A hand-book of map drawing : adopted especially to the maps in Mitchell's new series of school geographies

MAP LIB.

GA

lei! ed to the Maps in Mitchell's Hew Series of Geographies,

1869

PHILADELPHIA:

*

JP.

UCLA MAP LIBRARY
Rec'djAN 181990

IMO.:

/5/6

HAND-BOOK

OF

MAP D

ADAPTED ESPECIALLY TO THE MAPS IN

'$ |E*to Juries of J|clja0l

BY

PETER KEAM A™ JOHN MICKLEBOROUGH.

TEACHERS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF CINCINNATI.

PHILADELPHIA:

PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by

PETER KEAM AND JOHN MICKLEBOROUGH,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of Ohio.

MAP LIBRARY

PREFACE.

IN presenting to the public a new work on the subject of Geography, the authors
claim for it nothing more than its name implies, viz. : that it is a Hand-Book of Map-
Drawing.

It is not intended to supersede the text-books of political and descriptive Geography
now in use, but to accompany them, as a means of fixing more indelibly in the memory
the facts therein contained.

The most effective mode of presenting a subject is through the sense of sight ; and
when a child has once sketched for himself the outlines of a country, drawn in the
mountain-chains, traced the water-systems, and located the principal cities, he will have
received more lasting impressions of its geographical features than could be obtained in
any other way.

The necessities of the school-room demand a method of presenting the subject of Geo-
graphy in a manner more natural and philosophical than has heretofore been adopted,
yet so simple as to be within the comprehension of any pupil of ordinary capacity.
We have endeavored in the present work to unite system with simplicity; and after two
years' experience in teaching Geography upon the principle herein laid down, we have
no hesitation in recommending it to instructors as a work tending materially to lessen
their labors, and greatly to facilitate the progress of their pupils in the study of Geography.

One advantage claimed for the work is that the grouping of the States and countries
has been based upon the principle of climate and productions, so that when a scholar
has learned what is true of one State or country, he may readily infer what is true in a
great many respects of all the other States or countries contained in that group.

The work is specially adapted to be used in connection with Mitchell's New Series of
Geographies, the figures having been constructed in accordance with his scale of maps.

If the work should tend in any degree to promote a more general interest in the sub-
ject of Geography, by making it more attractive to the scholar and more satisfactory to
the teacher, our object will have been attained.
CINCINNATI, June, 1869.

6 INTRODUCTION.

After the pupils can draw a correct outline, either on paper or slate, the map may be
completed ; and, in doing so, the natural order should be followed : first the moun-
tains, then the water-systems (lakes and rivers), then the cities and towns, &c. &c.

By this means an indelible image of the map will be formed in the minds of the
scholars, with an exactness of knowledge as to boundaries, mountain-chains, the rise
and directions of rivers, location of cities, &c., which could be acquired in no other way.

When the pupils have become familiar with the outline of the map, it is better to dis-
pense with the lines of the figure, indicating it merely by points, inasmuch as heavy
lines to a certain extent mar the beauty of the drawing. Thus, instead of actually
drawing the lines of a square, it answers equally well to indicate it by four points, allow-
ing the pupil to imagine that the lines extend from point to point.

The letters employed in the construction of the figures serve to simplify the explana-
tion, but are not intended to be used before a class, where the verbal explanation of the
teacher will supersede the necessity of lettering.

While the map thus drawn is before the class, the teacher should endeavor to awaken
an interest in the subject, and call forth the reasoning faculties of the scholars, by
directing their attention to certain results which naturally follow certain physical con-
ditions; such, for example, as the course of rivers following the general slope of the
country; the influence of navigable rivers upon internal commerce; the effect of high
mountain-chains, and of distance inland, together with that of distance from the equator,
upon climate.

In a similar manner the judicious teacher will be able to draw out from the class
certain facts concerning the nature of the soil and the kind of productions, as well
as the general character of the cities, from their location.

In this way there is a constant appeal to the highest power of the mind — reason; and
the subsequent labor of memorizing the lessons from their regular text-books will be
rendered comparatively easy to the learners.

