. I. 103 and Virg. G. I. 125. 32. Fructum; i.e. the
future harvest. 34. Agmine ; i. e. the Bacchantes. 35. Arma =
the tools, implements. 36. Graves. Cf. iniquo pondere and gravi-
ties, Virg. G. I. 164, 496. For sarculaqne, see on I. 114. 38.
Divellere = have torn in pieces. Fata = caedem. 41. Sacri-
legae; since Orpheus was of divine descent, and a favorite of Apollo
and the Muses. 42. Saxis. Gr. 388. 4. A. & S. 225. II. 43.
In ventos. Cf. Virg. A. IV. 705. 47. Comam. Gr. 3$e.
A. & S. 234. II. Lacrimis suis were swollen with their own
tears. 43. Obscuraque pullo their robes (or mantles)
dark with mourning. Pullo is used as a noun. Carbasa ; the ma-
terial for the thing made of it Gr. 705. III. A. & S. 324. 3. 49.
Dryades = the wood-nymphs. See on I. 192. Passes ; from
panders. 50. Diversa locis. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I. Cf. I.
173. Hebre. See on X. 2 and II. 257. 52. Nescioquid = I
know not what ; i. e. something. The phrase is equivalent to an ac-
cusative after queritur. Gr. 371. 3. i). A. & S. 234 (2) and N. i.
54. Invectae ; sc. lingua et lyra. Flumen populare = his
native river; i.e. the Hebrus. 55. Litore. Gr. 419. I. A. & S.
245. I. Lesbi = Lesbos (called Methymmzan from Methymna, one
of its chief cities) ; a large and important island, in the Aegean, off
the coast of Mysia. Cf. Milton, in Lycidas :
What could the Muse herself, that Orpheus bore,
The Muse herself, for her enchanting son,
Whom universal nature did lament,
When by the rout that made the hideous roar
His gory visage down the stream was sent,
Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore ?
56. Arenis. Gr. 422. i. 2). A. & S. 254, R. 3. 57. Rore ==
aqua. 58. Tandem = at last ; not earlier, as might have been
expected. 60. Congelat is here transitive. Cf. VI. 307. 61.
Terras. Gr. 371. 4. A. & S. 233 (3). Ante = before ; i.e. when
he had gone thither in search of Eurydice. See X. 13 foil. 62.
Arva piorum = the Elysian Fields. 63. Ulnis = arms. See ref.
on carbasa, v. 48. 65. Anteit. Gr. 669. II. 2. A. & S. 306. i.
66. Tuto ; i.e. without fear of losing her. See X. 51 foil. 67.
Lyaeus = Bacchus ; i. e. (Avatos) he who frees from care. Cf. Liber,
420 NOTES ON OVID.
III. 636. 68. Suorum. According to some of the legends, Or-
pheus had introduced the orgiastic worship of Bacchus into Thrace.
69. Edonidas = Thracian ; from the Eiioni, or Kdoucs, a people
of Thrace, noted for their devotion to Bacchus. 70. Quae nefas
= \vho saw (had seen) the impious deed. Several MSS. rezAfeetre,
which is preferred by some modern critics. Radice. Gr. 414. 4.
A. & S. 247. 3. 71. In secuta = as far as each had pursued ;
i.e. where each had halted in the pursuit of Orpheus. Some make
it = (fiiotqitot secittue sunt, as many as had pursued him. One editor
frankly says that he does not understand the passage ; and another
shows that he does not by translating : (Fiisse) -wotnit cine jcde il.m
gefoLy war; i.e. with which (feet) each had followed him! 72.
Traxit = lengthened. 73. The prose order would be : et tit volu-
cris, ji/'i cms sttum laqueis, quos callithis aitreps abdidit, commisit ct
teneri se sensit, plangititr, etc. Laqueis. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224.
.75. Ac motu = and fluttering tightens the cords by its motion;
i. e. its efforts to escape. 78. Exsultantem exstilfarc aviantem.
79. Sint. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. 80. Adspicit suras =
she sees wood take the place of her rounded limbs. 82. Fiuiit.
Gr. 462. 2. A. & S. 209, R. 9. 84. Putes. Gr. 486. I. A. & S.
260. 1 1. and R. 4. So fallare.
THE STORY OF MIDAS, [vv. 85-193.1 86. Choro =
cohors, v. 89. i. e. train, retinue. Tymoli Tymolus, or Tmolus, a
a mountain in Lydia. Sui ; because of the vineta. 87. Fac-
tolon = the Pactolus, a river of Lydia, rising on Tmolus, famous for
its golden sands. 88. Invidiosus = envied, or enviable. See on
VI. 276. Arenis. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. i. 89. Hunc ; i. e.
Bacchus. Satyri = Satyrs. See on I. 193. Bacchae = Bac-
chantes. 90. Silenus. The older Satyrs were generally called
Silent, but one of these is commonly the Silenus, who always attends
Bacchus, and is said to have been his foster-father. lie is described
as a jovial old man, bald, fat, generally drunk, riding on an ass, or
supported by other Satyrs. 92. Regem ; sc. Plirygiac. Orpheus.
See on v. 68. 93. Cecropio Eumolpo = Athenian Eumolpus ;
a bard of Thracian birth, who spent much of his life in Attica, where
he introduced the worship of Ceres and Bacchus. Here, as in some
other legends, he is associated with Orpheus. There are so many
conflicting stories about him that some of the ancients supposed that
there were several Eumolpi. The final syllable of Cecropio is not
elided, and the line is spondaic. See on v. 17, and on I. 117. Ce-
cropio, from Cecrops, first king of Attica and founder of Athens.
94. Qui ; i. e. Midas. 95. Adventu. Gr. 414. 2 and 3). A. & S.
247 and R. 2 (a). 97. Cf. II. 114. 98. Lucifer, like Aurora,
is often = dies. Cf. Virg. A. V. 65. 99. Alumno = Bacchus, who
METAMORPHOSES. BOOK XI. 421
is represented as ever youthful. 100. Huic = Midas. Optandi.
Gr. 562 and i. A. & S. 275. II. Inutile = pernicious ; as it proved.
102. Donis. Gr. 419. 1. A. & S. 245. I. 103. Vertatur. Gr.
493. 2. A. & S. 262, R. 4. 104. Solvit = bestows. 105. Petis-
set. Gr. 234. I ; 520. II. A. & S. 162. 7 (a) ; 266. 3. 106.
Berecyntius heros ; i. e. Midas. See on v. 16. 107. Fidem . . .
tentat = tests the truth. 108. The order is : non alta ilice vir-
gam fronde virentem dctraxit. Fronde. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I.
110. Humo. Gr. 424. 2. A. & S. 255, R. i. 112. Massa; sc.
aurea, or anri. Cereris = of wheat. Cf. Virg. A. I. 177. 114. Hes-
peridas putes = you would think that the Hesperides had given
it to him. The Hesperides were the guardians of the golden apples
which Terra gave to Juno at her marriage with Jupiter. See on IV.
637. For putes, see on v. 84. So posset, v. 117. 117. Danaeii :
an allusion to the golden shower in which Jupiter visited Danae. See
on IV. 61 1. 118. Vix capit = scarcely can he grasp in thought
his own hopes. Fingeiis = as he imagines. 120. Tostae frugis
= corn roasted (and ground, and made into bread}. Gr. 409. i.
A. & 8.220.3. Cf. Virg. G. I. 267; A. I. 179. 121. Cerealia
munera. Cf. X. 74. 123. Dente. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3.
124. Dente. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. Fremebat = covered.
125. Auctorem muneris = Bacchus ; i.e. wine. Cf. v. 112, and
see on VIII. 665. Undis = aqua. See on V. 555. 126. Vi-
deres. Gr. 486. I. and 4. A. & S. 260. II. R. 2, or 261, R. 4. 128.
Voverat = had prayed for. 130. Meritus. Gr. 443. A. & S.
205, R. 15. Auro. Gr. 414. 2. 3). A. & S. 247 and R. 2 (a).
133. Specioso damno = this splendid wretchedness. 134. Mite
deum (= Jeorum) numen = mitis dens. Cf. Virg. A. II. 623, 777.
135. Restituit = restored him ; i. e. to his former nature. Fac-
taque solvit = and revokes the gift he had bestowed in fulfilment
of his promise. In v. 104, munera solvit means "fulfils his promise
concerning the gift," or frees himself from his obligation by bestowing
it ; here it means " frees Midas from the gift." In both cases solvere
has its original meaning, "to loosen, unbind, or release." 136.
Neve . . . ait = et ait: JVe, etc. Cf. I. 151 ; II. 33, etc. Maneas.
Gr. 491. A. & S. 262. 137. Sardibus = Sardes, or Sardis, the
capital of Lydia. Amnem ; i. e. the Pactolus. See on v. 87. 138.
Perque viam = and take your way along the height of the bank,
up the stream. Undis. Gr. 391. A. & S. 222, R. i (b). 139.
Venias. Gr. 522. II. A. & S. 263. 4. 140. Fonti. Gr. 386. i.
A. & S. 224, N. i. Plurimus = maximtts. Cf. Virg. A. I. 419.
141. Corpusque crimeri = while you bathe your body, wash
away your fault. Cf. Virg. A. VI. 741. 142. Jussae. Cf. I. 399;
VI. 163, etc. Vis aurea ; i. e. the power of changing everything to
422 NOTES ON OVID.
gold, which in v. 141 is called trimen, because he owed it to his own
folly. 144. Jam veteris now ancient. Venae; sc. aurcae.
145. Auro pallentia. Cf. v. no. Madidis glebis = in theit
moist clods.
147. Pana= Pan the great god of flocks and shepherds, and of
everything connected with pastoral life. His worship was associated
with that of Bacchus and the Nymphs. 148. Pingue = dull,
stupid. Ut ante ; i. e. when he wished to change what he touched
to gold. 149. Domino. Gr. 385. A. & S. 223, R. 2. 151.
Clivoque utroque = and sloping on either side. 152. Sar-
dis was at the foot of the mountain to the north, Hypaepa to the
south. 153. Jactat = boasts. 154. Cerata aruiidine. See
on VIII. 192. Modulatur = accompanies. 155. Prae se =
prae suis (cantibus) = in comparison with his own music. 156.
Tmolo ; i. e. the god of the mountain, who acted as judge of the
contest. Impar ; since Apollo was the god of music. 158. He
removes the trees, as one pushes back his hair from his ears, that he
may hear the better. Caerula; suggested probably by the azure
hue of mountains seen in the distance. 161. Calamis. See on
VIII. 192. Gr. 414. 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 162. Barbarico ; i. e.
Phrygio. Aderat = he was present; with many others, as appears
from v. 173. Canenti; sc. ei. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. 163.
Hunc ; i. e. Pan. Sacer ; as the god of the mountain. So sancti,
v. 172. 164. Sua. Gr. 449. 2. A. & S. 208 (7). 165. Caput
Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. Lauro. See on I. 106. Parnaside.
See on I. 317. 166. Murice. See on I. 332. 167. Distinctam
set, inlaid. Dentibus India; i.e. ivory (from India). 168.
Laeva; sc. maim. 169. Artificis fuit his very attitude
shows the artist. 171. Submittere = acknowledge to be inferior.
174. Delius = Apollo ; from Delos, his birth-place. See on VI.
190. 175. Retinere. Gr. 551. II. i. A. & S. 273. 4. 176.
Trahit in spatium lengthens them. 177. Inao = ima farte.
Posse moveri (= the power of motion) is the object of dat ; a
poetical construction. 178. Hominis. Gr. 401. A. & S. 211, R.
8 (3). In = in regard to. 179. Aures. Gr. 374. 7. A. & S. 234,
R. i (). 180. Pudore; the effect for the cause. Gr. 705. II.
A. & S. 324. 2. 181. Tiaris tiara ; a Phrygian head-dress, cov-
ering the cheeks, and fastened under the chin. Cf. Virg. A. IV. 216.
186. Adspexerit. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. 187. Voce
haustae = in a low voice tells and whispers to the hole. Terrae
haustae loco unde terra haitsta crat. 190. Creber coepit =
there a thick growth of rustling reeds began to rise. Arundiuibus.
Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. 192. Agricolam ; i.e. the servant.
The humor of the expression has been lost on most of the critics,
TRISTIA. BOOK IV. 423
some of whom have written long and dull notes to explain and jus-
tify it, while others have wasted their ingenuity on conjectural emen-
dations, like arcanum, agricolis, auriculas, etc.
TRISTIA. BOOK IV.
ELEGY X. In this poem, written during his exile, the author
gives us a sketch of his life and fortunes. [See Life of Ovid, p.
365.]
For the measure of the poem, see Gr. 676. A.-& S. 311.
1. Ille. Gr. 450. 5. A. & S. 207, R. 24. Qui fuerim depends
on noris. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. Lusor = singer. Amorum ;
referring to the Amores, etc. See Life. 3. Sulmo ; a town of the
Peligni, in the country of the Sabines, about ninety miles northeast
of Rome. It was situated on two small mountain streams, the water
of which was very cold. Hence gelidis uberriinus tindis. 4. The
Roman mile Was 4,854 English feet, or about nine tenths of the Eng-
lish mile. 6. In the year 43 B. C., the consuls Aulus Hirtius and
C. Vibius Pansa were sent with Octavianus against Antony, who was
besieging U. Brutus at Mutina. Pansa was defeated by Antony, and
died of a wound received in the battle. Hirtius retrieved this dis-
aster by defeating Antony, but he also fell while leading an assault
on the besieger's camp. 7. Si quid id est = if that is anything;
meaning that it is something to boast of. Many passages .in his
poems show that Ovid was proud of his family. Cf. Amor. III. 15.
5 ; Ep. ex Pont. IV. 8. 17. Ordinis ; sc. equestris, implied in the fol-
lowing eques. 8. Fortuna munere ; i. e. by the possession of a
fortune of 400 sestertia, which under the law of L. Roscius Otho
(passed A. U. C. 687), entitled a person to equestvian privileges.
11. Lucifer idem; i. e. we both had the same birthday. See on
Met. XI. 98. 12. The libitm was a cake offered to the Genius
(the attendant spirit, or " guardian angel," of the person), on birth-
days. 13. Haec solet = this is the first of the five days sacred
to the warlike Minerva, which is bloody with the fight of gladiators ;
i. e. the second day of the Qitinquatria, a festival in honor of Miner-
va, held on the igth of March and the four following days. Of the
first day Ovid (Fasti, III. 811) says: Sanguine frima vacat, nee fas
concurrere ferro ; but on the others there were shows of gladiators.
16. Iiisignes ab arte = distinguished for learning. Eloqui-
um = eloquentiam. Tendebat = inclined to ; had a bent for.
424 NOTES ON OVID.
19. Coelestia sacra; i. e. the worship of the Muses. 22. Mae-
onides = Homer ; from Maeonia, where he was said to have been
born. See on Met. VI. 149. 23. Helicone. See on II. 219.
24. Verba modis = words free from measure ; i. e. prose. 28.
Liberior toga ; i. e. the toga virilis, for which the boy of noble birth,
at about the age of fifteen, exchanged the toga fracttxta. He then
ceased to be an in/tins, and entered on the legal rights of manhood.
Hence liberior. For the datives, see Gr. 388. 4. A. S. 225. II.
29. The latus davits, or broad purple stripe down the front of the
tunic, was the badge of senatorial rank. Augustus, however, allowed
the sons of senators, and, in some cases, of eqitites whose fortunes
equalled that of senators, to wear the latns davits, when they as-
sumed the toga virilis. 32. Cf. Hor. C. II. 17. 5. 34. Deque
fui = and I became one of the Triumviri ; i. e. the Triumviri
Capitales, whose duty it was to inquire into all capital crimes, and
who had the care of public prisons. 35. Curia est = the sen-
ate was now open to me, but (not desiring to enter it) I laid aside the
latus davits. When a young eques was allowed to wear the latus
davits (see on v. 29), he gave it up on reaching the age when he was
admissible into the senate, if he did not desire to become a senator,
and assumed the angustus davits, the badge of the equestrian order.
36. Onus ; i. e. the senatorship. 38. Fugax, in poetry, some-
times takes a genitive of the thing which is shunned. 39. Aoniae
Sorores = the Muses ; since Helicon and Aganippe, their favorite
haunts, were in Aonia, or Boeotia. See on I. 313. 40. Otium
often denotes freedom from the cares of public life. 44. Macer;
i. e. Aemilius Macer, who wrote a poem, or poems, now lost, upon
birds.^ serpents, and medicinal plants. He was born at Verona,
and was a friend of Virgil's. On the subjunctives, see Gr. 525.
A. & S. 265. 45. S. Aurelius Propertius, the poet, was born
about B. C. 51. Little is known of his life. As an elegiac poet, he
ranks very high, and, among the ancients, it was a disputed point
whether the preference should be given to him or to Tibullus. Ig-
nes; i.e. love-poems. 47. Ponticus ; a poet, less noted, who
wrote on the Theban War in hexameter (heroo) verse. Bassus ;
a poet mentioned also by Propertius. lambo = iambic verse.
48. Dulcia mei; i.e. were favorites in my circle of friends.
49. Nunierosus Horatius = the tuneful Horace. 50. Ausoiiia
= Italian. See on Met. V. 350. 51. Ovid was twenty-four years old
when Virgil died, but the latter had resided for some years at Naples.
Albius Tibullus, the elegiac poet, died in the same year with Virgil,
or soon after. The poetry of his contemporaries shows him to have
been a gentle and singularly amiable man. 53. C. Cornelius Gal-
lus, born about B. C. 66, was an intimate friend of Virgil, Varus,
TRISTIA. BOOK IV. 425
Ovid, and other eminent men of his time, and highly esteemed as a
poet ; but none of his works have come down to us. 54. The series
of elegiac poets, according to Ovid, is, therefore : Gallus, Tibul-
lus, Propertius, Ovidius. 56. Thalia mea = my muse. Thalia,
at least in later times, was " the Muse of comedy and of merry and
idyllic poetry." 57. Populo legi ; i.e. in public, either in the
Forum or the baths. The practice had become a common one at
the time here referred to. 60. The real name of the Coriuna,
celebrated in the Amores of Ovid, is not known to us. Sidonius
Apollinaris says that she was Julia, the daughter of Augustus, and
some modern scholars think this not improbable. 63. Quum fu-
gerem = when I went into exile. Placitura = which would per-
haps have pleased. At this time he burned the Metamorphoses. See
Life. 64. Studio. Gr. 391. i. A. & S. 222, R. I.
65. Molle telis = susceptible and by no means proof against
the arrows of Cupid. 66. Moveret. See ref. on v. 44. 67.
Essem is subjunctive after qnnrn causal. Hie = such ; i. e. thus
susceptible. 68. Fabula = scandal. 69 - 72. See Life. 73.
Ultima. She was connected with the noble house of the Fabii and
also with the imperial family. 74. Conjux. Gr. 547. I. A. & S.
271, N. 2. 75, 76. Filia avum; i.e. his daughter, Perilla, was
twice married, and had a child by each husband. 77, 78. Since a
lustrum is a period of five years, Ovid's father had reached the age
of ninety. 79. Me. Gr. 371. 3. i). A. & S. 232 (2) and N. i.
Some editors read, me . . . adempto. 80. Proxima justa = the
last honors. His mother died soon after her husband. 83. Me.
Gr. 381 and i. A. & S. 238. 2. 84. Nihil. Gr. 380. 2. A. & S.
232 (3). 85. Si restat ; i. e. if death is not annihilation ; if the
soul is immortal. 86. Gracilis = thin, insubstantial. Cf. In'cs
fopulos, Met. X. 14. 89, 90. Causam jussae fugae = that the
cause of my banishment. Errorem. Ovid says again and again
that his offence was an error, not a crime. See Life. 91. Studi-
osa (sc. mei) = devoted. 92. Pectora. See on Met. X. 71. It
would seem from this line that friends had requested him to write this
sketch of his life. 94. Antiquas ; i. e. gray. 95, 96. Pisaea
equus ; i. e. ten times had the horses won the prize in the Olympian
races. The Olympian games were celebrated, once in four years,
near Pisa, in Elis. Ovid here (as in Ep. ex Pont. IV. 6. 5, where he
uses the, expression, quinqucnnis Olympias} makes the Olympiad
equal to the Roman lustrum (see on v. 78). He was fifty-one years
old at the time of his banishment. 97. See Life. 101. Ovid re-
peatedly complains of the treachery of those about him. Cf. Ep. ex
Pont. II. 7. 62 : Ditata est spoliis perfida turba mcis. -106. Cepi
arma = I took up the arms of my situation ; i. e. I met the change
426 NOTES ON OVID.
bravely. 108. The hidden pole is the Southern ; .the visible, the
Northern. Cf. Virg. G. I. 242 foil. 110. Sarmatis ora = the
Sarmatian shore. Sarmatia was the general name for the northeast-
ern part of Europe and the northwestern part of Asia. The Danube
separated it from Thrace, just within whose boundaries the Getae
lived. 111. Circumsoner. Gr. 516. II. and 3. Some editors
read circumsonor. Compare ijiianiris . . . est, v. 113. 113. Refera-
tur. Gr. 501. I. A. & S. 264. 7. 116. Lucia = vitae. 117.
Gratia . . . tibi is thy favor ; i. e. I owe to thee. The subject of
the sentence is the clause depending on quod. 119. Ab Istro =
from the Danube ; i. e. from this place of exile. For the change of
number in nos . . . mihi, see Met. V. 517, 518 ; XI. 132, 133, etc.
120. Helicone. See on v. 23. 122. Ab exsequiis =/>ost exse-
quias. 123. Detrectat praesentia; i.e. depreciates the works
of living authors. 124. Nostris ; sc. operibus. 128. Plui imus.
See on Met. XI. 140. 130. Protinus tuus ; i.e. though I die,
I shall not be forgotten. Cf. Hor. C. II. 7. 21 ; III. 30. 6. Cf. also
the closing verses of the Metamorphoses :
J unique t>f>iis peregi quad ncc *Jm>is ira nee ignci
\fc fi'frrit femiiii nrc eitnx al>alcre vetnstas.
Qnum -'ol,'t ilia liii-s qiiac nil nisi carports hit/us
Jus hain't ', incerti sfxitium miltifiniat acvi ;
rartf ttimcn meliore mei safer altn perennis
Astra fcrar n">tif>iqne rrrt hideli-hilc nastiitm,
Quaque fatct domitis Roma mi patent in tern's
Ore legtir populi, perque omnia saeciila fama,
Si quid kabent veri vatum praesagia, vivam I
THE LIFE OF VIRGIL.
P. VIRGILIUS (or VERGILIUS) MARO, was born on the I5th of Octo-
ber, B. C. 70, in the first consulship of Cn. Pompeius Magnus, and M.
Licinius Crassus, at Ancles, a small village near Mantua in Cisalpine
Gaul. The tradition, though an old one, which identifies Andes with
the modern village of Pietola, may be accepted as a tradition, without
being accepted as a truth. The poet Horace, afterwards one of his
friends, was born B. C. 65 ; and Octavianus Caesar, afterwards the
Emperor Augustus, and his patron, in B. C. 63, in the consulship of
M. Tullius Cicero. Virgil's father probably had a small estate which
he cultivated : his mother's name was Maia. The son was educated
at Cremona and Mediolanum (Milan), and he took the toga virilis at
Cremona on the day on which he commenced his sixteenth year, in B.
C. 55, which was the second consulship of Cn. Pompeius Magnus
and M. Licinius Crassus. It is said that Virgil subsequently studied
at Neapolis (Naples), under Parthenius, a native of Bithynia, from
whom he learned Greek ; and the minute industry of the grammarians
has pointed out the following line (Georg. I. 437) as borrowed from
his master :
Glauco et Panopeae et Inoo Melicertae.
He was also instructed by Syron, an Epicurean, and probably at
Rome. Virgil's writings prove that he received a learned education,
and traces of Epicurean opinions are apparent in them. His health
was always feeble, and there is no evidence of his attempting to rise
by those means by which a Roman gained distinction, oratory and
the practice of arms. Indeed, at the time when he was born, Cisal-
pine Gaul was not included within the term " Italy," and it was not
till B. C. 89 that a Lex Pompeia gave even the Jus Latii to the in-
habitants of Gallia Transpaclana, and the privilege of obtaining the
Roman civitas by filling a magistrates in their own cities. The Ro-
man civitas was not given to the Transpadani till B. C. 49. Virgil,
therefore, was not a Roman citizen by birth, and he was above
twenty years of age before the civitas was extended to Gallia Trans-
padana.
428 THE LIFE OF VIRGIL.
It is merely a conjecture, though it is probable, that Virgilius re-
tired to his paternal farm, and here he may have written some of the
small pieces which are attributed to him, the Culex, Ciris, Morclum,
and others. The defeat of Brutus and Cassius by M. Antonius and
Octavianus Caesar at Philippi, B. C. 42, gave the supreme power to
the two victorious generals, and when Octavianus returned to Italy,
he began to assign to his soldiers lands which had been promised
them for their services. But the soldiers could only be provided with
land by turning out many of the occupiers, and the neighborhood of
Cremona and Mantua was one of the districts in which the soldiers
were planted, and from which the former possessors were dislodged.
There is little evidence as to the circumstances under which Virgil
was deprived of his property. It is said that it was seized by a vet-
eran named Claudius or Clodius ; and that Asinius Pollio, who was
then governor of Gallia Transpadana, advised Virgil to apply to Oc-
tavianus at Rome for the restitution of his land, and that Octavianus
granted his request. It is supposed that Virgil wrote the Eclogue
which stands first in our editions, to commemorate his gratitude to
Octavianus Caesar. Whether the poet was subsequently disturbed
in his possession and again restored, and whether he was not firmly
secured in his patrimonial farm till after the peace of Brundusium, V>.
C. 40, between Octavianus Caesar and M. Antonius, is a matter which
no extant authority is sufficient to determine.
Virgil became acquainted with Maecenas before Horace was, and
Horace (Sat. I. 5, and 6. 55, etc.) was introduced to Maecenas by Vir-
gil. This introduction was probably in the year B. C. 38 ; but, since
the name of Maecenas is not mentioned in the EclogHts of Virgil, \ve
may perhaps conclude that it was not until after they were written
that the poet was on those intimate terms with Maecenas which
ripened into friendship. Horace, in one of his Satires (Sat. I. 5), in
which he describes the journey from Rome to Brundusium, men-
tions Virgil as one of the party, and in language which shows that
they were then in the closest intimacy. The time to which this
journey relates is somewhat uncertain, but the best authorities agree
in fixing it in the year B. C. 37. (See Hor. Sat. I. 5. Introd.)
The most finished work of Virgil, his Georgica> an agricultural
poem, was undertaken at the suggestion of Maecenas, and it was
probably not commenced earlier than B. C. 37. ''The tradition that
Maecenas himself suggested the composition of Georgics may be ac-
cepted, not in the literal sense which has generally been attached to
it, as a means of reviving the art of husbandry and the cultivation of
the devastated soil of Italy ; but rather to recommend the principles
of the ancient Romans, their love of home, of labor, of piety, and or-
der ; to magnify their domestic happiness and greatness ; to make
THE LIFE OF VIRGIL. 429
men proud of their country, on better grounds than the mere glory
of its arms and the extent of its conquests. It would be absurd to
suppose that Virgil's verses induced any Roman to put his hand to
the plough, or to take from his bailiff the management of his own
estates ; but they served undoubtedly to revive some of the simple
tastes and sentiments of the olden time, and to perpetuate, amidst the
vices and corruptions of the empire, a pure stream of sober and inno-
cent enjoyments To comprehend the moral grandeur of the
Georgics, in point of style the most perfect piece of Roman literature,
we must regard it as the glorification of Labor On the labors
of the husbandman, hard and coarse as they seem to the unpurged
vision, Virgil throws all the colors of the radiant heaven of the im-
agination. Labor improbus, incessant, importunate labor, conquers
all things ; subdues the soil, baffles the inclemency of the seasons,
defeats the machinations of Nature, that cruel stepmother, and wins
the favor and patronage of the gods. " *
The concluding lines of the Gcorgica were written at Naples (Georg.
IV. 559), but we can hardly infer that the whole poem was written
there, though this is the literal meaning of the words,
Haec super arvorum cultu pecorumque canebam.
We may however conclude that it was completed after the battle of
Actium, B. C. 31, while Caesar was in the East.
The epic poem of Virgil, the Aeneid, was probably long contem-
plated by the poet. Like Milton, he appears from a very early period
to have had a strong desire of composing an epic poem, and, like him
also, to have been long undecided on his subject. He is said to have
begun a metrical chronicle of the Alban Kings, but afterwards to
have given it up because of the harshness of the names. After the
completion of the Georgia, or perhaps somewhat earlier, he laid
down the plan of a regular epic on the wanderings of Aeneas, and
the Roman destinies ; to form a sort of continuation of the Iliad to
Roman times, and to combine the features of that poem and the Odys-
sey. The idea was sufficiently noble, and the poem, long before its
publication or even conclusion, had obtained the very highest repu-
tation. While Virgil was at worlAipon it Propertius wrote with
generous admiration (Eleg. II. 34, 65) :
Cedite, Roman! scriptores ! cedite, Graii !
Nescio quid majus nascitur Iliade !
Augustus, while absent on his Cantabrian campaign, wrote repeat-
edly to Virgil for extracts from his poem in progress ; but the poet
declined, on the ground that his work was unworthy the perusal of
the prince. The correspondence is recorded by Macrobius (Satur-
nalia, I.), but its genuineness is very questionable. We may infer
* Merivale, Hist, of the Romans under the Empire, Vol. IV. p. 440.
430 THE LIFE OF VIRGIL.
from the passage of Propertius just quoted, and from the allusion in
the same elegy to the recent death of Callus, that Virgil was engaged
on his work in B. C. 24. Propertius appears, from other allusions in
his elegies, to have been acquainted with the poem of Virgil in its
progress ; and he may have heard parts of it read. In B. C. 23 died
Marcellus, the son of Octavia, Caesar's sister, by her first husband ;
and as Virgil lost no opportunity of gratifying his patron, he introduced
into the sixth book of the Aeneid (v. 883) the well-known allusion to
the virtues of this youth, who was cut off by a premature death :
Heu miserancle puer ! si qua fata aspera rumpas,
Tu Marcellus eris.
Octavia is said to have been present when the poet was reciting this
allusion to her son, and to have fainted from her emotions. She re-
warded the poet munificently for his excusable flattery. As Marcel-
lus did not die till B. C. 23, these lines were of course written after
his death, but Virgil may have sketched his whole poem, and even
finished in a way many parts in the later books before he elaborated
the whole of his sixth book. The completion of the great work occu-
pied the few remaining years of his life ; but it never received the
finishing touches, and it is said that in his last illness he wished to
burn it. But his friends would not allow the poem to be sacrificed
to a morbid sensibility. " Augustus placed it in the hands of Varius
and Tucca for the necessary correction, but strictly charged them to
make no additions, nor even to complete the few unfinished lines at
which the hand of the master had paused or faltered. Great, un-
doubtedly, is the debt we owe him for this delicate consideration.
The Roman epic abounds in moral and poetical defects ; neverthe-
less it remains the most complete picture of the national mind at its
highest elevation, the most precious document of national history, if
the history of an age is revealed in its ideas, no less than in its events
and incidents. This is the consideration which, with many of us,
must raise the interest of the Aeneid above that of any other poem
of antiquity, and justify the saying of I know not what Virgilian en-
thusiast, that if Homer really made Virgil, undoubtedly it was his
greatest work." *
When Augustus was returning from Samos, where he had spent
the winter of B. C. 20, he met Virgil at Athens. The poet, it is said,
had intended to make a tour of Greece, but he accompanied the em-
peror to Megara, and thence to Italy. His health, which had been
long declining, was now completely broken, and he died soon after his
arrival at Brundusium, on the 22d of September, B. C. 19, not hav-
ing quite completed his fifty-first year. His remains were transferred
to Naples, which had been his favorite residence, and placed on the
* Merivale, op. cti. Vol. IV. p. 448.
THE LIFE OF VIRGIL. 431
road (Via Puteolana) from Naples to Puteoli (Pozzuoli), between the
first and second milestones from Naples. The monument now called
the tomb of Virgil is not on the road which passes through the tun-
nel of Posilippo ; but if the Via Puteolana ascended the hill of Posilip-
po, as it may have done, the situation of the monument would agree
very well with the description of Donatus.
The following inscription is said to have been placed on the tomb :
Mantua me genuit, Calabri rapuere, tenet nunc
Parthenope. Cecini pascua, rura, duces.
From internal evidence it is improbable that it was written by the
poet, though Donatus says that it was.
Virgil named as heredes in his testament his half-brother, Valerius
Proculus, to whom he left one half of his estate, and also Augustus,
Maecenas, L. Varius, and Plotius Tucca. The poet had been en-
riched by the liberality of his patrons, and he left behind him a con-
siderable property, and a house on the Esquiline Hill near the gar-
dens of Maecenas. He used his wealth liberally, and his library,
which was doubtless a good one, was easy of access. He used to
send his parents money every year. His father, who became blind,
did not die before his son had attained a mature age. Two brothers
of Virgil also died before him. Poetry was not the only study of
Virgil : he applied himself to medicine and to agriculture, as the
Georgica show ; and also to what Donatus calls Mathematica, per-
haps a jumble of astrology and astronomy. His stature was tall, his
complexion dark, and his appearance that of a rustic. He was mod-
est and retiring, and his character is free from reproach, if we ex-
cept one scandalous passage in Donatus, which may not tell the truth.
In his fortunes and his friends Virgil was a happy man. Munificent
patronage gave him ample means of enjoyment and of leisure, and he
had the friendship of all the most accomplished men of the day,
among whom Horace entertained a strong affection for him. He was
an amiable good-tempered man, free from the mean passions of envy
and jealousy ; and in all but health he was prosperous. His fame,
which was established in his lifetime, was cherished after his death
as an inheritance in which every Roman had a share. No writer
probably ever exercised so wide an influence either in time or space.
His works became school-books even before the death of Augustus,
and have continued such ever since ; they were even translated into
Greek ; they were commented on by a host of grammarians ; they
were the subject of innumerable epigrams ; they were formed into cen-
tos ; they were used for the purposes of divination. They have taken
their place among the imperishable offspring of genius, and, while
literature lasts, will continue to exercise a powerful influence on the
poetical taste of successive generations.
NOTES
ON THE
SELECTIONS FROM VIRGIL.
THE BUCOLICS.
THE ten short poems called Bucolica were the earliest works of
Virgil, and probably all written between B. C. 41, and B. C. 37.
They are not Bucolica in the same sense as the poems of Theocritus,
which have the same title. They have all a Bucolic form and color-
ing, but some of them have nothing more. Their chief merit con-
sists in their versification, which was smoother and more polished
than the hexameters which the Romans had yet seen, and in many
natural and simple touches. But as an attempt to transfer the Syra-
cusan muse into Italy, they are certainly a failure ; and we read the
pastorals of Theocritus and of Virgil with a very different degree of
pleasure. The former are distinguished by a simplicity equally re-
mote from epic majesty and sordid rusticity. Every charm of the
country has been rifled to adorn them, and almost every deformity
carefully concealed. Then, too, the Doric dialect, in which they
were written, was peculiarly adapted to pastoral poetry. It at once
removed the reader from the town, while it afforded the Muse every
facility of utterance. The lordly language of Imperial Rome was ill
suited to convey the unpremeditated effusions of unlettered herds-
men. If Virgil, therefore, has fallen very far short of his great proto-
type, the difficulty of his attempt must not be forgotten. Indeed, he
appears not insensible of it himself; and by the nature of the language
in which he wrote he has been compelled to abandon his original
intention, and to attempt loftier flights than the nature of pastoral
poetry strictly justifies.
The publication of the Bucolica created a great sensation in literary
Rome. Honors were publicly lavished on the author. They were
recited on the stage ; and it is said that, on one occasion, when the
poet happened to be present, all the spectators rose and paid him
the same marks of respect which they would have shown to Au-
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE I. 433
gustus. Propertius (II. 34) has celebrated the conclusion and pub-
lication of the Bucolics, and O'id (Amor. I. 12) has foretold their
immortality.
The title Bucolica was probably that given to these poems by
Virgil himself. It is from a Greek word which signifies pertaining
to the shepherd life, pastoral. The title Edoga is generally supposed
to have been added by the critics. It also is from the Greek, and
signifies, a selected piece ; so that Bucolicon Eclogae means, selections
from pastoral poems, Bucolicon being the genitive plural in the Greek
form.
ECLOGUE I. TITYRUS.
THE subject of this Eclogue is Virgil's gratitude to Octavianus for
the favor shown him in the restoration of his lands. See Life.
The speakers are two shepherds, one of whom is enjoying rustic
life, singing of his love, and seeing his cattle feed undisturbed, when
he is encountered by the other, who has been expelled from his home-
stead, and is driving his goats before him, with no prospect but a
cheerless exile. This is simple enough, but it is complicated by an
unhappy artifice. The fortunate shepherd is represented as a farm
slave who has just worked out his freedom ; and this emancipation is
used to symbolize the confirmation of the poet in his property. The
two events, with their concomitants, are treated as convertible with
each other, the story being told partly in the one form, partly in the
other.
1. Tityre; a name borrowed from Theocritus. Tu . . .nos. Gr.
446. A. & S. 209, R. i (b). So nos . . . tit, v. 4. 2. Silvestrem
Musam = a pastoral tune. The Muse is here put, by metonymy,
for that over which she presided. Gr. 705. II. A. & S. 324. 2.
Tenui . . . avena on a slender reed-pipe. Tenui suggests the
notion of simplicity and humility, at the same time that it is a nat-
ural epithet of the reed, like fragili ciaita, v. 85. Avena by meton-
ymy for fistula. Meditaris = art practising. The word implies
care, repetition, and by some critics is translated "art composing."
3. Nos. Gr. 446. 2. A. & S. 209, R. 7 (b}. Patriae = of my
paternal estate, farm. Cf. patrios fines, v. 68. 4. Fugimus we
are banished from. Leutus = at ease. 5. Formosam silvas
= thou teachest the woods to re-echo (the name of) the beautiful
Amaryllis. Amaryllis is a shepherdess, beloved by Tityrus. Gr. 93.
i ; 374. 4. A. & S. 80. I. ; 231, R. 3 (/>). 6. Deus ; Octavianus.
This may be mere hyperbole, though this same emperor was actually
28
434 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
deified, before his death, by the Roman people. Otda = peace, secu-
rity. A. & S. 98. 7. Mihi. Gr. 390. 2. A. & S. 222, R. 8, N. ;
227, R. 4. Illius. Gr. 612. 3. A. & S. 283. I. Ex. 4. 8. Im-
buet; sc. sanguine sue. 9. Err are = to roam at will, to graze
at large. It implies security. Ipsum ; sc. me, implied in tneas.
10. Quae vellem. Gr. 445. 6 ; 501. I. A. & S. 206 (4) ; 264. i.
Permisit. Gr. 551. II. i. A. & S. 273. 4 (a). Calamo; the
same as avena, v. 2. 11. Invideo ; sc. titri. Magis rather.
1Z Usque turbatur = to such a degree does confusion prevail ;
L e. caused by the veteran soldiers, who are everywhere dispossess-
ing the people of their lands. This sentence is explanatory of the
preceding, and the connection of thought may be thus expressed : I
wonder rather that you enjoy such peace, since there is everywhere
so much confusion. Ipse is contrasted with nndiqite tctis agris.
13. Protinus forward, before me. Aeger = sad, sick at heart.
It may refer also to the state of the body, as consequent upon that
of the mind. Duco. The rest he drove before him ; this one he
leads by a cord. 14. Namque. A. & S. 279. 3 (a) and (e).
