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HANDBOOK
OF
SIMPLIFIED SPELLING
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SIMPLIFIED SPELLING BOARD
NEW YORK
1920
GIFT OF
-N V. v- C". '-H f- 1 n V
HANDBOOK
OF
SIMPLIFIED SPELLING
Written and Compiled under the Direction of the
Filology Committee of the Simplified Spelling J3oard
CHARLES H. GRANDGENT, L.H.D., CALVIN THOMAS, LL.D.
by '
HENRY GALLUP PAINE, A.B., Secretary of the Board
NEW YORK
192C
Copyright, 1920, .617
SIMPLIFIED SPELLING BOARD
1 Madison avenue
New York
r
CONTENTS
PART L English Spelling and the Movement
to Improve It
Page
Spelling Difficulties 1
Early Spelling Reformers 4
19th Century Spelling Reformers 9
Simplified Spelling Board Organized 15
Statement of Principles 18
Report of Progress 20
Membership of Board 29
PART 2. The Case for Simplified Spelling
Page
Introduction 1
Reasons for Simplifying 1
Ansers to Objections 25
PART 3. Rules and Dictionary List
Page
Introduction 1
Rules for Simplified Spelling 5
Dictionary List 11
M203879
"It is the generations of children to come who appeal
to us to save them from the affliction which we have
endured and forgotten." WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY.
HANDBOOK OF SIMPLIFIED SPELLING
PART 1
ENGLISH SPELLING
AND
THE MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT
Spelling, Its True Function
Spelling was invented by man and, like other human
inventions, is capable of development and improve-
ment by man in the direction of simplicity, economy,
and efficiency. Its true function is to represent as
accurately as possible by means of simbols (letters)
the sounds of the spoken (i. e. the living) language,
and thus incidentally to record its history. Its prov-
ince is not, as is often mistakenly supposed, to indicate
the derivations of words from sources that ar in-
accessible except to the learned, or to perpetuate the
etimologic gesses of the partly learned.
Anomalies of English Spelling
English spelling, owing to the conditions that gov-
ernd the growth of the English language, now presents
many anomalies. The same letter, or combination of
letters, often represents many different sounds; while
the same sound is often represented by many different
letters, or combinations of letters.
The combination ough, for example, represents at
least 9 different sounds in the words cough, rough,
though, through, plough, hough, thorough, thought,
hiccough; and the sound of e in let is represented in at
least 12 other ways in the words aesthetic, bury, head,
2 73NGIJSH SPELLING, AND THE
friend, heifer, foreign, Leicester, leopard, many,
oecumenical, said, says.
There ar at least 20 different ways of representing
the sound of sh, as in ship (ship, sure, issue, mansion,
schist, pshaw, conscience, conscientious, moustache,
nauseous, suspicion, partial, partiality, mission, ocean,
oceanic, machine, fashion, fuchsia) ; at least 24 ways
of representing the sound of a, as in fate (a, aye, 6ay,
arraign, straight, weigh, vane, vain, vein, obey, allegro,
reign, champagne, gauge, demesne, gaol, Gael, dahlia,
halfpenny, Maine, matinee, ballet, eh, yea) ; and so on.
Many words contain, in writing and printing, letters
that ar not sounded at all in speech, as b in lamb, debt;
c in scissors; e in are, have, heart, lived; g in dia-
phragm; h in ghost, school, rhyme; u in build, honour,
mould; etc.
Our spelling has become so irrational that we ar
never sure how to spel a new word when we hear it, or
how to pronounce a new word when we read it.
Like Chinese
Indeed, the present tendency in the scools is to dis-
regard the fonetic basis of English spelling, and to
treat the written and printed words as ideografs like
Chinese the pupils being taught to recognize a word
by its appearance as a whole, rather than by a f util
attempt to analize the supposed sounds of the letters
composing it. Vast amounts of mony and incalculable
years hav been spent in efforts, never wholly success-
ful, to teach children to memorize the intricate and
unreasonable combinations of letters that convention-
ally represent the spoken words of the English tung
a feat that, more than any other accomplishment, is
unreasonably assumed to stamp them as "educated".
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 3
English Spelling Originally Fonetic
English spelling was at first practically fonetic, like
the spelling of Latin, Spanish, Italian, Polish, and
most other languages, and changed as pronunciation
changed. In its case, however, various causes com-
bined to interfere with this orderly process. Among
them wer the variations in the early dialects, the dif-
ferent spelling sistems of the Norman conquerors, the
later different spelling sistem of the imported Dutch
printers, the bungling attempts during the Renaissance
to make our spelling "etimological," and the continual
ingrafting of words from other living tungs in their
foren spellings spellings that they retaind with
slight modifications after their pronunciation had
greatly changed in English speech.
English writers before the invention of printing, and
for some time afterward, largely followd their own
notions in regard to spelling, but the general aim was
to indicate the pronunciation of the spoken word ; and
it is possible for scolars to determin with a fair degree
of accuracy how English was pronounst at different
periods in those days.
Invention of Printing, Effect on Spelling
With the invention of printing, however, English
spelling began to cristalize into more or les fixt forms.
This took place gradually thru the action of the
"chapels", or printing houses, in selecting from the
current spellings of a given word the one that most
pleasd the fancy of the master printer, and adopting
it as the "office stile". Unfortunately, the earliest
printers of English wer nativs of Holland, who, with
far too little knowledge of English or of its proper pro-
nunciation to fit them to be arbiters of English spelling,
4 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
nevertheless changed the forms of many words to con-
form with their Dutch habits of orthografy. The un-
necessary h in ghost (Dutch gheest, but later geest),
aghast, ghastly, gherkin, ar examples of this influence,
which also produced ghess, ghest, ghittar, etc. in
which the h gave place to u under French influence
and ghospel, ghizzard, ghossip, etc., from which the h
was later simplified away.
Printers Disagree
There was lack of sistem, moreover, even in the best
printeries. Tipe-setters wer largely itinerant, carry-
ing their own ideas of spelling with them. Proof-
reading was a tipe-setter's job, and often il-done. It is
not unusual to find different spellings of the same word
sometimes on the same page in books printed as
late as the 18th Century.
The cristalization of our spelling became more uni-
form as printers, in time, for their own convenience,
conformd their respectiv "stiles" more closely to one
another. But there has never been entire agreement
among printers on questions of spelling, capitalization,
punctuation, etc.; and every office today has its own
stile sheet or stile book, which is likely to differ in
some particulars from those of other printeries.
Early Spelling Reformers
Under the gidance of craftsmen, rather than of
scolars, the spelling of English nevertheless continued
to exhibit interesting variations, as many writers, in
their efforts to spel words more nearly as they pro-
nounst them, from time to time succeded in overcoming
the disinclination of the printers to deviate from their
accustomd practis.
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 5
While some of these writers desired merely to giv
expression to their individual preferences in spelling,
there wer others who made deliberate efforts to bring
about a general orthografic reform. As early as 1554
John Hart wrote a book on the "unreasonable writing
of our English toung", and 15 years later he publisht
"An Orthographic" containing his proposals for the
improvement of English spelling. In the meantime, Sir
John Cheke (1557) and Sir Thomas Smith (1568),
both secretaries of state of Edward VI, had advocated
in print radical reforms in spelling, the latter pro-
posing an alfabet of 37 caracters. William Bullokar
(1580) also suggested an alfabet of 37 caracters; Dr.
Gill, a celebrated master of St. Paul's Scool, London,
suggested (1619) one of 40; and Bishop Wilkins
(1633) another of 37.
James Howell, in his "Grammar" (1662), urged a
number of simplifications in spelling, some of which
such as honor for honour, logic for logique, sin for
sinne, war for warre, bodily for bodilie, bear for
beare, wit for witt, and their analogs ar now in
general usage; while others bel for bell, tru for true,
etc. ar still regarded by many as startling innova-
tions. John Ray publisht (1691) a "Note on the
Errours of Our Alphabet".
These names do not by any means exhaust the list
of 16th and 17th Century scolars who cald attention
to the lack of sistem in English spelling, and suggested
plans for bettering it.
Classical Influences
In the meantime, and more particularly in the 16th
Century, many writers of English, more familiar with
the literatures of Greece and Rome than with the his-
6 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
tory of their nativ tung, sought to emfasize their clas-
sical erudition by attempts to indicate in their spelling
the real or supposed derivations of English words from
the Latin and the Greek. In this way b came to be in-
serted in debt by those who deemd it important to trace
the origin of the word directly back to the Latin deb-
itum, rather than thru the French dette (early modern
English dette, det). Thus, too, came c into scissors,
from a supposed derivation of the word from the Latin
scindere, whereas its true basis is caedere, to cut. The
Old French form is cisoires. Chaucer has sisoures.
So, also, came s into island, assumed to be derived, like
isle, from the Latin insula, whereas the i really repre-
sents a quite independent Old English word that sur-
vives in ey-ot, Batters^ea, Angles-ey, Aldern-ey, etc.
Isle itself, tho so speld in the earliest Old French, with
the s pronounst, had been simplified to He, to accord
with the changed pronunciation, at the time the word
was adopted into Middle English as He, yle. It was
speld He by Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Milton, and other
modern English writers.
Unsounded and Unsound
The unsounded and misleading g was inserted into
sovereign thru a desire to connect it with reign -(Latin
regnare) , whereas the word comes from the Low Latin
superanus, and is speld souerain by Chaucer, sovran
by Milton. The g's in foreign, deign, campaign, hav
not even so poor an excuse as this for their use; they
can only plead an indefensible analogy. But the g looks
learned to the uninformd, and makes the spelling
harder. Examples of such pedantic distortions of
English spelling during this period might be multiplied
indefinitly.
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 7
Johnson's Dictionary Blocks Progress
Then came Dr. Samuel Johnson. At a time when
English spelling was stil unsettld, when etimology was
largely based on geswork, and English filology was in
its infancy, his literary reputation gave to his diction-
ary (1755) an "authority" far beyond that which it
or, indeed, any dictionary compiled at that time could
possibly merit. His classical leanings led him to pre-
fer spellings that pointed, rightly or wrongly, to Latin
or Greek sources; while his lack of sound scolarship
prevented him from detecting their ' frequent errors
and absurdities. A good illustration is his preferring
ache to ake. The Middle English verb was ake (Old
English acan) ; the noun was ache (Old English aece,
ece) , pronounst in Shakespeare's time like the name of
the letter h. Altho the pronunciation of the noun had
changed to that of the verb in Johnson's time, he speld
them both ache on a false assumption that they wer
derived from the Greek achos.
Thru whim or indolence he approved in certain in-
stances spellings that wer inconsistent with those he
adopted for other words of the same general clas.
Thus, while retaining the Latin p in receipt, he left it
out of deceit; he speld deign one way, and disdain
another; he speld uphill but downhil, muckhill but
dunghil, instill but distil, inthrall but disenthral. A
few of his inconsistencies wer adjusted by later lexi-
cografers, but more wer not. In other instances his
carelessness permitted him to deviate in the text from
the spellings given in the vocabulary.
Johnson's dictionary, with all its imperfections, was
nevertheless accepted by printers, scoolmasters, and
the general public, as "authoritativ", and its spellings
as "correct". It gave standing to an incorrect theory
8 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
of orthografy, and to a vast number of unhistorical,
illogical, and unsientific forms, a large proportion of
which stil persist, in spite of the efforts of later and
riper scolars including the foremost English lexi-
cografers to introduce reforms. Words that hav
greatly alterd in pronunciation since Johnson's day
continue to be speld as Johnson speld them; and the
change and growth of our flexible language has faild
to be recorded by an orthografy that owes much of its
inflexibility to his influence.
Ineffectiv Protests
Individual protestants against this unsientific rigid-
ity of English spelling continued to arize, but their
protests wer little heeded ; because those competent to
speak with authority wer few in number, and wer gen-
erally too remote from the public ear to make their
voices heard; because they spoke in opposition to pre-
vailing custom and belief; and because they lackt or-
ganization and suitable channels of expression. In
their publisht works they wer compeld to follow the
"office rules" or to pay their own printing bils, which
few of them could afford to do. There has been little
improvement in this respect to the present day.
Benjamin Franklin Urges Reform
Benjamin Franklin, practical printer and filosofer,
utterd his protest against the irrationality of English
spelling in a "Scheme for a New Alphabet and Re-
formed Mode of Spelling" (1768), and later went so
far as to compile a dictionary based thereon, and to
hav special tipes cast for printing it. He thought he
was "too old to pursue the plan", however, and the
work was never printed.
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 9
Noah Webster Carries Out Reforms
Noah Webster, whose " American Dictionary" (1828)
is the basis of all the later revizions and amplifications
that bear his name and of some that do not was
a radical and outspoken advocate of spelling reform.
He set forth his views in an essay on "The Reforming
of Spelling", first printed in 1789, and now available
in a reprint issued by the Old South Association, Bos-
ton. He ventured to simplify several classes of words
in his dictionary, and by so doing arousd a storm of
protest that gradually died down in the United States
as the shorter forms made their way into print and
general usage, and now mark the difference between
the so-cald "American" and "British" stiles. Yet
many, who today habitually use the simplified spellings
Webster introduced, regard any deviation therefrom as
a mark of illiteracy, and denounce all proposed devia-
tions in the direction of further simplicity, and of
Webster's recorded preferences, as iconoclastic, fan-
tastic, and destructiv of English literature.
Dictionary Editors for Simpler Spelling
Some of the earlier editors of Webster, more timid
than he, wer slow to follow his example, but the leading
English lexicografers of the present day hav openly
exprest themselvs in favor of simplifying English
spelling, and hav given place, and sometimes prefer-
ence, in their dictionaries (Century, Oxford English,
Standard, Webster's) to many of the simpler spellings
that hav been recommended by the learned societies of
which they wer members.
Other eminent scolars and writers of Webster's day
and later who cald attention to the imperfections of
English spelling wer William Mitford, Archdeacon
10 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
Hare, Walter Savage Landor, Isaac Pitman, Bulwer
Lytton, Alexander J. Ellis, Horace Mann, Alfred Ten-
nyson, Matthew Arnold, Max Muller, and Jacob Grimm.
Filologists Favor Spelling Reform
Important advances in the study of the history of
English hav been made in the last three-quarters of a
century. More and more scolars, educators, and men
of letters hav become aware that its spelling has faild
to keep pace with its growth or to record its changes,
hav been able to perciev the causes of its backward-
ness and to understand the needless burdens that Eng-
lish spelling imposes on all who hav to learn it, to teach
it, and to use it, and the obstacle it presents to the use
of English as an international language a use for
which, as Grimm pointed out, it is in all other respects
peculiarly adapted. And these scolars and writers,
including men recognized as the highest authorities in
their respectiv fields both in Great Britain and in
America, many of them members of the Philological
Society (London) and of the American Philological
Association, began in the last quarter of the 19th
Century a serious and concerted agitation for the im-
provement of English spelling.
Fonetic Spelling Reformers
A contributing factor was the movement for fonetic
reform that followd Isaac Pitman's invention of fono-
grafic shorthand, at first (1837) cald "stenographic
sound-hand." Seeking to extend the principle of his
sistem to longhand and printing, Pitman, in association
with Alexander J. Ellis, a scolarly filologist and fone-
tician, devized a fonetic English alfabet, promoted it in
his Phonographic Journal (founded 1842), and organ-
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 11
ized the Phonetic Society (1843). His alfabet, as "re-
duced to a satisfactory working state" in 1847, con-
sisted of 40 letters. Of these 16 wer new, and not all
of them wer tipografically good.
Even if Pitman's alfabet had been beyond sientific
and esthetic criticism, it would hav stood little chance
of adoption. The temper of the English-speaking
peoples is unfavorable to violent changes in the written
and printed page. The printing trade wil always op-
pose the addition of new letters to the alfabet and wil
never accept them until forst to do so by an insistent
public demand. To ad several letters at one time would
not only compel every printing house to purchase large
quantities of the new tipes and of specially arranged
cases to hold the enlarged fonts, but would involv
costly los of time while compositors wer learning the
new letters, the new spellings, and the new positions of
all the letters in the new stile of case.
Unsuccessful Experimenters
Actually, Pitman's fonetic alfabet never advanst be-
yond the experimental stage. He kept making changes
that wer confusing to those who tried to follow him,
and that Ellis did not approve, thus dissolving their
association. Pitman's uncertainty encouraged others
in England and America, both educators and lay ex-
perimenters, who had been converted to the fonetic
idea, to put forth individual modifications of the Pit-
man alfabet, and, in some cases, schemes of their own
invention. Several of these experimenters some of
whom had little or no filologic or fonetic training
went to the expense of having special tipes cast, and
sought to defray it by the sale of primers, readers,
books, and periodicals, printed in the new caracters.
12 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
None of them gaind any considerable following.
Teachers and the public wer inclined to regard the con-
flicting schemes of these rival reformers with indif-
ference, or with suspicion as commercial rather than
as purely sientific and educational enterprizes. Never-
theless, this propaganda for fonetic reform, activly
carrid on for more than 30 years by determind, if
mutually disagreeing, enthusiasts, had a beneficial
effect. It undoutedly stimulated filologic experts to
unite in directing public attention to the irrationality
of English spelling, and to make moderate and reason-
able proposals for its gradual simplification.
American Filologists Take Action
The American Philological Association, in 1875, ap-
pointed a committee consisting of Professor Francis A.
March, of Lafayette College; Professor J. Hammond
Trumbull and Professor W. D. Whitney, of Yale; Pro-
fessor S. S. Haldeman, of the University of Pennsyl-
vania; and Professor F. J. Child, of Harvard, to con-
sider the whole subject of the reform of English
spelling. The Association made many recommenda-
tions based on the successiv reports of the Committee.
An International Convention for the Amendment of
English Orthografy was held in Philadelphia. August
14-17, 1876, "to settle upon some satisfactory plan of
labor for the prosecution of the work so happily begun
by the American Philological Association and various
other educational associations in this country and
England". The attendance was widely representativ
of British and American scolarship.
The members of the convention organized as a
Spelling Reform Association; annual and quarterly
meetings wer held, the membership was largely in-
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 13
creast, a Bulletin was issued, addresses wer made,
articles wer written, and in these and other ways the
members "set themselves to produce and concentrate
dissatisfaction with the old spelling". The recom-
mendations of the American Philological Association,
which included certain changes in the alfabet, and
many simplifications of spelling, wer adopted. A spe-
cial list of 11 words, ar, catalog, definit, gard, giv, hav,
infinit, liv, tho, thru, wisht, was approved for imme-
diate use, with particular emfasis on hav, giv, liv.
The desirability of the reform of English spelling
was urged, previous to 1880, by several State Teachers'
Associations, by many influential journals, and by men
of such eminent scolarship as President F. A. P. Bar-
nard, of Columbia; President Noah Porter, of Yale;
President D. C. Oilman, of Johns Hopkins; Professor
A. P. Peabody, of Harvard ; and Professor James Had-
ley, of Yale.
British Teachers and Filologists Organize
The National Union of Elementary Teachers, repre-
senting about 10,000 teachers in England and Wales,
past almost unanimously, in 1876, a resolution in favor
of a royal commission to inquire into the subject of
English spelling with a view to reforming and simpli-
fying it.
A British Spelling Reform Association was organ-
ized in 1879, with A. H. Sayce, professor of filology,
Oxford, as president; and with Alexander Bain, pro-
fessor of lo^ic, Aberdeen ; Charles Darwin ; Alexander
J. Ellis, president of the Philological Society (Lon-
don) ; J. H. Gladstone, sientist and author of "Spelling
Reform" (1878); John Lubbock; J. A. H. Murray,
editor of the Oxford English Dictionary; Isaac Pit-
14 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
X
man ; Walter William Skeat, professor of Anglo-Saxon,
Cambridge, and author of the English Etymological
Dictionary; Henry Sweet, the eminent filologist and
editor of Old and Middle English texts; and Alfred
Tennyson on its list of vice-presidents, which included
three former presidents of the Philological Society.
The Philological Society, in 1880, recommended
many changes in the spelling of English words, which
wer printed in a pamflet entitled "Partial corrections
of English spellings aproovd by the Philological So-
ciety". The American Philological Association took
joint action with the Philological Society on the amend-
ment of English spelling in 1883, on the basis of which
24 joint rules wer printed in the Proceedings of the
American Philological Association for that year,
N. E. A. Adopts 12 Words
This movement, begun with so much enthusiasm
both in England and in America, was carrid on in the
United States by the Spelling Reform Association for
more than 30 years. The National Education Asso-
ciation, in 1898, gave its approval to the movement
and adopted the simplified spellings known as the
Twelv Words (catalog, decalog, demagog, pedagog,
prolog, program, tho, altho, thoro, thorofare, thru,
thruout), and has used them in its publications ever
since. (In 1916 the Association adopted the rule for
simplifying -ed to -t, when so pronounst, in past tenses
of verbs. See page 26.)
Unfortunately, while the Spelling Reform Associa-
tion had in its ranks the best scolarship ift the country,
it had in its tresury only such funds as the scolars
themselvs could contribute not enuf to carry on an
effectiv campain.
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 15
Simplified Spelling Board Continues the Movement
When support for an activ propaganda was offerd
by Mr. Carnegie in 1906, the Simplified Spelling Board
was organized to conduct it, drawing its membership
from the American Philological Association, the Philo-
logical Society (London) , the Spelling Reform Associa-
tion, the Modern Language Association of America,
the National Education Association, the American As-
sociation for the Advancement of Science, and other
representativ bodies of scolars and educators, as wel as
from the front rank of men of letters and men of af-
fairs. The Board thus continues without historical
break the movement started by the American Philo-
logical Association in 1875, counting among its giding
spirits the men most prominently associated with the
movement from its organized beginnings on both sides
of the Atlantic.
Advizory Council
The membership of the Board is, for convenience,
limited to 50; but, in order to hav the benefit of as
wide and representativ expression of educated opinion
as possible in reference to its immediate and future
proposals, the Board invited a large number of scolars,
educators, and others interested in intellectual and
social progress to act as an Advizory Council.
The qualifications for membership in the Council ar
the same as those expected for membership in the
Board a belief in the principle and in the immediate
practis of simplified spelling in some degree, and a
recognized status and influence as educator, scolar,
writer, or man of affairs. It is representativ of all
parts of the country and of all fases of educated
opinion favorable to the general idea that English
16 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
spelling can be and ought to be improved. It consti-
tutes a body upon whose united opinion the general
public may confidently rely. Its membership is ap-
proximately 250.
Purpose of the Board
The chief aim of the Simplified Spelling Board is to
arouse a wide interest in English spelling and to direct
attention to its present caotic condition a condition
far worse than that existing in any other modern
European language in the belief that, when the
peoples who speak English understand how imperfect
for its purpose their present spelling really is, they wil
be eager to aid an organized, intelligent, sistematic
effort to better it, as it has been slowly betterd here
and there by individual effort in the past.
The simplification of spelling is not an unconscious
process, inevitable without human effort. Every
changed spelling now in general use and few words
hav escaped some change in spelling, iether for the
better, as fish from fysshe, dog from dogge, or for the
worse, as rhyme from rime, delight from delite was
once the overt act of a single writer who was followd
at first by a small minority. If there is to be substan-
tial improvement in the future, somebody must be
willing to point the way, to set the example, to propose
the next step in advance.
This responsibility the Board has undertaken in the
interest of the coming generations. Having among its
members not only scolars and educators, men of letters,
and men of affairs, but also specialists in linguistic
sience, including the editors of leading dictionaries
British and American it claims the right to be cred-
ited with some knowledge of the English language, of
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 17
the history of English orthografy, and of the difficul-
ties to be overcome in simplifying it. It believs that
these difficulties can best be met and overcome under
the leadership of an association organized for the pur-
pose, in order that every simplification proposed shal
hav behind it a sufficient weight of educated opinion to
commend its acceptance by the public.
Not Radical or Revolutionary
The Board, accordingly, mindful of the history of
English spelling and the nature of its growth, does not
propose any "radical" or "revolutionary" scheme of
reform, or any sudden and violent changes. Far
from desiring immediately to relax the existing rules
and analogies of English spelling, it aims to make them
more certain, to extend them, and to enforce them, so
as to get rid of needless exceptions and to produce a
greater regularity.
On the other hand, the Board makes no claim to
"authority", and its proposals must stand on their own
merits, each for itself. There is, in fact, no final
standard of orthografy. Nowhere is there any author-
ity to set up such a standard. Spelling is never stable.
All that the accepted dictionaries can legitimately do
is to record the varying usages. Their editors hav
recievd no charter to decide finally between conflicting
forms. Their function is fulfild when they hav stated
the facts.
Gradual and Progressiv
' The Simplified Spelling Board, however, as an inde-
pendent body of men, who hav at hart only the inter-
ests of civilization, makes its appeal to the reason of
mankind. It desires to establish a better and more
18 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
reasonable usage in respect to the spelling of some
words, and to restore former usage when that is better
and more reasonable than modern usage. It desires to
do this gradually, in keeping with the genius of the
language, and progressivly, in accordance with the
spirit of the race.
Principles Adopted
Its recommendations, accordingly, hav been based
on the following principles :
1) When current usage offers a choice of spellings, to
adopt the shortest and simplest. EXAMPLES : blest,
not blessed(l sil.) ; catalog, not catalogue; center,
not centre; check, not cheque or checque; gage,
not gauge; gram, not gramme; honor, not honour;
license, not licence; maneuver, not manoeuvre;
mold, not mould; plow, not plough; quartet, not
quartette; rime, not rhyme; tho, not though;
traveler, not traveller.
2) Whenever practicable, to omit silent letters. EX-
AMPLES: activ, not active; anser, not answer;
bluf, not bluff; definit, not definite; det, not debt;
eg, not egg ; engin, not engine ; frend, not friend;
hart, not heart; helth, not health; promis, not
promise; scool, not school; shal, not shall; suf-
fraget, not suffragette ; thru, not through ; trolly,
not trolley; yu, not you.
3) To follow the simpler rather than the more complex
of existing analogies. EXAMPLES : aker, not acre;
buro, not bureau; deciet, not deceit; enuf, not
enough; maskerade, not masquerade; spritely,
not sprightly; tele f one, not telephone; tung, not
tongue; wize, not wise.
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 19
4) Keeping in view that the logical goal of the move-
ment is the eventual restoration of English spelling
to the fonetic basis from which in the course of
centuries and thru various causes it has widely de-
parted, to propose no changes that ar inconsistent
with that ideal.
Outline of Program
Of course, as long as this process of progressiv sim-
plification is going on, inconsistencies wil remain in
English spelling; but critics should bear in mind that
the inconsistencies ar here now, and that every simpli-
fication adopted reduces the total number and helps to
make the spelling more nearly uniform and more
rational than it was before. Even when every simpli-
fication possible with our present alfabet is adopted,
English spelling, like the spelling of every other lan-
guage, wil stil fall short of sientific precision and per-
fection ; but it wil be vastly improved over what it is
today. If the English-speaking races of that day
should become dissatisfied with the imperfections then
remaining in English spelling, the adoption of a more
nearly fonetic sistem of orthografy may wel be left to
them.
Stedy Progress Toward the Goal
In the meantime, it is no sufficient argument against
making some improvements now that they ar not those
ultimately most desirable. Such an attitude, if uni-
versally maintaind, would hav blockt all progress in the
past. Those who would postpone the encouragement
and adoption of any reform in spelling until a perfect
sistem should be evolvd, ar in the position of those who
would refuse to improve their morals until the arrival
20 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
of the millennium an attitude that would forever pre-
vent it from arriving. And just as there can be no
general agreement among mankind today as to exactly
what the millennium wil be like when it comes, so it is
futil for any man or any body of men to predict the
precise form in which we shal spel when our spelling
shal be as nearly adapted to its purpose as wil satisfy
human requirements.
