Presented by
Dr. 0. T. Fellows
CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
A HANDBOOK OF USEFUL
DRUGS
A Selected List of Important Drugs Suggested for the Use of
Teachers of Materia Medica and Therapeutics and to
Serve as a Basis for the Examination in Therapeutics
by State Medical Examining and Licensing Boards
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND
SUPERVISION OF THE
PHARMACY AND
OF THE
AMERICAN MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION ,
PRESS OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago
1914
[AUTIIOEITY TO USE FOB COMMENT THE PHARMACOPEIA OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA, EIGHTH DECENNIAL REVISION,
IN THIS VOLUME, HAS BEEN GRANTED BY THE BOARD OF
TRUSTEES OF THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIAL CONVENTION.
WHICH BOARD OF TRUSTEES is IN NO WAY RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE ACCURACY OF ANY TRANSLATION OF THE OFFICIAL WEIGHTS
AND MEASURES, OR FOR ANY STATEMENT AS TO THE STRENGTH
OF OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS.]
COPYRIGHT, 1913
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
PREFACE
It is generally recognized that a considerable proportion of
the articles in the Pharmacopeia of the United States and in
the National Formulary are worthless or superfluous. Repeated
efforts have been made to eliminate at least the more objec-
tionable of these articles. These efforts, however, have failed
because they have uniformly encountered the objection that
the articles or preparations are used by some physicians and
therefore should be recognized and authoritatively defined.
The Council on Medical Education and the Confederation of
State Examining and Licensing Boards have been trying
to restrict instruction and examination in materia medica to
the more important drugs. These efforts have suggested the
desirability of selecting a fundamental list of drugs with
which all medical students and practitioners might be expected
to be familiar and to which, therefore, state examining and
licensing boards might largely or entirely confine their exam-
inations in materia medica.
HOW THE LIST WAS PREPARED
A committee of the Council on Medical Education of the
American Medical Association prepared a list of the more
important medicaments which was submitted to the members
of the National Confederation of State Medical Examining
and Licensing Boards. The confederation endorsed the prin-
ciple and appointed a committee to compile a list which would
answer the needs of the state examining and licensing boards.
In pursuance of its fundamental aims to secure the devel-
opment of a more scientific and rational system of thera-
peutics, the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry took up this
matter. Largely basing its selection on the conclusions of
the committee of the Confederation of State Licensing and
Examining Boards, it compiled a preliminary list which it
submitted for general discussion. This list was sent to
teachers of pharmacology and therapeutics, to deans of medical
4 USEFUL DRUGS
schools, to the secretaries and members of state medical exam-
ining and licensing boards, and to others presumed to be
interested in the subject, with a request for criticism and
suggestions. The replies received were compiled and analyzed
and a revised list prepared and again submitted. The list
was further considered and revised by the Council on Phar-
macy and Chemistry and was then published in a preliminary
form under the title "Useful Remedies." The object of pre-
senting the book in a tentative form was to obtain further
opinions regarding the list and especially suggestions for
making the permanent book of the most practical value to all
concerned.
The present book has been prepared on the basis of infor-
mation, advice and suggestions brought out by the preliminary
work above referred to. It presents a brief but practical dis-
cussion, from the modern viewpoint, of the properties, phar-
macologic action, therapeutic uses and dosage of the drugs in
the list. As it contains products the value of which is gen-
erally recognized it is hoped that the book may serve as a
text on which teachers of materia medica and therapeutics
may base their instruction, and state examining boards their
examinations.
It is confidently predicted that an intelligent and critical
use of these selected drugs will prove their general sufficiency
and show that many drugs now discussed in text-books are
superfluous and that many newly discovered or widely
exploited proprietary preparations have no advantages over
those contained in this book.
In discussing pharmacologic action the endeavor has been
to present the essentials, giving the details of physiologic
action only when they have an evident bearing on the thera-
peutic uses. The latter have been given concisely, but it is
hoped in sufficient detail so that no important uses have been
overlooked. In dosage the average doses of the pharmacopeia
have been given except in those instances in which the impor-
tance of the drug makes it necessary to enter more into detail.
USEFUL DRUGS 5
Especial attention has been paid to the various methods of
administration and it is hoped that the occasional sugges-
tions for the choice of vehicle will be of service to beginners
in prescription writing. For the same reason the strength
of local applications has been carefully indicated. In giving
apothecary and metric doses the attempt to give exact equiv-
alents has not been made. So far as possible, the use of round
numbers has been encouraged.
In spelling the book conforms to the style of THE JOURNAL
of the American Medical Association, except that the official
names of the U. S. Pharmacopeia have been retained in the
titles.
ABBREVIATIONS
The following abbreviations occur in the text:
U. S. P. The Pharmacopeia of , the United States of
America, Eighth Revision.
N. F. The National Formulary of Unofficial Preparations.
Third Edition.
N. N. R. New and Nonofficial Remedies, 1913.
STATEMENT OF SOLUBILITY
For ease of reference the solubility of official articles is
indicated in approximate terms in accordance with the follow-
ing equivalents:
Substances that are soluble in less than
1 part of solvent = very soluble.
From 1 to 10 parts of solvent = freely soluble.
From 10 to 100 parts of solvent = soluble.
From 100 to 1,000 parts of solvent = slightly soluble.
From 1,000 to 10,000 parts of solvent = very slightly soluble.
From 10,000 to 100,000 parts of solvent = nearly insoluble.
More than 100.000 parts of solvent = practically insoluble.
USEFUL DRUGS
Acacia. Acacia, U. S. P., Gum Arabic.
A gummy exudation from Acacia Senegal and other species
of acacia.
PROPERTIES : Acacia occurs in colorless or pale yellowish,
opaque, brittle, inodorous tears or fragments which are com-
pletely soluble in water but practically Insoluble in alcohol.
Mucilago Acaciae. Mucilage of Acacia, U. S. P.
A 34 per cent, solution of Acacia in a mixture of water
and lime-water.
ACTION AND USES : Acacia and its mucilage are used as
demulcents and suspending agents in the making of emul-
sions and mixtures.
Acetanilidum Acetanilid, U. S. P., C H 3 NH ( CH 3 CO ) .
Acetanilid is the monacetyl derivative of anil in, C H 5 NH 2 .
PROPERTIES : Acetanilid is an odorless, crystalline powder,
having a slightly burning taste. It is only slightly soluble in
water (1:180), but freely soluble in alcohol (1:2.5).
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Acetanilid is incompatible with spirit
of nitrous ether. It forms a semiliquid mass when triturated
with chloral or antipyrin.
ACTION AND USES : Acetanilid is analgesic, antipyretic
and, in excessive doses, a cardiac depressant. These effects
are probably due to para-aminophenol, into which it is
converted in the body. The pulse is at first quickened and
later slowed by a direct action on the heart muscle.
Moderate doses have little effect on the temperature of
normal animals and men, but such doses cause a marked
reduction of the temperature in fever. Large doses, or
small doses taken habitually, convert hemoglobin into met-
hemoglobin and may destroy the red blood-corpuscles. In
poisonous doses acetanilid produces cyanosis, abnormal
reduction of temperature, coldness of the extremities and
profuse sweating. In individuals with an idiosyncrasy
toward the drug similar symptoms may be produced by
small doses. Its use should be avoided in patients Avho
are debilitated from any cause.
Acetanilid is effective for the relief of headache and
neuralgic pain, but is not suited to the treatment of pain
caused by inflammation.
DOSAGE: 0.20 gm. or 3 grains, ft is well to begin with
0.10 gm. or about 2 grains and to repeat cautiously. For-
merly mixtures of acetanilid with caffein or ammonium
8
salts were advised on the supposition that the cardiac
depression would thus be avoided, but this does not seem
to be the case. Investigation has shown that acetanilid
is rendered somewhat more toxic by caffein, but sodium
bicarbonate renders it less poisonous. The drug should be
used cautiously and only for definite indications. Acetanilid
has been widely exploited in the form of varying mixtures
under different names as a cure for all pain. Many so-called
headache powders contain it, but its indiscriminate use in
this way is dangerous. It may be administered dry in the
form of powders, cachets or capsules; because of its slight
solubility it should not be massed in pills or compressed into
tablets unless the tablet is crushed with the teeth before
swallowing or unless the tablet will disintegrate rapidly in
the stomach.
Acetphenetidinum. Acetphenetidin, U. S. P., Phenacetin,
C 6 H 4 ( OC 2 H 5 ) .NH ( CH 3 CO ) .
Acetphenetidin differs from acetanilid in containing the
ethoxyl group C 2 H 5 0.
PROPERTIES : Acetphenetidin occurs as white, crystalline scales
or a crystalline powder. It is odorless and tasteless. It is only
slightly soluble in water (1:925) but soluble in alcohol (1:12).
INCOMPATIBILITIES: The same as ioP acetanilid.
ACTION AND USES: These are similar to those of acetan-
ilid, but it is supposed to be somewhat safer. Its analgesic,
antipyretic and cardiac depressant effects, like those of
acetanilid, are due to the formation of para-aminophenol,
and its possible advantage over acetanilid is probably due*
to the fact that this decomposition occurs more slowly.
It is best administered in the form of powders, cachets or
capsules.
Since the enactment of the Food and Drugs Act, June 30,
1906, acetphenetidin has frequently displaced acetanilid as
the active agent in proprietary mixtures for the relief of
headache and other pain. Its relation to acetanilid sug-
gests similar caution in its use.
DOSAGE: A full dose is 0.50 gm. or 7% grains. It is
well to begin with 0.30 gm. or 5 grains, and repeat every
three hours if needed for a few doses. When small doses
fail to relieve headache, larger doses are also usually
ineffectiye.
Acidum Aceticum. Acetic Acid, U. S. P.
A solution containing 36 per cent, by weight of absolute
acetic acid (H.CLHaO,) =CH 3 COOH. (In some European
countries a preparation comparable to glacial acetic acid,
U. S. P., containing 99 per cent, of absolute acetic acid, is
known as acetic acid, and the article that is official in
the U. S. P. as "diluted acetic acid" is sometimes described
as acetum or vinegar.)
USEFUL DRUGS 9
Diluted Acetic Acid, U. S. P., contains 6 per cent, of
absolute acetic acid.
PROPERTIES : Acetic acid is a clear, colorless solution. In all
of its forms it is freely miscible with water.
ACTION AND USES : Acetic acid, as such, is not ordinarily
used internally, but when administered in the diluted form
it is mildly diaphoretic and diuretic. Externally it is a
caustic, rubefacient and parasiticide.
Acidum Acetylsalicylicum. See under Aspirin.
Acidum Benzoicum. Benzoic Acid, U. S. P.
An organic acid, (HC 7 H 6 2 ) = C C H 5 .COOH, obtained from
benzoin, by sublimation, or prepared artificially.
PROPERTIES : Benzoic acid occurs as colorless, or almost color-
less, lustrous scales or needles having an odor resembling benzoin.
when obtained from the latter, and a pungent, acid taste. It is
only slightly soluble in water (1:281), but is soluble in alcohol
(1:1.8). It reacts with alkali hydroxids, and carbonates to
form water-soluble benzoates.
ACTION AND USES: Benzoic acid is a mild antiseptic and
diuretic. It is excreted in the urine in the form of hippuric
acid (benzoyl glycocoll). Clinically it is of little value.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7y 2 grains. It is preferably dispensed
in the form of powder and may be enclosed, dry, in cap-
sules or cachets. It is more frequently used in the form
of soluble compounds (see Sodii Benzoas).
Acidum. Boricum. Boric Acid, U. S. P. Boracic Acid (obso-
lete) (H 3 B0 3 ) =B(OH),.
PROPERTIES : Boric acid forms transparent, colorless scales or
a light, unctuous, very fine powder. It is odorless, has a faintly
bitter taste and is slowly soluble in water (1 :18) and soluble in
alcohol (1:15).
ACTION AND USES : Boric acid is a mild antiseptic. It
has been occasionally administered internally, but with little
effect, in cystitis. Externally it is frequently used as a
dusting powder, either alone or combined with diluents
such as starch or talcum, or with active substances such
as acetanilid, salicylic acid or iodoform. It is also widely
used as a wash or lotion, especially for catarrh of the
mucous membranes, cystitis, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, etc.,
usually in simple aqueous solutions containing from 2 to
4 per cent, of boric acid. This is one of the most frequently
used lotions for conjunctivitis. It is also very useful for
irrigating the bladder in cystitis. It is used in the form
of glycerite of boroglycerin in washes and injections. The
ointment is mildly antiseptic but is chiefly used as a pro-
tective dressing.
Glyceritum Boroglycerini. Glycerite of Boroglycerin, U. S. P.
A glycerin solution representing 30 per cent, of boric acid.
10 USEFUL DRUGS
Unguentum Acidi Borici. Ointment of Boric Acid, U. S. P.
A 10 per cent, mixture of boric acid with paraffin and
white petrolatum.
Acidum Citricum. Citric Acid, U. S. P.
A tribasic organic acid, H 3 C 8 H 5 T ,H 2 O, usually prepared
from the juice of limes or lemons.
PROPERTIES : Citric acid forms colorless, transparent crystals :
odorless and having an agreeable purely acid taste. It is very
soluble in water (1:0.54) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:1.5).
ACTION AND USES: Citric acid may be used as a substi-
tute for lemon-juice. Like the other organic acids, it is
oxidized in the system to carbonic acid, so that its acid
effects are "much reduced. If an alkaline carbonate be added
an effervescing mixture is obtained which gives the thera-
peutic effects of the alkalies.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or iy 2 grains. It may be prescribed in
the form of syrupus acidi citrici or as lemonade.
Acidum Diaethylbarbituricum. See under Veronal.
Acidum Hydrochloricum. Hydrochloric Acid, U. S. P..
Muriatic Acid.
A fuming corrosive liquid containing 31.9 per cent, of
hydrogen chlorid, HC1.
Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum. Diluted Hydrochloric
Acid, U. S. P.
A solution containing 10 per cent, of hydrogen chlorid.
HC1.
PROPERTIES : Diluted hydrochloric acid is a colorless, odorless,
strongly acid aqueous solution ; freely miscible In all proportions
with water or alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : It is incompatible with alkalies, car-
bonates and oxids, with which it reacts to form chlorids,
and with the soluble salts of silver and of lead, forming
insoluble silver chlorid and lead chlorid.
ACTION AND USES: Hydrochloric acid is the acid of the
gastric juice, the average normal stomach contents contain-
ing approximately 0.2 per cent. It is necessary to the diges-
tive action of pepsin and acts as an antiseptic in the
stomach. By checking fermentation and putrefaction in the
stomach it tends to prevent these processes in the intestine.
Diluted hydrochloric acid is used for the treatment of
diseases of the stomach characterized by a deficiency of
acid in the gastric juice on the theory that it replaces the
acid lacking in the secretion. To restore the acidity of
the stomach contents to the normal average would require
much larger doses than are commonly given. It seems prob-
able, therefore, that the acid as ordinarily given acts mainly
as an appetizer and tonic. The utility of hydrochloric acid
in achylia gastrica is more manifest in the nervous forms
USEFUL DRUGS 11
and in the earlier stages of the organic variety. In some
cases it causes distress and should be discontinued. There
is some evidence to show that the continued administration
of the acid is capable of increasing the gastric secretion.
Hydrochloric acid also exerts a favorable influence on the
secretion of the pancreatic and intestinal juices.
Hydrochloric acid is also of service in intestinal putre-
faction, especially when the gastric digestion is impaired.
It is indicated in achylia gastrica for the diarrhea caused
by the irritant action of undigested meat and the putre-
faction of proteins which have escaped gastric digestion.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims in about half a glass of
water. It should be given after meals and the dose repeated
at the end of an hour. Five drops in a wineglassful of
water after meals are often sufficient.
Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum. Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid,
U. S. P.
This preparation in all the leading pharmacopeias of the
world, is now uniformly directed to contain 2 per cent, of
hydrogen cyanid, HCN.
PROPERTIES : It occurs as a colorless liquid of a characteristic
odor resembling 1 that of bitter almonds. On account of its poison-
ous character it should be tasted only with great caution. Hydro-
cyanic acid is freely miscible with water and with alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It gradually decomposes on exposure
to light and is incompatible with salts of iron, silver and
mercury.
ACTION AND USES : Hydrocyanic acid is said to be seda-
tive in small doses and has been widely used as an addi-
tion to cough mixtures, and as an anti-emetic. On account
of its poisonous properties and the readiness with which
it decomposes, it is no longer used to the same extent as
formerly.
DOSAGE: 0.1 c.c. or 1.5 minims (not drops).
Acidum Nitricum. Nitric Acid, U. S. P.
A liquid containing about 68 per cent., by weight, of
hydrogen nitrate, HN0 3 .
PROPERTIES : Nitric acid is colorless, fuming, very caustic and
corrosive and has a peculiar, somewhat suffocating odor. It is
miscible with water in all proportions, dissolves mercury and
most other metals with evolution of red fumes and stains woolen
fabrics and animal tissues a bright yellow.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Like other inorganic acids, it is
incompatible with alkalies, the alkali carbonates, many of
the salts of organic acids, and, because of its oxidizing
properties, with all readily oxidizable substances. Its addi-
tion to organic liquids (alcohol, etc.), is apt to give rise
to explosive reactions.
ACTION AND USES : Nitric acid is a powerful caustic,
used for removing warts and small nevi and for cauterizing
12 USEFUL DRUGS
chancroids and other sores and bites of rabid animals, but
its action is very painful and not readily controlled. When
nitric acid is used as a caustic, the surrounding healthy
tissue should be coated with petrolatum and the acid applied
on the end of a rod of glass or wood.
Acidum Salicylicum. Salicylic Acid, U. S. P.
An organic acid, HC 7 H 5 3 = C 6 H 4 .OH.COOH, generally
prepared synthetically from phenol.
PEOPEETIES : It occurs as fine, white needles or a bulky, white
crystalline, odorless powder, possessing a sweetish, subsequently
acrid taste. Salicylic acid is only slightly soluble in water but
freely soluble in alcohol or in ether. Salicylic acid reacts with
alkali hydroxids and carbonates to form water-soluble salts.
With solution of ferric chlorid it gives a deep purple color.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with salts of iron
and with spirit of nitrous ether.
ACTION AND USES : Salicylic acid is an antiseptic. It is
quite irritant to mucous membranes and somewhat corro-
sive. Internally it has the actions described under sodium
salicylate, in which form it is commonly employed. Exter-
nally it has been used as an application in pruritus, urticaria,
bromidrosis and in some forms of eczema; also in the form
of ointments and collodions to soften and remove corns and
warts.
DOSAGE: Internally it is best given in the form of soluble
salicyla'tes. (See Sodium Salicylate.) Externally it is
applied as an astringent in from 1 to 2 per cent, alcoholic
solution or ointment; as an antiseptic, antiparasitic and
keratolytic agent, in 2 to 5 per cent, dusting-powder, or
ointment, and as a strong keratolytic in proportions up
to 20 per cent., best dissolved in collodion. Continuous
application to the skin may occasion slight corrosion.
Acidum Tannicum. Tannic Acid, U. S. P., Tannin.
An organic acid, HC U H 9 8 , obtained from nutgall.
PEOPEETIES : Tannic acid occurs as a light yellowish, amor-
phous powder, gradually turning darker when exposed to air
and light. It has a faint, characteristic odor and a strongly
astringent taste. Tannic acid is very soluble in water, alcohol
and glycerin.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with alkalies,
alkaloids, salts of iron and of most other metals, albumin
and gelatin. With all these substances it reacts to form
insoluble compounds.
ACTION AND USES : Tannic acid is used as an astringent
and hemostatic. Internally it has been chiefly employed
in the treatment of diarrhea. It is but little used with
infants or children. It should be employed not as the prin-
cipal curative agent, but as an occasional adjunct to proper
dietetic and physical remedies when the discharges are
unduly profuse. Its astringent action, however, often causes
nausea and vomiting, and hence some one of the protein
USEFUL DRUGS 13
combinations is better for action on the intestine. Local
applications of tannic acid are frequently made to inflamed
mucous membranes, especially in pharyngitis. It is fre-
quently employed as a local application in the treatment
of hemorrhoids in the form of a 20 per cent, ointment or
as a suppository containing 0.3 gm. or 5 grains.
DOSAGE: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains.
Glyceritum Acidi Tannici. Glycerite of Tannic Acid, U. S. P.
A 20 per cent, solution of tannic acid in glycerin.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims corresponding to 0.2 gm. or
3 grains of tannic acid. This preparation is chiefly used
externally and affords a convenient agent for making dilute
solutions for local use. For local applications solutions con-
taining from 0.5 to 2 per cent, of tannic acid are appropriate.
To prevent the astringent action of tannic acid on the
gastric mucosa, various organic combinations of tannic acid
have been prepared which resist the action of the gastric
juice to a greater or less extent and escaping solution
in the stomach, do not become active until they reach the
intestine.
Tannalbin. Tannalbin, N. N. R., Albumin Tannate.
It is insoluble in gastric juice and becomes effective when
it reaches the intestine.
DOSAGE: 2 gm. or 30 grains.
Aconitum. Aconite, U. S. P.
The tuberous root of Aconitum napelkis L.
ACTION AND USES: Aconite slows the pulse and thus
lowers the blood-pressure. The nervous system is first
stimulated and then depressed. Death occurs from respira-
tory paralysis. Locally applied, aconite causes paralysis
of the sensory nerve endings.
Aconite is used internally as a cardiac depressant, anti-
pyretic and diaphoretic, especially in sthenic fevers of short
duration or in the initial stage only of other diseases. It
should be avoided in fevers accompanied by cardiac weak-
ness. The danger from the depressing action of aconite on
the heart makes it an undesirable agent to use as a cardiac
depressant. It is being used less and less.
Tinctura Aconiti. Tincture of Aconite, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 10 gm. of the drug in approxi-
mately 65 per cent, of alcohol.
Externally it is useful as a local application for the
relief of neuralgic pain.
DOSAGE: 0.2 c.c. or 3 minims should be given hourly
until the desired effect on the pulse is secured. Locally
the tincture may be applied over the affected nerve, or a
14 USEFUL DRUGS
liniment containing 10 per cent, of the tincture may be
prescribed. Application to mucous membranes should be
carefully avoided. The local application of the tincture is
dangerous, as too much absorption may occur.
Adeps. Lard, U. S. P.
True fats, chiefly those of animal origin, form an impor-
tant class of ointment bases. They are especially valuable
when penetrating ointments are desired for softening the
skin for inunctions, etc. Lard is the chief fat thus used.
Like all animal fats, it is very liable to become rancid. To
mitigate its odor and to hinder the occurrence of rancidity
the following preparation is used:
Adeps Benzoinatus. Benzoinated Lard, U. S. P.
Benzoinated lard is made by incorporating with lard
2 per cent, of benzoin and straining.
Adeps Lanae Hydrosus. Hydrous Wool Fat, U. S. P., Lanolin.
This preparation is made by mixing the purified fat of
sheep's wool with water in a proportion not to exceed
3 parts of the latter to 7 parts of the former.
Lanolin is used as an ointment base. It has the advantage
that it does not become rancid, but its odor and consistence
are disagreeable. The old statements that it is more readily
absorbed than other ointments has not been borne out by
experience.
Adnephrin, Adrenalin. See Epinephrin.
Aether. Ether, U. S. P.
A liquid composed of about 96 per cent., by weight, of
absolute ether, (C 2 H 3 ) 2 O, and about 4 per cent, of alcohol,
C&0H.
PROPERTIES : It is volatile, inflammable, and the vapors, which
are .about two and one half times as heavy as air, are danger-
ously explosive when mixed with air. Ether is soluble in water
(1:10), readily soluble In alcohol, and when administered inter-
nally is usually directed to be dispensed in the form of an alco-
holic solution.
ACTION AND USES: Ether is used mainly by inhalation
for the production of anesthesia. It depresses all parts of
the central nervous system, causing loss of sensation, loss of
consciousness and abolition of the reflexes. The vital cen-
ters of the medulla are involved very late in the poisoning.
a fact which enhances the safety of this anesthetic. The
respiration is affected first. Later there is depression of
the vasomotor center and consequent fall of blood-pressure.