15. Silice in nuda ; i. e. with no herbage spread beneath. Con-
nixa is put for enixa for the sake of the measure, though it has a
rhetorical force of its own, expressing the difficulty of the labor.
16. Laeva = stupidly perverse. It is better to consider the non
as qualifying lacva. Cf. A. II. 54. Before si metis some such clause
is implied as quod nos momdssct. 17. De coelo tactas = struck
by lightning. The striking of a person or thing by lightning was an
omen of evil. Pomponius says, on the authority of the lost works of
ancient Grammarians, that the blasting of fruit-trees was ominous :
that of the olive being supposed to forebode barrenness ; that of the
oak, banishment. This would make the malum hoc to be Meliboeus's
exile, not the loss of the goat's twins. MeminL A. & S. 268, R.
i (a). Z. 589. Praedicere portended, foreboded. 18. Frae-
dixit ; sc. maliivi hoc. This line is generally regarded as spurious.
It is made up from IX. 15. 19. Bed tamen. These particles in-
dicate a stronger opposition than the simple sed or tamen, and mark
a return to a previous thought from which the speaker has digressed.
Here they recall the mind to the words of Tityrus, vv. 6- 10, from
which Meliboeus had turned aside to speak of himself. Cf. G. I. 79.
late = that of yours. Gr. 450. A. & S. 207, R. 25. Sit Gr. 525.
A. & S. 265. Da ... nobis = tell me. 20. Urbem. Instead of
answering directly, Tityrus begins ab ovo, in rustic fashion, and di-
lates upon the description of Rome itself. 21. Huic nostrae ;
i. e. Mantua, which was about three miles from Andes, Virgil's native
village. Quo = whither. 22. Pastores. Gr. 363. 2. A. & S.
204, R. 4. Depellere = to drive away. The de denotes destina-
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE I. 435
tion, not descent, as Andes was not on a hill. Cf. deditcere, demittere
naves (in portuni), etc. FetUP. A. & S. 323. 2 (4). 24. Com-
ponere = to compare. 26. Lenta viburna = pliant shrubs.
The viburnum is a low, flexible shrub. It was used for binding
fagots. Tityrus means to say, in effect, that he found the difference
between Rome and Mantua to be one, not of degree merely, but of
kind.
27. Et sometimes introduces a question with emphasis, marking
the curiosity and wonder of the speaker. Romam. Or. 559. A. & S.
275. I. Tibi. Or. 387. A. & S. 226. 28. Libertas. A. & S. 204,
R. 1 1. Sera ; sc. qnukm. The omission of quamquam or quidcin
before tamcn is not uncommon. Respexit. Libertas is here per-
sonified ; hence the appropriateness of the word respexit. Iner-
tem (sc. me) indolent, neglectful ; i. e. to save his little gains with
which to purchase his freedom. It was for this that slaves saved
their peculiitm (see on v. 33) ; and of course the less inertes they were,
the sooner they got the necessary sum. Tityrus, a farm-slave, having
saved enough, goes up to buy his freedom from his owner, and the
owner of the estate, who is living at Rome. Nothing can be less
happy than this allegory in itself except the way in which it is intro-
duced in the midst of the reality the general expulsion of the shep-
herds, and the exemption of Tityrus through the divine interposition
of Octavianus which ought to appear through the allegory and not
by the side of it. 29. Candidior = growing gray. In v. 47
Tityrus is called senex. Tondenti; sc. mi/it. Gr. 571 ; 578. A. & S.
274. 2 and 3 (a). Manumitted persons were accustomed to shave their
beards, which, while slaves, they had permitted to grow. 30. Longo
tempore ; i. e. a long time compared with the much shorter time in
which slaves were accustomed to obtain their freedom. 31. Post-
quam reliquit = since Amaryllis is holding possession of me
(i. e. of my affections), (and) Galatea left me ; i. e. since I got rid of
the extravagant Galatea and took to the thrifty Amaryllis. These were
doubtless successive partners ( ' contubernales ) of the slave Tityrus.
Note the difference of the tenses joined with postqiiam in vv. 29, 31 :
cadebat, a continuing act now completed ; kabef, an act still continuing;
reliquit, an act completed at once. 33. Peculi. Gr. 45. 5. i).
A. & S. 52 ; 322. 5. The peculiitm was the property acquired by a
slave, which his master permitted him to consider as his own.
34. Multa . . . victima = many a victim ; used poetically for mul-
tcie victimae. Z. 109, N. Saeptis = enclosures, folds. 35. The
position of pinguis before et indicates that it is specially emphatic.
Ingratae ; because it did not pay him for his trouble so much as he
thought it ought. 36. Tityrus blames the unthrift of Galatea and
his own recklessness, which made him too careless about making
436 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
money by his produce, though he took it from time to time to Man-
tua. To suppose that he squandered his earnings directly on Galatea
would not be quite consistent with the blame thrown on the town,
v. 35. 37. Quid. Gr. 380. 2. A. & S. 235, R. 11. Amarylli.
Gr. 94. A. & S. 81, R. 38. Sua in arbore = (each) on its
own tree. Cf. VII. 54. G. II. 82 and A. VI. 206. Amaryllis in her
sorrow had forgotten her careful habits. She left the fruit hanging
for Tityrus as if no hand but his ought to gather it. 39, 40. Aberat.
The final syllable is made long by caesura. Gr. 669. V. A. & S. 309.
2 (i). Ipsae = the very. Pinus . . . fontes . . . arbusta. These
called him back, because, depending on his care, they suffered from
his absence. Virgil doubtless meant the passage as a piece of rustic
banter. 41. Facerem. Gr. 486. II. A. & S. 260, R. 5. 41.
Praesentes = powerful to aid. See on Ov. M. III. 658, and cf. M.
IV. 612. Alibi belongs also to v. 41. Cognoscere = to find : lit.
to become acquainted with. 43. Juvenem; Octavianus. lie was
now in his twenty-third year. See on Hor. C. I. 2. 41. Cf. G. I. 500.
44. Bis senos . . . dies ; i. e. twelve clays in the year, probably once
a month. Nostra. Gr. 446. 2. A. & S. 209, R. 7 (/>). 45. Re-
sponsum . . . dedit; i. e. as a god to those who consult his oracle.
Primus denotes the anxiety with which the response was sought ; it
does not imply that any one else could have given it. The sense may
be expressed thus : it was here that he gave me my first assurance.
46. Pueri = servi. Submittite produce, rear. 47. Tua is a
predicate, like magna, and emphatic, suggesting a contrast between
his lot and that of his neighbors. Quamvis junco = although
naked stones (lit. stone) cover it all, and pools overspread with slimy
rushes the pasture grounds. Palus is probably the overflowing
of the Mincius. Cf. VII. 13. Omnia must mean the whole farm,
while the latter part of the description applies only to the paseua.
50. Non fetas (sc. fecudes) = no unusual food shall injure (lit.
attack, i. e. with disease) thy pregnant ewes. G>-u-'i-s=^r t :--i<tiis t in
A. I. 274. 51. Mala = malignant. 52. Flumina may be the
Mincio and the Po, or the smaller streams in the neighborhood.
53. Fontes are called sacros, because each had its divinity. Cf.
Hor. C. I. i. 22 and note. 54. Hinc susurro. Construe thus :
Hinc, ab vicitto limite, sacfes Hyblaeis apibus Jloretn salicti ticpasta,
saepe tibi levi susnrro suadebit, quae semper, somnum inire. Vicino ab
limite is explanatory of hinc, and with hinr = on this side, namely,
on the side of the neighboring boundary. Cf. III. 12, hie fagos ; A.
II. 18, hue . . . caeco lateri. Quae semper is an elliptical relative
clause in the sense of ut semper, like quae proximo, litora, A. I. 157,
and = as it has ever done. Quae then will be used here for the
corresponding adverb quemadmodum, like quo, A. I. 8, for quomodo,
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE I. 437
and s'ujnem, A. I. 181, for siatbi. Hyblaeis; merely an ornamental
epithet derived from Ily'ula, a mountain in, Sicily famous for its bees
and honey. Flcrem. depasta fed upon as to the flower of the
willow. Gr. 380 and i. A. & S. 234. II. and R. i and 2. Salicti;
abbreviated from saliceli, used poetically for salicis. Gr. 317 and 2.
A. & S. 100. 7. The susurrus comes partly from the bees, partly
from the leaves. 57. Ilinc is opposed to hinc in v. 54, and is more
nearly denned by alta sub rupe. Canet ad auras = shall fill the
air with his song : lit. shall sing to the breezes. Cf. A. VI. 561,
plangor ad auras. The description points to the month of August,
from the mention not only of the frondatio, but of the cooing of the
wood-pigeons during incubation. Pliny makes the latter a sign
that autumn is coming on. 58. Tua cura thy delight. 59.
Gemere = to coo. Turtur. The Romans kept turtle-doves on
their farms. 60. Ante = sooner. It, with the ante in v. 62,
which is only a repetition of it, is the correlative of quain in v. 64.
Ergo expresses the ground of his obligations to his master ; namely,
the favor conferred upon him. Destituent nudos = shall leave
bare ; i. e. fishes shall live on dry ground. 62. Pererratis = su-
peratis. The meaning is, sooner shall the Parthians and the Ger-
mans change places, each passing to the country of the other ; but
this they can never do, since the territory of the Romans intervenes,
whom they must first conquer. Amborum = of both (nations).
Exsul bibet = as an exile shall drink; i. e. shall make his home
there. 63. Ararim. The Arar (now Saone) is a river of Gaul,
not of Germany ; its source, however, in the high land connected
with the Vosges ( Vogesus) is not very far from Alsace, which was
then, as now, inhabited by Germans. The ancients, moreover, some-
times confounded the Germans and the Celts. Gr. 85. III. i. A. & S.
79. i. Parthus. The Parthians were a very warlike people of
Scythian origin, and occupied a large district southeast of the Cas-
pian Sea. But see on Hor. C. I. 2. 22. Germania ; by metonymy
for Gcrmani. See on Musam, v. 2. 64. Illius. See on v. 43.
Labatur = shall pass away, be effaced. 65. NOB. Gr. 446. A. & S.
209, R. i (b ). Nos . . . alii . . . pars. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204, R. 10.
Afros; by metonymy for Africa. Gr. 379. 4. A. & S. 237, R. 5 (a).
66. Et . . . et correspond to the preceding alii. . .pars, and are equiv-
alent to alii alii. Cretae ; a large island (now Candia) in the Med-
iterranean Sea, south of Greece. Oaxen. Of the Oaxes of Crete noth-
ing is known. 68 - 70. En . . . aristas = indeed, shall I ever, a long
time afterwards, beholding (again) my paternal fields and the roof of
my poor cottage built oCturf, my (former) domain, (shall I ever) here-
after see with wonder a few scattering ears of corn ? The cause of
wonder is the scantiness of the crop compared with the abundance
438 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
of former years. En in interrogations adds earnestness and empha-
sis. TiigHri. Gr. 45. 5. i). A. &: S. 52 ; 322. 5. Post (= />ost/uic) is a
repetition of longo post tcmpore. J/iw >'^>i<i we prefer to consider in
apposition to fines and culinen. 71. Novalia ; properly either fal-
low grounds, or grounds ploughed for the first time, but luix-
fields. 72. Barbaras, alluding to the Gauls and other barbarians
in the Roman armies. Quo . . . produxit = to what a point . . .
has brought. 73. Quis = quibtts. Gr. 187. I. A. & S. 136, R. 2.
74. Iiisere nunc = graft now. Said ironically to himself. 76.
Viridi = green (with moss). 77. Pendere . . . de rupe ; i. e.
as they would appear on the hillside in the distance. 78. Me
pasceute ; i. e. me pastor e. 79. Cytisus is the arborescent lucerne,
which is common in Greece and Italy, and a favorite food of cattle
and bees. 80. Poteras = you might as well, you had best. Gr.
475. A. & S. 259, R. 3 and (b\ ; Z. 518. It seems more pressing
than the present. As Meliboeus now begins to resume his journey
(itc capellae, v. 75), Tityrus calls to him and urges him to stop and
spend the night with him. 81. Nobis. Gr. 446. 2 ; 387. A. & S.
210, R. 3 (i); 226. 82. Molles mealy ; i. e. when they are
roasted. Press! lactis = cheese. Cf. v. 35. 83. Culmina fu-
maiit ; i. e. announcing supper-time.
ECLOGUE III. PALAEMON.
THIS Eclogue is principally occupied by a contest in poetical skill
between two shepherds, Menalcas and Damon. Such contests,
still not uncommon among the imprwisatori of Italy, were carried
on in verses, called carmen amoebaenm (rendered by Virgil allcritis,
or alternis versi&us, \. 59, VII. 18), answering alternately. And in
them no sequence of ideas was necessary on the part of the chal-
lenger, but the party challenged was bound to exceed in language
or ideas the thoughts first expressed.
1-31. M. Whom are you keeping sheep for? D. Aegon. J/.
Poor sheep ! their owner is hopelessly in love, and his hireling steals
the milk. D. As if you had any right to taunt me ! M, Of course
not; I cut Micon's vines. D. liroke Daphnis's bow and arrows, you
mean. M. Well, I saw you steal Damon's goat. D. It was mine ;
I won it at a singing match. M. You ! when you can 't sing. D.
I '11 sing against you ntnv for a calf.
1. Damoeta. Gr. 43. A. & S. 44. Cujum. Gr. 188. 4. A. & S.
137. 5. The question implies that Damoetas is a mere hireling. An
implies some such previous question as, num cst alius. Gr. 346. 2. 4.
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE III. 439
A. & S. 198. u, R. (</). 2. Tradidit = intrusted. 3. Pecus.
Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. Ipse ; Aegon. 4. Fovet = courts. 5.
Alienus . . . custos = hireling keeper ; i. e. Damoetas. Bis in
hora. Twice a day would have been often enough. The phrase is
of course exaggerated ; but secret milking was a common offence,
punished by Justinian with whipping and loss of wages. 6. Sucus.
= strength, vigor. Pecori. Gr. 385. 4. A. & S. 224, R. 2. 7. Ista
= these reproaches of thine. Viris is emphatic ; men, worthy of
the name. Tamen involves a tacit admission that the charges are
true-, yet, says Damoetas, they come with an ill grace from one no
better than you. 8. Qui te ; sc. coriuperit, or some such word.
Transversa = askance. The neuter plural of the adjective used ad-
verbially. Gr. 443. A. & S. 205, R. 10. 9. Quo . . . sacello = in
what cave ; i. e. a cave sacred to the nymphs. Faciles = easy, good-
natured ; because they did not punish him for the profanation of their
abode. 10. Turn ; sc. risere. Credo. Ironical. Menalcas affects
to charge himself with what Damoetas did. Arbustum, properly
a vineyard in which the vines were trained on trees, is here the trees
themselves. 11. Mala = malicious. The laws of the Twelve Tables
imposed a heavy fine for cutting another man's trees. Novellas is
emphatic, as the young vines ought not to have been pruned at all.
Cf. G. II. 365. 12. Hie ; sc. risere. Damoetas recriminates. Ad
veteres fagos is a more exact definition of hie. See on I. 54, 57.
13. Calamos = arrows. Gr. 705. III. A. & 8.324.3. Quae ;
i.e. arcum et calamos. Gr. 439. 3. -A. & S. 205, R. 2 (2} X. 14.
Puero ; Daphnis. 15. Aliqua = in some way. 16. Quid
fures = what would masters do when thievish servants are so dar-
ing? Fures is comic for serui. The sub], faciant suggests, "What
would they do if they were to come on the scene ? " the case being a
supposed one, the substitution of Aegon for Damoetas. Talia, then,
refers to what precedes. 18. Excipere = catch. Lycisca ; the
name of a dog. 19. Quo ille = what now is yonder rogue dart-
ing at ? More lit., whither now does that fellow rush forth ? Gr. 450.
A. & S. 207, R. 23 (a). Damoetas was just rushing out of his ambus-
cade. 20. Tityre ; Damon's shepherd. Coge. The flock was
straying in supposed security. Carecta = the rushes ; properly a
place covered with rushes. Gr. 317 and 2. A. & S. 100. 7. 21. An.
Gr. 346. 2. 4). A. & S. 198. u, R. (</). An implies some such pre-
vious question as, Did I not have a right to the goat ? Non ille
= was not that one to deliver, to hand over ? Gr. 485. A. & S. 260,
R. 5. 22. Quern . . . caprum. Gr. 445, 8. A. & S. 206 (3) (f>).
Carminibus = by its strains ; referring to the interludes played be-
tween the parts of the song. 23. Si nescis iit hoc scias, if you did
but know it 24. Reddere iiegabat ; since it would be a con-
44 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
fession that he was defeated. 25. Tu ilium ; sc. ritisse te a/s.
The fistula, or shepherd's pipe, was constructed either of cane
(arundo), reed (calamus), or hemlock (ctcuta). In general seven
hollow stems of these plants, cut to the proper lengths and adjusted
so as to form an octave, were fitted together by means of wax.
26. Ill triviis ; i. e. to vulgar ears. Triviitm, a place where three
roads meet, came to mean any place of public resort, especially for
the lower orders. 27. Strident! = stridula. Miserum . . . dis-
perdere carmen = to murder a wretched strain. The tune was a
bad one, and vilely played at that. Stipula is a single reed, opposed
to fistula cera jitncta. 28. Vis implies a challenge, while visnc
simply asks for information. Inter nos . . . vicissim. The former
expresses that there is to be a contest, the latter refers to the kind of
contest ; i. e. amoebean. Possit = can do. 29. Experiamur.
Gr. 493. 2. A. & S. 262, R. 4. Vitulam =?jin:c>u\ii. Recuses.
Gr. 489 and I. A. & S. 262. 31. Depono = lay down as a w.
stake. Quo certes = with what wager thou wilt contend. Gr.
525. A. & S. 265. Quo piffiiore may be taken as an ablative of man-
ner, or, which is really the same thing, as an ablative absolute. Gr.
430. A. & S. 257, R. 7. 32. Non ausim= I dare not. Gr. 239.
4 ; 485. A. & S. 162. 9 ; 260, R. 4. Tecum = like you ; i. e. as
you have done. 33. Mini. 6^387. A. & S. 226. Injusta =
harsh, severe. The word belongs to both pater and noverca. See on
Hor. C. I. 2. i. 34. Bisque die ; i. e. both morning and evening.
Alter = one or the other. 35. Id refers \.o pocula. Tute. Gr. 184.
3. A. & S. 133, R. 2. 36. Pocula . . . fagina = a pair of beechen
cups. Drinking-cups were usually in pairs, one for wine and one for
water. See v. 44. Ponam = dcfonam. 37. Alcimedontis.
Alcimedon is nowhere else mentioned. 38. Quibus superad-
dita superadded to which by the skilfully handled graving tool.
Quibus ; sc. poculis. Torno ; lit. the lathe, for scalpro. 39. Diffuses
corymbos = covers (with its foliage) the scattered clustering ber-
ries of the yellow ivy. Both the vine and the ivy were emblems of
Bacchus, and so fit ornaments for a drinking cup. Hcdcra fallente is
probably for hederae pallentis, a use of the material ablative for the
genitive not uncommon in Virgil. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. Some
connect the ablative with diffuses.
40. In medio ; i. e. in the space enclosed by the vine and ivy. So
in v. 46. Conon: a famous astronomer in the time of Ptolemy
Philadelphus, B. C. 283 - 222. Alter. The other, whose name the
shepherd forgets, was probably Eudoxus, a celebrated astronoim T
of Cnidus, who lived about B.C. 366. 41. Radio; the rod with
which the geometrician drew his diagrams upon the sand. Cf. A.
VI. 851. Totum . . . orbem = the whole circle (of the heavens;.
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE III. 441
Gentibus for mankind. 42. Tempora quae = (showing) what
seasons. Curvus; i. e. bending over the plough. Haberet =
should observe. 45. Molli = flexible. 46. Orphea. Gr. 46. 3. 5).
A. & S. 54. 5 and 86. See on Ovid, M. X. Introduction, p. 415.
43. Si spectas = if thou (once) lookest at the heifer; i.e. com-
pared with the heifer, the cups deserve no praise. Gr. 669. I. A. & S.
305 (4). Nihil . . . laudes. Gr. 501. I. i. A. & S. 264. 7 and N.
3. 49. Menalcas, in his turn, insinuates that Damoetas wishes to
get off. Veniam ; i. e. I will come to your terms, whatever they
may be. 50. Audeat Gr. 488. I. A. & S. 260, R. 6. Vel
Palaemon. Vel goes rather with qui venit than Palaemon. Me-
nalcas begins as if he wished for some particular arbiter, but corrects
himself, and offers to take the chance of a man just then approach-
ing, whom he identifies at the end of the verse as Palaemon : " The
man who is coming up there ! it is Palaemon." 51. Posthac ;
with lacessas. Voce lacessas = challenge in singing ; i. e. chal-
lenge to sing. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. 52. Quin age = come
on then. Si quid habes = if thou hast anything (to sing), if thou
canst sing at all. Cf. IX. 32 ; V. 10. 53. Nee fugio = nor do I
shun any one. Some critics make quemquam mean any opponent ;
others, any judge. 54. Sensibus haec imis = these things (i. e.
which we are about to sing) in thy deepest thoughts. Res parva
refers to the importance of the contest rather than to the value of
the wager, as some make it. Reponas. Gr. 488. I. A. & S. 260,
R. 6. 55. Dicite=<rrt/te, as often. 56, 57. Et annus. Cf.
G. II. 323, 330. Annus for anni temptis, the season of the year.
58. Deinde. Gr. 669. II. A. & S. 306. i and (i). 59. Alter-
nis = responsively. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247. 2. Alterna =
responsive songs. Camenae; Latin deities nearly identical with
the Muses of the Greeks. 60. Ab principium (sc. met carminis
sit) ; i. e. I begin with celebrating the praises of Jupiter. Musae is
the vocative. 61. Colit = fertilizes. Cf. G. II. 325, 326, and see
on Hor. C. I. I. 25. Illi curae ; i. e. because Jupiter cares for
the earth, and renders it fruitful, therefore those who cultivate the
earth, and shepherds and their songs, are pleasing to him. Gr. 390.
A. & S. 227. 62. Phoebus. Menalcas replies : Apollo, the
poet's patron, is my friend : for him I rear bays and hyacinths in my
garden. Phoebo. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. Sua; i.e. which are
pleasing to him. Gr. 449. 2. A. & S. 208 (8). 63. Suave =
suaviter. Gr. 335. 4. i). A. & S. 205, R. 10. 64. Malo me
petit = throws an apple at me. Apples were sacred to Venus ;
whence, to throw an apple at one was a mode of flirting. 65. Se
cupit videri. Gr. 551. II. i. A. & S. 271, R. 4. Ante = before
(she hides herself). 66. Ignis = beloved. Cf. the English fame.
44 2 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
67. Delia is Menalcas's mistress. Damoetas had boasted that he
was beloved by Galatea. Menalcas replies that he is beloved by two
persons, and that they each come so often to his cottage that they are
no longer barked at by his dogs. 68. Veiieri = beloved. Nota-
vi = I observed. 69. Ipse denotes that he has observed it himself,
so that he will be sure to remember it. Aeriae = high in air. Cf.
I. 59. Congessere ; for nidum cimgessere, as we say " to build."
Palumbes. Wood-pigeons were sacred to Venus. 70. Quod
potui = what I could; i.e. since I had to pick them from the lofty
branches of the tree. The expression corresponds to aeriae, both
denoting difficulty. It is explanatory of the following sentence. Gr.
445. 7. A. & S. 206. 13 (a). Puero; Amyntas. Gr. 384. 2. i).
A. & S. 225. IV. R. 2. Silvestri lecta = picked from a tree in
the wood. 71. Aurea; i. e. ripe. Altera (sc. dcccm) = a second ten.
73. Partem aliquem = some small part ; since even that would
charm the gods themselves. Divum. Gr. 45. 5. 4). A. & S. 53.
Referatis. Gr. 488. I. A. & S. 260, R. 6. 74. Quid. Gr. 380. 2.
A. & S. 232 (3). Quod servo. He complains that he is sepa-
rated from Amyntas, who takes the more attractive and dangerous
part of the adventure ; and this is opposed to ipsc sfcrnis. " What
is your affection to me if you will not give me your company ? " Servo
= observe ; i. e. to watch for game. 76. Phyllida. Gr. 93. i.
A. & S. 80. 1. Phyllis seems to be either the female slave or mistress
of lollas, whom we may suppose to be a neighboring farmer who has
joined the company since the musical contest began. Natalis. The
birthday was a season for merry-making and love ; whereas the fes-
tival, called Anibarvalia, referred to by quum fntgibits, was a time
of abstinence from such pleasures. When this shall arrive, he de-
risively invites lollas to come himself. On the occasion of this fes-
tival (G. I. 338-350) the victim to be sacrificed was led three times
round the cornfields before the sickle was put to the corn. It was
accompanied by a crowd of merry-makers, the reapers and farm ser-
vants dancing and singing the praises of Ceres, and praying for her
favor and presence, while they offered her the libations of milk, honey,
and wine. This festival took place towards the end of April, when
the harvest in Italy began. 78. Menalcas retorts in the person of
lollas. Me flevit Gr. 551. III. A. & S. 273. 5, N. 7. 79.
Loiigum = in prolonged accents. Longum goes with iiujiiit rather
than vale, denoting reluctance to part. Vale, vale. Gr. 669. I. 2
and IV. A. & S. 305. i and (2). 80. Triste. Gr. 438. 4; 441.
A. & S. 204, R. 9 ; 205, R. 7 (2). So dulce, v. 82. Cf. A. IV. 569. Da-
moetas says, " everything in nature has its bane : mine is the wrath of
Amaryllis." Menalcas replies, " everything in nature has its delight :
mine LS Amyntas." It will be observed that Damoetas continually
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE III. 443
changes the subject. 82. Depulsis (sc. a lacte] = weaned. Cf. VII.
15. 83. Salix. Cf. I. 79. 84. Pollio (C. Asinnis), a distin-
guished orator, poet, and historian. He was the friend and patron of
Virgil and Horace and other great writers, and was the first to found
a public library at Rome. He also had great reputation as a critic.
" I'ollio," says Damoetas, " is my patron, and the prince of critics."
" Pollio is more," replies Menalcas, striving to outdo his rival, " he is
the prince of poets." Musam = song, poetry. Cf. I. 2. 85.
Pierides = Muses. See on Ov. M. V. Introduction, p. 403. Vitu-
lam . . . taurum. These may be the prizes of different kinds of
poetry, the value of the prize rising with the rise from critic and pa-
tron to poet. vSome, however, regard them as sacrifices for Pollio's
welfare. Lectori ; Pollio. Vestro ; because you (the Muses) in-
spire the verses which he reads. 86. Nova carmina. Some
understand these words to refer to tragedies of a new kind ; i. e.
whose subjects were not borrowed from the Greek, but taken from
Roman story. Nova may, however, mean original ; or it may merely
carry out the notion of ipse ; he makes verses himself, is a poet as
well as a critic. Others, with Heyne, make nova unrivalled, match-
less. 87. Qui . . . petat . . . spargat. Gr. 501. I. A. S. 264.
I (b). The relative clauses denote the age of the bull. 88. Veniat
gaudet may he attain to (the same happy lot) which he rejoices
that thou also (hast reached). Te ; sc. pervenisse. Some critics
understand the happiness to be that of political preferment, others of
poetic renown ; but it would seem from v. 89 that the allusion is to
the golden age (cf. IV. 25-30 ; G. I. 131 ; Ov. M. I. 89 foil.) ; and
that the wish is that Pollio's admirers may enjoy with him the same
dreamy felicity of the golden age that he enjoys. 89. Amomum ;
a fragrant oriental shrub ; also the balsam made from it. Here it is
the latter ; in IV. 25, the former. 90. Bavium ; i. e. his poems.
Bavius and Maevius were envious poetasters who attacked Virgil and
Horace. Ainet. Gr. 367. 2. A. & S. 209, R. 2, N. 3. Tua
Maevi It is intimated that Maevhis is a worse poet even than
Bavins. Gr. 45. 5. 2). A. & S. 52. 91. Jungat ; i. e. for ploughing.
Jungcre vu/pes and mulgere hircos appears to be a sort of comic pur-
gatory opposed to the paradise of v. 89. 93. Frigidus herba.
Gr. 672. 2. A. & S. 310. 2. 94. Parcite = nolite. Non bene
creditur = it is not safe to trust. 95. Ipse ; i. e. though the most
wary of the flock. 96. Tityre. See on v. 20. Pascentes ; i. e.
qua pascimtur. Reice ; poetical for rcjice. Gr. 669. II. A. & S.
283. IV. N. i ; 306. i. 98. Cogite oves drive the sheep (in-
to the shade) ; to shelter them from the midday heat. Praece-
perit = shall have dried up; i. e. before the time of milking.
100. Quam with macer. Pingui = making fat, nutritious. Ervo;
444 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
a species of tare. 101. Exitium pecori. Or. 390. 2. A. & S.
227, R. 4. 102. His; sc. agtiis. Neque ctiatn non, ne . . . ijiii-
dcm. 103. Nescio quis . . . oculus = some (evil) eye. 104-
107. D. "Guess my riddle, and you shall be my Apollo." M. "Guess
mine, and you shall have Phyllis to yourself." 104. Apollo was
the god of divination. Mihi. Gr. 390. 2. A. & S. 227, R. 4.
105. Tres ulnas. According to Servius, Asconius Peclianus heard
Virgil say that he had intended in this passage to set a trap for the
critics ; and that the real answer was the tomb of Coelius, a Mantuan
who had squandered his estate, and left himself only land enough for
a tomb. This traditional solution is now generally followed, though
various others have been proposed ; such as a well, an oven, the
shield of Achilles, the pit called mundiis in the Comitium, which was
opened but three days each year. Coeli, the poetical form of the geni-
tive of Coelius, is the same as the genitive of coeltim, heaven ; but in
the absence of certain knowledge on the subject, we cannot do better
than translate it as the latter. Ampliiis ulnas. Gr. 417. 3; 378.
A. & S. 256, R. 6 (a) and (l>) ; 236. 106. Inscripti nomina
regum = having the names of princes inscribed upon thtm ; lit.
inscribed as to the names of princes. Gr. 380 and I. A. & S. 234.
II. The flower meant is the hyacinth, which was inscribed with Ai, Ai
(alas! alas!) to express the grief of Apollo at the death of Hya-
cinthus, whom he accidentally killed with a quoit, or, as others say,
to express the name of Ajax (Ata?), of which they are the first two
letters ; or according to others, with the letter Y for 'Yacii/#oy (Hya-
cinthus). 108. Non nostrum (sc. est) = \t is not in my power.
Gr. 404. i. A. & S. 211, R. 8 (3) (a). Componere to decide.
109. Vitula. Gr. 419. IV. A. & S. 244. Both ultimately wagered
a heifer. See v. 49. Quisquis amaros. This is obscure, but the
general sense no doubt is, as Serv. says, et tu et hie digiii esfi's ritula ct
qniatmi/He shut/is restri est ; i.e. any one who can feel love as you
have shown you can, the alarm which attends its enjoyment, and the
pangs of disappointment. 111. Rivos = the sluices. This vci.-c
admits of either a literal or a metaphorical interpretation. Accord-
ing to the former, Palaemon had gone into the fields in order to direct
his slaves to open the sluices for irrigating his grounds, when lie was
called upon by the two shepherds to act as umpire in their singing
match ; and now that the contest has ended, he turns his attention to
the slaves and tells them to close the sluices. According to the latter,
the allusion is to the stream of bucolic verse. The two interpreta-
tions may be combined, and the passage may be understood in both
senses.
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE IV. 445
ECLOGUE IV. POLLIO.
In the multitude of conjectures regarding the subject of this
Eclogue, Wagner's views seem preferable. All Italy had been ex-
posed to dreadful calamities ; first, from the division of the lands,
spoken of in the first Eclogue ; then, from the quarrels between An-
tony and Octavianus, and the war which ensued, B. C. 41 ; and
finally, from a most severe famine, the result of the blockade formed
by the fleets of Antony and Sex. Pompeius. So much the greater
was the joy occasioned by the treaty of Brundisium, made in the
autumn of B. C. 40, by which harmony was restored between the
two contending chiefs. Antony's agent in arranging the peace was
Virgil's patron, Asinius Pollio. A little afterwards, on his return to
Rome, Pollio entered on the consulship, and about the same time
had a son born to him. There was a common belief at the time that
a new age was dawning on the world ; and as Italy seemed to have
escaped from its miseries chiefly through the means of Pollio, Virgil,
in this Eclogue, congratulates him on his consulship, and does it in
such a way, as at once to extol him as the harLinger of a new era of
happiness, and at the same time to augur this, from the birth of his
son, as an omen of future peace and prosperity. The coincidence
between Virgil's language and that of the Old Testament prophets in
relation to the coming of the Messiah is sufficiently striking ; but it
may be doubted whether Virgil uses any image to which a classical
parallel cannot be found. This Eclogue was written in the autumn
of B. C. 40.
1. Sicelides = Sicilian ; i. e. of Theocritus, pastoral. The-
ocritus (see Introduction to Bucolics) was a Sicilian. Majora =
loftier themes ; i. e. than the usual subjects of pastoral song. A. & S.
256, R. 9 (a). 2. Arbusta . . . myricae ; emblems of the lower
strain of rural poetry. 3. Silvae is used for pastoral poetry, and
symbolizes the genus of which myricae is the species. If my theme
is still to be pastoral, let it rise to the dignity of which a consul need
not be ashamed. 4, 5. Ultima Ordo. The reference is to the
Platonic year, a vast period of time, variously estimated by the an-
cients, but now calculated to require about 26,000 years for its com-
pletion, when all the heavenly bodies occupy the same places which
they did at the beginning of the world. In each of these periods it
was supposed that the cycle of mundane and human history repeated
itself. It was divided into four eras, or ages, styled the golden, the
silver, the brazen, and the iron age : the first being the purest and
happiest, and the last the most degenerate and corrupt. (See Ov.
446 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
M. I. Introduction, p. 369.) A series of these ages had, according
to poetic legends, now nearly elapsed, and it had been predicted by
the Cumaean Sibyl that the great order was to begin anew (dfr /'//-
tegro), the golden age returning first. 4. Cumaei . . . carminis
= of the Sibylline prophecy; the Sibyl of Cumae in Italy being the
most famous, and delivering her oracles in verse. 5. Saeclorum.
Gr. 703. 2. A. & S. 322. 4. 6. Redit regna </ Virgo ft
Satnrnia regna redeunt. The repetition of a noun or verb is some-
times equivalent to a repetition of the copulative. Virgo; i. e. As-
traca, or Justitia = Justice. She was a daughter of Jupiter and
Themis. See on Ov. M. I. 150, and cf. G. II. 474. Regna. See
on Ov. M. I. 113. 7. Nova progenies = a new race ; i. e. a bet-
ter race : called in v. 9 gens aurca. 8. Tu puero . . . fave =
do thou only favor the birth of the boy. See Introduction. Quo =
under whom. Gr. 426. i. A. & S. 257, R. 9 (2) ; or 253. Primum
at last. Cf. I. 45. 10. Lucina; the goddess who presided over
childbirth. She is sometimes the same as Juno, and sometimes, as
here, Diana, whom the Romans identified with the Greek Artemis,
the sister of Apollo; hence tints Apollo. Cf. Hor. C. S. 14-16.
Tuus ; sc. fratcr. Apollo is here the same as Phoebus ; i. e. Sol, the
Sun. See on Ov. M. II. 116. According to the Sibylline verses,
Apollo, i. e. the Sun, was to reign during the last or iron age, after
which the cycle was to begin anew with the golden age. 11.
Adeo, especially with pronouns, gives a rhetorical prominence to
the word after which it is used, and can be best rendered by laying a
vocal stress on that word. Mere the emphasis is increased by the
repetition of tc. Decus hoc aevi this glorious age. Iiiibit =
shall commence. 12. Magni menses; the periods into which the
magims annus, i.e. the magims saeclorum or do, was divided. Some
explain it by illnstres, memorabiles, as belonging to the golden age.
13. Te duce under thy guidance, auspices ; i. e. as consul.
Sceleris ; i. e. of the bloody civil wars which were terminated about
this time by the peace of Brundusium. 14. Irrita = completely
effaced, removed. Formidine; i.e. of the vengeance of the gods
for the see/us. 15. Ille ; the finer of v. 8. Accipiet = shall
participate in, be the recipient of, enjoy. Divis. Gr. 385. 5. A. & S.
245. II. 2 and R. i. Videbit and videbitur express that familiar
intercourse with the gods on earth which was one of the character-
istics of the golden age. 16. Heroas. Gr. 98. A. & S. 86. lllis.
Gr. 388. 4. A. & S. 225. II. 17. Patriis virtutibus follows
rt'i^i't. 18-47. The coming of the golden age will be gradual,
its stages corresponding to those in the life of the child. Thus its
infancy is signalized by the production of natural gifts and the re-
moval of natural evils (vv. 18-25) > m ^ ts youth the vegetable world
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE IV. 447
will actually change its nature (vv. 26-36) ; in its manhood the
change will extend to the animals (vv. 37-47). Further, the par-
ticular changes would seem to be adapted to the successive require-
ments of the child. There are toys and milk for its childhood, which
is to he specially guarded from harm ; stronger food for its youth,
which is not to be without adventure and military glory ; quiet and
prosperous luxury for its mature age. 18. At = moreover, and.
It does not here mark opposition, but simply a transition to a new
subject. "Piiraa. = frimo = at first. Nullo cultu = spontane-
ously. On all these characteristics of the golden age of. Ov. M. I.
89-112. Munuscula = small gifts; i. e. for children. They are
specified in the verses which follow. 19. Errantes = spreading ;
i. e. with luxuriance. Passim ; with funJel. What now grows only
in certain places will then grow everywhere. Bacchare. It is not
certain what plant is meant. It had a fragrant root from which an
oil was extracted. 20. Colocasia. The Egyptian bean, a plant
whose root, stalk, and fruit were used for food, had just been intro-
duced into Italy, and was regarded as a valuable rarity. Acantho.
Virgil mentions two kinds of acanthus ; an herb, as in III. 45, and a
tree, as here and in G. II. 119. 21. Ipsae of their own accord.
23. Ipsa; i.e. sponte ; in the same sense as ipsae, v. 21, and
nullo cultu, v. 18. So Ovid speaks of the earth as fruitful per se and
nullo cogenfe, and of natos sine semine flares. 24. Fallax ; because
of its similarity to harmless ones. Cf. G. II. 152. Herba veneni
= poisonous herb. 25. Assyrium ; i. e. eastern, oriental, in a
general sense. The poets use geographical names very loosely. See
on I lor. C. I. 2. 22 and C. III. 4. 32. Amomum. See on III. 89.
As a remarkable parallel to this whole passage, compare the prophet
Isaiah, xxxv. I and xi. 6-8. 26. Simul = simitl atque, as often.
Heroum virtus ; i. e. by reading of the glories of his father and
the heroes of older time, the child will learn to conceive of virtue.
28. Molli . . . arista with waving corn. Another interpretation is
"smooth, beardless." The beard, which protects the. grain from
birds, would not be needed in the golden age. Faulatim seems to
mean here spontaneously ; i. e. there will be no process of sowing,
from which the springing of the crop can date, but the field will grad-
ually develop into corn. 30. Roscida = dewy. The ancients
imagined that honey fell in the shape of dew, and was gathered by
the bees from leaves. In the golden age it will be so abundant as to
drop from the leaves of trees. Cf. G. I. 131. So Ovid : Flavaque
de riridi stillabant ilice mella.