The best we can do now is to view our goal as an
ideal toward which we must progress with what speed
we may along the way markt out for us by the prin-
ciples that plainly lead to it.
Activities of the Board
The Board maintains an Executiv Office in the City
of New York, and holds an annual meeting in April,
at which it recievs reports of the progress made, dis-
cusses and adopts plans for the future, elects officers,
etc. Between meetings, the work is carrid on under
the direction of the Trustees.
Immediately on its organization the Board began an
activ propaganda by sending forth a preliminary cir-
cular in which it askt those who simpathized with its
aims to take a simple initial step. Inclosed with the
circular was a list of 300 common words of which
alternativ spellings, one more simple and regular than
the others, ar given by the leading dictionaries and
sanctiond by the usage of eminent writers. All who
approved the aims of the Board wer askt to sign a card
agreeing to use the simpler forms as far as practicable.
The response to this circular was beyond expecta-
tion. Within a few months many of the leading filolo-
gists, educators, sientists, and men of letters, announst
their adhesion; and thousands of teachers, fisicians,
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 21
lawyers, clergymen, and other professional men ; busi-
ness men, firms and corporations ; editors and publish-
ers signd the agreement. The number of these "Sign-
ers" is constantly increasing ; but even so, it represents
only a small proportion of those who approve and use
the simpler spellings, as has been establisht by special
canvases and thru correspondence.
Influential Support Enlisted
The Board of Superintendents of New York City in
1906 unanimously recommended the use of the List of
300 Words in the New York City scools.
The Modern Language Association of America, in
the same year, adopted the same list for use in its pub-
lications, and has since accepted the later recommenda-
tions of the Board, and has in some instances gon be-
yond them.
President Roosevelt adopted this list (300 Words)
in his official correspondence; and his recommenda-
tion in 1906 that the Government Printing Office adopt
the same stile, when not otherwize requested, gave the
movement wide publicity. The discussion that followd,
both in the Congress and in the pres, afforded the
frends of orthografic reform an extraordinary oppor-
tunity of which they did not fail to take advantage
to present their arguments and appeals. The results
of this publicity wer distinctly favorable.
The National Education Association, in 1907, ap-
proved the work of the Simplified Spelling Board, and
directed the use of the simpler spellings of the 300
Words in the publications of the Association. (See
also pages 14 and 26.)
State Teachers' Associations in all sections of the
country past resolutions favorable to the movement.
22 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
Leading periodicals and newspapers, including the
Literary Digest, Independent, Current Literature,
Educational Review, Quarterly Journal of Economics,
Chicago Tribune, and Minneapolis Journal, wer prompt
to approve the work of the Board and to adopt some
of its recommendations.
General Progress
In the course of the next 7 years the Board issued
and freely distributed 3 more lists of recommended
spellings; an Alfabetic List of all the words included
in the first 3 lists; and 21 other circulars, setting forth
arguments for the reform of English spelling, written
by eminent men in various callings.
It appointed many volunteer Local Agents ; supplied
speakers of note to make public addresses; organized
a leag of periodicals and newspapers and began in 1909
the quarterly publication of the Simplified Spelling
Bulletin, to serv as a medium of news and discussion.
By these and other legitimate means of publicity the
Board gaind additional thousands of adherents, count-
ing among them a great many members of the facul-
ties of American universities, colleges, and normal
scools ; teachers in elementary and high scools ; profes-
sional and business men. A gratifying number of in-
stitutions of higher learning formally approved the
movement, and adopted the use of simplified spellings
in their official publications and correspondence. Scool
sistems in many cities and towns granted permission
to teach the simpler spellings in their clasrooms; and
the authors of several spelling-books included the
recommendations of the Board iether in the main text
or in an appendix. Commercial firms and corporations
in great numbers, and many of them of high reputa-
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 23
tion, began a rapidly increasing use of simplified
spellings in their office correspondence and advertizing.
Simplified Spelling in Great Britain
In the meantime eminent advocates of better spelling
in Great Britain organized (September 10, 1908) the
Simplified Spelling Society, with eventual objects iden-
tical with those of the Simplified Spelling Board, and
to work in simpathy with it. Its membership included
Walter William Skeat, its first president, James A. H.
Murray, Henry Bradley, F. J. Furnivall, and William
Archer, of Great Britain; James W. Bright, Andrew
Carnegie, and Thomas R. Lounsbury, of America, all
members of the Simplified Spelling Board; Gilbert
Murray, J. W. Mackail, and A. S. Napier, professor of
English, Oxford ; H. C. K. Wyld, professor of English,
Liverpool; William Ramsay, James Bryce, H. Stanley
Jevons, Edward Dowden, Walter Leaf, G. C. Moore
Smith, Frederick Pollock, Alfred W. Pollard, Walter
Ripman, and many other men of distinction in scolar-
ship, letters, and public life.
S. S. S. Makes Rapid Hedway
The Society began at once an activ propaganda, issu-
ing many pamflets and circulars, and publishing a
monthly magazine, the Pioneer of Simplified Spelling.
Its membership rapidly increast, many prominent scool
men and women enthusiastically enlisting for the re-
form. Michael E. Sadler, vice-chancellor of the Uni-
versity of Leeds; H. G. Wells, the novelist; Daniel
Jones; G. B. Hunter, bilder of the "Mauretania" ; W.
H. Rouse, hedmaster of Perse Grammar Scool, Cam-
bridge ; and W. Temple, hedmaster of Repton Grammar
Scool, wer notable recruits.
24 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
International Conferences
A conference between delegates from the Board and
the Society, selected for their filologic competence, took
place at University College, London, in September,
1911. A similar conference, pland for 1914, was pre-
vented by the breaking out of the War. The Society
goes somewhat farther than the Board in its recom-
mendations, and has adopted a fonetic scheme of nota-
tion in which only the present letters of the English
alfabet ar used. The two organizations ar, however,
in thoro accord as to the ultimate aim of the reform;
and the British experiment is watcht with interest
from America.
Imperial Education Conference
An Imperial Education Conference, attended by of-
ficially appointed delegates from all the provinces of
the British Empire, was held in London, April and
May, 1911. "English Spelling and Spelling Reform"
was the subject of addresses by E. R. Edwards, an
Inspector of the Board of Education, and by A. H.
Mackay, Superintendent of Education, Nova Scotia, a
member of the Simplified Spelling Board. The Con-
ference thereupon adopted the following resolution:
That this Conference is of the opinion that the
simplification of English spelling is a matter of
urgent importance in all parts of the Empire,
calling for such practical steps in every country
as may appear most conducive to the ultimate at-
tainment of the end in view the creation, in con-
nection with the subject, of an enlightened public
opinion and the direction of it to the maintenance,
in its purity and simplicity among all English-
speaking peoples, of the common English tongue.
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 25
Petition for an Imperial Commission
Encouraged by this overwhelming expression of
British educational approval, the Simplified Spelling
Society drafted a petition to the Prime Minister, ask-
ing for the appointment of an Imperial Commission,
"which should include scholars, teachers, men of letters,
and men of business", to consider the whole question
of the reform of English spelling, "to report whether
reform be practicable, and, if so, to indicate what
ought to be its nature, and how it may best be intro-
duced". .
Many thousands of signatures hav been obtaind to
this petition in all parts of the British Empire and in
the United States. It wil be presented as soon as con-
ditions ar more favorable for its consideration and for
the carrying out of its specified objects.
Aggressiv Campains in America
The Simplified Spelling Board, shortly after the issue
of its Fourth List, resolvd to propose no further
changes in spelling until the recommendations alredy
made should be stil more widely accepted, but to de-
vote its income and energies mainly to an intensiv field
campain of education. Field Representativs of pro-
fessorial rank wer engaged, and in 1914 an aggressiv
campain was organized to win a more general official
approval of the aims of the Board by the leading edu-
cational institutions of the United States.
Universities, Colleges, and Normal Scools
The results obtaind by this campain in the following
years wer extremely gratifying. Several hundred uni-
versities, colleges, and normal scools, with tens of
26 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
thousands of teachers, and hundreds of thousands of
students, wer led iether to use simplified spellings in
their official publications and correspondence, or to
permit students to use them in written work. Nearly
40 per cent of these institutions, including many State
universities, formally approved the movement, in most
cases by faculty resolution, and adopted in all cases
more than 200 of the simpler spellings, and in some
cases many more.
Returns from a questionary addrest in 1916 to all
the American universities and colleges (exclusiv of
those for Negroes and Indians) listed in the Educa-
tional Directory issued by the United States Euro of
Education, showd that 57 per cent of these institutions
(72 per cent of those heard from) recognized and
accepted the simplified spellings of the Board; and
that nearly 25 per cent had agreed to use simpler spell-
ings in their official publications and correspondence.
Only 18 per cent placed themselvs on record as opposed
to the movement. The institutions comprizing the
remaining 25 per cent iether gave noncommittal ansers
or faild to respond to repeated inquiries.
National Education Association
The most noteworthy result of the Board's activities
among the members of the teaching profession was the
action taken by the National Education Association in
adopting (July 7, 1916) the spelling -t for -ed in past
tenses of English verbs ending in -ed pronounst t, and
in consistently using it in its official publications and
correspondence. The Association, by its acceptance of
this rule which simplifies the spelling of more than
900 words in addition to the Twelv Words adopted in
1898 and by its preference for the simpler of alter-
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 27
nativ spellings having dictionary recognition, as shown
by its action (1907) in directing the use of the simpler
spellings of the 300 Words in its publications, approves
and regularly uses about 1,500 simplified spellings.
Newspapers and Magazines
The rapid increase of educational support encour-
aged the Board to undertake coincidentally a special
campain among editors and publishers to promote the
use of simplified spellings in the pres. As a result,
hundreds of newspapers and periodicals including
the Philadelphia North American; Chicago Post;
Cleveland Press; Cincinnati Post; Worcester Tele-
gram; Detroit Times; Denver Post, News, Times,
Express; Columbus Citizen; Louisville Herald; Des
Moines Capital, News; Topeka Capital, Journal;
Seattle Star; Lincoln Nebraska State Journal, News;
Wichita Beacon; Tacoma Ledger, News; Peoria
Journal; and many other dailies in important citfes
ar now using the Twelv Words and most of the other
simpler spellings in the List of 300 Words. The total
circulation of all these publications is counted in
millions.
The National Editorial Association (1916), "desir-
ing to cooperate with the National Education Associa-
tion, the Simplified Spelling Board, and other educa-
tional organizations, in their efforts to accustom the
general public to the use of simplified spelling in
print", approved the use of the Twelv Words, adopted
them for use in the official publications and corre-
spondence of the Association, and recommended their
use by individual members in their respectiv news-
papers. Similar action was taken by various other
editorial and newspaper associations.
28 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
Handbook of Simplified Spelling
Experience gaind in these several campains soon
developt three outstanding needs : first, a Handbook of
Simplified Spelling that should cover succinctly the
various fases of the subject treated in the separate cir-
culars issued up to that time by the Board, and to take
their place for general distribution; second, a general
revizion and more complete coordination of the rules;
and third, a selection of the rules most suitable for
special emfasis at the present stage of the movement,
with an alfabetic list of all the words in common use
simplified in spelling by the rules, for incorporation in
the Handbook.
The preparation of such a Handbook was accord-
ingly begun, under the direction of the Trustees, by the
Secretary ; while the work of revizion and selection of
the rules was carrid on by the Filology Committee of
the Trustees, specially appointed by the Board as a
Committee on Review, Plan, and Scope. After long-
continued and painstaking deliberations, the Com-
mittee submitted its conclusions, which wer approved,
rendering possible the publication of the Handbook
issued originally in 3 separate parts of which this
(pages 1-32) is Part 1.
Part 2 sets forth the leading arguments in favor
of the simplification of English spelling, and replies
to the objections commonly made by defenders of the
current orthografy. (Redy July, 1919.)
Part 3 presents the rules for simplified spelling
that the Board recommends for general use at the
stage the movement has now reacht, a special list of
words' in simpler spellings not coverd by the rules,
and a dictionary list of words changed in spelling
by these recommendations. (Redy October, 1919.)
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 29
A Patriotic Service
Pending the completion of the important tasks in-
volvd in the preparation of the Handbook, the Board
mesurably reduced its field activities, which the unrest
in the colleges and scools, incidental to the reorganiza-
tion of educational work to meet the conditions im-
posed by the country's entry into war, in itself made
advizable. As more favorable conditions develop, the
Board wil expand its efforts to the extent that financial
support and volunteer effort may be forthcoming. It
trusts that the great part that a rational simplification
of English spelling can take, not only in the more
speedy Americanization of our foren population, but
in rendering English more available as a means of in-
ternational communication, wil forcibly appeal to all
those who cherish these patriotic aims, and wil make
it possible to continue on an enlarged scale its work for
this important educational reform.
SIMPLIFIED SPELLING BOARD
Original members: E. BENJAMIN ANDREWS,* chan-
cellor of the University of Nebraska; O. C. BLACK-
MER,* fonetician and publisher, Oak Park, 111.; DAVID
J. BREWER,* justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States; ANDREW CARNEGIE*; SAMUEL L. CLEMENS*
("Mark Twain") ; MELVIL DEWEY, author and library
economist; ISAAC K. FUNK,* editor and publisher of
the Standard Dictionary; LYMAN J. GAGE, formerly
secretary of the Tresury; RICHARD WATSON GILDER,*
editor of The Century Magazine; WILLIAM T. HARRIS,*
U. S. Commissioner of Education; GEORGE HEMPL,
professor of English in the University of Michigan
*Deceast.
30 ENGLISH SPELLING, AND THE
(now professor of Germanic filology in Stanford Uni-
versity) ; THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON,* author;
HENRY HOLT, publisher, editor, and author; WILLIAM
JAMES,* professor of filosofy in Harvard University;
DAVID STARR JORDAN, president (now chancellor) of
Stanford University; THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY,* pro-
fessor of English in Yale University; FRANCIS A.
MARCH,* professor of English in Lafayette College;
BRANDER MATTHEWS, professor of dramatic literature
in Columbia University; WILLIAM W. MORROW, judge
of the U. S. Circuit Court; CHARLES P. G. SCOTT,
etimological editor of the Century Dictionary; HOMER
H. SEERLEY, president of Iowa State Teachers College ;
BENJAMIN E. SMITH,* editor of the Century Diction-
ary; CHARLES E. SPRAGUE,* financier and author; CAL-
VIN THOMAS,* professor of Germanic languages and
literatures in Columbia University; E. O. VAILE,
formerly editor of the Educational Weekly, Chicago;
WILLIAM HAYES WARD,* editor of The Independent.
Elected in the next twelv months: WILLIAM ARCHER,
author and critic, London, England; HENRY BRADLEY,
associate editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, for-
merly president of the Philological Society ; FREDERICK
J. FURNIVALL,* founder and director of the Early
English Text Society, etc., formerly editor of the Philo-
logical Society's (now the Oxford) English Diction-
ary; ALEXANDER H. MACKAY, superintendent of educa-
tion, Nova Scotia; WILLIAM F. MACLEAN, M. P., editor
of the Toronto (Ont.) World; WILLIAM H. MAXWELL,
city superintendent (now emeritus) of scools, Ncv/
York; JAMES A. H. MURRAY,* editor of the Oxford
English Dictionary, formerly president of the Philo-
logical Society; THEODORE KOOSEVELT,* president of
*Deceast.
MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE IT 31
the United States; WALTER WILLIAM SKEAT,* pro-
fessor of Anglo-Saxon in Cambridge University,
author of the Etymological Dictionary, formerly presi-
dent of the Philological Society; ANDREW D. WHITE,*
formerly president of Cornell University; JOSEPH
WRIGHT, professor of comparativ filology in Oxford
University, editor of the English Dialect Dictionary.
Elected to fil the vacancies thereafter occurring:
HENRY M. BELDEN, professor of English in the Uni-
versity of Missouri; ELMER E. BROWN, chancellor of
New York University; RICHARD E. BURTON, professor
of English literature in the University of Minnesota;
NATHANIEL BUTLER, professor of Education in the
University of Chicago; GEORGE W. CABLE, author and
sociologist; HERMANN COLLITZ, professor of Germanic
filology in Johns Hopkins University; GEORGE 0.
CURME, professor of Germanic filology in North-
western University; CHARLES HENRY DAVIS, consult-
ing engineer; GANO DUNN, president of the J. G.
White Engineering Corporation; OLIVER F. EMERSON,
professor of English in Western Reserve University;
DAVID FELMLEY, president of Illinois State Normal
University ; IRVING FISHER, professor of political econ-
omy in Yale University; WILLIAM TRUFANT FOSTER,
president of Reed College; HAMLIN GARLAND, author;
CHARLES H. GRANDGENT, professor of Romance lan-
guages in Harvard University; EMIL G. HIRSCH, pro-
fessor of Rabbinical Literature in the University of
Chicago, and editor of the Reform Advocate; HAMIL-
TON HOLT, editor of The Independent; EDWIN M. HOP-
KINS, professor of English language in the University
of Kansas ; H. STANLEY JEVONS, lecturer in economics
and political sience in the University College of South
*Deceast.
32 ENGLISH SPELLING
Wales and Monmouthshire (now professor of eco-
nomics in the University of Allahabad, India) ; WIL-
LIAM WILLIAMS KEEN, surgeon and sientist, Phila-
delphia; JOHN R. KIRK, president of the First District
Normal Scool, Missouri; FRED J. MILLER, formerly
general manager of factories, the Remington Type-
writer Company, now Major in Ordnance Department,
U. S. Army; HENRY GALLUP PAINE, secretary of the
Simplified Spelling Board; EDWARD 0. SiSSON, presi-
dent of the University of Montana; DAVID M. SOLOAN,
principal of the Provincial Normal College, Nova
Scotia ; ROBERT STOUT, Chief Justice of New Zealand ;
JOHN S. P. TATLOCK, professor of English filology in
Stanford University ; FRANK W. TAUSSIG, professor of
political economy in Harvard University, chairman
United States Tarif Commission; JOHN CRESSON
TRAUTWINE, JR., engineer, Philadelphia; THOMAS G.
TUCKER, professor of classical filology in the University
of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; EDWARD J.
WHEELER, editor of Current Opinion.
HANDBOOK OF SIMPLIFIED SPELLING
PART 2
THE CASE FOR SIMPLIFIED SPELLING
INTRODUCTION
Scope of the Handbook
Part 1 contains a brief sketch of the history of Eng-
lish spelling, showing how and why, in the course of
centuries, it has ceast to function as a gide to pro-
nunciation; an account of the successiv efforts, begin-
ning as early as 1554, to restore this function ; a report
of the progress made by the Simplified Spelling Board
since its organization in 1906.
Part 2 presents the arguments in favor of the sim-
plification of English spelling, and replies to the ob-
jections commonly made by defenders of the prevailing
orthografy.
Part 3 contains the Rules for Simplified Spelling
that the Board recommends for general use at the
present stage of the movement, a Special List of words
in simpler spellings not coverd by the Rules, and a
Dictionary List of the words in common use changed
in spelling by these recommendations.
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING
Choice of Methods
It has been shown by abundant example in Part 1
that English spelling is mard by absurdities and in-
consistencies that call for improvement if it is ever to
2 REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING
be made a satisfactory instrument for recording the
sounds of English speech.
A choice of two ways lies open to those who would
undertake the task. They may elect to reform our
spelling suddenly or gradually by immediate adop-
tion of a fonetic scheme of notation, or by progressiv
elimination of present irregularities.
Fonetic Goal
The Simplified Spelling Board has put itself on rec-
ord as recognizing that the ultimate goal of the move-
ment is, and must logically be, a fonetic alfabet with
enuf letters to represent, at least approximately, each
separate sound heard in the standard English speech.
By "standard English speech" is ment English as
spoken by those whose training and scolarship entitle
them to be considerd as authorities on the subject ; and
among whom whether American, British Insular, or
British Colonial there is substantial agreement.
This standard pronunciation is recorded, likewize with
substantial agreement, in the leading dictionaries by
means of various "keys to pronunciation." These
"keys" ar, in fact, fairly accurate, tho inconvenient,
and in only one instance sientifically simple, schemes
of fonetic notation.
Reasons for Gradual Approach
It may reasonably be askt why the Board, having
this ideal goal in view, advocates its attainment by
gradual approach rather than at a single bound. The
anser is, for the same reason that we walk across the
street insted of leaping from curb to curb. The one
is the customary, natural method of reaching our des-
tination, and one that experience has shown to be wel
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING 3
within our powers. The other is theoretically more
expeditious, but practically would delay all progress
while mankind was seeking to develop a degree of
muscular energy and concentration of purpose beyond
anything of which it has hitherto proved itself capable.
The Customary Method
The changes that hav been made in English spelling
in the past hav all come into use gradually, one or two
at a time so gradually, in fact, that at all times, as
today, there hav been, and ar, many words speld in
more than one way on equal authority of good usage.
Accordingly, in proposing further changes, the Board
has preferd to follow the customary method, natural
to the genius of the race, rather than to attempt to
force the acceptance of an entirely novel and violently
revolutionary scheme of spelling, no matter how ideal
and sientifically admirable it might be.
Acceleration Possible
"Gradual," however, is a word of elastic definition,
and gradual progress may be made much more rapidly
and surely under one set of conditions than under an-
other under the conditions that the Board aims to
establish, for example, than under those that hav
hitherto prevaild.
The changes that hav appeared in English spelling in
the past hav been the results of individual initiativ
and example some of them inspired by knowledge,
reason, and common-sense, but others resulting from
erroneous notions concerning the true function of
spelling, from ignorance of the history of the language,
and from etimologic or filologic incompetence, yet ac-
cepted by a public misled by the supposed learning of
4 REASONS FOB SIMPLIFYING
writers whose literary reputations wer won on other
grounds than sound scolarship in English.
The Simplified Spelling Board believs that changes
based on a thoro knowledge of the history of English
spelling, formulated by filologic experts, put forth by
a society composed of leading scolars, lexicografers,
educators, men of letters, and men of affairs, and made
the subject of an organized propaganda, wil win recog-
nition and acceptance much more rapidly than sporadic
and haphazard changes left to take their chances in
appealing to popular fancy.
Practical Considerations
Moreover, as a body of practical men with vision
not visionaries the Simplified Spelling Board at its
inception recognized that it stood face to face with a
very general spirit of opposition to any change in Eng-
lish spelling.
This opposition exprest itself in many ways, but
was itself an expression of the inborn conservatism that
is one of the strongest caracteristics of the English-
speaking peoples, and one of their best caracteristics
when based on logical deductions from past experience.
Unfortunately, the opposition to spelling-reform,
while based on misinformation, or no information, and
on bad habits slowly acquired and firmly fixt, was not
the les powerful on that account.
The Thin Edge of the Wedge
The Board, accordingly, early percievd that no real
progress could be made until this opposition should
be penetrated and disintegrated by spreding correct
information in regard to English spelling, and by ap-
pealing to the enlightend judgment, the hatred of sham
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING 5
and pretense, and the spirit of fair play, that ar even
more admirable caracteristics of the race.
It seeks by the moderateness of its recommendations
to disarm antagonism ; by getting some of the simpler
spellings into wider use, to demonstrate their reason-
ableness ; to accustom the public to the idea that there
is nothing sacrosanct about the spelling of any word;
and so to open the way to a more general and sis-
tematic advance.
Policy of the Board
The policy adopted by the Board in making its rec-
ommendations is fully set forth in Part 1, pp. 16 - 20,
and in Part 3, pp. 2-4. Briefly, it is to follow the
simpler rather than the more complex of the existing
analogies, to drop silent letters whenever practicable,
and to propose no changes even for the sake of im-
mediate advantage that violate establisht fonetic
principles, and so would impede direct progress toward
the goal of a practically fonetic notation of the sounds
of English speech.
Illustrations of Policy
For example, the convention that e final silent after
a single consonant indicates that the preceding vowel is
"long," is common in English spelling. To adopt it
as a general rule would shorten the spelling of many
words in accordance with prevailing analogies, and in
particular would abolish the disturbing gh (formerly
pronounst) in words like fight, light, night, etc., by
spelling them fite, lite, nite, etc. Unfortunately, this
convention is unf onetic and, tho practically convenient,
is sientifically awkward. The Board recognizes it, by
recommending that e final be dropt in words like ac-
G REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING
tiv(e), definit(e), determin(e), promis(e), etc., where
the preceding vowel is "short" ; retains it until the
public is prepared to accept a better principle of nota-
tion in words like alive, finite, define, etc., where the
preceding vowel is "long" ; but does not advize its ex-
tension.
Silent Letters as Diacritics
To indicate the quantity or quality of a vowel by the
addition of another, silent, letter, insted of by a dia-
critic mark, or "accent," is a frequent, and with the
present paucity of vowel signs, and the wel-founded
prejudice against diacritics a defensible practis in
English spelling. lether method is a makeshift; and,
while the use of diacritics is the more sientific method,
the use of silent letters has certain practical advan-
tages. The objection to it on sientific grounds is that
it givs rize to vowel combinations that ar not what
all vowel combinations should be true dif thongs.
To separate the diacritic sign whether a simple
mark or another letter from the vowel it is used to
qualify by an intervening consonant is, however,
clumsy and unsientific, demanding amendment.
Not Inconsistent
In recommending the spellings delite and spritely,
the Board does no violence to its principles, since in
these two instances it seeks merely to restore historic
and les objectionable forms. Delight came into the
language as delite, and has no relation to any of the
words ending in -ight. Its changed spelling, to ac-
cord with a more complex analogy, was made without
justification. A similar attempt to change sprite to
spright was not permanently successful, but by a curi-
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING 7
ous perversity the form sprightly has persisted in use.
The adjectiv should, of course, be regularly formd from
the noun by the simple addition of -ly, and should not
involv a change in the spelling of the primitiv.
The Board has exercized similar care in making all
its recommendations, and apparent inconsistencies can
be shown to be such in appearance only. To analize
all the recommendations in detail would take space that
would excede the limits of the present publication;
but the Board, thru its Secretary, wil at all times be
glad to make clear in correspondence any points that
may remain doutful in the minds of readers of the
Handbook.
More Correct Sientifically and Historically
The changes that the Board recommends wil make
our orthografy more correct than it is now both sien-
tifically and historically, because its recommendations
ar consistently made with a view to restoring English
spelling to the practically f onetic basis on which it was
founded. The Board does not make the claim that all
its recommendations wil result in restoring historic
spellings, tho literary precedent can be found for most
of them ; for English spelling, while practically f onetic
in its origins, was imperfectly so. The ultimate aim
being to establish a consistently sientific mode of spell-
ing, the Board hopes, as in course of time this objectiv
is more nearly approacht, that the imperfectly fonetic
historic forms wil gradually disappear, giving place to
better notations.
Make It Easier to Spel Correctly
The simplifications in spelling proposed by the Sim-
plified Spelling Board, as they become accepted as good
8 REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING
usage, wil make it easier for those who write English
to spel in accordance with the usage then current than
it is today to spel in accordance with the usage now
current. This applies, of course, more especially to
those who shal be taught the new usage originally than
to those who hav laboriously learnd the present usage
by force of memory, and who may prefer to adopt the
new. But even these, when they shal hav master d the
few simple principles set forth in this Handbook, wil
find it easier to spel correctly that is, in accordance
with current usage.
This wil be because every simplification proposed
eliminates one or more of the present irregularities,
and iether extends the prevailing analogy, or substi-
tutes a simpler and more reasonable analogy in most
cases based on historic precedent for two or more
conflicting analogies.