Ether does not produce a marked effect on the heart, but
its first action is a moderate reflex stimulation, while in
poisonous doses it depresses the heart. In the administra-
tion of ether as an anesthetic at night, caution should be
exercised to have the ether at a distance and, if possible,
below any fire or flame, to avoid setting fire to the heavy
USEFUL DRUGS 15
inflammable vapors. For anesthesia a pure ether, preferably
anhydrous, should always be used. Administered internally
it is an anodyne, sedative, carminative and antispasmodic.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims.
Spiritus Aetheris, U. S. P.
A 32.5 per cent, alcoholic solution.
DOSAGE: 4 c.c. or 1 fluidram well diluted or on cracked
ice.
Spiritus Aetheris Compositus, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. contain ether, 32.5 c.c.; alcohol, 65 c.c..
and ethereal oil, 2.5 c.c.
DOSAGE: 4 c.c. or 1 fluidram, best given on a lump of
sugar. On account of its transient action the dose may
be repeated once in half an hour if needed.
Aether Nitrosus. Used only in the form of:
Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi. Spirit of Nitrous Ether, U. S. P..
Sweet Spirits of Niter.
A solution of not less than 4 per cent, of ethyl nitrite.
C 2 H 5 N0 2 , in alcohol.
PROPERTIES : A pale yellowish liquid having a fragrant
ethereal and pungent odor and a sharp burning taste. It is
miscible with alcohol or water. It rapidly deteriorates.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with acetanilid,
antipyrin, potassium iodid and sodium salicylate.
ACTION AND USES: Spirit of nitrons ether is popularly
used as a weak diuretic and diaphoretic. Its efficiency is
doubtful. It is frequently prescribed in mixtures with other
diaphoretics, notably the solution of ammonium acetate.
DOSAGE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims or half a teaspoonful.
Aethylis Chloridum. Ethyl Chlorid, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : It is a colorless and very volatile liquid having
an agreeable odor and a sweetish, burning taste. It should be
preserved in hermetically sealed glass tubes and kept in a cool
place remote from light or fire.
ACTION AND USES: Ethyl chlorid is widely used in the
form of spray to produce a local anesthesia for minor opera-
tions. When inhaled it produces prompt anesthesia, suitable
for very short operations, but even then not without danger
of producing accidents similar to those of chloroform.
Because of these dangers and the difficulty of handling, it
is now rarely used for general anesthesia.
Aethyl-Morphinae Hydrochloridum, Ethyl-Morphin Hydro-
' chlorid, N. N. R., Dionin.
PROPERTIES : Ethyl-morphin is an artificial base obtained by
the action of ethyl iodid on morphin in the presence of an alkali.
It occurs as a white, microscopically crystalline powder, odorless
and having only a slight bitter taste. Ethyl-morphin hydro-
16 USEFUL DRUGS
chlorid is freely soluble in water and in alcohol, but practically
insoluble in ether and in chloroform.
ACTION AND USES: When administered internally, its
action is intermediate between those of morphin and codein,
but it is claimed that it does not produce constipation,
nausea or lassitude and that it promotes healing after
operations and injuries. It is the conclusion of careful
observers, however, that, for internal use, it possesses no
advantage over codein.
When applied to the eye this drug causes a local vaso-
dilation, terminating in acute conjunctival edema. The
chemosis thus produced is employed for its analgesic and
curative effects in conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer, acute glau-
coma, iritis, scleritis and other inflammatory diseases of
the uveal tract. The greater the edema of the conjunctiva,
the more decided is its analgesic action.
DOSAGE: 0.015 gm. or % grain. Externally it is commonly
employed in a collyrium in strength varying from 5 to 10
per cent. The strength may be increased to 20 per cent.,
and it is sometimes used in powder form. The ophthalmol-
ogist should make the first application and determine the
minimum strength of solution which will produce the neces-
sary chemosis. This dose should not be increased until it
loses its effect. The action of the remedy may be regarded
as sufficient as long as its application is followed by chemo-
sis, redness and burning sensations for from one to two
minutes afterward. Under these circumstances it may be
instilled once a day. The patient should be instructed that
the swelling of the conjunctiva is necessary to the thera-
peutic action of the remedy and that no harm to the eye
will ensue from its use.
In cases of corneal opacity ethyl-morphin hydrochloric!
has been applied to the eye in the form of powder. It may
also be used as an ointment in strength varying from 1.5
'to 5 per cent.
Alcohol. Alcohol, U. S. P.
In European pharmacopeias it is usually designated as
Spiritus, and varies considerably in strength.
PROPERTIES : The official U. S. P. alcohol is a colorless volatile
liquid containing about 94.9 per cent by volume of absolute
ethyl alcohol, C 2 H 6 OH, and 5.1 per cent, by volume of water.
It has a characteristic odor and burning taste and is miscible in
all proportions with water, ether or chloroform. In addition to
alcohol, the U. S. P also describes absolute alcohol, used as a
laboratory reagent, etc., and also diluted alcohol (approximately
50 per cent.) used in pharmacy as a menstruum.
ACTION AND USES: Externally, alcohol is a rubefacient
and astringent, and by its evaporation, a refrigerant. It
is used to harden and cleanse the skin; as a mild counter-
irritant, (soap liniment), etc. In the concentration of 70
per cent, it is markedly antiseptic and is employed in sur-
gery especially as Tincture of Green Soap, to cleanse the
skin of patient and operator.
USEFUL DRUGS 17
Internally, it is a narcotic, excessive doses depressing and
paralyzing the central nervoiis system. Small doses produce
euphoria, stimulate respiration, moderately dilate the cuta-
neous and splanchnic vessels, and modify the circulation.
It is burned in the body and thus serves to a restricted
extent as a source of energy.
Alcohol is employed as a diffusible stimulant, diuretic,
diaphoretic and hypnotic. In well-selected cases, especially
in patients accustomed to its use, it may be very valuable;
otherwise it is apt to do more harm than good. In practice
it is usually administered in the form of whisky, brandy,
wine or other alcohol-containing beverages. It is generally
accepted, however, that the aromatic principles in these
several articles are even more toxic than is alcohol itself,
and these beverages are therefore more poisonous than equal
amounts of alcohol diluted with water.
In pharmacy alcohol is used as a solvent and, for adminis-
tering medicines, is largely used as a vehicle in the form of:
Elixir Aromaticum. Aromatic Elixir, U. S. P.
An aromatic and sweetened liquid containing about 25
per cent, of alcohol, by volume.
Aloes. Aloe, U. S. P.
The inspissated juice of various species of Aloe is included
in all the pharmacopeias. It is used in its original form,
as a watery extract or as a purified extract known as aloin.
PROPERTIES : Aloes differs considerably in color and appear-
ance, but in all its forms it has a rather characteristic odor
and a nauseous, very bitter taste. Aloes is partially soluble in
water.
ACTION AND USES : Aloes belongs to the emodin group
of cathartics acting on the large intestine. It is believed
to cause pelvic congestion and to have an emmenagogue
action. Its action is said to be enhanced by the addition of
soap and iron. Its purgative action is slow, evacuation
occurring only after some hours, the stools being soft, seldom
watery.
Aloes is adapted to the treatment of constipation by daily
laxative action, but should rarely be used as a purgative,
because of its tendency to cause griping. Because of the
pelvic congestion it produces, aloes is contra-indicated in
pregnancy and in- the presence of hemorrhoids. It is an
appropriate remedy in functional amenorrhea if the produc-
tion of pelvic congestion is deemed advantageous.
DOSAGE: The purgative dose of aloes is from 0.15 to
0.3 gm. or from 2 to 5 grains. For the treatment of chronic
constipation smaller doses, 0.03 to 0.05 gm. or ^ to 1
grain, should be used. A preparation of belladonna is
usually combined with it.
Extractum Aloes. Extract of Aloes, U. S. P.
DOSAGE: 0.10 gm. or 2 grains.
18 USEFUL DRUGS
Aloinum. Aloin, U. S. P.
DOSAGE: Purgative dose 0.05 gm. or 1 grain. In the
treatment of chronic constipation aloin is frequently given
in doses of from 0.005 to 0.02 gm. or 1/10 to 1/3 grain in
combination with extract of belladonna and strychnin.
gm. or c.c.
0015 gr. 1/40
02 gr. 1/3
006 gr. 1/10
15 Strychninae sulphatis ....
Aloinae
Extract! belladonnae ....
Mix and make 1 pill or tablet.
Take 1 after supper or at bedtime ; if at bedtime, with plenty
of water and a cracker, or at least never on an empty stomach.
' Alumen. Alum, U. S. P.
Crystallized potassium aluminum sulphate, AlK(S0 4 )o,
12H 2 O.
PROPERTIES : Alum occurs as colorless crystals or a white
powder without odor, but having a strongly astringent taste. It
is freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in alcohol. It con-
tains about 45 per cent, of water of hydration, which can be
removed by heat, the product being exsiccated alum.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Alum is incompatible with alkalies
and carbonates, which react with it with the formation of
insoluble aluminum hydroxid. It is also incompatible with
salts of lead because it precipitates the insoluble lead sul-
phate.
ACTION AND USES: Alum is astringent, styptic and hemo-
static, but is seldom administered internally.
DOSAGE: Alum solution may be used as a gargle (from
1 to 5 per cent.) but it is somewhat injurious to the teeth;
it may be given as an injection in gonorrhea (from 0.5 to
1 per cent.) and as a lotion in skin diseases (1 per cent.).
Alumen Exsiccatum. Exsiccated Alum, U. S. P.
A powder representing about twice its weight of the
crystallized alum; it is sometimes used externally as a
dusting powder or in the form of ointments.
Alumini Acetas. Aluminum Acetate.
Used principally in the form of:
Liquor Alumini Acetatis. Solution of Aluminum Acetate,
N. F.
PROPERTIES : A clear, colorless solution, containing from 7.5
to 8 per cent, of basic aluminum acetate, having an acetous odor
and a sweetish, astringent taste.
ACTIONS AND USES: Solution of aluminum acetate is
used extensively at the present time as a mild astringent
and antiseptic. Because of the readiness with which this
solution is decomposed it is advisable to dilute it with water
only. Applied to the skin it should be diluted from four to
nine times.
USEFUL DRUGS 10
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
Ammonium compounds are divisible into two classes. In
the first class the ammonium is combined with a strong acid
such as hydrochloric or sulphuric. These form stable, neu-
tral salts which act largely by their salt action. In tin-
second class, the ammonium is combined with a weak acid
radical such as hydroxyl or the radical of carbonates. These
compounds are unstable, decomposing readily with liberation
of ammonia. Such compounds produce reflex effects by
the irritating action of the ammonia evolved. All ammonium
compounds used in medicine are soluble in water and the
carbonate and hydroxid have a strong alkaline reaction.
ACTION AND USES : Ammonium salts, when injected into
the circulation, stimulate the central nervous system, but
they are so rapidly excreted or converted into urea that they
cannot produce systemic action when taken by mouth, even
though they are absorbed very readily. Their effects are,
therefore, entirely local. Ammonium acetate was believed
to be diaphoretic, but probably has little value.
The neutral salts are rather irritant and thus cause a
mild stimulation of the mucous membanes, explaining the
use of ammonium chlorid as an expectorant. With ammo-
nium carbonate, this effect is reinforced by its alkaline
reaction, through which it liquefies and dissolves mucus.
Ammonia (NH 3 ).
A gas which is very soluble in alcohol and water with
formation to some extent of NH 4 OH. Water of ammonia
and the several preparations containing it are strongly
alkaline.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : It is incompatible with acids, neu-
tralizing them and forming the salts of ammonium. It is
also incompatible with the soluble salts of many metals
because it precipitates from these solutions the hydroxid of
the metals. Thus ammonia water with solution of ferric
chlorid produces an insoluble precipitate of ferric hydroxid.
Solutions of ammonia are also incompatible with the salts
of alkaloids from which they liberate the alkaloid. Thus
ammonia water added to a solution of strychnin sulphate
produces a precipitate of the insoluble alkaloid strychnin.
ACTIONS AND USES : Ammonia internally in the form of
water of ammonia or of aromatic spirit of ammonia is
stimulant, because the ammonia escaping irritates the
mucous membranes of the nose and of the stomach and
causes a reflex increase in the force of the heart and in the
blood-pressure. Little, if any, of the gas is absorbed by
the respiratory tract.
Externally, ammonia is used as a counterirritant. It
reddens the skin but does not blister, unless applied in
concentrated solution.
20 USEFUL DRUGS
Aqua Ammoniae. Ammonia Water, U. S. P.
An aqueous solution, containing about 10 per cent, by
weight of ammonia (NH 3 ). On standing, this solution
loses ammonia and hence should be kept in well- stoppered
bottles and should frequently be tested by the pharmacist
to insure its complying with the pharmacopeial require-
ments. Ammonia water is a colorless liquid, having a very
pungent, characteristic odor and a caustic, soapy taste. It
is freely miscible with water and alcohol.
Ammonia water is used chiefly for counterirritation in
the form of:
Linimentum Ammoniae. Ammonia Liniment, U. S. P.
A mixture of ammonia water 35 parts, alcohol 5 parts and
a fatty oil 60 parts.
Ammonii Acetas. Ammonium Acetate.
Used chiefly in the form of:
Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. Solution of Ammonium Acetate,
U. S. P.
An aqueous solution containing about 7 per cent, of
ammonium acetate. It is made by dissolving ammonium
carbonate in diluted acetic acid. It is a clear, colorless
liquid, having a mildly saline, acidulous taste and an acid
reaction. It is incompatible with alkaline hydroxids and
carbonates, which liberate ammonia.
ACTIONS AND USES: Solution of ammonium acetate was
formerly credited with diaphoretic and diuretic powers, but
they are very weak. It is used in fevers and infections to
promote sweating.
DOSAGE : 15 c.c. or 4 fluidrams, which can be repeated once
in two or three hours.
Ammonii Carbonas. Ammonium carbonate, U. S. P.
Ammonium carbonate consists of a mixture of ammonium
bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate.
PROPEKTIES : It occurs as white, hard masses, having a strong
odor of ammonia and a sharp, saline taste. On exposure to the
air the salt loses both ammonia and carbon dioxid. Ammonium
carbonate is slowly but freely soluble in water, the ammonium
carbamate being thereby converted into normal ammonium car-
bonate. Alcohol dissolves the carbamate and leaves the bicar-
bonate.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Ammonium carbonate is incompati-
ble with acids, which decompose it, forming salts of ammo-
nium and evolving carbon dioxid (CO 2 ). It precipitates
the carbonate or the hydroxid of most metals and the insol-
uble alkaloids from solutions of their salts.
ACTION AND USES: Ammonium carbonate is largely
decomposed (hydrolyzed) when dissolved in water, and its
solutions are irritant to mucous membranes from the action
of the ammonia set free. It is used by inhalation or in
USEFUL DRUGS 21
solutions as a reflex or diffusible stimulant in syncope, or
arrest of respiration, and as a liquefying expectorant in
bronchitis.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains, dissolved in sufficient
water to avoid too great irritation, which may result in
nausea and vomiting. On the other hand, as the action of
the remedy depends on its irritating qualities, it should not
be too greatly diluted.
Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus. Aromatic Spirit of
Ammonia, U. S. P.
A solution of ammonium carbonate with some free
ammonia and aromatic oils in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES : The same as those of Ammonium
Carbonate.
DOSAGE: From 1 to 5 c.c. or 15 to 60 minims, suitably
diluted with water. As the stimulating action is of short
duration a moderate dose may be repeated in from fifteen
minutes to half an hour.
Ammonii Chloridum. Ammonium Chlorid, U. S. P., NH 4 C1.
PROPERTIES : Ammonium chlorid usually occurs as a white,
crystalline powder, without odor, having a cooling, saline taste.
It is freely soluble in water (1:2), and soluble in alcohol (1:50),
its aqueous solutions being neutral or very slightly acid to litmus.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Ammonium chlorid is incompatible
with alkaline hydroxids and carbonates, which liberate
ammonia. It precipitates the insoluble chlorids of silver
and of lead from solutions of the salts of those metals.
ACTION AND USES: Ammonium chlorid is said to be
absorbed more quickly than any other salt, and in general
has saline properties. Its principal activity is as an expec-
torant, though it is slightly diuretic and diaphoretic. Its
vapors have been used for inhalation in cases of nasopharyn-
geal catarrh and as an expectorant in bronchitis. For
this purpose it may also be generated in a special apparatus
by the union of the vapors of strong hydrochloric acid and
ammonia water.
DOSAGE: From 0.30 to 1 gm. (from 5 to 15 grains),
repeated every two or three hours, or less frequently,
depending on the size of the dose.
Its taste is best concealed or modified by administering
it in a sour mixture as :
IJ Ammonii chloridi 5
Syrupi acidi citric! 50
gm. or c.c.
5 iss
fl.Sii
fl.5iv
Aquae q.s ad 100
M. et Sig. : A teaspoonful, in water, every two hours.
To the preceding prescription codein sulphate may be
added, if desired. The amount of citric acid should be
diminished when the prescription is for a child, and after
the child has taken a dose of it he could be given a piece
of chocolate or a simple peppermint or wintergreen lozenge.
22 USEFUL DRUGS
NITRITES
The Nitrites used in medicine are certain salts or esters
of nitrous acid and possess a common pharmacologic action.
This group also includes certain organic nitrates which are
reduced to nitrites in the organism. The chief members
are amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite and glycerol nitrate
(glyceryl trinitrate or nitroglycerin ) .
The characteristic action of this group is vasodilatation
with a fall of the blood-pressure. The members differ
chiefly in the rapidity and duration of their effects, amyl
nitrite being the quickest, though its action is of correspond-
ingly short duration.
Amylis Nitris. Amyl Nitrite, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : A liquid containing about 80 per cent, of amyl
(chiefly iso-amyl) nitrite. It should be kept in hermetically
sealed glass bulbs or in dark, amber-colored, glass-stoppered vials.
in a cool, dark place. Amyl nitrite is a clear, yellowish liquid
of a peculiar, ethereal, fruity odor and a pungent, aromatic
taste. It is very volatile even at low temperatures, and is inflam-
mable. It Is practically insoluble in water, but miscible in all
proportions with alcohol or ether.
ACTION AND USES : When given by inhalation, amyl
nitrite produces an almost instantaneous dilatation of the
peripheral blood-vessels, shown by redness of the skin begin-
ning in the head and neck, rapidly spreading over the body
and sometimes extending to the lower extremities. This is
promptly followed by a dilatation of the splanchnic and
other vessels so that the blood-pressure soon falls. The
lowered pressure increases the heart-rate. There is a feeling
of fulness in the head, often accompanied by headache. The
breathing is rapid. With excessive doses unconsciousness
may supervene, and convulsions may occasionally occur after
toxic doses. Large doses kill by respiratory paralysis. It
may produce methemoglobin in the blood and cause the
excretion of sugar in the urine. As much as 0.6 c.c. may be
inhaled without dangerous results.
The effects of the medicinal administration of amyl
nitrite are very transient. It is employed to relieve spasm
in epilepsy, sometimes averting an expected paroxysm. It
is also used to relax the spasm of the blood-vessels in angina
pectoris and in other painful affections in which there is
reason to believe that the pain depends on arterial spasm.
Amyl nitrite is given to reduce the blood-pressure in
cases in which hemorrhage is due to the rupture of a blood-
vessel in the lungs, brain or other organ in consequence
of elevated blood pressure, but in hemorrhage with normal
blood-pressure it may do harm. It has been used with
favorable results in bronchial asthma.
DOSAGE: 0.2 c.c. or 3 minims, by inhalation. It is con-
veniently carried in the form of glass pearls, each pearl
containing a dose. When required the pearl is crushed in
the handkerchief ami the contents inhaled.
USEFUL DRUGS 23
Amylum. Starch Corn-Starch, U. S. P.
The starch grains obtained from the fruit of Zea mays
occur in the form of powder or irregular, angular, white
masses, insoluble in both water and alcohol, but swelling
into a colloidal "paste' 5 when boiled in water.
ACTION AND USES: Dry starch is used as a dusting and
drying powder and also as a diluent for other more active
substances. The mucilage produced on boiling, with water
or glycerol is employed as an emollient and protective;
as a cataplasm, and as an antidote to iodin poisoning. The
starches from other cereals, from cassava and the potato
have practically the same medicinal properties as corn-
starch.
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras. Antimony and Potassium
Tartrate, U. S. P., Tartar Emetic.
Antimony and potassium tartrate is a double salt of
antimony and potassium with the radical of tartaric
acid.
PROPERTIES : It occurs as a white powder or as colorless trans-
parent crystals, becoming white and opaque on exposure to the
air. It is soluble in water, but practically insoluble in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with alkalies and
their carbonates, tannic acid and astringent preparations
generally.
ACTION AND USES : Antimony and Potassium Tartrate,
when applied to the skin, gives rise slowly to inflammatory
changes, with pustules and ulceration, which is somewhat
difficult to limit. The ointment formerly employed as a
pustulant counterirritant is now rarely used.
Internally it produces local irritation of the gastro-
intestinal tract, and thereby nausea and vomiting with
marked prostration. If absorbed, symptoms very similar to
those produced by poisonous doses of arsenic are observed.
The therapeutic uses of tartar emetic are almost entirely
confined to the treatment of the first stage of acute laryn-
gitis and bronchitis. It should be avoided in cases marked
by depression. When it is given, the object should be to
increase secretion and facilitate the expulsion of sputum.
The administration of tartar emetic should not be carried
beyond the production of slight nausea. For the production
of vomiting other agents are preferable.
DOSAGE: As an expectorant small doses should be used,
beginning with 0.001 gm. or 1/60 grain, which may be
repeated hourly, taking care to avoid too great depression.
The emetic dose is 0.03 gm. or % grain.
Vinum, Antimonii. Wine of antimony, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. contain 0.4 gm. of antimony and potas-
sium tartrate in white wine fortified by alcohol. This
preparation is practically identical with the antimonial
wine official in other countries.
24 USEFUL DRUGS
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims, equivalent to 0.004 gm. or
1/15 grain of antimonium and potassium tartrate. As an
expectorant smaller Closes such as 0.2 c.c. or 3 minims should
be employed.
Apomorphmae Hydrochloridum. Apomorphine Hydrochlorid,
U. S. P.
The hydrochlorid of an artificial alkaloid prepared from
morphin by the abstraction of one molecule of water.
PROPERTIES : Apomorphin hydrochlorid occurs as minute,
grayish-white prisms, having a slightly bitter taste and acquiring
a greenish tint on exposure to light and air. It is soluble in both
water and alcohol. If the salt imparts at once an emerald-green
color to 100 parts of water it should be rejected. The amor-
phous form may contain dangerous impurities.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : It is precipitated by alkalies and
the other alkaloidal reagents. Solutions decompose rather
readily.
ACTION AND USES: The chief action of apomorphin is
the production of vomiting with its usual accompanying
symptoms, including nausea with increase of saliva and
other secretions, depression of the circulation, sweating, etc.
It sometimes produces respiratory paralysis, even in small
doses.
The drug is used chiefly as an emetic. For this purpose
it has the advantage that it acts on the vomiting center,
independently of a local action on the stomach. It produces
a prompt emptying of the stomach with little subsequent
sickness, unless the dose is large. It is therefore a useful
emetic in poisoning, if the stomach-tube cannot be employed.
It has been advised for the expulsion of foreign bodies from
the air-passages. As an expectorant it is inferior to other
nauseants.
It is said to be sometimes useful in asthma. Small doses
(0.002 gm., 1/30 grain) are hypnotic, especially in acute
alcoholism.
DOSAGE: The emetic dose is 0.005 gm. or 1/10 grain,
given preferably by hypodermic injection. This may be
repeated at ten-minute intervals until effective, but it should
be remembered that in some cases apomorphin produces toxic
effects without causing vomiting, and a dose of 0.004 gm. or
1/15 grain is said to have produced death in a person
enfeebled by chronic bronchitis; 0.012 or 1/5 grain may be
given to robust patients at the first dose if the urgency of
the case demands it, but care should be exercised in the use
of these doses.