31. Before the child becomes a man and the golden age is com-
pletely restored there will be a repetition of the heroic age, in which
there will be some traces of ancient wickedness (priscae fraudis),
44 NOTES OX VIRGIL.
and which Virgil identifies by mentioning the two most prominent
events of that age, the Argonautic Expedition and the Trojan \Var.
32. Quae . . . jubeant = which (i. e. such as) shall prompt. Gr. 501. 1.
A. & S. 264. i (a) and (b). Thetim; a goddess of the sea, put by
metonymy for the sea itself. She was a daughter of Ncrcus, the wile
of Peleus, and the mother of Achilles. Gr. 85. 4. A. & S. 80, Ex. 2.
34. Tiphys ; the helmsman of the ship Argo which sailed in the
celebrated quest for the golden fleece with Hercules, Jason, and others
(delectos /ieroas). 35. Altera bella; i.e. the old wars over again.
36. Achilles ; the son of Peleus, king of the Myrmidones in I'hthio-
tis in Thessaly, and the Nereid Thetis. From his father's name he
is sometimes called Pelides (A. II. 548), and from that of his grand-
father Aeacus, he derived his name Aeacides (A. I. 99). In fifty
ships he led his hosts of Myrmidones, Hellenes, and Achaeans against
Troy. Here he was the great bulwark of the Greeks, and the wor-
thy favorite of Minerva and Juno. 37-47. When he shall have
grown to manhood, the fulness of the blessings of the golden age
will have come. There will be no need of commerce, for everything
will grow everywhere. 38. Et ipse vector = even the passen-
ger himself. Much more the sailor in a ship of war. Mari. (jr. 422.
2. A. & S. 255, R. 3 () and (/'). 41. Tauris may be the dative,
Gr. 384. A. & S. 223, or the ablative, Gr. 425. 3. 2). A. & S. 251. The
best authorities are divided. 42. Mentiri = to counterfeit ; i. e. to
assume colors by means of dyes. 43. In pratis conveys the same
idea as fascentes, v. 45 ; i.e. the live sheep in the field, opposed to
the fleece in the hands of the dyer. Jam . . . jam = nioJo . . . modo.
Suave. See on III. 63. 44. Murice . . . mutabit luto = will
dye his fleece purple . . . yellow ; or more lit. will change (the color
of) his fleece for purple . . . yellow. Gr. 416. 2. A. & S. 252, R. 5.
45. Sandyx = scarlet. 46. Talia saecla = O blessed ages ! i. e.
such as those just described. Currite = run on ; i. e. without inter-
ruption. 47. Concordes numine = harmonious in respect to
the immutable will of the fates. The ages are here spoken of r.s
threads spun from the spindles of the Parcae, in strict accord with the
immutable power which controls their operations. Parcae, three
sister-goddesses, daughters of Nox : Clotho, who holds the distaff,
Lachesis, who spins the thread of human life, and Atropos, who
severs it with scissors. Here each is represented as having her spin-
dle. See also on Ov. M. I. 256. 49. Deum ; i. e. dfi alicujns ;
poetical for an indefinite singular. Cf. A. VI. 322. Incremen^inn
progeny ; i. e. the boy being regarded as one more added to Jupi-
ter's race. Some interpret it as the foster-child, the favorite of Jupiter.
Gr. 672. 3. A. & S. 310. i. 50. Adspice mundum = see the
universe with its convex mass (i. e. the round world) trembling (with
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE V. 449
joy). Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. 51. Terras profundum;
the parts of which the mundus is made up. Terrasque. Gr. 669.
V. A. & S. 283. IV. Ex. 2, R. 3 ; 323, 2 (2). Adspice . . . lae-
tantur ut omnia = see ! how do all things rejoice ! This is an
emphatic repetition of the substance of vv. 50, 51, and thus indicates
the true meaning of nulantcm. 53. The simple wish is, O mi/ii tarn
loito-ii sit vita ; but since, from the nature of the case, he would be
quite aged when the child became a man, he says, pars ultima
vitae, etc. 54. Spiritus et (sc. mi hi sit tantus) = and may my
poetic inspiration be so great. Tua dicere facta ; a Grecism for ad
diccnda tita facta. Dicere depends on sat. Gr. 552. 3. A. & S. 270,
R.I. 55. Non...nec...nec. 6^585.2. A. & S. 277, R. 5 (a).
Orpheus. See on Ov. M. X. Introd. p. 415. Cf. III. 46. 56. Linus ;
the son of Apollo and one of the Muses. Huic . . . huic = the one . . .
the other. Adsit = assist, aid. 57. Orphei ; a dissyllable. Gr. 669.
II. A. & S. 54. 5 ; 306. i. Calliopea, another form of Calliope.
Gr. 612. 5. A. & S. 283, Ex. 6 (i). 58. Pan. See on Ov. M.
XI. 147. The principal seat of his worship was Arcadia, whence it
spread over other parts of Greece. As the god of pastoral life, he
was fond of music, and the inventor of the syrinx or shepherd's flute,
which he himself played in a masterly manner. Arcadia; a moun-
tainous province in the midst of the Peloponnesus. Gr. 430 ; 705. II.
A. & S. 257, R. 7 ; 324. 2. 60. Risu matrem = by thy smile to
recognize thy mother ; i. e. to show by thy smile that thou dost rec-
ognize her. Some refer it to the smile of the mother. This is at
least very tame, and does not suit so well the meaning of v. 62. The
wish is that the child may smile on his mother, in order that he may
receive her smile in return ; for not to receive a parent's smile was
accounted a bad omen for a child. Neither does it suit so well the
meaning of v. 61, which assigns the long period of pain and discom-
fort preceding his birth as the reason why he should recompense the
mother by a smile of recognition. 61. Decem . . . menses ; the
period of gestation as recognized by the Roman law. Tulerunt.
Gr. 669. IV. A. & S. 307. i and (2). Fastidia = discomfort.
63. Admission to the table of the gods and the hand of a goddess in
marriage were the peculiar privileges that followed the deification of
a hero.
ECLOGUE V. DAPHNIS.
MENALCAS invites Mopsus, a somewhat younger shepherd, to play
and sing. Mopsus complies, with a funeral song on Daphnis, the
ideal shepherd. Menalcas matches it by a corresponding song en
29
450 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
the apotheosis of Paphnis. They praise each other and exchange
gifts. 'The original Daphnis was a Sicilian hero, and his name occurs
frequently in the ancient Pastorals. It is supposed that this Kclngue
was written B. C. 42, in which year public rejoicings throughout Italy
were ordered to celebrate the deirication of Julius Caesar, the month
of July being also named after him. According to this conjecture,
which is not improbable, Virgil celebrates Caesar under the name of
Daphnis, though not carrying the resemblance through all its fea-
tures.
1. Boni = skilled. Calamos leves == in playing on the slen-
der pipe ; lit. the slender reeds ; i. e. of which the pipe was con-
structed. See on III. 25. Cf. Ov. M. XI. 161. Inflare and iliccre
depend upon boni. Gr. 552. 3. A. & S. 270, R. I. Similar Grecisms
abound in Virgil. Cf. IV. 54, dicere, and A. VI. 165, ciere. Sec also
on Hor. C. I. I. 18. - 3. Corylis. Gr. 385. 5. A. & S. 223, R. 2 ;
or 245. II. 2. 4. Major; sc. natu. 5. Zephyris motautibus
(sc. eas) ; whence the uncertainty of the shade. 6. Adspice, ut
followed by the indicative calls attention to the fact of the action or
state expressed by the verb ; by the subjunctive, to the manner in
which it is performed. Indicative : See ! how the wild vine has over-
spread the cave ! Subjunctive : See lurw the wild vine, etc Cf. IV. 52.
7. Racemis. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. 8. Tibi certat. Gr.
385. 5. A. & S. 223, R. 2 and (b). Menalcas compliments Mopsus
as they walk towards the cave, intimating that Amyntas alone dared to
contend with him in playing on the pipe. 9. Quid certet = what
if the same should strive. Mopsus is not pleased with the allusion
to Amyntas, and sneers at his vanity. 10. Phyllidis ignes = love
for Phyllis. These genitives are all objective. 11. Jurgia Codri
= invectives against Codrus. 12. Tityrus; probably a servant of
one of the others. 13. Immo haec. Menalcas had suggested
several subjects, but Mopsus prefers to sing some verses which he
had lately inscribed on the bark of a tree. 14. Modulans no-
tavi = setting them to music I noted down the alternations (of the
flute and voice). See on III. 22. He inscribed his verses and then
set them to music, inscribing that also. 15. Tu Amyntas. He
still feels the mention of Amyntas, and says, derisively : After you have
heard my song, then, if you will, bid Amyntas to contend with me.
16-18. Menalcas reassures him. 19. Plura may be taken as
the object of desine, though in translating it is better to render it, "to
say more." 20. Daphnim. See Introduction. Funere = mortc.
21. Nymphis; sc. fnistis. 23. Atque'. . . atque = </...
et. Crudelia; the predicate accusative. Gr. 373. 3. A. & S. 230,
N. 3. Mater; Venus, the reputed mother of the gens Julia. 25.
Nulla nee . . . nee. Gr. 585. 2. A. & S. 277, R. 5 (a). 26.
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE V. 451
Libavit . . . attigit = tasted . . . touched ; much less drink or eat.
Graminis herbam ; herba being the generic, and gramen the
specific term, as in herba frumenti. 27. DaphnL Gr. 94. I (2).
A. & S. 81, R. Poenos; i. e. African. Cf. Hor. C. I. 22. 15,
16. 28. Loquuntur = declare, testify; like coryli testes, v. 21.
29. Et = etiam. Armenias ; since Armenia abounded in ti-
gers. Curru. Gr. 1 16. 4 (3). A. & S. 89. 3. Daphnis teaching the
swains the rites of Bacchus is an emblem of the civil reforms of
Caesar. 30. Inducere = to introduce. 31. Foliis hastas ;
i.e. the thyrsus. See on Ov. M. III. 667 and XI. 9. 32. Arbori-
bus; on which the vine is trained. 34. Tu tuis ; sc. sic eras.
Gr. 390. 2. A. & S. 227, R. 4. Tulerunt = abstitU runt. 35.
Ipsa . . . ipse. By these words Pales and Apollo are set in opposi-
tion to te ; i. e. such was their grief at Daphnis's death, that they
themselves left the rural abodes of men. The baneful results of their
departure are described in the following lines. Pales was a Roman
divinity of flocks and shepherds. Apollo, one of the great divinities
of the Greeks, was, according to Homer, the son of Zeus and Leto.
The powers ascribed to him are apparently of different kinds, but all
are connected with one another, and may be said to be only ram-
ifications of one and the same. They are the following : I. He
is the god who punishes and destroys the wicked and overbear-
ing ; 2. The god who affords help and wards off evil ; 3. The god of
prophecy ; 4. The*god of song and music ; 5. The god who protects
the flocks and cattle ; 6. The god who delights in the foundation
of towns and the establishment of civil constitutions. It is as
the rural god of flocks and cattle that he is here mentioned. 36.
Grandia. Large grains were selected for seed. 37. Infelix =
infecundiim ; i. e. useless for food. Avenae = wild oats ; which
were nothing but weeds. Cf. G. I. 154. 38. Molli is opposed to
the sharp and prickly thistle and Christ's-thorn, a prickly shrub com-
mon in the south of Italy. Purpureb. Purpureus is applied not
only to purple or red, but to any bright color. 39. Spinis. Gr.
428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. 40. Spargite . . . umbras. From IX.
19, 20 it would seem that foliis should be interpreted " flowers "
(florentibus herbis), and umbras " trees " (viridi umbra). The
meaning will then be, sow the turf with flowers, and plant trees be-
side (overshadowing) the fountains. Tombs were often built near
fountains and surrounded with trees. 41. Talia refers to what fol-
lows as well as to what precedes. Mandat Daphnis is parentheti-
cal. 42. Carmen the (following) poetic inscription. 43.
Daphnis silvis I am Daphnis (who dwelt) in the woods ; i. e.
who led the life of a shepherd. 45. Tale quale. Gr. 438. 4 ; 441.
A. & S. 204, R. 9; 205, R. 7 (2). 47. Sitim. Gr. 85. III. 2. A. & S.
452 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
79. 2. Restinguere is the subject of est understood. Gr. 549.
A. & S. 202. 6. III. 5, R. 2. 48. Sed voce ; i.e. serf, quod nu-
jus est, voce. Non (nee) sohim . . . sed etiam implies simple enume-
ration, and makes no distinction in point of force between the two
members, but non (nee) solitm . . . sed implies comparison, and
makes the latter member the stronger. Magistrum. Sonic critics
refer this word to Daphnis ; others, to some shepherd who had
taught Mopsus music- We prefer the latter view. 49. Alter ab
illo = secundus post ilium. 50. Haec . . . nostra ; sc. canniua.
Quocumque modo=as well as I can; lit. in whatever way.
51. Tollemus ad astra=I will praise to the skies. Some think
it means, " I will celebrate his ascent to heaven," referring to the
apotheosis of Julius Caesar ; but this sense would rather require in
astra, though ad is used in the sense of in, A. I. 259. 52. Daph-
nin. Gr. 93. 2. A. & S. So. Ex. i. 53. Sit Gr. 485 ; 486.
II. and 2. A. & S. 260, R. 5. Tali . . . muuere = than such a
favor. 54. Puer ; Daphnis. Ipse = per se. Cantari. Gr. 552.
3. A. & S. 270, R. i and (l>) ; 264, N. 6. Ista. Gr. 450. A. & S.
207, R. 25. 55. Stimicon; the fictitious name of some shepherd.
56. The apotheosis of Daphnis begins here, consisting of twenty-
five lines; the same number as in the lament of Mopsus. Candi-
dus = in his (divine) beauty. Olympi ; a mountain 9.700 feet high,
on the boundary between Macedonia and Thessalia. From its great
height it was considered the seat of the gods ; hence it is often em-
ployed by the poets to denote heaven. 58. All nature, animate
and inanimate, rejoices at his apotheosis, as it had mourned at his
death. Cetera rura = fields. Cetera, because rus includes woods,
as well as woods and pastures. 59. Fana. See on IV. 58. Dry-
adas puellas = Dryad maids. See on v. 75. Gr. 98. A. & S. 85,
Ex. 2 ; 205, R. 1 1 (a). 61. Bonus benigniis, as often of gods. Cf.
v. 65. Otia. See on I. 6. 62. Ipsi ; i. e. etiam, adco. See on I. 39.
63. Interns! = unshorn ; i. e. uncleared (of trees). See on Ov. M.
XI. 158. 64. Deua Menalca = that (Daphnis of ours is) a god,
a god, Menalcas ! This is what the rocks and trees utter. 65.
Bonus felixque = kind and propitious. Cf. A. i. 330. Sis. Gr.
487 ; 488. I. and 2. A. & S. 260, R. 6. Aras. Gr. 381. A. & S.
238. 2. 66. Tibi . . . Phoebo ; sc. positas, exstntctas, or the like.
Daphni Gr. 94. i and (2). A. & S. 81, R. Duas altaria two
high ones. Ara is the generic term for an altar ; a/fare (from altus,
high), the specific kind of altar on which victims were offered to the
superior deities. Daphnis, as a hero, has only libations of milk, oil,
and wine offered to him, not victims. Duas agrees with aras under-
stood, to which altaria is in apposition. Phoebo. Apollo is men-
tioned because the birthday of Julius Caesar, which, after his deifiea-
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE V. 453
tion, wns celebrated with annual rites, fell on the same day (the I2th
of July) as the festival in honor of Apollo ( Ludi Afollinares). But
as the Sibylline books forbade the rites of any other god to be cele-
brated at the same time with those of Apollo, the birthday was kept
on the preceding day. 67, 68. Bina ; i. e. two for each altar ;
duos, two in all, the crater being larger, from which \he pocula might
be replenished. Besides the birthday festival, v. 66, two others are
promised annually to Daphnis ; and it. is probable that Virgil in-
tends to rank Caesar among the Lares worshipped in April, when
the harvest began, and at the close of the vintage in autumn. To
the former refer navo lacte and messes ; to the latter, olivi and frigiis.
On both he is to offer libations of wine. Olivi ; poetical for old.
69. In primis especially. Convivia, the banquets after the
sacrifices. Baccho = vino. 71. Vina . . . Ariusia. The wine
from Ariusia, in the island of Chios, is here called a new kind of
nectar (novitm nectar), because recently introduced and esteemed
very choice. Calathis = from wine cups. 72. Mini ; sc. sacra
facienti, while sacrificing. Lyctius = Lyctian ; from Lyctus, an
ancient town in the island of Crete. The proper names here are
those of imaginary shepherds. 73. Saltautes imitabitur.
Forb. says, Saltabit Satyrorum more ; i.e. in a rude manner. Saty-
ros ; a species of rustic divinity, attendants of Bacchus, of human
form, with ears and tail of a goat. In character they were frolicsome,
and given to animal enjoyment. 75. Nymphis j a numerous class
of inferior female divinities. They belonged to the Greek rather than
to the Roman religion, and were believed to dwell on earth in groves,
on the summits of mountains, in rivers, streams, glens, and grottos.
The following are some of the principal classes mentioned in Latin
poetry : I. Nereides, sea-nymphs ; 2. Oreades, mountain-nymphs ; 3.
Napaeae, dell-nymphs ; 4. Dryadcs, wood-nymphs ; 5. A T iiiades, waier-
nymphs ; and 6. HamadryaJes, tree-nymphs, who were born and died
together with the trees which had been their abode. Lustrabimus
agros = we shall lustrate the fields. For a description of this
lustratio (purification by sacrifice), see on Ambarvalia, III. 76.
77. Rore cicadae. The ancients supposed that the cicada lived on
dew. It is of the cricket tribe, and sits on the trees in summer,
chirping away the whole day long. 78. Repeated A. I. 609. 79.
Baccho Cererique. Bacchus and Ceres are mentioned, as being
the chief patrons of husbandmen. 80. Damnabis votis
thou also wilt bind (them ; i. e. the agricolae who shall make vows to
thee) by their vows ; i. e. to keep their vows by granting their pray-
ers. Gr. 410. 5. 3). A. & S. 217, R. 3 (/>). 82. Venientis =
rising. 85. Nos. Gr. 367. 2. i). A. & S. 209, R. i (/>). Ante
= first : i. e. before I receive anything from you. Cf. v. Si. Ci-
454 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
cuta. See on III. 25. 86. Nos. Gr. 446. 2. A. & S. 209, R. 7
(/>). Menalcas appears to represent Virgil himself. Formosum
Alexim = Corydon ardently loved the beautiful Alexis; a part of
the first line of the 2d Eclogue, which is omitted in this selection.
Gr. 374. A. & S. 231. Alexim. Gr. 371. 3. A. & S. 232 (2).
87. Cujum Meliboei Cf. III. i. 88. Quum = although.
89. Noil tulit; i. e. did not get. Et = ct taicn or quaniijuiim.
Turn = in those days ; i. e. - whatever he may be now. Amari.
See on cantari, v. 54. 90. Formosum aere. Kcightlcy says :
The crook was usually made of olive-wood, which was knotty, and
was often adorned with brass rings or studs. Paribus may refer to
the regularity in the position of the natural knots.
ECLOGUE VII. MELIBOEUS.
THIS is another singing-match between Corydon and Thyrsis, with
Daphnis as umpire. Unlike those in Eclogues III. and V., it ends
decisively in the defeat of Thyrsis. The story is told by Melibocus,
who was not present until the terms of the contest had been agreed
on, so that of them we hear nothing.
The scenery is, as usual, confused. Arcadian shepherds are made
to sing in the neighborhood of the Mincius, while neither the ilex (v.*
i), the pine (v. 24), the chestnut (v. 53), nor the flocks of goats (v. 7),
would seem to belong to Mantua.
After an introduction of twenty verses, the style is amoebean (see
Introduction to Eclogue III.), the rivals singing four verses each and
constantly changing the subject.
1. Arguta = murmuring. Cf. Longfellow : "the murmuring pines
and the hemlocks." 2. Unum ; sc. locum. 3. Distentas; sc.
ubera. 4. Florentes aetatibus = in the bloom of their age, in
their prime. Aetatiius ; the plural used poetically, each being made
to have his own aetas. Arcades; either Arcadians by birth or Ar-
cadians in musical skill. Gr. 624. 3. i). A. & S. 300. Ex. 2 (if).
5. Cantare . . . respondere. See on V. i. Respomtere refers to
the amoebean style of singing. 6. Hue ; i. e. towards the place
where they were sitting Mihi .. . caper = my he-goat. C.r.
398. 5. A. &. S. 211, R. 5 (i). Cf. caper Mi, v. 9. Defendo ; i. e.
by putting straw about them. The time must be the early spring,
when the night frost often bit the tender plants in the north of Italy.
The present tense, for vivacity. 7. Vir = husband, leader. Ipse
implies that he was followed by the rest of the flock ; hence ct h,ii\ii,
v. 9. Deerraverat Gr. 669. II. A. & S. 306. i and (i). Atque;
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE VII. 455
sc. capmm quaerens. Atque often introduces a statement not only
additional, but unexpected. Ades = veni. 10. Si potes =
if thou canst stop a while. Gr. 380. 2. A. & S. 232 (3). 11. Ipsi.
See on IV. 21. Fotum. Gr. 569. A. & S. 276. II. Juvenci;
not belonging to Daphnis, as some would have it, nor necessarily to
Meliboeus, as others; but rather introduced as a bit of landscape
painting. 12. Virides. Keightley would read viridis (Mincius).
Praetexit = skirts, fringes. Cf. A. VI. 5. 13. The Mincius
rises in the Alps, and near Mantua forms the Lake Benacus, thence
flows on to the Po, in a sluggish stream and with sedgy banks. See
on 1.49. Sacra; i. e. to Jupiter. 14.Facerem. Gr.486.II. A.&S.
260, R. 5. Alcippen . . . Phyllida ; probably the contubernales re-
spectively of Corydon and Thyrsis. Meliboeus means that he had no
one at home, as they had, to attend to his affairs. The ego expressed
favors this view. See on I. 31. 15. Depulsos a lacte. See on
III. 82. Quae clauderet = to shut up. Gr. 500. A. & S. 264. i
(a) and (l>). 16. Corydon cum Thyrside is connected by a sort
of loose apposition with certamen. Magnum seems to be a predi-
cate. 19. Meminisse ; sc. eos. As the poets were taught by the
Muses, they might justly say that they remembered their lyrics. 21.
Nymphae ; since they, like the Muses, were patronesses of song.
Amor; abstract for concrete. Gr. 363. I. A. & S. 204, R. 3. Li-
bethrides = Libethrian ; i. e. belonging to Libfthrus, a fountain with
a cave in Mount Helicon. Gr. 624. 3. i). A. & S. 300. Ex. 2 ( d).
22. Codro; either some shepherd, or a wholly fictitious character,
as in V. 1 1. Proxima ; sc. carmina from the preceding carmen.
23. Facit. Gr. 669. V. A. & S. 309. 2 (i). Si non possumus;
I.e. to rival Codrus. 24. Pendebit. Those who left any art used
to hang up the implements by which it was practised as a sacred of-
fering : here to Pan, to whom the pine was sacred. 25. Hedera.
See on Ilor. C. I. I. 29. Nascentern . . . poetam = the rising poet ;
L e. Thyrsis himself, as the superior of Codrus. The modesty of
Corydon is well contrasted with the arrogance of Thyrsis. 26. In-
vidia Codro = that Codrus may burst with envy. Gr. 398. 5.
A. & S. 211, R. 5 (i). 27. Ultra placitum = beyond what is
pleasing ; i. e. to the gods. Extravagant praise was considered like-
ly to provoke the jealousy of the gods. Some refer the words to
Codrus instead of to the gods. Bacchare. This plant was con-
sidered an antidote for the evil eye, or the evil tongue. 29. Cory-
don speaks in the character of Micon, a young hunter, who is dedi-
cating an offering to Diana in the form of an inscription. Delia, a
name for Diana, from the island Delos. See on Ov. M. VI. 187 and
190. Parvus = young. 30. Micon ; sc. dicat. Vivacis. Among
the ancients the stag was proverbially long-lived. 31. Propriarn
456 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
lasting, permanent. Cf. A. VI. 871. Hoc this (snrcrsR in
hunting). Tota entire ; i.e. not a mere head or Lust. 32.
Suras. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. The description is that of a
huntress. Cf. A. I. 337. 33. Thyrsis responds with an inscription
for a statue of Priapus, the god of procreation, and hence of gardens
and vineyards. He was the reputed son of Bacchus and Venus. Si-
num must not he confounded with sinus. Liba; cakes used :
ings. Cf. Ov. Trist. IV. 10. 12 and note. 35. Pro tempore = ac-
cording to our circumstances. 36. Fetura = fruitfulness. Statues
of Priapus were usually made in a coarse way out of wood, but Thyr-
sis promises the god a golden one, if he gives increase to the flocks.
Esto. Gr. 534. II. A. & S. 267(2). 37. Nerine. Gr. 316.4.
A. & S. loo. I. (b) R. 3. Galatea; a sea-nymph, daughter of NV.xus
and Doris. Hyblae. See on I. 55. 39. Quum tauri; i. e. in
the evening. 40. Venito. See on esto, \. 36. 41. Sardoniis..
herbis. The plant is the celery-leaved crowfoot. It grows abun-
dantly in Sardinia, (whence its name,) and is celebrated lor its bitter-
ness and its contractile effect on the muscles of the face, so that those
who chew it seem to laugh ; hence our phrase, sardonic laugh, as ap-
plied to involuntary or forced laughter. Videar. Gr. 488. I. and 2.
A. & S. 260, R. 6. 42. Rusco ; a low, prickly shrub, indigenous
in England, and called butcher's-broom. Cf. G. II. 413. Projecta
= thrown (on the shore) ; and which no one cares to take up. 43.
Lux = dies. 44. Si quis pudor = if you have any shame ; as much
as to say, you ought to be ashamed of yourselves to keep me so long
from my love. 45. Somno mollior. Cf. G. II. 470. 46. Kara;
because the branches of the arbutus are not thick and the leaves are
small. Arbutus ; the nominative for the vocative. 49 - 52. As
an offset to Corydon's picture of a shady retreat from the mickh y
heat of summer, his rival sings the comforts of the shepherd's home
in the winter. 50. Nigri. The ancients had no chimneys, and the
smoke escaped through a hole in the roof or by the doors. 51.
Tantum = so much only, as little. 52. Numerum ; sc. ai-inm.
The wolf when attacking the sheep cares not how many there are,
since he fears them not. 53-56. An autumn scene. Stant
stand bristling. The word is not simply simt. See on Hor. C. L
9. i. Juniper! castaneae. Gr. 669. I. 2. A. S. 305 (2).
Hirsutae; of the prickly husk of the chestnut. Gr. 672. 3. A. & S.
310. I. i. 54. Sua arbore = its own under each tree. Some
read qnaijne, in which case sua is an ablative, and scanned as a mono-
syllable. 56. Abeat, videas. Gr. 509. A. & S. 261 and 2.
Et = evcn. 57-60. The same subject, but the opposite side of
the picture. 57. Vitio . . . aeris = by a diseased state of the air ;
i. e. by excessive heat and drought. 58. Liber; Bacchus. See on
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE IX. 457
Ov. M. III. 636. Cf. the epithet Lyaeus, explained on Ov. M. XL 67.
Invidit = has grudged, denied. 60. Juppiter = aether. The
image is that of G. II. 325, the marriage of Jupiter and Juno,
Aether and Earth. Cf. .also nut arJitus aether, G. I. 324, and coeli
rni/M, A. I. 129, which is essentially the same picture. Cf. G. I. 418 ;
II. 419 ; Ov. M. II. 377 ; Hor. C. I. I. 25, etc. Laeto = joy-giving ;
from the effect. Flurimus = very abundant. Cf. G. I. 187 ; A. VI.
659, etc. Gr. 160. A. & S. 122, R. 4. Imbri. Gr. 87. III. 3 (3).
A. & S. 82, Ex. 5 (<z). 61. Alcidae ; Hercules, the grandson of
Alcaeus. Gr. 316. A. & S. too. i and (a). laccho , a nfcine of
Bacchus, from ia'^w to shout. See also on G. I. 166. 69. Haec
memini. Meliboeus here resumes the narrative, and declares Cory-
don victor. 70. Corydoii nobis = Corydon, Corydon is (the
man) for me. The proper name is repeated for emphasis.
ECLOGUE IX. MOERIS.
THE historical occasion of this Eclogue has been already adverted
to in the Life of Virgil. After obtaining a promise of protection, the
poet is said to have returned to his property, when his entrance was
resisted and his life menaced by an intruding soldier, whose name is
variously given as Arrius, Claudius, or Milienus Toro. He sought
safety in flight, and made a second appeal to the higher authorities,
which was crowned with more permanent success. Ruaeus conjec-
tures that this Eclogue was in fact a poetical petition presented to
Varus or Octavianus. Certainly it is skilfully contrived to interest
the reader in the poet's favor. Moeris, one of the servants, is going
to the town (Mantua), to carry part of the farm produce to the usurp-
ing proprietor, when he is stopped by a neighbor, Lycidas, relates his
and his master's troubles, and receives a warm expression of sym-
pathy at the loss which had so nearly fallen on the whole district by
the death of Menalcas (Virgil), some of the poet's verses being quoted
to show how great that loss would have been, while it is hinted that
his successful return will produce further poems.
1. Pedes ; sc. ducunt. 2. Vivi pervenimus = we have lived
to see, have reached the point alive ; vivi expressing both that they
might have expected to die before such an outrage, and also that
death would have been a boon. Advena; used contemptuously, as
in A. IV. 591. Nostri . . . agelli of our (i. e. of my) land ; slaves
then, as now, speaking of their master's property as their own. The
involved order of the words seems to indicate the perturbation of
Moeris. 3. Ut relates to an omitted eo, implied in vivi pervenimus.
458 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
4. Colon! = inhabitants, owners. 5. Victi = overpowered ;
i. e. by the veterans. Tristes ; because vn'ti, 6. Quod bene =
and may bad luck go with them ; lit. and may which not turn out well.
Gr. 445, 7. A. & S. 206 (13). Mittimus. Moeris seemingly speaks
for his master, who sends him with the present. 7. Certe audi-
eram= 1 for my part had heard for certain (for a fact). Ccrtc adds
confirmation to the whole sentence, and is to be joined to the verb,
while equidem gives assurance to the subject, and is to be joined to
the pronoun. Qua fagos ; with omnia, expressing the extent of the
property. Qua = (from the point) where. Se subducere . . .
molli clivo = to decline (more lit. to withdraw themselves), and
to lower the summit by a gentle slope ; jugiim demittere being nearly
= se subducere. 9. Aquam ; probably of the Mincius. Jam in-
dicates that fracta is to be referred to their age. Cacumina. The
apposition between a thing and a prominent part of itself is not un-
common. Cf. juvenes, fortissima pt-ctora, A. II. 348. Gr. 363. A. & S.
204. 10. Carminibus. By means of his poetry, Menalcas (Vir-
gil) obtained friends, through whom he had recovered his land. Ves-
trum ; the plural, as Moeris had used it, for the whole house-
hold. See on nos/ri, \. 2. So nostra, v. 12. 13. Chaouias. Do-
dona, a city of Epirus, famed for its oracle, the most ancient in
Greece, was anciently inhabited by the Chaonians. The oracle was
at first interpreted by men, and afterwards by aged women, called
TreAmat, i. e. doves, the command to found the oracle having been
brought, it was said, by doves. Hence Chaoman doves. Tennyson
speaks of the oak-grove of Dodona as " that Thessalian growth In
which the swarthy ring-dove sat, And mystic sentence spoke." 14.
Quod nisi = and if not. Gr. 453.6. A. & S. 206 (14). Qua-
cumque (sc. via, ratione] ; i. e. on any terms, as best I could. 15.
Sinistra = on the left. Monuisset . . . viveret. Gr. 510.
A. \ S. 261. i. 17. Cadit in = does fall to, attach to ; i. e. is any
one capable of so great wickedness ? 18. Paene ; alluding to the
narrow escape of Menalcas (Virgil). Solatia; i. e. his poems, which
were a joy and solace to all that heard them. Meualca. He apos-
trophizes the absent poet. 19,20 Quis umbra. The allusion
is probably to V. 20, 40, on which latter see note. Iiiduceret =
would overspread. Umbra. Gr. 419. 2. A. S. 249. I. 21.
Vel carmina (sc. quit canerct ea) = or (who would sing those)
verses which I in silence caught up from you without your noticing
it (sub) ; i.e. overheard you sing them. Tibl is evidently Menalcas,
though many of the critics refer it to Moeris. Gr. 385. 4. A. & S.
224, R. 2. 22. Nostras ; i. e. the delight of all of us ; implying
that she was a general favorite. 23. Dum redeo = while I am on
my way back : not " till I come back," as some would have it. The
THE BUCOLICS. ECLOGUE IX. 459
use of the present shows that it is the continuance of the time, not its
completion, that is thought of. We should have expected dum ab-
sutn ; but the speaker, in asking to be waited for, naturally talks of
himself, not as absent, but as coming back. 24. Potum = to drink.
Gr. 569. A. & S. 276. II. Inter agendum = while driving (them).
Gr. 565. A. & S. 275. III. R. 3. 25. Capro. Gr. 386. A. & S.
224. Verses 23-25 are borrowed from Theocritus, after whom sev-
eral passages in this Eclogue are modelled. 26. Immo = nay,
rather : sc. quis caneret. Quae canebat = which, and that
not finished, he was composing in honor of Varus ; probably Alfe-
nus Varus, who was appointed by Octavianus, B. C. 40, to preside
over Cisalpine Gaul. He appears to have been favorably disposed
to Virgil, who may flatter him here to induce him to deal leniently
with Mantua. 27. Superet. Gr. 503. i. A. & S. 263. 2 (i).
28 Nimium .vicina ; though they were forty miles apart, because
Mantua suffered for its proximity to its disaffected neighbor. See
Life. 29. Cycni. The Mincius abounded in swans. Cf. G. II.
199. On the swan as a singing bird, see on Hor. C. IV. 2. 25. 30.
Sic incipe = as you hope that your bees may avoid the Corsi-
can yews, as you hope that your cows, etc., begin : more lit. so may
your bees, etc., (as you) begin. See on Hor. C. I. 3. I. Lycidas,
anxious to hear more of the verses of Menalcas, conjures Moeris, by
what is most to be desired by a farmer, to go on with what he can
recollect of them. Cyrneas; from Cyrnos, the Greek name of the
island of Corsica. Taxos. The yew-tree was prejudicial to bees, and
the honey made from it was said to be bitter. 31. Cytiso. Gr.
414 and 4. A. & S. 247. 3. 32. Si quid babes. See on I'll. 52.
Poetam, vatem. Poeta is a technical expression, and denotes a
poet only as an artist ; vates is an old Latin and religion expression,
and denotes a poet as a sacred person. Dod. This distinction, how-
ever, is not always observed. Here vatem may be rendered " an inspired
bard." Lycidas claims to be a foeta, but disclaims the honors of the
vates. 33. Pierides. See on Ov. M. V. Introd. 34. Non
illis = I do not believe them. Gr. 391. A. & S. 222. 3. 35.
Vario . . . China ; distinguished Roman poets, contemporaries of
Virgil. Gr. 419. IV. A. & S. 244. 36. Argutos olores = to
cackle like a goose among the tuneful swans. Gr. 362. A. & S. 210,
Anser, according to Servius, is a punning reference to a contempo-
rary poet of that name, and probably, like Bavius and Maevius, per-
sonally obnoxious to Virgil.
37. Id quidem ago = that very thing I am trying to do ; refer-
ring to the incipe, si quid habes, of v. 32. Ipse. Gr. 452. I. A. & S.
207, R. 28 (a). 38. Si valeam = in the hope that I may be able,
lit. if I may be able. Neque = nan enim. 39. Hue ades. See
460 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
on VII. 9. Galatea. See on VII. 37. These verses are from the
nth Idyl of Theocritus, and are a part of the address of Polyphemus
the Cyclops to the sea-nymph Galatea, who was beloved by him.
Quis est nam ; by tmesis tor ijitisnaw cst. A. & S. 323. 4(5). 40.
Purpureum. See on V. 38. Circum; merely denoting proximity,
like " about." A. & S. 279. 10 (/). 42. Umbracula -- a bower.
43. Feriant. Gr. 493. 2. A. & S. 262, R. 4. 44. Quid, quae =
what (do you say cf those verses), which ; how (about those verso),
which. 45. Numeros = the measures, the tune. Si teiierem
= if I only had the words. Here the conditional clause is not logi-
cally connected with the other, but with something understood ; e. g.
it might be, numeros t/iciiiini, ef carmen i/'iiini n-rww/v///, si T
tenen-w. Cf. Gr. 512. 46. Daphni. Duphnis is addics.sed atRhe
representative of the shepherds who watch the stars for agricuhural
purposes. Cf. G. I. 204 foil. Quid. Gr. 380. 2. A. & S. 235, K.
n. Antiques (long known) is transferred from sispiontm (con>til-
lations) to ortns. 47. Dionaei = Dionean, descendant of Dione.
The Julian gens was derived from lulus, the son of Aeneas, who was
the son of Venus, daughter of Dione. Cf. A. I. 286. Processit =
has risen. Astrum; the comet which appeared after the death of
Julius Caesar. See on Hor. C. I. 12. 47. 48. Quo segetes. The
Julian star is to be the farmer's star, as Julius in V. 79 is the farmer's
god, and Octavianus also (G. I. 24 foil). Quo = by whose agency,
influence. Gauderent is best rendered by the future. Gr. 500.
A. & S. 364. i (</) and (/>). Frugibus. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247.
I (2). 4j9. Duceret ... colorem = shall derive color ; i. e. shall
ripen. 50. Iiisere piros; for this propitious star shall make tin. in
fruitful for many generations. 51. Fert = aufert. Cf. V. 34. Ani-
mum = aiiiyfi ~ t 'irt-s, mcmoriam. His memory failing him, he .sud-
denly stops and sorrowfully adds, oinnia fcrt actas, etc. 52. Puerum.
Gr. 363. 3. A. & S. 204, R. i (a). 53. Oblita. Gr. 221. 2. A. ,v S.
162. 17 (a). Mihi. Gr. 388. II. A. & S. 225. II. 54. Lupi
priores. The ancient Italians believed that a man meeting a wolf
and not catching its eye first would be struck dumb. 55. Satis
referet . . . saepe = will repeat often enough. 56. Caussando
amores = by feigning excuses thou puttest off for a long time (the
gratification of) my desire ; i. e. to hear you sing. 57. Tibi for
thec ; i. e. that you may be the better heard. Stratum = laid smooth.
58. Ventosi . . . murmuris = of windy murmur; for icuti
murmurantis. 59. Hinc via = from this very point is halt our
way (to the town). Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. 62. Bianoris.
Bianor, or Ocnus, was a son of Tiberis and Manto, and built the town
of Mantua, which he called after his mother. 61. Stringunt; i. e.
for fodder. 62. Tamen = notwithstanding ; referring to a thought
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 461
not expressed ; though we do stop, we shall, notwithstanding, reach
the town betimes. 63. Colligat. Gr. 492. 4. i). A. & S. 202, K. 7.
The night is said to gather the rain, because as night conies on the
clouds often gather, a prelude of rain. Ante = before (we get there).
64. Licet usque . eamus = we may go right on ; i. e. without
stopping. Gr. 493. 2. A. & S. 262, R. 4. Laedit = tires, wearies.
65. Hoc . . . fasce = of this burden; meaning the kids, which
may have been carried in some sort of bundle. He intends that
Moeris shall be the first to sing. Gr. 425. 2. A. & S. 251. 66.