It needs no profound argument to demonstrate that
the more nearly English spelling can be made to ap-
proach absolute regularity, by doing away with con-
fusing and arbitrary exceptions, with conflicting an-
alogies, and with needless or misleading silent letters,
the easier it wil be to learn it and to write it.
One Final Rule for Spelling
With the ultimate adoption of a fonetic scheme of
notation, there would be only one rule for spelling
"Spel as yu pronounce." It would then be easier to
spel correctly than incorrectly. It is no objection that
in that case individuals might not always agree with
one another as to the spelling of certain words, or with
the spelling representing the conventional standard of
pronunciation. Since the spelling would correctly rep-
resent the speech of the writer, it would present no
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING 9
more difficulty to the eye of the ordinary reader than
the current variations in English pronunciation pre-
sent to the ear of the ordinary listener.
An Invaluable Record
Such variations in spelling as would inevitably occur
in the writing of persons of limited scooling, or as
would be used by more highly educated persons who
wisht to enforce their own methods of pronunciation,
would automatically constitute an invaluable record of
the variations in English speech in different localities
and at successiv periods. In other words, the history
of the growth and development of the living English
tung would be preservd in the writings of those who
spoke it a result impossible of attainment, even by
scolars, with the cristalized, conventionalized English
spelling of the last two hundred years.
Talking "by Ear"
Since our current orthografy bears no real relation
to the present pronunciation, but is at best an im-
perfect attempt to represent that of the Elizabethan
period, English pronunciation has become almost en-
tirely a matter of oral tradition as unsafe a gide in
regard to correctness in speech as it is in regard to
correctness in history. We learn to talk, and continue
to talk, entirely "by ear," and with the same tendency
to uncertainty and variation as do those who play music
by ear. The musician who wishes to play accurately,
however, can correct his faulty memory or wrong im-
pressions by reference to the printed score, which ex-
actly represents to him the sounds recorded by the com-
poser. No such convenient and infallible gide exists
for those who wish to speak English accurately.
10 REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING
Slovenly Speech Due to Present Spelling
This dependence on oral tradition is responsible for
the slovenly and slipshod pronunciation so prevalent
and so deplorable, and against which those who revere
the language, and who desire to preserv its purity and
precision, vainly contend. It is responsible for that
failure to indicate the respectiv values of the vowel
sounds, especially in unstrest sillables, and of certain
consonants, that now mar the speech of even the most
highly educated. It is responsible for the tendency to
slur over many sounds, to run words together, to adopt
passing fads, and to create wide divergences in the
English spoken not only in separate parts of the world,
but in different sections of each country.
Better Spelling, Better Speech
If all who speak English could always hav had be-
fore their eyes in every book, magazine, and news-
paper, the pronunciation of every word indicated by
its spelling, it is difficult to believ that so wide de-
partures from the accepted standards of English speech
as ar prevalent today could hav occurd.
Changes in pronunciation ar inevitable in every liv-
ing language, of course, and wil not be stopt by ad-
hering to spellings that represent former rather than
current values; but if spelling changed with pronun-
ciation, the changes themselvs would rapidly become
standardized, since every one who could read would
speedily learn what they wer, and would be led to
adopt them.
Changes in spelling made by individual writers
would direct attention to the new pronunciations indi-
cated, and would giv rize to comment and discussion.
More heed would be paid to pronunciation; and with
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING 11
the constantly improving standards of education, and
the eventual abolition of illiteracy, there would be a
constantly increasing tendency to follow the best
models.
Every step taken now to simplify English spelling,
to make it represent more accurately the spoken word,
is a step toward restoring the purity and precision of
English speech.
Spelling and Education
In the preceding pages the Simplified Spelling Board
has undertaken to show that the changes it proposes
wil make our spelling more correct sientifically and
historically, wil make it easier to spel correctly, and
wil tend to improve and to standardize pronunciation.
These ar all positiv advantages appealing to those who
know something of the past history of the language,
who appreciate it for its richness and flexibility, and
who love and admire it for the wonderful literature
that has been written in it, and that forever wil be
preservd in it, no matter in what spelling it was first
written, and is now, or may hereafter be, printed.
It is, however, in considering its relation to educa-
tion that the broadest and strongest, as wel as the
most directly personal plea for a better mode of spell-
ing can be made.
Reason in Children
Since the bulk of human knowledge is recorded in
books, one of the first steps in the education of the
child is to teach him to read. Told that each separate
letter, or group of letters, printed in his primer or
reader represents a spoken word, the child, being
gifted with reason, expects to find an invariable re-
12 REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING
lationship between the sound of any given word and
the letters composing it. He soon discovers, to his dis-
may, that no such invariable relationship exists.
Unreason in Spelling
The child finds that some words speld alike ar pro-
nounst differently, and that other words pronounst
alike hav different spellings ; that the same letter may
hav different values in a single word, and that in a
single word the same sound may be represented by
different letters. One thing he quickly learns that
there is no way in which he may surely determin when,
or why, a letter that has one value at one time has
another at another time; no certain way to tel how
to pronounce a word he has never heard, or how to spel
a word he has never seen.
Distrusts His Own Reason
Confused and discouraged by the irregularities and
contradictions in the spelling of so many of the words
he most frequently meets, and humiliated by the "mis-
takes" he constantly makes when he attempts, to reason
from the spelling of a familiar word to the spelling
of an unfamiliar word percieving, in fact, that the
more he depends on reason, the more likely he is to go
wrong he comes to distrust his reason in all that
concerns spelling, and to rely entirely on his memory.
This is, of course, good reasoning on his part, but he
does not know it; for his teachers, in wel-ment but
mistaken efforts to impart some educational value to
the spelling-lesson, ar too prone to burden him with
rules themselvs overburdend with exceptions
that make him feel that there may be some sistem or
order in it all that he is powerless to grasp. The
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING 13
spelling-lesson thus becomes a real obstacle to the de-
velopment of the child's reasoning powers.
Atrofy of Logical Faculties
Unfortunately, the damage goes farther than this.
Since spelling and reading form the gateway to most
other forms of knowledge, and since the relationships
between the facts he is taught in other branches ar
not always immediately or clearly presented to him,
the scool-child is led to put les and les trust in his
logical faculties in all his studies, and to rely more
and more on his memory. The child gifted with a nat-
urally good eye-memory wil be especially likely to fol-
low this course, since he wil soon perciev that an ac-
curate recitation of the facts he has learnd is more
likely to win the approval of the average teacher than
ar any of his infantile attempts to draw conclusions
from them.
False Value Placed on Spelling Ability
Because the absurdities and intricacies of our pres-
ent spelling hav made a mastery of them the most dif-
ficult and long-continued task of the average student,
a false value has been placed on spelling ability. "Cor-
rectness" in reality, mere conformity in spelling
is too generally assumed to be an indication of su-
perior education, whereas as has been shown it
is only evidence of a natural or a specially traind
eye-memory.
The failure in after life of many high-stand students
may be attributable to the fact that, in spite of their
scool and college pre-eminence, they wer not truly ed-
ucated at all, but had cultivated their memories at the
expense of their reasoning powers.
14 REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING
Proof-readers as a clas ar, by the nature and de-
mands of their calling, the best spellers of English.
The training responsible for their expert skil in this
particular has been gaind as craftsmen in printing-
offices, and not as students in universities. The more
intelligent the proof-reader, the les likely he would be
to claim that his frequent occasion to correct the mis-
spellings of eminent scolars, sientists, and authors,
stampt him as their superior in information, educa-
tion, or general culture.
Reasonable Spelling of Other Languages
If English spelling wer as nearly fonetic as Italian,
Spanish, or even German, the scool-child would soon
perciev that spelling was governd by certain laws, by
observing which he could pronounce correctly ,the
words he met in writing or print, and could spel cor-
rectly the words that he heard spoken. The spelling-
lesson would thus encourage him to rely on reason
rather than on memory in his other studies also.
It is not claimd that the simplifications so far pro-
posed by the Simplified Spelling Board wil make Eng-
lish spelling comparable in simplicity and regularity
with Italian, Spanish, or German ; but the Board main-
tains that to introduce the teaching of simplified spell-
ing, even at its present stage, into the public scools
would, nevertheless, make the spelling-lesson an aid
to the development of the child's reasoning powers.
The new spellings so greatly extend many of the
simpler analogies, abolish so many of the complex an-
alogies of the present spelling, and do away with so
many misleading silent letters, as materially to reduce
the existing irregularities, and to emfasize them as
such.
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING 15
Thus, the pupil, while stil compeld to rely largely on
his eye-memory for the spelling of many words and
classes of words, would be led to look for, and to find,
a logical basis for the spelling of many other classes
of words.
Placing the Blame Where It Belongs
While the pupil would be taught to spel only the
simpler forms, he would until these forms became
adopted into general usage learn to recognize the
same words in their longer and more complex spell-
ings when he encounterd them in print. He would
thus be led sensibly or insensibly, according to the
interest taken in the subject by his teacher to un-
derstand that an effort was being made in his behalf
to apply reason and common-sense to spelling. He
would come to regard the remaining irregularities, not
as inevitable and irremediable, but as unreasonable
hindrances to be overcome now, and to be got rid of
as soon as possible.
He would find his efforts to reason from the spelling
of one word to that of another more likely to be correct
in their results; while the more enlightend teachers
would not treat his "mistakes" as humorous or repre-
hensible, but would applaud them as logical, pointing
out that the real fault lay, not in the working of the
pupil's mental processes, but in current bad practis.
Would Demand Better Spelling
As teachers came to recognize how much more easily
their pupils learnd the simpler spellings, and how
greatly this lightend the burden of the spelling-lesson,
it is not to be douted that they would demand that the
simplification of spelling be carrid forward as rapidly
16 EEASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING , j x
as possible, or that they would be supported by those
who had been under their instruction.
Let it once sink into the consciousness of any gen-
eration that the irregularities, inconsistencies, and
absurdities of English spelling ar not only unnecessary
but remediable ; that English spelling not only can be
made regular and logical, but has beeri made so in
some important particulars; that there exists an or-
ganized body of scolars and educators equipt and eager
to propose further reforms; and all^who hav experi-
enst the advantages of a partial amelioration wil unite
in desiring the adoption of a more sweeping scheme
of improvement.
Would Save Valuable Time in Education
Since a simpler spelling is a les difficult spelling,
easier to learn and easier to teach, it follows that its
general adoption and use would effect a proportionate
saving in time to both pupil and teacher. Saving of
time means saving of mony. This needs no demon-
stration in the case of the teacher, whose time has a
definitly mesured valuation.
The time of a scool-child has at least a theoretical
value. If it can be shown that the adoption of an
improved mode of spelling would lessen the number
of scool-terms required to prepare the student to take
his place as a worker, it wil be apparent that the
time he saves Would hav a value to him mesurable in
terms of dollars. It would hav a value to the parent
by shortening the child's period of non-productivity,
during which the parent must bear the entire cost of
his support. It would hav a value to the taxpayer by
reducing the total cost of education. It would hav a
value to the entire English-speaking world by the in-
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING 17
creast productivity resulting from the earlier entry of
successiv generations of students into the ranks of
labor, business, and the professions.
Future Benefits the Criterion
< The actual saving in time, and correspondingly in
expense, wil depend on the extent to which the simpli-
fication of spelling is carrid. The worth-whileness of
the movement must be judgd, accordingly, not by the
saving actually made by the simplifications proposed
now, but by the savings that may be effected at later
stages of a progressiv advance of which the present
proposals ar but the first step toward a completely
simplified spelling.
No Spelling Books in Spain and Italy
Fonetic spelling, in one form or another, has been,
and is now, used by progressiv teachers in England
and America as an introduction and an aid to the
study of the current orthografy. Their experience is
that children can spel correctly that is, fonetically
the words they ar able to pronounce, as soon as
they hav learnd the alfabet employd, and the principle
of combining letters into sillables.
In languages such as Italian and Spanish, that hav
approximately fonetic alfabets, approximately similar
conditions prevail. There ar no spelling-books among
the scool-texts of those countries for the sufficient rea-
son that there is no need of them. So difficult is Eng-
lish spelling that two of the eight years spent in the
grades ar needed by the average pupil to acquire an
imperfect and uncertain acquaintance with it. If it
could be brought to the same degree of fonetic exact-
ness as the spelling of Italy or Spain, practically all
18 REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING
the scool-time now given to spelling and reading could
be saved. To bring it to such a degree of f onetic pre-
cision, however, would require the addition of several
letters to the alfabet, since there ar more sounds
in English than in iether Italian or Spanish.
Fonetic Approximation with Present Alfabet
It has been estimated, however, that if all the simpli-
fications of English spelling possible with the present
alfabet should be made, it would be as nearly fonetic
as German spelling. The scools of Germany devote
about one year more time to nativ language study than
do the scools of Italy and Spain, and about one year
les time than do the scools of England and America.
Mathematical 'exactness is not claimd for these
estimates. They ar based on inquiries made at various
times by educators and investigators employing differ-
ent methods and working from different sets of data.
The substantial accuracy of the estimates, however, is
attested by their general agreement. In presenting
them as a basis for financial calculation, the Board is
willing to allow a wide margin of safety, and to as-
sume that the adoption of a completely simplified
spelling would save only one year's scool-time to each
pupil the estimated saving if our spelling wer to be
made only as reasonable as German spelling, insted of
as fonetic as Italian or Spanish.
Bad Spelling Costs Good Dollars
The United States Commissioner of Education, in
his Report for 1917, estimates that $855,000,000 was
spent for education in this country in 1915. Of this,
approximately $215,000,000 went for education in high
scools, normal scools, tecnical scools, and institutions
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING 19
of higher learning. This leavs $640,000,000 as the cost
of elementary education in all public and private scools
and other institutions where it was carrid on.
Assuming that the use of a rational spelling would
effect a saving of one year's time in the grades, we
hav only to divide $640,000,000 by 8, the number of
grades, to find that the saving in 1915 would hav been
$80,000,000. The number of children decreases in each
successiv grade, it is true, but the expense for each
pupil advances, so that it seems fair to strike an aver-
age. The saving in 1920 would be actually, even if
not proportionally, much larger, probably in excess
of $100,000,000.
Utilization of Savings
The Board does not consider it necessary to go far-
ther into the financial consideration to figure out,
for instance, the possible earning power, to themselvs
and to the state, of children releast at an earlier age to
industry, or the concurrent saving to parents. It be-
lievs that this wasted mony could be better used by
keeping the children in scool another year, in order
that they should go into the world better educated, bet-
ter fitted mentally and fisically, to take up the battle
of life. The lamentable and unnecessary waste has
been shown. Whether, if it shal ultimately be stopt,
the savings shal go into the pockets of parents or into
the heds of children is a question that the Board must
leav to public conscience and good judgment.
Waste of Nervous Energy
To the appalling and calculable waste of time and
mony must be added the no les appalling, if incalcu-
lable, waste of nervous energy on the part of teachers
20 REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING
and pupils alike. The spelling-lesson sets a brake
against the orderly, reasonable, and natural course of
education that not only impedes its progress as a whole,
but impairs the efficiency of the working parts of its
human machinery. It introduces an element of friction
that raises the nervous temperature above normal,
causes needless wear and tear, and is destructiv of both
temper and material.
Better methods of spelling, accordingly, wil effect
savings that can not be adequately represented in their
entirety ; but it is at least obvious that the more thoro
the betterment, the les wil be the waste. To those who
love children, and their neighbors as themselvs, the
indeterminable saving of human energy and efficiency
wil appear no les worth while than those economies
that may be set down in terms of time and mony.
Words Wil Be Shorter a /,
Simplified spelling means shorter spelling. Of the
32 Rules printed in Part 3 of this Handbook, 27 drop
letters from words as now speld; 3 involv trans-
positions of letters to reconcile conflicting analogies;
and 2 involv substitutions of one letter for another,
with the same object. In no instance has the Board
recommended a change involving the addition of a let-
ter to a word. Further simplifications wil result in fur-
ther abbreviations. A completely fonetic sistem of
notation, indeed, would cause some words to be speld
with more letters than at present such, for instance,
as those that now represent the sound of a difthong
by a single caracter. By and bind ar examples, y and i
respectivly representing a difthong that would be indi-
cated fonetically By the two vowels composing it a
(as in artistic) and i (as in it).
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING 21
Economies in Writing and Printing
Even with such exceptions, a fonetic spelling would
save the writing and printing of many letters, and
would permit the use of a greater number of words
on the written or printed page. Estimates made with
various experimental fonetic alfabets indicate a saving
of at least 15 per cent. This would not only mean great
economies of time and effort, and correlativly of ex-
pense, in writing, tipe-writing, and tipe-setting ; but
corresponding economies in paper, ink, and all other
materials used in correspondence and in printing. It
would effect reductions in the total cost of preswork,
binding, and distribution (handling, postage, and ex-
press) of printed matter. The saving in newsprint
paper alone would be enormous a saving, moreover,
that, to the convenience of the reader, would hav to
be made by reducing the size rather than the number
of pages, unless newspaper publishers wer redy to for-
go printing f ul-page and fractional-page advertizments.
Cost of Useless Letters
The simplifications so far proposed by the Board and
used in this Handbook would effect an economy of only
about 1.5 per cent; but if all the unnecessary letters
used in our current spelling should be dropt, the sav-
ing would amount to about 5 per cent.
On this basis, and using data obtaind in the census
of 1900, Mr. Henry Holt, the publisher, a member of
the Simplified Spelling Board, made a painstaking
calculation of the mony that would hav been saved that
year in the United States thru the adoption of such a
degree of simplification in English spelling.
The total was in excess of $35,000,000. In the pres-
ent year (1920) it would be a great deal more. In
22 REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING
1900 the use of a really fonetic spelling would hav ef-
fected a threefold larger saving, or one of more than
$100,000,000.
Responsibility of Leadership
The saving possible in 1920 is left to any enter-
prizing investigator to ascertain when the figures of
the present census ar available. It is bound to be an
objectiv wel worth striving for in the interests of in-
dividual, as wel as of national, economy and efficiency.
A bad habit of spelling that imposes a needless annual
tax, for education and printing, running into the hun-
dreds of millions of dollars, is a habit that should be
broken by united and determind effort.
It is not necessary, however, that the entire popula-
tion should unite in this effort. It wil be sufficient if
it is made by those thru whose example spelling-habits
ar formd, and whom the others wil follow. It is
to these, the leaders of American thought and action,
that the Simplified Spelling Board makes its appeal,
And it includes in this category every one who, con-
vinst of the advantages of a simpler spelling, speaks in
its favor or uses any of the simpler forms; for each
such person thereby constitutes himself or herself a
leader in thought and action, whether in the clasroom,
the scool, the college, the social or business circle, or
the community.
Wil Aid Americanization
Statistics gatherd by the Government during the war
reveald a percentage of illiteracy in English that was
astounding to those who comfortably supposed that
under a sistem of compulsory free education the num-
ber of nativ-born Americans who could not read or
REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING 23
write was negligible, and that foreners coming here
wer, by some misterious "melting-pot" process of as-
similation and naturalization, rapidly Americanized.
Events, even more than statistics, hav opend our
eyes to the very real dangers that threten our institu-
tions thru illiteracy in English on the part of nativ-
born and foren-born alike. A great patriotic
"Americanization" movement is now under way, with
"Education in English" as its slogan, and with objects
with which the Simplified Spelling Board is hartily in
simpathy.
Illiteracy Due to Difficult Spelling
The Board belie vs, however, that the root of the
trouble lies les in a disinclination to learn to read and
to write English than in the difficulty of doing so
a difficulty inherent in our present unreasonable and
unsistematic spelling. The advantages to be gaind by
a knowledge of the language of the country in which
one livs must be obvious to all, even the most igno-
rant ; but when such knowledge is so hard to acquire as
to baffle the efforts of many, the consequences must
be such as ar now apparent.
The only w&y to remove the difficulty is to improve
our spelling, so that it wil be easier to learn. This,
more than anything else, wil lighten the labors of those
who seek to carry on a campain of Americanization by
education. It is not the least of the benefits to be de-
rived from a simplified orthografy.
English as a "World Language"
Foreners, when brought into personal association
with those who speak English, easily learn to speak
English themselvs. Its grammar is simple. It has
24 REASONS FOR SIMPLIFYING
great flexibility, due to its richness in terminology and
its abundance of sinonims. It has an unsurpast litera-
ture, making a knowledge of it desirable by those who
hav no call to speak it. In every respect, except one,
it is best fitted to be the language of sience, commerce,
and international communication.
The desirability of having such a language is ap-
parent to every one. Knowledge of it would enable
the people of every nation to talk, to correspond, and to
trade with the peoples of every other nation on equal
terms. This desirability has led to the invention of
many ingenious artificial languages to serv the purpose.
Failure of Artificial Languages
Granting that Volaplik, Esperanto, and the rest, ar
as satisfactory as the inventors and their followers
contend, the fact remains that none of them has been
successful. This is because there is no incentiv to
learn an artificial language for other than commercial
use, and no assurance that any one who takes the pains
to learn it wil find those with whom he wishes to deal
also familiar with it.
Why English Has Faild
The superiority of English to every other language,
natural or artificial, for use as a world language, would
long ago hav forst its adoption as such the first
language that every forener would wish and need to
know in addition to his own wer it not for its com-
plicated spelling. A language, in which to learn to
spel imperfectly takes two ful years of scool-time in
the countries where it is spoken, does not recommend
itself to the forener as a convenient medium for con-
ducting his relations with other foreners.
ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS 25
Handicap! by Its Spelling
The simplification of English spelling, which would
be of so much demonstrated benefit to those whose na-
tiv tung is English, would also remove the one obstacle
to the use of English by many millions of foreners.
This wide-spred use of English would ad incalculably
to the prestige of the language and of the nations that
speak it. It would be an invaluable medium for the
diffusion of Anglo-Saxon ideas and ideals. We who
speak English should hav an advantage in not needing
to acquire any other language ; and it would not be to
our disadvantage that we should hav a more thoro
knowledge and a better command of it than those with
whom we hav occasion to deal,
ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS
The Language Is Safe
The Simplified Spelling Board does not assume to
know in advance every objection that wil be made to
simplified spelling, but it knows every objection that
has been made ; and it believs that in replying to those
most commonly made, it wil show the unreasonableness
of all objections that hav any weight whatever.
The recommendations of the Board hav frequently
been caracterized as an "attack on the English lan-
guage," whereas they ar merely an attack on the
prevalent English spelling. Spelling and language
should not be confounded. They ar as different as
clothes and caracter. The proposal to improve our
present spelling, so far from being an attack on the
English language, aims to preserv its caracter, to giv
it a more appropriate and serviceable dres, and to ex-
tend its use and influence.
26 ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS
^ "Board Lacks Authority"
Objection to simplified spelling has been made be-
cause those who propose and urge it ar a "self-ap-
pointed" body, without authority to change English
spelling. The Board replies that the customary method
of inaugurating any reform is by voluntary associa-
tion and organization of those who strongly believ in it,
and ar willing to giv time, effort, and mony to promote
it. The Board has never assumed any authority to en-
force its recommendations; it merely claims com-
petence to make them (see Part 1, pp. 16, 17, 29 - 32).
Not Good Enuf for Anybody
There ar some who hav at least profest to oppose
orthografic improvement on the ground that a spelling
that was good enuf for them is good enuf for their
children. Unfortunately English spelling at present
is not good enuf for anybody not even for those who
would deprive their children of any educational advan-
tage not enjoyd by themselvs.
Do These Remember HOW Hard It Was?
To argue for the retention of our present spelling
on the ground that it affords good training for the
memory is to place a higher value on a good memory
than on good reasoning ability. Scool-children hav
ample opportunity for memory-training while learning
things better worth remembering than the confusing
anomalies of English spelling.
Homonims
Another objection sometimes heard is that simplified
spelling wil abolish the distinction now existing be-
tween words having the same sound but different mean-
ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS 27
ings, like ail, ale; bare, bear; bough, bow; beau, bow;
to, too, two; etc.
If that seems an objection, it wil be offset by the ser-
vice the simpler spelling wil render in indicating the
distinctiv sounds of words now speld the same way,
but pronounst differently, like bow (a knot, to incline
the hed) ; lead (a metal, to go before) ; read (present
tense, past tense) ; slough (a swamp, to cast off) ; sow
(a female pig, to plant) ; tear (water from the eye, to
rend apart) ; etc.
As a matter of fact, easily demonstrable, different
spellings ar not needed to distinguish homonims. No
such distinction is made or is possible in the spoken
language. The meaning is plainly indicated by the
position of the word in the sentence, by its obvious
relation to the other words. Write the sentence down,
and the meaning wil be as apparent in one spelling as
another. Try it. "He said a glas of ail was good for
what aled him." "He fought the bare with his bear
hands." "Oh, that this to, two, solid flesh would melt !"
Such spellings and worse, by illiterate persons, may
cause amusement, but do not hide the sense.
Not only is it unnecessary to distinguish homonims
by different spellings, but they ar actually so dis-
tinguisht in comparativly few instances. There is
scarcely a word in the English language that is not used
in more than one sense some of them in many very
different senses. Box is a good example. Bank is an-
other. Point a word, by the way, speld with f onetic
precision is used in more than a hundred different
senses. A suggestion that more than a hundred dif-
ferent spellings should be invented to distinguish these
separate .meanings would be greeted with horror or
lafter^as it was taken seriously or as it ought to be.
28 ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS
"Too Much Trouble"
Some persons admit that the arguments of the Board
ar sound, even incontrovertible, but object to a change
on account of the trouble of learning a new way of
spelling. To these the Board ansers that they ar under
no necessity of going to that trouble. Persons of ma-
ture years, who hav laboriously learnd to spel in their
youth, and whose habits ar fixt, can not be expected
ar not expected to change their spelling-habit. With
such persons spelling has become automatized, the
hand automatically reacting to the brain, in which
thoughts take form in words that the hand writes down
in letters. The additional mental effort necessary for
them to refrain from writing a useless letter would
more than offset the saving of fisical effort, for a while.
They wil, however, hav no difficulty in reading what is
written or printed in the new spelling. No one who
has red to this point in the Handbook can honestly say
that he has faild to recognize every word.
All Reforms Take Effort
Many, however, for the sake of example, and to show
their interest, wil be willing to take some trouble to
promote a cause that they believ to be good. No re-
form has ever been brought about, or ever wil be
brought about, without effort ; and the effort needed to
change a spelling-habit is much les than is generally
supposed. This has been proved time and again in the
experience of those who hav adopted in practis the suc-
cessiv recommendations of the Board. It is necessary
to giv a little thought to the matter of spelling for only
a few days to form the new and better habit.
The Board seriously asks all who ar theoretically con-
vinst of the advantages of simplified spelling to use it
ANSEES TO OBJECTIONS 29
practically, even if it does cost a little effort, and even
if its benefit to the individual is not immediately
apparent. The really worth-while benefits of a better
spelling wil be les for the present than for future gen-
erations; but our children, and the generations that
wil follow them, can not enjoy those benefits if the
present generation wil not take some trouble, make
some effort, now.
All that the Board asks of those who do not feel the
impulse to make the effort, however, is not to oppose
the efforts made by others. If, while they stand aside
so as not to block the progress of the movement, they
wil applaud and encourage it, so much the better ; even
if in doing so they employ in their writing the spelling
to which they ar accustomd.
Wil Not Make Present Books Unreadable
Objection to simplified spelling has been made on the
supposition that it "wil cut us off from the literature
of the past," meaning that those taught in the new way
wil be unable to read the books red today. This can
not be so, because the present spelling wil be no more
difficult to read by one who has learnd to spel the new
way, than is the new spelling by one who has learnd
the old way. Children who hav learnd to spel in the
simplified way wil, in fact, read the books printed
today as easily as we read books printed one and two
centuries ago.