As an expectorant the proper dose is from 0.001 gm. to
0.002 gm. or from 1/60 to 1/30 grain, repeated once an
hour or once in two hours, with the avoidance of more than
slight nausea.
Antipyrina. Antipyrine, U. S. P.
This substance is described in the British Pharmacopeia
as phenazonum and in the German Pharmacopeia and some
USEFUL DRUGS 25
other European pharmacopeias as pyrazolomim phenyldi-
methylicum.
PROPERTIES : Antipyrin occurs as a colorless, almost odorless,
crystalline powder or tabular crystals having a slightly bitter
taste. It is very soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Antipyrin is incompatible with spirit
of nitrous ether, or other nitrites, tannic acid and tannic-
acid containing preparations. Mixed dry with sodium sali-
cylate, it liquefies on standing.
ACTION AND USES : Antipyrin is an antipyretic and
analgesic, acting similarly to acetanilid.
It is used for the relief of pain, chiefly when of a neural-
gic character. It is not suited to the treatment of the pain
caused by inflammation.
Antipyrin is now seldom used as an antipyretic. Locally,
it is used sometimes as a hemostatic. It is a valuable anti-
spasmodic for use with children for pertussis, bronchitis, etc.
It is dangerous, however, in preparations sold directly to the
laity.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains, given with even greater
caution than acetanilid and acetphenetidin. It is best-
administered by itself in simple solution, or in powders,
capsules or cachets.
Aqua. Water, U. S. P.
Water is described by the Pharmacopeia as potable water
in its purest obtainable state. Water used for medicines
should be sterile; it is preferable to use:
Aqua Destillata. Distilled Water, U. S. P.
Distilled water is described as a colorless, limpid liquid,
without odor or taste, and perfectly neutral to litmus
paper. For some purposes (in making solutions of salvar-
san, for example), it is essential that it be freshly distilled.
Ordinary distilled water frequently is not sterile.
AQUAE WATERS
The official medicated waters are aqueous solutions of
volatile substances. The aromatic waters are saturated
solutions of volatile oils. They are used as vehicles for the
more active, water-soluble drugs. For preparations included
in this list see:
Aqua Ammoniac, under Ammonia.
Aqua Camphorae, under Camphora.
Aqua Chloroformi, under Chloroformum.
Aqua Cinnamomi, under Cinnamomum.
Aqua Destillata, under Aqua.
Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi. See under Hydrogenii Diox-
idum.
Aqua Menthae Piperitae, under Mentha Piperita.
Aqua Rosae, under Rosa.
Argenti Nitras. Silver Nitrate, U. S. P., Lunar Caustic.
PROPERTIES : Silver nitrate, AgNO 3 , occurs in colorless, crystal-
line tables, becoming gray, or grayish black on exposure to light
26 USEFUL DRUGS
in the presence of organic matter. It is odorless and has a bit-
ter, caustic, and strongly metallic taste. It is very soluble in
water and soluble in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Silver nitrate is incompatible with
soluble chlorids, bromids and iodids, with which it forms the
corresponding very insoluble salts of silver. It is also incom-
patible with soluble carbonates and hydroxids, which
precipitate the oxid of silver, and with all organic drugs
and reducing agents.
ACTION AND USES : Silver nitrate is an antiseptic and
germicide, destroying many micro-organisms in solutions of
a strength of 1 : 1,000 and preventing their growth in a
strength of 1 : 10,000. Weak solutions are astringent to
mucous membranes and strong solutions are caustic when
applied to mucous membranes, denuded surfaces, and, in
some cases, to the normal skin. When taken internally
silver nitrate is believed to hinder the secretion of the
gastric juice, especially when the degree of acidity is
excessive.
Silver nitrate is used as a mild caustic to wounds, ulcers
and exuberant granulations. It is applied as an astringent
and antiseptic in catarrhal infections of the mucous mem-
branes.
Internally it is sometimes employed as an astringent in
diarrhea, but its use for this purpose is not to be recom-
mended. It has been advised for the treatment of gastric
ulcer and to reduce the gastric secretion in hyperchlorhydria.
Its internal use for some time may be followed by its
deposition in the skin, producing the condition known as
argyria.
DOSAGE: As a caustic, silver nitrate is used in the form
of fused silver nitrate. This should be moistened before
use and should be held with forceps or in a suitable holder.
Care should be taken to limit its action to the affected part.
In applications to mucous membranes the following
strengths of solution in water are most suitable:
To the conjunctiva a strength of 4 per cent, may be
applied in small quantity and the action stopped by addi-
tion of solution of sodium chlorid. This method of use is
applicable to cases of severe conjunctivitis, especially
gonorrhea!.
For the prevention of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the
new-born a drop of 2 per cent, solution should be instilled
into the eye as soon as practicable after delivery.
For other diseases of the conjunctiva, solutions varying
in strength from 0.2 to 2 per cent, are sometimes used,
but it is probable that other astringents are safer and
quite as useful.
To the larynx, application is made of solutions contain-
ing from 2 to 10 per cent, of silver nitrate.
For the urethra, it is employed in the strength of from
1 : 10,000 to 1 -.2,000, and a solution of the strength of
1 : 5,000 may be injected into the bladder. A solution of
USEFUL DRUGS 27
from 1 : 2,000 to 1 : 1,000 is used as a gastric douche in
hyperchlorhydria and gastric ulcer, followed after two min-
utes by a solution of sodium chlorid which is thoroughly
mixed with the silver solution and then washed out of tho
stomach.
Solutions of silver nitrate should always be made witli
distilled water, and the mucous membranes to which they
are to be applied should receive a preliminary cleansing to
remove mucus, pus, food, etc., which might interfere with
its action. The action may be stopped by sodium chlorid
solution.
Internally the salt may be given in pill form, preferably
mixed with kaolin and massed with petrolatum. The aver-
age dose is 0.01 gin. or 1/5 grain. This dose may also be
given in solution when the direct effect on the stomach is
desired. If the stomach contains acid it would be- con-
verted into silver chlorid; hence it should be given on an
empty stomach.
Argenti Nitras Fusus. Molded Silver Nitrate, U. S. P.
A white, hard solid generally in the form of pencils or
cones. A small amount of silver chlorid is added in tho
process for the purpose of toughening the mass.
Argenti Proteinas. Silver Proteinate; see Protargol, N. N. R.
Aristol. See Thymolis lodidum.
Arseni Trioxidum. Arsenic Trioxid, U. S. P., As 2 O s . Formerly
official as arsenous acid.
PROPERTIES : Arsenic trioxid occurs as an opaque, white
powder or in irregular masses of two varieties, one amorphous,
the other crystalline, opaque and colorless like glass. Arsenic
trioxid is very slowly soluble in water and practically insoluble
in alcohol (1:30 to 1:100). It dissolves quite readily in solu-
tions of acids or alkalies.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Solutions of arsenic are incompatible
with salts of iron and of magnesium, lime-water and vege-
table astringents.
ACTION AND USES: Local External Effects and Uses:
Arsenic trioxid applied to denuded or ulcerated tissue has a
mildly caustic action which is quite painful. It has been
used as a caustic, especially to malignant growths, but the
painful character of the applications, the danger of absorp-
tion, and the uncertain extent of the destructive action have
justly limited its use.
Internal Actions : Ars'enic trioxid irritates the mucous
membrane of the stomach and intestines. Toxic doses
cause nausea and vomiting and colicky pains in the abdo-
men. It produces a diarrhea of a watery character resem-
bling that of cholera. In small doses it produces fatty
degeneration of the liver and other internal organs; large
doses produce great depression, and collapse may ensue.
Arsenic in therapeutic doses is employed in the treatment
of neuralgia. It is thought to be especially adapted to
28 USEFUL DRUGS
cases of a periodic character. It is also useful in the
treatment of chorea. Larger doses, especially if long con-
tinued, may cause peripheral neuritis. Arsenic stimulates
the action of the blood-forming organs, especially the bone-
marrow. It is especially useful in the treatment of per-
nicious anemia, leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. In these
diseases it must be used in as large doses as can be borne.
While improvement occurs in these conditions under the
use of arsenic it is usually only temporary.
Many skin-diseases are favorably influenced by proper
doses of arsenic. It acts by stimulating the skin, in such
cases as usually require external stimulating applications.
It is also of service in lesions due to disturbances of inner-
vation in which the skin is usually poorly nourished. The
following skin affections may be mentioned as likely to be
benefited by arsenic: psoriasis, lichen planus, chronic eczema,
pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiiormis, chronic urticaria and
disturbances of the sweat function. On the other hand,
acute inflammatory conditions of the skin are made worse
by arsenic.
Arsenic is recommended in chronic bronchitis and emphy-
sema. It has been used with apparent good results in
tuberculosis. Too great dependence, however, should not
be placed on it in the latter affection. It is used in asthma
by way of the stomach and in the form of cigarettes.
Arsenic is a powerful remedy against protozoal affections.
These include malaria, syphilis and relapsing fever. In
the form of arsenic trioxid it has been used successfully in
malaria, particularly in the chronic form and in malarial
cachexia. See Salvarsan.
DOSAGE: For ordinary affections of metabolism or for
a tonic influence the dose may vary from 0.001 to 0.002 gm.
or 1/60 to 1/30 grain. In diseases of the blood the dosage
should be regulated according to the effect, but it is well
to use as large doses as the patient will tolerate. Arsenic
may be used in increasing doses until symptoms of mild
intoxication appear. One may begin with 0.005 gm. or 1/20
grain of arsenic trioxid three times daily, and increase by
0.001 gm. or 1/60 grain three times daily. In using Fowler's
solution the initial dose may be 3 minims three times daily
and increase by 1 minim three times daily. A slight toxic
action is indicated by nausea, colicky pains or a puffiness
under the eyes. The presence of albumin in the urine may
also be observed. Such symptoms may make advisable
the temporary withdrawal of the remedy.
Liquor Potassii Arsenitis. Solution of Potassium Arsenite,
U. S. P., Fowler's Solution.
An aqueous solution containing potassium arsenite, cor-
responding to 1 per cent, of arsenic trioxid.
DOSAGE: 0.2 c.c. or 3 minims.
USEFUL DRUGS 29
This solution is often somewhat alkaline and is therefore
incompatible with alkaloidal salts. This is avoided in the
following :
Liquor Acidi Arsenosi. Solution of Arsenous Acid., U. S. P.
An aqueous solution containing the equivalent of 1 per
cent, of arsenic trioxid with 5 per cent, of hydrochloric
acid.
DOSAGE: 0.2 c.c. or 3 minims.
Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi. Solution of Arsenous
and Mercuric lodids, U. S. P.
Commonly designated as Donovan's solution; represents 1
per cent, of arsenous iodid and 1 per cent, of mercuric iodid.
DOSAGE: 0.1 c.c. or 1% minims.
Asafoetida. Asafetida, U. S. P.
A gum resin obtained from the roots of Ferula foctida
and probably other species of Ferula,.
PBOPERTIES : A good quality of asafetida should contain not
less than 50 per cent, of matter soluble in alcohol and should
yield not more than 10 per cent, of ash. The gum of asafetida
is freely soluble in cold or hot water and is present in sufficient
amount to suspend in the form of a permanent emulsion the
accompanying resin and volatile oil.
ACTION AND USES: Asafetida is used in the treatment
of hysteria, acting probably by its odor. It is also car-
minative.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains preferably in pill form.
In tympanites an emulsion may be used as an enema. The
emulsion is made by triturating 4 gm. of a good quality of
the drug with 100 c.c. of water until a uniform emulsion
results. The strength may be varied to meet individual
requirements.
Aspidium. Aspidium, U. S. P., Male Fern.
The dried rhizome of several species of Dryopteris; used
only in the form of:
Oleoresina Aspidii. Oleoresin of Aspidium, U. S. P.
An oleoresin prepared by extracting aspidium with acet-
one, evaporating and recovering the solvent.
PROPERTIES : The most important constituent of male fern is
fllicic acid.
ACTION AND USES: Ordinarily the active constituents of
aspidium are not absorbed and produce no symptoms except
some nausea. If absorption occurs, violent symptoms of
poisoning may ensue. The symptoms are excessive vomiting
and purging, great weakness, spasms in the extremities,
convulsions, stupor deepening into coma and collapse. Dis-
turbances of sight and hearing may occur and permanent
blindness sometimes follows. Jaundice has been observed.
30 USEFUL DRUGS
Oleoresin of aspidium is used as a teniacide against ordi-
nary tapeworm, but it is said to be more efficient against
the Bothrioccphalus than against ordinary tenias.
DOSAGE: 2 gm. or 30 grains is given by the Pharmacopeia,
but most authorities recommend a larger dose. The dose
should be proportioned to the strength and health of the
patient. Robust males can take as much as 8 gm. or 2
liuidrams, while women should be given smaller doses and
special caution should be exercised in administering the drug
to anemic or debilitated persons. Children of 4 years may
take 4 gm. or 60 grains.
Before this remedy is given, the alimentary canal should
be emptied by a light diet or fasting for twenty-four hours
and the administration of a saline cathartic in the morning
before the anthelmintic is given. The drug should be given
early in the morning and is best directed to be taken in
capsules containing 0.3 gm. or 5 grains, or in the form of
emulsion. The total quantity may be given in divided doses
at intervals of fifteen minutes and the last dose followed
in three hours by a saline laxative. Castor oil or other
fixed oils should not be given, because they favor the absorp-
tion of the active principle.
A dose of 8 gm. or 2 drams has been fatal to a child and
25 gm. or 6 drams have several times proved fatal to adults.
Aspirin. Aspirin, N. N. R., Acetyl salicylic Acid, C 6 H 4 0(CH 3 CO)
COOH.
The acetic acid ester of salicylic acid.
PEOPEETIES : Aspirin occurs as a crystalline, odorless powder
with a faintly acidulous taste. It is slightly soluble in water
(1 :100) and freely soluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Aspirin acts like salicylic acid and
the salicylates, but is claimed to be less disturbing to the
stomach. It is used as an antipyretic, analgesic and anti-
rheumatic. It is much used for the relief of headache and
other painful affections.
DOSAGE: 0.3 to 1 gm. or 5 to 15 grains, repeated once in
3 hours until symptoms of salicylism (ringing in the ears,
etc.) are noted.
Atoxyl. See Sodii Arsanilas.
Atropina. Atropine, U. S. P.
An alkaloid obtained from Atropa belladonna and from
other solanaceous plants.
PROPERTIES : The alkaloid itself is only slightly soluble iu
water and is usually prescribed in the form of one of Its salts,
which are readily soluble.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Solutions of atropin are stated to
be incompatible with alkalies. While no precipitate of the
alkaloid would form, unless the solution were more concen-
trated than those ordinarily used in medicine, the alkaloid
in the presence of alkalies is likely to be decomposed.
USEFUL DRUGS 31
Solutions of the alkaloid are also incompatible with tannic
acid, with LugoPs solution, and with potassiomercuric iodid,
which precipitate compounds of the alkaloid, and with salts
of mercury, such as the chlorid, which decomposes it.
ACTION AND USES: Atropin and the related alkaloids
act on the sympathetic and especially on the autonomic nerv-
ous system. If the ordinary stimulation of these nerves
causes motor or secretory activity, the use of atropin will
inhibit it, and if the normal action of the nerve is inhibitory,
atropin removes the inhibition.
The alkaloid produces a cerebral stimulation which shows
itself by quickened thought and speech, eventuating in a
peculiar talkative delirium with hallucinations. Larger
doses produce unconsciousness and occasional convulsions.
Atropin checks the secretion of saliva so that the mouth
and throat become dry. This dryness is due to some extent
to a similar effect on the mucous secretions of the mouth,
throat and nose. As an application of this action, the drug
is occasionally used to check excessive secretion of saliva in
ptyalism, mercurial salivation, etc. It is also used in coryza,
especially in the first stage, to lessen the congestion and
excessive secretion of the nasal mucus. It is held by some
to be very useful in sore throat. It is used in case of
excessive expectoration in bronchitis, bronchorrhea, etc. It
also checks the secretion of saliva and mucus during anes-
thesia in operations on the throat, larynx, etc.
Atropin lessens the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the
stomach. It is given for this purpose in hyperchlorhydria,
gastric ulcer, etc. While it has a decided effect on the secre-
tion, its use should not be continued for a long time. It
lessens the secretion of the pancreatic juice, or at least pre-
vents the increase that follows the ingestion of physostigmin
and other drugs, but does not prevent the action of secretin.
It is doubtful whether it has any effect on bile. It is said
not to affect the secretion of intestinal mucus. It relaxes
spasm of the intestinal musculature and in small doses favors
the normal peristalsis. It is therefore of great service in
spasmodic affections of the stomach and intestine. It may be
prescribed in colic, painful spasms due to gastric, duodenal
or intestinal ulcers, spastic constipation, etc. It is a service-
able anodyne in gall-stone colic and may render the use of
morphin unnecessary.
In small or moderate doses it acts as a respiratory stim-
ula^t, but large doses cause respiratory paralysis. It may
be employed with good effect in cases in which the respira-
tion is embarrassed from other than mechanical agents.
It is used for this purpose in morphin poisoning, but it
should be administered with great care on account of the
respiratory depression caused by large doses. To obviate the
effect of morphin on the respiration it is given with the
latter drug in hypodermic injections. It has also been given
with morphin as a preliminary to anesthesia by ether; in
such, cases it also serves to lessen the salivary and bron-
chial secretions.
32 USEFUL DRUGS
By paralyzing the vagus endings atropin increases the
rapidity of the heart-beat. Its depressant action on the
vagus is made use of in the diagnosis of certain disturbances
of the cardiac rhythm, particularly bradycardia. If the
slow pulse is due to an organic lesion of the conducting
mechanism (heart-block), it will persist in spite of the
action of atropin, but if it is due to vagal stimulation,
an increased rate usually results from an effective dose.
Atropin in moderate doses relaxes the blood-vessels of
the skin so that the skin, especially of the face and upper
extremities, becomes red, sometimes showing an eruption
closely resembling that of scarlet fever. In larger doses
it contracts the vessels of the splanchnic area and raises the
blood-pressure. In still larger doses a general fall of blood-
pressure occurs, accompanied by a very rapid and feeble
pulse. It is not, however, an essential heart tonic.
The secretion of sweat is reduced by atropin. It is used
for the suppression of night sweats, especially in pulmonary
tuberculosis. A single dose given at night may be followed
the next night by a larger dose if the first was not successful.
The use of atropin for this purpose should be deferred as long
as practicable and discontinued as soon as may be on account
of disturbing influence on digestion.
Atropin produces dilatation of the pupil, paralysis of the
accommodation and consequent disturbance of vision by a
local action on the oculo-motor nerve endings in the iris.
When the drug is taken internally the effect is due to the
atropin circulating in the blood, and is bilateral. When the
drug is applied locally the action is unilateral unless some
general absorption takes place or some of the solution is
introduced into the other eye by accident.
To produce these actions, atropin is employed in solution
dropped into the conjunctival sac for the purpose of facil-
itating the examination of the eye with the ophthalmoscope.
The dilatation of the pupil also serves as a diagnostic mea-
sure in case of iritis as the pupil dilates irregularly in
this disease. The wide dilatation of the pupil also tends
to prevent its adhesion to the cornea or lens.
Sufficient absorption may take place from lotions dropped
into the conjunctiva to produce general symptoms and even
to cause toxic effects.
Atropin is sometimes used externally in the form of oint-
ment of belladonna for the relief of certain forms of neural-
gia, especially those in which pain results from local condi-
tions of the nerve or surrounding tissues. It has been
advised for local use in the rectum to relieve the pain of
hemorrhoids or fissure. It is an old remedy for enuresis,
but must be regarded in most cases as a purely empirical
treatment to be used after investigation has shown the
absence of organic lesions which may be remedied in other
ways. It is used for vesical spasm due to irritable neck of
the bladder.
While the action of atropin on the milk is not entirely
established, it is quite generally used locally in mammitis,
USEFUL DRUGS 3:*
galactorrhea and when it is desired to check the secretion of
milk.
DOSAGE: Unpleasant symptoms indicating the beginning
of its physiologic effects are produced in some people by
0.0005 gm. or 1/125 grain. It is best, therefore, to begin
with half this dose, 0.00025 gm. or 1/250 grain. Doses can
be repeated once in two hours until distinct physiologic
effects are produced. For the treatment of the stomach
the remedy should be given in solution about fifteen min-
utes before the meal. For action on the bowels it is com-
monly given at bedtime. The same time is also chosen
when giving it for night sweats.
When atropin is being administered the patient or his
friends should be warned of the possible appearance of
slight toxic symptoms. The first indication is usually dry-
ness of the throat. Some dimness of vision is also likely
to be experienced.
Serious poisoning usually begins with rapid pulse, flushing
of the skin, talkative delirium, marked dilatation of the
pupils, some elevation of the temperature and dryness of
the throat and skin. This is followed more or less quickly
by unconsciousness, prostration, paralysis of the voluntary
muscles and marked vasomotor paralysis.
Atropinae Sulphas. Atropine Sulphate, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Atropin sulphate occurs as a white, crystalline
powder or microscopic crystals which are odorless, but , have a
very bitter, nauseating taste. Atropin sulphate is very soluble
in water (1:0.38) and in alcohol (1:3.7).
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Atropin sulphate is incompatible with
alkalies and their carbonates and with the precipitants of
alkaloids generally.
DOSAGE: 0.4 mg. or 1/160 grain. See Atropin.
Bacterial Vaccines. See Vaccina.
Balsamum Peruvianum. Balsam of Peru, U. S. P.
A balsam obtained from a tree, Toluifera Pereirae; it
contains traces of cinnamic and benzoic acids and their
esters and resins.
ACTION AND USES : Balsam of Peru is not used inter-
nally, but is sometimes applied in ointment or in alcoholic
solution or mixed with castor oil as a stimulant to indo-
lent wounds and ulcers to promote the formation of granu-
lations and the process of cicatrization. Balsam of Peru is
much used as a parasiticide in diseases of the skin, such
as 'scabies.
In scabies a 4 p?r cent, petrolatum ointment of Balsam
of Peru, with the same amount of sulphur, chalk and green
soap may be used. It should be applied freely at night and
in the morning over all of the affected areas. The strength
of this mixture can be doubled in obstinate cases. Balsam
of Peru can be painted over portions of the body at night,
34 USEFUL DRUGS
followed by a bath in the morning. In rare instances,
however, Balsam of Peru produces violent dermatitis.
Isamum Tolutanum. Balsam of Tolu, U. S. P.
A balsam obtained from Toluifera Balsamum, a tree indige-
nous to New Granada.
PROPERTIES : Balsam of Tolu occurs as a yellowish-brown,
plastic solid, becoming brittle when old, dried or exposed to cold.
It is very soluble in alcohol, but nearly insoluble in water.
ACTION AND USES: Balsam of Tolu like balsam of Peru
is expectorant and stimulant; it is not used externally at the
present time. The use of balsam of Tolu in medicine is
largely restricted. It is used as one of the ingredients of
compound tincture of benzoin and as a flavor or pleasant
vehicle in the form of:
Syrupus Tolutanus. Syrup of Tolu, U. S. P.
A saturated solution of the aromatic constituents of bal-
sam of Tolu in syrup.
ACTION AND USES: Syrup of Tolu is much used as a
vehicle for expectorant mixtures.
DOSAGE : 16 c.c. or 4 fluidrams.
Belladonnae Folia. Belladonna Leaves, U. S. P.
The dried leaves of Atropa Belladonna, yielding by the
process outlined in the pharmacopeia, not less than 0.3 per
cent, of mydriatic alkaloids, chiefly hyoscyamin.
ACTION AND USES: The active principle of belladonna acts
like atropin. Belladonna leaves are narcotic, anodyne, anti-
spasmodic and mydriatic, the medicinal value being due to
the contained mydriatic alkaloids.