Plura. See on V. 19. Puer. Gr. 669. V. A. & S. 309. 2(1).
Instat = is urgent ; i. e. the carrying of the kids to his new master.
67. Ipse ; Menalcas.
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I.
THE name Georgics (Georgica) is Greek, Tfutpyika, and means
" agricultural affairs." The title Georgicon is the Greek genitive plu-
ral of georgica. The poem is divided into four books, of which the
first treats of agriculture, the second, of the cultivation of vines and
trees, the third, of raising cattle, and the fourth, of the management
of bees. For a history of the Georgics, see the Life of Virgil.
The subject of the First Book is the tillage of the ground with a
view to crops, chiefly corn. The mention of the uncertainty of the
weather at different times of the year leads the poet to give a list o/
the signs of a storm and of fair weather, which he abridges from the
Dioscmeia of Aratus. From this he passes to the signs of the polit-
ical storm which had broken over Rome, and shows that external
nature had been no less eloquent there, while he prays that Octavi-
anus Caesar may yet be spared to save society.
ARGUMENT.
I. General subject of the whole poem ; viz. : Agriculture, Book
I. ; Vines and Trees, Book II. ; Cattle, Book III. ;
Bees, Book IV. ; (lines 1-4.)
II. Invocation of gods, and of Caesar (5 -42).
III. Opening of subject proper. Preparations for sowing :
1. Period at which to commence ploughing (43-49).
2. Nature of climate, character of soil, and most suitable
modes of cultivation, to be ascertained (50 - 62).
462 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
3. Minute directions as to the manner and time of plough-
ing particular kinds of soil (63 - 70).
4. Means of refreshing the soil (71 -93).
5. Modes of pulverizing the soil (94-99).
IV. Operations succeeding sowing :
1. Rendering the soil fine (100- 105).
2. Irrigation of crops (106- no).
3. Checking of luxuriant growth (ill - 113).
4. Drawing off excessive moisture (114-117).
5. Drawbacks and annoyances to which the husbandman
is subject : the means of preventing 'or of remedy-
ing them (118- 159).
V. Agricultural implements and appliances (160-186).
VI. Indications of the yield of the ensuing harvest, and artificial
means of increasing fruitfulness of seed (187-203).
VII. Proper season for sowing different seeds to be decided by ob-
servation of the heavenly bodies ; explanation of the
Seasons (204-256).
VIII. How the husbandman is to employ his leisure time ; what
days are lucky or unlucky for certain transactions ; and
what operations should be done by night or by day in
preference (157-310).
IX. The weather :
1 . Storms of particular seasons (3 1 1 - 334).
2. Means of guarding against them (335-350).
3. Prognostics of change of weather (351-463).
X. Political changes even foretold by heavenly bodies ; the death
of Julius Caesar ; its prognostics, its accompaniments,
and its consequences (464-514).
1. Quid segetes = what may make corn-fields productive ; lit.
joyous. Compare Psalms, Ixv. 13. The sense is substantially the
same, if we render segetes " corn, crops," and lactas " abundant."
Quo sidere = under what constellation, at what season of the
year. Or. 426 and i. A. & S. 253 and N. i. 2. Vertere ; i.e.
to plough. Cf. v. 147. Maecenas (C. Cilnius), the great friend
and close confidant of Augustus, the enlightened patron of literature
and art, had first suggested this poem, and to him it is naturally in-
scribed. See Life of Virgil. 3. Qui pecori = what sort of
treatment (attention, care) may he requisite for preserving the flock ;
i. e. for keeping up the stock. Gr. 564. A. & S. 275 III. R. 2 and
(i). Z 664. Pecori means small cattle, as sheep and goats, and is
opposed to bourn. 4. Apibus ; sc. habcndis from the preceding
habendo. Experieutia ; of the bee-keeper, not of the bees.
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 463
5. Hinc = from this point of time, now. Vos ; subject of firte in v. 1 1.
6. Lumina ; i. e. Sol et Luna. Labentem ; denoting the noise-
less pace of time. Coelo = along the sky. Or. 422. I. A. & S.
254, R. 3. 7. Liber. See on E. VII. 58. Alma is derived from
a/o. Proprie sunt alma quae alunt, ut lac, nutrix, Ceres, et alia ; imle
quaecuniqiie bona, benefica, utilia, jucunda et grata sunt. Hence this
adj. is used of the cattle and the fields ; of the sun and the light ; of
water ; of nurses ; and of the gods. Ceres. See on Ov. M. V. 341
and 343. Si = if, since, so surely as. So frequently in adjurations.
It introduces the reason why the prayer should be granted. 8.
Chaoniam. See on IX. 13. Glaiidem = mast, acorns ; the food
of man till he was taught agriculture by Ceres. Arista. Or. 416. 2.
A. & S. 252, R. 5. 9 Pocula . . . Acheloia = cups of water.
Achelous, the river flowing between Aetolia and Acarnania, was said
to be the oldest of all rivers, and consequently is often used by the
poets for water in general. Uvis zv'w. Gr. 705. II.; 385. 5.
A. & S. 324. 2 ; 245, R. i. 10. Praesentia. See on Ov. M. III. 658.
Cf. E. I. 42. Fauni; rural deities, represented as half men and half
goats. 11. Ferte . . . pedem (sc. hue} = come hither, come to my
aid. Fauni. The repetition of Fauni serves as a kind of correction
of the previous verse, where they alone were mentioned. Dryades.
See on E. V. 59. 12. Munera; i. e. corn, wine, herds, flocks,
trees. The deities thus far mentioned preside over the subjects of
the first two books ; those next invoked, over the subjects of the last
two books. Tu . . . et cultor ; sc. fcrte pcdem. Cui ^= at whose com-
mand. Prima = primuni ; i. e. it was the first horse created.
Neptune produced the first horse by a stroke of his trident. See on
v. 18. 14. Neptune; the son of Saturnus and Ops, and chief deity
of the sea. He is represented as carrying the trident, or three-
pronged spear. Amphitrite was his queen. Cf. A. I. 124 foil.
Cultor nemorum = guardian of woodland pastures. Cultor is by
some taken here as = incola. The reference is to Aristaeus, the sou
of Apollo and Cyrene, and the guardian of flocks and pastures.
Cui implies that the process goes on for him, because he is its
patron and author, thus denoting causation indirectly. Pinguia =
luxuriant. Ceae. After the death of his son Actaeon, Aristaeus re-
tired to Ceos, or Cea (now Zea), one of the Cyclades, not far from
Attica, where he delivered the inhabitants from a destructive drought
by erecting an altar to Zeus. 15 Ter centum ; a definite for an in-
definite number. Tondent ; the present suggesting that the god is
still guardian of the island. 16. Ipse expresses marked emphasis ;
even thou too, who art usually so loath to leave thy own Arcadia
See on E. IV. 58. Saltus, same as nemorum in v. 14. Lycaei,
Maeuala ; mountains in Arcadia, the former the birthplace of Pan,
464 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
the latter his favorite haunt Gr. 141. A. & S. 92. I. and I. Si;
same as in v. 7. Tibi . . . curae. Gr. 390. A. & S. 227. 18.
Adsia. Gr. 487 ; 488. I. and 2. A. & S. 260, R. 6. Tegeaee
Tegean, god of Tegea. Pan is so called, from Tegea, a city in Ar-
cadia, where he was specially worshipped. Minerva ; daughter of
Jupiter, said to have sprung from his forehead completely armed.
She was goddess of wisdom, war, and the liberal arts, the guardian
and helper of heroes, and presiding goddess of Athens. \Yhen the
dispute arose between Neptune and Minerva as to which of them
should have the honor of naming Athens, the gods decided that it
should receive its name from the one who should bestow upon man
the most useful gift Neptune then created the horse, and Minerva
called forth the olive-tree, for which the honor was conferred upon
her. Hence she is called otiae inrcntrix. 19. Puer; Triptolcimis,
of Eleusis, the son of Celeus. He was the favorite of Ceres, and the
inventor of the plough. 20. Ab radice = torn up by the root ;
i.e. root and all. Silvane; an old Roman god of agriculture, cattle,
boundaries, and forests, lie was usually represented as bearing a
young cypress plant. 21. Studium, sc. cst. Gr. 362. A. \ S.
210. Quibus, Gr. 390 and 2. A. & S. 227 and R. 4. Tueri.
Gr. 549. A. & S. 209, R. 3 (5). 22. Novas . fruges = young
plants. Non ullo semine = which grow without cultivation ; lit.
having no seed ; opposed to satis in the next line. Cf. sine serniiu;
Ov. M. I. 108. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. 24. Adeo =
especially. Sint habitura. Gr. 525. A. 6c S. 265. 25 Con-
cilia = the assembly, company. The plural is poetic. Cf. E. I.
6, 7. Invisere = to oversee, superintend. Innstre and turaw
both have the same grammatical relation to rclis. A change in the
construction from a verb to a noun, and from a noun to a verb, is not
uncommon. Cf. E. V. 46, 47. 26. Maximus orbis (sc. terra-
mm) the entire earth ; i. c. the inhabitants. 27. Auctorem
potentem = as the giver of increase to its productions, and the lord
of its changeful seasons. 28- Ciiigens ; sc. orbis. A fine image,
representing the whole human race as uniting to crown Caesar with
a myrtle wreath. Materna . . . myrto. The myrtle was sacred to
Venus. See on E. VII. 62 and IX. 47. 29. An maris = or
whether thou art to come as (i. e. art to be =futurus sis) the god
of the unmeasured sea. 30. Numiua. See on concilia, v. 25.
Thule ; the extreme northern point of legendary travel. Some re-
gard it as one of the Shetland Islands, others as Iceland, others as
Norway, others still as Jutland. 31. Geuerum. Gr. 373. A. & S.
230, R. 2. Tethys. See on Ov. M. II. 69. She was the mother of
toe Oceanides. See on E. V. 75. Omnibus undis ; i. e. the whole
sovereignty of the sea. In heroic times, parents used to give large
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 465
dowries with their daughters. 32. Tardis . . . mensibus ; i. e. the
summer months, when the clays are longest, and therefore the course
of the sun apparently slowest. This is clear from the position as-
signed him between Virgo and Scorpio. Sidus = constellation ;
i.e. one of the signs of the zodiac. 33. Erigoiien. In Virgil's
time the space between the sign of Virgo (Erigone, or Astraea ; see
on Ov. M. I. 150) and that of the Scorpion, now occupied by Libra,
was vacant, or only occupied by the claws (chelas) of the Scorpion.
Sequentes = following ; i. e. in the zodiacal order. 34. Ipse
reliquit ; parenthetical. The Scorpion is represented as readily
(ipse = of himself) contracting his claws (bracliia) to make room for
his new companion, and as showing his respect for him by yielding
more than a fair share (justa partc) of space. Ardens = bright,
blazing; an epithet of the constellation. 36. Sperant Tartara.
Gr. 474. A. & S. 259. The honor is really too great for Tartarus to
hope for. Gr. 141. A. & S. 92. I. Tartarus ; properly the nether
abode of the wicked, here used of the lower world generally. 37.
Veniat. Gr. 485; 486. I. and 2. A. & S. 260. II. Dira = in-
tense. Cf. A. VI. 373. 38. Miretur = celebrates, paints in glow-
ing colors. Gr. 514; 515 and I. A. & S. 263. 2 (i). Graecia.
Gr. 705. II. A. & S. 324. 2. 39. Repetita = recalled. Curet
= nolit. Matrem ; i. e. Ceres. 40. Facilem cursum = an
easy (i. e. prosperous) course ; a metaphor taken from navigation.
The sentence begun v. 24 is here completed. Audacibus coep-
tis = be favorable to, smile on, my bold undertaking ; i. e. that of
being the first to write a Latin poem on agriculture.
41. Mecum; with miseratus. 42. Insredere; i.e. enter upon
thy career as a god. Jam uunc = even now. 43. Vere novo.
The Roman spring began between the Nones and Ides of February,
when, the west wind (Favonius or Zephyrus ; see Hor. C. I. 4. i) be-
gan to blow, and ended about the middle of May ; but ploughing
commenced sometimes even by the middle of January. Gelidus ;
from the melting snow. Canis ; because covered with snow. Mon-
tibus. Gr. 425. 3 (4). A. & S. 255, R. 3 (/>). 44. Zephyro =
through the agency of, under the influence of, the west wind. Gr.
414 and 5. A. & S. 247. 45. Depresso ; i. e. pressed deeply in-
to the soil. Gr. 430. A. & S. 257. Jam turn then immediately ;
emphatic. Mini. Gr. 389. A. & S. 228, N. (a). Connect with in-
cipiat. It may be interpreted as = if you have any regard for my ad-
vice. Taurus = bos, juvencus ; so elsewhere. The ancients never
ploughed with bulls. 46. Ingernere; a consequence of the de-
presso aratro. 47. Seges = terra, ager. Avari = eager ; not
here in a bad sense. 43. Bis . . . bis. The common practice was
to plough three times, in spring, summer, aad autumn ; but where the
30
466 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
soil was hard and heavy there was another ploughing in the autumn
of the previous year. Thus the soil twice felt the chills of autumn
(L e. after the first and last ploughings), and twice the heat of sum-
mer (i. e. after the second and third). 49. Illius ; sc. segetis. Rupe-
runt = are wont to burst The perfect is sometimes used, like the
Greek aorist, to express what is habitual and customary. 50. Igno-
tum ; i. e. whose nature is unknown to us, as having been recently ac-
quired or not yet tried. Ferro . . . scindimus = aramus. See on
Hor. C. I. i. ii. Aequor = the level surface of the field. 51.
Ventos coeli . . . morem = the (prevailing) winds and the vari-
ations (lit. various nature) of the weather. 52. Patriots locorum
= both the peculiar modes of cultivation and characteristics of (par-
ticular) localities. Patrios belongs to habitus as well as to cnltiis.
There is a hysteron-proteron in cultus and habitus, since the mode
of cultivation depends upon the character of the ground. Gr. 704. 2.
A. & S. 323. 4 (2). 54. Veniunt =pr<nteniuiit, crcscunt. Cf. II. 1 1.
55. Arborei fetus = fruit trees. Injussa = s/><ntSt. Natural
pastures, where no seed has been sown, are referred to. 56. Cro-
ceos . . . odores, for crocum oJoratum. Tmolus. See on Ov. M. II.
217 and XI. 152. 57. Mittit; i. e. to Rome. Gr. 525. 6. A. & S.
265, R. i. Sua; i.e. peculiar to their country. Gr. 449. II. 2.
A. & S. 208 (8). Sabaei; a people of Arabia Felix. 58. Chaly-
bes ; a people in the northern part of Armenia. Their country was
famous for its iron mines. Nudi thinly clad ; i. e. when working
at the forge. Virosa . . . castorea = strong-smelling castor. Cas-
tor was an animal substance obtained from the beaver, and highly
valued as a medicine. Pontus ; a country in the extreme northeast
of Asia Minor, extending along the coast of the Euxine. 59. Elia-
duin palmas equarum the palms of the mares of Elis ; i. e. the
mares which win palms at the Olympian games in Elis. See on
Hor. C. II. 16. 35 and C. IV. 2. 17. Epiros; a country in the ex-
treme northwest of Greece, celebrated for its pastures and its horses.
Gr. 46. i and 3. A. & S. 54. 60. Continue = immediately, at
once. It is to be connected with quo temporc primum, and with these
words is = statim illo tempore, or eo ipso taitpore, quo primum = at
that very time when first. Has. Gr. 439 and I. A. & S. 205, R.
2. Ex. Foedera = conditions ; i. e. that each country should have
its peculiar character and productions. 62. Deucalion jactavit
See Ov. M. I. 318 foil., 399 foil. 63. Durum genus. Cf. Ov. M.
I. 414. 415. Ergo age. The subject of ploughing, interrupted by
the digression at V. 50, is here resumed. 64. Pingue is emphatic,
as also is fortes in the next verse. Where the soil is rich, the plough-
ing should be early in the year and deep, thus requiring stout cattle.
05. The rhythm of the line expresses the slow and laboring gait of
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 467
oxen. Gr. 672. 2. A. & S. 310. 2. Jacentes = lying exposed.
66. Maturis = mature, strong, hot ; i. e. of midsummer heat.
67. Ncu . . . fecunda, opposed to pingue in v. 64. Sub ipsum Arc-
turum = toward, just before, the rising of Arcturus ; i. e. the 5th of
September. See on Ov. M. II. 176. 68. Tenui . . . suspendere
sulco = to raise it with a light furrow (leaving it, as it were, hanging
in air). 69. Illic in the former case; referring to vv. 64-66.
Laetis. See on v. i. Herbae = weeds. 70. Hie = in the lat-
ter case ; referring to vv. 67, 68. Arenam soil. 71. Alternis
(sc. vicious) alternately ; i. e. every other year. Idem = at the
same time, likewise ; implying that the rules already given do not
exhaust the subject. Tcmsas = reaped. Novales = fallow lands ;
an instance of prolepsis (anticipation) ; the adjective representing that
as already done which in reality is to follow as a consequence of the
action of the verb on which its substantive depends. Cf. Ov. M. I.
184 and note. 72. Seguem = inactive, devoid of life, exhausted;
i. e. by bearing the previous crop. Situ = by lying, by rest. Some
understand it of the scurf (in this case, of the incipient sward) that
forms on the surface of ground allowed to lie undisturbed. Dures-
cere to harden ; as the soil naturally does when not cultivated.
Four methods of reinvigorating the exhausted soil are here men-
tioned : 1st, by allowing it to rest every second year (v. 71) ; 2d, by
rotation of crops (v. 73) ; 3d, by manuring (v. 80) ; 4th, by burning
the stubble (v. 84). 73. Mutato sidere ; because corn would not
be sown at the same time of year as pulse. A sign or constellation (see
on v. i ) is said to be changed when one comes in place of another. The
meaning seems to be, that on the land where leguminous plants
have been sown in the spring, corn may be sown in the following
autumn ; though some understand it of the autumn of the following
year. Farra (lit. spelt) may be taken for bread-corn in general.
74. Laetum siliqua. See on v. i. Gr. 414. A. & S. 247. i (i).
Quassante shaking, rattling. 75. Tenuis = slender, slight.
So called because its halm is so slender and its seed so small, com-
pared with those of the bean, or pea. Tristis = bitter. See II.
126. Lupini; limiting calamos and silvam. 76. Fragiles =
brittle ; i. e. when dry. Calamos silvamque ; expressing the luxu-
riance of the crop. Silvam sonantem = rattling growth. 77.
Urit = consumes, exhausts. The general sense is that the same
crop, year after year, will exhaust the soil. Flax, oats, and poppies
are specified merely as significant instances of this rule. The poet
then adds that, though this is the tendency of these crops in them-
selves, it is not so when they alternate with each other, if only the
soil is renovated after each crop by plentiful manuring. Avenae ;
sc. seges. 78. Lethaeo Lethean ; derived from Lethe, the river
468 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
of oblivion in the lower regions. It is descriptive of the strongly
narcotic power of the poppy. 79. Sed labor but still the
task (of the field ; i. e. the strain on the field) will be light (if you
sow) alternately. Alternis. See on v. 71. Arida = parched,
exhausted. Tantum ne . . . pudeat = only do not be ashamed.
Shame restrains from excess in anything. 82. Sic quoque is ex-
plained by mutatis fctibits. Rest is gained by a change of crops as
well as by leaving the land untilled. 83. Nee modifies the whole
sentence, and not nulla alone. Nulla . . . inaratae gratia terrae
= the thanklessness of unploughed land ; i. e. of land lying fallow.
Gratia is said of land which repays the labor bestowed on it. By
rotation of crops, the land, being sown every year, has no period of
thanklessness, or unproductiveness, as when it lies fallow every other
year. 84. Steriles agros ; i. e. from which the corn has been taken,
leaving nothing but stubble. Incendere. Gr. 549. A. & S. 269.
Profuit See on v. 49. 85. Atque . . . flammis. The dac-
tylic rhythm expresses the lively crackling of the flames. See on v.
65. 86. Sive . . . sive . . . sen = whether ... or ... or ; the
various ways in which burning the stubble was supposed to act on
the soil. The first only is the true one. 88. Vitium vicious
quality. 89. Plures . . . vias et caeca . . . spiramcnta ==
more channels and hidden pores. 90. Qua = where, by which.
This relative adverb frequently refers to nouns either of the singular
or plural number. Cf. A. V. 590. 91. Durat The object of this
verb seems to be the land itself rather than the pores. 92. Teuu-
68 = subtle, penetrating. Pluviae ; sc. aditrant (= noccant) from
adurat, which, however, belongs to it in sense only so far as it con-
tains the general notion of injuring. The figure is called zeugma,
and is very common. Gr. 704. I. 2. A. & S. 323. I (b) and (2) (a).
Rapid! = scorching. 93. Acrior. Gr. ^/n, i. A. & S. 256,
R. 9 (a). Penetrabile = penetrating. Frigus adurat Uro and
aduro are used of cold as well as heat, because some of its effects are
analogous to those of heat. With frigiis the verb may be rendered
" freeze." 94. Rastris. Our way, after breaking a field, is to give it a
good tearing up with a heavy harrow with iron teeth, drawn by oxen
or horses. The ancients used to break the clods by manual labor with
a rostrum (a kind of heavy rake with iron teeth) ; and then, to pulver-
ize it, the men drew over it bush-harrows (crates), nearly the same
as now in use. Inertes = inactive ; i. e. unproductive (when left to
themselves). 96. Flava, This epithet was probably suggested by
the golden hue of ripening corn. Neque . . . nequidquam ; i. e.
she does not regard him vainly, as if she were an idle spectator, or
were unable to help. 97. Et; sc. multum jurat arva. Froscisso
aequore = which he raises in the first breaking up of the field.
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 469
Proscindo is the technical term for the first ploughing. On aequore,
see on v. 50. Gr. 430 ; 431. 2. A. & S. 257 and N. i. Terga =
the sods, ridges ; i. e. those made by the froscissio, or first ploughing.
98. Rursus aratro = with turned plough again breaks through
(the ridges, terga) cross-wise. This cross-ploughing took place in the
summer or early autumn, five or six months after \.\\z prose issio. 99.
Frequens. Gr. 443. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (a). Imperat ; i.e. acts
like a master, makes his land obey him. 100. Solstitia. = aestah's.
Cf. E. VII. 47. Here begins a new division of the subject. See in-
troductory Analysis. 101 Laetissima. See on v. i. Pulvere.
Gr. 414. A. & S. 247. i (i). Farra. See on v. 73. 102. Nullo
messes ; i. e. as in a dry winter. Mysia ; a most fertile region of
Asia Minor, on the Hellespont, at the foot of the range (Ida) of which
Mount Gargarus was the most conspicuous point. Cultu. Gr. 414.
A. & S. 247. i (2). 104. Ipsa ; i. e. not only is it celebrated by
all others, but is even itself astonished at its own fertility. Gargara.
Gr. 141. A. & S. 92. i. 104. Quid dicam , sc. de eo: a form of
enumeration, introducing a subject which is to be treated only curso-
rily before hastening to another topic. It here implies commendation.
Comminus = in close contest ; i. e. as soon as the seed is sown, at-
tacking and levelling with the hand or rake the ridges (cumulos) of
sand. The metaphor is from a soldier throwing his lance, and then
coming to close quarters sword in hand. Some make comtninns = \m-
mecliately, without delay. 105. Insequitur = pursues ; implying
persevering assiduity. Ruit = levels; here used transitively. Cf. A.
! 35> 85. Male pinguis = -non ptngttis ; i. e. barren, unfertile.
106. Satis into the sown fields. Gr. 386. A. & 8.224. Sequen-
tes ; because they follow whithersoever they are led. 107. Mori-
entibus herbis = with its dying herbage is in a glow. Herbis ;
not the grass, but blades of corn. Gr. 430. A. & S. 257. It would
seem from vv. 106, 108 that the poet wished to indicate two modes
of irrigating ; the one, for fields in a level country, where by means of
a dam the water of a stream is brought in over them ; the other, for
fields on a declivity, where the water is brought clown on them from
the springs near the summit. 108. Ecce , at once giving the pic-
ture and expressing the unexpected relief to the soil. Supercilio.
Gr. 425. 2 and 3. 4. A. & S. 251. Clivosi tramitis =of its path-
way down the hill ; i. e. from the brow of the hill, when used for irri-
gation. 109. Levia, not levia ; implying that the path, or channel,
has been often thus used. 110. Ciet = wakes. Scatebris =
with its bubbling rills. Temperat = tempers, cools, refreshes.
111. Quid , sc. dicam de eo. See v. 104. Aristis. Gr. 414 and 2.
A. & S. 247. i (2). 113. Quum sata = as soon as the crops
render the furrows level ; i. e. as soon as the corn in the furrows is
47 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
as high as that on the ridges between the furrows. Quique ; sc.
quid i/icdi de eo. Paludis =of the pool ; i. e. of the stagnant water
in the furrows. 114. Arena. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S. 247 and 3.
Referring either to ditches leading to a sandy place, where the water
is absorbed, or to drains half filled with small stones or gravel, which
take up the water as it passes along. 115. Incertis mensibuB;
the months when the weather is most changeable ; i. c. the spring and
autumn ; here the spring. Gr. 426. A. & S. 253. 116. Exit ; i. e.
from its bed or banks. Cf. A. II. 496. Et limo = and over-
spreads all things far and wide with a coating of mud. Gr. 430 ;
431 and 2. A. & S. 257 and N. i. 117. Uiide lacunae ; i. e.
if the water is not drawn off before the sun begins to act on it, it
might rot the plants. Sudant ; as the water would be drawn up by
the heat of the sun. Lacunae ; i. e. the furrows, the spaces between
the ridges. 118. Nee . . . nihil = somewhat, in some degree. Gr.
585. A. & S. 277, R. 3. Quum = although. Haec . . . sint . . .
expert! = have tried these (expedients). 119. Versando; like
vertere, v. 2, with a further notion of frequency. Gr. 566. 3. A. & S.
275. III. R. 4, N. 2, last sentence. Improbus = greedy, destruc-
tive. 120 Strymoniae ; because cranes abounded about the river
Strymon in Thrace. Intuba = succory. It would be injurious both
directly as a weed, and indirectly as attracting geese, which are fond
of it. 121. Umbra; i.e. of trees and useless plants. Pater; Jupiter,
who was king during the silver age, in which toil began, as Saturn had
been in the golden. See on E. IV. 5 and 18 foil. 122. Haud. Gr. 584.
3. A. & S. 191, R. 3. Primus; sc. illcriun, qui iniindutii rexentnt.
123. Movit = fecit nunicri, arari ' as a man is said to do the
thing that he causes to be done. Mortalia corda = the intellects
of men. The heart was frequently spoken of as the scat of thought
and emotion. Acuens , as we speak of sharpening the intellect.
124. Passus; sc. <\>7. Sua regua; i.e. mankind over whom he
ruled. 125. Ante Jovem; i.e. ante Jcn'is re^nitm ; i.e. in the
golden age. 126. Ne . . . quidem. Gr. 602. III. 2. A. & S. 191,
R. 3 (a). Signare ; sc. lintite. Gr. 549 and i. A. & S. 269 and R.
2. 127. In quaerebant = they made acquisitions for the use
of all ; i. e. what they acquired they put into a common stock. Ipsr..
See on E. IV. 21 ; 23. 128. Liberius; i.e. than now. It seems
to include both generosity and freedom from external constraint.
Nullo poscente ; i. e. nullo confute, is the cause of the liberiiis. Cf.
E. IV. 18. 129. Virus. Gr. 47. II. A. & S. 51. Atria = deadly.
It is a common epithet of serpents, and sometimes it is not easy to
say whether it has its primitive sense of " black," or its derivative
meaning of " deadly," though it may include both. Cf. E. IV. 24.
130. Lupos. Gr. 375. A. & S. 239. Wolves are used here for
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 471
beasts of prey in general. Mover! = to swell, to be agitated. 131.
Mella foliis, i. e. so that men could no longer obtain it from that
source. See on E. IV. 30. Ignemque removit ; i. e. hid it in
the veins of the flint, so that ingenuity was required to force it out.
132. Passim; with currentia, Rivis. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S.
247. 2. 133. Usus = need, necessity. It is virtually personified;
whence meditando^ which is = by reflection, study. 134. Et. We
might have expected /// for et here, and et for tit (which is given by
some MSS.) in the next line : Virgil, however, has chosen to vary
the expression, coupling a particular fact with a general, and then
subjoining a second particular, as a co-ordinate clause with the two.
Sulcis , i. e. by ploughing. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S. 247. 3. Fru-
menti . . herbam. See on E. V. 26. 135. Venis. Gr. 425. 2. 2).
A. & S. 251. Abstrusum = that lay concealed ( in them); lit.
thrust away (by Jupiter). Cf. A. VI. 6. Excuderet. Cf. A. I. 174.
136. Navigation then began, canoes being made by hollowing
out trees, Cf. Ov. M. I. 94, 95 and notes. Sensere = felt the
weight of. 137. Navita turn. The further progress of navigation.
Stellis fecit = numbered the stars and gave them their names ;
i. e. they divided them into constellations. Face re nomen alicni is a
.phrase to which numeros is here added by a kind of zeugma. Cf.
Psalms, cxlvii. 4. 138. Pleiadas; seven stars in the neck of
Taurus, called also Vergiliae, l 'yieia vere oriantur." Cf. Hor. C. IV. 14.
21. They thus marked the beginning of the sailing season. The name
is derived from n\eetv, to sail. The word is here a tetrasyllable.
Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. For the lengthening of the final syllable, see
Gr. 669. V. A. & S. 309. 2 (i). Hyadas. See on Ov. M. III. 595.
The name is derived from veiv, to rain. Lycaonis. Gr. 397 (i).
A. & S. 211, R. 7 (i). Arcton. See on Ov. M. II. 129, 171.
Callisto, there mentioned, was a daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia.
139. Captare . . . fallere. Gr. 549. A. & S. 269. Fallere ;
sc. aves, implied in the preceding /eras. 140. Inventum ; sc. esf.
Salt us = forest-pastures ; i. e. the glades or open spaces in
forests, where cattle pastured and wild beasts wandered. They were
hedged round in hunting by nets and watchers, to prevent the animals
from breaking out. 141. Fishing was also invented. Funda =
with the casting-net. It was pear-shaped or conical, and was loaded
with lead to make it sink. It was thrown forcibly into the water ;
hence the verb verberat = lashes. The English phrase, " whip the
stream," is similar. 142. Alta petens seeking the deep parts ;
i. e. of the river. Pelago. Gr. 422. I. 2) ; 47, II. A. & S. 254,
R. 3 ; 51. Lina = drag-net, seine.
143. Ferri rigor =f err urn rigidum ; sc. venit (= frmenit, inven-
tus esf), from v. 145 ; alluding to the hardening of iron for the manu-
472 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
facturing of tools. The inversion of syntax, whereby the adjective
idea is expressed by a noun of kindred meaning, is very common in
all languages, and is frequently used by the poets with great effect ;
as, " the might of Gabriel " (Milton) ; i. e. the mighty Gabriel.
Atque = and particularly ; giving a single instance of the imple-
ments that were then invented. This is a frequent practice with our
poet. Serrae. The invention of the saw was attributed by some
to Daedalus, by others to Perdix, his nephew. See on Ov. M. VI II.
Introd. 144. Primi; sc. homines. 146. Improbus exacting,
excessive. Some critics make it = persevering. See on Hor. C. III.
24. 62. Egestas = want ; especially of food. This leads the poet
back to his subject. 147 Frima Ceres. The connection is as
follows: Before the time of Jupiter there was no tillage (v. 125) ; but
under his reign various arts were invented, and especially that of
agriculture, by Ceres. See on v. 7. 148 Glandes. See on v. 8.
Sacrae is explained by Dodona. See on Chaonias, E. IX. 13.
149. Deficerent = began to fail. Silvae is the genitive limiting
gltimtfs and arhutii ; though some make it the subject of deficerent.
Dodona, famous for its oak groves, is used poetically for the oaks
themselves. 150. Et = even ; to be construed with friunoitis.
Labor = injury, trouble, plagues. As examples of labor used of
the sufferings of things inanimate, see v. 79, and II. 343, 372. Ad-
ditus (sc. est) ; i.e. by Jupiter. Mala = baleful, destructive. Cf.
v. 129. 151. Esset. Gr. 291 ; 492. A. & S. 181 ; 262. Robigo
= blight, mildew. To avert it the Romans worshipped a deity named
Kobigus, or Robigo, whom they propitiated by a festival called Robi-
galia. Segnis unfruitful, worthless. 152. Subit = conies up
(in its stead). Silva. See on v. 76. It is explained by the two
following nouns. 154. Infelix . . . avenae. See on E. V. 37.
155. Quod nisi. See on E. IX. 14. Assiduis = assidue. Gr.
443. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (a). Herbam. See on v. 69. 157.
Umbram ; i. e. the trees and foliage that make the shade. Votis.
Vows were paid to Jupiter Pluvius. 158. Acervum. Cf. v. 185.
159. Concussa . . . quercu = by shaking the oak ; i. e. for acorns.
160. Dicendum ; sc. est mihi. Et etiam. Arma = imple-
ments, utensils, tools. Cf. -A. 177. 161. Quis sine. Gr. 187.
I ; 602. II. i. A. & S. 136, R. 2 ; 279. 10 (a) and (/). Nee potuere
= have never been able. For the perfect, see on v. 49. 162. In-
flexi is explained by vv. 169, 170. Frimum is often used in the
beginning of an enumeration without a following dcinde or turn, the
office of which, however, is often performed by 7 v;v, etiam, autcm, etc.
Grave robur = the ponderous and strong ; lit. the ponderous
strength: robur aratri for robiistitni aratrum, like ferri rigor, v. 143,
and aeternaque ferri Robora, A. VII. 609. 163. Tarda = tardc ;
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 473
qualifying volvcntia. See on assiduis, v. 155. Eleusinae matris;
1. e. of Demeter or Ceres, who was chiefly worshipped at Eleusis in
Attica. She is called mater, probably in allusion to her name, De-
meter, i. e. Mother Earth. 164. Tribula, traheae ; two kinds of
threshing-sledge ; the former of which consisted of a thick wooden
board, which was armed underneath with pieces of iron or sharp
flints, and drawn over the corn by a yoke of oxen, either the driver or
a heavy weight being placed upon it, for the purpose of separating the
grain and cutting the straw ; the latter, a kind of drag, sometimes
used, was probably either entirely of stone or made of the trunk of a
tree. Iniquo = immoderate, very great. Pondere. Gr. 428.
A. & S. 211, R. 6. Rastri. See on \. 94. 165. Virgea . . . su-
pellex seems to include baskets, colanders, &c., as well as the hur-
dles and the fan. Celei; the father of Triptolemus and Demophon,
and the first priest of Ceres at Eleusis. She instructed him in agri-
culture and in the making of wicker-work implements. 166.
Crates. See on v. 94. Vannus = the winnowing-fan. This was
a broad basket, into which the corn mixed with chaff was received
after threshing, and was then thrown in the direction of the wind. It
is called mystica, because at the celebration of the Eleusinian myste-
ries it was carried in the processions in honor of lacchus, the son of
Demeter and Zeus, sometimes confounded with Bacchus (as in E.
VII. 61), and sometimes distinguished from him. Bacchus was the
son of Zeus and Semele. Ceres, Celeus, and lacchus are here in-
troduced to give a religious dignity to what might otherwise seem
trivial. 167. Multo. Gr. 418 and I. A. & S. 256, R. 16 (3).
Ante; i. e. before they are needed. Memor provisa = carefully
(mindfully) provided. Provisa repones = pravidebis et repones. Gr.
579. A. & S. 274. 3 (b}. 168. Digna = deserved, merited.
Si manet ; for si vis, ut te maneat. Divini ruris ; either as the
abode of the rural deities, or, at least, as pleasing to them. 169.
Continue in silvis = in the very woods. Continuo is explained by
in sih-is. The words can only mean that the young elm while yet in
the woods is bent and made to grow in the required shape, whatever
may be thought of the possibility of the thing, which Keightley denies.
170. Bxirim = the plough-beam. Gr. 85. III. and 2. A. & S. 79.
2. The bitris was a piece of strong wood, naturally or artificially
curved, to one end of which was affixed the pole, to the other the
deiitalc, and into it was mortised the stiva. It therefore formed the
body of the plough. Curvi . . . aratri. As the burls gave the
characteristic bend to the plough, it is here called by the plough's
name, aratri. 171. Huic ; sc. bun. Ab stirpe = from the lower
part; i. e. of the temo. Connect with protentus. Temo = the pole.
Sc. aptatur. It was part of the plough, as well as of the cart or car-
474
NOTES ON VIRGIL.
riage. The yoke was fastened to the end of it, and by means of it
the oxen drew. Sometimes the temo was of the same piece of timber
with the buris and share-beam (dentate), though not in the kind of
plough here described. 172. Aures mould-boards. These rose
on each side of the share (vomer), bending outwardly in such a man-
ner as to throw on either hand the soil which had been previously
Fig. I. i. dentalia : 3. burrs ; 3. temo ; 4. sirva. ; 5. manicula ; 6. vomer ;
7- j*S um ' *. funttulMt ; b. clavus ; c. coilare ; d. fora subjugui.
Fig. II. The common ploughshare.
Fig. III. The deHtatia ahne.
Fig. IV. A plough with mould-boards, aratrum auritum ; 7, 7. aures.
loosened and raised by the share, and were adjusted to the share-
beam which was made double (duflici dorso) for the purpose of
receiving them. Duplici . . . dorao. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6.
Dentalia the share-beam ; a. piece of wood fixed horizontally
at the lower end of the buris, and to which the share was fitted. In
some cases it was itself shod with iron. It is not certain whether it
was one solid piece of timber, with a space to admit the end of the
buris, or two pieces fastened on each side of it and running to a point.
The. plural dcnUilia is used by Virgil in speaking of one plough, but
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 475
it !s probably nothing more than a usual poetic license. 173. Ante.
See on v. 167. Jugo; a piece of wood, straight in the middle and
curved towards both ends, which was attached to the end of the pole
of the plough or cart, and went over the necks of the oxen. Fagus
stivaque; by hcndiadys for stiva fagina. Gr. 704. II. 2. A. & S.
323. 2 (3). 174. Stiva = the plough-handle. The stiva was
originally mortised into the burls, but it sometimes formed one piece
with it. It had a cross piece named mamcula, by which the plough-
man held and directed the plough. Cursus . . . imos the lowest
courses , referring, perhaps, to the turning of the plough at the end
of the furrow. Most editors read currus {= carriage). Or. 500.
A. & S. 264. 5. 175. Explorat = searches (5. e. dries) and tests.
The above diagrams, illustrating Virgil's plough, are taken from
the work of Schulz, De Aratri Romani Forma et Compositione.
176. Possum . . . ni refugis. Gr. 508. A. S. 261. R. I.
TibL Maecenas is addressed throughout as the ideal reader.
177. Refugis; i.e. from hearing, as in A. II. 12 from speaking.
Observe the mood and tense : 1 can repeat . . . but I see you start
oft 178. Cum primis = as a matter of the first importance, espe-
cially. 179. Vertenda inarm. The earth had to be turned up and
worked, or kneaded, with the hand. This operation really preceded
the aeqitanda cylindro, as the preparation of the floor was the first
thing. Gr. 704. IV. 2. A. & S. 323. 4 (2). Greta = argilla, as in
II. 215. The clay was for the purpose of making it harden and bake.
180. Pulvere; for siccitate, effect for cause. 181 Turn = et
tiim ; \. e. if the threshing-floor cracks. Illudant = may mock ;
i.e. the threshing-floor and the husbandman's labor. See II. 375,
where the goats are said to mock, to disport themselves with the
young vine. Gr. 485. A. & S. 260. II. Pestea; as injuring the
floor and annoying the husbandman. 182. Posuit . . . fecit ;
aoristic perfects. See on v. 49. 183. Oculis capti = blind ; lit.
taken in the eyes. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I. The expression seems
to come from the use of capi, for to be injured. The mole has eyes,
though they are very small, and much covered over. Talpae. Gr.