Past Literature Printed in Present Spelling
Those who make this objection can hardly be aware
that the works of authors of former times that they
enjoy and value ar not now printed with the spelling
in which they wer written. Publishers habitually
30 ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS
modify the spelling' in the successiv popular editions
of standard authors to conform with current practis.
The spelling of Shakespeare, even that of the trans-
lators of the King James version of the Holy Bible,
does not appear in volumes printed today, but has
been greatly, tho gradually, changed thru the centuries.
Any one can verify this by comparison of modern with
earlier editions.
Under the most favorable circumstances the simpli-
fication of English spelling is not likely to advance
more rapidly than publishers can keep up with it. The
average age of a printed book is about ten years. Works
that ar in stedy demand ar in many cases reprinted
oftener than that. Even in the event of the ultimate
adoption of a completely fonetic spelling, scolars wil
easily learn the older spellings, as they do now ; while
the ordinary reader wil always find everything
that is worth preserving in English literature reprinted
in the spelling of his time, as is the case today.
Wil Not Ad to Present "Confusion"
To those who object that this process of progressiv
change wil cause confusion, and that, with so many
words speld in more than one way, it wil be impossible
to maintain a standard to tel whether a word is
speld correctly or not the Board ansers that such
confusion has always caracterized English spelling.
There has never been a time in its history when many
words wer not speld in different ways. The latest
editions of the leading dictionaries print hundreds of
words of which alternativ spellings ar given on equal
authority of good usage ; and the dictionary editors do
not, by any means, agree in their preferences for par-
ticular forms. Hundreds of such words ar printed
ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS 31
in the Dictionary List in Part 3, distinguisht from the
other words by their tipografy.
No "Standard" Spelling
At no time has there been a standard English spell-
ing. What is supposed to be the standard was set up,
not by scolars competent to decide what the best spell-
ing should be, but by printers who, for their own con-
venience and without filologic gidance, accepted with
later modifications the arbitrary, so-cald "eti-
mologic," and inconsistent orthografy imposed by Dr.
Samuel Johnson, as described in Part 1, pp. 7, 8. There
never can be a standard spelling of English until the
spelling shal accurately represent the pronunciation.
Then the standard spelling wil be that which accords
with the standard pronunciation (see p. 2).
Merely a Bad Old Fashion
What is cald, and taught as, the standard spelling
is really only the fashionable spelling as capricious
and illogical as most fashions ar which any one is
as free to disregard as he is to wear a flexible felt hat
insted of a stif silk "stovepipe," a "soft" shirt insted
of one with a starcht bosom, comfortable foot-gear
insted of shoes with pointed toes, or to adopt any other
sensible, convenient, and appropriate attire.
Even if progressiv spelling-reform should tempo-
rarily ad to the present confusion, no harm wil be done ;
but rather good wil follow. In the first place, it wil
serv to lessen the false value attaching to ability to spel
in a particular, and unreasonable, way; and les time
wil be given to attaining skil in what is a mere ac-
complishment, like turning handsprings or playing the
ukulele. In the second^ place, when this right of per-
32 ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS
sonal preference in spelling again becomes generally
recognized, the inevitable tendency wil be to follow
the more logical and sensible practis.
The Real Confusion
The real confusion in English spelling arizes les from
spelling words in different ways than from using the
same letter, or combination of letters, to represent dif-
ferent sounds, and from representing the same sound
by different letters and combinations of letters. All
this confusion can be minimized if teachers and writers
of English wil use the simpler forms. Each simplifi-
cation adopted into usage reduces the total number of
incongruities, and helps to make our spelling more uni-
form and regular than it was before.
"Artificial" Changes
Many, however, who recognize the imperfections of
English spelling believ that its reform wil come about
thru what they term "the natural process" of change.
They object to the proposals of the Simplified Spelling
Board as an il-judgd attempt to force this "natural"
process by "artificial" means. Believing the move-
ment foredoomd to failure on this account, they refuse
to support it, even while admitting that its object is
praiseworthy.
Basis of All Human Progress
Those who take this stand base their opposition on
two false premises. The first is that it is not perfectly
legitimate for man to employ artificial means to aid
and to stimulate natural processes for his own advan-
tage. A natural pas may afford the most convenient
way to cros a mountain, but it wil be vastly improved
ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS 33
by bilding a good road thru it. Fruits and vegetables
that grow wild in their natural state ar greatly and
universally improved and adapted to human needs by
cultivation. Every process of manufacture, from roast-
ing a potato to bilding a battleship, involvs an arti-
ficial change in natural products. All civilization is
based on man's ability to direct natural processes. We
can not depend on Nature to improve her products.
Weeds grow more abundantly than wholesome grains.
The "Natural" Changes
The other false premis is that the changes that hav
hitherto taken place in spelling ar results of natural
processes. On the contrary, they hav always been the
direct results of human effort. No change could pos-
sibly take place in the spelling of any word unless
some writer first made it and others consciously
adopted it.
Spelling, like all other human inventions if neglected,
is subject to only one natural change obsolescence
and eventual decay. This is the "natural" change in
English spelling that the Simplified Spelling Board
desires, in the interest of all English-speaking people,
to avert.
The "Etimological" Bugaboo
The objection to the proposed changes in spelling
that they wil "destroy ethnology" by which is only
ment that they wil obscure the derivation of words
is stil heard, tho much les frequently than formerly.
It is never heard from etimologists, who know as has
been shown in Part 1 (pp. 5-7) that the present
spelling is misleading as to the true derivation of many
words ; that a rational spelling would correct these eti-
34 ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS
mologic blunders; and that it would not "obscure de-
rivation" to those familiar enuf with other languages
to derive plesure or benefit from tracing English words
to foren or ancient sources.
Interesting to Few
How many of those who use English know any-
thing about its ethnology, or about the languages that
hav contributed to its vocabulary? What percentage
of college-graduates, even, has sufficient acquaintance
with Anglo-Saxon, Old German, Old French, the Ro-
mance languages, for example, to find our present un-
pronounceable spelling of any real service to their bet-
ter understanding of their nativ tung? Opposition
to spelling-reform on etimologic grounds most fre-
quently comes from those who hav some familiarity
with Latin and Greek, but who seem to be unaware, or
to ignore, that a large proportion of the words we
commonly use ar derived from other than "classical"
sources.
Etimologists hav alredy discoverd and recorded the
essential facts in regard to the history and derivation
of English words. This information is available to all
who ar interested in the subject. Such questions as
remain open wil be settld without reference to the
present or future spelling of English.
Present Meaning Important
Knowledge of the derivation of words, moreover,
is often misleading as to their present meaning. What
possible help can it be to the correct use of the word
prevent, for example, to know that it comes from a
Latin word meaning to precede, to go before, and had
that meaning at first in English?
ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS 35
What really concerns us today is the present meaning
of words, not what they ment to others one, two, three,
or more thousands of years ago. Misuse of a word
in current speech or literature can come only from
ignorance of English, no matter how learned in Greek
and Latin the speaker or writer may be.
The time that can be given to English in the scools
is so largely taken up in imperfectly successful efforts
to teach pupils to read it and to spel it with accuracy,
that too little attention can be spared for instruction
in its proper use. Even if the so-cald "etimologic"
spelling wer as helpful to a few classical scolars as its
admirers claim it to be, to retain it would deny to
the hundreds of millions who hav no Latin or Greek
the social and economic benefits that a simplified spell-
ing would confer.
Etimologists Advocate Simpler Spelling
Etimologists ar ardent advocates of spelling-reform.
Professor Walter W. Skeat, of Cambridge University,
the great English etimologist, and author of the "Eti-
mological Dictionary of the English Language," sumd
up the views of most other etimological scolars, when
he said :
"In the interests of etimology we ought to spel as we
pronounce. To spel words as they used to be pronounst
is not etimological but antiquarian."
The "Esthetic" Objection
Many persons ar prejudist against simplified spelling
because the familiar words in their unfamiliar forms
appear "ugly" to them. To oppose spelling-reform on
this account is not to act in accordance with reason,
but to obey an emotional reaction.
36 ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS
Whoever defends our present spelling on esthetic
grounds must be prepared to uphold the principle that
beauty of design should control the choice of letters
in forming words. But as standards of taste ar con-
stantly changing, and differ widely in individuals at all
times, to admit the validity of such a principle would be
to sanction orthografic caos.
Words Hav No Intrinsic Beauty
Few, however, would maintain that what they find
pleasing in our present word-forms precedes from in-
trinsic beauty of design^. If such exists, it must be
entirely fortuitous, due to the agreeable association
of certain letters in combinations made for another
purpose. Accordingly, any change in the scheme of
notation is likely to giv rize to as many pleasing com-
binations as it disturbs.
Those who have studid the principles of esthetics wil
know, and others may be assured, that what appears
pleasing, or to giv literary dignity or propriety to any
word-form, is due, not to any intrinsic quality, but
to visual habit and mental association.
Ghost and Gost
Take the word ghost, for example. Always having
seen it speld in this way, we hav come to associate the
feelings arousd by the idea ghost with its accustomd
form of visual representation. To meet the word in
our reading instantly and instinctivly excites those
feelings in our minds. To meet the same word speld
gost, shorn of its familiar h, shocks us, and causes a
temporary mental inhibition of the idea. The word
seems to hav lost, with the missing letter, something
of the wierdness and mistery we hav always associated
ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS 37
with it. To deny this would be to deny an experience
common to every one who has used or red simplified
spelling.
A Dutch Superfluity
Ghost was originally speld in English, however, with-
out the h (gost, goost, goste, etc.). The extra letter
was inserted by printers imported from Holland, whose
Dutch spelling-habit led them to believ that it was
needed to indicate that the g was to be pronounst as in
gun and not as in ginger. That the superfluous h would
increase the emotional reaction excited by the word was
far from their thoughts, since they inserted it likewize
in such words as gospel, gizzard, gossip, etc., producing
the forms ghospel, ghizzard, ghossip, etc., from which
the h was in time simplified away, as it was also, in
Holland, from the Dutch equivalent gheest, later geest.
It can not be supposed that our forebears f aild to get
the same emotional reaction from gost that we do from
ghost. No more is it to be expected that future gen-
erations, reverting to the earlier form, and bilding
their mental associations around it, wil hav a different
experience.
"Ugliness" Merely Strangeness
What we call "ugliness" in the new forms is thus
seen to be merely strangeness. When the sense of
strangeness wears away, the impression of ugliness wil
disappear with it. The new forms shock us now only
because we so seldom see them. Those who habitually
use them find them far more pleasing than the pre-
vailing forms, because they ar economical, reasonable,
logical, appropriate, and conform to a consistent and
harmonious plan. As they come into more general
38 ANSEBS TO OBJECTIONS
use, we shal find the old, illogical, meaningless forms,
encumberd with useless and misleading letters, more
"ugly" than the new.
The Good of the Many
Even if it could be proved that simplified spelling
would always be les attractiv to the eye than the con-
ventional spelling, we should not be justified in oppos-
ing it, in view of its compensating advantages. In the
march of human progress the plesure of the few must
always giv way to the good of the many. Those who
deplored, and stil deplore, the disfigurement of city
and country senes by elevated railways, trolly-lines,
telegraf and telefone poles and wires, and many other
modern contrivances, nevertheless now find them en-
durable because of their convenience, and loudly com-
plain of any interference with their regular operation.
"I Don't Like It"
The Board believs that it has now met with logical
arguments every tipe of objection to spelling-reform in
behalf of which a plea based on reason can be enterd.
There remains one objection to which it can oppose no
argument. It is the one that voices itself in the words,
"I don't like it." For the person who is willing to take
this stand, that settles it. If he does n't like it, he
does n't, and that is all there is to it. He is by self-
confession impervious to reason on this subject.
Since, however, he assumes the privilege of spelling
as he likes, irrespectiv of all other considerations,
he can not, in fairness, deny to others the right to spel
as they like. He should not seek to enforce his un-
reasoning prejudice on those who wish to spel in ac-
cordance with reason.
ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS 39
"Piece-meal" Policy
There remains to be considerd an objection, not
indeed to spelling-reform, but to the policy adopted by
the Board to bring it about. More and more fre-
quently the complaint is heard that the Board does not
go far enuf or fast enuf in its recommendations. This
criticism comes, of course, from enthusiastic spelling-
reformers who, with their eyes fixt firmly on the goal,
fail to see, or affect to disregard, the ruf ness of the road
that leads to it.
The more loudly and powerfully this form of criti-
cism is voist, the more successful the Board wil re-
gard its efforts. When it shal reflect the general
consensus of public opinion, or even the view of an
influential minority, the way wil be smoothd for a rapid
advance.
In the meantime, it asks these critics not to under-
estimate the difficulties to be encounterd, or to imagin
that they can be brusht aside by individual or spas-
modic effort.
Cutting Off the Dog's Tail by Inches
A favorit figure of speech employd by those who
object to what they call the "piece-meal" policy of the
Board is that it is like cutting off a dog's tail an inch
at a time insted of all at once.
The simile is specious but inexact, and largely de-
pends for its effect on the feeling of simpathy arousd
for the imaginary victim. The tail of a dog is an inte-
gral part of his anatomy, useful to him as a means of
expressing his emotions. Spelling is not an integral
part of language, but something added to it by man
to enable him to giv wider and more permanent ex-
pression to his thoughts and emotions an extraor-
40 ANSERS TO OBJECTIONS
dinarily useful but wholly artificial appendage to lan-
guage.
The last thing that spelling-reformers wish to do is
to cut it off. Their sole aim is to make it better serv
the purpose for which it is needed and used. The pro-
cess of alteration must be to some extent tentativ and
experimental, but calls for no more simpathy than
would the shortening of an alpenstock into a cane
for a lame man, or the removal of caked mud, burs,
and porcupine-quils from the tail of Ponto. The latter
operation might giv some trouble and perhaps pain,
but would universally be recognized as being for the
benefit, not only of the tail, but of the dog that wagd it.
SIMPLIFIED SPELLING BOARD
1 Madison avenue, New York
March, 1920
HANDBOOK OF SIMPLIFIED SPELLING
PART 3
RULES AND DICTIONARY LIST
INTRODUCTION
Scope of the Handbook
Part 1 givs a brief account of the origin and his-
tory of the movement for a more reasonable spelling
of English, and states the principles the Simplified
Spelling Board has adopted in its efforts to hasten
the progress of this movement.
Part 2 sets forth the leading arguments in favor
of the simplification of English spelling, and replies
to the objections commonly made by defenders of the
current orthografy.
Part 3 presents the rules for simplified spelling
that the Board recommends for general use at the
stage the movement has now reacht, a special list of
words in simpler spellings not coverd by the rules,
and a dictionary list of all the words in common use
changed in spelling by these recommendations.
Plan of Revizion and Selection
Experience gaind in its activ field campains had
indicated that some of the rules and spellings of the
4 progressiv lists previously issued wer unlikely to
win quick acceptance at this time, and so wer likely to
retard the acceptance of the others. The Board,
accordingly, thru the Filology Committee, undertook
in 1916 a sistematic revizion of the rules in the light
2 INTRODUCTION
of this experience, and the selection of those most
suitable for present emfasis.
The Filology Committee, after long-continued and
painstaking investigation and deliberation, submitted
its report in 1918. Its recommendations wer adopted,
and ar incorporated in the following pages. All of
the rules hav been reformulated and ar now self-in-
dexing. Some of them hav been extended; some hav
been restricted; others hav been consolidated; sev-
eral of the old rules hav been omitted, tho not dis-
carded; a few new rules hav been added.
Importance of Example
The simplifications of spelling now recommended ar
so reasonable, and present so few difficulties iether
in learning or using them, that the Board hopes, and
asks, that all who beliey in the importance of the re-
form wil make profession of their faith by adopting
these simpler spellings in their correspondence and,
as far as possible, in print. Reform in spelling can
be brought about only by abundant practis, thereby
setting an example to others les wel informd, most
of whom wil gladly follow so reasonable a usage as
soon as they perciev that it is also good usage.
Concentration on Present List
The Board does not contemplate issuing any further
lists until the rules of this list shal be widely adopted.
Progress for some time to come wil be markt rather by
the successiv adoption of the spellings now proposed
than by the proposal of additional changes in advance
of the capacity of the public to assimilate them. For
the present the Board wil concentrate its efforts on the
attainment of this end.
INTRODUCTION 3
Later Steps
The Board believs, however, that when the public
shal in time become accustomd to seeing and to using
the simplified spellings of this Handbook, and shal per-
ciev their reasonableness, it wil be redy to take another
step forward by adopting several more radical but no
les reasonable simplifications. Such a step might in-
clude making a definit choice of c or k for the sound
unambiguously represented by k; and the substitution
of s for c pronounst like s, of z for s pronounst like z,
and of j for g pronounst like j. All these changes ar
perfectly reasonable, ar in accord with fonetic prin-
ciples, and together they would simplify and regulate
the spelling of a very large number of words in fre-
quent use.
The Long Vowels and the Difthongs
So far as the consonants ar concernd, indeed, the
simplification of English spelling presents few difficul-
ties that can not be satisfactorily overcome with the
present alfabet. The notations of the long vowels and
the difthongs, on the other hand, present such difficul-
ties that the Board has, in regard to them, thus far
confined its recommendations to cases that involv
merely dropping silent letters or preference for the
prevailing among conflicting and perplexing analogies.
Their regulation must wait until scolars can come to
more general agreement on the subject, and until lay-
men ar better prepared to accept the judgment of
experts. This wil only be when the remaining irregu-
larities become so painfully apparent, amid the regu-
larity otherwize prevailing in English spelling, that the
demand for their notation on a sientific basis wil be
irresistible. It wil be the last step to a completely
simplified English spelling.
4 INTRODUCTION
Freedom of Action
In the meantime, while the spellings of the Hand-
book ar in every case those that the Board recom-
mends for use in the present stage of the advance, it
is assumed that individuals wil feel free to use other
forms that they prefer. For example, the Board now
recommends the spelling scool as at any rate better
than school. Those, however, who believ that the final
choice of the letter invariably to indicate the k sound
should be k, and not c, and who wish to set an example
for others to follow, wil write skool.
The first condition of rational progress in spelling
reform is that persons who know, or who think they
know, how words should be speld, should recover some-
thing of their former freedom to spel in accordance
with individual judgment. Only in that way can there
be a wholesome rivalry of forms with ultimate survival
of the best.
The Board does not expect any one to adopt a spelling
that, to him, suggests a pronunciation at variance with
his usage.
Those whose temper moves them to act as pioneers,
or as skirmishers ahed of the main column, render
exceptionally valuable service if they lead in the indi-
cated direction. They wil find the Board prepared and
eager to enlist them and to equip them, to point out the
way, and to fortify its counsel with reasons based on
scolarship and practical experience.
CHARLES H. GRANDGENT,
CALVIN THOMAS,
Filology Committee.
RULES FOR SIMPLIFIED SPELLING
RECOMMENDED BY THE SIMPLIFIED SPELLING BOARD
EXPLANATORY NOTES
Rules Self-indexing
For convenience of reference the rules for simplified spelling
hav been made self-indexing and ar arranged in the alfabetic
order of the letters or combinations of letters simplified.
Inflections and Derivativs
In forming inflections and derivativs of words simplified in
the primitiv, if the suffix is not simplified, the spelling follows
the prevailing practis. In doutful cases this has been indi-
cated iether in the examples or in an appended note.
According to an "orthografic rule" cited in the leading
dictionaries, if the suffix begins with a vowel, and the primitiv
ends in a single consonant, the consonant is doubld only when
it is preceded by a single strest vowel; and even then not
always, since h, j, v, w, x, ar not normally doubld in
English spelling.
The Simplified Spelling Board accepts this principle, but
does not recommend the doubling of the final consonant of
the primitiv in cases in which the current orthografy calls for
only one consonant in the inflected or derived form. Thus
the Board spels ad, added; ruf, ruffer; del, dettor (for debt,
debtor); but ded, deden (for dead, deaden); etc.
Tipografy of Rules and Examples
Words used as illustrations in the rules and examples ar
printed in italics, if new spellings; in roman, if given as pre-
ferd or alternativ spellings by one or more of the leading
American dictionaries (Century, Standard, Webster's) and
6 RULES
not qualified as "simplified," "new," "obsolete," or the like.
Examples of incorrect forms ar printed in light-face; index
words and letters and illustrativ letters, in boldface r
regulativ words, in SMALL CAPITALS.
RULES
se, ce, initial or medial. SPEL e.
EXAMPLES: cidopedia, esthetic, medieval, fenix, ma-
neuver, subpena;
BUT: alumnae, striae, etc.
NOTE, se, ce, ar now usually written ae, oe.
Other cases of ae, oe, medial, as in canoeist, Gaelic,
subpenaed, etc., ar not affected.
bt pronounst t. DROP silent b.
EXAMPLES: det, dcttor, dout, indctted, redout.
NOTE. RETAIN b, when pronounst, in subfo7(e).
ceed final. SPEL cede.
EXAMPLES: excede, precede, succede.
ch .pronounst like c in car. DROP silent h, EXCEPT before
e, i, y.
EXAMPLES: caracter, clorid(e), corns, cronic, eco, epoc,
mecanic, monarc, scalar, scool, stomac y tecnical;
BUT: architect, chemist, monarchy.
double consonant before e final silent. DROP last 2
letters.
EXAMPLES: bagatel, bizar, cigaret, creton, crevas, gavot,
gazet, giraf, gram, program, quadril, quartet,
vaudevil.
double consonant final. REDUCE double to single; BUT
in -11 only after a short vowel, and in -ss only in
monosillables. RETAIN gross, hiss, off, puss.
EXAMPLES: ad, bil, bluf, buz, das, dol, dul, eg, glas } les,
los, mes, mis, pas, pres, shal, tel, wil;
BUT NOT: al for all, rol for roll, needles for needless, etc.
RULES 7
e final silenjb. In the following cases DROP e :
a) After a consonant preceded by a short vowel strest.
EXAMPLES: bad (bade), giv, hav, liv, centiped (when
so pronounst).
6) In ar(e), gon(e), and in wer(e) when not pronounst
to rime with there.
c) In the unstrest final short sillables ide, He, ine,
ise, ite, ive, pronounst as if speld id, il, in,
is, it, iv.
EXAMPLES: activ, bromid, comparativ, definit, de-
termin, engin, examin, favorit, genuin, hostil,
iodin, imagin, infinit, nativ, opposit, positiv,
practis, promis, textiL
NOTE. The ordinary use of e final after a
single consonant is to indicate that the preceding
vowel has a pronunciation different from that which
it would normally hav if the consonant in question
wer final, as in bar, bare; hat, hate; her, here; them,
theme; sir, sire; bid, bide; con, cone; run, rune.
Hence the e final is retaind in such words as arrive,
care, confuse, fine, mile, polite, ride, rode, and also
in bromide, iodine, etc., when pronounst with the
i of line, side.
d) After Iv and rv.
EXAMPLES: involv, resolv, Iwclv, valv; carv, curv,
deserv, serv.
e) After y or z when preceded by a digraf represent-
ing a long vowel or a dif thong.
EXAMPLES: achiev, believ, deciev, freez, gauz, leav,
reciev, sneez.
/) In oe final pronounst o.
EXAMPLES: fo, ho, ro, to, wo.
NOTE. RETAIN e in inflections -oed, -oes ;
as foes, not fos; hoed, not hod.
8 RULES
ea pronounst as in head or as in heart. DROP the silent
letter.
EXAMPLES: bred, brekfast, hed, helth, hevy, insted, lether,
plesure, welth, wether; hart, harty, harth.
ed final pronounst d. When the change wil not suggest a
wrong pronunciation, DROP -silent e, REDUCING a pre-
ceding double to a single consonant.
EXAMPLES: anserd, cald, carrid, delayd, doubld, employd,
examind, fild, followd, marrid, pleasd, preferd, re-
cievd, robd, signd, troubld, sneezd, struggld, traveld,
worrid, wrongd;
BUT NOT: bribd for bribed, cand for caned, changd for
changed, fild for filed, pried for priced, usd for
used, etc.
NOTE. The e is retaind only in cases where it has
by convention a diacritic use, to indicate a preceding
long vowel, or in the case of consonants, c sibilant or g
pronounst j.
ed final pronounst t. When the change wil not suggest a
wrong pronunciation, SPEL t, REDUCING a preceding
double to a single consonant, and CHANGING ced, seed,
final, to st.
EXAMPLES : askt, fixt, helpt, indorst, wisht; addrest, kist,
past, shipt, stopt, stuft; advanst, announst, commenst,
invoist, notist; acquiest, effervest;
BUT NOT: bakt for baked, deduct or dedust for deduced,
fact or fast for faced, hopt for hoped, etc.
NOTE. The e is retaind only in cases where it has
by convention a diacritic use, to indicate a preceding
long vowel, or in the case of consonants, C sibilant or g
pronounst j.
ei pronounst like ie in brief. SPEL ie.
EXAMPLES: conciet, deciev, inviegle, iether, reciev, wierd.
ey final unstrest pronounst like short y final. DROP silent e.
EXAMPLES: barly, chimny, donky, journy, mony, pully,
trolly, vally, whisky.
RULES 9
gh pronounst f. SPEL f; DROP the silent letter of the
preceding digraf.
EXAMPLES: cof, draft, enuf, laf, ruf, tuf.
gh pronounst like g in gas. DROP silent h.
EXAMPLES: agast, gastly, gerkin, gost, goul.
gm final. DROP silent g.
EXAMPLES : apothem, diafram, flem, paradim.
gue final after a consonant, a short vowel, or a digraf repre-
senting a long vowel or a difthong. DROP silent lie;
tongue SPEL lung.
EXAMPLES: catalog, dialog, harang, leag, sinagog;
BUT NOT: rog for rogue, vag for vague, etc.
ise final pronounst as if speld ize. SPEL ize.
EXAMPLES: advertize, advize, apologize, enterprize,
franchize, itemize, merchandize, rize, surmize, sur-
prize, wize.
mb final after a short vowel. DROP silent b.
EXAMPLES: bom, crum, dum, lam, lim, ihum;
BUT NOT: com for comb, torn for tomb, etc.
^fvf v f-'f f'rt V . (' 5 - ,
Oil before 1, pronounst like o in bold. DROP silent u, EXCEPT
in solll.
EXAMPLES: bolder, colter, mold, molt, sholder.
ough final. SPEL o, u, ock, or up, when pronounst as if
so speld; SPEL plow.
EXAMPLES: altho, -boro, boro, do, donut, furlo, tho,
thoro; thru; hock; hiccup.
Olir final, with OU pronounst as a short (obscure) vowel.
DROP u.
EXAMPLES: color, favor, honor, labor, Savior.
ph pronounst f. SPEL f ,
EXAMPLES: alfabet, emfasis, fantasy, fan torn, fonograf,
fotograf, sulfur, telefone, telegraf.
10 RULES
re final after any consonant except c. SPEL er.
EXAMPLES: center, fiber, meter, theater;
BUT NOT: lucer for lucre, mediocer for mediocre, etc.
rh initial. DROP silent h.
EXAMPLES: retoric, reumatism, rime, rom (rhomb), ru-
barb, rithm.
SC initial pronounst as if speld s. DROP silent c.
EXAMPLES: senery, sented, septer, sience, simitar, sissors;
BUT: scatter, scooner, sconce, etc.
u silent before a vowel medial. DROP u.
EXAMPLES: bild, condit, garantee, gard, ges, gide, gild.
y between consonants. SPEL i.
EXAMPLES: analisis, fisic, gipsy, paralize, rime, silvan,
sithe, tipe.