MAP OF THE

CoJtral .

Archipelago Jinerica K

*\ '"••• Society?""*' "WuinotttK

Vji^k^F^

HEMISFHERE.

MAP OF THE

EASTTERN HEMISPHERE.

10

FIGURE FOR NORTH AMERICA

Construct a rectangle in ths proportion of 3 to 4. lrise<i ////•
base, and eastern side* . Join AE , E F and A G. ami iliviilt- ftich
four eqiuil parts . Jfistct G F find F D , and from, H dmw H N />////•// /// H D . tun/ . ifiti \ N

AR C T I C O C RA N

: s OTJTH

\MER TCA

QUESTIONS.

NS'hat is the position of the I'nited States '
NVheiv are its principal highlands .'
What is thru- <;eiieral direction .'

Deserihe tin- plateaus.

Describe tlif lowlands.

\Vlial lakes on the boi-der.or in the interior .'

Ki-oin the nature of the surtiire. what would

naturally he the »eneral dirertJon of tlie rrvea-s .'

\Vhii4i rivei-s alliinl »oo«l water power '

\Vliirh ;nv navi»'jil>le. so as to he ot'jiivjit value

tor domestic commerce ?

What is the climate of the southern pa it of the

i-uunti-v

tit' the central portion '

lit' die northern part '

Efaw does elevation affect 1*111113,16;'

How tlm-s |m>xiiuity to the sea affect clim;ite .'

\Vhat are the principal prudurtions of tKe

.southern poilion of tlie eonnti*\T .'

DC the central portion ?

Of the northern poilion .'

Name and locate the principal coiiuiienual cities.

What natural causes have contributed to their

prosperity .'

Name ami loi-ale the U-adnii;' iuiiniil:ieturin>^'

• •ilies

Name and locate the «ivai :i^nenltii<"il marts.

OF THE ITNITED STATES.

20 Longitude 15 Wesf from. ID "Washington 5

H S\A M * »jlj

.on£itu<Je West 92 from Oiwnwirli 87

MUU :.,„!

ill .'I in KerfuiMS. '_.. ! J'llVlllS

DESCKIPTIVE LESSON

ON THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

United States is situated in the central part of the grand division of North
America, and forms the great southern slope to the Gulf of Mexico.

In the eastern part of the country is the Appalachian mountain-system, stretching from
the river St. Lawrence to within a few miles of the Gulf. From this system extend
two great slopes of land, the one towards the Atlantic Ocean and the other towards
the valley of the Mississippi.

On the western side of the country are two great m on n tain-systems, the Rooky and
the Pacific. Between these two ranges is the "Great Western Plateau," about 500
miles wide, and a little over 4000 feet above the level of the sea. The central part of
this plateau is called the " Great Interior Basin." This 'section contains a few fertile
tracts of land, but in general the whole plateau is sterile.

East of the Rocky Mountains lies a barren region parallel with the mountain-chain
from north to south, and having a width in some places of about 300 miles. It Is almost
totally devoid of moisture, and consequently of vegetation. Between this region and
the Alleghany Mountains lies the largest and most fertile valley in the world. It forms
the southern part of the " Great Central Plain" of North America. It has been estimated
that this valley is capable of sustaining 250 millions of people, or more than six times
a< innny as are now in the whole of the United States.

The mountain-ranges in the western part of the country are rich in gold, silver, and
quicksilver, while the Appalachian range is noted for its coal and iron. Copper, lead,
and iron are found in large quantities in the northern ridge between the Mississippi
and Saskatchawan valleys.

A DESCBIPTIVE LESSON ON THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 15

The general direction and slope of the mountains determine in a great measure the
ronrse of the rivers, which may be classified under three divisions, — viz. : those that floAv
in a southeasterly direction, down the Atlantic slope; those that flow down from the
elopes of the Appalachians and the Rocky Mountains, uniting to form the Mississippi
River, which is one of the largest in the world; and the two great rivers west of the
Rocky Mountains, which flow in nearly opposite directions from the centre of the Great
Interior Basin to the Pacific Ocean.