44. Ex. A. & S. 42. 2. 184. Inventus ; which is found in holes,
and which therefore is likely to creep into holes. Bitfo is said to
occur nowhere else in the classics. Plurima. Gr. 453. 5. A. & S.
206 (7) (a) and (l>). 185. Monstra = unsightly creatures ; some-
times, as here, without reference to their size. Farris. Cf. on v.
73. 186. Senectae. Gr. 385. 3. A. & S. 223. Ants live but
for a short time (supposed to be for one year only), so that senectae
is a poetical expression for hiemi, which is the old age of their brief
existence. It is well known that the ancients were in error about the
habits of the ant, which has no storehouses, and remains torpid dur-
476 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
ing the greater part of the winter. 187. Contemplator. Gr. 537.
II. A. & S. 267 (3). Nux = the walnut-tree. Some understand
it of the almond-tree. Flurima = abundantly. 188. Curvabit;
said by anticipation ; for if the poet uses fetus of the blossoms, or
embryo fruit, he may likewise speak of these bending the branches.
189. Si fetus; i.e. if a great number of the blossoms set, as
the gardeners term it. 190 There will be a very hot summer and
a great threshing; i. e. an abundant harvest. 191. Foliorum is
emphatic, opposed to fetus; umbra, general. 192. Nequidquam.
Connect with teret. Palea. Gr. 419. III. A. & S. 250. 2. Teret
area. The tritura was performed sometimes by the trampling of
oxen, sometimes by the tuibiilum or trahca (see on v. 164), sometimes
by fitstcs, flails or sticks. 193 - 203. Steeping seed-beans is a
plan often pursued, to make the produce larger and easier to be
cooked. But the best seeds will degenerate, unless you pick every
year. It is the tendency of everything in nature, and only man's
most strenuous efforts can counteract it. 194. Nitro ; not our
nitre, but a mineral alkali, carbonate of soda, and therefore used in
washing. Amurca = lees of olive oil. 195. Siliquis. Gr. 387.
A. & S. 226. Fallacibus; referring to the general character of the
pods of beans, which in this particular case are to be less deceptive
than usual. 196. Quamvis maderent = that they might be
quickly cooked by a fire however small. Properata prof ere ;
lit. being hastened. 198. Via humana ; i.e. homines. 199.
Quaeque. Gr. 458. I. A. & S. 207, R. 35 0). 200. Ruere
. . . referri Gr. 545. i. A. & S. 209, R. 5 and N. 7. Trans-
late, " are accustomed," etc. Retro referri = slipping away
to be borne backward. Retro is often used pleonastically with
verbs beginning with re. Cf. A. II. 169. 201. Flumine. Gr.
431. A. & S. 257. 202. Subigit. Cf. A. VI. 302. 203.
Atque, according to Gellius and Servius, is statiw, but it is
better to connect it with rentisif, and give it its usual significa-
tion. Virgil does not expressly introduce an apodosis in such
comparisons, but makes his whole sentence depend on the ///// or
si which follows the non aliter or hinid sccits following the simile. Cf.
A. IV. 669. Ilium is doubtless the letiifnts, which is distinguished
from the rower. \Vr. accounts for atqtic by supplying retro' tttbl&psus
refertur before it, and making the whole into an apodosis, but he
quotes no similar instance. Alveus = the current. Amiii. (Jr.
87. III. 3. A. & S. 82. Ex. 5 (a). 204-207. The husbandman
must observe the rising and setting of the constellations as atten-
tively as the sailor. 204. Arcturi. See on Ov. M. II. 176,
and cf. v. 68. Nobis. Gr. 388. I. A. & S. 225. III. 205.
Haedorum = the Kids, or Goat. See on Ov. M. III. 594. An-
THE GEORGICS. BOOK. I. 477
guis. See on Ov. M. II. 138. 206. Quam quibus = as (by
those) by whom. Vectis = euntibus. The Latin having no present
pass, part., the perf. part, is sometimes used in a present sense.
207. Pontus ; sc. Euxinns. Fauces . . . Abydi ; i. e. Hclles-
pontus. Abyclos was a town on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont,
opposite the European Sestos. Oysters are still found there. 2O3.
Libra ; i. e. the Balance, between Scorpio and Virgo. See on v.
33. Die. Gr. 119. 4. A. & S. 90. 2. Pares. The sun was in
Libra at the time of the autumnal equinox, when the days and nights
were of equal duration, and when the Roman hours were, of course,
equal too. Fecerit Gr. 473. A. & S. 145. VI. 209. Et
orbem=and already divides the globe equally for light and dark-
ness ; i. e. gives both the northern and southern hemispheres an
equal amount of day and night. 210. Tauros = boves. 211.
Usque imbrem = even to the first rain of the impracticable
(i. e. when no work can be done) winter solstice. Extremum may
be used of either end ; here the beginning. 212. Segetem; used
proleptically for the seed. Cereale ; because sacred to Ceres, who
was represented with poppies in her hands. She was said to have
calmed her grief for the loss of her daughter Proserpina by eating its
seeds. 213. Hurno. Gr. 47. 2. 2) ; 414. A. & S. 49. i ; 247.
Tegere. Gr. 563. 6. A. & S. 275. III. N. i. Jamdudum'= at
once, without delay. Cf. A. II. 103. Incumbere; like airvus
nrator, E. III. 42. 214. Tellure. Gr. 430. A. & S. 257, R. 7 (a).
Pendent ; i. e. they do not yet come down in rain. 215. Med-
ica (sc. herba] = lucerne ; introduced into Greece from Media at
the time of the invasion of Darius. Putres; because they have lain
fallow through the winter. 216. Amiua cura; to distinguish it from
lucerne, which required to be sown only once in ten years. 217,
218. A periphrasis for vere. 217. Candidus. The allusion,
according to Keightley, is to the milk-white bulls with gilded horns
which appeared in the triumphal processions at Rome. Aperit
is illustrated by the etymology of Aprilis. Cornibus. Gr. 428.
A. & S. 211, R. 6. Whether auratis cornibus is meant to be taken
descriptively with taitrns, or instrumentally with aperit, is not clear.
The former seems more reasonable, as there would be no natural
propriety in the image of a bull using his horns to open a gate. The
horns are called auratis, because there are bright stars at their tips.
218. Canis; i. e. Sirius. a star of the first magnitude in Canis
Major. This star sets heliacally, i. e. is lost in the effulgence of the
sun, a few days after he has entered Taurus. It is therefore said to
give way (cedcns) to this sign. Adverse astro ; sc. Tanro. Gr.
384. A. & S. 223. The bull is represented as driving the dog be-
fore him ; the dog, however, keeping his face to the bull. 219.
47 S NOTES ON VIRGIL.
Robusta = hardy. 220. Soils ; as opposed to the produce just
mentioned, vv. 215, 216. Aristis = bearded grain. Gr. 386. A. S
224. 221. Ante . . . quam. Gr. 523. 2). Eoao = in the morn-
ing. Atlantides = the daughters of Atlas ; i. e. the Pleiades. See
on v. 138. Gr. 316. A. & S. 100. I and (/<). These set in the
morning, according to different authorities, from Oct. -o to Nov. n.
222. Gnosia = Cretan ; from Gnosus, a city of Crete, of
which island Minos, father of Ariadne, was king. Stella Coro-
nae ; i. e. the constellation Corona Borealis, said to have been
Ariadne's crown, placed among the stars by Bacchus, alter he mar-
ried her. Stella = sidus, as in Hor. C. III. 29. 19. 220. Ccni-
mittas . . . properes. Gr. 523. II. A. & S. 263. 3. 224. Iii-
vitae ; because conscious that she is not yet ready to receive the
seed. 225. Maiae , one of the Pleiades, here standing for the
group, as Taygete'm. Ov. M. III. 595. 227. Vilem; .on account
of its abundance. 228. Pelusiacae = Egyptian ; from Pclusium,
a town at the mouth of the eastern branch of the Nile. Egypt was
famed for lentils. 229. Mittet = dabit. Bootes. See on Ov.
M. II. 176. 231. Idcirco, i. e. that the seasons should be clearly
marked for the husbandman. Certis . . . partibus ; referring to the
twelve divisions of the zodiac. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2.
Orbem (sc. annuuin) = (his yearly) circle. Cf. Antnius orbis, A. V.
46. 232. Duodena duodecim. The poets often use distribu-
tive for cardinal numerals. Cf. A. I. 393. Regit. Cf. cursus rege-
bain, A. VI. 350, and Nulla I'iant fortnna regit, XII. 405. Mundi
. . astra = the constellations of the celestial sphere. 233. Coe-
lum ; because the zones of heaven answer to the zones of earth, and
determine their character. 234. Ab igni ; instead of the ordinary
abl. of cause. 235. Extremae ; i.e. the frigid zones. Dextra.
Gr. 441. 3. A. & S. 205, R. 7 (i). 236. Glacie. The mention of ice
seems more appropriate to the earthly than the heavenly zones ; but
Virgil was doubtless thinking of the sky as the parent of ice. 237.
Duae ; i. e. the temperate zones, which alone the ancients supposed
to be habitable. 238. Via; i.e. the ecliptic. "Per = inter ; as the
sun never enters the temperate zones. So v. 245, per duns Arctos. ^
239. Obliquus; with sever teret. Gr. 443. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (a).
Obliijuiis ordo is the zodiac, the constellations of which it consists be-
ing arranged along the ecliptic which cuts the equator obliquely at an
angle of about twenty-three and a half degrees. Cf. Ov. M. II. 130
foil. Se . . . verteret = might revolve. Gr. 500. A. & S. 264.
5. 240 Mundus. See on v. 232. Scythiam; used for the
North generally, as often in the poets. Rhipaeas. The Rhipean
mountains were supposed to separate the land of the Hyperboreans
from the rest of the world. Here these countries are made to stand
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 479
for the northernmost point, not only of earth, but of the mundane
system, as Libya for the southernmost Arduus ; referring to the
elevation of the north pole, as premitur, etc., does to the depres-
sion of the south pole. Cf. Ov. Trist. IV. 10. 108. 242. Hie
vertex ; i. e. the north pole. Ilium ; i. e. the south pole. 243.
The infernal regions were supposed to be in the centre of the earth ;
so here they are said to be over the south pole. Sitb pedibus is to be
connected with videt, the feet being those of Styx and the Manes ;
but videt of course does not mean that the south pole is actually
visible from the shades. 244. Hie ; i. e. at the north pole. Flexu.
Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2. Anguis. See on v. 205.
Elabitur = shoots out : not the same as labitur. 246. Metueii-
tes tingui; i. e. they never set See on Ov. M. II. 172. 247.
Illic ; i. e. at the south pole. Ut perhibent ; for the southern
hemisphere was wholly unknown to the ancients. Aut . . . aut;
i. e. either the southern regions are in total darkness, or they have
day when we have night. 248. Obtenta . . . nocte = by the
overspreading pall of night. 249. Kedire, reducere, recurrere, re-
ferre, and other words of the sort, are constantly used of the recur-
ring order of nature. 250. Primus. Gr. 443. A. & S. 205, R.
15 (a}. Oriens , sc. Sol. Cf. A. V. 739. The horses of the sun
come panting up the hill, casting their breath, which represents the
morning air, on the objects before them. 251. Rubens may mere-
ly mean bright, or the color of sunset may be naturally transferred to
the star. Lumina ; Vesper's own rays, not the light of sunset, as
Voss thinks, taking Vesper generally of evening, nor the other stars,
as others interpret it. 252. Hiiic seems to refer to the whole of
the preceding passage from v. 231, which has been devoted to an ex-
position of certain parts of the mundane system. Virgil now en-
forces the conclusion : " It is on the strength of this that we know
beforehand," etc. Tempestates = the changes of the weather.
Dubio . . . coelo = though the (appearance of the) sky may be
doubtful. Gr. 430. A. & S. 257, R. 7 (a). 254. Infidum is sig-
nificant, as showing the importance of knowing when to venture on
the sea. 255. Conveiiiat. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. Armatas
= rigged. Deducere = to launch. Cf. A. III. 71 ; IV. 398. The
ancients drew their vessels up on the shore during the winter. See
on Hor. C. I. 4. 2. 256. Tempestivam; with evertere. Gr. 443.
A. & S. 205, R. 15 (a). 257. Vv. 257, 258 belong to what pre-
cedes, coming in fact under hinc, which is the introduction to the
whole paragraph. 258. Temporibus. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I.
Parem is intended to contrast with diversis. The seasons are diverse,
yet they make the year uniform.
259. Weather which is bad for ordinary out-door purposes is good
480 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
for other things. 260 Forent . . . properanda = would have to
be done in a hurry ; contrasted with maturare, to get done in good
time. Coelo. Gr. 430. A. & S. 257, R. 7 (a). 261. Maturare.
Or. 549. A. & S. 269. Procudit = sharpens by hammering.
262. Arbore ; i. e. ex arbore. Gr. 425 and i and 3. 4). Liutres ;
troughs into which grapes were put after the vintage. 263. Pe-
cori signum. Branding cattle was done with boiling pitch, gener-
ally towards the end of January and April. Numeros acervis
= puts numbers on the heaps (of corn) ; i. e. to indicate the quantity
contained in them. Impressit. Gr. 704. I. 2. A. & S. 323. i (b)
(2) (a). On the tense see on v. 49. 264. Vallos furcasque ;
probably intended to support the vines. See II. 359. 265. Ame-
rina . . . retiiiacula = Amerian bands ; i. e. willow bands, for tying up
the vine. Ainerina, from Ameria, a town of Umbria, famous for its
willows, which have a slender red twig. 266. Facilis = pliant.
Texatur Gr. 487 ; 488. I. A. & S. 260, R. 6. 267. Torrete i
i. e. to make the corn easier to grind. See A. I. 179. Igni. Gr. 87.
III. 3. A. & S. 82, Ex. 5 (a). 268. Quippe = for. The connec-
tion seems to be thus : You should not be idle on wet days, for even
on holidays some kinds of work are permitted. 269 Fas et jura
= divine and human laws. Rivos deducere ; cither to let on the
water from the reservoirs for the purpose of irrigation, or to draw off
the superabundant water from the fields. The former is probably
meant, since it would be a work of daily necessity in hot weather.
270. Religio = religious scruple. Vetuit ; aoristic perfect. See on
v. 49. Segeti saepem. Columella says that the pontiffs forbid
the making of hedges for corn on holidays. Forb. and Keighlley
suppose that old hedges might be repaired, though not new ones
made ; but that does not appear to be Virgil's meaning. 271. In-
sidias rnoliri seems to refer to snaring mischievous birds, as ordi-
nary bird-catching would not be a work of necessity. 272. Balaii-
turn ; i. e. when they are washed. Salubri is emphatic, as the
washing is to cure disease, not for cleansing the wool, which was not
allowed on holidays. 273. Markets were also held on holidays (as
they are still on Sundays in the south of Europe), at which the coun-
try-people could sell their farm produce. Agitator aselli ; not the
asinarius or ass-driver, but the peasant who happens to drive the ass
to market. 274. Vilibus. See on v. 227. 275. Incusum = in-
dented ; i. e. that it may crush the corn better. Massam picis ; i. e.
for marking cattle, securing casks, repairing vessels, etc. 276. Of
lucky and unlucky days. Ipsa openim = the moon herself has
made different days favorable in respect of (agricultural) labors in
different degrees ; i. e. all days are not equally lucky. Ordine. Gr.
414 and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2. 277. Operum. Gr. 399. 3. 4).
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 481
A. & S. 213 and R. i (a). Cf. infdix anitni, A. IV. 529. Quintain;
sc. dL'tn. Gr. 120, Ex. A. & S. 90. I. Orcus ; the same as Hades
or Pluto, the god of the lower world. He is called pallidus on ac-
count of the ghastliness of death. 278. Eumeiiides, also called
Erinyes, and by the Romans Furiae or Dime, were originally nothing
but a personification of curses pronounced upon a guilty criminal.
Aeschylus calls them the daughters of Night ; and Sophocles, of
Scotos (Darkness) and Ge. No prayer, no sacrifice, and no tears
could move them, or protect the object of their persecution. They
dwelt in the deep darkness of Tartarus, dreaded by gods and men.
With later writers, though not always, the number of Eumenides is
limited to three, and their names areTisiphone, Alecto, and Megaera.
See also on Ov. M. X. 46. Turn has its ordinary sense. It appears
to be added here because it had been omitted in the previous clause.
279. Coeum lapetumque. These were Titans, the sons of Terra
and Uranus, the number of whom was twelve. Typhoea. See on
Ov. M. V. 348. The last two syllables are contracted into one in
scanning. Gr. 669. II. A. & S. 306. i. 280. Rescindere. Gr.
552. A. & S. 271, N. 3. Cf. onE. V. i. Fratrea. See on Hor. C.
III. 4, 41 -48. The slowness of movement ia this and the following
line well expresses the efforts of the giants. The non-elision of the i
and the o and the shortening of the lattei are in imitation of the
Greek rhythm, and are appropriate where the subject, as here, re-
minds us of Greek poetry. 282. Scili set for indeed, truly.
Agreeably to its etymology (scire licet), scii^et introduces an expla-
nation or development. Here it introduce*; the details of the con-
spiracy of the giants. 283. Pater; Jupiter. 284. Septimam
post decimam = the seventeenth. Ponere. See on E. V. i.
285. Preusos domitare =prendere et domitare. Licia addere
= to add the leashes of the woof to the warp ; i. e. to weave. 286.
Fugae, referring probably to fugitive slaves, against the escape of
whom the husbandman is warned to be on his guard on that day,
while he need not watch against thieves. 287. Adeo, like the Greek
particle yf, adds emphasis to the word to which it is joined. Se
. . . dedere = allow themselves to be done ; i.e. may be done. See
on v. 49. 288. Sole novo = early in the morning, at sunrise.
Gr. 426. A. & S. 253. Eous; the morning star, put by metonymy
for the morning itself. Stipulae. The ancients in their reaping
usually cut off the heads of the corn, leaving the straw to be cut
about a month later. Arida prata ; opposed to those which could
be irrigated. The reason for these precepts is, that the dew makes
the straw and grass resist the scythe. 290. Noctes. Gr. 371.
A. & S. 229. Lentus expresses the effect of the moisture on the
grass rather than the nature of the moisture itself. 291. Quidam ;
31
482 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
like esf qui, Hor. E. II. 2. 182, as if Virgil knew the man, but did not
choose to name him. Luminis ; of fire-light ; though some prefer
to understand it of lamp or torch-light. 292. Inspicat ; i. e. makes
into the form of an ear of corn, the end of the wood being cut to a
point and split into various parts. 293. Solata = solans. See on
v. 206. 294. Pectine ; the comb, the teeth of which were inserted
between the threads of the warp, and thus made by a forcible impulse
to drive the threads of the woof close together. Its office was the
same as that of the reed or sley among us. 295. This verse is
hypercatalectic, the final em being elided by the first vowel of the
next verse. Gr. 663. III. 4). A. & S. 304 (4) ; 307. 3. Vulcaiio.
See on Ov. M. II. 5. Vulcanus is often used, as here, for fire. Gr.
705. II. A. & S. 324. 2. Decoquit. Must was boiled down to
carennm, dcfrutum, or sapa t on a night when there was no moon.
296. Foliis. Leaves were used, commonly those of the vine, for
skimming the boiling must, as it was thought that wooden ladles or
spoons gave it a smoky taste. Trepidi . . . aeni. The boiling must
imparts a quivering motion to the vessel itself. 297. Ceres ; by
metonymy for corn. Rubicunda. See on v. 96. Medio . . .
aestu = in the midst of the heat (of summer). Elsewhere in Vir-
gil it means midday, but since that is precisely the time which the
reaper would avoid, the rendering we have given seems best here.
So frigoribus mediis, E. X. 65, means midwinter. 298. Aestu ;
not to be connected with tostas. 299. Nudus ; i. e. without
the upper garment. Hiems ; the rainy season of about a fort-
night before and a fortnight after the winter solstice. Colono
seems to refer strictly to the labors of cultivation, as other works
for winter follow, v. 305. So perhaps agricolae in next verse.
300. Frigoribus ; i. e. hicnie. Parto = what has been acquired ;
i. e. in the other seasons of the year. 302. Genialis. According
to Italian notions every man had his guardian spirit or Genius, which
it is difficult to distinguish from himself. When, therefore, he in-
dulged himself in feasting, etc., he was said to indulge his Genius,
and whatever was connected with this indulgence was called genial.
The month of December, as the season of festive enjoyment and re-
laxation after the year's labors, was held specially sacred to each per-
son's Genius. Cf. Hor. E. II. 2. 187 ; A. P. 210. 303. Pressae
= heavy laden. 304. Sailors, on their return from a successful
voyage, especially if it was a long and hazardous one, used to put
garlands on the sterns of their ships when they came into port.
305. Queruas ; because glans was used of other fruits than acorns.
Stringere. Gr. 563. 6. A. & S. 275. III. N. I. Cf. tegere, v. 213.
306. Myrta. Myrtle berries were used for mixing with wine,
which was called myrtites, and used medicinally. Crueuta; from
THE GEORGICS. BOOK. I. 483
their juice. 307. Gruibus. Cranes were a delicacy of the table ;
but the husbandman might naturally snare them in self-defence. See
v. 120. 308. Auritos = long-eared. 309. Stuppea . . . verbera
= the tow thongs. Torquentem, agreeing with colotittm, the omit-
ted subject ace. of stringere and all the following infinitives. Balea-
ris. See on Ov. M. IV. 709. It is merely an ornamental epithet.
311. Tempestates seems fixed by sidera to mean weather rather
than storms, the latter notion being left to be inferred. Sidera. Cf.
v. 204 foil. 312. Mollior ; i. e. less oppressive. 313. Quae ; sc.
dicam. Vigilare aliquid is to bestow %vakeful care on a thing. Viris.
Gr. 388. I. A. & S. 225. III. Vel; sc. dicam quae vigilanda viris.
Ruit = comes down. 314. Spicea . . . messis = the bearded
harvest. 317. Culmo. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. 318. Om-
nia ventorum . . . proelia ; for proelia omnium ventorum ; the
winds all blowing at once, as in A. I. 85. 319. Quae ; tanta ut ea.
Late; with enterent. 320 Sublimem. Gr. 443. A. & S. 205, R.
15 (a). Expulsam eruerent; a hysteron-proteron for cxpdlerent
eriitam, and = expdlerent et eruerent. Gr. 704. IV. 2. A. & S. 323. 4
(2). Gr. 579. A. & S. 274. 3 (b). Ita (= so, thus) probably in-
troduces a comparison between the hurricane that roots up the corn
(gravidam se.getem) and an ordinary gust which whirls about the stub-
ble (culmttntfue levem stipulasque volantes) ; but Wr. and Forb. make
ferret depend on quae, and give ita the sense of turn. 321. Hienis ;
the winter's storm in opposition to the summer blast just described.
322. Coelo. Gr. 384. A. & S. 223. 323. Foedam tem-
pestatem = thicken the foul weather ; or, taking glomerant with
foedam, thicken the weather into foulness. 324. Ex alto
from on high. Some make ex alto = from the deep, but it is more
probable that Virgil meant to represent the clouds as mustered from
on high, collectae, like glomerant, keeping up the military associations
already introduced by agmen. Ruit . . . aether; like aether descendit,
II. 325, coeli ntina, A. I. 129, an image explained by Lucr. 6. 291 :
Oiniu's uti videatur in imbrem vertier aether. " Down crashes the
whole dome of the firmament." 325. Sata labores. Cf. A.
II. 306. 326. Cava ; because during the summer in Italy there is
little or no water in the beds of most of the rivers. 327. Fretis
spirantibus = in its breathing inlets. The violent heaving of the
waves against the shore is compared to human breathing. 328.
Pater. See on v. 121. Nocte is not to be taken literally. Co-
rusca goes with dextra and = coruscante. 329. Molitur generally
implies effort in the agent or bulk in the object, or both. Quo . . .
motu ; i. e. qitibus commota ; referring to the sense rather than to
the words of the preceding sentence. A demonstrative or relative
pronoun is often joined by a kind of attraction to a following substan-
484 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
tive in such a way that the notion expressed by this substantive is
considered as already implied in the foregoing part of the sentence. Cf.
Quo gemitii, A. II. 73 ; ea sigita dcdit, A. II. 171 ; hie nitntins esto, A.
IV. 237. Gr. 453. A. & S. 206 (17). 330. Fugere. The perfect
expresses instantaneousness. Cf. exiit, II. Si. So stravit. The rain
pours down in torrents, the lightning flashes, the earth trembles, and
instantly, there being no appreciable interval of time between the
cause and the completion of the effect, the wild beasts hare fled, &C.
331. Humilis qualifies stravit. Gr. 443. A. & S. 205, R. 15 ().
Some take it with pavor in an active sense and = causing humility.
332. Athoii ; a high mountain, on the Strymonian Quit, in Mace-
donia. Gr. 46 and 3. 2). A. & S. 54. Rhodopeu; a high mountain
range in Thrace. Gr. 43. A. & S. 44. Ceraunia ; a range of moun-
tains in Epirus. Alta Ceraunia is a half-translation of 'Axpoicfpaiivia,
i. e. thunder-peaks. Telo ; i. e. a thunderbolt. 333. Ingemi-
iiant. It is observed that the rain and wind increase after a thun-
derclap. 334. Plangunt = wail ; intransitively. 335. Coeli
sidera. The months of heaven are the signs of the zodiac, through
each of which the sun is about a month in passing ; and sidera are
those other constellations whose rising and setting influenced the
weather. The next two lines merely give instances of the things to
be observed. 336. Frigida ; because of its distance from the sun.
Sese . . . receptet. Wch. and Forb. take this as strictly literal :
" returns to the place whence he has just started " ; but it seems to
refer more generally to the motions of the planet among the stars.
Servius says that Saturn when in Capricorn caused heavy rains, and
when in Scorpio, hail. Receptet . . . erret Gr. 525. A. & S. 265.
337. Ignis Cyllenius ; i. e. Mercury; so called from Cyllene,
a mountain in Arcadia, the reputed birthplace of the god. Ignis ; from
its brilliancy and nearness to the sun, in contrast, perhaps, with fri-
gida Saturni stella. Coeli; \\\\\\ orbes ; i.e. the circuit of the planet
through the heavens. 338. As another means of averting the in-
juries caused by the violence of storms, the husbandman is directed
to attend to the worship of the gods, especially Ceres. See on v. 7.
Annua . . . sacra ; the festival of the Ambarvalia. See on E. III.
76. 339. Refer expresses recurrence. See on v. 249. Opera-
tus = sacrificing. For the present force of the part, see on v. 293.
340. Extremae. Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. Sub casum
= immediately after the end. 341. Mollissima = most mellow ;
i. e. with age. 342. The second clause explains the first ; i. e. it is
pleasant to sleep in the thick shade on the mountains. 343. Tibi.
Gr. 389. A. & S. 228, N. (a). Adoret. Gr. 488. II. A. & S. 260,
R. 6. 344. Baccho. Gr. 705. II. A. & S. 324. 2. 345. Felix
= auspicious ; i. e. acceptable to the gods. 346. Chorus et socii;
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 485
/. e. chorus sociorum. 347. In tecta = to their houses. Neque
ante. It is not easy to decide whether this is merely an additional
admonition to celebrate the Ambarvalia, as an indispensable prelim-
inary to the harvest, or an injunction to perform a second set of
rites in summer time. 349. Tempora. Gr. 380 and I. A. & S.
234. II. Quercu, i. e. in memory of man's first food. 350. In-
compositos = rude, uncouth. 351. Haec refers to the nouns in
the next line. 352. Frigora is the important word, and is con-
trasted with aestus and pluvias. 354. Austri ; for winds in gen-
eral. 355. Stabulis. Gr. 392 and 2. A. & S. 228 and i.
356. Veiitis surgentibus are the important words. The prognos-
tics of wind follow. Freta ponti ; poetically for pontus. 357.
Agitata tumescere = to be agitated into a swell. 359. Misceri
is explained by rcsonantia, which serves instead of an abl., like nmr-
miire, A. I. 124 ; tumiiltu, A. II. 486. 360. Jam . . turn = even
then. A curvis. For a with tempera cf. A. II. 8. Male =
scarcely. The storm is close at hand. 362. Marinae; opposed to
in sicco. 365. Vento impendente ; emphatic, like ventis surgen-
tibus, v. 356. 366. Umbram flammarum. Gr. 595. A. & S.
279. 5. 367. A tergo = behind them. Albescere. Gr. 332. II.
. and 2. A. & S. 187. II. 2 and (</). 368. Volitare. Gr. 332. I.
and i. A. & S. 187. II. I and (b}. 369. Summa. Gr. 441. 6.
A. & S. 205, R. 17. 370. Signs of rain. Boreae . . . Eurique
Zephyrique ; i. e. when there are thunders and lightnings from all
parts of the sky, three winds being put for all. 371. Eurique. Gr.
669. V. A. & S. 309. 2 (i). Domus ; as if each of the winds had
a home in the quarter of the heavens from which it blows. 372.
Fossis. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257, R. 7 (a). 373. Humida ; i.e.
with the rain. Imprudentibus = unwarned ; because the signs
are so numerous. 374. Vallibus, with fitgere. Gr. 422 and I.
A. & S. 254, R. 3. 375. Ae'riae ; contrasted with vallibus tuns.
Fugere. See on v. 49. So captavit and the other perfs. in this pas-
sage. 377. The swallow is always observed to fly low before rain,
because the flies and other insects on which she feeds keep at that
time near the surface of the ground and the water. Arguta = twit-
tering (as she flies). 378. Veterem . . . querelam = their old
plaintive note. Vetus is here used, just like our old, of what is re-
peated in the same unvarying manner ; as we say : " an old story,"
etc. 379. Tectis peuetralibus. Cf. adytis penetraltbus, A. II.
297. 380. Angustum . . . iter. Cf. calle angtisto, A. IV. 405.
Terens is illustrated by saepiiis. Bibit arcus. The ancients
supposed that the rainbow drew up water from the sea, rivers, etc.,
which afterwards fell in rain. 381. Agmine. Gr. 414 and 3.
A. & S. 247 and 2. 382. Densis . . . alls = with crowded wings ;
486 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
i. e. they fly close together. 383. Volucres. Gr. 545. A. & S.
239. Asia . . . prata = the Asian meads ; a tract of land in Lydia,
in Asia Minor, on the hanks of the Cayster, which often overflowed
them. Dulcibus = fresh ; in opposition to those of the sea, just
mentioned. Circum ; adverbial. 384. Rimantur = try in every
chink, search, rummage ; i. e. for food. Caystri ; with stagiiis.
385. Infundere. Gr. 551. I. and i. A. & S. 272. Rores; i. e.
they make it into spray. 386. In undas = into the waves, to
meet the waves. 387. Incassum == wantonly. Videas. Gr.
485. A. & S. 260. II. 388. Improba = villanous, good for
nothing ; because the crow invites the rain. 389. Spatiatur ex-
presses the stately, leisurely pace of the crow. The alliteration, as
in the preceding verse, gives the effect of monotony. 390. Ne . . .
quidem. Gr. 602. III. 2. A. & S. 279. 3 (</). 391. Testa =*
earthen lamp. 392. Scintillare = to sputter. Putres . . . fun-
gos ; the thick snuff which gathers on the wick because of the damp-
ness of the air.
393 -423. Signs of fair weather ; first negatively, vv. 395 -400,
and then affirmatively, vv. 401-423. 393. Ex after. Soles
= sunny days. Serena = serene skies. 395. Acies is the
sharply defined edge, or outline, of the stars, which is not blunted or
dimmed by floating vapors. 396. Obnoxia beholden. 397.
Tenuia. Gr. 669. II. and 3. A. S. 306. I and (3). Lanae . . .
vellera = fleecy clouds ; lit. fleeces of wool. 398. Noil pan-
dunt ; i. e. do not sit on the shore drying their wings. 399. Di-
lectae Thetidi; possibly because the lovers were changed into Hal-
cyons by Thetis ; but it is simpler to say " loved by her as sea-birds."
Gr. 388. 4. A. & S. 225. II. See on E. IV. 32. Solutos . . . jac-
tare , i. e. ita nt jiictando solvantiir ; i. e. toss them to pieces. 403.
Nequidquam = without purpose, aimlessly ; like incassum ; i. e.
a prolonged objectless effort. The more common interpretation is :
"in vain, to no purpose"; i. e. though an ill-omened bird, the owl
with all her hooting will not be able to bring foul weather. 15ut it
seems clear that Virgil intends to mention the screeching of the night-
owl as a sign of fine weather. 404. Liquido = clear ; i.e. alter
the storm. Nisus was king of Megara, and on his head there grew a
purple lock which was the safeguard of his life and of his city. But
when his daughter Scylla had fallen in love with Minos, king of
Crete, who was besieging Megara, she cut off the lock from her
father's head as he slept, and thus betrayed both him and his city into
the hands of the enemy. Minos, however, did not reward her as she
expected, but allowed her to perish miserably. After death Nisus was
changed into a sea-eagle, or osprey, and Scylla into the ciris, a kind
of lark, or, according to others, a hawk. 406'. Aethera. Gr. 93
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 487
and i. A. & S. 80 and R. 408. Qua auras. Keightley ex-
plains these words of the greater bird having missed his pounce, and
thus being obliged to soar into the air in order to make a second,
while the smaller escapes as fast as it can. 410. Liquidas = soft,
clear ; opposed to raucas. As the ravens, by hurrying home, v. 381,
announced rain, so their remaining at home, cawing and flying about
their nests, is a sign of fair weather. Presso . . . gutture ; ap-
parently opposed to plena voce, \. 388. 413. Imbribus actis =
when the rain is driven away, when the rain is spent. 415. An
allusion to the Pythagorean, Platonist, and Stoic spiritualism, accord-
ing to which there was a portion of the divine mind in all animated
beings, and which Virgil here rejects in favor of the Epicurean and Lu-
cretian materialism, which admitted the existence of nothing but matter
and its modifications. Divinitus is distinguished from fato, as the
poet is evidently alluding to the language of different philosophies,
fato pointing to the Stoic doctrine. Illis. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226.
416. Ingenium an intelligent principle. Rerum major
= a deeper (i. e. deeper than men have) insight into things by fate.
417. But the true explanation is, that, as the atmosphere is con-
densed or rarefied, the organs and powers of animals are variously
affected : in fine weather they become cheerful ; in bad weather the
reverse. Coeli = of the atmosphere. 418. Mutavere vias
( have changed their courses) is explained by mobilis, the weather
and the atmospheric moisture being supposed to shift. Juppiter.
See on E. VII. 60. Juppiter uvidus austns denotes the condition of
the atmosphere before the change. Austria; with uvidiis. 420.
Species phases ; a materialistic word. Keightley and Forb. make
it = habits, disposition. Motus ; also materialistic. 421. Alios
agebat = other sensations than (those which they received) while
the wind was driving onward the clouds. The second alias is gov-
erned by concipiebant understood, and the sentence, alias, dum age-
bat, is to be construed parenthetically. The change from low to high
spirits being the point, the second altos is logically quant, and
does not denote a co-ordinate difference. 422. Hie. Gr. 450. 5.
A. & S. 207, R. 24.
424-460. Prognostics of the weather may be obtained by observ-
ing the appearances of the sun and moon. 424. Rapidum. See
on v. 92. Sequentes following (each other). Lunas might be
either the daily or monthly moons, but pnmum and ortu quarto favor
the former meaning. 425. Ordine. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247 and
2. 426. Hora = dies. Gr. 705. III. A. & S. 324. 3. Insidiis
serenae. Cf. A. V. 851. A night clear at first often terminates in
rain. 427. Revertentes = returning (to her) ; i.e. when she be-
gins to fill anew. 428. Aera; the air seen between the horns of
488 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
the crescent moon. We should say, " there is a halo round the
moon." Coruu; for cornibus. 429, Agricolis pelagoque ; for
agris ptfagofne t or agrtcolis tiautisqiie. 430. Virgiueum ; an
allusion to the virginity of Diana. Suffuderit ore ruborem; an
inversion of suffuderit os rubore. On ore, see Gr. 422. i. A. & S.
254, R. 3. 431. Vento. See on Zcfhyro, v. 44. Phoebe (^
Luna) ; a surname of Diana as the goddess of the moon, the sister
of Phoebus, the sun. Cf. Ov. M. II. 208. 432. Auctor indi-
cation, presage. 435. Exactum ad mensem = to the end of
the month. 436. Servati ; i. e. that have come safe to port : not
preserved from peril, as if there had been a storm. In litore. Cf.
A. V. 236. 437. Glauco . . . Panopeae. When a long final
vowel or a diphthong is not elided, it is regularly made short, if in
the thesis. The exception to this rule in the case of Glauco is a
license not indulged in by Virgil elsewhere. Gr. 669. I. and 2.
A. & S. 305 (i) and (2). Glauctts was a Boeotian shepherd, who
threw himself into the sea from the effects of an herb which he had
eaten : he afterwards became a sea-deity. Panofca, or /'.//<'/(, was a
sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. Melicertae. Mcli-
certes, a son of Athamas and Ino, who, with his mother, fell into the
sea, was metamorphosed into a marine divinity, under the name of
Palaemon. 439. Sequuntur = attend. 440. Refert. Seen
v. 249. 440. Astris. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. 441. Nascen-
tem ortum = his first rising. 442. Conditus. Condo is
naturally constructed here, as in v. 438, as a verb of motion, since
it means strictly not to hide, but to throw together or into. Cf.
conjtcio, contorqueo. Medio orbe = and shall have retired in
respect to the middle of his disc ; or, and shall have receded from
the middle of his disc (to the circumference) ; i. e. when the centre
of the disc is covered by clouds and only the edge appears. Gr.
429, or 425. A. & S. 250. i, or 251. 443. Tibi. Gr. 388. II.
A. & S. 225. II. Ab alto = from on high ; or it may be, from
the deep. See on ex alto, v. 324. 445. Sub lucem = just
after daylight. Sese . . . rumpent = erumpent. 446. Diversi
= scattered. Tithoni ; a son of Laomedon, and brother of I'ri; :n.
By the prayers of Aurora, who loved him, and carried him off to the
seats of the immortal gods, he obtained from Jupiter immortality,
but not eternal youth ; in consequence of which he completely
shrunk together in his old age ; whence an old decrepit man \v. :s
proverbially called Tithonus. Cf. A. IV. 585. Aurora; the goddess
of the morning, who brings up the light of day from the east. At the
close of night she rose from the couch of her beloved Tithonus, and
on a chariot drawn by swift horses she ascended up to heaven from
the river Oceanus, to announce the coming light of the sun. See
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 489
also on Ov. M. II. 144. 448. Male. See on v. 360. 449.
The rhythm of this verse admirably expresses the rattling of hail
on the roof. Gr. 672. 2. A. & S. 310. 2. 450. Hoc prob-
ably refers to what goes before ; meaning either generally the
sun's significance, or specially the fact just noted, that being
taken as a type of the others, which are supposed to be yet more
significant in the evening than in the morning. Olympo. See on
E. V. 56. 451. After nam understand turn at evening. 454.
Maculae must relate to caeruleus, igni to igneus. Immiscerier.