Tinctura Belladonnae Foliorum. Tincture of Belladonna
Leaves, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 10 gm. of the drug.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: The tincture should not be prescribed
with alkalies.
DOSAGE: 0.5 c.c. or 8 minims, representing approximately
0.00015 gm. or 1/400 grain of mydriatic alkaloids.
Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum. Extract of Belladonna
Leaves, U. S. P.
A hydro-alcoholic extract of belladonna leaves.
DOSAGE: 0.01 gm. or 1/5 grain, corresponding approxi-
mately to 0.00015 gm. or 1/400 grain of mydriatic alkaloids.
Emplastrum Belladonnae. Belladonna Plaster, U. S. P.
This represents approximately 30 per cent, of extract of
belladonna. The commercial and widely used plasters are not
identical with that described in the pharmacopeia in other
than alkaloidal content.
USEFUL DRUGS 35
ACTION AND USES: The application of extract of bella-
donna to the skin secures a local anodyne effect which is
employed for the relief of rheumatic and neuralgic pains and
soreness. It is a serviceable application in acute inflamma-
tory conditions. Belladonna plaster is often used to relieve
palpitation of the heart.
DOSAGE: Plasters are not commonly made by pharmacists,
but are supplied already spread by the manufacturers. They
are usually prescribed by the size according to the area of
skin to be covered.
Unguentum Belladonnae. Belladonna Ointment, U. S. P.
An ointment containing 10 per cent, of extract of bella-
donna in a mixture of hydrous wool fat and benzoinated lard.
Benzoinum. Benzoin, U. S. P.
A balsamic resin obtained from several species of Styrax
trees indigenous to Siam, Sumatra and Java.
PROPERTIES : Benzoin contains, benzole acid, cinnamic acid and
resins which are soluble in alcohol and to some extent at least
in oils and fats.
Tinctura Benzoinae Composita. Compound Tincture of Ben-
zoin, U. S. P.
A mixture of the alcohol-soluble constituents of benzoin.
10 gm.; aloes, 2 gm.; storax, 8 gm, and balsam of Tolu, 4
gm., in sufficient alcohol to make 100 c.c.
ACTION AND USES: Compound tincture of benzoin is used
as an application to the inflamed mucous membrane of the
throat and bronchi by inhalation. It is soothing and acts
as a stimulating expectorant. It is frequently administered
by adding a teaspoonful to a glassful of boiling water and
inhaling the vapor. It is also used as an addition to lotions
of glycerol and water. It is useful as a stimulant and pro-
tective for ulcers, bedsores, cracked nipples and fissures of
the lips, anus, etc.
Benzosulphinidum, Benzolsulphinid, Saccharin, U. S. P.
The anhydrid of ortho-sulphamid-benzoic acid (Benzo-
sulphonic-imid ) .
PROPERTIES : Benzosulphinimid is a white, crystalline powder,
nearly odorless, having an intensely sweet taste even in dilute
solutions. It is soluble in alcohol (1 :25), but only slightly soluble
in water (1:250). The addition of an alkali materially increases
the solubility of saccharin in water by formation of a salt, and
it is often prescribed mixed with an equal quantity of sodium
bicarbonate or in the form of a sodium salt known as "soluble
saccharin." Saccharin is about 500 times as sweet as sugar, but
has a slightly different taste which is generally objected to after
continued use.
ACTION AND USES: Saccharin has no pronounced phar-
macologic effect. It slightly retards the action of the diges-
tive ferments and in very large doses intravenously produces
some depression and stupor. The saccharin administered is
excreted almost unchanged in the urine.
36 USEFUL DRUGS
It is used as a substitute for sugar in the food of dia-
betics. It must be remembered that saccharin has no food
value. Some observers believe it to be always harmful.
DOSAGE: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains. It may be mixed with an
equal weight of sodium bicarbonate to insure its solubil-
ity. A % -grain tablet is the most useful.
A
Betanaphthol. Betanaphthol, U. S. P. (Naphthol, U. S. P.
1890).
Betanaphthol is a phenol found in coal-tar, but usually
manufactured from naphthalene.
PROPERTIES : It occurs as colorless, or pale buff-colored, crystal-
line laminae or a crystalline powder, having a faint phenol-like
odor and a sharp, pungent, but not persistent taste. It is only
very slightly soluble in water, 1 :950, but is very soluble in
alcohol (1:0.61).
ACTION AND USES: Betanaphthol is irritating to the
skin or mucous membranes when applied in solution. If
absorbed in considerable amount it may cause nephritis
by irritation of the kidneys. It tends to destroy the red
blood-corpuscles and has been known to produce changes
in the retina and opacity of the lens. It is a powerful anti-
septic, several times stronger than phenol.
Betanaphthol is applied externally as a parasiticide and
antiseptic. Internally it has oeen much used as an intes-
tinal antiseptic, but its utility is limited because of the
danger of poisonous consequences from its possible absorp-
tion. It has also been used as an anthelmintic for the
treatment of hookworm disease.
DOSAGE: 0.1 to 0.3 gm. or 2 to 5 grains. It is best
given in powder or capsules. Externally it may be used
in the form of ointment.
i
Bismuthi Subcarbonas. Bismuth Subcarbonate, U. S. P.
A basic carbonate of bismuth of somewhat varying com-
position, some specimens being more basic than others.
PROPERTIES : Bismuth subcarbonate is practically insoluble in
water or alcohol. It is decomposed by hydrochloric or nitric acid,
giving a copious effervescence of carbon dioxid and producing a
chlorid or nitrate of bismuth which enters into solution. When
such a solution is diluted with water the insoluble basic chlorid
(oxychlorid or subchlorid) or basic nitrate of bismuth is precipi-
tated. Bismuth subcarbonate is readily decomposed by the acid
of the gastric juice, but in this case while the acid is neutralized,
an insoluble oxychlorid of bismuth remains, coating the stomach
and thus acting therapeutically in the same manner as the
original subcarbonate would.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with sulphids,
sulphur, acids and acid salts.
ACTION AND USES: Bismuth subcarbonate acts like other
insoluble salts of bismuth. For its uses see Bismuth Sub-
nitrate. In roentgenography it is to be preferred to bismuth
subnitrate because of the fact that it cannot srive rise to
USEFUL DRUGS 37
nitrite poisoning, which has occasionally happened when
large doses of the subnitrate were used.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7% grains.
Bismuth! Subgallas. Bismuth Subgallate, U. S. P., Dermatol.
A basic gallate of bismuth of somewhat varying composi-
tion, containing bismuth equivalent to from 52 to 57 per
cent, of bismuth oxid.
PROPERTIES : Bismuth subgallate occurs as an amorphous,
bright yellow powder without odor or taste. It Is practically
insoluble in water and in alcohol, but is decomposed by hydro-
chloric, nitric or sulphuric acid if heated. It is also decomposed
by alkali hydroxids.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Bismuth subgallate is incompatible
with acids, alkalies, sulphids and sulphur.
ACTION AND USES : Bismuth subgallate was introduced
under the name of "Dermatol" for treatment of skin dis-
ease. Its action and uses are similar to those of Bismutli
Subnitrate, which see.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains.
Bismuth Subnitras. Bismuth subnitrate, U. S. P.
Bismuth subnitrate is a basic bismuth nitrate of some-
what varying chemical composition.
PROPERTIES : Bismuth subnitrate occurs as a heavy, white,
odorless and almost tasteless powder. It is practically insoluble
in water and in alcohol and is little affected by weak acid solu-
tions. Hydrochloric acid of the usual strength of the gastric
juice decomposes only a small amount in the course of several
hours. Hydrochloric or nitric acid, if not too dilute, decomposes
it, producing the chlorid or nitrate, which enters into solution ;
but when this solution is diluted with water the insoluble basic
chlorid (oxychlorid or subchlorid) or basic nitrate (subnitrate)
is precipitated.
Basic bismuth nitrate is rendered more basic, by the
action of alkali until finally it is converted into bismuth
oxid, a nitrate of the alkali metal being formed. Under
some circumstances the nitrate radical may be reduced to
nitrite, especially by the putrefactive bacteria of the large
intestine.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with acids, tan-
nins, sulphids and sulphur. With soluble carbonates and
bicarbonates in the presence of water there is a liberation
of carbon dioxid, a formation of insoluble bismuth com-
pound, and the nitrate of the alkali metal. With iodids a
double decomposition has been noted with the formation of
the red basic iodid of bismuth and the nitrate of the
metal whose iodid was used.
ACTION AND USES: Soluble bismuth compounds, as a
rule, become converted in the presence of water into insolu-
ble basic compounds. Most of the preparations used in
medicine are already in the basic form. (As the action
of bismuth preparations depends on the action of an irisol-
38 USEFUL DRUGS
uble powder, there is no object in prescribing a soluble
salt.) The salt most frequently used is bismuth sub-
nitrate; but since it sometimes produces poisonous effects,
the subcarbonate is the preferable salt. All the compounds
of bismuth used in medicine produce essentially the same
effects.
Bismuth subnitrate is not appreciably affected by the
gastric juice and does not materially lessen its acidity.
When given in considerable doses it coats the mucous mem-
brane and acts as a mechanical protective. It thus prevents
the action of the digestive secretions and of irritating
foods or other substances on the mucous membrane. The
same is true of its effect on the mucous membrane of the
intestine. It is not absorbed in the stomach. It undergoes
chemical changes in the intestine and is probably absorbed
there to some extent though seldom in sufficient quantities
to produce symptoms of poisoning. It is excreted almost
entirely by the cecum and other parts of the large intestine.
It is turned black in the large intestine, probably from con-
tact with sulphids. It seems to exert an astringent effect
on the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane. When applied
to the skin it acts mechanically, but on wounds and ulcers,
as on mucous membranes, it acts as a protective, astringent
and antiseptic. It is absorbed from wounds to a larger
extent than from mucous membranes. A number of cases
of poisoning have been so caused.
Bismuth subnitrate and other insoluble salts of bismuth
are used in irritation of the stomach and intestines for
their protective and astringent powers. They are useful
to allay vomiting from gastric irritation. In the same
manner they serve to check diarrhea, especially that aris-
ing from the ingestion of irritating foods. They are useful
in hyperacidity and ulcer of the stomach by coating and pro-
tecting the mucous membrane. They are also employed in
catarrh of the stomach and intestines. They may be given
for the same purpose in ulcerative enteritis. Externally
the subnitrate and subcarbonate are used as protective and
antiseptic applications in skin diseases and as applications
to ulcers or suppurating wounds and to promote the healing
of old sinuses and fistulous tracts. In the latter case the
bismuth is used in the form of a paste, combined with
petrolatum and wax. A number of cases of poisoning have
been reported due to the absorption of the bismuth; hence
care must be exercised in its use and on the appearance of
toxic symptoms, such as a blue line on the gums, headache,
nausea and stomatitis, the bismuth should be removed from
the fistula by the injection of warm olive oil.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains. For the treatment of
ulcer much larger doses are used. Externally it is used
freely as a dusting powder or in ointment. Very large
quantities are used for the purpose of outlining the stomach
and intestines by roentgenography and by the fluoroscope.
but the occasional occurrence of nitrite poisoning has led
to a preference of the subcarbonate or oxychlorid for
USEFUL DRUGS 30
Roentgen-ray work. Poisoning by nitrites is indicated by
vasomotor paralysis, tachycardia and asphyxia due to the
formation of methemoglobin.
Bismuth! Subsalicylas. Bismuth Subsalicylate, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Bismuth subsalicylatc occurs as a white or nearly
white amorphous crystalline powder, odorless and tasteless. It
is practically insoluble in cold water ; on prolonged boiling with
water a portion of the salicylic acid passes into solution with
the formation of a more basic bismuth salicylate.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : It is decomposed by hydrochloric
acid or nitric acid: a more basic insoluble compound remain-
ing. Alcohol also decomposes bismuth subsalicylate with
accompanying solution of the liberated salicylic acid. The
compound is also incompatible with alkali carbonates and
bicarbonates, tannin and salts of iron.
ACTION AND USES : Bismuth subsalicylate, like other
salts of bismuth, is protective and astringent; it has also
been recommended to some extent as an intestinal anti-
septic. Because of the ease with which it is decomposed it
is best prescribed in the form of powders, capsules or
cachets.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains.
CACHETAE CACHETS
Cachets, or wafers, are made by pressing a mixture of
flour, or starch and water between hot iron plates, and are
used much in the same way as capsules for enclosing dry
and powdered drugs, but are usually of much greater
capacity. They have the advantage over capsules of being
more readily dissolved and despite their comparatively large
size are easily swallowed if previously dipped into water
or if floated on a tablespoonful of water.
Caffeina. Caffein, U. S. P.
A feebly basic alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves of
Thea sinensis or from the dried seeds of Coffea arabica and
also found in other plants. Tea contains from 1 to 4 per
cent, of caffein; coffee from 1 to 2 per cent.
PROPERTIES : Caffein is trimethyl-xanthin. It occurs as white
silky, glistening needles, usually matted together in fleecy masses,
odorless and having a bitter taste. It is soluble in water
(1 : 50) and in alcohol (1 :50). The solubility in water is
materially increased by the addition of sodium benzoate or
sodium salicylate.
ACTION AND USES: Small doses of caffein act on the
nervous system, stimulating the psychic centers, the respira-
tory and vasomotor centers and the reflexes. It modifies
the circulation by stimulating the heart, and relaxing the
vessels by direct action. The flow of urine is increased.
Muscular contraction is facilitated and fatigue lessened.
Excessive doses produce insomnia, nervousness, headache,
palpitation and nausea or vomiting, especially in susceptible
40 USEFUL DRUGS
persons. They lessen the capacity for mental or muscular
work. Toxic doses may produce tetanic convulsions and
cardiac dilatation.
CIRCULATION: Caffein has a rather complex and, there
fore, somewhat inconstant action. In therapeutic doses th* 1
pulse may be quickened or slowed. The blood-vessels tend
to dilate by the peripheral action and to contract by the
central action. The dilatation probably predominates in most
cases, but the blood-pressure rises slightly by increased
force and output of the heart. This increased output and
lessened resistance tend to produce a more rapid flow of
blood, and this results in an increased flow of urine. These
effects make caffein especially efficient in some cases of car-
diac dropsy, although it is generally inferior to digitalis. The
cardiac stimulation is also useful in temporary cardiac
weakness.
By the Germans, and by many physicians in this
country, caffein is looked on as the most valuable drug
for the treatment of circulatory failure in acute infectious
processes, such as pneumonia, peritonitis, scarlet fever, etc.
A disadvantage in the use of large doses is the cere-
bral stimulation produced, which often prevents sleep. Some
authors do not approve of the use of caffein as a cardiac
remedy, but believe that its utilities are confined to its
diuretic action.
Caffein is used as a nervous stimulant in cases of nerve
exhaustion. It is useful in collapse by causing rise of
blood-pressure and stimulating the respiration. It may bv
used in narcotic poisoning in the form of hot coffee, or by
itself, for its effect on the respiratory system. It is espe-
cially useful in opium poisoning, and it may be used in
alcoholic poisoning on the same principle. It relieves some
forms of headache, but in the congestive form it may
increase the difficulty. It is excreted by the kidney partly
under its own form, partly as mono- or dimethyl-xanthin.
It does not increase the amount of uric acid in the urine.
DOSAGE: The dose of caffein varies from 0.06 gm. to
0.3 gm., or about 1 to 5 grains. When given in the form
of coffee a cup made from a tablespoonful (15 gm.) would
contain from 0.1 to 0.2 gm. or from \ l /> to 3 grains.
The alkaloid may be given in the form of powder or
in capsules or cachets. In combination with equal parts
of sodium benzoate or sodium salicylate it dissolves readily,
and may be given hypodermically or administered by mouth.
Caffeina Citrata. Citrated Caffein, U. S. P.
A mixture of equal parts of caffein and citric acid.
PROPERTIES : Citrated caffein is a white odorless powder hav-
ing a slightly bitter taste and an acid reaction. It is more
readily soluble than the alkaloid but is not adapted for hypo-
dermic use.
DOSAGE: 0.1 gm. or about 2 grains.
USEFUL DRUGS 41
Caffeinae Sodio-Benzoas. Caffein Sodio-Benzoate, N. F.
A mixture of equal parts of caffein and sodium benzoate.
PROPERTIES: It is freely soluble (1 : 2) In water and is well
adapted for administration in solution either by mouth or hypo-
dermically.
DOSAGE: 0.10 gm., or about 2 grains.
Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus. Precipitated Calcium Carbo-
nate, U. S. P., Precipitated Chalk, CaC0 3 .
Calcium carbonate, obtained by precipitating a solution
of a salt of calcium by a soluble carbonate, collecting and
washing the precipitate and drying.
PROPERTIES : Precipitated calcium carbonate is a fine white
powder without odor or taste. It is practically insoluble in
water, but dissolves to a considerable extent in water contain-
ing carbon dioxid. It is decomposed by acids, forming a salt of
calcium and giving off carbon dioxid with effervescence.
ACTION AND USES : Calcium carbonate neutralizes the
acid of the gastric juice, chlorid of calcium being formed
and absorbed to some extent. If the stomach contains no
acid it may escape solution and absorption. When absorbed
the action is that of the soluble salts of calcium, which
will be described under Calcium Chlorid.
Calcium carbonate is used chiefly as an antacid. For this
purpose it is used as the base of many tooth-powders. It
is given in the form of powder as an antacid in acid gas-
tritis, hyperchlorhydria and gastric ulcer. In -prescnoing
it for such affections its power to check diarrhea and the
astringent power with which it. is credited should be born-
in mind. It is especially appropriate to cases in which there
is hyperacidity with accompanying diarrhea and in diarrhea
with acid fermentation. It may be used in skin-diseases as
a dusting-powder to neutralize acid secretions and to protect
the skin.
Calcium carbonate is the appropriate antidote to oxalic
acid as it neutralizes the acid with the formation of the
insoluble oxalate of calcium. It is also a suitable antidote
to other corrosive acids and has the advantage that an
excess can be given without doing harm.
DOSAGE: From 1 to 3 gm. or irom 15 to 45 grains. The
fine powder can be given to adults in teaspoonful doses
as no harm is to be feared from moderate excess. One gram
will neutralize 0.730 gm. of absolute HC1, or approximately
the amount of free HC1 in 500 c.c., or 1 pint of stomach
contents having 40 degrees of free acidity.
Calcii Chloridum. Calcium Chlorid, U. S. P., CaCl,.
PROPERTIES : Calcium chlorid occurs as white, translucent
fragments, which are odorless and have a sharp saline taste.
It is very deliquescent and should be kept in well-stoppered bot-
tles. It is freely soluble in water (1 : 1.3) and also in alcohol
42 USEFUL DRUGS
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Soluble carbonates, phosphates and
sulphates produce a precipitate of the corresponding insolu-
ble salts of calcium.
ACTION AND USES: The chlorid is more irritating to the
stomach than other salts of calcium and it should always
be given well diluted. It is absorbed slowly and imperfectly ;
in the intestine it may be converted into the insoluble car-
bonate or phosphate, and the greater part of the calcium is
excreted in this form. Calcium salts are sedatives to
muscle and nerve action when absorbed. A lack of calcium
in the tissues is believed to be a factor in the development
of nervous irritability, tetany and other forms of convul-
sions. Large intravenous doses of calcium act somewhat
like digitalis. It is also believed to increase the coagulabil-
ity of the blood under certain conditions, but not often.
These effects, however, are not produced when calcium is
given by the mouth. There is no lack of calcium in the
system under ordinary diet. It is therefore doubtful whether
calcium chlorid has much if any systemic action when
administered by mouth. It is used, however, in hemophilia,
typhoid fever and other hemorrhagic conditions, with the
idea of increasing the coagulability of the blood. Direct
observations of the coagulation time have given contra-
dictory, but generally negative results. The clinical evi-
dence is not very strong, but the drug is at least harmless.
Calcium chlorid is also administered, apparently with benefit,
against urticaria and serum rashes.
When injected directly into the blood, calcium salts
depress the nervous and muscular systems, while the inacti-
vation of calcium by the injection of oxalates and citrates
produces convulsions. This is the basis of an as yet unproved
hypothesis that certain forms of nervous irritability are
due to disturbed calcium metabolism.
DOSAGE: 05 gm. or 7% grains. Calcium chlorid is best
administered in dilute solution sweetened with syrup or
elixir.
Calcii Hypophosphis. Calcium Hypophosphite. U. S. P.,
Ca(PH 2 O 2 ) z .
PROPERTIES : Calcium hypophosphite occurs as colorless, trans-
parent prisms, small lustrous scales or a white crystalline pow-
der, which is odorless and has a nauseous, bitter taste. It is
freely soluble in water (1 :65) and practically insoluble in
alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with iodids and
oxidizing agents. Caution should be observed in dispensing
calcium hypophosphite as explosion is liable to occur when
it is triturated or heated with nitrates, chlorates or oxidiz-
ing agents.
ACTION AND USES: It was formerly thought that hypo-
phosphites were of special value because the phosphorus
was in a less highly oxidized form than in the phosphates.
There is no experimental and no convincing clinical evi-
USEFUL DRUGS 43
dence for this belief. Calcium hypophosphite has merely
the action of other soluble salts of calcium. (See calcium
chlorid. )
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7% grains.
Calcii Lactas. Calcium Lactate, N. N. R.
PROPERTIES : Calcium lactate occurs in white crystalline
masses or powder, and is odorless and tasteless. It is soluble
in water (1:10) but very slightly soluble in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : It is incompatible with carbonates,
sulphates and other compounds forming insoluble calcium
salts.
ACTION AND USES : Calcium lactate has the pharmacologic
action of other soluble calcium salts (see Calcium Chlorid)
but is less irritating than the chlorid and, therefore, espe-
cially suitable for hypodermic use.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7% grains.
Calcii Phosphas Praecipitatus. Precipitated Calcium Phos-
phate, U. S. P., Ca,(P0 4 ) 2 -
PROPERTIES : Precipitated calcium phosphate occurs as a
bulky, white, amorphous powder that is odorless and tasteless.
It is practically insoluble in water and in alcohol, but is soluble
in hydrochloric or nitric acid.
ACTION AND USES : Because of the fact that calcium
phosphate forms much the greater portion of the mineral
matter of the human body, it has been supposed to be
indicated in a variety of conditions. There is little or no
evidence that it is of special value or has any advantages
over calcium carbonate. It may be administered in the
form of powder or in a complex mixture by dissolving it in
a suitable acid.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains.
Calx. Lime, Calcium Oxid, U. S. P., CaO.
PROPERTIES : Calcium oxid occurs as hard, white or grayish-
white masses, which, in contact with the air. gradually attract
moisture and carbon dioxid and fall to a white powder ; it is
odorless and has a caustic taste. Calcium oxid is converted into
calcium hydroxid on the addition of water, and this is slightly
soluble in cold water (1:760), less soluble in hot water and
practically insoluble in alcohol.
Milk of lime is calcium hydroxid mixed with water in
the proportion of 1 part of lime to 4 of water.
ACTION AND USES: Lime as calcium hydroxid is a fairly
active germicide. It will neutralize acids, forming soluble
salts of calcium.
On account of its cheapness lime is much used as a dis-
infectant. In the form of milk of lime or whitewash, it
is a serviceable application to privies or to the infected
walls of rooms. It is especially useful for the disinfection
of excreta. Freshly prepared milk of lime should be added
44 USEFUL DRUGS
in volume equal to that of the material to be disinfected, the
mass thoroughly mixed and allowed to stand for two
hours before disposal.
Liquor Calcis. Lime-water, Solution of Calcium Hydroxide,
U. S. P.
A saturated solution of calcium hydroxid containing
about 0.14 per cent, of Ca(OH).;.
PROPERTIES : Lime-water is a clear, colorless liquid without
odor, and has an alkaline, bitter taste. Lime-water absorbs car-
bon dioxid from the air, readily forming the insoluble calcium
carbonate, and leaving the solution weaker in consequence. The
Pharmacopeia gives a convenient method of assay, and there is
no excuse for the pharmacist who dispenses an inferior prepar-
ation. The strength of lime-water should be preserved by keep-
ing an excess of lime in the bottom of the container. When the
lime-water is to be used the clear supernatant liquid should be
decanted.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Lime-water is incompatible with
acids and with carbonated, or ordinary hard water.