SPECIAL LIST
Words in recommended spellings not governd by the pre-
ceding rules:
aker
frend
slight (sleight)
anser
grotesk
sorgum
beleager
hemorage
sovren
burlesk
hernoroid
spritely
buro
Hand
tisic
campain
ile
tisis
catar
ilet
tuch
cask (casque)
mark (marque)
yoman
counterfit
maskerade
yu
delite
morgage
yung
diarea
picturesk
yungster
foren
reciet
yunker
forfit
siv
DICTIONARY LIST
SIMPLIFIED SPELLINGS OF WORDS IN COMMON USE
EXPLANATORY NOTES
Scope
The choice of words in the following list has been based on
selections made by different lexicografers for inclusion in
various popular scool and desk dictionaries containing from
60,000 to 80,000 words. The object has been to supply a list
that wil meet the ordinary needs both of the general public
and of students and professional men and women.
Tipografy
Words ar arranged alfabetically according to their simpli-
fied spellings. Words printed in boldface follow the spel-
lings of the Rules and Special List. Words printed in
roman ar simpler of alternativ spellings in good usage.
A dash before a word indicates that it is an inflected form
of a verb that is not simplified in the primitiv.
In most cases only the primitiv (or, if the primitiv is not
simplified, one simplified derivativ) is printed in fill. In-
flected and other derived forms ar indicated merely by their
terminations. Thus, accouter, -d, -ment stands for ac-
couter, accouterd, accouterment. When the terminations
ar not direct additions to the printed word, a half parenthesis
is inserted after the letter that they follow. Thus, abridg (d,
-ment stands for abridge!, abridgment.
When a word has two pronunciations in good usage, the
alternativ spelling, to accord with the corresponding pro-
nunciation, is indicated in parentheses, thus: aquil(iii
(or -me). Here -ine is in roman because aquiline is the con-
ventional spelling, to be retaind if the indicated pronuncia-
tion is preferd.
12 DICTIONARY LIST
When the Rules so change the appearance of a word as to
render its meaning or pronunciation doutf ul, the nature of the
simplification is indicated in italics, thus : bel (I = lie) . A su-
perior numeral indicates which one of two or more identical
letters in a word is affected. Thus, acronic (i=y; c* = ch)
shows that the conventional spelling is acronych. If the
simplified spelling does not follow the Rules, as in the case
of words in the Special List and of some alternativ spellings,
the other form is given in roman inclosed in parentheses,
thus : aker (acre) ; bang (bhang) .
Verbal inflections (-ed, -ing), when given, ar first in
order after the word, and ar set off by a semicolon from the
other derived forms. These, in turn, ar set off by a semi-
colon from the compound derivativs, if given.
Omitted Forms
To economize space, the following forms, tho given in
special cases, hav commonly been omitted :
-ed, -ing ; -able, -er, -ical, -less, -ly, -ment, -ness ;
terminations indicating inflections and derivativs regularly
formd from words simplified in the primitiv (see page 5) .
-ization, -izer, -izement; terminations indicating sub-
stantivs regularly formd from verbs in -ize.
be-, dis-, em-, en-, in-, inter-, mis-, pre-, re-,
lin-; derivativs beginning with these prefixes. Thus, for
becalmd, see calmd, etc.
fore-, out-, over-, under-, up- ; compound derivativs
of which any of these words is the first element. The second
element wil be found in its alfabetic place.
compound words ; whether simplified in the first or the
second element. Thus for gristmil, see mil; for cros-
examiii, see cros and
LIST
abandond
abasht
abatia
abtyy, -lei
abhord
ablsm, -al
ablss, -al, -Ic
ablate
abollsht
abortiv
abraslv
abrest (e=ea)
abrldg(d, -ment
abrogati?
absinth
absolv, -d
absorbd
absorptlv
abstalnd
absterslv
abstractly
abusiv
acalef, -an, -old
acanthin
acceleratlv
acclalmd
acclimatize
accommodate
accomplisht
accouter, -d; -ment
* accretlv
accumulate
accurst
accusatlv
accustomd
acefalous
acetilene
achiev, -d; -ment
acknowledged, -ment
acockbil
acolite
acotiledon
acoufone
acquiest
acquisltlv
acromat(lc, -ism, -Ize
acronlc (i =y; c z =ch)
actlv
actualize
ad (d =dd)
adamantln
adaptlr
addltiv
addld
addrest
adductlv
adhesiv
adinamfia, -ic, -y (i 1 = y)
adltum (i=y)
adjectiv
adjoind
adjournd
adjudg(d, -ment
adjunctiv
adjustiv
admesuree, -ed, -ing
administerd
administrate
admissiv
admixt
admonisht
admonitiv
adoptiv
adornd
adsorbd
adulterin
adumbrate
advanst (st =ced)
adventiv
adversatlv
advertizee, -ment (or
-ement)
ad viz (e, -ory
adz
aero(curv, -flte, -grafy,
-hidroplane, -me-
cauics, iic.
aery
afas(ia, -ic (f = ph)
afebril
afelion
afomiia, -Ic
afere(sls, -tic
affectlv
afflanst (st = ced)
affirmed, -ativ
affixt
afflictiv
afTrontiv
afill(ous (f = ph; i=y)
aii(s, -d, -des
af or Is (111, -t, -tic
aforize
afrit
aftha
agast (g =gh)
agglomerate
agglutinativ
aggrandiz(e, -mcil.t (or
-ement
aggregativ
aggreset, -slv
aggriev, -d
aggroupt
agil, -ly
agon (n =ne)
agonize
agraf(/ =ff$
abed (e =ea)
ahul
algret
aild
aimd
alrd
ak(e, -ed, -ing; -er (ache)
aker (acre)
alarmd
albatros
alcoholize
aldehide
alexifarmic
alfa
alfabet, -Ic, -ize
alimentate
alimentiv
aline, -d; -ment
alissum
alizarin
alkal(i, -in (or-ine), -inity,
ize, -oid
alkoran
allayd
allegorize
alleluia
alleviate
alliterate
allowd
alloyd
alluslv
all(y, -les (y=ey)
alo, -es (o = oe)
alodi(um, -al
alp (in (or -ine)
alredy
alteratlv
alterd
alternativ
altho
alumin
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
14
DICTIONARY LIST
alv(ln (or -ine)
androgln(ous, -al, -Ic
aplom (m =nib)
amalgamatlv
anem(ia, -ic
apocalip(se, -tic
amaranth! n
anemo(graf, -filous
apocrifa, -1
amarlllis
anesthesia
apodictic, -al
amast (t =sed)
anesthet(ic, -ist, -ize
apofasis
amativ
aneurism, -al
apoflsis
ambld
angerd
apolog
ambulativ
angiografy
apologize
ambusht
angld
apostatize
ameb(a, -old
anglicize
apostrof(e, -Ic, -Szo
ameliorativ
anglofob(e, -la, -Ic
apothem
americanize
anguisht
apotheosize
amerst (st =ccd)
anhldrdd (or -ide), -ous
appal, -d
amcthlst, -In
ani(body, -how, -thing,
apparel (d, -ing
amtibl a, -an, -ous
-way, -where, -wize
appeald
a mil holds -ic, -ogy,
anil (in (or -ine)
appeard
-ous, -y
animativ
appeaslv
amfibrac
anis
appellativ
amficarp(ous, -Ic
anlsoflllous (/ = pA;t =y)
appendixt
amflctyon, -ic, -y
ankllo(sls, -tic
apperceptlv
amflgean
ankld
appertalnd
amflpod, -a, -al, -an, -c,
anneald
appetitiv
-Iform, -ous
annex (t, -Iv
appetize
amfisbena
annihilativ
applausiv
amfitheat(er, -rlc
annotativ
applicatlv
amfor(a, -al, -ic
announst (st =ccd)
appolntiv
amlgdal(a, -accous,
aunoyd
apportiond
-ate, -in, -old (t =y)
annuld
apposit, -iv
ainll, -aceous, -cne, -Ic,
annulet
appraisd
-Old (i=y)
annunclatlv
appreciativ
ainorf ;ic, -ism, -ous
anodine
apprehcnsiv
amortiz(e, -mcnt (or
anonlm, -ous, -Ity
apprentist (st =ced)
-ement)
anscr, -d, -ing
apprest
amourct
anserln
apprize
amphi- (see a mil-)
antagonize
approach!
ampllativ
antetipc
approbativ
amplificatlv
anthoforous
appropriativ
amulet
anthropofag(y, -I, -1st,
approxlmatlv
amusiv
-ous
appulslv
anacorism (c=ch~)
anthropomorfdsm, -ic,
aprond
anacron(ism, -ic, -istic
-1st, -Ite, -ize, -ous
apterix (i =y)
anaglif, -ic(i=2/;/ = P A)
antlclclon(e, -ic
aptronim, -Ic
anagram(d, -ing;
antlcipativ
aquarel
-atlc, -atlsm, -atist,
antict
aquil(in (or -ine)
-atize
antlfebril
ar
analysis, -1st, -ltic t -ize
antifloglstic
arabesk
analog, -ize
antlfon, -al, -Ic, -y
aracnid, -a, -an, -old
anapest, -ic
antlfrasls
arbor, -d
anarc
antipir(in, -etlc
arca(ic, -Ism
anastrof(e, -y
antistrofe
arcangel, -ic
anathematize
antitip(e t -al
archeolog(y, -ic, -ist
anatomize
antitoxin
archetip(e, -al, -Ic
ancor, -d; -age (c =ch)
antizimic
archt
ancorCet (or -ite), -ess
antlerd
arVograf
andro(cefalous, -fagus,
antonlm
ardor
-morfus, -slinx
aperitiv
argent (In (or -ine)
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
15
arguments tiv
attentiv
bailif
arian
attitudinize
baily
ariz(e, -en, -ing
attorn (y, -iship
baiz
armd
attractiv
balanst (st =ced)
armor, -d; -ial, -y
attributiv
bald (d =led)
arousd
auctiond
baldhed, -ed
arraignd
audifone
balk, -t; -y
arrayd
auditiv
balloond
arsen(id (or -ide)
augmcntativ
balmd
arteriografy
augurd
balusterd
arthrografy
auricld
bamboozld
articld
aurocs
band (d =ned)
artizan
ausculativ
bandana
as (s =ss)
authoritativ
bandid (d = cd)
asafetida
authorize
bandolier
asbestin
autobiograf(y, -cr, -ic
bandol(in (or ine^
ascenden(cy, -t
autocicle
bang (bhang)
ascertaind
autocthon, -al, -ic, -ous
bangd
asfalt, -ic
autograf, -t; -ic, -y
bangld
asfixia, -1, -tc, -lion
autohipno(sis, -tic
banian
asfodel
autosuggestiv
banisht
ashler, -ing
autotip(c, -ic
banister, -d
asilum (t=j/)
availd
bankt
asiininetr(y. -ic
avcnturin
banncrd
asimptot(e, -ic
averd
banneret
asincron(ism, -ous
avoset
banquet (t =tte)
asindeton
avoucht
bans (n =nn)
asin(in (or -ine)
avowd
banterd
askt
avulsiv
baptize
aspers(t, -iv
aw, -d ; -some
barbarize
assaild
awakcnd
barbd
assayd
awether (e 1 =ea)
barbet
assembld
awnd
bard (d =rcd)
asscrtiv
ax, -t; -man
bare (backt, -heded
assest
axld
bargaind
assignd
ay
barita (i=y)
assimilativ
azigous
barit(e, -ic, -cs
assiz(e, -es
azim, -ic, -ous
baritone
associativ
bark (barque)
assoild
B
barkantine
assuasiv
barkcnd
assumptiv
babi(dom, -hood (i=z/)
barkt
asteriskt
babbld
bari(y, -icorn
astonisht
babu
barnacld
astrofisicfs, -al, -ist
baccan(al, -alia, -alian,
barnd
astronomize
-t, -te
barograf -Ic
atheneum
backt
barreled* -ing
atmosfer(e, -h-
bacterin
barrierd
atol
bad (bade)
barterd
atomize
badgd
bartizan
atrof(y, -id; -ic, -ous
badgerd
bas (fish, tree), -wood
atrop(in (or -ine.)
baffld
base (bass)
attacht
bagas
basht
attackt
bagatcl
basiflxt
attaind
bagd
basind
attemperd
baild'
baskt
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
16
DICTIONARY LIST
bastardize
bestowd
blemlsht
bastile
betrayd
blencht
bastiond
betroth(t (or -d)
bles, -t
bathimeter (i=y)
betterd
bletherd
battend
bevel (d, -ing
blinkt
batterd
bewaild
blis, -ful
battld
bewilderd
bllsterd
bawld
bewitcht
blithe
bayd
bias(t, -ing
block(t, -bed
bayonet (ed, -ing
bibd
bloomd
bazar
blbliofile
blossomd
be- (see note "omitted
bibliograf(y, -er, -Ic
blotcht
forms.")
bicefalous
blowz, -d; -y
beacht
blclcKe, -d; -1st
blubberd
beacond
bickcrd
bluf, -t
beakt
biclor(id (or -idc)
blunder(d, -bed
beamd
bicolor, -d
blurd
bcaud
bidactil
blusht
beckond
bigon (i=y; n =?ie)
blusterd
beckt
bijoutry
bob(d, -talld
bedizcnd
bil, -d; -bed, -hook, , /,.
Ixxli d, -gard
bed(sprcd, -sted
bil(d, -t (or -ded), -ding
bogd
bcetld
bllkt
boggld
begd
billlcock
bog(y, -les, -ylsni
beggard
blllowd
bolld
begll(e, -ed, -Ing
bimetal (ism, -ist
bold (d =Zed)
begon (n =nc)
biodlnamlcs
bolder (o =ou)
behavior
blograf
bolsterd .
belied, -ed, -Ing
blograf(y, -er, -Ic
bom, -d, -mlng; -slid,
behoovd
blpartll
-proof, etc.
bel, -d; -man, etc.
blrcht
bombazine
bel (I =lle)
bishop (t, -ing
bombi(x, -c, -eld, -cold
belabor, -d
bisk (bisque)
bonniclabber
belayd
bissextil
bood
belcht
blstander (i=y)
boohood
beldam
bister, -d
bookt
bcleager, -d
bisulf(id, -ite, -urct
boomd
believ, -d
bituminize
booz, -d; -y
belittld
bivalv, -d
borderd
belli (d, -ful; -band,
bivouact
bor(id (or -ide)
-pincht, etc.
biword (i=y)
born (borne)
bellowd
blzantln (or -Ine)
-boro
belongd
bizar (r = rrc)
boro
bencht
blabd
borrowd
benedictlv
blackend
bos, -t
benefist (st =ced)
black (t, -bald, -gard,
bosomd
benefit (ed, -ing
-led, -malld, etc.
bot, -fly (t =tt)
benz(in (or -inc)
blancht
botcht
benzol, -in
blandlsht
botherd
bequeathd
blankt
bottld
bereav, -d
blarn(y, -Id; -les
bottomd
berll, -In (i=y)
blasfem(e, -ed; -ous, -y
bounst (st =cecZ)
berlllium (ii =y)
blatherd
bourn (bourne)
berrid
blazond
bousd
bertht
bleacht
bov(In (or -ine)
bested, -ed, -ing (e=eo)
bleard
bowd
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
17
bowerd
broncus
bus, -t
bowld
bronzd
bushel (d, -ing; -cr
bowl (in (or -ine)
brookt
busht
box(t, -hauld
brotherd
buskind (d=cd)
boycot, -ed, -ing
brouet
buskt
brachicefal(ic, -ous
browd
bustld
brachigrafy
brownd
busi(d, -body
bragd
browny
but =)
brail (I = lle)
browi, -d
butcherd
braild (d=ed)
bruisd
butir(in, -aceous, -ic,
braind
brunet
-ous
braiz, -d
brusht
butterd
brancht
brusk
butterin
brandid
bryoflte
buttond
brandisht
bubbld
buttrest
bras, -t
bucanier
buz, -d
brattld
buckld
by (bye)
brawld
bucklerd
by- (see bl-)
brayd
buckt
brazen, -d; -ness
budgd
c
brazier
buf, -t
breacht
buffoond
cabald (d -hd)
breamd
bul, -d;*neckt, etc.
cabind
breathd
bulbd
cabld
bred, -ed, -ing; -fruit,
buldoz(e, -ed
cackld
-stuf, etc.
bulbed, -ed
cacodemon
bredth, -wize, -ways
bulkt
cacofon(y, -ic, -ous
breecht
bullid
cacograf(y, -er, -ic
breez, -d
bulwarkt
caddy
brekfast
bumd
cadenst (st=ced)
brest, -pin, -plate, etc.
bumpt
cadgd
breth, -t
bun
caffein
brewd
buncht
caitif
brickt
bundid
cajold (d =ed)
bridewel
bungd
calamin
bridgd
bungld
calcedon(y, -ix
brieft
bunion
calcid (c 1 =ch)
brigand (in (or -ine)
bunkerd
calc(in (or -ine), -d
brigant(in (or -ine)
bunkt
(or -ed)
brightend
bunkum
calcograf, -1st, -y
brinKd, -ful
buoyd
calculativ
brindld
bur, -d
cald (d =led)
briquet
burdend
calefactiv
briskt
buret
calenderd
brlstld
burgeon, -d
callbeate
broacht
burid
caliber
broadend
burkt
callc(le, -ular, -ulatc
broadwize
burlapt
calif, -ate, -ship
brocatel
burld
caligraf, -Ic, -ist, -y
broiderd
burlesk
calipash
broild
burn(d (or -t)
caliper
bromatografy
burnisht
caliptra
brom(id (or -ide)
buro (bureau)
calisthenic, -s
brom(in (or -ine)
burocra(cy, -t, -tic
calix, -es
bronco
burrowd
calk, -t
bronco(cele, -tomy
burse (bourse)
calloust
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
18
DICTIONARY LIST
calmd
calv, -<!; -s
camberd
cameleon
camfene
camfor, -ate, -ic
camomile
campaln, -<I
campt
canal (d, -ing, -ize
cancelat(e, -ion
cancel(d, -ing; -ation
cand (d=ned)
candid (d*=ed)
candituft
candor
cankerd
cannoiid
canonize
canopid
cantaloup
cantcrd
cantond
canvas, -t, -inn: -cr, -cs
ca(os, -otic (c = ch)
caparisond
caperd
capitalize
capt
captaind
captlT
carac
caracold (d = cd)
caracter, -d; -istic, -izc,
-y
carameld
carb(id (or -ide)
carb(in (or -ine)
carbohidratc
carbonize
carburet(ed, -ing; -er
carburize
cardiograf, -ic, -y
careend
careerd
carest (t =scd)
carfology
car m (in (or -ine)
carminativ
carol (d, -ing; -er
caromd
carousd
carpenterd
carpt
carrid
eartograf(y, -er
cartoond
cartouch
cartulary
carv, -d
casein
cashierd
casht
casino
cask (casque)
casm (c =ch)
cassockt
caster
castld
cataclism, -al, -ic, -1st
catacre(sis, -tic
catafonic, -s
catafract
catali(sis, -tic
catalog, -d, -ing; -cr
catar, -al
catastrof(c, -ic
catechize
catecumen, -al
catercorncrd
caterd
caterwauld
cathcd, -cd, -ing
cathodograf
catholicize
caucus(t, -ing
caulin
< iiusul, -atlv
cauterize
cautiond
cavernd
cavil (d, -ing; -er
cavilicrd
cawd
ceast
cec(um, -al
cedrin
cefalic
ccfaiopod, -a, -an, -e,
-ic, -ous
ceild
eel, -d
celiac
celenter(a, -ata, -ate, -e
cenobit(e, -ic
cenotaf, -ic
cenozoic
censord
censt
center, -d; -board, etc.
centi(gram, -liter, -meter
centi(ped (or -pede)
centralize
centupld
cerealin
cerograf, -Ic, -1st, -y
cervin
cesium
cespito(se, -us
cesura, -1
ch- (pronounst k, see C-)
chaf, -t
chafferd
chagrlnd
cbaind
chaird
chalist (at =ced)
chalkt
chambcrd
chamferd
championd
champt
chanceld
chancelor, -ship
channel(d, -ing
chanst (st = ced)
chant
chanty
chapt
chaptcrd
char (r =rr)
chard (d =rcd)
charmd
charterd
chastend
chastiz(e, -ment
chatterd
cheapend
check, -t (cheque)
checker, -d; -s (chequer)
checkt
cheekt
cheept
cheerd
chcmisct
cherish t
ches, -man, etc.
chetah
chevid
chevrond
chewd
chicot
chil, -blain
chil(e, -ous (i =y)
chiliarc
chilifactKon, -v
chilif(y, -ication
chim(e, -ous (i=y)
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
It)
chimer(a, -ic
circumvolv, -d
cluckt
chimif(y, -ication
cisalpin
clue
chimii(y, -id; -ies;
cist, -ic, -o!omy, -ous
cluf (uf~ough)
-ipot, etc.
ci!olog(y, -ic, -ist
clumpt
chind (d =ncd)
ci!oplasm, -ic
clusterd
chinkt
citrin
clutch!
chipt
civilize
clu!!erd
chirk!
clabberd
coach!
chirograf, -ic, -ist, -y
clack!
coac!iv
chlrpt
clainid
coagulativ
chirrup (t, -ing; -y
clambcrd
coald
chisel (d, -ing
clamd
coalest (t =ccd)
chock!
clamis (c =ch; i=y)
coarsend
chop (in (or -inc)
clamor, -ous
coastwizc
chop!
clamp!
coaxt
chortld
clandcs!in
cobbld
choust
clangd
cocain
chuckl(d, -ehcd
clangor, -ous
cocci (x, -gcal
chuck!
clank!
cockerd
chuf (uf=ougK)
clapt
cockld
chuiml
clas, -!; -mate
cockn(y, -ies; -idom,
chiir, -d
clash!
-yism
church t
claspt
cockt
churnd
cla!!erd
cicad, -can, -accous
clavicord
coco, -nut, -palm
cicatrize
clawd
cocti(l, -v
ciclamen
cleaiid
coddld
clcl(e, -d; -ic, -ist
clear(d, -starch!
coer(st, -civ
cicloid, -al
clcav, -d
coeval
ciclome!(er, -ric, -ry
clench!
cocxtensiv
ciclon(e, -ic, -oscope
clenly
cof, -!, -flng; -fer
cicloped(ia, -ic, -is!
clens(e, -d; -cr
cofflnd
cicloram(a, -ic
clcpsidra
cogd
cifer, -d
clergiman
cogi!a!lv
cigaret
clerkt
cogni!iv
cigne(!, -ous
clickt
cogniz(e, -ance, -ant, -or
cilind(er, -ric, -roid
elif
cohesiv
cimbal
climbd
coif!
cim(e, -old, -ous
clincht
coign
cinch!
clinic
coild
clnic, -al, -ism
clinkt
coind
cincon(a, -ic, -ism
clipe(ate, -iform
colagog
einematograf
dipt
colander
cinosurc
clister (i =3,)
coler, -ic (c =c/i)
ciprcss
cloakt
color (a, -aic, -in (or -Ine)
ciprinoid
clock (t, -wize
colic
cipripedium
clogd
collapst
circld
cloisterd
collard
circularize
cloral, -ate, -ic, -id
colleag, -d
circula!iv
(or -ide), -idle, -in
collec!iv
circumciz^e, -ion
(or -ine), -ite, -ous
collirium
circumflex!
clorofil
collog, -d
circumgira!(e, -ion,
cloroform, -d
collusiv
-ory
clownd
coll(y, -ies
circumscrip!iv
cloyd
colocin!h
ircums!ans! (st =ced)
clubd
colofon, -ic, -y
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
20
DICTIONARY LIST
colonize
condemnd
convext
color, -d; -ation, -1st
condens(t, -a tiv
conveyd
colporter
condile (i = y)
convinst (st =ced)
colter
condit (i = ui)
convol(v, -vd; -utiv
columnd
conditiond
convoyd
combatlv
condold (d = ca)
convuls(t, -iv
combd
condr(oid, -c-stean
con(y, -ies
comedien
conduciv
cood (d = ed)
comfry
condactiv
coolit
comitativ
confederativ
cook(y, -ies
commandcerd
conferd
coold
commemoratlv
confest
cool(y, -ies
commcnst (st =ced)
confirmed, -ativ
cooperativ
commercialize
conflictiv
cooperd
commerst (st =ccd)
conformd
coopt
commesure
congeald
coordinativ
commingld
congestiv
. copi(d, -graf, -right
commiscrativ
conglutinativ
copper(d, -bed
commissiond
congressiv
copt
commixt
conjoind
copula tiv
commonwelth
conjunctiv
coquet
communicativ
connectiv
coral (d, -In
commutativ
connotativ
corbeld
companiond
conquerd
cord (c = ch)
comparativ
consecutiv
cordiceps
compast
conserv, -d; -ativ
corea
coinpeld
considerd
cor(im (or -imb),
compensativ
consignd
-imbous (i=y )
coinpetitiv
consold (d=cd)
cor (ion, -ia
complaind
constitutiv
coribant, -ian, -ic
completiv
constraind
corkt
complcxiond
eonstrictiv
cornd
complicativ
constructiv
corner (d, -ivi/t.
complin, -s
consumptlv
cornetist
composit, -iv
containd
cornist (st =ced)
compreheiisiv
contaminativ
corograf, -ic, -y
compres(t, -siv
contemnd
coroid
compriz(e, -al
contemplativ
corporativ
compromize
continuativ
corrald
compulsiv
contortiv
correctiv
cone, -a, -oid, -ology
contourd
correlativ
conceald
contract (il, -Iv
corroborativ
concenter, -d
contra(dictiv,
corrosiv
concentrativ
-distinctiv,
corruptiv
conceptiv
-distinguislit
cor(us, -list, -using;
concernd
contrariwize
agus, -al, -1st, -ister,
concessiv
contributiv
-istic (c =ch)
conciet, -ed
controlab(le, -ility
corvet
conciev, -d, -ing
control(d, -ing; -er
corvin
concilia tiv
controler (comptroller)
cosmograf(y, -Ic, -1st
conclusiv
contusiv
costiv
concoctiv
convalest (t=ced)
cotiledon, -al, -ous
concretiv
convectiv
cottis, -t
concurd
conventionalize
cottond
concus(t, -siv
conversiv
coucht
cond (d=ned)
converst
coulom (TO =m&)
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
21
councilor
cripto(logy, -nim
curri(d, -comb
counseled, -ing; -or
crisal(is, -id, -idal
cui*siv
countenanst (e =ccd)
crisanthemuin
curst
counter (activ, -balanst,
criscros, -t
curtaild
cfreckt, -marcht,
criselefantin
curtaind
-markt, -poisd,
crism, -al, -atory
curtesy (Eng. law)
-signd, -valid
criso(beril, -lite, -prase
curts(y, -id; -ies
counterd
crispt
curv, -d
counterfit, -ed, -ing; -cr
cristal, -in (or ine), -izc,
curvet(ed, -ing
countri(man, -side, etc.