Gr. 239. 6; 703. 6. A. & S. 162. 6; 322. 6. 455. Vento uim-
bisque. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and I. 456. Fervere, an
older form ihanftrvere, of which Virgil is fond. He also uses ejfen'o,
strido, znAfnlgo, Non. Gr. 488. 3. A. & S. 260, R. 6 (l>). 457.
Moneat. Gr. 488. II. A. & S. 260, R. 6. Convellere funem
to pluck up the cable with (the anchor). Gr. 558. VI. 2. A. & S.
273. 2 (<-). 458. Condetque relatum = and shall bury it (i. e.
conceal it, close it) after he has brought it back ; i. e. at his setting.
460. Claro ; because it makes the sky clear and bright. 461.
Quid ; i. e. what sort of weather. Unde ; i. e. a qua codi parte.
Serenas . . . agat nubes ; i. e. agat nubes ita ut scrcnum sit coeliim.
Serenas \.=> opposed to JntmiJus. 464. Audeat. Gr. 485. A. & S.
260, R. 5. Tumultus has here its political sense of a sudden alarm
of war, generally in Italy or Cisalpine Gaul, when all citizens were at
once called out. Gr. 558. VI. 2. A. & S. 273. 2 (<). 465. Frau-
dem = unseen danger, treachery. 466. Miseratus ; sc. est ; i. e.
by the friendly warnings which he gave of the evils that were yet to
come. See on Hor. C. I. 2. Introd. 467. Ferrugine ; the dark
color of the sun under eclipse. An eclipse of the sun occurred in No-
vember of the year in which Caesar was murdered. 468. Sae-
cula = race. 469. Tellus ; i. e. by earthquakes. See vv. 475,
479. 470. Obscenae = ill-omened. Importunae = inauspi-
cious. 471. Cyclopum ; lit. creatures with round or circular eyes.
According to the ancient cosmogonies the Cyclopes were the sons of
Coelus and Terra : they belonged to the Titans, and were three in
number, and each of them had only one eye on his forehead. In
the Homeric poems the Cyclopes are a gigantic, insolent, and law-
less race of shepherds, who lived in the southwestern part of Sicily,
and devoured human beings. A still later tradition regarded the
Cyclopes as the assistants of Vulcan. See on Ov. M. II. 5, and Hor.
C. I. 4. 7, 8. Effervere. See on v. 456. 472. Undantem, re-
ferring to the lava. Fornacibus is suggested by Cyclopum. Join
it with effervere. Gr. 425 and 3. 4). A. & S. 251. 473. Lique-
facta . . . saxa. Cf. A. III. 576. The lava hardens into stone.
474. Germania; i. e. the Roman garrisons on the Rhine. These
garrisons were said to have seen armies of horse and foot fighting in
49 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
the air (armoriim sonitum), and to have heard the sound of trum-
pets summoning to battle. This portent is explained by some as
an exaggerated report of the appearance of the aurora hartalis, which
is often attended with a crackling sound. 475. Motibus. The
belief of the ancients that earthquakes took place in the Alps from
time to time, is confirmed by modern experience, though Heyne sug-
gests that avalanches may have been mistaken for them. 476.
Per lucos vulgo; iiL-oque per multos lucos. Lucos shows that the
voice was divine. 477. Simulacra; i.e. the shades of the de-
parted. Modis. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2. 478. Ob-
scurum. Gr. 441. A. & S. 205, R. 7 (i). 479. Infandum (= un-
utterable horror) calls attention to its peculiar horror. Sistunt;
intransitive. The cause of sistunt amiies is given in tcrrae Jchiscitnt,
the earthquake. Terrae ; implying that there were numerous
earthquakes. 480. Templis. Gr. 422. I. A. & S. 254, R. 3.
Ulacrimat . . . sudaiit. The moisture of the atmosphere ex-
plains both. Ebur, aera; i.e. ivory and bronze statues. Gr. 705.
III. A. & S. 324. 3. 482. Fluviorum. Gr. 669. II. 3. A. & S.
306. I (3). Rex ; because the largest of the rivers of Italy. Eri-
daiius; the Greek name of the Po. 483. Cum tulit. Cf. A.
II. 499. 484. Extis. The ancients used to derive auguries from
the appearance of the cxta (i. e. the heart, lungs, and liver) of the
victim. Fibrae, according to Varro and Servius, are the extrem-
ities of the liver. 485. Cessavit. Gr. 463. I. A. & S. 209,
R. 12 (3). 486. Resonare; sc. non cessaveninf. Lupis. \Yolves
entering Rome are several times mentioned by Livy as portents.
487. Coelo. Gr. 425 and 3. 4). A. & S. 251. 488. Cometae.
Meteors in general are probably meant, as comets do not usually
appear in numbers.
489. Ergo; i. e. as foreshadowed by these portents, civil war broke
out. Paribus; because they were Romans on both sides. 490.
Iterum , with concurrere. Philippi ; a city in Macedonia, on the
borders of Thrace, celebrated for the victory gained there in B. C. 42,
by Augustus and M. Antony over the republican army of Brutus and
Cassius, and for the fact that it was the first place in Europe where
St. Paul preached the Gospel, in A. D. 53. 491. Nee superis^
nor was it in the eyes of the gods an undeserved punishment ; i. e.
for our crimes. Superis. Gr. 384. A. & S. 223. 492. Ema-
thiam . . . Hacmi campos, referring, though not with geographical
accuracy, to the sites of the two battles of Pharsalia and Philippi.
Emathia, originally the name of a district in the southern part of
Macedonia, and afterwards of Macedonia, is here extended so as to
cover Thessaly, in the southern part, of which was the city of Phar-
salus, near which Caesar conquered Pompey in B. C. 48. Haemus is
a range of mountains in Thrace, now called the Great Balkan.
THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. 49!
Haemi campos is intended to include the city of Philippi, which was a
considerable distance south of the Haemus. 493. Scilicet et
yes, and. 496. Rastris. See on v. 94. 497. Graiidia . . . ossa.
It was the opinion of the ancients, at least of the poets, that the gener-
ations of the human race successively degenerated in size and strength.
Effossis ; i.e. broken into by the plough or harrow. 498. Dii
patrii are not the same as Iiidigacs. The former are the protecting
gods of the country, the Lares and Penates, as opposed to those in-
troduced from foreign nations ; while the latter are Italian heroes
deified after death, as Picus, Janus, Aeneas, etc. Of the former class
Vesta is given as an example, and of the latter, Romulus. Et is to
be supplied. Romule ; the founder and first king of Rome, wor-
shipped after his death as Qitiriuus. Vesta ; the goddess of the
hearth, and also of fire. Her worship was introduced into Italy by
Aeneas. The fire on the altar in her temple was never allowed to go
out. The priestesses dedicated to her service were called Vestals.
499. Tuscum Tiberim; so called because rising in the Apennines,
in the district of Etruria or Tuscia. Gr. 85. III. I. A. & S. 79. i.
Palatia. The Palatine was the hill of Romulus and his city ; and
afterwards Augustus took up his residence there. 500. Saltern ;
as the gods had snatched away Julius Caesar. Juvenem ; Octavi-
anus Caesar, afterwards Augustus, who was then about 27 years of
age. See on Hor. C. I. 2. 41. Saeclo. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224.
502. Luimus perjuria. See on Hor. C. III. 3. 22. Laomedonteae
is used reproachfully, implying guilt. Cf. A. IV. 542. Luimus . . .
invidet . . . queritur. Gr. 467. 2. A. & S. 145. 1. 2. 505. Quippe
nefas = because among them (ubi = apud quos ; sc. homines)
right and wrong have been inverted ; i. e. have exchanged places.
Quippe assigns the reason why heaven grudges Caesar to so thankless
a sphere. Bella . . . facies ; sc. stint. 506. Aratro. Gr. 387. A. & S.
226. The abl., however, is possible. 507. Dignus = fitting, suit-
able. Abductis ; i. e. to serve as soldiers. 508. Conflantur
are forged. 509. Euphrates; i. e. the Parthians dwelling on the
banks of the Euphrates, against whom Antonius was then engaged in
war. See on E. I. 63. " 510. Ruptis legibus breaking the laws
that bound them together. 511. Arma ferunt = are in arms.
Impius is emphatic, as most of the wars of the time were connected
directly or indirectly with the civil conflict. 512. Carceribus.
The carceres were a range of stalls at the end of the circus, with gates
of open wood- work, which were opened simultaneously to allow the
chariots to start. 513. Addunt in spatia = they give them-
selves to the course, bound onward over the course ; supplying sese
from the preceding line. The plu. spatia is employed because the
match included more than one circuit. 514. Currus ; i. e. equi.
492 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II.
THE main subject of the Second Book is the culture of trees,
especially the vine. But there is no great regularity in the mode
of treatment. Virgil opens with an enumeration of the different ways
of propagating trees, natural and artificial, so as to give some notion
of the magnitude of the theme ; then shows how art can improve
upon nature, and recurs again to the manifoldness of his subject,
dwelling especially on the innumerable varieties of vines. Without
much relevancy he talks of the trees which are indigenous to different
countries, and thence digresses into a eulogy of Italy, which he does
not fit with any practical application. The question of the aptitudes
of various soils is treated far more widely than the subject of the
book requires, embracing the choice of corn and pasture land, as
well as of ground for planting vines and other trees. For the next
160 lines the poet seems to be thinking exclusively of the vine, or of
the trees planted in the arbnstum as its supporters. He does not
distinguish between the different modes of rearing the vine, but in
general appears to assume that the arbustum will be the means
adopted. He speaks of the vine and its supporters almost indiffer-
ently, as objects more or less of the same culture, so that, while
keeping the former prominently before him, he feels himself at liberty
to use general language, or even to confine his language to the latter,
as metrical convenience or poetical variety may suggest ; a manner
of speaking which renders this part of the book peculiarly difficult.
The olive, which was put prominently forward in the programme of
the book, is actually disposed of in a very few lines, as requiring
hardly any culture at all, while the other fruit-trees are dismissed
even more briefly. The remaining trees receive a very hasty recom-
mendation to the cultivator, backed however with an assurance that
they are even more useful to man than the vine. In the celebrated
digression which concludes the book, the laborious aspect of a
country life, elsewhere so prominent, is studiously kept out of sight,
and we hear only of ease, enjoyment, and plenty.
The beauties of this book have always been admired, and deserv-
edly so. They are most conspicuous in the digressions ; but the
more strictly didactic part contains innumerable felicities of expres-
sion, though it may be doubted whether in general they do not ob-
scure the practical meaning as much as they illustrate it.
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II. 493
ARGUMENT.
I. Subject of Second Book ; and invocation of Bacchus, god of
the vine and of fruit-trees generally (i - 8).
II. Trees and plants ; their modes of propagation (9-34) :
1. Natural mode (10-21), viz.: spontaneous growth
(10-13); by seed (14-16); from root of parent
trunk (17- 19).
2. Artificial mode (22-34), viz.: by suckers (22-23);
by stocks or settings (24, 25) ; by layers (26, 27) ;
by the trunk cut into "lengths" (30, 31); by en-
grafting (32-34).
III. Invocation, and detailed directions as to peculiar kinds of
treatment necessary for different trees and plants
(35-82):-
1. Introductory address to husbandmen, and invocation of
Maecenas (35-46).
2. Means of improving trees of natural growth (47 - 60).
3. How to employ artificial means of propagating (61 - 82).
IV. The differences in trees and plants (83 - 135) :
1. Variety of species (83-108).
2. Soils suited to different kinds (109- 113).
3. Trees peculiar to certain countries (114-135).
V. Episode in praise of Italy (136-176).
VI. Soils ; their nature, capabilities, and indices (177-258) :
1. Soils suited to the olive (179-183) ; to the vine (184-
194); to cattle rearing (195-202); to corn crops
(203-211); to almost no production (212-216);
to any purpose (217-225).
2. Index to loose or close soil (226-237) ; to salt and
bitter (238-247) ; to the rich and fat (248-250) ; to
the moist (251 -253) ; to the heavy and light (254,
255) ; to the black (255) ; to the cold (256-258).
VII. The vine (259-419) :
1. Directions for the preparation of the ground and for
planting (259-353): trenches (259-264); nursery
(265 - 268) ; setting of slips (269 - 287) ; depth of
trenches (288 - 297) ; miscellaneous cautions (298 -
314 ; time for planting (315-322) ; praises of spring
323-345); manuring and airing of young plants
(346-353)-
2. General culture and treatment after planting (354-419) :
soil at roots to be kept open, fine, and fresh (354 -
494 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
357); props (358-361); pruning (362-370) ; hedges
(371 -396) ; ploughing of vineyard and other operations
(397-419).
VIII. Various other trees and plants (420-457) : the olive (420-425) ;
fruit-trees (426-428) ; wild forest-trees (429-457).
IX. Blessings and happiness of a country life (458 - 542).
1. Hactenus ; sc. ccdni. Arvorum cultus is the general subject
of Book 1. 2. Bacche. Bacchus had the charge not only of the
vine, but of fruit-trees generally. Silvestria . . . virgulta means
those barren forest-trees, such as the elm, poplar, etc., which were
planted to act as props whereon to train the vine shoots ; so that
there may be a special propriety in teciim. Virgulta (for virguleta, a
number of twigs, hence applied to bushes, or low or young trees),
here seem to be taken as the type of such trees as the husbandman
cultivates. 4. Hue; sc. veni, from v. 7. Pater is applied to Bac-
chus as the god of fertility, and because he conferred benefits on man
with the kindness and generosity of a father. Lenaee ; an epithet
of Bacchus, signifying god of the wine-press. Tuis muneribus.
Virgil fancies himself surrounded by the gifts of autumn, of which
he is going to sing. 5. Tibi = for thee. See on I. 14. Here it
seems to express the acknowledgment of nature to its author and
sustainer. Pampineo . . . autumno = with the viny autumn ; i. e.
with the grapes which autumn is yielding. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S.
247 and i. Gravidus. Gr. 669, V.; 672. 3. A. & S. 309 (i);
310. i. 6. Floret (= blooms) ; in allusion, according to Forb.,
Voss, and Keightley, to the various hues of the grapes and other
fruits. Vindemia = the vintage. Labris. Gr. 422. i. A. & S.
254, R. 3. 7, 8. The poet, in his enthusiasm, represents himself
and the god as entering the wine-press together and treading out the
grapes. In the East (see Isaiah Ixiii. i -3), and in Greece and Italy,
the grapes were trodden out by men with bare feet. The practice
still prevails in many parts of the south of Europe. 8. Cothurnis.
Bacchus was usually represented wearing the cothurni or hunting
buskins. 9. Arboribus . . . creandis. See on G. I. 3. A'atnra
= the law of nature, the natural mode. 10. Hominum. Gr. 396.
III. 2. 3). A. & S. 212, R. 2. Ipsae and sponte sua are a tau-
tology. 11. Veniunt See on I. 54. 12. Curva, by calling
attention to the bends of the river, shows that the trees grow along
its side. 13 Canentia; In allusion to the white down that covers
the under side of the leaf. Fronde. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6.
Salicta. See on E. I. 55. 14. Posito ; i. e. casually from the
trees. Surgunt Gr. 461 and i. A. & S. 209, R. n. 15. Ne-
morum = arborum nemorensium. Gr. 396. III. 2. 3) (2). A. & S.
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II. 495
212, R. 2. Jovi; like tibi, v. 5. The oak was sacred to Jupiter.
16. Habitae . . . oracula = regarded as oracles. Graiis. Gr.
388. II. A. & S. 225. II. Oracula. Gr. 362 and 2. 2). A. & S.
210, R. 3 (3) (c). Quercus; the oak-groves at Dodona. See on E.
IX. 13. 17. Pullulat, etc. ; propagation by natural suckers.
Aliis. Gr. 384. A. & S. 223. 18. Parnasia ; because the laurel
was sacred to Apollo, whose temple of Delphi stood at the foot of
Mount Parnasus. 19 Se subjicit = shoots up. 20. Primum ;
i. e. before man had tried experiments. His; sc. modis. 22. Alii;
sc. modi. Ipse . . . usus , i. e. experience alone, without the example
of nature. Via = by method, by a regular course or process. Voss,
followed by Forb. and Keightley, personifies usus, and makes via
on her way, in her progress. 23. Plautas = suckers. 24. De-
posuit. See on I. 49. Stirpes, sude*, and vallos denote the
same thing differently treated : stirfes, the stock along with some of
the root ; sudes and vallos, rods or larger branches from the parent
tree set into the ground like stakes, the former split into four parts
( quadrifidas ) at the lower end to form a root, and the latter sharpened
to a point (acuto robore). 25. RobOre. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211,
R. 6. 26. Silvarum = arborum. Gr. 396. III. A. & S. 212.
Arcus ; the bows which the depressed layers form. 27. Viva ;
because not separated from the parent stem. Sua . . terra ; i. e. in
which they themselves grow. 28. Surnmum . . . cacumen ; i. e.
a cutting from the very top of the tree. 29. Referens = restoring ;
i. e. to its native earth. 30. Quin et = nay even. Caudicibus
sectis. The root and branches were lopped off from the trunk,
which was then cut across into pieces or " lengths " ; and these were
planted either whole, or split up before planting. Dictu. Gr. 570
and i. A. & S. 276. III. 31. Radix oleagina; a specimen of the
trees thus grown. 32. Impune = without damage (to the quality of
either tree). 34. Prvmis = on plum-trees. Gr. 422 and i. A. & S.
254, R. 3. Corna ; cornel cherries, which are of a beautiful red
color. The epithet lapidosa shows that corna is not put for cortws, as
some think ; and rnbescere, too, would be inapplicable to a change
from the redder fruit to the less red. Quare ; i. e. since art can do
so much. Generatim = according to their kinds ; i. e. the kinds of
trees. 37. Ismara (plu. of Ismarus) ; a mountain in Thrace. Bac-
cho = vi(l6us. 38. Taburnum; a mountain on the confines of
Samnium and Campania. 39. Una; sc. mecum. Decurre=run
through. A naval mecaphor. Laborem. Gr. 371. i. 3). A. & S.
232 (i). Cf. A. V. 861, Currit iter tutum.lQ. Decus . . . pars.
Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. - --41. Maecenas. See Life of Virgil. Gr. 369.
A. & S. 240. Pelago on Hit to) the sea. It may refer metaphori-
cally to the extent, th /x/vt-uiessness, of the subject. Gr 384 and II.
496 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
A. & S. 223. 42. Cuncta = the whole subject. 43. Non; sc.
optem amplccti, or amplcctar. Sint Gr. 503 and III. A. & S. 261. 2.
44. Primi oram = coast along the very edge of the shore ;
since he does not design to go thoroughly into the subject. Primi
litoris oram = primai litoris 0r<n = the first part of the edge of the
shore. Litus denotes the shore only as the line which separates the
land from the sea, i. e. as the strand ; ora, as the space and tract of land
that borders on the sea, i. e. as the coast. Litoris om, is, therefore, ora
per litus cxtensa. 45. In maiiibus terrae = the land is at hand ;
carrying out the metaphor of the preceding line. Carmine ficto =
by feigned strains ; i. e. by a mythical poem, such as were then in
vogue. Ambages exorsa. He thus designates the length of
those poems and the involutions of their plots. 47. A return to the
threefold division of trees naturally produced (see vv. 10- 19) ; each
of which kinds 5s shown to admit of improvement by cultivation.
48. Laeta = luxuriant. 49. Quippe subest refers only to
laeta et fortia, not to infecunda. Solo. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224.
Natura = a natural productive power. Subest is latent ; lit is
underneath. Tameii must relate to infecunda, to which siir<..'>-t>n
animnm is clearly parallel. 50. Mutata= transplanted. Sub-
actis = carefully prepared ; i. e. with the spade. 51. Exuerint.
Gr. 473. I ; 511. II. A. & S. 259, R. I (5). Animum= naturam.
52. Artes = artificial modes of culture. They will learn whatever
lessons you choose to teach. 53. Sterilis; sc. arbor from v. 57.
The reference is to a sucker. See v. 17. Sterilis is the general de-
scription ; quae stir films exit ab imis, the characteristic. Imis. (ir.
441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. 55. Nunc; i.e. in its natural state.
56. Crescenti = when growing up. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224, R. 2.
Fetus =fructus. Ferentem = when bearing (fruit) ; i. e. wither
up the productive powers it exerts. 57. Jam = moreover. This
use of jam (nearly = fraeferea) is not uncommon. SeminibuB
jactis. See on v. 14. 58. Venit ; as in v. 1 1. Seris nepotibus.
Cf. v. 294 and E. IX. 50. 59. Poma; all kinds of fruit. 60.
Turpes = unseemly. Avibus praedam ; i. e. because no men will
pick them. Uva; for vitis. 61. Scilicet = the fact is. It is ex-
planatory. Omnibus ; sc. arborilms. Cogendae in sulcum =
drilled into the trench ; conveying the notion of training and disci-
pline. Multa mercede = at great cost ; i. e. of labor. Gr. 416.
A. & S. 252. 63. Truncis . . . propagine. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S.
247 and 3. Truncis ; answering to the caudicibus scctis of v. 30.
64. Solido . . . de robore answers to stirpes, sudes, and vallos, vv.
24, 25. Paphiae ; because sacred to Venus, who was worshipped at
Paphos, a city in the island of Cyprus. Myrtus. Gr. 1 17. 2. A. & S.
89 (b). 66. Herculeae corouae ; i. e. the poplar. See on E.
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II. 497
VII. 61. 67. Chaouii patris ; i. e. Jupiter of Dodona in Chaonia.
See on E. IX. 13. Glandes = qncrcns. Gr. 705. II. A. & S. 324. 2.
The oak was sacred to Jupiter. 68. Nascitur ; sc. plantis. Abies.
The fir was much used for ship-building ; hence casns visura marmot.
69. Nucis; i. e. the walnut. Horrida; from the roughness of the
stem, Fetu. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S. 247 and 3. 70. Steriles;
opp. to pomifera. Gessere =gerere solent. See on I. 49. So in-
c an u it ancly revere. 71. Castaneae ; sc. albo jlore. Fagus. Gr.
669. V. A. & S. 309 (i). It may, however, according to Wr. and
Forb. be the nom. pi. of the 4th decl. and subject of incaimcrmit
understood, incanuit agreeing with the nearer noun. 73. Inserere.
Gr. 563. 6. A. & S. 275. III. N. I. See I. 213. Simplex = units ;
\. e. inoculation is distinguished from engrafting ; they are not one.
75. Tunicas = the inner coats ; i. e. of the bark : that which is un-
der the cortex. 76. Sinus = cavity, slit. 80. Et Cf. A. III. 9.
A remnant of primitive simplicity of expression, which sometimes
gives more force to a passage than the employment of a more formal
connecting particle. 81. Exiit. See on 1.330. 82. Sua. Cf.
E. I. 38. 83-108. There are varieties in each kind of tree, the
olive, the apple, and the pear, and especially the vine, the diversities
of which are innumerable. 84. Que. See on v. 87. Idaeis; from
Mount Ida in Crete, whence the cypress was said to have been
brought into Italy. 86. Orchades and radii appear to be so
named from their shape. The orchades are oblong, the radii are long
like a weaver's shuttle. Pausia is a kind of olive which requires to
be gathered before it is ripe : hence amara bacca. Bacca. Gr. 428.
A. & S. 211, R. 6. 87. Que is disjunctive, as often in excited or
emphatic narrative. Nor are apples, etc., of one sort any more than
olives. Alciuoi silvae = the orchards of Alcinous. Alcinous was
king of the Phaeacians, in the island of Corcyra, and is celebrated by
Homer in the Odyssey for the beauty of his gardens. Silvae = ar-
bores. See on v. 26. 88. Crustumiis ; so called from Crustu-
merium or Crustumium at the conflux of the Allia and the Tiber.
Servi us says they were partly red. Syriis. Servius and Pliny say
they were black. Piris. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. Volemis ; so
named, it is said, because they would fill the vola or hollow of fhe hand.
89. Arboribus. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S. 247 and 3. Arbos, here
and in vv. 267, 278, 300 is probably the silvestria virgulta of v. 2, on
which see note. Vindemia = uva. 90. Methymnaeo ; from
Methymna, a town in the island of Lesbos, which was famous for the
excellence of its wine. 91. Thasiae; from Thasos, an island off
the coast of Thrace, celebrated for its corn, wine, and mines. Mareo-
tides; from Lake Mareotis, near Alexandria in Egypt. 92. Hae
. . . illae = former . . . latter. Gr. 452. 2. A. & S. 207, R. 23 (6).
498 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
Habiles == adapted to. 93. Passo ; sc. vino -<!no f passis ttris
facto. Fsithia . . . Lageos. These terms are Greek, and designate
two different kinds of vine, but their meaning is not well known. Te-
nuis = subtile, spiritous, intoxicating. 95. Preciae = early ripe.
96. Rhaetica; sc. vitis. Rhaetia was a region of the Alps (the
modern Tyrol), but it was considered to extend into Cisalpine Gaul,
and it was in the neighborhood of Verona that the grapes grew which
the poet here praises. Nee = nee tamcn. Falernis. The wine of
the Falernian district, in Campania, enjoyed the highest reputation.
97. Aminaeae. These wines are said by Aristotle to have been
introduced into Italy by a Thessalian tribe called Aminaei. They
were cultivated chiefly in the neighborhood of Naples. Firmissima
= very strong. Vina, by a peculiar species of apposition, = pro-
ducing wines. Cf. fines . . . genus, A. I. 339. 98. Tmolius
Phaiiaeus = to which the Tmolian and the Phanaean itself, the prince
of wines (rex), rise up to pay homage. Virgil speaks in Greek
fashion, olws being implied. Tmolius is from Tmolus, a mountain
in Lydia, producing excellent wine ; rimnacus, from Phanae, a har-
bor and promontory in the Isle of Chios, which produced the cele-
brated Ariusian wine, which is here styled rex. See on E. V. 71.
Some supply motis. 99. Argitisque minor. This vine, of
which there were two kinds, a major and a minor (so named from the
size of the grapes), is said to derive its name from apyits, white, re-
ferring to the color of the grapes. Cui Gr. 385. 5. A. & S. 223,
R. 2. Certaverit. Gr. 485; 486. III. and 2. % A. & S. 260. II.
100. Tantum fluere = in yielding so much juice. 101. Dis
secundis. Drinking did not begin till after the first course,
when it was commenced by a libation. 102. Transierim. Gr.
485 ; 486. I. and 2. A. & S. 260, R. 4. Rhodia ; sc. vitis ; the
vine of Rhodes, a noted island off the coast of Caria. Bumaste ;
so called from its producing large grapes. The term is Greek, and
signifies large-breasted. Racemis. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6.
103. Sint. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. 104. Neque enim = nor
indeed. Numero = by a (definite) number. 105. Velit . . .
velit. Gr. 485. A. & S. 260. II. Aequoris = of the plain ; i.e.
the desert Idem. Gr. 451. 3. A. & S. 207, R. 27 (a). 108.
lonii . . . fluctus = fluctns lottii marts. 110. Fluminibus
salices. Cf. E. VII. 66. 111. Steriles. See on v. 70. 112.
Myrtetis. Gr. 414 and 2 ; 317. 2. A. & S. 247 and i ; 100. 7.
Apertos suggests the idea of apricos, to which aymlonem ct frigora
is opposed. He treats soil and climate together, as in I. 51 foil.
113. Bacchus ; i. e. vitis. 114. Extremis orbem = extremas
orbis partcs cultas. The sentence is closely connected with what fol-
lows, the sense being, Look at foreign lands, go as far as you will,
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II. 499
you will find each country has its tree. Cultoribus. Gr. 388. II.
A & S. 225. II. 115. Pictos = tattooed. Gelonos; a Scythian
people, on the Borysthenes (Dnieper), in the district now called
Ukraine. 116. Divisae = divided among, apportioned ; i.e. each
tree has its allotted country. Arboribus. Gr. 384. A. & S. 223.
117. Sabaeis. See on I. 57. 118. Quid. Gr. 380 and 2.
A. & S. 235, R. ii ; 232 (3). 119. Que = also. Baccas = pods.
Martyn understands it of the globules of gum. Acanthi ; a tree,
probably the acacia, from which gum arabic is procured. See on E.
IV. 20. 120. Nemora Aethiopum; the cotton plant. Lana.
Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and I. 121. Vellera. It was the
general belief in Virgil's time, and long after, that silk, which was
brought to Europe from the East, grew on the leaves of trees in the
country of the Seres, a people whose abode was supposed to be be-
tween India and Scythia. Silkworms were not known in the Roman
empire till the time of Justinian. Depectant. Gr. 525. A. & S.
265. Tenuia. Gr. 669. II. and 3. A. & S. 306 and (3). 122.
Oceano propior is explained by extremi sinus orbis. It seems to
imply the Homeric notion of the ocean as a great stream, encircling
the outside of the world. 123. Extremi orbis. India is so
called as forming the extreme bend or curvature of the oblong habi-
table earth at the ocean in the East. Aera summum arboris ; i. e.
the top of the tree in the air. 125. Et . . . quidem = et tanien.
Tar da = inexpert. 126. Tristes. See on I 75. Tardum; that
remains long in the mouth. 127. Felicis = blessed ; i. e. as an
antidote. Mali ; from malum, the citron. Presentius = more
efficacious. 128. Infecere ; sc. veneno. 129. Miscuerunt.
Gr. 669. IV. A. & S. 307. i and (2). Non verba = incanta-
tions. 130. Atra venena. Here, as in I. 129, ater seems to con-
tain the double notion of black and deadly. The former refers to the
color of the poison itself (cf. A. IV. 514), or to the color produced
by it on the body. 131. Faciem. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. and
R. 2. 133. Erat; form*/. Gr. 511. II. 2. A. & S. 259, R. 4. I
and (b). Labentia. We should expect labuntur ; but the poets
sometimes in description use participles or adjectives for finite verbs.
134. Ad prima = in the highest degree. Olentia (= fetid)
applies to animus as well as to ora. 135. Fovent = correct,
sweeten. Illo ; sc. malo. Seiiibus. Gr. 385 and 2. A. & S.
223, R. 2 and I (a). Anhelis = asthmatic. 136. Silvae ; i. e.
the citron-groves. Terra. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. See on vina,
v. 97. 137. Ganges ; i. e. India, of which the Ganges is the prin-
cipal river. Auro turbidus ; whose mud or sand is gold. Gr. 414
and 2. A. & S. 247 and I. Hermus; i.e. Lydia, in which the
river Hermus rolls its golden sands. 138. Certent. Gr. 484.
500 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
A. & S. 260. II. Bactra; the capital of Bactria, the northern part
of the Persian empire, put for the country. 139. Que ; disjunctive.
See on v. 87. Panchaia; the happy island of Euhemerus, here put
for Arabia, near which his fancy placed it. 140-142. The allusion
in these lines is to the story of Jason ploughing the field with the
fire-breathing bulls of Aeetes, king of Colchis, and sowing it with
dragon's teeth, whence warriors in armor sprung up. The idea con-
veyed is, Italy is not inferior to Colchis in fertility, and she is, at the
same time, free from those monsters which afflicted that country.
141. Satis. Gr. 580. A. & S. 274, R. 5 (a). Dentibus. Gr. 384.
A. & S. 223. Con. prefers to take it as an abl. abs., and to regard
the passage as a case of hysteron-proteron. 143. Massicus ; a
mountain in Campania, celebrated for its excellent wine. Here an
adjective. 144. Implevere. See on I. 49. Laeta = prolific.
145. Campo. Gr. 379. 5. A. & S. 225. IV. R. 2. 146. Cli-
tumne ; a river of Umbria, flowing into the Tiber, whose waters
were supposed to have a powerfully purifying effect, so that the flocks
became white, either, according to Pliny, from drinking of it, or, ac-
cording to Virgil, from bathing in it. Maxima ; as being the largest
victim, or as lacing offered on the occasion of a triumph. 147. Sa-
cro. The god Clitumnus had a temple at the head of the stream.
148. Duxere. White bulls from this locality were sacrificed at the
celebration of triumphs; and as the victims were led before the tri-
umphal car, they are here represented as heading the procession.
See on I. 217. 149. Alienis mensibus = in months not belong-
ing (to it) ; i. e. in the winter months. Ver and aestas. are used here
somewhat loosely. 150. Pomis. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247
and i. It may be a dat. = pomis crcandis. 151. Saeva leonum
semina ; i. e. sacvi Iconcs, 152. Nee legentes ; i. c. they do
not, when collecting plants for food, by mistake gather aconite, and
thus poison themselves. Virgil probably uses aconila here for poison-
ous plants in general ; for Dioscorides expressly says that aconite
grew abundantly in Italy. Legentes is the subst. 153. Tanto
. . . tractu = with so vast a train ; sc. quanta in aliis tcrris. 155.
Operumque laborem = and laborious works, mighty works.
156. Manu implies labor, personal exertion. Praeruptis . . .
saxis. Such was the site of many of the ancient Italian towns.
Gr. 422. i. A. & S. 254, R. 3. 157. Antiques muros ; i. e.
the ancient towns built on the banks of streams. There seems to be
a special reference to the usefulness of the rivers. 158. Mare . . .
supra . . . infra; i. e. mare sitpcnim, or the Adriatic, and mare itifc-
rum, or the Tyrrhenian sea. Alluit ; sc. Italiam. 159. Anne ;
pleonastic for an. Lari ; a lake in Gallia Cisalpina, now Lake Como.
Gr. 45. 5. 2). A. & S. 52. Maxirne. Larius is not so large as
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II. 50!
Verbanus, now Lake Maggiore. 160. Fluctibus marine =
heaving with the waves and the roar of ocean. Marino belongs to
both nouns. Benace. See on E. VII. 13. 161. Portus
Avernis. The Avernus and the Liter inus were two small land-
locked pools on the Campanian coast between Miscnum and Puteoli.
M. Vipsanius Agrippa, during his consulship in B. C. 37, united
them, faced the mound which separated the Lucrinus from the sea
with masonry (to which clanstra refers), and pierced it with a channel
for the admission of vessels. To this double haven he gave the name
of Julius in honor of his patron Caesar Octavianus. 162. Inciig-
natum = expressing its indignation ; i. e. at being excluded. 163.
Refuso = beaten back. 164. Fretis . . . Avernis = the channel
of Avernus ; i. e. between the two lakes, of which Avernus was the
more inland. 165. Haec; sc. Italia. Rivos ; implying abun-
dance. Con. says, stream-like threads. Aeris metalla ; i. e. aes.
Keightley translates metal/a " mines." 166. Ostendit . . . fluxit.
Pliny says that the senate forbade the working of the mines in Italy ;
and these perfects may possibly refer to this discontinuance of the
working, though they need only mean " it has been known to dis-
play," etc. Venis. Gr. 422. i. A. & S. 254, R. 3. Fluxit =
has abounded in. 167. Marsos ; a warlike and hardy race, dwell-
ing northeast of Latium. Fubem Sabellam ; i. e. the Samnites.
168. Malo = to hardship. The Ligures occupied the rocky
and barren country along what is now the Gulf of Genoa. Vol-
BCOS ; a very ancient people of Latium. 169. All these heroes
saved Rome in extreme peril, the Decii from the Latins, Marius
from the Cimbri, Camillus from the Gauls, the Scipios from Car-
thage ; and so Octavfanus saves her from her enemies in the East.
170. Duros bello = inured to war. G'r. 391. A. & S. 222. 3.
172. Imbellem ; merely an epithet of national contempt for the
vanquished. Romania arcibus ; Rome itself, " that sat on her
seven hills." 173. Saturnia tellus. See on E. IV. 6. 174.
Magna ; sc. parens. Tibi = in honor of thee : the emphatic word.
Res = subject. Artis; the art of agriculture. Cf. I. 122, primus
agros. 175. Sanctos . . . fontes ; alluding to the fountains
sacred to the Muses, from which poets were said to derive their in-
spiration. Ausus recludere; because he was the first Roman who
ventured to write a treatise on agriculture in verse. 176. Ascrae-
um . . . carmen. Hesiod of Ascra in Boeotia wrote a poem on
agriculture entitled Works and Days. Hence Virgil styles his agri-
cultural poem an Ascraeum carmen.
177. Dicendum est is to be supplied. Robora = vires. Cf. I. 86.
178. Natura. See on v. 49. 179. DifHciles . . . maligni
churlish . . . niggardly. Both are metaphorical. Dijficiles, opp. to
502 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
fadlis in v. 223. 180. Tenuis lean, hungry. Arvis ; sc. sinif.
Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. 181. Palladia. Sec on I. iS. 102. In-
dicio. Gr. 390. I. and 2. .\. k S. 227, R. 2 and 3. Oleaster. The
presence of the wild olive shows that the soil is good for the culti-
vated. 183. Flurimus. See on E. VII. 60. Baccis ; sc. ulcastri.
184. Uligine; i.e. the natural moisture of the earlh. Gr. 414
and 2. A. & S. 247 and i. 185. Quique and the follow!; :
fue, in v. 188, form an apposition to v. 184. 188. Felicem fer-
tilizing. Qui austro and that which rises to the south. Cr.
379. 5. A.& S. 225. IV. R.2. 189. Aratris. Gr. 388. II. A. & S.
225,11. 190. Fluentes. Cf. on v. 100. 191. Fertilis ; sc.
erit. Uvae. Gr. 399 and 2. 2). A. & S. 213. 192. Pateris et
auro ^patcris nurds. Gr. 704. II. 2 ; 422. 2. A. & S. 323. 2 (3) ; 255,
R- 3 (^)- 193. Inflavit Tyrrhenus. The custom of employing
pipes at sacrifices was Greek as well as Roman ; but as pipers appear
to have existed at Rome from the earliest times, it is sufficiently prob-
able that, like actors, they were imported from Etruria. Pinguis ;
from good-living at the altar. Ebur= ivory pipe. 194. Paiidia
= curved, hollow. Fumantia = reeking ; i. e. from the natural
heat of the exta. Reddimus = we offer. 195. Tueri = to keep.
See on tegcre, I. 213. 196. Urentes. The goat was held, either
by its bite, or by something poisonous in its saliva, to kill^crops and
trees, especially vines and olives. Culta = plantations. 197.
Saturi = rich. Longinqua ; sc. arva. 198. Amisit Mantua ;
i.e. in the assignment of lands mentioned in E. I. and IX. 199.
Herboso flumine ; i. e. the Mincius. Cycnos. See on K. IX.
29. 200. Deeruut Gr. 669. II. 2. A. & S. 306. i and R. i (i).
203. Fere = for the most part, generally speaking. It goes with
optima frumcntis. 204. Narnque arando ; i. e. this loose,
crumbling state of the soil is what we seek to effect by ploughing.
205. Aequore. See on I. 50. 206. Juvencis might perhaps be
taken as an abl. of the agent, construing decedcre as a neuter passive ;
but it is better to take it as an abl. of manner or circumstance. 207.
Ground lately cleared is another kind of soil which is good for corn.
Aut refers grammatically either to the sentence nigra fire, etc., or to
non ttllo ex aequore, etc., the sense being the same either way. In the
one case we supply optima frumentis, in the other qiiam ex illo ae-
quore unde, etc. Iratus ; i. e. at the wood cumbering the ground.
Devexit = has carted away. Devexit . . . evertit . . . (ct) eruit ;
a hysteron-proteron. Gr. 704. IV. 2. A. & S. 323. 4 (2). 210,
211. Petiere . . . enituit. For the tense, see on I. 49. Cf. nitcntm
ciilta, I. 153. 213. Casia; an aromatic shrub, with leaves like the
olive. Rorem = rosemary. 214. Tofus = tufa ; a sort of vol-
canic sandstone. 215. Chely dris ; a venomous snake of amphib-
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II. 503
ious nature. The ancients supposed that serpents ate clay. 215.