ACTION AND USES: Lime-water is antacid and astringent
and is often used as an addition to milk for both adults
and children. The usual proportion is 1 of lime-water to
4 of milk, but a mixture of equi.l parts may be given. This
is administered in small doses to allay nausea and vomiting.
It is also used for diarrhea. Lime-water is used externally
in the treatment of burns.
DOSAGE: 15 c.c. or about 4 fluidrams, containing approxi-
mately 0.02 gm. or y s grain of calcium hydroxid.
Linimentum Calcis. Lime Liniment, U. S. P. This is more
popularly known as Carron oil from the name of the iron
works, in England, where it originated.
PROPERTIES : It is essentially a mixture of equal parts of a
bland fixed oil and lime-water of official strength. The Pharma-
copeia at present directs the use of linseed oil, but this has no
advantages over some of the more limpid, and less odorous fixed
oils, and by some is thought to be less desirable.
ACTION AND USES : Lime Liniment is applied to burns
by spreading it on cloths and applying to the surface. It
should be renewed frequently in order to prevent the dress-
ing from adhering.
Calx Chlorinata. Chlorinated Lime, Chlorinated Calcium Oxid.
U. S. P., Bleaching Powder.
Bleaching powder, often improperly called chlorid of lime,
is a variable compound resulting from the action of chlorin
on calcium hydroxid. It should contain not less than
30 per cent, of available chlorin, that is, chlorin which is
set free by the action of an acid. '
PROPERTIES : Chlorinated lime occurs as a white or grayish-
white granular powder, having a chlorin-like odor, and a repuls-
ive saline taste. It is only partially soluble in water or alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Chlorinated lime is a disinfectant of
about equal value with lime and is used in the same way.
USEFUL DRUGS 45
A 5 per cent, solution is a convenient strength for ordi-
nary use. It is being used quite extensively as the source
of chlorin for treating contaminated drinking-waters. A
fresh solution of about 0.5 per cent, strength should be
added to the water to be treated, in the proportion of
about 250 gallons per million gallons of water.
Liquor Sodae Chlorinatae. Solution of Chlorinated Soda,
U. S. P., Labarraque's Solution.
An aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite and sodium
chlorid containing at least 2.4 per cent, of available chlorin.
It is made by decomposing a solution of chlorinated lime
with sodium carbonate and removing the insoluble calcium
carbonate formed.
ACTION AND USES: Solution of chlorinated soda, like
chlorinated lime, is used chiefly as a disinfectant and anti-
septic. Diluted with from 15 to 20 parts of water it may
be used as a spray, gargle or wash.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims.
Camphora. Camphor, U. S. P.
A ketone C fl H 16 CO obtained from Cinnamomum Camphora.
purified by sublimation.
PROPERTIES : Camphor occurs as white translucent masses of
a tough consistence and a crystalline structure, readily pulveriz-
able in the presence of a little alcohol, ether or chloroform ; it
has a characteristic odor and a pungent taste. It is very slightly
soluble in water but freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform
and in fixed and volatile oils.
ACTION AND USES : Camphor stimulates the central
nervous system, especially the medullary centers, and the
circulation; locally it is mildly irritant and antiseptic. In
toxic doses it produces delirium followed by unconscious-
ness with epileptiform convulsions. It has been used as
a nerve depressant in epilepsy and convulsions, but owing
to its stimulating action this use seems irrational.
Camphor tends to increase the blood-pressure. The effects
on animals are complex and rather inconstant, but clini-
cally large doses of camphor improve the pulse in impend-
ing cardiac collapse, probably by cardiac . stimulation. For
this reason it is used as a circulatory and respiratory stimu-
lant in cases of collapse, syncope, cardiac failure, etc. It
should be administered hypodermically, 0.5 c.c. of a 10 per
cent, sterile solution in olive oil being injected every fifteen
minutes for four doses if needed.
The antiseptic action of camphor is utilized in gargles
and mouth washes. It is also given in dyspepsia as a
carminative, and is used in the first stage of colds and
other infections of the respiratory tract. It acts internally
as a diaphoretic.
Locally camphor causes a loss of tone of the peripheral
blood-vessels, and thus produces marked redness of the
46 USEFUL DRUGS
skin. It has also a local anesthetic action. It is employed,
for its mild rubefacient and counterirritant effects, as an
ingredient of liniments.
DOSAGE: 0.10 gm. or about 2 grains.
The average dose of camphor is commonly given as
2 grains, but when a prompt cardiac or central action is
demanded, much larger doses may be required. It may be
given in an oily or alcoholic solution or in pills, capsule*
or cachets.
Aqua Camphorae. Camphor Water, U. S. P.
A saturated solution of camphor in distilled water. It
is a very weak preparation. Camphor water is often used
as a vehicle for collyria.
DOSAGE: 10 c.c. or about 2 fluidrams (containing 0.04 gm.
or y 2 grain of camphor).
Spiritus Camphorae. Spirit of Camphor, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. contain 10 gm. camphor in alcohol.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims.
Linimentum Camphorae. Camphpr Liniment, U. S. P.
Camphorated Oil.
One hundred c.c. contain 20 gm. camphor in cottonseed
oil, but a more limpid oil may be preferred, particularly if
the preparation is to be used for hypodermic injection.
Cannabis Indica. Indian Cannabis, U. S. P.
The dried flowering tops of the pistillate plants of
Cannabis sativa, grown in the East Indies and gathered
while the fruits are yet undeveloped, and carrying the whole
of their natural resin. Much, if not all, of the available
drug fails to comply with the official requirements.
ACTION AND USES : Cannabis Indica is a narcotic poison
which stimulates the psychic functions and produces delir-
ium of a pleasant character and a rapid succession of ideas
which cause the time to seem very long. From this condi-
tion the patient passes into melancholy and then into a
deep sleep. An aphrodisiac effect is reported in some cases.
In many cases the primary stimulating stage is quite short
and often absent. On account of the sleep resulting from
this drug, it has been recommended as a hypnotic, but in
general the use of cannabis indica as a hypnotic is not
advisable. While it has not been known to produce fatal
results, the effect on dogs indicates that it is not entirely
safe, and the possibility of formation of a habit should be
borne in mind.
DOSAGE: The preparations are best given by themselves,
the extract in the form of pills and the tincture diluted or
mixed with water at the time of administration.
Extractum Cannabis Indicae. Extract of Indian Cannabis,
U. S. P.
USEFUL DRUGS 47
DOSAGE: 0.01 gm. or 1/5 grain.
Tinctura Cannabis Indicae. -Tincture of Indian Cannabis,
U. S. P. One hundred c.c. represent 10 -gin. Indian
oannabis in alcohol.
DOSAGE: 0.5 c.c. or about 8 minims.
Cantharis. Cantharides, U. S. P.
The beetle Cantharis vesicatoria, Spanish fly, thoroughly
dried.
ACTION AND USES : Cantharides is very irritating to the
intestinal canal, producing hyperemia of the mouth and
throat and vomiting. It is readily absorurd from tho
intestinal canal and produces marked irritatioij of the kid-
neys. The nephritis affects, at first, the glomeruli and sub-
sequently the urinary tubules. In its passage through the
urinary channels, it irritates the mucous membranes of the
bladder and urethra and produces a desire to urinate, some-
times amounting to strangury. Cantharides is also a local
irritant to the skin and produces blisters. It may be
absorbed from the skin in sufficient quantities to cause
nephritis. Cantharides has been used for treatment of
chronic nephritis and incontinence of urine. Only minute
doses should ever be given for these affections, and as soon
as any evidence of vesical irritation arises the remedy
should be suspended. Many physicians believe that canthar-
ides should never be used internally.
The local irritant action of Cantharides is the basis of its
use for the treatment of baldness, but it is of little benefit
in that condition. It is used for baldness in the form of
tincture greatly diluted with alcohol (from 1:15 to 1:30)
or in ointments. The chief use of Cantharides is as a
vesicant. It is contra-indicated in nephritis, and when
vesication is desired in nephritis, another agent such as
ammonia or chloroform should be selected. It may be used
to produce redness and counterirritation in quantities not
sufficient to blister. When the irritation is carried just to
the point of beginning vesication, the result is known as
a flying blister. The counterirritation may be rendered
continuous by a succession of such "flying" blisters.
Ceratum Cantharidis. Cantharides cerate, U. S. P.
This contains 32 per cent, of cantharides.
Ceratum cantharidis may be used for the purpose of
vesication, but the blistering plasters commonly put up
by manufacturers have a slightly different base. When
cantharides is applied for the purpose of vesication a blister
will usually be formed in the course of six hours. Vesica-
tion can sometimes be hastened by removing the cantharides
plaster after a few hours and applying hot poultices.
Blisters should not be applied directly over an inflamed part.
48 USEFUL DRUGS
The following application has been suggested for baldness:
3ij
ni.xv
B Tr. cantharid 8
Tr. capsici 1
Alcoholis 45
Aq. ros ad 150
M.
Capsicum. Capsicum, U. S. P.
The dried, ripe fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum.
ACTION AND USES: Capsicum is carminative, stimulant
and rubefacient. It is frequently prescribed in atonic dys-
pepsia, especially in cases due to chronic alcoholism. Such
use should be cautious and not long continued.
DOSAGE: 0.05 gm. or about 1 grain. Externally it is
frequently used in the form of liniment, preferably a simple
mixture of the tincture with the official soap liniment. The
tincture mixed with an equal quantity of glycerol is used
as a gargle in tonsillitis, pharyngitis, etc.
Capsicum plaster is a suitable preparation for the relief
of neuralgia, muscular rheumatism, etc.
Tinctura Capsici. Tincture of capsicum, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 10 gm. of the drug in approxi-
mately 90 per cent, alcohol.
DOSAGE: 0.5 c.c. or 7 l / 2 minims.
CAPSULAE CAPSULES
Capsules, either hard or soft, are made of gelatin molded
oA'er a suitable object. Hard capsules, made in different
sizes, have long been used for administering liquids as well
as solids, while soft capsules, containing an admixture of
glycerol to the gelatin, are used extensively for oils and
oleoresins or solutions of active drugs in oils.
Carbo Ligni. Charcoal, U. S. P.
Prepared from soft wood and very finely powdered.
PROPERTIES : Charcoal is a black, odorless and tasteless pow-
der, free from gritty matter.
ACTIONS AND USES: Locally charcoal is employed as a
deodorant for fetid ulcers, etc., usually as a poultice.
Because of its well-known property of absorbing and
condensing gases, charcoal has long been administered in
various forms of gastric disturbance, the prescribers evi-
dently losing sight of the fact that when thoroughly wet it
almost entirely loses its property of absorbing gases. It
is used to indicate the length of time food remains in the
alimentary tract. Charcoal administered with the test diet
causes the feees formed from that diet to have a black
color. It is also commonly used to distinguish the periods
of diet in metabolism experiments.
USEFUL DRUGS 40
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains. Preferably administered
in cachets or capsules.
Cardamomum. Cardamom, U. S. P.
The dried nearly ripe fruit of Elettaria repens.
ACTION AND USES: Cardamom is used as an aromatic,
carminative and stomachic.
Tinctura Cardamoini. Tincture of Cardamom.
Represents 20 per cent, of cardamom in diluted alcohol.
This preparation should not be confounded with compound
tincture of cardamom, which is a comparatively weak solu-
tion of the soluble constituents of cardamom, cinnamon and
caraway in diluted alcohol, colored red with cochineal.
DOSAGE: 5 c.c. or ] nuidram.
Caryophyllus. Cloves, U. S. P.
The dried flower buds of Eugenia aromatica.
Oleum Caryophylli Oil of Cloves, U. S. P.
A volatile oil distilled from cloves consisting largely
(80 per cent.) of eugenol.
PROPERTIES : Oil of cloves occurs as a colorless or pale yellow,
thin liquid, becoming darker and thicker by age. Oil of cloves
is freely soluble in alcohol, but nearly insoluble in water.
ACTION AND USES : Oil of cloves is antiseptic and aro-
matic. It is frequently used as a carminative and externally
as counterirritant. In dental practice it has long been used
as an anodyne.
DOSAGE: 0.2 c.c. or 3 minims on granulated sugar or in
some emulsion, on shaved ice or in capsules. To relievo
toothache it should be dropped on a small piece of cotton
and inserted into the cavity in the tooth, if one is present.
For external use it is usually diluted with 2 or 3 parts of
fatty oil.
CATAPLASMATA POULTICES
Poultices are soft solid preparations used for the purpose
of applying heat and moisture to localized areas of the body.
This application of heat induces a superficial hyperemia
which is believed to influence the circulation of underlying
parts. The poultices may also be made the means of apply-
ing counterirritant drugs. A long-continued application
tends to cause relaxation of the skin and to render it flabby.
Cera Alba. White Wax, U. S. P., is the bleached form of:
Cera Flava. Yellow Wax, U. S. P.
A solid substance prepared from the honeycomb of the
bee, Apis mellifera. In medicine wax is chiefly used to
stiffen ointments.
50 USEFUL DRUGS
CERATA CERATES
Cerates are solid ointment-like preparations containing
sufficient wax to prevent them from melting at the tem-
perature of the body.
For the preparation included in this list see :
Ceratum Cantharidis, under Cantharis.
CHARTAE PAPERS
Medicated papers are pieces of absorbent paper that have
been treated with medicinal substances or suitably sized
paper coated with a layer of the medicinal substance.
For the preparation included in this list see :
Charta Sinapis, under Sinapis.
Chloralum Hydratum. Hydrated Chloral, U. S. P. Chloral
Hydrate.
A crystalline solid, CC1 3 CH ( OH ) , the hydrate of trichlor-
acetaldehyd (chloral), CC1 3 .CHO.
PROPERTIES : Hydrated chloral occurs as colorless and trans-
parent crystals, having an aromatic penetrating odor, and a bit-
terish, caustic taste. It is very soluble in water, alcohol or ether.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Hydrated Chloral is incompatible
with alkalies and alkali carbonates, which cause the forma-
tion of chloroform. In mixtures containing hydrated chloral,
an alkali, bromid and alcohol, a compound of chloral believed
to be chloral alcoholate sometimes separates.
ACTION AND USES: Hydrated chloral acts on the central
nervous system, producing a feeling of weariness followed
by quiet sleep in which the pulse and respiration are slowed
in the same manner as in normal sleep and the reflexes are
not abolished. From this sleep the person can readily be
awakened. Larger doses produce more rapid and deeper
unconsciousness and abolition of reflexes. There is slowing
of the respiration and fall of blood-pressure. The cuta-
neous vessels are dilated and a marked fall of temperature
occurs. With fatal doses death occurs ordinarily by paral-
ysis of the respiratory center but sometimes by paralysis
of a weakened heart. Hydrated chloral is therefore to be
used with special caution in cases of a weakened heart or
blood-vessels.
Hydrated chloral is a very reliable hypnotic in insomnia
due to nervous excitation. It is not so valuable when the
sleeplessness is primarily due to a painful affection. In
such cases morphin or codein is preferable. At times it may
be combined with opium or morphin. It should not be used
when there is a degeneration of the heart-muscle. In other
cases of heart disease and in arteriosclerosis it may be given
cautiously.
Hydrated chloral may be given in moderate doses as a
nervous sedative, especially in conjunction with the bromids.
USEFUL DRUGS 51
Hydrated chloral is also a valuable remedy to relax spasm.
For this purpose it is often used in the first stage of labor
to overcome rigidity of the os uteri. It is valuable in
tetanus, in which it must be given boldly to overcome the
convulsions. In delirium in fever it may be administered
in small doses. It should not be given, however, if the
delirium can be controlled by other means. It is useful as
an antispasmodic in obstinate cases of hiccup. Hydrated
chloral is a good antidote to strychnin.
DOSAGE: From 0.30 to 1.30 gm. or from 5 to 20 grains
dissolved in water and given on cracked ice. The dose may
be repeated in three hours, if needed, but the condition of
the pulse and respiration should be carefully watched when
large doses are given.
While hydrated chloral has the reputation of being espe-
cially dangerous, this refers to large doses. Smaller doses.
0.3 gm. or 5 grains, are about as effective as the ordinary
doses of other hypnotics and relatively safe. Habit forma-
tion is quite common, perhaps more so than with some other
hypnotics.
Chloroform. Chloroform, U. S. P.
A liquid consisting of from 99 to 99.4 per cent, of chloro-
form, CH.Cls, and from 0.6 to 1 per cent, of alcohol, C.,H 5 OH.
added as a preservative.
Chloroform is now largely made by the decomposition of
chloral by alkalies.
PROPERTIES : Chloroform occurs as a heavy clear, colorless
and mobile liquid, of a characteristic odor, and a burning sweet
taste. It is but slightly soluble in water (1 :200), but is mis-
eible, in all proportions, with alcohol, ether and the fixed and
volatile oils.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Chloroform should be protected from
the light by storing in a dark place or in dark well -stoppered
bottles. It readily deteriorates under the influence of heat,
light and air, and the decomposition products must be
avoided in the use of this product in general anesthesia.
For this reason the vapors should not be allowed to come
in contact with a flame.
ACTION AND USES: Chloroform acts locally as a pene-
trating and fairly powerful irritant, which may blister if
its evaporation is prevented. It is used in liniments. Taken
by mouth, small doses are carminative, anodyne and anti-
septic; it is therefore used in gastric fermentation and
colic. Large doses are sometimes employed as a vermifuge,
but are rather dangerous. Excessive doses produce uncon-
sciousness and coma, similarly to the results of its
inhalation.
Its main use is by inhalation, for the production of
general anesthesia. The excitement stage is similar to
that with ether, but of shorter duration and therefore less
unpleasant. It is much more dangerous, however, most
acute fatalities occurring by stoppage of the heart early
in the administration. This danger is lessened by atropin.
52 USEFUL DRUGS
The anesthetic stage is also more dangerous than with
other, there being a gradual but progressive fall of blood
pressure, even if the administration is carefully managed.
The fall is due to depression of both the cardiac muscle
and vasomotor center. The respiratory center is also more
depressed. If an excessive concentration is given, death
occurs, in this stage usually by stoppage of respiration;
but since the heart and vasomotor center are also greatly
weakened, recovery is more difficult than with ether. Some-
times, especially in cardiac disease, the heart may be the
first to give out.
The irritant actions on the kidneys and respiratory tract
are probably about the same as with ether.
Prolonged administration is especially dangerous, often
producing death after several days by so-called delayed
chloroform poisoning. This is characterized by general fatty
degeneration, especially marked in the liver, which may
pass into a condition analogous to acute yellow atrophy.
Chloroform is distinctly less safe as an anesthetic than
ether and should be employed only when ether is unavail-
able or its use inadmissible for some reason. Chloroform
is held by many physicians as specially suitable for anes-
thesia in children and during childbirth.
It is frequently given to relieve pain in the stomach or
bowels, especially pain of a colicky nature.
DOSAGE: From 0.05 to 0.3 c.c. or from 1 to 5 minims.
Chloroform may be prescribed in a variety of forms. The
Pharmacopeia includes :
Aqua Chloroformi. Chloroform water, U. S. P.
A saturated aqueous solution of chloroform containing
approximately 1 part in 200.
DOSAGE: It may be made extemporaneously by adding
a few drops of chloroform to a glass of water, shaking
well and allowing the excess to subside. A teaspoonful
contains approximately 0.02 c.c. or Vs minim of chloroform.
The average dose of chloroform water is 15 c.c. or
4 fluidrams.
Spiritus Chloroformi. Spirit of Chloroform, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. contain 6 c.c. of chloroform in alcohol.
DOSAGE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims containing 0.12 c.c. or
2 minims of chloroform.
Linimentum Chloroformi. Chloroform Liniment, U. S. P.
A 30 per cent, solution of chloroform in soap liniment.
Chromii Trioxidum. Chromium Trioxid, U. S. P., Cr0 3 .
This is more popularly, though incorrectly, termed chromic
acid and should contain not less than 90 per cent, of Cr0 3 .
PROPERTIES : Chromium trioxid occurs as needle-shaped crys-
tals or prisms of dark purplish-red color and metallic luster ; it
is odorless, destructive to animal and vegetable tissue, deliques-
cent in air and very soluble in water (1:0.5),
USEFUL DRUGS 63
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Because of its powerful oxidizing
properties chromium trioxid should not be brought in contact
with alcohol, glycerol or other oxidizable substances or
explosion may result.
ACTION AND USES: In medicine chromium trioxid is used
only as a caustic either in the solid form or in aqueous solu-
tion. Holt recommends in nasal hemorrhage from ulcer
of septum to touch the ulcer with chromium trioxid.
Chrysarobinum. Chrysarobin, U. S. P.
A neutral principle extracted from Goa powder, a sub-
stance found deposited in the wood of Vouacapoua Araroba.
PROPERTIES : Chrysarobin is a pale orange-yellow, micro-
crystalline powder, tasteless, odorless and irritating to the
mucous membrane. It is very slightly soluble in water, but
rather more soluble in alcohol and partially soluble in fats.
ACTION AND USES: Chrysarobin is antiseptic and anti-
parasitic and a powerful irritant to the skin. It is a more
powerful stimulant than tar and must be used with cor-
respondingly greater caution, except in dermatoses in which
the production of an acute inflammatory reaction is not
especially to be dreaded. It is employed in the treatment
of fungus diseases of the skin but is also of especial use
in chronic inflammatory dermatoses to produce a healthy
reaction.
Chrysarobin is used externally in ointment or solution
in the strength of from 2 to 10 or even 20 per cent. In
the weaker proportions it is often quite as effective as in
the stronger and does not excite acute dermatitis.
Chrysarobin stains the skin brownish, the hair greenish-
yellow, the nails reddish-brown. Its use about the head
should be avoided. It also stains clothing a walnut-brown.
This stain can be removed by dilute solution of caustic soda
or solution of chlorinated soda.
Unguentum Chrysarobini. Chrysarobin Ointment, U. S. P.
Representing a solution of about 5 per cent, of Chrysarobin
in benzoinated lard.
Cinchona. Cinchona, U. S. P.
The dried bark of different species, principally hybrids,
of Cinchona yielding not less than 5 per cent, of anhydrous
cinchona alkaloids, the chief of which is quinin.
ACTION AND USES: The preparations of cinchona are
seldom used to obtain the systemic effects of quinin. They
are mostly employed as bitter tonics. (See Quinin.)
Tinctura Cinchonae. Tincture of Cinchona, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent about 20 gm. cinchona in a
mixture of alcohol, water and glycerol.
DOSAGE: 4 c.c. or 1 fluidram.
54 USEFUL DRUGS
Tinctura Cinchonae Composita. Compound Tincture of
Cinchona, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 10 gm. red cinchona with
bitter orange peel and serpentaria, as aromatics, in a
mixture of alcohol, water and glycerol.
DOSAGE: 4 c.c. or 1 fluidram.
Cinnamomum. Cinnamon, U. S. P.
The commercial drug is the dried bark or inner bark of
different species of Cinnamomum.
ACTION AND USES: In medicine it is largely used as an
aromatic or carminative preferably in the form of:
Oleum Cinnamomi. Oil of Cinnamon, U. S. P.
A volatile oil containing about 75 per cent, of cinnamic
aldehyd and occurring as a yellowish liquid having the
* characteristic odor of cinnamon and a sweetish spicy and
burning taste. It is freely soluble in alcohol but only very
slightly soluble in water.
DOSAGE: 0.05 c.c. or 1 minim.
Aqua Cinnamomi. Cinnamon Water, U. S. P.
A saturated solution of oil of cinnamon in distilled water ;
it is largely used as a vehicle.
DOSAGE: 15 c.c. or 4 fluidrams.
Cocaina. Cocaine, U. S. P.
An alkaloid obtained from several varieties of Coca.