-old, -oidal
cushiond
coupld
cristalograf(y, -er, -ic
cuspidor
courst
criticize
customd
coverd
croakt
cutlas, -es
cov(y, -ies
crockt
cy- (see ci-)
cowd
crom(a, -atic, -e, -o
cyan(id (or -ide)
cowerd
rroiui him, -ic, -OUS
cowld
cromlec
D
coyd
cromo(Iithograf, -sfcre,
cozend
-tipe, etc.
dabbld
coz(y, -ier, -icst, -iness
cronic
dabd
crackld
cronicl(e, -d
dactil, -ic, -itis, -ology
crackt
crono(graf, -gram,
dagerreotipe
cadld
-logy, -meter,
daggld
cramd
-scope, etc.
dairi(maid, -man
crampt
crook(t, -backt
daisid
craniograf, -y
croond
dallid
crankt
crept
damaskt
crannid
croquet (t=tte)
damd (d =med)
crape (cr6pe)
cros, -t;-bard, -bii,-eyd,
da m iid
eras
-hatcht, -wize, etc.
dampend
crasht
crotcht
dampt
crawfisht
croucht
dandld
crawld
croup
dandruf
crayond
crownd
dangld
creakt
crozier
danst (st=ccd)
creamd
cruisd
dappld
creast
crum, -d, -mine; -my
darkend
creativ
crumbld
darkld
crenel, -ate, -ation
crumpld
dark(y, -ies
cres
cruncht
darnd
creton
crusht
dasht
crevas (s =s.sr)
crutcht
dativ
crevist (st = ccd)
cucurbit
daubd
cribbld
cuddld
daufin, -ess
cribd
cudgel (d, -ing; -cr
dawdid
crickt .
cue (queue)
dawiid
criminativ
Cllf, -t
dazzld
crimpld
cul, -d
debard
crimpt
cumberd
debarkt
crimson*!
cumin
debaucht
crinkld
cumulativ
debilitativ
crippld
cupt
debonair
cript, -ic (i^-y)
curativ
deboucht
criptogani, -ia, -ic, -y
curbd
decad
criptograf, -ic, -1st, -y
curdld
deca(gram, -liter, -meter
criptogram, -ic
curld
decalog
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
22
DICTIONARY LIST
decamp!
demagog, -ic, -ism, -y
detersiv
decarburize
demain (demesne)
detb, -'shed, -sman, etc.
decasillab(le, -ic
demeand
detractiv
decayd
demeanor
detrusiv
deceast
demize
develop, -t
deceptiv
demobilize
devil (d, -ing; -ish
deciet, -ful
demoisel
deviz(e, -al, -ee, -or
deciev, -d, -ing
demolish!
devolv, -d
decifer, -d
demon, -ic
devourd
deci(gram, -liter, -meter
demonetize
dewd
decisiv
demonstrativ
dextrin
deckt
demoralize
dextrogirate
declaimd
demurd
di a f';u i>. ous, -eity
declarativ
denationalize
diafonic, -s
decolor, -d; -ation, -ize
denaturalize
diafore(sis, -tic
decom posit
dend (d = ned)
dial ram, -d, -ing
decorativ
denominativ
diafragmatic
decoyd
denotativ
diagraf
decreast
denoument
diagram(d, -ing; -a tic
decretiv
denounst (st=ced)
diaKd, -ing; -ist
decupld
dent(in (or -ine)
dial i isis, -itic, -ize (i* -y)
decursiv
denunciativ
dialog
ded, -bed, -lockt, etc.
deodorize
diare(a, -al, -ic, -tic
dedal, -ian, -ous
deoxidize
dibbld
deden, -d, -ing; -er
depletiv
dicefalus
deduciv
deployd
dickerd
deductiv
depolarize
dicky
deemd
deprecativ
diclorid
deepend
depreciativ
dicotiledon, -ous
def
depres(t, -siv
dicotom(y, -ous
defectiv
depurativ
'licro(ism, -ic
defen, -d
deraignd
dicromat(ism, -ic
def ens (e, -lv
deraild
dicto(fone, -graf
deferd
derisiv
diddld
defini!, -iv
derivativ
dieci(an, -ous
defle(xt, -ctiv
deroga!iv
dieresis
deflowerd
descriptiv
differd
deformd
deserv, -d
differenst (st =ced)
defrayd
desiccativ
difflcdl (or -ile)
degencrativ
desiderate
diffractiv
dehidra!e
designa!iv
diffuse
dehornd
designd
diftheri(a, -al, -c, -tic
dehumanize
despaird
difthong, -al, -ous
deignd
despize
digd
del (l=U)
despoild
digestiv
delayd
des!in, -d
digraf
deletiv
destroyd
digres(t, -slv
delfin, -ic
destructiv
dike
deliberativ
det, -tor (t=bt)
dil
deliquest (t=ced)
detacht
dillidalKy, -id
delite, -ful, -some
detaild
dimd
deliverd
detaind
dimensiond
deloust
detectiv
diminisht
delt -=ea)
detentiv
diminutiv
delusiv
^deterd
dimorf, -ic, -ism, -ous
delv, -d
determin, -d; -ativ
dimpld
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
23
dlna(mic, -meter, -mite
dlstaf
drabbld
dinamo, -meter, etc.
distanst (st=ced)
draf (/-//)
dinast, -ic, -y
dlstaxia (i l =//)
draft, -s, -sman, -y
dlnd (d=ned)
disteleolog(y, -1st (i=y}
dragd
dine (i=y)
distic, -ous (c=ch)
draggld
dlngd
distil, -d
dragoond
ding(y, -les (y=ey)
distlnctiv
draind
diox(id (or -ide)
distinguish!
dram (draohm)
dipsy
distractiv
dramatize
dipt
distraind
drawld
dip tic (i*=y; C =ch)
distrest
dreamd
directiv
distributiv
dred, -ed, -ing; -ful
dis- (see note, "omitted
disturbd
dredgd
forms.")
disulf(id, -uret
drednaught
disabld
disur(ia, -ic, -y (i l =y)
dremt
dlsburst (t*=ed)
ditcht
drencht
discernd
dithir(am (or -amb),
dres, -t; -maker
disciplin, -d
amble
dribbld
discourst
divertiv
dril, -d
discoverd
divisiv
dri(ly, -ness, -salter
discras(ia, -ial, -ic, -y
divorst (st =ced)
dript
(t -1 =y)
dizend
drivel (d, -ing; -er
discriminativ
dizzid
drizzld
discursiv
do, -es; -skin (o =oe)
drold (d =led)
discus (t, -siv
do, -ey; -nut (o =ougK)
droold
disdaind
doc(il (or -ile)
droopt
diseasd
dockt
dropsid
disembowel (d, -ing
doctord
dropt
disemia (i 1 =y}
doctrin
dros
disenter(y, -ic
dodderd
drosky
disgize
dodccastile (i=y~)
drownd
disgruntld
dodecasillab(le, -ic
drowz, -d ; -y
dishevel(d, -ing
dof, -t
drubd
disht
dogd
drudgd
disjunctiv
dogmatize
drugd
disk
dol
drumd
dismayd
dold (d=ed~)
dubd
dismis(t, -siv
dolfin
dubitativ
dispatch, -t; -er
dolicocefal(ic, -ous, -us
duckbil
dispeld
dolor, -iferous, -ific, -ous
duckt
dispenst
domicil, -d
ductil
dispep(sia, -tic
dominativ
duel (ing, -ist
dispers(t, -siv
domineerd
duf
displayd
donativ
dul, -d, -ness
dispne(a, -al, -ic (t=y)
dond
dum, -d, -ming; -bel,
disprosium (i l =y)
donk(y, -ies
-found, etc.
disputativ
doomd
dumpt
disruptiv
dormerd
dund
dissembld
doubld
dunderhed, -ed
disseminatlv
doust
dunghil
dissiez, -d; -ee, -in, -or,
dout, -ful (t=bt)
duplicativ
-lire (ie=ei~)
dovetaild
dwarft
dlssillab(le, -ic, -ify,
dowel (d, -ing
dwel, -t (or -d)
-ize
dowerd
dwindld
dissociatlv
downed, -harted, -hil
dy- (see dl-)
dlssolv, -d
dowry
dyestuf
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
24
DICTIONARY LIST
eager (er =re)
ear(d, -markt
earnd
eartht
easd
eavs, -drop, -dropt
eb, -d
ebonize
echelond
ecllpst
eclog
eco, -ed, -ing; -es (c =ch)
ecolog(y, -ic, -ist
economize
ecumenical
eddid
edg(d, -ewize
edil(e, -ian, -eship
educativ
cductlv
edulcorativ
efemer(a, -al, -id, -idae,
-is, -on
effaciv
effect! v
en*erves(t, -civ
efflorest (t=ced)
effusiv
eflattes
efod
eg, -d; -nog, -plant
egis
egret
eidograf
eightlfold
ejectiv
el, -wand
claborativ
elapst
elbowd
electiv
electrin
electrize
electrodinamic, -s
dor (roll is is, -ite, -itic,
-ize
electro (motiv, -negativ,
-positiv
electrotecnic, -al, -s
electro tip (e, -ic, -ist, -y
cleemosinary
elefant, -In, -iasis
eliminativ
clisi(um, -an
elitr(on (or -um)
elucidativ
elusiv
elvs
em- (see note, "omitted
forms.")
cmanativ
cmancipativ
embalmd
embarkt
embarrast
embellisht
embezzld
emblemize
embost
01 n fa i sis, -size, -tic
emfisema
emir
oinlssiv
emotlv
cmplrea(n, -1
cinplrcuma, -tic
employd
cmprize
emptid
cmulativ
cmulslv
en- (see note, "omitted
forms. 1 ')
enabld
enactiv
enamel(d, -ing; -cr, -ist
enamor, -d, -ing
cncefal(on, -ic, -ous
enchlma
enclcllc, -al
enciclopedi(a, -ac, -al,
-an, -c, -st
encist, -ation
encori(al, -c, -ous, -stic
encounterd
encroach t
endeard
endevor, -d
end(iv (or -ive)
endoflllous
endofit(e, -al, -ic, -ous
endorst
endowd
endwlze
enfranchize
engin, -d; -ry
engineerd
engiisht
engrost
enhanst (st=ced)
enigmatize
enjoind
enjoyd
enlightend
enounst (st=ced)
enricht,
enrol, -d, -ing; -ment
cntaild
enterd
enterprize
enter tai iid
enthimeme
enthral, -d; -ment
entranst (st =ced)
enuf
enumerativ
cnunciativ
envelop, -t
envid
environd
enzim
eolian
con, -ian
eparc
epaulet, -ed
eplcalix
cpicicKe, -Ic, -old
epifany
eplflte
epiginous
epigraf, -Ic, -1st, -y
epigram, -d, -Ing; -atic,
-a t ism, -atist, -atlze
epilog
epistile (i*=y)
epistrofe
epitaf
epitomize
epoc, -al
eponim, -Ic, -ist, -ous
equal(d, -ing; -ize
equestrien
oqiKln (or -ine)
equipt
equivoke
er, -d
era
eradicativ
erect (11, -iv
ergograf
erisipel(as, -a (ous, -old
ermin, -d
erosiv
erupt! v
escaflopt
escar, -otic (c -ch)
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
25
escatology
exaggerate
F
esehewd
exafain, -d
escritoir
exarc, -ate
fabld
escutcheond
exced(e, -ed, -ing
fabulize
esculapian
excel (d, -ence, -ency,
facet (ed, -ing
eskimo
-ent, -ently
faeil
esofag(us, -eal
exceptiv
factitlv
espousd
excerptiv
factord
essayd
excessiv
facultativ
cssoin
excitativ
fadgd
establish!
exciz(e, -ion
faetoii
estafet
exclaimd
fagd
esteemd
exclamativ
fagot (t = tt)
esthet(e, -ic
exclusiv
fagot, -ed, -ing (faggot)
estimativ
excretiv
faild
estiva(te, -1, -tion
cxcursiv
fairilike
estopt
execrativ
fakir
etcht
executiv
falange(s, -al
eternize
exercize
falanster(y, -ian
ether, -eal, -ecus, -ize
exertiv
falanx, -t; -es
etherealize
exfoliativ
falconin
ethil, -ated, -Ic, -ene
exhaustiv
Tallin (f=*ph)
ethiop, -ian, -ic
exhibitiv
fallowd
ethnarc
exhortatlv
falterd
ethnograf(y, -er, -Ic
exonerativ
familiarize
ethografy
exorcize
fa m in
etimolog(y, -ic, -1st, -ize
expansiv
famisht
etimon (i=y)
expectorativ
fancid
etiolog(y, -ic
expeld
fand
etiquet
expensiv
fanerogam, -ia, -ous
ettld
experienst (st=ced)
fangd
eucalipt, -us
explaind
fangld
eucarist, -ic
expletiv
fantas(y, -ia, -ist, -m, -mal
eucher, -d
explicativ
fantasmagor(ia, -ial, -ic
eudemon(ics, -ism, -ist,
exploratlv
fantast, -ic, -icality
-ology
explosiv
fantom
cufem(Ism, -ist, -istic,
expositiv
faradize
-ize
expostulativ
farewel
eufon(y, -ic, -ious, -Ism,
expres(t, -siv
farin(x, -gal, -geal, -gcs,
.ize
expuls(t, -iv
-goscope, -gotomy
MI fin' is m, -ist, -ize
exquisit
faris(ee, -aic, -aisin
eulogize
exsanguin
farmaceut(ic, -ist
eunuc
exsiccatlv
farmacolog(y, -ic, -1st
evacuativ
extemporize
farmacope(ia, -ial, -ist
evanest (t =ced)
extens(il, -Iv
farmacopolist
evangelize
extenuativ
far mac (y, -al, -ist
evanisht
exterminativ
farm(d, -sted
cvaporativ
externalize
far (os, -ology
evasiv
extinctiv
farrowd
evend
extingulsht
farst (at =ced)
everybody, -thing,
extirpativ
fas(e, -ic, -is
-where
extol, -d, -ing; -er
fashiond
everslv
extractiv
fasht
evidenst (st=ced)
extrusiv
fastend
evin(st, -civ
ey(d, -ing
fatherd
evolv, -d
eyry
fathomd
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
26
DICTIONARY LIST
fattend
favor, -d
favorit
fawnd
fayd
feard
febe (f = ph; e*=ce)
febril
fec(es, -al
federativ
feez, -d
feignd
fel, -d
fello, -es (o =oe)
ft' iiiin in
fenacetln
fenic
fenlx
fenogam, -la, -Ic, -ous
fenol
IV no in en on, -al
fenst (st=ced)
feof, -ment
fer(in (or -ine)
fermentativ
ferri(d, -man
ferrotipe
fertil, -ize
fervor
fes
fesant (f = ph; e=ed)
festerd
festiv
festoond
fetcht
f ether, -d; -y; -bed, etc.
fetish, -ism
fet(or, -id
fetterd
fettld
fo I nis, -al
feverd
flbd
fiber, -d
fibrin
ficolog(y, -Ic, -1st
fict(Il, -iv
flddld
fidget (ed, -ing; -y
Bftlfold
flgd
f ten rat iv
flke, -net (i =y)
til, -d (I H )
filacter, -y
fllander, -d
fllanthrop(e, -Ic, -1st, -y
fllatel(y, -ic, -ist
filcht
fllfot ( y)
filharmonic
filibeg
fllibusterd
filippic
filistin, -ism
fillip (t, -ing
flllis (f = ph; ii=y)
fillium
fillo(clad, -de, -gen, -Id,
-fore, -me, -taxis,
-xera, etc.
filmd
filogen(y, -esis, -etic, -ic
filolog, -ic, -ist, -ize, -y
filological (f = ph; i l =y)
filomath, -ic, -y
filomel
filopena
filoprogenitiv
filosof, -er, -ic, -ism,
-ist, -istic, -ize, -y
filter, -d
filter (f = ph; er=rc)
fllum
flnanst (st=ced}
finger (d, -bredth
flnisht
flrrnd
flsht
flslc, -t, -king; -ian, -ky
fish ( s, -al, -1st
fislognom(y, -er, -ic, -1st
flslolog(y, -ic, -1st
flsfque
fissll (I =Ze)
fisticuf
flto(grafy, -fagous
-logy, -id
Bxatlv
fixt
flz, -d (z=zz)
flz (f = ph)
flzzld
flag(d, -staf
flaild
flanch, -t
flankt
flanneld
flapt
flasht
flattend
flatterd
flavor, -d; -oua
flawd
flaxt
flayd
fiebotom(y, -ist, -ize
fleckt
fledg(d, -ling
fleerd
fleest (st=ced)
Ho in, -g ma tic
flesht
flewd
flex(t, -II
fliblow, -n (i=2/)
flica tcher (i=y)
flickerd
flickt
flier
flimflamd
fllncht
fllpt
flitterd
flo, -es (o =oe)
flockt
flogd
flogist(on, -Ic
floord
flopt
flos (s =ss)
flounderd
flounst (st=ced)
flourd
flourish!
flowd
flowerd
flox (f=ph)
fluf, -t
flunkt
flunk (y, -ies
fluor(id (or -ide)
fluor(in (or -ine)
flurrid
flusht
flusterd
flutterd
fluviatil
fluxt
fo, -es; -man
foald
foamd
fobd
focus (t, -ing
fodderd
fogd
fog(y, -ies
foild
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
27
followd
fraternize
G
fondld
fratr(y, -a, -ia, -ic
fon(e, -ic, -Ics
frayd
gabbld
fonetic, -ian, -1st, -s
frazzld
gabd
fono- (phono-), etc.
freakt
gabld
fonograf, -t, -ing
freckid
gaf, -t
fonograf (y, -er, -ic, -1st
freewil
gagd
fonogram
freez
gag(e, -ed, -ing
fonolog(y, -er, -ic, -ist
frenalgia
gai(ety, -ly
f ono tip us -ic, -ist, -y
frencht
gaind
foold
frend, -ship
gaiterd
foozld
fren(etic, -itis
galantin
forayd
frenoiog(y, -ic, -ist
gald (d =led)
forbad
frenz(y, -id
galloond
fore- (see note, "omitted
frequentativ
gallop (t, -ing; -er
forms.")
freshend
gall(y, -ies
foren, -er, -ness
fribbld
galvanize
forfit, -ed, -ing; -ure
fricativ
ganibld
forgiv, -ness
friez, -d (z =ze)
gambol (d, -ing
forgo, -n (n =*ne)
frightend
gambreld
forkt
fril, -d
gametofit(e, -ic
formaldehide
friskt
gammond
for in I, -ativ
fritterd
tea i no til Ions
forst (st =ced)
friz, -d
gang (02 =gue)
fortifold
frizzld
gantlet, -ed
fos (s=ss)
frockt
gantry
fosfat(e, -ic
frogd
gapt
fosf id (or -ide), -ite
frolict
garant(ee, -or, -y
fosfores(ce, -t; -cence,
froth t
garbd
-cent
frownd
garbld
fosfordis, -ate, -ic, -ous
frowzy
gard, -ian; -smaii, rtc.
fosfuret, -ed
frumpt
gardend
fossilize
fubd
gargld
fosterd
f uddld
gargoyld
fotic
fuel ul, -ing
gar nerd
foto- (photo-) etc.
fugitiv
garnish t
fotocromografy
ful, -d; -ness
garrisond
fotocronograf, -ic, -y
fulfil, -d; -ment
garr(ot, (or -ote)
fotofone
fulmin, -d
garterd
fotograf, -t, -ing; -er,
fumbld
gasol(in (or -ine)
-ic, -y
funkt
gasht
fotolithograf, -t; -ic, -y
funneld
gaspt
fo to met (cr, -ric, -ry
furbisht
gast (t =sed)
fotosfer(e, -ic
furd
gastly (g =gh)
fotosinthe(sis, -tic
furld
gat (g =gh)
fototelegraf, -ic, -y
fiirlo, -ed, -ing
gatherd
foto tip Us -ografy, -y
furnisht
gauz
fould
furor
gavot
founderd
furrowd
gazel
foundry
furtherd
gazet
foxt
furtiv
geard
fragil
f us, -t
gee (g =gh)
franchize
futil
gelatin, -ize
frankt
fuz, -d
gemd
frapt
fuz(e, -ed; -ee, -il
gendarmery
frase, -ologic, -ology
fy- (see fl-)
genderd
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
28
DICTIONARY LIST
generald
giv(e, -ed (i =y)
gravel (d, -ing; -y
generalize
gize (g = gu; ize = ise)
gray, -d; -er, -est, -ish
generativ
gladdend
greast
genitiv
glamor, -d; -ous
greavs
gentld
glanst (st = ced)
grecism
genuin
glas, -t; -ful, -ware, etc.
green (d, -hart
geofag(y, -ism, -1st
gleamd
griev, -d
geograf (y, -er, -ic
gleand
grif
geologize
glicer(in (or -ine), -ic
gril, -d (l =11)
gerdon
glicogen
gril (l =lle)
gerilla
glif, -ic, -ografy
grip (p=ppe)
gerkin
glim in erd
gript
germinativ
glimpst
griset
gerrimandcr, -d
glipt(ic, -ics, -ograf
grizzld
gerundiv
glistend
groand
ges, -t; -ses (<j =gn; s =ss)
glisteid
groind
gest (g =gu)
glitterd
groomd
gesticulativ
gloamd
groov, -d
getto
gloomd
grotesk, -ry
gh- (see g-)
glorid
grouch t
gibberd
glos, -t; -sografy
groundsil
gibbet (ed, -ing
glowd
group t
gibd
- glowerd
groust
gid(e, -ance, -on
gloz(e, -ed
grovel (d, -ing; -er
giggld
gnarld
growld
gil
gnasht
grubd
gil, -d
gnawd
grudgd
gild, -ry. -ship
gobbld
gruel (d, -ing
gilder (a =gu)
gofer, -wood
gruesome
gile, -nil
gofTerd
gruf
gillemot
goggld
grumbld
gilliflowcr
goiter, -d
gu- (prunounst g, sec g-)
glllotin(c, -ed
golft
gudgeon d
gilt, -y (g=gu)
gon, -ness
guf
glrnkana
goodby
gufTawd
gimnas(ium, -t, -tic
gormand, -ize
gul, -d
gimnosperin, -ous
gospel (d, -ing; -er
gulft
gimpe
gossip(t, -ing
gullid
gimnosof (y, -1st
gost, -ly (a =gh)
gulpt
ginea, -fowi, -pig, etc.
goul, -ish (g =gh) ,
gumd
gind (d = ned)
governd
gund
gineceum
gownd
gurgld
ginecolog(y, -ical, -1st
grabd
gurry (g =gli)
Uips urn, -eous
gracil '
gusht
gipsy
graf, -ic
gustativ
gipure
graflt(e, -ic
gutterd
giraf
grafo(fone, -meter,
guyd
gir(al, -ant
-tipe, itc.
guzzld
girat(e, -ion, -ory
graind
gy- (see gi-)
girdid
gram
glroscop(e, -ic
gramofpne
H
girostat, -ics
granit
girtht
granny
hackld
gir(us, -i
grappld
hack IK y. -id; -ies, -yis
gitar
gras, -t; -hopper, etc.
hackt
giv
graspt
hagd
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
29
haggld
hagiograf(a, -al, -er, -y
haild
hair(d, -bredth
halid
hallowd
halterd
halv, -d; -s
hammer(d, -bed
hamperd
band (bred tb, -cuft, etc.
handicapt
handld
hangd
hankerd
hankt
hansel, -d, -ing
happend
hapt
harang, -d
harast
harbor, -d; -age
hardend
hare(bcl, -braind, etc.
harken, -d, -ing
harkt
harmd
harmonize
harnest
harpoond
harpsicord
harpt
harquebus
harrid
harrowd
hart, -ake, -felt, etc.
barton, -d
harth, -stone
hart(y, -ler, -lest
hashish
hasht
haspt
hastend
hatchel(d, -ing
hate lit
hauld
hauncht
hav
havoc, -tj
bawd
hawkt
hayd
heald
heapt
heav, -d; -s
hecatom (m =mb)
heckld
hectograf, -t
hecto(gram, -liter, -meter
hectord
bed, -ed, -ing; -er,
-ship, -y; -ake, etc.
hedgd
heeld
hel, -ward
helicopter
heliograf, -t; -ic, -y
heliotip(e, -ografy, -y
hclmd
helpt
helth, -ful, -some, -y
helv, -d
hemal
hemat(in, -ite, -old, -ology
hem(d, -sticht
hemisfer(c, -ic, -oid
hemistic (c =ch)
hemoglobin
hemorag(e, -Ic
hemoroid, -al, -s
hemostatic
hendiadis ({2 = y)
henpeckt
hepta(cord, -teuc
heresiarc
bermafrod(ite, -Hie
heroin (n = ne)
heteroginous (i=2/)
hcteromorf (ic, -ism,
-ous, -y
hctcronim, -ous
hether, -d; -y
heven, -ward
hev(y, -ier, -iest,
-Iweigbt
hewd
hexastiie
hibrid, -ism, -Ize, -ous
hiccof, -t, -fing
hiccup, -t, -ing
hidatid (V=v)
hidra, -hedcd
hidragog
hidrangea
hidrant
hidr(ate, -ic, -ous
hidraulic, -s
hidro- (hydro-), etc.
hidrocefal(ous, -oid, -us
hidro(cioric, -cyanic,
-dinamics, -fltc,
-lite, -mecanics
hldrofobl(a, -c
hidrogen, -on.,, -ize
hidrograf(y, -e^ -ic
hidroxil
hlerarc, -al
hierofant, -ic
hierogiif, -ic
hieromartir
hifen, -d; -ate, -a (ion
higgld
hight (height)
highten, -d, -ing
higieii(e, -ic, -1st
higromct(er, -ric, -ry
higroscop(e, -ic
hil, -d; -man, -top, etc.
hilism (;i =j/)
hilo(theism, -zoism
himen, -eal
himenopter, -a, -ous
himu, -d, -ing; -al, -ic,
( -1st, -ody, -ografy,
-ologist, -ology
hinderd
hinnid
hipallage
hiper- (hyper-), etc.
hlpcrbol(a, -e, -ic
hlperborean
hlpercritic, -al, -ism
hlpertrof(y, -id
hipno(sis, -tic, -tlsm,
-tlst, -tize
hipo- (hypo-), etc.
hipocondri(a, -ac, -um
hipocri(sy, -t, -tical
hipoderm, -ic
hipofige (i l = y; i-=y)
hipofosf(ate, -ite,
-or ous
hiposta(sis, -tic
hiposulflte
hipotenuse
hipothecat(e, -Jon, -or
hipothe(sis, -tic
hippofag(y, -1st, -us
hippogrif
hipt
hirax
hircin
hison
hissop
hist (t =sed)
histcrl(a, -c, -cs
historiograf(y, -er
hitcht
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
30
DICTIONARY LIST
ho, -ed, -Ing; -eg
hunch (t, -backt
impassiond
hoaxt
hungerd
impassiv
hobbld
hurdld
impeacht
hobnaild
hurld
impeld
hobnobd
hurra, -ed, -ing
imperativ
hock, -t, -ing (ock = ough)
hurrid
impcril(d, -ing
hockt
hurtld
imperturbd
hocky
husht
impetrativ
hocus (t, -ing
huskt
impUcativ
hog(d, -backt, -shed
hustld
impoverish!
holdend
hutcht
impres(t, -siv
hold (d=ed)
huzza, -ed, -ing
imprisond
holistone (i = y)
hyacinthin
improviz(e, -ation,
hollihock
hyalin
-ator, -atrice
hollowd
hy- (see hi-)
impt
holograf, -Ic
hyena
impugnd
homeopath, -ic, -ist, -y
impiilsi t, -iv
homested
I
Imputativ
homofomv, -OUS, -y
in- (see note, "omitted
homograf, -Ic
ich- (see Ic-)
forms.")
homolog
icicld
in (n = nn)
homonim, -ous, -y
icneumon
incarnadin, -d
honicomb, -d
icnograf, -y
incens(t, -iv
honidew, -d
Icor, -old, -ose, -ous
incentiv
honimoon, -d
Icthyoid, -al
inceptiv
honor, -d; -arium, -ary
icthyofag(y, -1st, -ous
incht
hon(y, -id; -les; -isuckle
lcthyolog(y, -1st
incisiv
hoodwinkt
Icthyosaurus
incitativ
hooft
idealize
lnciz(e, -ion
hookt
ideofone
inclusiv
hooping-cof
Ideograf, -Ic, -y
incoat(e, -ion, -Iv
hoopt
ldll,|-lst, -lie
lncond(it (or -ite)
hoppld
ldiosincra(sy, -tic
incrassativ
hopt
idld
increast
horiKd, -bil
idolize
incurd
horograf, -y
tether (ie =ei, when so pro-
indetted, -ness
hors(t, -y; -ewhipt
nounst)
indext
hortaHv
11, -favord, -judgd, etc.
indicativ
hostil
Hand, -er
indorst
housd
lie, -t
inductiv
hovel(d, -ing
illativ
indurativ
hoverd
ill u inin, -d; -atlv
infant (11 (or -ile)
howld
illusiv
infant in (or -ine)
hucksterd
illustrativ
infectiv
huddld
imagin, -d; -ativ
inferd
huf, -t
Imbecil
Inflnit, -iv
hugd
imbricativ
infle(xt, -ctiv
hul, -d
Imitativ
i nil uo list (st=ced)
hulkt
immerst
inform(d, -atlv
humanize
immesht
inhibitiv
humbld
lmmesurab(le, -ility
Initialed, -ing
humbugd
immewd
initiatlv
humd
immortalize
ink(t, -wel
humor, -d; -al, -ism, -ist,
immortel
innovativ
-ous, -some
impaird
inquisitiv
hump(t, -buvkt
impaneld
inscriptiv
See Explanacory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
31
inslnuatlv
4temd
journalize
inspand
iterativ
Journ(y, -id; -ier, -ies;
instal, -d; -at ion, -mcnt
ivid
-iman, -iwork, etc.
instanst (sliced)
ivoritipe (i' i =y; i*=y}
jowld
lusted (e = ea)
-joyd
instil, -d; -ment
judaize
Instinctiv
judg(d, -naent
Institutiv
jabberd
judicativ
instruct!?
jabd
jugd
tntellectlv
jackt
juggld
Intensiv
Jagd
juist (st = ced)
Inter- (see note, "omitted
jail, -d; -er, -or
julien
forms.")
jam (TO =mb)
j 11 ml) Id
Interceptiv
janid (d=med)
junipt
interd
jangld
jungld
interdictlv
janizary
junkt
Intermissiv
jap and
juriman
internd
jard
just (joust)
Internee (in, -iv
jargond
justificativ
Interpretativ
jargonel
just is t (st =ced)
Interpretiv
jasmin
juvenil
interrogativ
jaumlist (sliced)
intersperst
jawd
K
interviewd
jaz, -d
Intestin
jeerd
kaiak
Introductlv
jellid
kalif, -ate, -ship
Introspectlv
jelous, -y
kaliptra
Intrusiv
jeopardize
kaolin
intultiv
jerkt
katidid (ii-z/)
intumest (t = ced)
jerrimander, -d
keckld
Invaslv
jers(y, -ies
keckt
Invectiv
jes, -t (s= ss )
keel(d, -hauld
inveighd
jessamin
keend
Inventiv
jettid
keev
Inventorid
jettisond
kelpy
inverst
jewd
kend
investlgativ
jewel (d, -ing; -er, -ry
kennel (d, -ing
lijvestitiv
jibd
kerchieft
lnvlegl(e, -d (ic=ei)
Jigd
keinel(d, -ing
invoist (st=ced)
jiggerd
kers(y, -ies; -imere
Involv, -d
jiggld
key (quay)
iod(id (or -ide)
jil (I =11)
keyd
iod(in (or -ine)
jimmid
kietit
Irist
jingld
kidnap(t, -ing; -er
Irkt
Jitn(y, -ies
kidn(y, -ies
irond
jobd
kil, -d; -joy, etc.