Greta. See on I. 1 79. Negant alios = declare that no other. A
personification. Aeque ; sc. ac ipsi (i.e. tofus et creta) fenint. It
goes with praebere as well as with ferre. The meaning is that the pres-
ence of tufa and clay is a sign that snakes haunt the place. 216.
Curvas relates to the shape of the snake. 217. Fumos = steam,
vapor ; the same as nebulam. 218. Ipsa. Gr. 452 and i. A. & S.
207, R. 28 (a). Ex se ipsa remittit may refer to exhalations, like the
preceding verse, or to exudations. 219. Viridis is to be taken
closely with vestif, as if it had been viridem. The common reading is
viridi. 220. Scabie; the effect of the robigo. Cf. scabra robigine,
I. 495. Salsa ; because the same saitness which would rust iron
would be unfavorable to produce. See vv. 237 foil. 223. Fa-
cilem pecori = well-natured, favorable to cattle. See on difficiles,
v. 179. Vomeris. Gr. 399 and 2. i). A. & S. 213 and R. i (2).
224. Capua ; the chief town of Campania. Vesevo ; the same a3
Vesuvius. It is properly an adjective. 225. Vacuis = thinly peo-
pled. Claiiius ; a small river of Campania, which frequently over-
flowed its banks and did much mischief (hence non aequus] to the
territory of Acerrae, a town in the neighborhood. It is here put for
the people of the country through which it flowed. 226. Quam-
que ; sc. terram. 227. Supra morem = unusually. Si ; with
requires. 228. Altera Lyaeo ; parenthetical. 229. Magis
belongs to densa, answering to rarissima quaeque. Densa . . . rara
= close . . . loose. Quaeque. Gr. 458. i. A. & S. 207. R. 35 (b).
229. Lyaeo is here = vino. See on Ov. M. XI. 67. 230. Ante
= first. Ante oculis is explained by in solido, which gives the
reason for the choice. 232. Summas . . . arenas the topmost
portion of the soil. 233. Si deerunt; i. e. if the earth does not
fill the hole. Gr. 669. II. and 2. A. & S. 306. i and (i). 234.
Uber is a laudatory synonyme for so/ton. Negabunt ; sc. arenae.
See on v. 215. 235. Scrobibus ; here used for //<?.?. The plu-
ral for the singular. Superabit = shall be in excess. 236.
Cunctantes = stubborn. Crassa terga = stiff ridges. 237.
Proscinde. See on I. 97. 239. Frugibus. Gr. 391. A. & S.
222. 3. Infelix = infecunda. Arando = aratione. 240. Nee
servat ; i. e. the grape and the apple degenerate in such a soil.
Nomina ; name for character. Sua. Gr. 449. 2. A. & S. 208 (7)
(a). 241. Tale . . . specimen = the following proof. Spisso
vimine = of thickly woven osiers. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6.
Qualos appears to be the same thing as the cola, which is added
merely for the purpose of explanation. 242. Fumosis . . . tectis ;
where they had been hung after the vintage was over to preserve
them from dampness and worms. 243. Ager. The whole ager is
504 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
virtually the subject of the experiment. 244. Ad plenum = to
the full; i.e. to the brim. 245. Scilicet = you will see, of
course ; denoting the consequence of the process. 246. At =
autcni. Manifestus. Gr. 443. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (,/). 247.
Tristia is proleptic. 248. Denique = briefly, to be brief. It
belongs to hoc facto. 249. Jactata ; i. e. worked. 250. Len-
tescit = sticks. Habendo = in handling. Used passively, like
a>-,ini/i\ v. 239. 251. Majores; i. e. than usual. Ipsa ; i.e. with-
out manure or irrigation. See on E. IV. 21, 23. Justo laetior
= too productive. Gr. 417. A. & S. 256. 2. 252. Nimiuin be-
longs to fertilis. Mihi. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. 253. Primis . . .
aristis = in its first crop ; i. e. when first under tillage, implying
that it will fall off. 254. Tacitam ; i. e. tacite, without further ex-
periment. 255. Oculis. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S. 247 and 3.
Praediscere ; i. e. before cultivation. 256. Cui = citiquc. Fri-
gus ; i. e. in the soil. 257. Piceae ; the common fir. Taxi no-
centes. Cf. v. 113 and E. IX. 30. 258. Paudunt vestigia
reveal traces; i. e. of the cold. 259. Multo. Gr. 418. A. Ov S.
256, R. 16. Ante; with qnam. 260. Excoquere to bake;
i. e. by exposing it to the sun and weather. Magnos . . . montes ;
a strong, perhaps an exaggerated expression. See on v. 37. Con-
cidere = to cut up thoroughly. The lesson to be enforced is that
of hard and thorough work. Cf. I. 65, 66, a passage which is ani-
mated by the same enthusiasm. 261. Ante. The repetition is
emphatic. 263. Solo. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. Id ... cu-
rant = bring this about ; i. e. ut putri solo shit. 264. Labefacta
= loosened ; proleptic. 265. Si fugit ; i. e. those who are-
very particular. 266. Ante. See on v. 230. Locum similem
is in apposition alternately, as it were, with each of the two clauses
that follow, ubi seges and quo feratur ; i. e. a like spot for the nur-
sery, and a like spot for the vineyard, the two being reciprocally com-
pared. Prima = primum, at first; opp. to max. Paretur. Gr.
485 ; 486. III. A. & S. 260. II. 267. Arboribus. See on v. 89.
Seges = the vine-crop. Digesta feratur = feratnr et digcratur.
268. Subito ; with mutatum. Semina = the young vines. So
in v. 302. Matrem ; i. e. the earth. 269. Quin etiam = nay
even. Coeli regionem; referring to the points of the compass.
270. Quo modo . . . qua parte = niodum quo . . . partcin qua.
These clauses and the one following are the objects of restituunl.
271. Quae terga the side which, as a back. Axi = the north
pole. 272. Adeo est = so powerful are habits formed in tender
age ; in tcncris having the force of in teneris aitnis. 275. In denso
= in loco dense consito. In dcnso ubcrc could scarcely mean anything
but a close or stiff soil. Non ubere = not less prolific (than when
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II. 505
planted wide). Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I. Cf. segnes terras, v. 37 ;
segiiis cardnns, I. 151. 276. Tumulis. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S.
247 and 2. Solum ; sc. metabere. Supinos = gently sloping ; so
as to present a broad surface. 277. Indulge ordinibus ; i. e.
give them room, set them wide. Nee quadret. The order of
this passage, which has perplexed the commentators so much, is
probably : nee sect/is (quani si densa seras) omnis secto limitc via arbo-
ribus positis in ungitem quadret '= yet still (as much as when you plant
close) let each avenue with drawn line, as you set your trees, exactly
tally ; i. e. yet still so set your trees that the line of each avenue that
you draw may exactly tally with the rest. Secto -via limite then will =
via secta. Cf. I. 238, via secta per ambus, where Virgil calls the ecliptic
via, while Ovid, M. II. 130, speaking more precisely, calls it limes.
Nothing more than regularity is prescribed in these two lines so un-
derstood ; the simile of the legion, which follows, shows that the
quincuncial order is intended. Via and limes are used in the same
context again, A. II. 697, apparently without any intended contrast.
In ungnem goes with quadret. Limite. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6.
Arboribus. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257. See on v. 89. 279. Bello
may be taken as dat. or abl. Longa is proleptic, since it is only by
deploying that the legion becomes long. 230. Agnien is the
column in order of march, which deploys into acies, or line of battle.
281. Acies; sc. sunt. 282. Necdum proelia; i. e. while
the regularity of their order is still undisturbed. Misceiit ; sc. mil-
ites. 283. Dubius = in suspense. Mediis ... in armis = be-
tween the two armies. 284. The apodosis of the simile begins with
this line. Supply sic. Paribus numeris . . . viarum = into ave-
nues of equal spaces ; or, into equal and regular avenues. Gr. 414
and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2. Viarum may limit ornnia, in which case
omnia viarum = omnes viae. 287. Neque rami; because other-
wise the boughs will have no space wherein to spread.
289. Ausim. Gr. 239. 4 ; 485. A. & S. 162. 9 ; 260. II. Sul-
co = scrot>/. 290. Altior. Gr. 443. A. & S. 205, R. 15 (a).
Terrae for in ttrra. Arbos ; i. e. on which to train the vines. So
arbore, v. 300. 294. Nepotes = successive generations. 295.
Multa virum . . . secula, a mere variation of the preceding. Vol-
vens= rolling, going through. Durando . . . vincit = outlasts, out-
lives. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. 296. Turn, in this and other
passages, appears to indicate a point in a narration or description, not
necessarily a point of time, and generally the last point, so as to be
nearly -=deniqne. Cf. A. I. 164, IV. 250, VI. 577. 297. Ipsa; as
opposed to ramos et brachia. Ipse is sometimes employed to distin-
guish the whole from a part, or the better' part from the remainder.
301. Tantus terrae ; i. e. so great that when they are far from
506 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
it they are less vigorous. 303. The wild olive was an unctuous tree,
and would easily catch fire. Pastoribus. Gr. 414 and 2. A. \ S.
247 and i. 306. Coelo. Gr. 379. 5. A. & S. 225. IV. and R. 2.
308. Nemus ; i. e. the arlwslnm. Ruit = throws up. 310.
A vertice = Jt-super, al> alto. 311. Glomerat = thickens, m.iss-
es. Ferens = spreading. 312. Hoc ubi ; sc. acciJit. Noil
valeut = they (i. e. viks) have no strength from the stock ; i. e. their
stock no more shows life. Caesaeque = nor when cut ; i. e. when
the burnt stock has been cut to make it grow again. Que is disjunc-
tive. See on v. 87. 313. Ima . . . terra = from the deep earth
(at their roots). Similes = like (to what they were before), as be-
fore. 314. Infelix = infecnmlus. Superat = solus snperest. Fo-
liis. Gr. 428. A. & S. 2ii, R. 6.
315. Nee persuadeat = nee qitisqnam tain frit Jens habcatur
ut til'i persuadeat. Movere ; i. e. in order to make scrolls. 317.
Sernine. See on vv. 268, 302. 318. Coiicretam = frozen.
Affigere; sc. se. 319. Satio ; sc. est. Rubenti; i. e. with flow-
ers. 320. Candida avis ; i. e. the stork, a bird of passage, said
to feed on serpents. 321. Frigora. The force of the plu. may he
expressed by saying "the cold days." Rapidus. See on I. 92.
322. Hiemem ; i. e. those constellations which the sun enters in
winter. Praeterit. Gr. 704. I. i. A. & S. 323. i (l>) (i). Aestas
= the heat of summer. 323. Adeo. See on E. IV. u. Nemo-
rum .. . silvis; cultivated trees, vineyards . . . natural trees, woods ;
though Con. thinks both mean the trees in the arlntstum. 324 -
327. The language of this passage is metaphorical and borrowed
from physical generation. 325. Pater Aether . . . conjugis (i. e.
Terrae). See on E. VII. 60. Laetae = fruitful. 327. Magnus
. . . magno. Virgil is fond of such combinations. Cf. I. 190. 328-
This relates to the loves of the birds. 329. Repetunt = renew.
330. Almus. See on G. I. 7. Zephyri. See on I. 44. 331.
Sinus is metaphorical, and substituted for glcbam. Superat
abounds. Omnibus. Gr. 384. A. S. 223. 332. Soles ; i. e.
the suns of each day. Novi ; because they are the beginning of the
warm season. 336. Crescentis = naseoitis. This and the follow-
ing lines mean that the world was born in spring. Origine. dr.
426. A. & S. 253. 337. Aliurn . . . tenorern = a different char-
acter. 338. Crediderim. Gr. 485. A. & S. 260, II. and R. 4.
Ver . . . agebat = was keeping spring-time ; like agere fcstitin.
339. Parcebant flatibus ; i. e. forbore to put them forth. 341.
Caput arwis. An allusion to the myth that the first men sprang
from the earth. 343. Res . . . tenerae are the young plants, buds,
etc. Hunc . . . laborem^= this hardship ; i. e., that plants time ex-
perience from the extremes of heat and cold. See on I. 150. 344.
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II. 507
Tanta quies is explained by mine laborem. Caloremque. Gr. 663.
III. i. 4). A. & S. 304. 3 (4). 345. Inter here not only follows
its case, which is not unusual in poetry, but stands in a different line
from it. Cf. A. III. 685. Exciperet. This verb in its most general
sense seems to imply receiving from or after some one or something
else. Here the milder skies receive the earth after the severer weath-
er. 346. Quod superest = as to what remains, for the rest ; i. e.
to resume and pursue the subject to the end ; a Lucretian transition,
which occurs several times in Virgil. Premes = thou shall plant.
Virgulta = cuttings, slips ; i. e. either of the vine or of the trees in
the arbiistum. 347. Memor occule = memento occulere 348.
It would seem necessary to suppose a connecting particle here, for the
poet surely cannot mean that the stones and shells are to be a sub-
stitute for the manure and soil. Squalentes = rough. Rough
shells would leave interstices for the water. 349. Tenuis. See on
I. 92. 350. Halitus ; from the evaporation of the water. Ani-
mos tolleiit = will take courage ; i. e. will thrive. Sata; the same
as virgiilta, v. 346. Jamque = and before now. Reperti ; sc. sunt.
351. Super = desuper. The stone or the potsherd would prevent
the earth from being washed away, a necessary precaution when the
vines are on a slope; and it also would prevent the ground round the
roots from being parched and made hard. Atque is disjunctive.
352. Urguerent. Gr. 501. I. A. & S. 264. i. Hoc... hoc; a
repetition, not a distinction. Ad = with a view to, against. 353.
Htulca; a proleptic use of the adjective. Canis ; i. e. Sirius.
354. Diducere = to break and loosen ; lit. to separate. 355. Ca-
pita = radices. Duros massive ; i. e. the work is thoroughly
done. Bidentes. The bidens was a very heavy, two-pronged hoe,
used more like a pickaxe than a hoe, whence jactare. The terms em-
ployed in this passage, saepius, duros, jactare, presso, exercere, luctan-
tes, all point to hard, thorough, unremitting work. 357. Flectere;
1. e. to plough across as well as up and down the lines of vines.
358. Materials for training the vines. Leves ; not lcz>es. Hastilia ;
because resembling the handle of a spear.' 360. Viribus. Gr.
414 and 4. A. & S. 247 and 3. Eniti = to climb. 361. Tabu-
lata (= stories) were the successive branches of the elm to which
the vines were trained, the intermediate boughs being removed.
362. Frondibus. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2. 363.
Teneris ; sc. vitibus. Gr. 385. A. & S. 223, R. 2. There are three
periods : i. When you must leave the young vine entirely alone ;
2. When you may pluck off the leaves but not use the knife ; 3. When
you may use the knife 364. Laxis . . . habenis ; a metaphor ta-
ken from the driving of horses. Per purum =per aerem. Cf. in
vacuum, v. 287. 365. Ipsa ; sc. vitis, as distinguished from the
508 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
leaves. 366. Interque legendae ; \rj\xoiaaMiatmttrltgtHJkuqiu,
369. Tum denique = ///w dciimm. ' Dura imperia = main-
tain a stern government ; a metaphor drawn from military discipline.
Cf. impcrat arvis, I. 99.
371. Teneiidum (sc. est) = must be shut out. 372. Laborum
= of trials. See on I. 150. Gr. 399 and 2. 2). A. & S. 213. 373.
Cui. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. Super = besides ; not " more than."
The comparison comes in v. 376. Indignas = severe, cruel. Solem-
que potentem. Cf. I. 92. 374. Uri = buffaloes. Capreae
sequaces the persecuting roes. 375. Pascuntur. Gr. 704. I.
i. A. & S. 323. i (i). 376. Concreta = congealed, stiff. 377.
Gravis = oppressive ; with iiuitmbcti s. Scopulis; referring to the
vineyards on the terraced rocks. So in v. 522. 378. Illi. Gr. 3X5.
A. & S. 223, R. 2. It may be taken as nom. with^/v^-j. Venenum
dentis. See on v. 196. 379. Stirpe. Gr. 1 10. 4. A. & S. 64. 3.
380 - 396. A digression on the Dionysia, or festivals of Bacchus,
in Greece and in Italy. 381. Caeditur . . . ineunt. Gr. 467. III.
A. & S. 145. I. 3. Veteres ludi = ancient plays ; i. e. the first
rude attempts at the drama. Proscenia = the stage. 382. In-
geniis = for genius ; i. e. for men of genius. 383. Thesidae ;
the Athenians : so called from their ancient king Theseus. Gr. 316
and 2. A. & S. 100. i and (a} (2). Inter pocula laeti ; i. e. in their
drunken jollity. 384. Unctos utres ; referring to the game of
dancing on the inflated oiled skin of the he-goat which had been
sacrificed. The game afforded great amusement to the spectators.
He who succeeded was victor, and received the skin as a reward.
385. Ausonii; a general name for Italians, and here employed of
the people of Latium, but the Ausones were properly an ancient tribe,
occupying the southern part of the Italian peninsula. 387. Ora =
masks. Corticibus; sc. ex. See on I. 262. 388. Per carmiiia
laeta may be in the course of, as they sing, glad hymns, or = by
glad hymns. 389. Oscilla. Oscillitm, a diminutive through os-
fuluin from os, meaning a little face, was the term applied to faces or
heads of Bacchus, which were suspended in the vineyards to be turned
in every direction by the wind. Whichsoever way they looked they
were supposed to make the vines in that quarter fruitful. From this
noun came the verb oscillo, meaning to swing, and hence our word
oscillate. Mollia = mild, propitious; of the mild and propitious
expression of the god's face, like caput honcstum. Most take it = mo-
bilia, easily swayed by the wind, waving. 391. Compleiitur ; sc.
ubere. 393. 8uum . . . honorem = suas laicdcs ; i. e. if si dclritas
laudcs. 394. Patriis ; i. e. handed down from our forefathers.
Lances ; probably for the exta, as in v. 194. 395. Sacer = de-
voted. 397. Alter refers back to v. 371. 398. Cui est = which
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II. 509
is never satisfied by exhaustipn ; i. e. it is endless. Gr. 387. A. & S.
226. The participle is used substantively. Namque nearly = n<:;n+e.
399. Solum scindendum probably refers to ploughing ; though
it may be understood of the (miens. See on Hor. C. I. I. n. Versis
= reversed. 401. Fronde. Gr. 425. A. & S. 251. Nemus,
like si/vis, v. 404, and perhaps umbra, v. 410, seems to be used of the
supporting trees in the arbustum, as in v. 308. Actus in orbem =
moving in a circle. Actus may, however, =past (labor), and /';/ orbem
be connected with redit. 402. Atque. The copulative is sometimes
used instead of a conjunction denoting a more special connection.
The relation intended is usually that of time, et or atque standing in
the place of quum ; here it is that of accordance, "even as." Cf. the
use of atque in comparisons, in simttl atgue, etc. 403. Jam olim
nearly jam ttim, v. 405. Olim is here connected with quum in the
same way as with tibi, A. V. 125. 404. Honorem; i. e. the leaves.
405. Jam turn = even then. Cf. A. I. 18. 406. Curvo
dente. Saturn was regularly represented with a pruning-knife in his
hand. Dens is used of any curved implement. Relictam ; i. e.
fructn et frondibus nudatam. Cf. vv. 403, 404. 407. Persequitur.
Cf. insectabere, I. 155, and inscquitiir, I. 105. Fingit= moulds, forms.
Cf. A. VI. 80. 408. Primus ; i. e. be the first to do it. Devecta.
Gr. 579. A. & S. 274. 3 (/>). See on v. 207. 409. Sarmeiita ; the
prunings of the vine. Vallos ; the vine-poles. They were taken up
and put under cover at the end of the vintage. 410. Melito ; of
vines, like seges, serere, semina. Bis ; i. e. in spring arid autumn. The
leaves have to be stripped from the vines twice in the year. 411.
Segetem; for vineam. Herbae; in a wide sense. 412. Uterque
labor ; i. e. of pruning and weeding. 413-415. Rusci . . . arundo
. . . salicti. Butcher's-broom, reeds, and willows are used for tying
up the vine. Salicti. See on E. I. 55. 416. Reponunt=;r-
poni sinunt. 417. Effectos = completed. Extremus ; i.e. hav-
ing come to the end of his task. 418. Pulvisque movendus.
This appears to have been a distinct process, founded on the belief
that dust was beneficial to vines. 419. Juppiter = the weather,
storms. Metuendus uvis may mean either an object of terror to
the grapes, or an object of terror (to the vine-dresser) for the
grapes. 420. Non ulla is an exaggeration. They do not need the
same constant attention as the vine. 421. Rastros. See on I. 94.
422. Haeserunt arvis ; i. e. when they have been once trans-
planted from the seminarium. Aurasque tulerunt ; i. e. when
they are strong enough to weather the breezes. 423. Ipsa = sua
sponte. Satis; put for olives, as for vines, v. 350. Dente; for
bidtnte, not for vomere, as some make it. 424. Cum vomere = i. e.
as sure as the ploughshare is put into the ground. Cum here ex-
510 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
presses close connection not so much of time as of causation, a sense
which may be illustrated by the opposite sine. 425. Hoc = by
this ; sc. arando ; i. e. by this and this only, this will be enough.
The common interpretation makes hoc = on this account. Pinguem
et placitam Paci seem to express the effect of nutritor ; i. e. nu-
tritor ut pinguis sit, etc. Nutritor. Or. 537. A. & S. 267 (2).
426. Poma; the fruit by metonymy for the trees. Sensere.
The metaphor seems to be taken from an adult man feeling his limbs
strong under him. 427. Raptini = rapide. Cf. I. 409. 428.
Opis. Gr. 399 and 2. 2). A. & S. 213. Que couples the adverbial
subst. vi with the adverbial adj. indiga. Cf. A. VI. 640, Largior
Fitrpttrco. 429. Nee minus ; i. e. equally with the trees that have
been named. Iiiterea ; i. e. while man is cultivating the vine, olive,
etc. Nemus ; used generally of the trees of the forest in their un-
cultivated state. 430. Inculta; emphatic. Aviaria. Gr. 317.
A. & S. loo. C. 8. 431. Tondentur cytisi. See on E. I. 79.
Cf. also I. 15. Taedas; of the pine ; so that cilta is appropriate.
432. A poetical amplification of taedas ministrat. 433. The mean-
ing seems to be : when nature offers so much to the planter and cul-
tivator, can man hesitate to plant and cultivate? 434. Majora;
used in contradistinction to the smaller trees which follow. Se-
quar. Gr. 486 and II. A. & S. 260, R. 5. 435. Illae even
they ; emphatic. 436. Satis ; including plantations. Pabula
nielli; a poetic combination of pabula apilnis and materiam nit-lli.
Cf. E. I. 54, 55. 437. Cytorum. Cytorus was a mountain of
Paphlagonia, near Amastris, on the southern coast of the Euxine,
famous for the growth of the box-tree. 438. Naryciae = Nary-
cian ; i. e. Locrian. Naryx, or Narycion, was a town of the Opuntian
Locrians in Greece, and the native city of Ajax. A colony of these
Locrians came into Italy and founded Locri, near which was a forest,
famed for its plentiful supply of pitch. Cf. A. III. 399. Arva =
terras. 439. Obnoxia. See on I. 396. 440. Caucasio ; re-
ferring to the mountains still known by the name. 442. Alios
aliae. Gr. 459. i. A. & S. 207, R. 32 (a). Lignum. Gr. 363.
A. & S. 204. 443. Navigiis. Gr. 391 and i. A. & S. 222, R. i.
Cupressosque. Gr. 663. III. I. 4). A. & S. 304. 3 (4). 444.
Hiuc refers to silvae generally. Trivere tornavere. See on I.
49. Tympana; wheels, either of solid wood or boards, shaped like
a drum. 446. Viminibus ; for tying up the vines and for wicker-
work. Gr. 419. III. A. & S. 250. 2 (i). Frondibus ; for food for
cattle. 447. The construction is : myrtus et />ona bcllo cor mis validis
hastilihus ; sc. fecundae. Hastilibus ; not the actual spear-shafts,
but the shoots as they grow on the tree. Cf. A. III. 23. 448.
Ituraeos. Ituraea was a region of Palestine east of the Jordan. In
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II. 511
Virgil's time it was inhabited by Arabs famous for their skill in
archery. 449. Nee . . . non = nee non. Torno rasile ; one
epithet, like bona bdlo. 451. Uiidam; sc. Padi. Gr. 371. 3.
A. & S. 232 (2). 452. Missa Pado = sped down the Po. Gr.
414. A. & S. 248. Cf. IV. 373. 453. The reference is to bee-
hives made of bark and of hollow trees. Alveo. Gr. 669. II.
A. & S. 306. i. 455. Et = even. Ille furentes, &c. As an
illustration of the preceding statement he cites the battle of the Cen-
taurs and Lapithae at the marriage of Pirithous and Hippodamia,
caused by the excess in wine of the former. 456. Centauros ;
a race inhabiting Mount Pelion, in Thessaly, represented as half men
and half horses. Leto. Gr. 414. A. & S. 247. Rhoetum, Pho-
lum, Hylaeum ; individual Centauri. 457. Lapithis. The La-
pithae were a savage race inhabiting the mountains, of Thessaly :
Pirithoiis was their king. Cratere keeps up the notion of a Baccha-
nalian fray. 458. Norint. Gr. 234. 2. A. & S. 162. 7 (a}. 459.
Agricolas. Gr. 381. A. & S. 238. 2. Ipsa. See on E. IV. 21,
23. Fundit Gr. 519 and 2. A. & S. 259. 460. Humo = from
her soil. Justissima ; not because she repays labor, but because
she gives man all he needs. 461. Foribus. Gr. 428. A. & S.
211, R. 6. 462. Mane salutantum; alluding to the morning
levees which were customarily held by the rich. Cf. Sail. Cat.
XXVIII. and Cic. in Cat. I. 4. 10. Aedibus. Gr. 422 and 2.
A. & S. 255, R. 3 (a) and (l>). 463. Varios = variegated. In-
hiant = (men) gaze at ; or it may refer to the owner and gloat
over. Pulchra testudiiie = with beautiful tortoise-shell. Con-
nect with varies. 464. Illusas = fancifully wrought. Vestes
= couch-covers. Ephyreia aera ; vessels made of Corinthian
brass, which were of great value. Ephyra was the ancient name of
Corinth. 465. Assyrio is here used loosely for Phoenician or
Tyrian. 466. Casia is here not the Italian shrub of v. 213, but the
bark of an eastern aromatic tree. Liquid! = fitri. Usus olivi
= the oil in respect to its use, the service of the oil. 467. At
= yet. Fallere. Gr. 552. 3. A. & S. 270, R. i. 468. Latis ;
opp. to the confinement of the city. Fiindis. Gr. 422 and i. A. & S.
254, R. 3. 469. Vivi = natural, fresh ; opp. to artificial reser-
voirs, of which there were many at Rome. At is merely a repetition.
Tempe ; the famous vale in Thessaly, through which the river Pe-
neus flowed, here put for valleys in general. 471. Lustra fera-
nrm ; i. e. hunting. 473. Sancti patres ; i. e. old age is revered.
474. Justitia. See on E. IV. 6. 475-489. While my first
wish is that the Muses would reveal to me the whole system of
nature's laws, my second, should that be denied, is to lead a country
life : my heart leaps up at the thought already.
512 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
475. Ante omnia may be taken either with frimnm or with did-
ces, but the former best brings out the sense of the whole \>.
which is : Above all things I would be the poet of philosophy ; if I
cannot be that, I would be the poet of the country. 476. Sacra
fero means either to carry the sacred symbols in procession, or to
sacrifice as a priest. The latter is, perhaps, preferable here. 477.
Accipiant ; i. e. may they receive my dedication of myself and assist
me with their favors. Gr. 487. A. & S. 260, R. 6. Vias et si-
dera may be taken as a hendiadys for vias sidcrum. 478. Defec-
tua and labores both refer to eclipses. Cf. A. I. 742 ; crnmtcm lit-
nam solisque labores. 479. Terris. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. Tu-
mescant. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. The commentators take this of the
tides ; but it seems to denote something more violent and irregular,
such as the sudden rise of the sea in an earthquake. 481. Oceaiio
. . . tinguere. The ancients believed that the sun, when he set, de-
scended into the ocean. Soles hiberni . . . tardis noctibus ; i. e.
why the days are so short and the nights so long in winter. 483.
Possim. Gr. 492; 499. i and 2. A. & S. 262 and R. 11. 484.
Frigidus . . . sanguis. It was the opinion of some of the ancient
philosophers that the blood about the heart was the seat of thought,
and as that was warm or cold the mental powers were vigorous or
obtuse. 486. O, ubi campi = <? cssem nl>i stint cai>ipi= O (that
I were) where (are) the plains ! Ubi and qui (v. 488) are relatives, m>t
interrogatives. Campi Spercheusque may be taken as a hendiadys
for Campi Sperdu-i. Cf. fastis sth'in/ne, G. I. 173. 487. Sper-
cheus; a river of Thessaly. Bacchata = revelled on. Gr. 221. 2.
A. & S. 162. 17 (a). Lacaenis = Laconian, Spartan. 488. Tay-
geta (neu. plu., common Latin form Taygfttis) ; a ridge of mountains
in Laconia, terminating in the promontory Taenarum. O, qui =
nti>iiimsi(,qiti. Haemi. See on I. 492. 489. Sistat. Gr. 501. I.
A. & S. 264. 6. 491. Fatum ; i. e. death, regarded as the fiat of
nature. Acheroiitis ; a river of the lower world, here put for the
lower world itself. Gr. 705. III. A. & S. 324. 3. 494. Paria.
See on E. IV. 58. Silvanum. See on I. 20. Nymphas. See
on E. V ( 75. 495. Populi fasces; i. e. the consulate at Rome.
496. Flexit men-it. Fratres is generally taken to refer to one
of the domestic contests for Eastern thrones, such as that in the fam-
ily of the Arsacidae between Phraates and Tiridates. See Hor. C. I.
26, Introd. 497. Conjurato . . . Histro = the conspiring Danube.
Conjiirato is applied to the Danube, by a change very common with
the poets, to signify that other nations on the Danube joined the Da-
cians. Desceiideiis ; alluding to their position on the mountains.
Dacus. See on Hor. C. I. 35. 9. 498. Res Romanae = the
Roman state. 499. HabentL diviti. 502. Tab ul aria = ar-
THE GEORGICS. BOOK II. 513
chives. 503 - 512. The pursuits of ambition and avarice. 503.
Freta = maria. Caeca = ignota. 504. Penetrant regum.
Cf. Hor. Ep. II. 78. 505. Exscidiis. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S.
247 and 3. Penates = homes. 506. Gemma ; i. e. e gemma.
Sarrano = Tyrian ; from Sarra, a name of Tyre. 508. Hie; the
aspirant to eloquence, who is struck dumb with admiration of the
successful speaker, and the applause which greets him. Rostris.
Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and i. Hunc ; the aspirant ( hiantem)
to political greatness, who is caught and carried away (corripuit) by
the applause in the theatre (per cuneos) which rewarded popular
statesmen. 509. Eiiim = qnidein. 510. Gaudent ; sc. alii.
511. Exsilio ; i. e. the place of exile. Cf. A. III. 4. 513. Dimo-
vit. See on I. 49. 514. Labor ; sc. est or venit. Parvosque
Penates = little homestead. The common reading is nepotes.
516. Quin . . . exuberet annus= to the year's abounding. Gr.
498. A. & S. 262, R. 10 and N. 6. 2. 519. Sicyonia bacca ;
i. e. the olive, for which Sicyon, a city near Corinth, was famous.
520. Glande. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and i. Laeti = sat-
isfied. 521. Ponit = drops, yields. 522. See on v. 377. 524.
Domus = familia. ; here the wife. 525. Laeto = luxuriant.
527. Ipse ; sc. agricola. Agitat = celebrates. 528. Ignis ; i. e.
on the altar. Cratera. Gr. 93. i. A. & S. 80. Coronant ; i. e.
with a wreath of flowers. Cf. A. III. 525. The flagon containing the
wine for a libation was encircled with a garland. 529. Lenaee.
See on v. 4. 530. Certamina ponit = institutes contests. In
ulmo. The mark was set up in or scored on an elm. 531. Nu-
dant ; sc. pecoris magistri. 532. Sabini ; one of the most ancient
and powerful of the indigenous peoples of Central Italy, and one of
the few who preserved their race unmixed. 533. Remus ; the twin
brother of Romulus, the reputed founder of Rome. Etruria ; the
country of the Etrusci or Tusci, in Central Italy, called by the Greeks
Tyrrhenia. 534. Scilicet. See on I. 282. 535. Una = alone ;
i, e. though a single city. Arces = monies, colles. 536. Dictaei
regis ; i. e. Jupiter, who was said to have been born on Mount Dicte
in the island of Crete. 538. Aureus . . . Saturnus. See on Ov.
M. I. 113. 539. Etiam connects necdum with ante, as the former
etiam connects ante with what precedes. 541. Spatiis = in its
courses, circuits ; i. e. in its extent. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I. See
on I. 513. Aequor. Comp. on v. 105 and I. 50.
33
-514 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
THE AENEID. BOOK I.
THE subject of the Aeneid, as propounded in the opening lines, is
the settlement of Aeneas in Italy, after years of wandering, and a
short but sharp final struggle. It is, however, only of the events pre-
ceding the settlement that the poet really treats, of the wanderings
and the war. Accordingly, the poem divides itself into two parts,
the wanderings being embraced by the first, the Italian war by the
second. But the two parts naturally involve different modes of treat-
ment, comprehending as they do periods of time widely differing in
length, the one seven years, the other apparently a few days. Here
the poet follows the example of Homer in the Odyssey. The long
period of wanderings is taken at a point not far from its conclusion ;
enough is told in detail to serve as a specimen of the whole, and the
.hero is made to narrate the rest of his past adventures to the person
whose relation to him is all the time forming one adventure more.
This peculiarity of the Homeric story is noticed by Horace (A. P.
164 foil.) and recommended to epic writers generally.
The First Book of the Aeneid performs well the objects which it
was no doubt intended to accomplish, those of interesting us in the
hero and introducing the story. After a brief statement of the sub-
ject, we have a view of the supernatural machinery by which it is to
be worked out ; and this, though imitated from Homer, is skilfully
contrived so as to throw a light on the subsequent history of the Ro-
man descendants of Aeneas, by the mention, even at that early time,
of their great enemy, Carthage. Like Ulysses, Aeneas is shipwrecked
in the voyage which was to have been his last, the main difference
being that the Grecian hero is solitary, having long since lost all his
companions, while the Trojan is still accompanied by those who fol-
lowed his fortunes from Troy. The machinery by which the storm is
allayed is perhaps managed more adroitly by Virgil than by Homer,
as there seems to be more propriety in representing the inferior god
of the winds as counteracted by the superior god of the sea, than in
making a sea-nymph*rescue one whom the god of the sea is seeking
to destroy. The remaining incidents of the Book are mostly bor-
rowed from Homer ; but we may admire the skill with which Virgil
has introduced varieties of detail, and the art with which a new im-
pression is produced by a combination of old materials, in making
the friendly power that receives Aeneas unite the blandishments of
Calypso with the hospitalities of Alcinous, and so engrafting a tale
of passion on a narrative of ordinary adventure.
I
THE AENEID. BOOK I. 515
ARGUMENT.
AFTER stating the subject of the poem generally (i - 7), addressing
the Muse (8- u), and accounting for the resentment of Juno to the
Trojan race (12-33), the poet introduces his hero, Aeneas, the son
of Anchises and Venus, in the seventh year of his wanderings after
the destruction of Troy, when he had just started from Sicily, and
was making for the Italian mainland : a tempest is sent forth against
him by Aeolus, at the instigation of Juno, which sinks one of the
ships and drives the rest in a shattered condition on the coast of
Africa (34-123). Neptune interferes to calm the storm (124- 156).
Aeneas lands with seven out of twenty ships, slays seven stags of im-
mense'size, gives one carcass to each of the ships, and exhorts his
companions to patience and hope (157-207). The banquet of the
ships' crews is described (208-222). Venus pleads the cause of her
son Aeneas and of the Trojans before Jupiter, and lays all the blame
of their misfortunes on Juno (223-253). The king of the gods,
moved by the appeal, discloses the decrees of the Fates, and consoles
his daughter by the assurance of future prosperity and unbounded
empire to the Trojans in their descendants, the Roman people (254
- 296). Mercury is sent down to render Dido, queen of Carthage,
friendly to Aeneas (297-304). Satisfied with the declaration of Jupi-
ter, Venus descends to earth, and in the guise of a huntress presents
herself to Aeneas, and announces that the ships which he had sup-
posed lost were safe in port (305-409.) Aeneas proceeds to Car-
thage, accompanied by Achates, both rendered invisible by the care
of Venus (410-420). Carthage is described in progress of building
(421 - 436). Aeneas visits the temple of Juno, and sees depicted there
the Trojan wars (437-493). Dido visits the temple (494-508). A
deputation from the twelve missing ships of the Trojans waits on Dido
to complain of the outrages of her people and bewail the loss of Ae-
neas (509 - 560). Dido consoles them, and offers them a settlement
(561 - 578). Aeneas, freed from the cloud, appears, and addresses
Dido, who replies kindly, and prepares to entertain him and his fol-
lowers (579-642). Aeneas sends for Ascanius (643-656). Venus
substitutes Cupid for Ascanius (657 -698). The banquet is given in
Dido's palace (699 - 747). Dido asks Aeneas to narrate the downfall
of Troy and his own wanderings (748- 756).
1. This line is preceded in some MSS. by the following verses :
Ille ego, gut quondam gractti modulatus avena
Carmen et egressus silvis vicina coegi
Ut quamvis avido parerent arva colono,
Gratum opus agricolis ; at nunc horrentia Martis.
516 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
The genuineness of these verses is doubtful. By Burmann, Peerl-
kainp, Heyne, and many other commentators they are condemned as
unworthy of the genius of Virgil, and inconsistent with the dignity of
epic poetry, and are assigned to some unknown grammarian ; but Wr.,
Forb., Henry, and others, regard them as genuine, and by no means
devoid of terseness and elegance. Wr. does not, however, suppose
them to have formed originally the beginning of the Aeneid, but to
have been prefixed, as an inscription, to a few copies of the first book,
which the poet circulated among private friends, as a sample of the
whole. They appear to have existed in the time of Servius and Do-
natus, who say that Nisus the grammarian had heard a story of their
having been expunged by Tucca and Varius, to whom, after Virgil's
death, the revision of the Aeneid, preparatory to publication, was in-
trusted. See Life.
They may be translated thus : I (am) that (poet), who formerly
tuned a lay on a slender reed-pipe (E. I. 2), and, having gone forth
from the woods (i. e. having abandoned pastoral poetry), taught (i. e.
in the Georgics) the neighboring fields to obey the husbandman, how-
ever eager (for harvests), a work acceptable to cultivators of the
soil; but now (I sing) the horrid (arms) of Mars. Horrcntia ; sc.
arma and cano from the first line of the poem.
Arma = arms, war. The words arma rirumqite are not a hendi-
adys, as some have taught, but give first the character of the subject
and then the subject itself. Trojae; the chief city of Troas, a dis-
trict in the northwest corner of Mysia, in Asia Minor. It was called
Troja, from Tros, one of its early kings ; also Uiutn, Ilios, or Jlion,
from Ilus, the son of Tros ; Dardania, from Dardanus, the grand-
father of Tros ; and Teitcria, from Teucer, its first king ; whence
also the Trojans are often called Teucri. It was situated on a rising
ground, above the plain of the rivers Scamander and Simoi's. On a
hill to the east of it rose its acropolis, called Pergamum or Pergama.