PROPERTIES : Cocain forms large colorless prisms, having a
slightly bitter taste and producing on the tongue a temporary
numbness. It is only slightly soluble in water (1 : 600), soluble
in alcohol (1 :5), and also soluble in fixed oils, but insoluble
in petrolatum and lard. The hydrochlorid is freely soluble
in water.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Solutions of cocain or of any of its
salts after being kept a long time, or on boiling, are hydrol-
yzed more or less completely into ecgonin, benzoic acid and
methyl alcohol. Solutions of cocain cannot be sterilized by
boiling without some loss, but the amount of decomposi-
tion is so small as to be insignificant.
ACTION AND USES : Cocain paralyzes the peripheral nerves
when applied locally, causing loss of sensation, and also
contracts the blood-vessels. The mucous membrane becomes
pale from local constriction of the vessels. When injected
into a nerve or around the nerve sheath, anesthesia of the
region to which the sensory fibers of the nerve are dis-
tributed is produced. By injecting a solution of cocain into
the spinal canal anesthesia of the greater part of the body
can be produced, but this method has often resulted in
serious accidents or fatalities and is not to be recommended,
despite the reported successful use by individuals who have
become expert in recognizing and combating untoward
symptoms.
USEFUL DRUGS 55
Cocain produces first stimulation and then depression of
the different segments of the central nervous system,
beginning with the brain and extending to the spinal cord
and the medulla. The stimulation of the brain has generally
passed into depression before that of the spinal cord has
begun so that when considerable doses have been given the
symptoms may consist of a mixture of stimulation and
depression. Stimulation of the brain is shown by increased
psychic activity, loss of sense of fatigue, insomnia and
muscular irritability. Depression is shown by somnolence,
stupor and finally coma.
Convulsions frequently occur owing to cerebral action.
Respiration is at first quickened, it may have a Cheyne-
Stokes character and later symptoms of respiratory paraly-
sis appear. The heart may be temporarily stimulated, but
is later paralyzed. The pulse is accelerated by nervous
stimulation. The blood-pressure is raised by small doses
but later falls from vasomotor paralysis. The temperature
may be increased by cocain.
Cocain is a mydriatic acting both locally and centrally.
The dilatation is not so complete as that produced by atro-
pin, and reaction to light is not abolished.
The therapeutic use of cocain is derived almost exclu-
sively from its anesthetic properties. It is much used to
secure bloodlessness and anesthesia of the mucous mem-
branes of the conjunctiva, nose and pharynx. In the eye it
is said to increase the action of other alkaloids. It has an
injurious action on the cornea in certain cases, producing
desquamation of the epithelium and causing a keratitis. It
is said that the danger of such injury can be minimized
by closing the eyes for some time after cocain instillations.
A moist compress may also be applied when strong solutions
are used. The possible danger of absorption of the drug from
the conjunctiva should not be forgotten. Cocain may be used
as an anesthetic in operations on the eye and is considered
better than any of its substitutes by many ophthalmologists.
In the nose cocain is used for astringent purposes in early
stages of coryza and other inflammations in which it renders
nose breathing easier by reducing the swelling of the tur-
binated bodies. It is also employed for the checking of
hemorrhage. For anesthetic purposes it is advantageously
combined with solution of an epinephrin salt. Hemorrhage
of capillary origin is particularly amenable to the use of
cocain.
The painful deglutition and other inconveniences of
laryngeal tuberculosis may be alleviated by local applica-
tions of cocain solutions to the ulcerated areas. A more
effectual method is the injection of cocain solution into the
sheath of the superior laryngeal nerve. Cocain has been
much used by local application to. the nasal mucous mem-
brane or by insufflation for the relief of asthma. Swabbing
56 USEFUL DRUGS
the pharynx with a solution of cocain is sometimes employed
to facilitate the swallowing of the stomach tube. Such an
application, however, is seldom needed.
Cocain has been employed as an anti-emetic when vomit-
ing depends on local irritation, but it should not be used for
this purpose. It may be applied as a local anesthetic to
hemorrhoids, but should be used with caution.
DOSAGE: For internal use the dose is 0.03 gm. or y 2
grain. As a local application to mucous membranes it is
usually employed in the form of cocain hydrochlorid in a
solution of the strength of from 2 to 10 per cent., the
average being about 4 per cent. In the stronger solutions
it should be used cautiously for fear of poisoning from the
alkaloid absorbed. In the vagina and rectum 10 per cent,
solutions may be used, but it is not safe to use solutions
stronger than from 1 to 2 per cent, in the urethra.
Cocainae Hydrochloridum. Cocaine Hydrochloride, U. S. P.
The neutral hydrochlorid of the alkaloid cocain.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with alkalies,
sodium borate and zinc sulphate.
DOSAGE: 0.03 gm. or y 2 grain.
Codeina. Codeine, U. S. P.
An alkaloid obtained from opium or prepared from inor-
phin by methylation.
PROPERTIES : Codein occurs as white, nearly translucent crystals
or a crystalline powder, odorless and having a faintly bitter taste.
Codein is soluble in water (1:88), and freely soluble in alcohol
1:12.
ACTION AND USES : Codein is analgesic, hypnotic and
sedative. During recent years it has come to be used
widely in place of morphin, particularly as a sedative. As
an analgesic it is of value chiefly against abdominal and
pelvic pain; it is largely used for cough. Codein is recom-
mended by some authorities in place of opium in the treat-
ment of diabetes.
DOSAGE: 0.03 gm. or y z grain.
Codeinae Phosphas. Codeine Phosphate. U. S. P.
A salt that is freely soluble in water ( 1 : 2.25 ) and only
slightly soluble in alcohol (1:261). It is preferred for
hypodermic use.
DOSAGE: 0.03 gm. or y 2 grain.
Codeinae Sulphas. Codeine Sulphate, U. S. P.
Soluble in water (1:30) and very slightly soluble in alco-
hol (1:1,035).
DOSAGE: 0.03 m. or J /4 grain
USEFUL DRUGS 57
Colchici Semen. Colchicum Seed, U. S. P.
The seed of Colchicum autumnale, assaying not less than
0.55 per cent, of colchicin.
ACTION AND USES: Colchicum produces marked irritation
of the intestines, leading to looseness of the bowels with
much pain and watery stools. It may produce severe
inflammation and collapse. The collapse is believed to be
due to the intestinal irritation and not to a central action.
It also produces marked irritation of the kidney, which may
lead to severe nephritis. Colchicum seed is said to be
antineuralgic and analgesic. By many it is considered to
be a specific in acute gout, controlling the pain and cut-
ting short the attack. It may be given to prevent the
occurrence of gouty attacks, and it is recommended by
some to continue it in smaller doses after the attack.
Tinctura Colchici Seminis. Tincture of Colchicum Seed, U.
S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 10 gm. colchicum seed in
approximately 55 per cent, alcohol; it should assay approx-
imately 0.05 per 'cent, of colehicin. It is similar to but
not identical with the international standard tincture of
colchicum seed.
DOSAGE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims.
In acute gout the dose is from 10 to 30 minims of the
tincture once every four hours until some decided evidence
of its action, such as nausea or slight purging, is induced.
Severe purging should be avoided. Colchicum is of little
value in rheumatism.
COLLODIA COLLODIONS
Collodions are solutions of pyroxylin (guncotton) in a
mixture of ether and alcohol, or of acetone, and are intended
for external application.
For the preparations included in this list see the fol-
lowing :
Collodium. Collodion, U. S. P.
A solution containing, in 100 c.c., 4 gin. of pyroxylin, or
guncotton, in a mixture of 3 volumes of ether and 1 vol-
ume of alcohol. It is used as a protective and a vehicle
chiefly in the form of:
Collodium Flexile. Flexible Collodion, U. S. P.
A mixture of collodion with Canada turpentine (5 per
cent.), and castor oil (3 per cent.). The addition of the
small proportion of castor oil makes the resulting film
clastic and more tenacious. The turpentine is superfluous
and is probably retained for sentimental reasons.
58 . USEFUL DRUGS
Colocynthis. Colocynth, U. S. P. Bitter Apple.
The peeled dried fruit of Citrullus colocynthis. from
which the seeds should be separated and rejected in making
pharmacopeial preparations.
Colocynth belongs to the class of one-time popular hydra
gogue cathartics whose use appears to be on the decline.
It is used in making:
Extractum Colocynthidis. Extract of Colocynth, U. S. P.
DOSAGE: 0.03 gm. or % grain.
Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum. Compound Extract
of Colocynth, U. S. P.
A complex mixture of extract of colocynth with aloes and
other drugs.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7% grains.
The latter is one of the four preparations used in making
the compound cathartic pills of the U. S. P.
CONFECT10NES CONFECTIONS
Confections, conserves or electuaries were formerly used
extensively, and usually occur as soft,' pasty solids con-
sisting of active drugs mixed with sugar or honey.
Copaiba. Copaiba, U. S. P.
An oleoresin derived from one or more South American
species of Copaiba.
PROPERTIES : Copaiba is a pale yellow to brownish-yellow liquid.
having 1 a peculiar, aromatic odor, and a persistent, bitter and
acrid taste. It is practically insoluble in water, partially soluble
in alcobol, and freely soluble in fixed and volatile oils.
ACTION AND USES: Copaiba is a mild stimulant, laxa-
tive and diuretic. It is chiefly excreted by the kidneys,
partly by the bronchial mucous membrane, both of which
it stimulates. It is also excreted by the skin and some-
times produces an eruption closely resembling that of
measles. It is slightly antiseptic.
Copaiba is sometimes used in chronic bronchitis as a
stimulating expectorant. It is chiefly used in gonorrhea!
urethritis, being applicable only in the chronic form of
the disease. It may be given in conjunction with oil of
sandal or the oleoresin of cubeb.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims in capsule or emulsion,
four or five times a day.
Creosotum. Creosote, U. S. P.
A mixture of phenols and phenol derivatives, chiefly
guaiacol and creosol, obtained during the distillation of
wood-tar, preferably that derived from the beech.
PROPERTIES : It occurs as a colorless or slightly yellowish,
highly refractive, oily liquid, having a penetrating smoky odor
and a burning, caustic taste. Creosote is slightly, but not com-
USEFUL DRUGS 59
pletely soluble in water (1:140), and miscible in all proportions
with absolute alcohol ; owing to its disagreeable odor and taste,
it is seldom administered in the form of solution or mixture.
ACTION AND USES : When given internally creosote acts
similarly to phenol. It is antiseptic and is one of the few
drugs which appear to have a just claim to be useful as
intestinal antiseptics. It is used to some extent externally
for its antiseptic power. It is sometimes applied locally
for leukorrhea and other infections of the mucous mem-
brane. It has been given as a stimulant expectorant in
chronic bronchitis and in tuberculosis. Experiments show
that it does not affect the viability of the tubercle bacilli
in the lungs. Some observers assert that its favorable
action in tuberculosis is due to the production of intestinal
antisepsis. It must be remembered, however, that its value
in tuberculosis has not been determined beyond doubt
Less reliance is placed on it than formerly.
DOSAGE: 0.2 c.c. or 3 minims three times daily. It is
preferably administered in the form of pills or capsules.
If it impairs the appetite and disturbs digestion its use
should be abandoned.
Cresol. Cresol, U. S. P.
A mixture of the three isomeric cresols obtained from
coal-tar, freed from phenol, hydrocarbons and water.
Cresol occurs as a straw-colored, refractive liquid, having a
phenol-like odor and turning 1 yellowish-brown on exposure to
the air. It is soluble in water (1 : 60) and miscible in all pro-
portions with alcohol, petroleum benzin, ether and glycerol ; it
is miscible with soap solutions and with solutions of alkali
hydroxids, yielding an economical form of disinfectant.
ACTION AND USES: Cresol is an active poison resembling
phenol in its effects. Its germicidal power is approximately
four times as great as that of phenol.
DOSAGE: 0.05 c.c. or 1 minim. As a disinfectant it may
be used in solutions varying in strength from % to 1 per
cent. It is usually employed in the form of:
Liquor Cresolis Compositus. Compound Solution of Cresol,
U. S. P.
A mixture of equal parts of cresol and a solution of a
potassium soap.
ACTION AND USES : Compound solution of cresol has about
twice the germicidal power of pure phenol. On account of
its saponaceous character it is much used for the disinfec-
tion of the skin, for lubricating the hands, and for vaginal
douches.
DOSAGE: As a douche and for washing wounds, solutions
containing from 1 to 5 per cent, are appropriate.
Cupri Sulphas. Copper Sulphate, U. S. P., CuS0 4? 5H,0.
PROPERTIES : Copper sulphate forms large, transparent, deep-
blue crystals, odorless, having a nauseous, metallic taste. Copper
sulphate is freely soluble in water (1:2.2) but only slightly
soluble in alcohol (1:400).
00 USEFUL DRUGS
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Copper sulphate is incompatible
with soluble salts of lead, which precipitate the insoluble
sulphate of lead; with fixed alkalies and alkaline carbon-
ates, which precipitate copper hydroxid or copper carbon-
ate; with iodids, which form insoluble cuprous iodid with
liberation of iodin, and with vegetable astringents con-
taining tannin.
ACTION AND USES: Copper sulphate is astringent in
small doses and irritant in large doses, producing nausea
and vomiting. Copper sulphate in small amounts exerts-
a germicidal action in water containing algae, fungi or bac-
teria of the colon group; but when organic matter is
abundantly present the germicidal action is greatly weak-
ened. Externally copper sulphate acts as an astringent,
stimulant or mild caustic according to the strength of the
application.
Copper sulphate is used as a mild caustic in trachoma.
It was formerly much used as an astringent in conjunc-
tivitis. It is sometimes used as an emetic but is not to
be recommended except in phosphorus poisoning, in which
it acts by precipitating an insoluble compound of phos-
phorus and copper. It is occasionally prescribed for chronic
diarrhea.
DOSAGE: As an astringent in diarrhea, 0.01 gm. or 1/5
grain; as an emetic, 0.3 gm. or 5 grains, not to be repeated.
As a caustic it is applied as the solid crystal or in pen-
cils made by fusing 1 part of potassium alum and 2 parts
of copper sulphate. When applications are made to trach-
omatous lids the affected parts of the everted lid should
be touched lightly with the copper stick and the eye washed
out afterward with lukewarm water. Collyria containing
from 1 part in 1,000 to 1 in 100 may be used.
DECOCTA DECOCTIONS
Decoctions are aqueous preparations made by boiling veg-
etable substances in water and then straining.
Diacetyl-Morphinae Hydrochloridum. Heroin hydrochlorid.
N. N. R.
The hydrochloric acid salt of diacetyl-morphin, a base
formed by the action of acetic anhydrid on anhydrous
morphin.
PROPERTIES : Heroin hydrochlorid occurs as a fine crystalline
powder, odorless and having a bitter taste. Diacetyl-morphin
hydrochlorid is freely soluble in water and In alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with alkaline
carbonates and hydroxids and also with strong acids, being
quite readily decomposed.
ACTION AND USES: Diacetyl-morphin hydrochlorid resem-
bles morphin. but it affects the brain less and depresses the
respiration more. It is only slightly constipating. Repeated
USEFUL DRUGS 61
use is likely to produce a habit, as with morphin. The
sudden withdrawal of the drug from habitue's may occasion
dangerous respiratory failure. The use of heroin is resorted
to by some cocain habitue's who cannot procure their favor-
ite drug.
Diacetyl-morphin hydrochlorid is used as a respiratory
sedative to relieve cough. It is perhaps somewhat more
effective, but has no important advantage over morphin.
It is not so valuable as morphin for the relief of pain.
DOSAGE: 3 mg. or 1/20 grain.
DIGITALIS SUBSTANCES
This group includes as its most important members digi-
talis, strophanthus and squill. Others of the group are of
minor importance. The drugs of the group increase the tone
of the heart and arterial muscles and stimulate the vagus
mechanism. In this way they slow and regulate the heart-beat,
increase the cardiac output, and thus improve the circulation
without affecting the blood-pressure directly. They are em-
ployed to secure compensation in valvular lesions, relieving
the congestion, dyspnea, edema and other distressing symp-
toms and increasing the flow of urine. When administered
by mouth, their absorption is slow and somewhat uncertain
and their effects are correspondingly delayed and cumula-
tive, so that they must be carefully watched. Overdoses
produce nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, cardiac irreg-
ularities and heart-block. The emetic action of ordinary
doses is not due to local irritation, as commonly supposed,
but is central and therefore cannot be avoided by rectal or
intravenous administrations, or by the use of special prepa-
rations or isolated principles.
Digitalis. Digitalis, U. S. P.
The dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea. Digitalis contains
a number of glucosidal principles, the most important of
which are digitoxin, digitalin and digitalein, the actions of
which are essentially similar. A number of preparations of
these glucosids are on the market, but many are of uncer-
tain composition, and since they have not yet demonstrated
any superiority over good preparations of the whole drug,
the latter are to be preferred. Digitalis is a fairly stable
drug, and those preparations that are made with high per-
centages of alcohol retain their full activity with little
alteration for several years. Aqueous solutions deteriorate
very rapidly.
ACTION AND USES: Digitalis, either in substance, or as
one of the preparations referred to hereafter, is a cardiac
tonic and diuretic. (See the preceding.)
Digitalis is useful whenever the systole of the heart is
insufficient on account of incomplete exertion of its mus-
cular power. It causes the heart to empty itself more
completely and prevents it from dilating excessively during
62 USEFUL DRUGS
diastole. It is useful in decompensated valvular disease, in
dropsy from weak heart-action and in constantly irregular
pulse, which is due to fibrillation of the auricle.
DOSAGE: 0.065 gm. or 1 grain, in powder or pill. Digi-
talis is a drug of variable strength, and hence a physiolog-
ically standardized preparation should be used. No percep-
tible effect is to be expected in less than twenty-four hours
after oral administration. A slowing of the pulse indicates
the beginning of its physiologic action; nausea and vomiting
coming on during the administration of the drug are usually
due to a commencing toxic action. If the vomiting is due
to other causes, the administration of the digitalis may be
continued best by a different channel, such as the rectum
or the veins, or by hypodermic injection. For hypodermic
and intravenous injections special preparations must be used,
for which N. N. R. should be consulted.
OVERDOSAGE: As an overdose of digitalis or cumulative
effects are most readily detected by a study of the pulse
and heart-action, a patient who has been given digitalis
should be kept under close observation. As a rule, the
conditions which require digitalis also require that the
patient stay in bed.
Symptoms of digitalis poisoning are shown by nausea
and vomiting, sometimes great gastro-intestinal irritation,
with pain and diarrhea, a very slow pulse, followed by a
rapid and feeble one, or heart-block and marked prostration.
The heart may become irregular and sudden changes in
position may result in great aggravation of the condition
and sometimes in sudden death. On the occurrence of any
of these symptoms, the administration should be suspended.
Aside from its use in powder or pills, digitalis is used
largely as :
Infusum Digitalis. Infusion of Digitalis, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent the water-soluble constituents
of 1.5 gm digitalis partially preserved by alcohol ( 10 per
cent.). It should be freshly prepared.
DOSAGE: 8 c.c. or 2 fluidrams.
Tinctura Digitalis. Tincture of Digitalis, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 10 gm. digitalis in diluted
alcohol.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims.
Diphtheria Antitoxin. See Serum Antidiphthericum.
Elaterinum. Elaterin, U. S. P.
A neutral principle obtained from elaterium. a substance
deposited by the juice of the fruit of Ecballium Elaterium.
1'uqpEUTiES Elaterin occurs as minute, white hexagonul scales
or prismatic crystals, without odor and having a slightly acrid,
bitter taste. It' is practically insoluble in water and only 'slightly
soluble in alcohol (1 :262).
USEFUL DRUGS 63
Recent investigations would appear to indicate that the
commercial substance is extremely variable in composition,
and this is in keeping with clinical observations, many
lots of the drug being found to be practically inert. Elat-
erin should not be confounded with elaterium.
ACTION AND USES: Elaterin is a powerful hydragogue
cathartic, causing profuse watery evacuations with com-
paratively little pain.
It is used in dropsy, convulsions, puerperal eclampsia,
etc. If used too freely or in debilitated persons it may
produce dangerous weakness.
DOSAGE: 0.005 gm. or 1/10 grain.
ELIXIRIA ELIXIRS
Elixirs are sweetened, aromatic, alcoholic liquids similar
to cordials and having probably the same origin.
For preparations included in this list see :
Elixir Adjuvans, under Glycyrrhiza.
Elixir Aromaticum, under Alcohol.
EMPLASTRA PLASTERS
Plasters are a class of solid preparations for external
use and serve either as simple adhesives or as counter-
irritants. The official plasters are practically never used
but are replaced by the commercial plasters made on a
large scale by machinery, which have as a base a mixture
of rubber, with solvents or diluents.
For preparation included in this list see:
Emplastrum Belladonnae, under Belladonnas Folia.
EMULSA EMULSIONES EMULSIONS
Emulsions are aqueous preparations in which oils or
resins are suspended by means of mucilaginous substances.
ENEMATA CLYSTERS
An enema, or clyster, is a liquid preparation intended to
be injected into the rectum.
Epinephrina. Epinephrin, N. N. R.
The 'blood-pressure-raising principle of the suprarenal
gland, also produced synthetically, is official in the French,
Italian and Belgian Pharmacopeias as adrenalin and in the
German Pharmacopeia and the supplement to the Nether-
lands Pharmacopeia as suprarenin. In N. N. R. the follow-
ing synonyms are enumerated: adnephrin, adrenalin, supra -
capsulin, suprarenalin and 1 -suprarenin synthetic.
PROPERTIES : Chemically eplnephrin Is described as 1, 2-di-
hydrory^-methylamino-ethyl-^-ol benzene, C 8 H 3 (CHOH.CH 2 NH-
CH 2 ), a substance with feeble basic properties, occurring in the
suprarenal gland of the sheep or other animal. As commercially
obtained it is a finely crystalline white or yellowish powder,
odorless and slightly bitter. The free base is practically insolu-
04 USEFUL DRUGS
ble in water and is usually dispensed in the form of an aqueous
solution, 1 :1,000, of one of its salts. Epinephrin is oxidized
readily and is thus destroyed in dilute alkaline solution.
ACTION AND' USES: Epinephrin excites the action of the
sympathetic nerves in such a way as to produce a variety
of effects according to the function of the part supplied
by the nerve. It produces a sudden rise of blood-pressure
by contraction of the arterioles. The pulse is slowed by
an action on the vagi. The heart is stimulated directly,
but the resistance offered by the contraction of the blood-
vessels is such that at times the heart is unable to overcome
it and suffers passive dilatation. The rise of blood-pressure
which results from the action of this drug is very transient,
lasting, as a rule, not more than five minutes. When given
by the mouth it produces no evident effect on the circula-
tion, but it is readily absorbed from the mucous membranes
of the nose, mouth, urethra, vagina and rectum, producing
local contraction of the blood-vessels. Very large doses
are tolerated when given hypodermically on account of the
slow absorption due to the constriction of the blood-vessels
of the part into which it is injected. It acts promptly after
intravenous injection, but it appears, to be rapidly elimi-
nated or destroyed or its action is neutralized by antagonistic
influences on the sympathetic ganglia. Epinephrin dilates
the pupil, and this dilatation was employed at one time as
a measure of the amount of epinephrin present in the blood,
serum or other liquid. It inhibits the peristaltic movements
of the intestine and increases the secretion of saliva and
other glands which receive their nerve-supply from the sym-
pathetic. Epinephrin may produce hyperglycemia and glyco-
suria, and its continued use may cause a degeneration of
the internal coats of the arteries.
The chief therapeutic use of epinephrin is to constrict
the peripheral blood-vessels by local application. In this
way it may be used to diminish hyperemia of the conjunc-
tiva, to reduce swelling of the turbinated bodies and to
arrest hemorrhage from the mucosa of the upper respiratory
tract. It is successful only in capillary or small arterial
bleeding, as it cannot stop a large vessel hemorrhage. It
is used to prevent hemorrhage in operations on the eye,
nose, ear, etc.