IrradiatiT
jock(y, -id; -ies, -yism
kindld
Irrelativ
jogd
kinematograf
irrespectiv
joggid
k i in- to (fone, -gjtaf
Irritatlv
joind
kingd
irruptiv
jollid
kinkt
Isocromatic
jonquil
kipperd
lsocron(al, -ic, -ous
JOS
kirlologic (ii =y)
lsomorfl(c, -sin
josht
kirtld
italicize
jostid
kis, -t
itcht
jounst (st=ced)
kitchenet
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
32
DICTIONARY LIST
knackt
larrupt
levld
knapt
las (s=ss)
levogir(ate, -atloii
kneeld (or knelt)
lasht
lexicograf (y, -er, -Ic
knel, -d
latent
libel (d, -ing; -ant, -ous
knickt
latherd
libertin
knobd
latht
licanthrop(e, -y
knockt
lattist (st =ced)
licens(e, -t
knold'(^=Ze<f)
laudativ
liceum (i =y)
knuckld
launderd
Hch, -gate (i=y)
kodakt
laundrlman
llchend
kopek
laureld
Hcopod, -turn
koran
lavenderd
llckt
kotowd
lavisht
licorice
kraald
lawd
Hddlte (fi=y)
kr ip to n
laxatlv
llesure (ie=ei)
kris
layerd
Ilev
kyanize
lazi(board, -bones, etc.
lightend
leacht
llghterd
^
leaft
llkend
leag, -d, -Ing
llkewlze
labcl(d, -ing; -er
leager, -d
lllld
lablrinth, -can, -In
leakt
llllllver, -d
labor, "d
leand
llm, -d (m =mb)
laceratlv
leapt
limberd
lacker, -d
learn(d, (or -t)
11 mf, -a tic (i=y)
lackluster
leasht
11 in fad
lackt
least (t=ed)
limicolin
lack(y, -Id; -ies
Icastwize
llmitatlv
lacrim(al, -ary, -ation,
leav
llmnd
-atory, -ose, -osal
leav(s, -d
llmpt
lacros (s =ssc)
led, -ed, -Ing; -s, -en;
Hnch, -t (i=j/)
lacustrin
-pencil, etc. (e=ea)
Hngerd
laddcrd
ledgd
linkt
ladl(llkc, -ship, etc.
leecht
linotipe
ladld
leerd
linsy, -woolsy
laf, -t, -fing; -fable, -ter
legalize
lintel (d, -ing
-lagd
legal (in (or -ine)
linx, -eyd
lam, -d, -rning; -kin,
legd
lionize
-like, -skin, etc.
leglslativ
Hpothlmy
lam, -d (m=mm)
lengthend
lipt
lampooud
lengthwlze
Hquefactiv
la m pry
lenitlv
liquord
lampt
lent (c = ea)
Hrate (i=j/)
lanch, -t
Icoir In (or -ine)
llr(e, -Ic, -Ically, -1st
languet
lepor(In (or -ine)
-llsis, -litic (-lysia, t
languisht
lept (e =ea)
-lytic, suffixes)
lanolin
Ies
Hspt
lanst (st =ced)
lessend
listend
lapeld
lessond
lister (in (or -ine)
lapst
lethargize
liter
Ictpt
lether, -d; -et, -n, -y
lithograf, -t; -ic, -y
largetto (g = gK)
letterd
litta (i=y)
larlngo (scope, -scopy
leucoclte
lltterd
larin(x, -geal, -gitic,
levantin
liv, -d; -long
-gitis, -gotomy
Ievel(d, -ing; -er
livend
larkt
leven, -d
llverd
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy an.! Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
33
Hverid
tnadcmolsel
matronimle
loaft
magnet (ize, -ograf
matronize
loamd
malld
matterd
loand
maimd
maturativ
loathd
mainor
mauger
loav, -d; -s
inainprizc
mauld
lobbld
maintaind
maunderd
lobd
malz
mauv
loc (c =ch)
malformd
mayd
localize
malignd
meager
locattv
mallngcrd
mcanderd
lockt
nialmsy
mecanic, -al, -Ian
locomotlv
malodor, -oua
mecan(ism, -1st, -ize
lodg(d, -ment
mama
medal (d, -iat, -ion
Iog(d, -rold
manacld
meddld
loggerhed, -s
ma ml (dned)
mediativ
Iogo(graf, -tipe
ma n d am list
medicativ
loiterd
mandolin
medicin, -d
lol (P =11)
mandril
medieval, -ism
lollipop
maneuver, -d
meditativ
longd
mangld
medly
longwlze
manila
medow, -y; -sweet, etc.
lookt
ma M i plies (ii = y)
meflt(ic, -is, -ism
loomd
manipulativ
megadine (i=y)
loop(t, -hold (d=ed)
mannerd
mega f one
loosend
i nan (Id
melancol(ia, -Ic, -y
loost
ma mi Up (e, -cd
melanocroic
lopt
inapt
meliorativ
lorgnet
marbld
mcllowd
los
marceld
memberd
loth
marcht
memorialize
loust
mard
menad
lowd
margarin
menast (st=ced)
lowerd
margind
ment (e=ea)
lu (loo)
marionet
mentioud
lucrativ
mark (marque)
mercant(il (or -ile)
luf, -t
markt
mercerize
lugd
marlin, -spike
merchandize
lul, -d
marmozet
mercurialize
lumbcrd
maroond
merri(makc, -thought
lumpt
inarrid
mes, -t; -mate
luncht
marshal (d, -ing; -er
mesencefal(on, -Ic
lunet
martir, -d; -dom, -ize
mesht
lungd
m&rtirolog(y, -ic, -ist
mesmerize
lup(in (or -ine)
--marvci(d, -ing; -ous
mesur(e, -ed; -able
lurcht
mas, -t; -meeting
metacenter
lurkt
masculin
metacro(nism, -sis
luster, -d
masht
metafor, -ic
ly- (see 11-)
mask, -erade
metafras(e, -t, -tic
massiv
metafisic(s, -al, -ian
M
masterd
metal (d, -ing; -iferous,
mastif
-in, -1st, -ize,
macadamize
matador
-ografy, -old
macaroni
matcht
metalurg(y, -ic, -1st
mackld
matelote
metamorf(osls, -ic,
maddend
materialize
-ism, -ize, -ose, -y
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
34
DICTIONARY LIST
metempsicosis
mobd
motiond
meter, -d
mobil, -ize
motiv
methil, -ate, -ene, -ic
moccasind
motl(y, -ies
methodize
mockt
motorcicl(e, -d; -1st
1 110 to ni in (y, -ic
model(d, -ing; -er
motord
metrograf
modernize
mottld
mettld
moild
mountaind
mewd
moistend
iiiournd
mewid
mold, -ed, -ing
mousd
micel(ium, -ial (i l =y)
mold(y, -ier, -iest
mouth (d (or -t>
micetozo(a, -an, -on
molder, -d, -ing
mowd
mlcolog(y, -ic -1st
molehil
muck(t, -nil
micro fon(e, -ic
molibd(ate, -on um
muddid
micrograf, -ofone, -y
mollicoddle
muddld
midrif
molt, -ed, -ing
mudsil
mif, -t
monacal (c =ch)
muf, -t
mignonet
monarc, -al
muffld
mil, -stone, -wright, etc.
monec(ia, -ian, -ious, -ism
mugd
mildewd
monetize
mul, -d
milkt
mongoos
mulcht
milligram, -liter, -meter
monisht
mullen
mimeograf, -t
monitiv
mulliond
mimickt
monk y, -id; -ies, -yish
muiti(fase, -ped,
mineralize
monocord (c =ch)
-plicativ, -valv
mlngld
monocotiledon -ous
multigraf, -t, -ing
minimize
monocrom(e, -a tic
mumbld
ininisltt
monodactil, -ous
mumd
mlnisterd
monograf, -ic, -y
muncht
mins t (st = ced)
monogram(d, -ing;
mur (r =rr)
miriad (t 1 =y)
-atic
murderd
miria(grani, -liter,
monolog
murmurd
-meter, -pod, etc.
monometalis(m, -t
murr(y, -Ies
mirmidon
monopolize
mus, -t (t =aed)
mirrh, -in
monoslllab(le, -ic
muscad(in (or -ine)
mirrord
monostic (c =ch)
muscld
mirtle
monostrof(e, -ic
musht
mis- (see note, "omitted
monotip(e, -ic
musical (musicale)
forms.")
monox(id (or -ide)
iiiuskt
mis, -t
mon(y, -id; -ier, -ies
mustach(e, -t
miself (t=?/)
moon(d, -rize
mustelin
misoginy (i z =y)
moord
musterd
misstil, -iv
mopt
mutinid
mistagog (t =y)
moquet
mutterd
mister (y, -ious
moralize
muzzld
mistic, -ism
morel
my- (see ml)
mistif (y, -ication
morf (la, -in (or -ine)
myografy
mistleto
morfolog(y, -ical, -1st
mit (*=)
morfosis
N
miter, -d, -ing
morg
mith, -ic, -ical
morgag(e, -ed; -ee, -or
nabd
mitholog(y, -ic, -1st
mortard
nacel
mitigativ
mortis, -t
naftha, -lene, -lin, -lizo
mittend
mos, -capt, *-hed, etc.
nafthol, -Ize
mixt
mosk (mosque)
nagd
mizzld
motherd
naild
mound
motil
napt
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
35
narcotln
noost
ollv
nardln
nostrild
oliv(in (or -ine)
narratlv
notcht
omber
narrowd
notist (st=ced)
omelet
nasofarinx
notocord
omend
nationalize
nourlsht
omfalos
nativ
novelet
omlsslv
naturalize
nowlze
onlx
naveld
nozl(e, -d
on 0111 a tope (la, -Ic
Heard
nu bil
oosfere
nebd
nudgd
ooz, -d
neckt
nul, -d
opake
necrofagous
num, -d, -mlng; -skul
opal(d, -In
nectarin
numberd
opend
nefew
nuncupativ
operatlv
nefo(logy, -scope
nur (knur, nurr)
oph- (see of-)
nefrit(e, -ic, -Is
nurl, -d
oplnlonatlv
nefroid
nurseriman
opposlt
negativ
nurs(t, -ling
oppres(t, -slv
neighbor, -d; -hood
nutrltlv
oppugnd
neighd
nuzzld
optatlv
neodimium (i [ =y)
ny- (see nl-)
optofone
neoflte
orbd
neologize
o
ordalnd
nerv, -d; -In
orderd
nestld
oard
orfan, -d; -age, -hood
net (*=)
obeyd
organdy
nettld
objectiv
organize
neutralize
objurgatlv
organografy
iievdis, -i
observ, -d
orlflam
nibbld
obsest
orlx, -es
nibd
obstructlv
ornlthografy
nicknack
obtalnd
ornlthorhlncus
nickt
obtruslv
orofarlnx
nicot(in (or -ine)
occaslond
orograf(y, -Ic
nlether (ie=ei, when so
occurd
orris
pronounst)
ocher
orthofony
nlgd
octoslllab(le, -Ic
orthograf (y, -er, -Ic, -1st
niggld
octupld
orthoped(ia, -ic, -y
nil, -d
od, -s
ortlv
nimf, -a, -al, -can (i =y)
odor, -d; -iferous, -ous
oscin
nimfolep(sy, -t
offens(e, -Iv
ospr(y, -les
nlmfomania, -c, -cal
offerd
ostenslv
ninetifold
oflcleide
osteografy
nippld
ofldia, -n
ostracize
nipt
ofiology
otherwlze
niter
ofthalm(la, -Ic, -y
oubllet
nitrogllcerln
ofthalmoscop(e, -Ic, -y
ourselvs
noisd
oger, -ish
out- (see note, "omitted
nominally
ogld
forms.")
noncommissiond
olid
over- (see note, "omitted
nonlnductlv
okra
forms.")
nonpartizan
oleograf
overwhelmd
nonplus(t, -ing
ol (M mar gar (In (or -ine)
ov(ln (or -ine)
noond
ollgarc .
owd
nonupld
oil in pi (c, -ad, -an,
ownd
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
36
DICTIONARY LIST
ox(id (or -ide), -idize
parafras(e, -Is
peakt
oxigen, -ate, -ation, -ic,
parafrast, -ic
peald
-1/0, -OUS
paragraf, -t; -er, -Ic, -1st
pean
oxigoii, -:il
parali(sis, -tic
pearld
oxihldrogen
paraliz(e, -ant
peavy
oxlmel
paralleled, -ing
pebbld
oxitone
paraUelogramatlc
peckt
ozonize
paramorf, -ic, -ism,
pedagog
-osis, -ous
pedal (d, -ing
P
para n i in f, -al
peddld
parbolld
pedler
pachiderm, -ata, -ous
parcel(d, -ing
pedo- (paedo-), etc.
pack(t, -thred
parcht
peekt
paddld
pardond
peeld
paddockt
parenchlm(a, -atous, -e
peept
padlockt
parislllabic
pecrd
paedo- (see pedo-)
parkt
peev, -d
pagent, -ry
parlor
pegd
palnd
parl(y, -Id; -ies
pcjorativ
palrd
parodid
pel
pajamas
parol, -d, -ing
peler(in (or -ine)
palankeen
paronlm, -Ic, -ous
pel-mel
palat(ln (or -ine)
paroxlsm, -al, -Ic .
penalize
palaverd
paroxltone
pcnanst (st=ced)
paid (d=lcd)
parquet
pencil (d, -ing
palcograf, -Ic, -y
parrld
pcnd
paleo(lithic, -logy,
parsly
pcndentiv
-ntology, -zoic
parst
penetratlv
palet
particularize
pcnnl (royal, -weight,
palfrCy, -Id; -les
partltiond
-wort, -worth
palllatlv
partitlv
pennoncel
palmd
partizan, -ship
pensil (I =le)
palmiped
partnerd
pensiond
palsld
pas, -t; -over, -port, etc.
pensiv
palterd
pascal
pentacord
paludin
pasha, -lie
pentateuc
pamflet, -cer
passerln
peopld
pamperd
passlv
pepperd
pand
pastelist
pepsin
pandemonium
pasteurize
perceptiv
panderd
pastil
percht
paneglr(lc, -1st, -Ize
patcht
perclev, -d (ie~ei)
panel (d, -ing
patrlarc, -al, -ate
percus(t, -siv
pannlerd
patrol (d, -ing
peregrin
panoplld
patronim, -ic
perfectly
pantalet, -s
patronize
perforatlv
pantecnlcon
pattend
perfornid
pantelegraf, -y
patterd
perlfer(y, -al, -Ic
pantograf, -Ic, -y
patternd
perifras(e, -ed; -Is, -tic
paperd
pauper(d, -ize
peril (d, -ing
paplrus
paviliond
perish t
papoose
pavonin
perlstile
parabld
pawd
periwigd
paradim (m -gm)
pawnd
perkt
parafernalia
peacht
permeatlv
paraffin, -d
peacockt
permissiv
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
37
perox(id (or -ide
pipet
poetize
perplext
pipt
poisd
perqulsit
piramld, -al, -Ic
poisond
persecutlv
pire (i=y)
polarize
perspectiv
piretlc
poid (d=ed)
persuasiv
piriforni
pold (d=led)
pertaind
pirlt(e, -os, -Ic
poll- (poly-), etc.
perturbd
plrograf, -y
policrom(e, -ic, -y
pervasiv
piro (ligneous, -logy,
pollfase
perversiv
-mancy, -meter,
pollfemus
pesant, -ry (e=ea)
-scope, -xilin
polifon(e, -ic, -1st, -y
pestcrd
pirotecn(y, -ic, -1st
poligam(y, -1st, -ous
pestld
pirouet
pollginy (i l = y;i 2 =y)
petal (d, -in
pirrhic
pollglot
peterd
pisht
poligon, -al
petitiond
pistol (d, -ing
poligraf, -ic, -y
pctrlfactiv
pitch (t, -forkt
polihedr(on, -al
petroglif, -Ic
pitht
polimorf, -ism, -ous, -ic
petrograf(y, -er, -Ic
pithon, -ess, -Ic
polinomial
pettifogd
pitid (d=ed)
polip, -i, -ous, -us
pewd
plx, -idium, -is
poli(petalous, -pod,
ph- (see f-)
plagiarize
-sepalous, etc.
phy- (see fi-)
plaind
pollsillab(Ie, -ic, -ism
piaster
plaintif
polisindeton
pibroc
plaintiv
politecnic, -s
picanniny
planchet
politheis(m, -t, -tic
pickld
pland
poiisht
pick(t, -ax
planisfere
poly- (see poll-)
picnlct
planisht
pommel (d, -ing
picturesk
plankt
ponderd
piddid
plasht
ponid
plerst (st=ced)
plasterd
pontif
piest (st=ced)
platformd
poohpoohd
pig(d, -taild
platipus
poold
pigm(y, -can
piatirhin
poopt
pikestaf
piausiv
poplard
plI,-d(Z=ZZ)
piay(d, -bil
poppicock
pilaf
pleach t
poppid
pilasterd
pleasd
poppid
pilferd
pled (e = ea)
popt
pilgrimd
pledgd
popularize
pillard
pienisht
porcin
pilliond
plesance
porflr(y, -itic
pillorid
plesant, -ry
pornograf, -ic, -y
piliowd
plesur(e, -ed
portald
pilon (i=y)
plow, -d
portiond
pilordis, -ic
pluckt
portrayd
pimpld
plugd
positiond
pimpt
plum, -d, -ming; -mer;
positiv
pine lit
-bob, -line (TO =mb)
posses(t, -siv
pin'd (d=ned)
plumiped
postfixt
piniond
plumpt
postilion
pinkt
plunderd
pot herd (d=ed)
pinnacld
plunkt
potterd
pinocle
pluralize
poucht
pioneerd
poach t
poudret
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
38
DICTIONARY LIST
poultlst (st=ced)
pou list (st =ced)
pourd
powderd
powerd
powwowd
practis, -t
praisd
prankt
pranst (st=ced)
praseodimium
prattld
prayd
pre- (see note, "omitted
forms.")
preacht
precatlv
preceptlv
preclplst (st =ced)
precluslv
precurslv
predial
predictlv
preemptlv
preen d (d=ed)
prefast (st=ced)
prefect
preferd
prehensil
prejudlst (st =ced)
preluslv
premcditativ
premis
premize
prenomen
prentist (st=ced)
preparatlv
prepenslv
prepositlv
prepossest
prepostor
preraffaelit(e, -Ism
prerogativ
pres, -t; -man, etc.
presbiter, -ial, -y
presbiterian, -ism
prescriptiv
preserv, -d; -ativ
presumptiv
pretens(e, -t
preterit,* -ion, -iv
preter(mit, -mission
preternatural, -ism
pretor, -ial, -ian, -ship
prevaiid
preventiv
previ/(e, -ion
preyd
prickt
prigd
prlmd (d=med)
primeval
primitiv
prlncipld
pringld
prlnkt
prisond
pristin
prlvatlv
probativ
proced(e, -ed, -ing; -s
procest
proclaimd
procrastinativ
procreativ
product (11, -iv
profecy
profest
profes(y, -led; -ier
profet, -ess, -ic
profferd
profilactlc
program, -d, -ing; -atic,
-er, -ist
progres(t, -slv
prohlbitlv
projectil
prolapst
prolog
prolongd
promts, -t
promotiv
prongd
pronounst (sliced)
propagativ
propeld
propertid
proportlond
propt
propulslv
proscriptiv
prosellt(e, -ism, -izc
prospectiv
prosperd
protectiv
proteoli(sis, -tic
protomartir
prototip(e, -al, -ic
protractiv
protrus(il, -iv
provisiond
provocativ
prowld
psalmd
pseudomorf, -ism, -ous
pseudonlm, -ous
pshawd
psicalgia
psichic, -al
psicoflsi(cs, -ology
pslcolog(y, -ic, -ical,-ist
psicopath, -ic, -ist,
-ology, -y
psicosis
psy- (see psi-)
pterldofit(a, -e, -ic
pterodactil
ptomain
publish!
puckerd
puddld
pueril
puf, -t; -ball
pugd
pulcritude
puld (d =led)
pull y, -ies
pulpt
pulsatdl, -IT
pulst
pulverize
pummel(d, -ing
pumpt
puncht
pund (d=ned)
punish!
punitiv
pupt
pur, -d
purchast
purfld
purgatlv
purificatlv
purld
purlin
purlolnd
purpld
purpos(t, -iv
purst
purveyd
pusht
put (t =)
putatlv
putrefactlv
putterd
puttid
puzzld
py- (see pi-)
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
o
rallld
reddend
rambld
redeemd
quackt
run id
redemptiv
quadril
ramekin
redout
quadrisillab(le, -ic
rampt
redout (able, -ed
quadrupld
rancor, -ous
redrest
quaf, -t
rankld
reductiv
quaild
rankt
red(y, -lly, -iness (e =ea)
qualitativ
ransackt
reeft
quantitativ
ransomd
reekt
quarrel (d, -ing; -er
rapin
reeld
quarrid
rapsod(y, -ic, -1st, -ize
reev, -d
quarterd
rapt
refectiv
quartet
rasht
referd
quash!
raspt
reflectiv
quaverd
ratan, -d
reflex (t, -Iv
queend
ratcht
reformed, -atlv
queerd
ratio nd
refractiv
quel, -d
ratlin
refraind
quencht
rattl(d, -ehed
refrigerativ
quercin
ravel (d, -ing
registerd
querid
ravend
regres(t, -slv
questiond
ravish t
regulativ
questor
rayd
rehearst
quibbld
raz(e, -ure
reignd
quickend
re- (see note, "omitted
reind
quickt
forms.")
re joist
quil, -d; -wort, etc.
rea, -gras
relativ
quiii (in (or -ine)
reacht
relax (t, -ativ
quintet
realize
relayd
quintil (l=le)
reamd
releast
quintupld
reapt
reliev, -d
quipt
reard
relinquish!
quire (choir)
reasond
relisht
quirkt
reav, -d
relm (e = ea)
quiverd
rebeld
remaind
quizd
rebuf, -t
remark!
reeapitulativ
remedid
R
receptiv
rememberd
reces(t, -slv
remonstrativ
rabdomancy (r=rh)
reciet (receipt)
remunerativ
racket (racquet)
reciev, -d; -ership
rencounterd
rackt
reciprocativ
renderd
racoon
reckond
renewd
raddld
reckt
renigd
radiativ
recogniz(e, -ance, -ee, -or ]
renounst (st=ced)
radioactiv
recoild
renownd
radiograf, -t; -Ic, -y
recompenst
reo (meter, -scope, -stat
radiotele(graf, -fone
recoild (it (or -ite)
repaird
raf
reconnoiter, -d
reparativ
raifld
recoupt
repeald
-ragd
recoverd
repeld
raild
recreativ
replenish!
raind
recuperativ
repletiv
raisd
recurd
replevid
raja
red (e=ea)
replevlnd
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
40
DICTIONARY LIST
reprehensiv
rcvulsiv
rubarb
representativ
rh- (see T-)
rubberd
repres(t, -siv
ribd
rubd
repriev, -d
ribbond
rubid
repriz(e, -al
rickt
rubrict
ncproacht
ricochet(ed, -ing
rud
reprobativ
riddld
ruddld
reptil
ridgd
ruf, -t, -flng; -fer, -fest;
repudiativ
riffld]
-Shod, etc. (uf = ough)
repuls(t, -iv
rifld
rnf, -t (/=//)
requisit
rifraf
ruffen, -d, -ing
requisition!!