From the central position of the United States on the continent, it is subject neither
to the intense heat of the Torrid Zone nor to the extreme cold of the Frigid Zone. It
may be said to have three distinct belts of climate, and consequently of productions.
South of the parallel of 35° the climate is warm and moist, and the general produc-
tions are cotton, sugar, rice, and tropical fruits. Between the parallels of 35° and 40°
the climate is mild, healthy, and pleasant, and the production* are principally corn,
tobacco, and grapes; while the immense and well-watered plains atlord great facilities
for the raising of cattle. North of the parallel of 40° the climate is somewhat colder,
and is favorable to the production of the different kind* of grain, .such as wheat, barley,
oats, &c. But, in consequence of the great difference in the elevation of the country,
these grains will grow much farther south in somo States than in others.

The position of the great cities has been largely determined by certain natural causes.
These are the water-powers afforded by the numerous streams, ihc proximity of rich
agricultural districts and extensive mineral wealth, and the course of.the great highways
of commerce, either foreign or domestic. While some of the cities depend upon several
of these influences combined, New York, Now Orleans, and San Francisco depend par-
ticularly upon foreign and domestic commerce; Lowell, Manchester, Worcester,- Hart-
ford, Rochester, and other manufacturing towns, have grown up <»n (he rivers affording
excellent water-power ; while Philadelphia and Pittsburg, in addition to their water-
power and facilities for commerce, have acquired great importance as manufacturing
cities from their proximity to the rich coal and iron regions. Cincinnati, Chicago, and
St. Louis are surrounded by great agricultural districts, and have become the principal
Western emporiums of domestic trade.

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UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY

A A 000015634 9

GOODRICH'S HISTORIES,

: •> PICTORIAL HISTORY OF
THE UNITED STATES

CHILD'S PICTORIAL

i'Kl) STATKS

< To RIAL HISTORY OF
KM I LAND -

GooDRIc!r,s PKTORIAL HISTORY OF
ROME .....

t.ooDRicirs p] \~ OF

GREECE ......

(RICH'S PARLEY'S COMMON SCHOOL
HISTORY iK T1IK WORLD

.RICH'S PICTORIAL NATURAL

V ----- -

MITCHELL'S (NEW) GEOGRAPHIES.

RST LESSONS IX GEO-
GRA^HY
M I T C HELL'S NEW PRIMARY •

\rlJY ......

MITCHELL'S NEW INTERMEDIATE

- ....

•IIY
AND A':

. KW PIIYS1CAI I'lIY

MITCHELL'S XEW \E

MAI'S AN!) KEY
MIT< LW ANi "iRAPHY

K OK

f>RAwiN<; -

MITCHELL'S GEOGRAPHIES (OLD SERIES),

MITCHELL'S PRIMARY (;Eo«iRAPHY

•iRAPHY
AND A 'I

. PHY
AM .....

-
-
COPPEE'S ELEMENTS (>F RHETORIC -

SCHOLAR'S COMPANION— ENGLISH
WORDS

SMITH'S PRODUCTIVE ENGLISH GRAM-
MAR

HOWS' PRIMARY LADIES' READER -
HOWS' JUNIOR J ADIES' READER
HOWS' LADIES' ,!KADER
HOWS' LADIES' BOOK OF READ:

AND REHTATIo-

"LOGY FOR

AND A» M'KMIES
R iDt-KR'- MENSURATJoy
RAM! LATIN SYNONYME8

STOCK HARDT'S CHEMISTRY
FLEMING AND TIBBINS' FRENCH AND

ENGLISH DICTIONARY, 8vo. -
SAME WORK. ABRIDGED, 12mo. -
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HART lidoK or

HART'S ENGLISH (iRA.'.rMAR
HART'S CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S. -

BINGHAM'S NEW ENGLISH GRAMMAR
' \M'S NEW LATP-. . \R -

,-:W LATi.
BINGHAM'S

STEWART'S PHILOSOfH , <-K THE AC-
TIVE AND MORAL i'.
REID'S INTELLECTUAL

KUAN'S GREEK AND ENGLISH
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