For the arrest of hemorrhage it must Ifc applied directly
to the bleeding vessels or congested area. If the blood
washes it away the application may fail because it has not
time to act. It may be swallowed to check hemorrhage
from the stomach, but the chances of success are Email
because a quantity of liquid is usually present in the
stomach which dilutes the remedy so that it is useless.
It should never be given for internal, concealed hemorrhage,
because it is never desirable to raise blood-pressure in
internal hemorrhage.
Epinephrin is employed in conjunction with local a nes
tlictics, especially cocain, to limit the absorption of the
USEFUL DRUGS 65
anesthetic and secure a more efficient local action. It has
been used in asthma both by applying a spray to the nose
or throat, or by the absorption of a tablet, powder or solu-
tion from the tongue, and also by hypodermic injection.
DOSAGE: Epinephrin or one of its salts is employed in
solutions of a strength of from 1 : 10,000 to 1 : 1,000. For
internal administration the dose of a 1 : 1,000 solution is
from 5 to 10 drops. When an oily vehicle is to be used
the base itself is prescribed, but when aqueous solutions are
wanted one of the salts should be employed.
Ergota. Ergot, U. S. P.
The sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea, replacing the grain
of rye. E'rgot appears to owe its activity to two active
principles, ergotoxin (hydroergotinin) and hyclroxyphenyl-
ethylamin. The latter substance is closely related to epi-
nephrin both in composition and in pharmacologic action.
ACTION AND USES: The several active principles of ergot
have somewhat different actions, but the total effect is as
follows :
Ergot causes powerful tonic, sometimes tetanic contrac-
tions of the uterus. It slows the pulse by stimulating the
cardio-inhibitory centers. It also produces contraction of
other involuntary muscles such as those of the blood-vessels,
stomach and intestines, the bladder, etc. It seems to have
a specially beneficial effect on acute congestions of the
central nervous system.
Extreme and long-continued contraction of the blood-
vessels, especially of the extremities, may lead to gan-
grene. Some animals do hot show this action, while others
are very susceptible.
The most common use of ergot is to prevent post-
partum hemorrhage. For this purpose a full dose is often
given as soon as the second stage of labor terminates, but
it is much safer to give it after the placenta has been
expelled. Its use during labor should be avoided as it may
cause rupture of the uterus or asphyxia of the child. It
is an effective remedy for "after-pains." Ergot is much
used for hemorrhage from the uterus in menorrhagia and
metrorrhagia. Its use for hemorrhage from other internal
organs is not rational, as it increases blood-pressure and
tends to prolong rather than check the bleeding.
It is asserted to be a good remedy for congestions in
various regions. It has been recommended for the treat-
ment of the early stage of acute pneumonia and also for
pulmonary congestion in typhoid fever. It is at times
useful in diabetes insipidus. In colliquative night-sweats due
to relaxation of the blood-vessels, ergot is an efficient
remedy.
DOSAGE: 2 gm. or 30 grains. It is sometimes admin-
istered in the form of powder.
66 USEFUL DRUGS
Fluidextractum Ergotae. Fluidextract of Ergot, U. S. P.
(Extraction Ergotae Fluidum, Pharm. 1890).
A hydro-alcoholic extract of ergot similar to, but not
identical with, the international standard fluidextract of
ergot.
DOSAGE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims.
Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus, U. S. P.
The dried leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus collected from
the older parts of the tree.
Eucalyptol. Eucalyptol, U. S. P.
An organic oxid (cineol), obtained from the volatile oil
of Eucalyptus Globulus and from other sources.
PEOPEBTIES : Eucalyptol occurs as a colorless liquid, having a
distinctly camphoraceous odor, and a pungent, spicy and cooling
taste. Eucalyptol is soluble in all proportions in alcohol, but is
practically insoluble in water.
DOSAGE: 0.3 c.c. or 5 minims.
Oleum Eucalypti. Oil of Eucalyptus, U. S. P.
The oil distilled from the fresh leaves of eucalyptus,
and yielding not less than 50 per cent, of eucalyptol
( cineol ) .
PROPERTIES : Oil of eucalyptus occurs as a colorless or pale
yellow liquid, having a somewhat camphoraceous odor, and a
pungent, spicy and cooling taste. It is miscible in all propor-
tions with alcohol, but practically insoluble in water.
ACTION AND USES: Eucalyptol and oil of eucalyptus are
antiseptic and expectorant. For internal use they are
preferably administered in the form of capsules, and for
local application in the throat or nose are used either in the
form of oil sprays or are directed to be inhaled in the form
of vapor from boiling water. Oil of eucalyptus, 2 c.c.;
chloroform, 3 c.c. and castor oil, 40 c.c., mixed and taken in
two portions at half-hour intervals, is being recommended as
an anthelmintic for uncinariasis.
DOSAGE: 0.5 c.c. or 8 minims.
EXTRACTA EXTRACTS
Extracts are soft solid or powdered preparations made
by evaporating a solution of the soluble ingredients of
vegetable drugs at a low temperature.
For preparations included in this list see:
Extractum Aloes, under Aloe.
Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum, under Belladonnae Folia.
Extractum Cannabia Indicae. under Cannabis Indica.
Extractum Colocynthidis and Extractum Colocynthidis
Compositum, under Colocynthis.
Extractum Gentianae, under Gontuuiu.
USEFUL DRUGS 67
Extractum Nux Vomicae, under Nux Vomica.
Extractum Opii, under Opium.
Extractum Rhamni Purshianae, under Rhamnus Purshiana.
Extractum Rhei, under Rheum.
Fel Bovis. Oxgall, U. S. P.
The fresh bile of Bos taurus.
Fel Bovis Purificatum Purified Oxgall, U. S. P.
A ' yellowish-green, soft solid, or at the present time
more frequently a yellow or greenish-yellow powder, havinir
a peculiar odor and a bitter taste.
ACTION AND USES : Purified oxgall is reputed to be an
intestinal antiseptic, cholagogue and laxative. The bile
salts are held to be the most powerful stimulants to the
secretion of bile.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or iy 2 grains. It is best administered
in the form of pills or in gelatin capsules which have been
treated with a solution of formaldehyd.
Ferri Carbonas. Ferrous Carbonate.
PROPERTIES : Ferrous carbonate is made by precipitating a
solution of a soluble ferrous salt by a soluble carbonate. Such
a precipitate tends to give off carbon dioxid, absorb oxygen and
change rapidly into a basic carbonate, and finally into ferric
hydroxid. Various pharmaceutical processes have been devised
to prevent such a change. The principal of these are the prepa-
rations described below as Vallet's mass (massa ferri carbonatis)
and Eland's pills (pilulae ferri carbonatis).
ACTION AND USES: The action of all forms of iron is
essentially the same so far as the action of the iron ion
is concerned. When an iron salt is received into the stom-
ach it may be converted into a chlorid, but this is further
changed during the process of digestion. The original
form in which the iron was combined seems to make little
or no difference in regard to the extent or the form
in which it is absorbed. A large part of the iron ingested
passes through the intestines without being absorbed. A
smaller portion is absorbed, mainly through the lymph, and
is deposited for a time in the blood-making organs, chiefly
the spleen, where it is retained for an indefinite time as
"reserve iron." Some of this supply is used in forming
hemoglobin, which enters into the red blood-corpuscles.
The rest is eliminated by the mucous membrane of the
large intestine and only traces by the kidneys. Iron is not
eliminated by the bile. The presence of iron in the blood in
the amount resulting from medicinal administration produces
no recognizable changes in normal individuals. Its salts with
the stronger acids may act as gastro-intestinal irritants
and astringents.
The only therapeutic action attributable to the iron ion
is the improvement in the number of red blood-cells and in
the amount of hemoglobin in them. For this purpose it is
,
68 USEFUL DRUGS
indicated in anemia and in diseases of the blood in which
anemia is a factor, such as leukemia. It is chiefly of value
in anemia following hemorrhage, in chlorosis and in sec-
ondary anemias. In pernicious anemia it seems to be use-
less, but may be given along with arsenic.
Massa Ferri Carbonatis. Mass of Ferrous Carbonate, U. S. P.
It is better known as Vallet's mass. It contains ferrous
carbonate, with honey and sugar as preservatives, and
sodium sulphate resulting from the process of manufacture.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains.
Pilulae Ferri Carbonatis. Pills of Ferrous Carbonate,
U. S. P.
These are popularly known as Blaud's pills. They consist
of ferrous carbonate, potassium sulphate and sugar, with
a smaller proportion of tragacanth and althea to make a
mass. Each pill represents approximately 0.06 gm. or 1
grain of ferrous carbonate. They should be made fresh
when wanted.
DOSAGE: 2 pills.
Ferri Chloridum. Ferric Chloride, U. S. P. FeCl,.
Used in medicine principally in the form of:
Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. Tincture of Ferric Chloride, 17. S. P.
It is a hydro-alcoholic solution of FeCl 3 , containing not less
than 13.28 per cent, of the anhydrous salt, corresponding
to about 4.5 per cent, of metallic iron.
PROPERTIES : Tincture of ferric chlorid is a bright brownish
liquid, having a slightly ethereal odor, a very astringent taste
and an acid reaction, miscible in all proportions with either
water or alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : It is incompatible with alkalies,
alkali carbonates and with tannin, and the vegetable astrin-
gents. These give an inky color to the mixture. Tincture
of ferric chlorid is also incompatible with iodids, from
which it liberates iodin.
ACTION AND USES: Tincture of ferric chlorid is an
astringent and is used in applications to the throat. It
may be employed as a hematinic. It is also sometimes
given in infections like erysipelas, but it is doubtful if it
has any special value in this disease.
DOSAGE: 0.5 c.c. or 8 minims, freely diluted. Care
should be taken to prevent injury to the teeth. Equal
parts of the tincture, glycerol and water form a useful
local application in acute tonsillitis.
Ferri et Ammonii Citras. Iron and Ammonium Citrate.
U. S. P.
USEFUL DRUGS 60
It should contain the equivalent of 16 per cent, metallic
iron.
PROPERTIES : It forms thin, transparent, garnet-red scales,
without odor, having a saline, mildly ferruginous taste ; deliques-
cent in moist air. It is freely and roadily soluble in water, but
practically insoluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Iron and ammonium citrate is one
of the more widely used of the soluble preparations of
iron. It may be directed to be dissolved in water, aro-
matic elixir, wine or syrup. It has been given hypoder-
mically.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gin. or 4 grains.
Ferri lodidum. Ferrous Iodide, FeL.
Ferrous iodid is a very unstable compound, easily under-
going oxidation. In order to preserve it in the ferrous
condition it is commonly used in medicine in the form of
syrup.
Syrupus Ferri lodidi. Syrup of Ferrous Iodide. U. S. P
This is a syrup liquid containing about 5 per cent, by weight
of FeI 2 and practically identical with the international stand-
ard syrup of ferrous iodid.
PROPERTIES : Syrup of ferrous iodid occurs as a transparent
pale green or yellowish green liquid, having a sweet, strong,
ferruginous taste and an acid reaction.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: The syrup is very susceptible to
oxidation, and is incompatible with alkali carbonates, acid
salts and vegetable astringents. On exposure to light the
cane-sugar of the syrup undergoes gradual inversion.
ACTION AND USES: Syrup of ferrous iodid has the gen-
eral properties of both iron and iodin.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims, containing approximately
0.008 gm. or % grain of iron and 0.04 gm. or % grain of
iodin.
Ferri Phosphas Solubilis. Soluble Ferric Phosphate, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Soluble ferric phosphate should contain the equi-
valent of 12 per cent, of metallic iron and occurs in thin, bright-
green transparent scales without odor, and having an acidulous,
slightly saline taste. It is freely soluble in water, but practically
insoluble in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Strong acids decompose it with
formation of the astringent ferric compound of the acid
used. Like other soluble salts of iron it is incompatible
with alkalies, alkali carbonates and vegetable astringents.
ACTION AND USES : Soluble ferric phosphate has been
recommended for the administration of iron in soluble form,
it may be dissolved in water and flavored with simple
elixir or sweetened with syrup.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains.
70 USEFUL DRUGS
Ferri Sulphas. Ferrous Sulphate, U. S. P., FeS0 4 ,7H.,0,
Green Vitriol.
PROPERTIES : Ferrous sulphate occurs as large, pale bluish-
green crystals, without odor, having 1 a saline, styptic taste and
efflorescent in dry air. It is freely soluble in water (1:0.9), but
practically insoluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES : Ferrous sulphate is seldom adminis-
tered in medicine as such, but is used chiefly for pharma-
ceutical purposes, in the making of ferrous carbonate. The
sulphate was formerly used extensively as" a disinfectant
and deodorant but is now seldom so employed.
DOSAGE: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains.
Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus. Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate,
U. S. P.
One hundred parts represent approximately 150 parts of
the crystalline substance.
PROPERTIES : Exsiccated ferrous sulphate occurs as grayish-
white powder, having the chemical properties of ferrous sulphate
and being slowly but completely soluble in water.
Ferrum. Iron, U. S. P.
Metallic iron is used pharmaceutically in the production
of preparations of iron, but in medicine is used chiefly in
the form of :
Ferrum Reductum. Keduced Iron, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Reduced iron should contain not less than 90
per cent, of iron. It occurs as a very fine, grayish-black powder,
without odor or taste, and permanent in dry air. It is insoluble
in water or alcohol.
DOSAGE: 0.065 gm. or 1 grain. Reduced iron is still
widely used as a hematinic and is given preferably in the
form of pills or powders, enclosed in capsules or cachets.
FLUIDEXTRACTA FLUIDEXTRACTS
Fluidextracts are liquid preparations of uniform and def-
inite strength made so that each cubic centimeter represents
the soluble ingredients of 1 gm. of the crude drug.
For preparations included in this list see:
Fluidextractum Ergotae, under Ergota.
Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae. under Glycyrrhiza.
Fluidextractum Hydrastis, under Hydrastis.
Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae, under Ipecacuanha.
Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshianae, under Rhamnus
Purshiana.
Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshianae Aromaticum, under
Rhamnus Purshiana.
Fluidextractum Sennae, under Senna.
Fluidextractum Viburni Prunifolii, under Viburnum Pru-
nifolium.
USEFUL DRUGS 71
Formaldehydum. Formaldehyd, CH 2 0.
Formaldehyd is the aldehyd of formic acid, HCOOH.
Formaldehyd is commonly obtained by oxidation of methyl
alcohol. It is used in medicine in the form of :
Liquor Formaldehydi. Solution of Formaldehyde, U. S. P.,
often referred to in literature under the proprietary
name, formalin.
PROPERTIES : Solution of formaldchyd is an aqueous solution
containing not less than 37 per cent, of formaldehyd, CH 2 O. It
is a clear, colorless liquid, having a pungent odor and caustic
taste. Solution of formaldehyd is miscible in all proportions with
water -and alcohol. On standing it sometimes loses its trans-
parency, its cloudiness being due to the separation of paraformal-
dehyd, a polymerization product of formaldehyd. Paraformalde-
hyd is also frequently formed on evaporation of the solution.
Paraformaldehyd is a solid which is largely changed again into
formaldehyd on heating.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Solution of formaldehyd is incom-
patible with oxidizing agents and with alkalies. With
ammonia it forms hexamethylenamin.
ACTION AND USES: Formaldehyd is a powerful germi-
cide, especially valuable in the form of gas because of its
penetrating power, but it is active only in the presence
of an abundance of moisture. The solution is germicidal
in the strength of from 1 to 2 per cent, (percentages refer
to amounts of absolute formaldehyd, HCOH), but it may
require from twenty to thirty minutes for it to act. In
a strength of 1 : 5,000 it restrains the growth of many
organisms, and in many cases a strength of 1 : 20,000 or
1 : 30,000 is sufficient to prevent the multiplication of bac-
teria. It is useful as a preservative of urine, although its
reducing properties interfere with copper tests for sugar,
and it is likely after the urine has stood some time to
cause a precipitation of albumin, if present.
It hardens tissues and is used in histology for this pur-
pose. It has a similar hardening effect on the living skin;
it is very irritating and if repeatedly or continuously
applied produces reddening, inflammation and necrosis. It
is applied to the skin to restrain unilateral and excessive
sweating. From 1 to 10 per cent, solutions in alcohol are
appropriate for this purpose. It is sometimes used for
the disinfection of the hands, in connection with a solution
of soap.
The use of formaldehyd for the preservation of food has
been quite commonly condemned on account of the disturb-
ance of digestion which often follows its ingestion.
The principal application of formaldehyd is in room dis-
infection. For this purpose the vapor must be generated in
a tightly closed room, containing plenty of moisture. Sev-
eral methods have been described for generating the vapor,
the most convenient being by the use of potassium perman-
72 USEFUL DRUGS
ganate which, when added to the solution, by decomposing a
part of the formaldehyd, generates sufficient heat to vapor-
ize the remainder. For an ordinary-sized room 2 pounds of
potassium permanganate are placed in a vessel of at least
25 quarts' capacity and a mixture of 1 quart of formaldehyd
solution and 1 quart of water poured on it. Intense heat
is generated by the reaction of the two chemicals, and
by this heat the formaldehyd is vaporized. The heat is
so great as sometimes to cause fire, against which due
precautions should be taken. When the mixture has been
made the operator should leave the room instantly. After
the disinfection is complete the irritating fumes can be neu-
tralized by ammonia.
Gelatinum, Gelatin, U. S. P.
The purified air-dried product of the hydrolysis of certain
animal tissues, as skin, ligaments and bones, by treatment
with boiling water.
An amorphous, more or less transparent solid, usually shredded
or in thin sheets ; colorless or with a slight yellowish tint, ino-
dorous, and having a slight, characteristic, almost insipid taste.
Unalterable in the air when dry, but putrefying rapidly when
moist or in solution. Gelatin is practically insoluble in cold
water, but swells and softens when immersed in it, gradually
absorbing from five to ten times its weight of water. It is
soluble in boiling water, acetic acid and glycerin, but is prac-
tically insoluble in alcohol, ether or chloroform.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Gelatin is coagulated by tannin,
chlorin, bromin, and mercuric chlorid. If a solution of gela-
tin be mixed with formaldehyd, the gelatin is rendered hard
and insoluble after evaporation and drying of the residue.
ACTION AND USES: Gelatin is largely used as a food
product, though its full value in this respect has probably
been exaggerated. It has also been used to some extent in
solution for hypodermic injection to promote the formation
of clot in aneurysms, and to arrest hemorrhage. There is,
however, serious danger of infection from its use. Even
boiling will not insure sterility as it may contain tetanus
spores which are not destroyed by simple boiling. In phar-
macy gelatin is used for the coating of pills, the making of
gelatin capsules, gelatin disks, glycogelatin pastilles and for
the making of glycerinated gelatin used as a base for
suppositories.
Gentiana. Gentian, U. S. P.
The dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana, lutea.
ACTION AND USES: Gentian is one of a large class of
substances with a bitter taste which have the power of
stimulating the appetite and may possibly stimulate the
secretion of the gastric juice. Experiments show that this
effect is not due to an appreciable extent to a direct action
on the mucous membrane of the stomach, but arises reflexly
from the action of the medicine on the nerves in the mouth,
chiefly those of taste.
USEFUL DRUGS 73
Gentian and other bitters in moderate doses given a short
time (five to fifteen minutes) before meals are useful in
the treatment of loss of appetite, deficiency of the gastric
secretions, chronic or subacute catarrhal gastritis, etc.
Tinctura Gentianae Composita. Compound Tincture of Gen-
tian, U. S. P.
A hydro-alcoholic tincture representing 10 per cent, of
gentian with bitter orange peel and cardamom used for
flavor.
DOSAGE : 4 c.c. or 1 fluidram.
Extractum Gentianae. Extract of Gentian, U. S. P.
An aqueous extract of gentian evaporated to pilular con-
sistence.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains.
Glandulae Thyroideae Siccae. Desiccated Thyroid Glands, U.
S. P.
The thyroid glands of the sheep, freed from fat, and
cleaned, dried and powdered.
PROPERTIES : Desiccated thyroid gland is a yellowish, amor-
phous powder, having a slight, peculiar odor, and containing the
active constituent of the thyroid tissue. It is partially soluble
in water. The preparation should be standardized to contain
0.2 per cent, of iodin in organic combination.
ACTION AND USES : Dried thyroid gland acts chiefly if not
entirely through a compound of iodin contained in it; the
substance known commercially as "iodothyrin" seems some-
times, but not always, to represent the full activity of the
gland. When given in therapeutic-ally active doses thyroid
causes an increase of the nitrogen of the urine and a
decrease in weight; it usually increases the absorption of
oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxid. It is one of
the very few drugs which can properly be called stimulants
of metabolism. The loss of weight is at first due to loss
of water, then to increased metabolism of adipose tissue,
although there is also an increased breaking down of pro-
tein unless the diet '-ontains an abundance of protein. With
larger, or long-continued doses there is a very rapid action of
the heart, nervousness, tremors, headache, flushing of the
surface, sweating and much more pronounced loss of weight.
Thyroid gland is of service in cases marked by deficient
action of the gland. The most striking results are obtained
in cretinism and myxedema and in the condition known as
cachexia thyreopriva, due to the removal of the thyroid
gland. The beneficial effects are seen in the improved con-
dition of the skin, the reestablishment of perspiration and
of a normal temperature, increased diuresis and loss of
weight, improvement in the mental condition and, in young
subjects, renewed growth, especially of the long bones and
of the hair. In many cases after the more severe symptoms
of hypothyroidism have disappeared, remarkably small doses
74 USEFUL DRUGS
suffice to keep the patient in an almost normal state; it is
often necessary, however, to continue such small doses
indefinitely.
Thyroid is efficacious in many cases of milder degrees of
hypothyroidism ; but these are often difficult to diagnose.
In some forms of goiter the function of the thyroid is
defective and the administration of the dried gland is indi-
cated; but in most cases of goiter its use is condemned.
Thyroid has been much used in obesity, but it is indicated
in only a small proportion of cases and it should be given in
moderate amounts so as not to do harm by the destruction
of proteins. The effects, which are marked at first, are not
permanent. Thyroid gland has been used with reported
success in various skin diseases, such as psoriasis" and
eczema, and also in certain cases of amenorrhea.
DOSAGE: 0.05 gm. or 1 grain should be given as the
initial dose three times daily, increasing gradually until
improvement is noted; its administration should be discon-
continued if toxic symptoms apppear. The patient should
be careful of exertion and should take sufficient protein
in his diet to compensate for increased loss of nitrogen
from the action of the drug. The remedy may be given in
powder, cachets or capsules. A dose of 0.6 gm. or 10 grains
should rarely be exceeded.
Glycerinum. Glycerin, U. S. P., Glycerol, C 3 H 5 (OH) 3 .
A liquid obtained by the decomposition of vegetable or
animal fats or fixed oils.
Glycerin occurs as a clear colorless liquid, of a thick, syrupy
consistence, smooth to the touch, odorless, sweet to the taste and
producing a sensation of warmth in the mouth. It is readily
miscible with water or alcohol.
PROPERTIES AND USES: Glycerin is used in medicine
chiefly as a solvent in preparing glycerites, and as a sweet-
ening agent or vehicle in place of syrups.
Suppositoria Glycerini. Suppositories of Glycerin, U. S. P.
Each suppository contains approximately 3 gm. or 45 grains
of glycerin gelatinized by means of hard soap.
ACTIONS AND USES: A glycerin suppository, or glycerin
itself, when introduced into the rectum tends to absorb
water from the surrounding tissues and to cause increased
peristalsis by reflex action, thus acting as a prompt laxa-
tive.
GLYCERITA GLYCERITES
Glycerites are solutions of medicinal substances in gly-
cerin.
For preparations of this type included in this list see:
Glyceritum Acidi Tannici, under Acidum Tannicum.
Glyceritum Amyli, under Amylum.
Glyceritum Boroglycerini, under Acidum Boricum.
Gelatinum Glycerinatum, under Gelatinum.
USEFUL DRUGS 75
Glycerylis Nitras. Glyceryl Trinitrate, Nitroglycerin, Trini-
trin. Glonoin.
A compound of glyeeryl with nitric acid obtained by the
action of nitric acid on glycerol in the presence of sulphuric
acid.