rigd
ruffld
resembld
rigor, -oua
ruind
rcserv, -d
rll, -d
rum, -line(r =rh; m = mb)
resignd
rimd
rumbld
resistiv
rim(e, -cd; -ester, -ist
ruminativ
resolv, -d
rlmpld
rumor, -d
resorptiv
rinestonc
rumpld
respectiv
ringd
rumpt
respit
rinitis
rus (r=rh)
responsiv
rinoccros, -cs
rusht
restiv
rinoplast(y, -ic
rustld
restorativ
rinst (sliced)
ryoltte
res train d
rippld
rcstrictiv
ript
rcsumptiv
riskt
resus (r *=rh)
ritlun, -ic
saber, -d
resuscitativ
rival(d, -ing
saccarif (y, -crous,
retaild
rivet(ed, -ing; -er
-ication
retaind
riz(e, -en, -ing
saccar(in, -imetcr, -oid
rctaliativ
rizom(e, -a
sack (sacque)
retardativ
ro, -cs, -buck (o =oc)
sackt
retcht
roach t
saddend
retentiv
roamd
saddl(d, -cbackt
retoric, -al, -ian
roard
safflr(e, -in
rctract(Il, -iv
robd
sagd
re trench t
rockt
saild
retributiv
rodium
salam, -d, -ming
ret p iev, -d
rododendron
salarid
retro (activ, -flext,
roild
salicilic
-gressiv, -spectiv
rold (d =led)
sallid (d=ed)
rcturnd
rollic, -t
saltpeter
rciimat 'ism, -ic
rotimusi (s/ cc)
romb, -ic, -old, -us
salv, d
saniflre
rcvampt
rombohedr(ou, -al, -oid
sampld
reveald
rompt
sanativ
revel (d, -ing; -er
rooft
sanctiond
reverberativ
rookt
sandald
reverenst (st=ced)
roomd
sandwicht
reverst
roset
sanguin, -d
revertiv
rosind
sansculot
revery
rotativ
santonin
reviz(e, -al, -er, -ion,
roulet
saprofit(e, -ic
-or, -ory
rousd
sapt
revolutionize
rowd
sarcofagus
revolv, -d
rowel (d, -ing
sard (in (or -ine)
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages ! 1 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
41
sardonix
sasht
satir, -ic (i=y)
satirize
saturn (in (or -ine)
saunterd
saust (st =ced)
savanna
savior
savor, -d; -y
saw(d, -mil
saxofone
sc- (pronounst s, see S-)
scabd
scafoid
scalawag
scald (d =led)
scallopt
scalpt
scamperd
scampt
scand
scandalize
scard
scarft
scarpt
scatterd
sclerenchima (i=y)
scof, -t
scolar, -ship
scolastic, -ism
scoliast, -ic
sconst (st = ced)
scool, -d; -book, -house,
-mate, -room, etc.
scooner
scoopt
scorcht
scornd
scotcht
scotograf
scourd
scowld
scrabbld
scrambld
scrapt
scratcht
scrawld
screakt
screamd
screecht
screend
screwd
scribbld
scrimpt
scrold (d =led)
scrubd
scruf
scrupld
scrutinize
scuf, -t
scuffld
scul, -d
sculpt
scumbld
scumd
scurrid
scurril
scutcht
scuttld
seald
seamd
searcht
scard
seasond
scclusiv
secretiv
sectil
sectiond
secularize
sedativ
seductiv
seeld (d=cd)
seemd
seept
seesawd
seethd
segregativ
seind
seismograf, -ic, -y
sel (I =11)
selectiv
selenograf(y, -er, -ic
selvs
seirtafor(e, -ic
semidetacht
send, -ed (s = sc)
sen(e, -ery, -ic (s=sc)
sen(il (or -ile)
sensitiv
senst
sensualize
sent, -ed (s=sc)
sentenst
sentimentalize
sentinel(d, -ing
separativ
septet
septcr, -d
septicem(ia, -ic
septupld
sepulcher, -d
sepulcral
sequesterd
scraf, -ic, -im
scrafine
sergen(t, -cy
sermonize
serpent(in (or -ine)
serrid
serv, -d
serviet
serv(il (or -ile)
sessil
set (t=tt)
scttld
scventifold
severd
sewd
sewerd
sextet
sextil
sextupld
sfalerite
sfenoid
sfer(e, -ed; -oid, -oidal,
-ular, -ule
sferic, -al, -ity, -s
sfigmo(graf, -gram,
sfigm(us, -ic, -oid
sfincter
siinx, -es
sfragistics
shackld
shadow (d, -graf
shagd
shal (I =11)
shallowd
shambld
shamd (d=mcd)
shammy (chamois)
shampood
shankt
sharkt
sharpend
sharpt
shatterd
shawld
sheaft
sheard
sheath (d (or -t)
sheav, -d; -s
sheerd
shel, -d; -bark, -fish, etc.
shellac, -t
shelterd
shelv, -d; -s
sherif, -alty, -dom, etc.
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
42
DICTIONARY LIST
shi(ly, -ness
sillabicat(e, -ion
sissel (s 1 =sc)
shimmerd
Killabif i y, -ication
sission
shind (d=ned)
sillab(le, -Id; -ic, -ize
sissors
shingld
sillabub (i=y)
sissure
shinin y, -id
sillabus
sistem, -atic, -atize
ship(t, -wreckt
sillog(ism, -istic, -ize
sistol(e, -ic
shir, -d
silvci, -se (or -as, pZ.), -n
sithe (s =sc; i y)
shirkt
silverd
siv, -d (sieve)
shist, -ose (s =sc)
simbio(sis, -tic
sixtifold
shister (i=y)
simbol, -d; -ic, -ism,
siz, -d
shiverd
-1st, -istic, -ize, -ogy
sizig(y, -etic
shoald
simfoii y, -ic, -ious
sizzld
shock (t, -bed
simitar, -d
sketcht
shoider, -d; -blade, etc.
simlin (cymlin)
skewd
shood (d=ed)
simmerd
skewerd
shopt
slmmetr(y, -Ic, -Ician,
skiagraf, -y
shorl (s =sc)
-1st, -ize
skif
shortend
si input In y, -etic, -ize
skil, -d; -ful
shottish (s=sc)
simperd
skilark, -t (i=y)
shovel (d, -ing; -er
si MI po si u 111, -ac
ski (light, -sail, -scraper s
show(d, -bil, -bred
simptom, -atic
-ward, etc.
showerd
sinagog, -al, -ical
sklmd
shriekt
sinalefa
skimpt
shrll, -d
sinclinal
skind
shrlvel(d, -ing
sincopat(e, -ion
skipt
shrugd
slncop(e, -al, -ic
skirmisht
shuckt
sincron(ism, -al, -ic,
skul, -d; -cap
shudderd
-Ize, -ous
skulkt
shuffld
sind (d=ned)
skunkt
shund
sindlc
slabberd
shutterd
sindicalls(m, -t
slabd
static, -a (s =sc)
slndicat(e, -ion
slackend
slbarit(e, -ic (i* =y)
slnecdoch(e, -ical
slackt
slbil, -ic, -in (or -ine)
sineresis
slamd
sicamore
sinewd
slanderd
siccativ
singld
slangd
sicee (iy)
sinod, -al, -ic
slapt
sickend
sinolog
slasht
sicofan(t, -cy, -tic, -tish
sinonim, -ic, -1st, -tty,
slaughterd
siderograf, -ic, -1st, -y
-ize, -ous, -y
slaverd
side(trackt, -wize
sinop(sls, -tic
sleav, -d
sidld
sinovia, -1
sleekt
siegnior, -age, -y (ie =ei)
sinta(x, -ctic
sleev, -d
sien(ce, -tial, -tiflc, -tist
sinthe(sis, -size, -<:<
sleighd
siez, -d; -in, -ure
sintilla, -nt, -te, -tion
sleutht
siflli(s, -tic
siolls(m, -t, -tic (s=sc)
slickt
sifon, -d; -age, -of ore
sion (s =sc)
slight (sleight)
sighd
sipt
sli(ly, -ness
signal(d, -ing; -er, -ize
siren (i=y)
slipperd
signd
siringa
slipt
signiflcativ
siring (e, -ed
sliverd
sli, -d
sirinx
slo, -es (o=oe)
silenst (st =ced)
sirra
slobberd
sllf, -id, -like
sirrhus (s=sc)
sloid (i=y)
silhouet
sirup, -y
slopt
sillabary
Sis, -t (s'=ss)
slosht
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
43
slum-lit
sobriquet
spil, -d (or -t)
slowd
socialize
spin (11 (d, -elegd, etc.
sluf, -t, -flng; -fy
sockt
spinny
slugd
soddend
spiritualize
sluist (st=ced)
sofisin (f = ph~)
spirituel
slumberd
sofist, -er, -ic,- -ry
splasht
slumd
sofisticat(e, -ion, -or
splatterd
slumpt
sofomor(e, -ic
splayd
slurd
softend
splendor
slusht
solid
splinterd
smackt
sojournd
splotcht
smartend
solast (st =ced)
splutterd
smasht
sold (d=ed)
spoil (d (or -t)
smatterd
solderd
spondH (i =y)
smeard
soldierd
- -spoold
smel, -d (or -t)
solecize
spoon (d, -bil, -bild
smircht
solemnize
sportiv
smirk!
soliloquize
spraind
smltht
solmizat(e, -ion
sprawld
smockt
solutiv
sprayd
smolder, -d
solv, -d
spred, -ing; -er (e=ca)
smoocht
somber
sprigd
smoothd
sooth, -d
sprinkld
smotherd
sopt
sprite, -ly
smudgd
sorgum (sorghum)
spunkt
smuggld
sorrowd
spurd
smutcht
soubret
spurnd
snaffld
sould
sputterd
snagd
sourd
squabbld
snapt
soust
squald (d =led)
snarld
southt
squanderd
snatcht
sovren, -ty
squash t
sneakt
sowd
squawkt
sneerd
spagetti
squeakt
SIH'O/, -d
spald (d=Jed) ^
squeald
snel
spand
squeez, -d
snickerd
spangld
squelcht
snickt
spankt
squibd
snif, -t
spard (d = red)
squil
sniggerd
spark t
squirmd
sniggld
spatterd
stabd
snipt
spavind
stabilize
snivel (d, -ing; -er
spawnd
stabld
snoopt
spayd
stablisht
snooz, -d
speard
stackt
snow(d, -plow
specialize
staf
snubd
speckld
staggerd
snuf, -t; -box, etc.
speckt
staid
snuffld
spectacld
staind
snugd
specter
staid (d =led)
snuggld
speculativ
stalkt
soakt
spel, -d (or -t) ; -bind
stammerd
soapt
spermatofit(e, -ic
stampt
soard
spewd
stanch, -t; -er, -est
sobd
sph- (see sf-)
stanchiond
soberd
spigoty
standardize
See Explanatory Notes
on Tipografy and Omitted
Forms, pages 11 and 12
44
DICTIONARY LIST
stapld
starcht
stard
startld
starv, -d; -ling
stationd
statuet
steamd
stearin
sted, -ed, -ing; -fast
sted(y, -id, -ying; -ier,
-lest, -ily, -Iness
steeld
steepld
steept
steerd
stelth, -y
stemd
stencil (d, -ing; -er
stenograf, -er, -ic, -y
stept
stcreograf, -Ic, -y
stereotip(e, -ic, -ist, -y
steril, -ize
sternd
sternutativ
stewd
stic (c=ch)
stickld
stif, -backt, -neckt, etc.
stiffend
stifld
stigmatize
stil, -d; -born, etc.
si Hi t, -ar, -et, -iform,
-old, -ometer, -us
stil(c, -ed, -ing
stil(e, -ish, -ist, -istic
stilograf, -ic, -y
stiimie, -id, -ying
stimulativ
stippld
stiptic, -ity
stird
stitcht
stockt
stold (d=ed)
stomac, -t
stoold
stoopt
stopperd
stoppld
stopt
storid
stormd
stowd
straddld
straggld
straightend
straind
straitend
strangld
strapt
stratigraf(y, -ic
strayd
streakt
streamd
strengthend
stres, -t
stretcht
strewd
stricn(ia, -in (or -ine)
stringd
stript
strobfil (or-ile)
strof(e, -Ic
strold (d=led)
stropt
strowd
struggld
strumd
stubd
studid
stuf, -t
stumbld
stumd
stumpt
stund
stupefactiv
stutterd
suasiv
subbed, -ed, -ins (e =ed)
subjectiv
subjoind
subjunctiv
subleast
submerst
submissiv
subornd
subpena, -ed, -ing
subserv, -d
subsidize
subsoild
substantiv
subsumptiv
subtil (or suttil)
subtitld
subtractiv
subtresur(y, -er
subversiv
succed(e, -ed, -ing
successiv
succor, -d
succum, -d, -mlng
succus(t, -siv
suckid
suckt
SUd (d =dd)
SUf, -t, -fillg (uj
sufferd
suffixt
suffocativ
suffraget
sugard
suggestiv
sulfate
sulf (id (or -ide)
sulfohidrate
sulfur, -ate, -ation,
-ecus, -ic, -ous, -y
sulfuret, -ed, -ing
sulkt
sumac
sumd
summarize
summerd
summond
sunburn (d (or -t)
sun d, -rize
sunderd
super (ad, -calendcrd,
-drednaught,
-endowd, -fluxt,
-sensitiv
superlativ
superviz(e, -al, -ion,
-or, -ory
suppld
suppletiv
suppositiv
suppres(t, -siv
suppurativ
supt
surceast
surcingld
suretiship
surf as t (st=ced)
surmize
surname
surpast
surplist (st=ced)
surpriz(e, -al
surrenderd
surr(y, -ies
surtaxt
surveyd
susceptiv
suspensiv
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages U and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
45
sustalnd
tantalize
suttil (or subtil), -Ism,
taperd
-Ity, -Ize, -ty
tapestrld
suttl(e, -ety, -y
tapt
swabd
tard
swaddld
tarlf, -t
swagd
tarnlsht
swaggerd
tarrld
swallowd
taskt
swampt
tassel (d, -ing
swapt
tatterd
swarmd
tattld
swaslit.
tattood
swathd
taurln
swayd
tautend
sweetend
tautologize
swel, -d; -fish
tawd
swelterd
taxt
swerv, -d
lea m d
swet, -ed, -Ing; -er, -y
teasd
swigd
teazel
swll, -d
tecnlc, -al, -allty, -Ian
swlndld
tecnic (or tecnique)
swlngld
teenolog(y, -Ic, -1st
swlrld
teemd
swisht
teeterd
swltcht
teethd
swivel (d, -ing
tel, -tale
swoond
telautograf
swoopt
telefon(e, -ed; -Ic, -y
By- (see si-)
telegraf, -t; -er, -Ic, -y
telegraf(one, -oscope
T
telefot(e, -o
tabd
telefotograf, -Ic, -y
tabld
telfer, -age
tabor, -ine
temperd
taboret
tenipld
tabu
temporize
tachlgraf, -er, -y
tenderd
tackld
tenia
tackt
tenond
tact (11 (or -ile)
tenor
tagd
tcnsll
talld
tenst
tallord
tentacld
talk(t, -atlv
tentatlv
lallHd, -man
tenterd
tallowd
tcraf, -1m
talond
tereblnthln
tamarac
termd
tamperd
termlnatlv
tampt
terrast (st =ced)
tand
terrorize
tangd
tetherd
tangld
tetracord, -pllon,
tankt
-slllable, -stile
tetrarc
textll
thalloflt(a, -e, -Ic
thankt
thatcht
thawd
theater
thein
themselvs
theofany
theolog, -ize
theomorfic
theorize
theosof(y, -Ic, -Ism, -1st
thermodlnamic, -al, -s
thermograf
thewd
thickcnd
thlev, -d; -s
thil
thlm(e, -ous, -y (i=y)
thimus
thind
thiroid
thlrsus
thlrtifold
tho
thornd
thoro, -ly, -ness; -base,
-bred, -fare, -going,
-wort, etc.
thral(d, -dom
thrapt
thrasht
Hired, -ed, -Ing; -er,
-like, -y; -bare, etc.
thresh t
thret
threten, -d, -Ing; -er
thril, -d
thro, -es (o = oc)
throbd
throngd
throttld
thru, -out
thrumd
thum,-d,-ming (m=mb)
thumpt
thunderd
thwackt
tlckld
tlckt
tlcoon (i=y)
tldld
tlerd
tlf, -t
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
46
DICTIONARY LIST
tlfoon (i=y; f=-ph)
tlfuis, -old, -ous
tlghtend
tlgrln
tike
til, -d
tlllerd
tlmberd
tlmpan, -ic, -u in
tlnd (d = ned)
tingld
tlnkerd
tlnkld
tlnkt
tinseled, -ing
tlp(e, -ed, -Ing; -1st
tlpewrltee, -er, -1st
tlpiecal, -fy
tlpograf, -er, -ic, -y
-tlppld
tipstaf, -s
tipt
tlpto, -ed, -Ing; -eg
tlranet, -Ic, -Iclde, -Ize,
-ous, -y
tiro
tlslc, -al, -ky
tlsls
tltlllatlv
tltld
tltterd
to, -ed, -Ing; -es (o=oe)
toadld
toboggand
toddld
tof ( us, -1
togd
toggld
tolld
tokend
told (d=ed)
told (d = led)
tomahawkt
tomally
tombd
tonsllltls
toold
tooth (t, -ake
topografey, -er, -ic
toppld
topsiturvy
topt
tort II, -lv
tos, -t; -pot, -up
totaled, -ing
totterd
tourd
tourmalin
tourn(y, -tes
tousld
towd
towel(d, -Ing
towerd
toxem(ia, -ic
toxin
toyd
trachlt(e, -Ic, -old
trackt
tract (11, -IT
trafflct
tragedien
tralld
tralnd
trammel(d, -ing; -er
trampld
trampt
tranquilize
transalpln
transcrlptiT
transfer (d, -Ing; -able,
-ability, -al, -ee, -er,
-erence, -or
transfixt
transformed, -atlv
transfusiv
transgres(t, -siv
tranship, -t, -ping; -ment
transitlv
transmissiv
transmutatlv
transpierst (st = ced)
transt (st =ced)
trapt
trasht
travalld
traveled, -ing; -er, -og
traverst
travestld
trawld
treatls
trebld
trecherey, -ous
tred, -Ing; -er; -mil
trediee, -d
trefiii r, -ed
trekt
trelllst
trembld
trencht
trepand
tres, -t
trespast
trestld
tresur(e, -ed; -er, -y
trlangld
tribrac
triclciee, -d; -1st
trickld
trlckt
tricolor, -d
tricord (c =ch)
tricotomy
trifld
triformd
trifthong, -al
trigd
trigllf
trlgraf
tril, -d
trimd
trlpld
tript
triptic (i*=y;c=ch)
trisail (ii = y )
trlsillabeie, -ic
trlst (i=y)
trisulf(id (or -ide)
trlumf, -t; -al, -ant
trlvalv
Inn-air, -al
troclea, -r
trocold
trof, -t (of=ough)
trof (y, -Id
trogloditee, -Ic
trold (d =led)
trolley, -id; -ics
troopt
tropofllous
tropofitee, -ic
trotht
troubld
trounst (st=ced) '
trouser(s, -d
trowd
trowel(d, -ing
truckld
truckt
trudgd
truffid
trumpt
trundld
trunkt
trus, -t (* 2 =sed)
tubd
tubercld
tuch, -t; -y; -stone, etc.
tuckerd
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
DICTIONARY LIST
47
tuckt
uranografy
villan(y, -ous
tuf (/=//)
urem(ia, -ic
vinaigret
tuf, -fer, -fest (uf = ough)
urin
vindicatlv
tuffen, -d, -ing
urnd
vlndictlv
tugd i
ursin
vinegard (d=ed)
tumbld
usherd
vlolativ
tumor
usurpt
vlperln
tund
uterln
vlrll
tung, -d; -tied
utilize
visiond
tunnel (d, -ing; -er
utterd
visualize
turband
vitalize
turb(in (or -ine)
v
vitiiliii
turft
vltuperativ
turk(y, -ies
vacc(in (or -ine)
vizor, -d
turmal(in (or -ine)
valid
vocalize
turmolld
valanst (st =ced)
vocatlv
turnd
valkir, -Ian, -ie (i 1 =y)
voist (st=ced)
turquois
valley, -Ies
volatil, -ize
tusht
valor, -ous
voll(y, -Id; -Ies
tuskt
valorization
volunteerd
tussld
valv, -d
votlv
tutord
vampt
voucht
tuwhood
vand
vowd
twaddld
vangard (a 2 =ua)
vowel (d, -ing
twangd
vanish!
vulcanize
tweakt
vanquish!
vulgarize
tweedld
vapor, -d; -ish, -ize, -ous
vulpin
tweez
varied, -colord
twelv, -month
varnish!
W
twentlfold
vasel(ln (or -ine)
twlddld
vaudevil
wabbld
twier (tuyere)
vedet
waddld
twigd
veerd
waferd
tw II, -d
vegetatlv
wagd
twlnd (d =ned)
veild
wagerd
twinkld
veind
waggld
twirld
veneerd
wagon, -d, -ing; -et
twitcht
venomd
waild
twitterd
ventllatlv
wainscot (ed, -ing
ty- (see tl-)
ventriloquize
walv, -d
veranda
wakend
u
vermuth
wald (d=led)
versatll
walkt
udderd
versicolor
wallop!
ulcerativ
verst
wallowd
umber, -d
verv
waltzt
umbret
vestrlman (i=y)
wanderd
un- (see note, "omitted
vext
wantond
forms.")
vial
warbld
under- (see note, "omitted
vlbral (11, -IV
ward (d =red)
forms.")
victimize
warmd
uniformd
victual(d, -ing; -er
warnd
univalv, -d
vldet
warpt
up- (see note, "omitted
viewd
washt
forms.")
vlgnet
wassaild
upholsterd
vigor, -ous
watcht
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
48
DICTIONARY LIST
watered, -in ark t, etc.
wlckt
Xilo- (xylo-), etc.
wattld
-widend
xilo(carpou9, -fagous,
wauld
widowd
-gen, -nite, etc.
waverd
wier
xilofou(e, -1st
waxt
wierd
xilograf, -ic, -y
weakend
wlgd
xister
weand
wiggld
xy- (see Xl-)
wearid
wigwagd
weav, -d
wil, -ful
Y
wcazand
wlllowd
wcazcl
wlmpld
yammerd
weazcnd
windowd
yankt
webd
wlndrowd
yapt
wedgd
wingd
yarnd
'Weend
winkt
yawd
weighd
winnowd
yawnd
wel, -d; -bred, etc.
wlnst (st = ced)
yawpt
welcomd
wlnterd
yclept
welsht
wisht
yeand
welterd
wlspt
yearnd
writ h, -y
wltcht
yeg, -man
wepon, -d
with, -t (withe)
yel, -d
wer
wltherd
yellowd
wether, -d;-wlze, etc.
wltnest
yelpt
whackt
wlze
yodel (d, -ing; -er
wharft
wizcaker
yolkt
wharvs
wizend
yoman, -like, -ry
wheedld
wo, -es; -ful; -begon
yourselvs
wheeld
wolft
yowld
wheez, -d
wolvs
yu
whelkt
wombd
yung, -cr, -est, -Ish,
whelmd
wonderd
-ling, -ster
whelpt
wool (en, -y
yunker
whif, -t
workt
whiffld
wormd
z
whimperd
worrld
whimsy
worship(t, -ing; -er
zaffer
wbinntd
wrangld
zanthoxilum
whlppoorwll
wrapt
zeflr (f = ph; i=y)
whipt
wreakt
zelot, -ry>
whir, -d
wreath, -d (or -t)
zelous
whlrld
wreckt
zlgoma, -tic (f =)*
whisht
wrencht
zigomorf(ous, -ic
whiskerd
wrestld
zlgosp(ore, -erm
whlskt
wrlggld
zlgzagd
whisk (y, -ies
wrlngd
zlmase
whlsperd
wrinkld
ziin(e, -Ic, -ology,
whlstld
wroiigd
-o meter, -osls, -otic
whitend
zincograf (y, -er, -Ic
whltlether 0" =ra)
X
zinct
whlttld
zoofag(an, -ous
whiz, -d
xanth(eln, -in
zooflt(e, -ic
whoopt
xerofil, -ous
zoogeograf(y, -er, -Ic
whopt
xeroflt(e, -Ic
zoograf(y, -er, -ic, -1st
whorid
xlfoid, -ian
zoril
wlckerd
xilem
zy- (see zl-)
See Explanatory Notes on Tipografy and Omitted Forms, pages 11 and 12
30 WORDS IN SIMPLIFIED SPELLINGS
For the benefit of busy men and women who would
like to begin the use of some simplified spellings with-
out taking the time to learn the Rules, and in response
to many requests for a short but representativ list of
words in simplified spellings, the Board has made the
following selection from the examples under the Rules.
The words of the list hav been chosen with special
reference to use in correspondence, and include the five
tipe-words, catalog, program, tho, thoro, thru, of the
list of TWELV WORDS adopted by the NATIONAL EDUCA-
TION ASSOCIATION in 1898, and since then used by it in
all its official publications and correspondence :
LIST OF 30 WORDS
ad enuf shal
addrest fil(dj shipt
anser(d) fixt tel
ar giv telefone
askt hav (al)tho
bil(d) insted thoro (ly, -fare, etc.)
buro liv(d) thru (out)
catalog program twelv
det reciet wil
engin reciev(d) yu
Leaflets containing the LIST OF 30 WORDS, with
suggestions for extending the use of simplified spelling
"by applying the principles illustrated by the 30 Words
to the spelling of other words in their respectiv classes,
wil be supplied free on request specifying quantity
desired. (See next page.) Address:
SIMPLIFIED SPELLING BOARD, 1 Madison av., New York.
HANDBOOK OF SIMPLIFIED SPELLING
Owing to the present (1920) high prices of printing,
paper, and binding, the Board is compeld to make a
sufficient charge for the HANDBOOK to cover the cost of
manufacture and shipping, as follows:
HANDBOOK OF SIMPLIFIED SPELLING
Containing Parts 1, 2, and 3, complete, 128 pages
In hevy boards, cloth back ONE DOLLAR
In strong paper covers FIFTY CENTS
Maild to any address on reciet of price. Remit to
SIMPLIFIED SPELLING BOARD, 1 Madison av., New York.
To RECIEV THE HANDBOOK FREE, JOIN THE
SIMPLIFIED SPELLING LEAG
(See next page.)
SEPARATE PARTS OF HANDBOOK
Single copies of the separate parts of the Handbook
may be had without charge on application by mail to
SIMPLIFIED SPELLING BOARD, 1 Madison av., New York.
FOLDERS AND LEAFLETS
REASONS AND RULES FOR SIMPLIFIED SPELLING, an
8-page folder; and the 30 WORDS leaflet (see preceding
page), suitable for inclosing with correspondence, wil
be sent free to all who ar willing to assist in making
known the purposes of the Board. Please specify
quantity desired. Address SIMPLIFIED SPELLING BOARD,
1 Madison avenue, New York.
SIMPLIFIED SPELLING LEAG
All who ar interested in the movement to improve
English spelling, and who wish to advance it, may do
so by joining the Simplified Spelling Leag.
The Leag was establisht in 1920 as an auxiliary of
the Simplified Spelling Board.
The Board has no endowment.
It depends for support on the voluntary contributions
of its members and f rends.
It has no salarid officers.
Every dollar recievd is 100 percent efficient.
If you believ in simplified spelling,
JOIN THE LEAG
Do IT NOW, and reciev FREE a bound copy of the
HANDBOOK OF SIMPLIFIED SPELLING
SIMPLIFIED SPELLING LEAG
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Make all checks and mony orders payable to the
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Associates wil reciev free a copy of the HANDBOOK
bound in paper on payment of first annual subscription
($1). Associates who pay two annual subscriptions in
advance ($2), and Members, wil reciev the Handbook
bound in boards.
14 DAY USE
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or
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eral Library
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'ft