The city was protected by strong and lofty walls, said to have been
built by Apollo and Poseidon. Primus. The earlier commentators
have found a difficulty in reconciling primus with Antenor's previous
migration (below, vv. 242 foil.), and suggest that Aeneas had first
reached Italy proper, though Antenor had previously reached \"c-
netia. On the other hand, Heyne and Wr. make primus equivalent
to olim, thus weakening a word which from its position and its occur-
rence in the first line of the poem must be emphatic. The more ob-
vious sense is that Aeneas is so called without reference to Antenor,
as the founder of the great Trojan empire in Italy. 2. Italiarn.
Gr. 379. 4. A. & S. 237, R. 5 (c). Fato is a mixture of modal and
instrumental abl., as in IV. 696 ; VI. 449, 466, etc. ; and belongs no
less to venit than to profiigus, the two words forming one idea, that
THE AENEID. BOOK I. 517
of corning as a fugitive. Profugus. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. Lavina
= Laz-inia, which is the reading of many editions ; an adj. from
Lavinium, a town about three miles from the sea, on the Via Appia,
said to have been founded by Aeneas, and named in honor of his
wife Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus. Que = even. The phrase
Larinaque litora is epexegetical (i. e. explanatory and restrictive) of
Italian. Cf. Saturniaqtte arva, v. 569. 3. Ele is virtually pleo-
nastic. Cf. v. 457, VI. 593. Grammatically it is in apposition with
qui ; rhetorically it appears to be here = quidem. Jactatus is na-
turally transferred from wanderings by sea to wanderings by land.
In such passages as vv. 332, 668, we see the point of transition.
4. Vi superum expresses the general agency, like fato profugus,
though Juno was his only personal enemy. Superum. Gr. 45. 5.
4). A. & S. 53. Memorem = ever-mindful, relentless. Ob iram.
Cf. unius ol> iram, v. 251. 5. Quoque and et are pleonastic,
though the former is to be joined with multa, and the latter with bellow
Et = etiam. Passus; constructed as a participle, like jactatus.
Dura conderet = while he was endeavoring to found, in the strug-
gle to found. Gr. 522. II. A. & S. 263. 4 (i). The clause belongs
to multa bdlo passus, rather than to jactatus. Urbem ; i. e. Lavinium.
6. Deos = Penates, household gods. Latio. Gr. 379. 5. A. & S.
225. IV. R. 2. TJnde may be taken either as qua ex re, or as a quo
(sc. Aenea], as in V. 568 ; VI. 766. The latter seems more probable,
the passage multum Latio being only subsidiary or parenthetic.
Genus Latinum, Albani patres, altae moenia Romae, denote the three
ascending stages of the empire which sprang from Aeneas : Lavinium,
Alba, and Rome. 7. Albani patres ; not our Alban ancestors,
but the. senate, or rather the noble houses of Alba, of which the Julii
were one. Altae. Comp. G. I. 485. 8 -11. Why was it, Muse,
that Juno so persecuted so pious a hero ? 8. Memora. See on
E. VII. 19. Quo numinc laeso = quomodo laeso ejus nitminc, how
in consequence of an offence against her majesty ? For this use of
the pronoun quo, see on E. I. 54. Numine. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S.
247 and i. Laeso, Gr. 580. A. & S. 274, R. 5 (a). The whole
passage quo impitlcrit is epexegetical of caussas. In vv. 19-28
Juno's resentment is referred to two causes : the destined triumph of
Rome over Carthage, and the insults to which she had been exposed
from the Trojan race. We may conceive, therefore, that quo numine
laeso points to the former of these, and quid dolens to the latter. 9.
Quid. Gr. 371. 3. A. & S. 232 (2). Deum. See on superum, v. 4.
Volvere. See on volvens, G. II. 295. The misfortunes are regarded
as a destined circle which Aeneas goes through. The infin. with im-
pello is poetical for ut with subj. Cf. II. 55, 520. 10. Insignen?
pietate. Cf. VI. 403. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and i. fietia
518 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
includes the performance of all duties to gods, parents, kinsmen,
friends, and country. 11. Animis. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. Irae;
poetic plural for the singular, often used to give variety or vivacity to
the expression, or because the singular does not suit the measure.
12. Antiqua; with reference to Virgil's own age. Fuit Gr.
471. i. A. & S. 259 (2) (a). Cf. II. 325. Tyrii . . . colon! =
settlers from Tyre. For the parenthetical construction, comp. v. 530.
Quant may be supplied. 13. Contra = over against, opposite.
Gr. 602. II. A. & S. 279. 10 (a) and (/). Longe may be connected
with contra ; \. e. far opposite, or made an adverbial adjunct of ostia
longe distantia, far away. The latter is a Grecism, but may per-
haps be supported by the use of super, III. 489. 14. Opum in-
cludes all sources of power. Cf. II. 22. Gr. 89. 4; 399. A. >.V S.
83. II. 3, Ex. ; 213. Studiis belli = a"nd very eager in the pur-
suits of war, much given to the stern pursuits of war. Gr. 429. A. &
S. 250. i. 15. Terris. Gr. 417. A. & S. 256. 2. Magis . . . unam
= far more ; lit. alone more ; i. e. alone in respect to the degree in
which Juno cherished it Unus is often used to strengthen the superl.,
as justissimns units, II. 426, but seldom as here the compar. 16.
Coluisse ; i. e. as dweller in the temple. Cf. v. 447. The gods were
supposed to dwell particularly in those places which they took under
their especial protection : hence coluisse=io have cherished. Samo ;
an island in the Aegaean sea, separated from the coast of Ionia by a
narrow strait, scarcely a mile in width, where Juno had a temple of
great beauty. Observe the non-elision of the 5. Gr. 669. I. and 2.
A. & S. 305. i and (2). Arma. Cf. II. 614. 17. Hoc. Gr. 445.
4. A. & S. 206 (8). Regnum . . . gentibus = the capital of the
nations ; 5. e. instead of Rome. Gentibus. Gr. 390 and 2. A. & S.
227 and R. 4. 18. Qua (sc. ratione} = in anyway. Cf. VI. 882.
Fata sinant. Cf. IV. 651 ; XI. 701. Jam turn; i.e. in that early
age, long before it became the actual rival of Rome. See on G. II.
405. Tenditque fovetque = both strives and fondly cherishes the
purpose. Tendit determines the construction, the infin. being the
object of both verbs. Tenth is often followed by an infin., the subject
being the same as the nominative to the verb, as in II. 220 and Hor.
E. I. 10. 20. Fcveo, on the other hand, takes an accusative. These
two constructions are here united, the sentence hoc esse standing in
the relation of an ordinary infin. to tendit, and of an accusative to
fovet. 19. Sed enim = however, nevertheless. This expression,
like the Greek aXXa yap, is elliptical, something like the following, to
which the emm refers, being necessary to complete the sense ; sed
(time/Hit, itt hoc ejficere posset,) audit-rat enim. Cf. II. 164; V. 395 ;
VI. 28. Duci. The pres. infin. denotes the event as existing in the
designs of fate. Gr. 541 and i. A. & S. 268. 2 and R. i (a). 20.
THE AENEID. BOOK I. 519
Tyrias . arces ; i. e. Carthaginem a Tyriis conditam. Qnae
verteret = to overturn. Gr. 500. A. & S. 264. 5. 21. Hinc ;
i. e. ex hoc Trojano sanguine. Late. Gr. 583 and I ; 704. III. and I.
A. & S. 277, R. i ; 323. 3 and (i). Bello. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S.
247 and i. Superbuin /TTwto/wVw. 22. Exscidio Libyae.
Gr. 390. A. & S. 227. Libyae ; i. e. Carthagini : the whole for a
part, as Asiae for Trojae, III. i. Volvere. The Parcae (see on E.
IV. 47) are here said volvere, i. e. volvere vices = to make events roll
on, or after each other, in the same manner as Jupiter is said to do,
III. 376. 23. Veteris and prima are applied to the Trojan war,
as contrasted with this new antipathy of Juno to the Trojans, caused
by her anxiety for Carthage, as the former had been caused by her
love for Argos. Saturnia; Juno as the daughter of Saturnus.
24. Prima; adverbially.- See on G. I. 12. Some make \\.=prius,
olim ; others, = foremost, chief. Argis ; the capital of Argolis, in the
eastern part of the Peloponnesus, where Juno was worshipped with
special honor. 25. The words from necdum to honores are paren-
thetical. These caitssae irarum are distinguished from the vetus hel-
ium, in other words from the irae themselves, the bitterness displayed
in or produced by the war. Virgil had already, v. 24, suggested one
cause in her love for Argos ; but though this supplies a parallel to
her present feeling, it scarcely accounts for its existence ; so he goes
back to show that her old quarrel with Troy had other grounds.
Etiam; with necdum. Dolores is the pang, put for the affront. It
is only in the sense of the affront that it can properly be joined with
exciderant animo ( had been forgotten). 26. Alta mente = alte
in mente. Repostum. Gr. 703. 2. A. & S. 322. 4. 27. Judicium
Faridis; which awarded the palm of beauty to Venus, in opposition
to Juno and Minerva. Spretae formae = the wrong which con-
sisted in despising her beauty ; i. e. the unjust depreciation of her
beauty. The phrase is explanatory oijudidum, like Lavinaque litora,
v. 2. 28. Genus iiivisum the hated stock; referring to the
birth of Dardanus, who was the son of Jupiter by Electra. Gany-
medis ; a son of Laomedon, or of Tros, according to some, who, on
account of his youthful beauty, was forcibly carried off (rapti) by
Jupiter's eagle from Mount Ida to heaven, and there made Jupiter's
cup-bearer in place of Hebe, the daughter of Juno. Cf. V. 253 foil,
and Hor. C. IV. 4. 4. 29. The construction is resumed after the
parenthesis with some variation, his accensa super referring to the sub-
ject-matter of the parenthesis. Super = insufer. Cf. II. 71.
Jactatos . . . axcebakjactabatetarcebat, orjactando arcebat. 30.
Troas. Gr. 98. A. & S. 85, Ex. 2. Reliquias Danauin = who
had been left by the Greeks. The Greeks are called Danai from
Danaus, one of their mythical ancestors. Achilli Gr. 69, Ex 5-.
520 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
A. & S. 73, R. 31. Arcebat Gr. 468. A. & S. 145. II. Mul-
tos . . . annos ; i.e. seven. 32. Acti fatis ; inasmuch as their
destiny forbids them to rest. Cf. fato profngus, \. 2. The meaning
is not that the Trojans were harassed, driven Inther and thither, by the
Fates, but simply that they were imfclled omvard, or tin^ird Latium,
by the Fates ; while at the same time they were driven backward, or
from Latium, by Juno. The result was tnitltos circum. 33. Molis.
Gr. 401. A. & S. 211, R. 8 (3). Coudere. Gr. 549. A. & S. 269.
34. Virgil plunges at once in m edicts res. See Introduction to this
Book. The departure from Sicily, which occurred in the seventh
year of Aeneas's wanderings, closes his narrative, III. 715. In altrum
= for the deep. 35. Dabant ; sc. rends. Laeti belongs to both
verbs, but in construction is to be taken with dabant. Sails; for
marts. Cf. v. 173 ; III. 385 ; V. 848, 866 ; VI. 697. Aere; i. e. aerata
nari. See on Hor. C. II. 16. 21. Ruebant = were driving (before
them). See on G. I. 105. 36. Sub pectore = deep in her breast.
37. Hacc secum (sc. loquitur) thus soliloquizes. Me . . . de-
sistere. Gr. 553. III. i. 2 and 3. A. & S. 270, R. 2 (a). Victam
5= baffled. 38. Teucrorum. See on Tr<y'at,\. i. Avertere =
to turn back: not merely to turn aivay. Regem; Aeneas. 39.
Quippe always gives a reason, sometimes with irony, and here with
indignation. Pallas; the Greek name of Minerva. See on G. I. 18.
Most of the critics make ne nonne, implying an affirmative an-
swer ; but Con. says : The use of ne, which implies a negative
answer, expresses incredulity that Pallas should have done what Juno
cannot. 40. Argivum ; for Graccorum, as often. Ipsos ; i. e.
Argivos, the crews, as distinguished from the ships. 41. Unius is
emphatic = of one only, Pallas being friendly to the rest of the Greeks ;
whereas Juno hated the whole Trojan race. Noacam ; referring to
the violent dragging of Cassandra from the temple of Minerva, where
she had taken refuge after the capture of Troy. Cf. II. 403 foil. ; VI.
840. Et Oilei is epexegetical of Unius al> noxam. Furias ex-
presses the infatuation which impels to crime. Ajacis; Ajax, king of
the Locrians, called Oilei, son of Oileus, to distinguish him from Ajax,
king of Salamis, son of Telamon. He went to the Trojan war with
forty ships, and on his return voyage, when near the Capharean rocks
on the coast of Euboea, the calamity which is here described is said to
have occurred. Oilei Gr. 397. i (i). A. & S. 211, R. 7 (i). 44.
Flammas ; i.e. of the thunderbolt that had pierced his breast. 45.
Turbine = with the whirling wind, or whirling force, of the thunder-
bolt. Scopulo acuto = and impaled (him) upon a sharp-pointed
rock. This is the usual interpretation. But Henry maintains, that /'-
Jigere never means to fix on, but always to fix in or to fix -with, i. e. fierce
wit/i, that scopulo is an abl., and that the sense is, pitrced with a iharp~
THE AENEID. BOOK I. 52!
pointed rock ; i. e. hurled at him. The construction infigere aliquem
alicui, to impale a person upon a thing, is at least unusual, if not un-
exampled. 46. Regina. Gr. 362. A. & S. 210 and (a). 47.
Soror. Jupiter and Juno were children of Saturnus. Anuos, Gr.
378. A. S. 236. 48. Bella; a continuous struggle, in contrast
with the single blow of Pallas. Gero. Gr. 467. 2. A. & S. 145. I. 2.
Quisquam. Gr. 457. A. & S. 207, R. 31 (a). Quisquam suggests a
negative answer ; and the indie, presents, coupled as they are by et
with bella gero, express wonder and astonishment that under the cir-
cumstances homage is actually paid to her : I am proving my imbe-
cility, and yet I have worshippers \ 49. Praeterea then will ex-
press, not so much sequence in time as a logical relation, after this.
51. Loca. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. Austris. Gr. 419. III. A. & S.
250. 2 (i). 52. Aeoliam; one of the Lipari islands, which were
north of Sicily ; probably Lipara. Gr. 379. 4. A. & S. 237, R. 5 (c).
52. Aeolus. See on Ov. M. I. 262. 54. Premit = rules,
coerces. 55. Indignantes = impatient. Murmure. Gr. 414
and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2. Montis ; with nuinmtre. Cf. v. 245.
56. Claustra = fastenings, barriers. Arce = in his citadel ;
neither the summit of the mountain containing the prison of the
winds, nor an elevated throne in the prison, but, according to the
most common use of the word, stronghold, castle, citadel, i. e. in the
immediate vicinity of the mountain and prison ; the natural dwelling
of a despotic governor. 57. Sceptra tenens ; i. e. invested with
regal power, not necessarily holding a literal sceptre, though that may
be the meaning. For the plural see on irae, v. n. Animos = their
unruly spirits. 58. Ni faciat . . . ferant . . . verrant. Cf. II.
599 ; VI. 293. Gr. 504 and i. A. & S. 261. 2 and R. 3. Maria
profundum. Cf. E. IV. 51. 59. Quippe = for. In prose it
would precede ni faciat, and should be translated as if it stood in
that position. 60. Speluncis. Gr. 422. A. & S. 254, R. 3. Ab-
didit = put (them) away ; i. e. apart, by themselves ; not hid, con-
cealed. 61. Molem et montes ; hendiadys for molcm nwutium.
Gr. 704. II. 2. A. & S. 323. 2 (3). Insuper = above ; not, besides.
62. Foedere = lege, 63. Premere . . . habenas = to tighten
the reins. Cf. A. XL 600, pressis habenis. The object of premere
may be ventos understood. Laxas . . . dare = to slacken (them).
Jussus = \vhen ordered ; i. e. a Jove. Join with premere as well as
with dare. 66. Mulcere . . . tollere. Gr. 371. 5. A. & S. 229, R. 5.
Vento ; with mnlcere as well as with tollere. 67. Tyrrhenum . .
aequor, that part of the Mediterranean sea, situated between Italy
and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. Gr. 371. 3. A. & S.
232 (2). 68. Ilium. See on Trojae, v. i. Gr. 705, II. A. & S.
324. 2. Victos ; because they had not been able to protect Troy.
522 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
69. Incute vim ventis = throw fury into the winds. Henry,
following Servius, prefers to consider vends the instrum. abl. ; attack
them (i. e. the Trojans) with the winds. Submersas obrue = sub-
merge et obrue. Gr. 579. A. S. 274. 3 (l>). 70. Diversos = in
different directions ; the crews. 71. Corpore. Gr. 428. A. & S.
211, R. 6. 72. Quarum. Gr. 396. III. 2 and 3) (2). A. & S. 212,
R. 2. Quae forma pulcherrima ; a circumlocution for pulcherri-
mam. Forma. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. i. Deiopea; in the case
of quae by attraction, instead of the regular ace., which is found in
some MSS., but is considered an inferior reading. Gr. 445. 9 : 665.
A. & S. 206 (6) (l>) ; 301, X. 73. Connubio. Gr. 669. II. and 3.
A. & S. 306. i and (3). Propriamque dicabo = and will make
her thine forever. See on E. VII. 31. Juno speaks not only as the
mistress of the nymph, but as the goddess of marriage. It is in the
same character that she offers to dispose of the hand of Dido, IV.
126, where this line is repeated. 75. Pulchra . . . prole. Gr. 428.
A. & S. 211, R. 6. But some prefer to take it \\\\.\\ facia t as an abl.
of means, and others, as an abl. abs. 76. He throws the respon-
sibility on her : thine is the task to examine well what thou askest
Optes. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. 77. Labor. So Juno, IV. 115.
Fas est is exculpatory ; I am doing my duty in executing thy com-
mands. 78. Tu. Observe the very strong emphasis indicated by
the expression and repetition of the pronoun. Regui ; with hoc. Gr.
396. III. A. & S. 212, R. 2. Sceptra. See on v. 57. Jovem;
i. e. Jupiter's favor, or patronage. 79. Concilias . . . das . . .
facis ; in the present to express the tenure on which he continues to
hold his station. Epulis. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. Accumbere.
See on mulcere, v. 66. 80. Nimborum. Gr. 399 and 2. 2) (3).
A. & S. 213 and R. i (3). 81. Cavum latus=he pushed the
hollow mountain on the side with his spear turned towards it ; thus
opening the claustra, which are to be conceived of as folding-doors
opening inwards. Cf. VII. 620 : Turn rcgina dcum coclo dclapsa mo-
rantis Iinpulit ipsa manu portas. Conversa; not inverted, but sim-
ply turned towards the mountain. Cf. /// tuc converses, Cicero in
Cat. IV. i. In latus ; not sicle\vise, nor over on its side, nor into its
side, making a breach, but on or against its side. Of all the com-
mentators, Henry alone, whose interpretation Con. adopts, and which
we have here given, seems to have fully comprehended the sense of
this passage. 82. Velut facto = as if a troop were formed, as
it were with one accord. 84. Incubuere = they have fallen for-
cibly upon. For the perf. see on fugere, G. I. 330. So inttnt<-n;
v. 90. Mart Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. Totum ; sc. mare. 85.
Una; emphatic and repeating the idea expressed in agmine facto.
Ruunt = upheave. See on G. I. 105. Frocellis. Gr. 419. III.
THE AENEID. BOOK I. 523
A. & S. 250. 2 (i). 90. Poll = the heavens; i. e. it thunders from
pole to pole. 92. Aeneae. Gr. 384; 398. 5. A. & S. 223; 211,
R. 5 (i). Solvuntur = are unnerved, rendered powerless. Frigore
= by chilling fear. 93. DvLplices=amt>as. 95. Quis. Gr. 187. 1/
A. &. S. 136, R. 2. Ante ora patrum probably means, dying with
the friends for whom they are fighting to cheer them on. 96.
Oppetere = to meet death (sc. mortem). 97. Tydide = son of
Tydeus ; i. e. Diomedes, king of Argos. In the army of the Greeks
before Troy, he was, next to Achilles, the bravest among the heroes, and
engaged in single combat with Hector, Aeneas, and other distinguished
Trojans. Gr. 316 and 2. A. & S. 100. i and (a) (2). Mene . . . non
potuisse = that I could not. Gr. 553. III. I. 2 and 3. A. & S.
270, R. 2 (a). Occumbere; sc. morti. 98. Tua . . . dextra.
Aeneas would have been killed by Diomedes, if Venus had not res-
cued him. 99. Saevus =fortis. Aeacidae. See on E. IV. 36.
Hector ; the eldest son of Priam and Hecuba, the husband of An-
dromache, and the chief hero of the Trojans in their war with the
Greeks. 100. Sarpedon ; son of Jupiter and Laodameia, a Lycian
prince, and in the Trojan war an ally of the Trojans. He distin-
guished himself by his valor, and was slain by Patroclus. Simois ;
a river of Troas, rising in Mt. Ida, and, united with the Scamander,
flowing through the plains of Troy into the Hellespont. Correpta
. . . volvit = corripit et volvit. Sub undis. Join with correpta.
101. Virum. Gr. 45. 5. 4). A. & S. 53. 102. Jactanti = to
him ejaculating ; a variety of the ethical dat., to be taken with fcrit.
Gr. 389. A. & S. 228, N. Stridens Aquiloiie howl ing with
the north wind. 103. Adversa = full in front. 104. Turn
prora avertit; a consequence of the frangitntur remi. Avertit ;
intrans. like avertens, v. 402. 105. Cumulo = in a mass, with its
mass. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2. Cf. II. 498. Praerup-
tus = precipitous. 106. Hi ; referring to different ships, not to
men in different parts of the same. 107, Furit . . . arenis = raves
with the sands ; i. e. pulls them violently about with it. Cf. III. 557.
Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2. 108. Tres; sc. naves. No-
tus; put for the wind in general. So Eurus, v. no, and Auster^
v. 536. Abreptas . . torquet = abripit et torqnet. Latentia; i. e.
in a storm ; for in a calm they are visible : dorsum immane mart
stimmo. Cf. V. 125. 109. Saxa. These are generally supposed
to be the Aegimuri insulae at the mouth of the bay of Carthage, about
thirty miles from the city. They were called Arae because Cartha-
ginian priests used to offer sacrifices there to avert shipwrecks on the
rocks. The order is saxa quae mediis in fluctibits (exstantia) Jtali
vacant Aras. 110. Dorsum = reef. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204.
MarL Gr. 422. i. A. & S. 254, R. 3. 111. Brevia et Syrtea
524 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
=-breT.'ia Syrthim. See on v. 61. These were probably the well
known Syrtis Major and Syrtis Minor, on the coast of Africa, south-
east of Carthage, IV. 41 ; though most of the commentators (for
what reasons they do not see fit to tell us) refer them to other shoals.
Miserabile. Gr. 438. 3. A. & S. 205, R. 8. Visu. Gr. 570 and i.
A. & S. 276. III. 113. Oronten ; a name invented by Virgil. Cf.
VI. 334. Gr. 93. 3. A. & S. 80. IV. 114. Ipsius ; i.e. Aeneas.
A vertice. See on G. II. 310. Foiitus =flnctns ; as we speak of
"shipping a heavy sea." 115. In puppim ; like in lattis, v. 82.
Gr. 85. III. 3. A. & S. 79. 3. Excutitur = is knocked off. Magis-
ter = giibfrnator. Compare VI. 353 with 337. 117. Ageus =
forcing, impelling. 118. Rari nantes ; with reference to rasto.
119. Tabulae = planks, boards ; i. e. of such fragile parts as the
benches of the rowers, pilot-house, aplustre, etc. ; for we must not sup-
pose the vessel to have gone to pieces. Per Hildas = all over the
water : emphatic, and in direct contrast with ran in giirgite vasto.
120. The names of Ilioncits and Aba-s arc from Homer, but the per-
sons are different, both being killed in Horn. Achatae ; Aeneas's
most faithful friend and companion. 121. Aletes ; a fictitious
name, like Orontts and many others found in the Aeneid. 122.
Vicit. The ship of Orontes alone was wholly lost. Hiems = tcni-
pestas. Cf. v. 125. Compagibus. Gr. 431. A. & S. 257, R. 7 (n).
123. Imbrem = aquam. Rimis. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247
and 2. 124. Magno murmure. Cf. IV. 160. Misceri . . .
emissam. Notice the change of tense from incomplete to completed
action. 125. Imia . . . vadia, the same as a sedibiis iinis, v. 84. Gr.
422. 2. A. & S. 255, R. 3 (b). 126. Stagna refusa the waters
had been poured back, worked up ; i. e. from the bottom. Graviter
commotua = much disturbed ; a state of feeling not inconsistent
with the placidiim capnt of the next verse. Alto proapiciens = look-
ing out over the sea ; i. e. in order to discover the cause of the dis-
turbance in his realm. Alto is not the point from which the view is
taken, nor the object viewed, but the field of view, the tract of space
over which Neptune looked. Gr. 379. 5. A. & S. 225. IV. R. 2.
127. Summa. Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. Placidum ; as
becoming the dignity of the sea-god, and as contributing to the res-
toration of order and tranquillity. 129. Coelique ruina = by the
downfall of the sky. See on G. I. 324. 130. Fratrem; \eptunc.
Gr. 371. 3. A. & S. 223, R. 2 (i) (a). 131. Eurum . . . Zephyrum;
here used to represent all the winds. Dehinc. Gr. 669. II. A. & S.
306. i and (2). 132. Generia . . . fiducia vestri = confidence in
your race ; i. e. in your semi-divine origin, as the sons of the Titan
Astraeus and Aurora. 133. Jam has it come to this, that.
Coelum terramque . . . miscere, a proverbial expression for uni-
THE AENEID. BOOK I. 525
versal confusion. See another form of it, V. 790, 791. Numine =
nte/tf, nod, assent. 134. Moles (sc. aquanun) ; i. e. fluctiis.
135. Quos ego. Gr. 704. I. 3. A. & S. 324. 33. 136. Post =
another time. Non ; with simili. 138. Saevum = stern ; be-
cause the badge of stern authority. 139. Sorte. See on Ov. M.
.368. Tenet ille; i. e. his province is. Immania donios; re-
ferring not exclusively to the cave of the winds, but generally to the
wild, rocky Aeolia, where the winds had their home, where the cave
of the winds was. 140. Vestras ; referring to the whole company,
though only one is named. Ilia ... in aula. Ilia plainly refers
aula to immania saxa and vestras domos ; therefore the aula (or court),
in which Aeolus is here told to display his power (se jactet), is neither
the celsa arx of v. 56, nor " the cavern of the winds," but simply the
country of Aeolia. 141. Clauso carcere. Gr. 431. A. & S.
257. Clanso is emphatic. Let him close the prison of the winds, and
then let him reign absolute. This is Henry's interpretation, and just
the opposite of the common one, viz. let him reign absolute in the
closed prison of the winds ; but it is preferred for three reasons : 1st,
the command thus interpreted is compatible with the dignity of Nep-
tune ; 2d, imperatively required by the circumstances of the case ;
3d, in perfect harmony with the delegated authority of Aeolus, who
might be as despotic as he pleased among the immania saxa of Aeo-
lia, provided only he did not open or shut the prison of the winds
without orders: cf. fusms, v. 63. 142. Dicto citius ; i. e. before
he had done his speech. Gr. 417. 6. A. & S. 256, R. 9. 144.
Cymothoe ; a Nereid. See on E. V. 75. Triton. See on Ov. M.
I. 333. Adnixus. Gr. 439. A. & S. 205, R. 2, Ex. 145. Naves.
See v. 108. Scopulo. Gr. 421. I. A. & S. 242. Levat ; i.e. so
that they may float off the rock. 146. Vastas aperit ; i. e. so that
the ships (v. no) may get out. These words are explained by v. 112,
aggere cingit arenae. The ships are surrounded by the sandbank on
all sides. 147. Rotis . . . levibus; i.e. celeri curru. C V. 819.
148 - 156. This simile is remarkable as an illustration of Nature
from man, the reverse of which is the general rule in Virg. as in Ho-
mer. The image was no doubt suggested by the riots in the Roman
forum during the political contests of the later republic. It is an in-
stance of a simile where the construction of the sentence is fully
drawn out. Ac couples the whole with what has gone before. The
apodosis to velnti is sic (v. 154) ; that to qintm would seem to be htm
(v. 151), as it is there that the point of the simile is introduced. 148.
Magno in populo = in a concourse of people. Quum saepe
gtiuni, iit saepe jit. 149. Aiiimis. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I. 150,
Faces, to fire buildings with, were regular arms of a Roman mob.
151. Pietate ; general discharge of duty. Gr. 414 and 2. A. S.
526 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
247 and i. Meritis ; services to the state. 152. Adstant Here
and in II. 303, ad expresses attention. 154. Cecidit . . . flectit
For the tenses see on E. I. 31. Fostquam = as soon as. 155.
Genitor, like pater, when thus applied, is simply a title of honor.
See on G. 11.4. Aperto; i.e. cleared of clouds. 156. Curru.
Gr. 384 and II. A. &: S. 223. Secundo easy-gliding ; from sa/tii,
to follow. 157. Aeiieadae. Gr. 316 and 3. A. & S. 100. i and
(3). Quae litora. See on quae semper, E. I. 54, and t/iuie forma
pnlcherrima, v. 72. The relative supplies the want of an article.
Cursu rapide. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2. 158. lubyae.
See on v. 22. 159. Probably an imaginary description, though some
have endeavored to identify the spot. In secessu longo = in a
deep recess. Cf. III. 229. 160. Objectu laterum = objectis la-
teribus, by the shelter (lit. opposition) of its sides. 161. Inque
reductos = and parts into the deep hollows of the shore. Cf. G. IV.
420. 162. Hinc . . . nine; i. e. on the mainland, two promontories
of which form the headlands of the harbor. Vastae rupes may be
taken as the line of cliffs, and scopuli as the peaks at its extremities.
Gemini implies likeness. Cf. III. 535. Minantur = tower.
164. Tuta seems to include the two notions, protected from the
wind and safe for ships. Silvis scena coruscis = a background
of waving woods. Scena was the wall which closed the stage behind ;
here it is that which closes the view. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6.
165. Horrent! rough, shaggy. Umbra. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S.
247 and i. 166. Fronte sub adversa; i. e. at the head of the
cove, under the front of the cliffs facing the entrance of the har-
bor. Scopulis. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. So saxo in next
verse. 167. Dulces; of fresh water. G. II. 243. Vivo; not
hewn, but natural, and as it were growing. See on G. II. 469.
169. Unco . .. morsu; with alligat, as dcnte tettaci in the parallel
passage, VI. 3, with fundabat. 170. Septem; i. e. three from the
reef, three from the sandbank, and his own. 171. Amore = desid-
erio. Gr. 414 and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2. 172. Arena, (ir. 419. I.
A. & S. 245. I. Cf. tellure potiti, III. 278. 173. Sale. See on
v. 35. 174. SilicL Gr. 386. 2. A. & S. 224, R. 2. 175. Suc-
cepit = caught and kept alive. Foliis. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S.
247 and 3. 176. Nutrimenta ; the same as foliis ; i. e. additional
nutriment placed around it to increase it sufficiently for the applica-
tion of the kindling-wood (fomitc). Rapuit = quickly kindled. The
whole passage describes minutely the different steps in the process of
making a fire by means of a flint. 177. Cererem; for friimentum.
Cerealia arma; i. e. the hand-mill and the kneading-trough. See
on .G. I. 160. 178. Rerum = with misfortunes. Gr. 399. 3, 4).
A. & S. 213, R. 2. Receptas = saved; i. e. from the sea. 179.
THE AENEID. BOOK I. 527
Torrere. See on G. I. 267. Saxo ; probably the mola, or hand-
mill. 181. Pelago. Gr. 392 and i. A. & S. 222, R. 8. See on
alto, v. 126. Anthea. Gr. 46. 3 and 5). A. & S. 80. III. Si quern
sicubi. See on quo numine laeso, \. 8, and E. I. 54. Si = in the
hope that. 182. Phrygias = Trojanas, Troy being included in
Phrygia Minor. Biremes ; for ships in general. It is an anachron-
ism to speak of biremes, or, as in V. 119, of triremes, in the Homeric
age, as they were not invented till about B. C. 700. 183. Capyn.
Gr. 93. 4. A. & S. 80. II. Arma; to be taken in its strict sense.
185. Errantes. See on E. I. 9. Armenta, though strictly used
of oxen, is applied, III. 540, to horses, and by Pliny, 7. 2, to apes.
189. Ferentes implies conscious dignity, as in v. 503. 190.
Cornibus; with alta. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and i. Ar-
boreis. Cf. E. VII. 30. The antlers denote the age and size of the
stags. 191. Miscet; i. e. breaks up the array (aginen). Telis;
with agens, as in IV. 71. 192. Victor continues the imagery of a
battle. 193. Funclat . . . aequet. Gr. 523. II. and i. A. & S.
263. 3. Humi. Gr. 424. 2. A. & S. 221, R. 3, 194. Hinc =
then, thereupon. 195. Deinde. The order is delude dividit vina
quae, &c. Cadis onerarat = had stowed in casks ; instead of the
usual construction, onerarat cados vim's. Gr. 704. III. and 2. A. & S.
323. 4 and (3). Cf. III. 465 ; VIII. 180, onerantqne canistris Dona.
Cadis. Gr. 379. 5. A. & S. 225. IV. R. 2. Acestes was a king of
Sicily, who assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and who afterwards
kindly entertained Aeneas when he landed upon the coast of Sicily.
He was the son of a Trojan woman. 196. Trinacrio. See on Ov. M.
V. 347. Heros. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. 198. Ante malorum
praeteritorum malorum. Gr. 583 and 2. A. & S. 205, R. 1 1 (/>).
Gossrau and Con. prefer to join ante \\iihsumus, making it correspond
to the idiom irdXai f<rp.fv 199. O passi graviora. Cf. Hor. C. I.
7. 30. 200. Rabiem . . . sonantes ; referring to the dogs with
which Scylla is encircled in Virg. Cf. III. 432. Scylla and Charybdis
are the names of two rocks between Italy and Sicily, and only a short
distance from one another. In the midst of one of these rocks which
was nearest to Italy, there dwelt, according to Homer, Scylla, a
daughter of Crataeis, a fearful monster, barking like a dog, with twelve
feet, and six long necks and mouths, each of which contained three
rows of sharp teeth. The opposite rock, which was much lower,
contained an immense fig-tree, under which there dwelt Charybdis,
who thrice every day swallowed down the waters of the sea, and
thrice threw them up again. Both were formidable to the ships which
had to pass between them. Virgil, in his representation of them,
differs from Homer in a few particulars. Penitus ; i. e. through
their caverns. 201. AcceStis. Gr. 234. 3. A. & S. 162. 7 (<.).
528 NOTES ON VIRGIL.
Cyclopia saxa. See on G. 1.471. They did not actually enter
the cave of the Cyclops, but landed on the shore, and so may be s.iid
to have known it. So they did not actually pass Scylla, but they
came near enough to be in clanger. 204. Disci imina rerum =
res periculosas. 206. Ostenduut praedicunt, promittunt. Fas.
Esse fas dicnntitr w, qiuie fatis voleutilnts et oractilornm monitx fnmt.
207. Durate=hold out. Cf. G. II. 295. 208. Curia. Gr.
414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and I. 209. Vultu. Gr. 414 and 4.
A. & S. 247 and 3. Fremit = holds concealed. C IV. 332, where
it has more force. 210. Se . . . accingunt; alluding to the custom
of wearing long flowing garments, which it was necessary to gird up
close, when there was work to be done ; hence se accingere comes to
signify to prepare for work. 212. Secant; sc. viscera. Gr. 461
and i. A. & S. 209, K. n. Veribus; pierce iait/i, not stick on,
spits. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S. 247 and 3. Tremeutia (i. e. still
quivering) shows their eagerness. 213. Aena; probably for bath-
ing before the meal, according to the custom of the ancients. -214.
Fusi = stretched 215. Implentur = they fill themselves; like
the Greek middle voice. See on II. 383. Bacchi. Gr. 410. 7. 2).
A. & S. 220. 3. See on E. V. 69. Ferinae; sc. carnis. Gr. 441. 3.
A. & S. 205, R. 7 (i). 216. Meiisae remotae is not appropriate
to this occasion, but is the general phrase for concluding a Roman
meal. 217. Requirunt = they utter their regret for. 218. Seu
. . . sive, a poetic form for utrnni . . . an. Credaiit Gr. 525. A.
& S. 265. 219. Extrema pati. It is not necessary to limit the
meaning of extrema actually to the crisis of death, as in that case
passos esse would be required here. The expression rather implies
death as a continuing state, = to be lost, to be dead. Nee vocatos
= and no longer hear (when) called. \Vch. distinguishes between
the conclamatio which took place at the moment of death and the
inclamatio which took place after the burial, and of which we have
instances in III. 68, VI. 231, 506; and he thinks that the first is
referred to here, on the ground that the Manes were supposed to hear
the inclamatio. Henry may be right in going further, and supposing
the words to mean that the conclamatio, which, as he observes, was
originally a means of ascertaining whether a person was really dead,
actually takes place. 220. Cf. VI. 176. Oronti. Gr. 69, Ex.
A. & S. 73, R. 221. Secum ; so as not to sadden and dispirit his
companions. See v. 209. Cf. v. 50. 223. Et jam = and now at
last. Cf. jamque, III. 135. Finis; i. e. of the longus sermo. Ae-
there. Gr. 421. I. A. & S. 242. 224. Jacentes = lying out-
stretched (beneath his gaze) ; as .;</</w.t jaccntes (G. I. 65) is the soil
lying outstretched to the sun. 225. Sic ; i. e. sic despiciens 226.
Reguis. Gr. 386. 2. A. & 8.224, R. i.-227. Tales; i. e. such as Libya
THE AENEID. BOOK I. 529
and the Trojans suggested. 228. Tristior. Gr. /m I. A. & S. 256,
R.9(<z). Oculos. Gr. 380 and i. A. & S. 234. II. 230. Terres. The
object of this verb is res hominumqiie denmque, taken in a loose sense
for the universe. 231. Quid = what offence. 233. Ob Italiam:
i. e. to prevent their reaching Italy. 234. Hiiic ; i. e. ab his Tro-
janis. Hinc . . . hinc ; better taken as two clauses ; though it may
be a mere repetition. 235. Revocato = revived ; i. e. after the
national extinction of Troy. Teucri. See on Trojae, v. i. 236.
Omni dicione = with complete sovereignty. Tenerent. Gr. 501
and I. A. & S. 264. I (a) and (b). 237 Pollicitus. The earlier
construction was pollicitus (es), with a full stop after pollidtiis ; but
most of the later commentators, following Heyne, suppose an anaco-
luthon (i. e. a departure, in the close of a sentence, from the syntax
with which it commenced, arising from the excitement and haste of
the speaker) ; as if quam sententiatu vertisti should have followed, or
as if poliicitus should have been polhcitum, in agreement with te. For
this figure of syntax see Gr. 704. III. 4. A. & S. 323. 3 (5). Trans-
late as if it was pollicitum. Quae is for air, or qiiomodo (see on quo
nuniinc laeso, v. 8) ; as appears from v. 260, neque me sententia vertit.
Te sententia vertit is poetical for tu senlentiam vertisti ; the opinion
being supposed to change the mind as external persuasion might.
238. Hoc; sc. promisso. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S. 247 and 3.
239. Sola 