PROPERTIES : Nitroglycerin is a moderately volatile explosive
liquid slightly soluble in water, but quite soluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Although a nitrate, nitroglycerin has
the physiologic action of nitrites but acts more slowly than
amyl nitrite. It may be given when it is desired to effed
a steady reduction of the arterial pressure, but it gradually
becomes inefficient. For this purpose it may be prescribed
in arteriosclerosis, and in nephritis in which a high blood-
pressure is a prominent symptom. It is used with success
in some cases of angina pectoris. It is sometimes combined
with digitalis in order to neutralize the contraction of the
arterioles by the digitalis under the belief that therapeutic
doses of digitalis exert a pronounced vasoconstrictor action.
Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis. Spirit of Glyceryl Trinitrate,
U. S. P., Spirit of Nitroglycerin (Spiritus Glonoini,
Pharm. 1890).
An alcoholic solution containing 1 per cent, by weight of
glyeeryl trinitrate.
PROPERTIES : Spirit of Glyceryl Nitrate is a clear, colorless
liquid, having the odor and taste of alcohol. Caution should be
exercised in tasting it, since even a small quantity of it is liable
to produce violent headache.
DOSAGE: 0.05 c.c. or 1 minim two or three times a day.
Glycyrrhiza. Glycyrrhiza, Licorice Root, U. S. P.
The dried rhizome and root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Span-
ish licorice), or of Glycyrrhiza glandulifera (Russian
licorice). Used in medicine chiefly as a vehicle and princi-
pally in the form of:
Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae. Fluidextract of Glycyrrhiza.
U. S. P. [Extractum Glycyrrhizse Fluidum, Pharm., 1890].
An aqueous extract of glycyrrhiza preserved by means of
glycerin and alcohol.
AVERAGE DOSE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims.
A simple mixture of 12 c.c. of fluidextract of glycyrrhiza
and 88 c.c. of aromatic elixir is official in the U. S. P. as
"elixir adjuvans."
Glycyrrhiza in the form of powder is used as a flavoring
agent and vehicle in connection with:
Pulvis Glycyrrhizge Compositus. Compound Powder of Gly-
cyrrhiza, U. S. P.
A mixture of senna (18 gm.), glycyrrhiza (23.6 gm.),
sulphur (8 gm.). oil of fennel (0.4 gm.), and sugar (50 gm.).
76 USEFUL DRUGS
ACTION AND USES: Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus has
been widely used as a laxative.
DOSAGE: 4 gm. or 60 grains, administered mixed with a
suitable liquid, preferably milk.
Guaiacol. Guaiacol, U. S. P.
Guaiacol, is one of the chief constituents of beechwood
creosote.
PROPERTIES : Guaiacol is a colorless or nearly colorless crystal-
line solid, melting at 28.5 C. (83.3 F.) or a refractive liquid,
having an agreeable aromatic odor. It is soluble in water (1 :53),
and miscible with alcohol in all proportions.
ACTION AND USES: Guaiacol is antiseptic and germicidal,
but to a less degree than creosote. When rubbed on the
skin it is absorbed. When given in this way it is an active
antipyretic, but its action is not easily controlled. It is an
intestinal antiseptic and also an expectorant. It is not
excreted by the lungs, however.
DOSAGE: Guaiacol may be given in emulsion or in the
form of capsules. The initial dose should be 0.1 c.c. or
about 1% minims, gradually increased to 0.6 c.c. or 10 min-
ims, if well borne. It is sometimes applied to the pharynx
as a 50 per cent, solution in glycerin. The local use of
guaiacol as an antipyretic is not to be recommended on
account of the symptoms of collapse which sometimes follow
these applications.
Guaiacolis Carbonas. Guaiacol Carbonate, U. S. P. (C 7 H,0),
C0 3 .
Guaiacol carbonate is a white crystalline powder of neu-
tral reaction, almost tasteless and odorless. It is practi-
cally insoluble in water, but is soluble in alcohol. It is
decomposed readily with the liberation of guaiacol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : It is incompatible with alkaline
hydroxids.
ACTION AND USES: Guaiacol carbonate is inactive until
decomposed with the liberation of guaiacol. This occurs
only in the presence of putrefactive organisms so that in the
intestine it acts only when an antiseptic is needed and the
excess fails to be absorbed and is excreted with the feces.
Consequently it is ordinarily not poisonous. It is used inter-
nally as a tasteless and non-poisonous substitute for
guaiacol.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains. It may be given in pow-
ders, capsules or cachets.
Heroin Hydrochloric!. See Diacetylmorphinae Hydrochloridum.
Hexamethylenamina. Hexamethylenamin, U. S. P.
This preparation is also known under several trade names,
of which aminoform, formin and urotropin are included in
N. N. R.
USEFUL DRUGS 77
Hexametliylenamin is hexamethylenetetramin, (CH 2 ) 6 N 4 , a
compound produced by condensation of ammonia and for-
maldehyd with the elimination of water.
PROPERTIES : Hexamethylenamin forms colorless, lustrous,
odorless crystals, freely soluble in water (1 :1.5) and alcohol
(1:10). The aqueous solution has an alkaline reaction. Hex-
amethylenamin is a base which combines with acids to form salts.
These salts tend to lose formaldehyd, and most acids decom-
pose the base completely with the liberation of formaldehyd.
Even in aqueous solution a slow separation of formaldehyd
occurs. The basic properties cf hexamethylenamin are so pro-
nounced that it displaces ammonia and other weak bases from
their combinations.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Hexamethylenamin is incompatible
with acids which liberate formaldehyd and with salts of
ammonium from which it separates ammonia. Acid salts
like acid sodium phosphate and combined acids like acetyl-
salicylic acid (aspirin) react with it like other acids. It is
also incompatible with tannin and mercuric chlorid, which
precipitate hexamethylenamin.
ACTION AND USES : Hexamethylenamin produces no marked
physiologic effects except those of formaldehyd, to which
it gives rise. It is excreted in the urine, the bile, the cerebro-
spinal fluid and other serous fluids and by the mucous mem-
branes of the respiratory tract and, of the middle ear. When
the urine is acid hexamethylenamin is decomposed, yielding
formaldehyd. This product exercises a strong antiseptic
action on the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary tract.
When the urine is alkaline the decomposition does not occur.
Formaldehyd is an excellent solvent of uric acid, and hexa-
methylenamin has been used in the hope of dissolving uric
acid calculi, tophi, gravel, etc., and has been thought to
increase the elimination of uric acid. Its use for this pur-
pose, however, has practically been abandoned.
The chief use of hexamethylenamin is as a urinary anti-
septic. It tends to free the urine from micro-organisms,
and in many cases causes pus to disappear. It is of great
value as a prophylactic in operations on the urinary organs.
It is valuable in cystitis, pyelitis, etc. It is employed as a
prophylactic in the bacilluria of typhoid fever: Some advo-
cate its routine use to prevent the occurrence of this compli-
tion. It has been recommended to prevent the onset of
nephritis in scarlet fever. As it has produced albuminuria
and hematuria in some cases, it should be used with caution
in cases in which inflammation of the kidney is present or
anticipated.
In view of its excretion into the spinal canal, it has been
recommended in cerebrospinal meningitis and in poliomyelitis.
There is a tendency to extend its employment to infections
of the respiratory tract and to the treatment of catarrh of
the intestine and biliary passages. Favorable reports have
been made of its use in rhinitis, otitis, bronchitis, etc., but
further investigations are necessary to establish its efficiency.
There is no good reason to expect a therapeutic action from
it in alkaline mediums.
78 USEFUL DRUGS
DOSAGE: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains three or four times a day in
half a glass of water.
Homatropinae Hydrobromidum. Homatropine Hydrobromide.
U. S. P.
The hydrobromid of an alkaloid, tropin mandelate, pro-
duced synthetically.
PROPERTIES : It usually occurs as a white, odorless, crystalline
powder, having a bitter taste. It is freely soluble in water
(1:5.7) and soluble in alcohol (1:32.5).
INCOMPAIBILITIES : Homatropin hydrobromid has the ordi-
nary incompatibilities of the salts of alkaloids.
ACTION AND USES: The actions of homatropin are iden-
tical with those of atropin, except for the fact that the
mydriasis produced by it occurs more promptly and dis-
appears in about eighteen hours. When applied freely to
the conjunctiva it may be absorbed so that the bitter taste
can be perceived, but the throat does not become dry as
after atropin. The effect of this drug is increased by mix-
ture with cocain.
DOSAGE: 0.0005 gm. or 1/125 grain. Homatropin is used
chiefly as a mydriatic in place of atropin. It may be used
in aqueous solution of 2 per cent, strength, or a drop of a
1:500 solution may be introduced into the conjunctival sac
every five minutes for five times to produce a maximum
dilatation in three-quarters of an hour. This will return
to normal in from fourteen to eighteen hours.
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum. Corrosive Mercuric Chlo-
ride, U. S. P., Corrosive Sublimate, HgCl 2 .
PROPERTIES : Mercuric chlorid occurs in the form of heavy
colorless crystals or a heavy white powder having an acrid and
persistent metallic taste. It is permanent in the air. It is very
slowly soluble in water (1:13), and freely soluble in alcohol
(1:3). Ammonium chlorid, sodium chlorid, tartaric acid and
citric acid enhance its solubility in water.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Mercuric chlorid is precipitated from
its solutions by albumin, but redissolves in an excess of the
albumin solution. Albumin in the form of egg-white forms
the most useful antidote to corrosive sublimate, but a great
excess should be avoided and the antidote should be followed
by an emetic.
Mercuric chlorid is incompatible with soluble carbonates
and hydroxids, forming insoluble mercuric oxid, and with
iodids, forming mercuric iodid or complex mercuric iodids.
It is incompatible with many alkaloids and other organic
compounds. It is reduced to calomel or metallic mercury
by iron, zinc and reducing agents in general. It dulls and
tarnishes surgical instruments.
ACTION AND USES: Mercuric chlorid is chiefly used as a
germicide and an antiseptic. It is also sometimes used as a
specific antisyphilitic agent. In a proportion of 1:20.000 it
kills non-spore bearing bacilli and in the proportion of
USEFUL DRUGS 79
1 : 300,000 inhibits the growth of many bacteria. Spores of
Bacillus anthracis are killed by a solution of 1:1,000. Its
disinfectant action is limited by its deficient penetration
and by the fact that it is greatly reduced by combination
with organic matter. Mercuric chlorid is irritant to the
skin, setting up a dermatitis. A sufficient amount may be
absorbed from the skin to produce serious poisoning. The
effects of the poison when absorbed from the skin or mucous
membranes are seen in gastro-intestinal irritation, diarrnea,
frequent foul-smelling and bloody passages resembling those
of dysentery, various nervous symptoms, irritation of the
kidneys with albumin and casts in the urine, marked weak-
ness, etc. When taken in poisonous doses by the mouth it
produces, in addition, irritation and ulceration of the mouth
and throat, vomiting and corrosion of the mucosa of the
stomach and intestines. Salivation and swelling and ulcera-
tion of the gums sometimes occur.
Dilute solutions of mercuric chlorid are used by hypoder-
mic or intramuscular injection in the treatment of syphilis.
The injections must be repeated daily and have the dis-
advantage of causing considerable pain.
Mercuric chlorid is used as a local application to the
skin in some forms of skin disease, sometimes as an anti-
septic, but also for the purpose of producing exfoliation of
the epidermis. It is sometimes used in 1 per cent, alcoholic
solution as an application to corneal ulcers. In the propor-
tion of 1 : 5,000 it may be added to collyria to prevent fungus
growths.
DOSAGE: From 0.002 to 0.01, or from 1/30 to 1/6 grain,
in solution or in pill form. As an antiseptic application it
may be used in solutions varying in strength from 1:20,000
to 1:2,000. For disinfection of clothing a solution of 1:1,000
may be used. To excite dermatitis and exfoliation, solu-
tions varying in strength from 1:1,000 to 1:200 may be
used, but caution should always be exercised in employing
the stronger solutions for fear of absorption of the poison.
The injection of mercuric chlorid solutions into the body
cavities should be undertaken only with the greatest caution.
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite. Mild Mercurous Chloride, U. S. P.,
Calomel, HgCl.
PROPERTIES : Mild mercurous chlorid is a white impalpable
powder, becoming yellowish-white on trituration with strong
pressure, odorless, tasteless and permanent in the air. It is
practically Insoluble in water, alcohol or ether. It undergoes
changes when exposed to the action of light or under the influ-
ence of alkaline chlorids, bromids or iodids, by which mercuric
salts are more or less rapidly formed. The mercuric salt enters
into solution in combination with the salt of the alkali metal
present. Alkaline hydroxids convert it into mercurous oxid ;
ammonia forms with it a mixture of mercury and mercuric
ammonium chlorid.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Calomel is incompatible with alkalies,
with oxidizing acids like nitric acid and also with soluble
bromids and iodids. The fear that non-oxidizing acids like
80 USEFUL DRUGS
hydrochloric acid will form mercuric chlorid from it is
unfounded. Calomel is not incompatible with such acids.
ACTION AND USES : Mild mercurous chlorid is not irritating
to the mucous membrane of the mouth, esophagus and
stomach, but it provokes bowel movements by a slow action.
This action has been thought to be due to a partial change
into a mercuric salt or a protein compound. The absorption
of the mercuric salt may produce symptoms of subacute
mercurial poisoning. The chief indications of toxic effects
are pain in the abdomen, loose passages, salivation, loosen-
ing of the teeth, swelling, soreness and ulceration of the
gums, foul breath and general malaise.
Calomel, was formerly supposed to have a cholagogue
action, but it does not increase the quantity of bile secreted,
although by its cathartic action it may increase temporarily
the amount poured into the intestine. The stools resulting
from the action of calomel are frequently greenish, result-
ing from changes in the bilirubin; this is partly because
the bilirubin in the intestinal contents, being hurried through
the colon, fails to undergo the change into urobilin which
normally occurs. The change in color may also be due in
part to the formation of mercuric sulphid.
Calomel is used for a special effect on the gastro-intestinal
tract which is sometimes attributed to an antiseptic action.
It is thought to be of special value as a cathartic in gastro-
enteritis and at the beginning of mild catarrhs of the
stomach and intestines. It is also frequently used to empty
the bowels in conjunction with the more active salines in
cases of infection, or toxemia. It is sometimes useful in
small doses to check vomiting and is frequently administered
as a laxative when the stomach is irritable because it is
retained better than other cathartics. It is useful as an
intestinal antiseptic.
Calomel is sometimes an excellent diuretic in cardiac
dropsy. It is of much less value in other forms of dropsy.
It is sometimes applied externally to sluggish ulcers, and
is used by insufflation on the cornea for ulceration or opac-
ities, phlyctenular conjunctivitis, etc.
DOSAGE: Only a small portion of the calomel is absorbed,
so that minute doses are generally effective. From 0.005
to 0.02 gm., or from 1/10 to 1/3 grain may be given every
half hour or hour until from 0.1 to 0.2 gm., or from 1 to
3 grains have been given. The calomel should be followed
in a few hours or the next morning by a saline cathartic.
When calomel is used externally, care should be taken that
no iodids are administered internally at the same time,
because the presence of iodids in the secretions, for example,
tears, may cause the formation of a mercuric salt and induce
great irritation.
Hydrargyri lodidum. Flavum. Yellow Mercurous Iodide, U. S.
P., "Protiodid of Mercury." Hgl, formerly also called "Green
lodid of Mercury."
USEFUL DRUGS 81
PEOPERTIES : Mercurous lodid is a bright yellow, amorphous
powder, odorless and tasteless. By exposure to light it becomes
darker, in proportion as it undergoes decomposition into mer-
curic iodid and metallic mercury. It is almost insoluble in water
and wholly insoluble in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Mercurous iodid is incompatible with
oxidizing agents, alkalies and the haloid salts of the alkali
metals (chlorids, bromids or iodids), which tend to decom-
pose it with the formation of mercuric salts. Alkali iodids
decompose mercurous iodid with formation! of metallic
mercury and soluble alkali mercuric iodid.
ACTION AND USES: Mercurous iodid is used to secure the
constitutional effects of mercury, especially in the treat-
ment of syphilis. Its effects are much the same as those of
calomel, although it is not so likely to produce diarrhea or
salivation as the latter preparation.
DOSAGE: In syphilis mercurous iodid is best given in pill
form in doses gradually increasing until slight toxic symp-
toms appear in the form of pain in the abdomen, diarrhea,
salivation, etc. During its administration careful attention
should be given to cleanliness of the mouth and skin. The
teeth should be kept in good order, and soreness of the
gums should be the signal for interrupting temporarily
the administration of the remedy. The initial dose should
not exceed 0.015 gm. or 14 grain in the form of tablets,
pill or powder, three times a day after meals, and this
should be increased by the addition of 0.008 or % grain
daily to the limit of tolerance.
Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum. Red Mercuric Iodide, U. S. P..
"Biniodid of Mercury," HgL.
PROPERTIES : Mercuric iodid is a scarlet-red powder, odorless
and tasteless, and permanent in the air. It is nearly insoluble
in water, but slightly soluble in alcohol (1:116). It is rendered
soluble in the presence of soluble iodids, such as an equal w_eight
of potassium iodid with formation of potassium mercuric iodid.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Red mercuric iodid is incompatible
with alkalies and their carbonates and alkaloids and their
salts.
ACTION AND USES: Mercuric iodid is used as an anti-
septic and germicide. It is more powerfully antiseptic than
mercuric chlorid It may be applied in potassium iodid
solution. It is also used for the internal administration of
mercury. A solution of mercuric iodid in sodium iodid
(mercuric iodid 1 gm., sodium iodid 3 gm., water to make
100 c.c.) has also been used as a means of administering
mercury by intramuscular injection.
DOSAGE: 0.003 or 1/20 grain three times a day. It is
frequently formed for internal administration by the pre-
scription of a mixture of corrosive chlorid of mercury and
potassium iodid.
Gm. or c.c.
H Hydrargyri chloridi corrosivi 0|060
Potassii iodidi 6100
Aquae 100|
[M.]
82 USEFUL DRUGS
Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum. YelloAV Mercuric Oxide, U. S. P.,
HgO.
PROPERTIES : Yellow mercuric oxld is a light orange-yellow,
amorphous powder, odorless and having a somewhat metallic
taste. It is permanent in the air, but turns darker on exposure
to light. It is nearly insoluble in water and in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Yellow mercuric oxid is incompatible
with acids, which dissolve it, forming mercuric salts.
ACTION AND USES: Yellow mercuric oxid is employed
externally as a stimulant and parasiticide. Its chief use
is in blepharitis, phlyctenular conjunctivis, etc., in which it
acts as a stimulant.
DOSAGE: Yellow mercuric oxid should be used in the
strength necessary to stimulate without producing unneces-
sary irritation. An ointment varying in strength from 0.5
to 2 per cent, should be prescribed. Some ophthalmologists
recommend even weaker preparations.
Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi. Ointment of Yellow
Mercuric Oxide, U. S. P.
A 10 per cent, mixture of yellow mercuric oxid, with water,
hydrous wool-fat and petrolatum.
DOSAGE: For use in the eye it should be diluted with
from 10 to 100 parts of petrolatum so as to reduce the per-
centage of mercuric oxid to from 1 to 0.1 per cent.
Hydrargyri Salicylas. Mercuric Salicylate, N. N. R.
A mercuric salt of salicylic acid in which one atom of
mercury is combined with one molecule of salicylic acid.
PROPERTIES : Mercuric salicylate is a white amorphous powder,
tasteless, odorless and neutral to litmus paper. It is nearly
insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble at the ordinary tem-
perature in solutions of sodium hydroxid or sodium carbonate
with the formation of a double salt.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Mercuric salicylate is incompatible
with iodids and (probably) other halogen salts.
ACTION AND USES : Mercuric salicylate is used as an anti-
septic and for producing the internal actions of mercury.
It is much used by hypodermic or intramuscular injection
in the treatment of syphilis.
DOSAGE: Mercuric salicylate is given by intramuscular
injection in a 10 per cent, suspension in liquid paraffin;
0.6 c-c. or 10 minims of this suspension are injected once in
four days. It is held by some clinicians that the introduc-
tion of sufficient mercury by the mouth to eradicate syphilis
thoroughly is practically impossible.
Hydrargyrum. Mercury, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Metallic mercury in its ordinary form is a shin-
ing, silver-white, volatile and fluid metal without odor or taste
In its massive form it has comparatively little physiologic action
and is not poisonous even in large quantities. When it has been
reduced to a fine state of subdivision it is capable of absorption
USEFUL DRUGS 83
either by the skin or raucous membranes, and then produces the
ordinary pharmacologic effects of its salts. It is also very active
in the form of vapor.
Mercury is widely used in the form of the following
mixtures :
Hydrargyrum Cum Creta. Mercury with Chalk, U. S. P.,
"Gray Powder."
A powder containing 38 per cent, of mercury with clarified
honey and prepared chalk.
PROPERTIES : By long shaking and trituration of the mercury
with the other ingredients it is reduced to so fine a state of
subdivision that distinct globules cannot be seen with a lens
magnifying- 4 diameters. The preparation then forms a light
gray, slightly adhesive powder, with little odor, and a slightly
sweetish taste.
ACTION AND USES: This preparation is used in general
in the same way as calomel, but it is less irritating to the
intestines and in some cases does not move the bowels
because of the antagonizing influence of the chalk. It is
often used to secure the constitutional effects of mercury
in cases of infantile and hereditary syphilis.
DOSAGE: 0.250 gm. or 4 grains contain approximately
0.1 gm. or 1% grains of metallic mercury.
Massa Hydrargyri. Mass of Mercury, U. S. P., "Blue Mass."
A mixture of 33 per cent, of mercury with glycyrrhiza,
althea, glycerin and honey of rose.
The mercury is reduced to such fine division that globules
are not visible under a magnification of 10 diameters.
ACTION AND USES: The effects and indications for this
preparation are much the same as those of calomel. It may
be used for laxative effects.
DOSAGE: 0.250 gm. or 4 grains.
Unguentum Hydrargyri. Mercurial Ointment, U. S. P.
A mixture of 50 per cent, of mercury with prepared chalk,
benzoinated lard and 2 per cent, of oleato of mercury.
The mercury is reduced by trituration to such fineness
that globules are no longer visible under a lens magnifiying
10 diameters.
Unguentum Hydrargyri Dilutum. Blue Ointment, U. S. P.
Blue ointment is made by mixing approximately 2 parts of
mercurial ointment with 1 part of petrolatum. It represents
approximately 33 per cent, of metallic mercury and conforms
to the strength, though not to the composition of the inter-
national standard for mercurial ointment.
ACTION AND USES: Mercurial ointment is a parasiticide;
it is employed for the destruction of lice, but other measures
are more cleanly and less calculated to cause irritation.
The rubbing of mercurial ointment into the skin allows the
absorption of a part of the mercury, thus securing its con-
84 USEFUL DRUGS
stitutional effects. This is regarded by some authorities as
the most efficacious method of treating syphilis except the
intravenous or hypodermic method. Inunction has the great
advantage of leaving the digestive tract undisturbed.
DOSAGE: 2 gm. or 30 grains of the ointment should be
rubbed into a chosen area of the skin at night, and the part
anointed should be cleansed by washing in the morning. A
new area of the skin should be chosen for inunction the
next evening. The ointment may be spread on cloths and
bound on a part of the skin liable to some friction. If der-
matitis is excited by this method of application it will
subside rapidly as a rule on washing with a warm alkaline
lotion and dusting with some bland powder. If irritation
seems likely to arise the ointment may be diluted with an
equal part of hydrous wool fat.
Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum. Ammoniated Mercury, U. S. P.
A mercuric ammonium chlorid produced by the precipita-
tion of a solution of mercuric chlorid by a solution of
ammonia; it should represent not less than 78 nor more
than 80 per cent, of metallic mercury.
PROPERTIES : Ammoniated mercury forms white pulverulent
pieces or a white amorp_hous powder, having an earthy, after-
ward styptic and metallic taste. It is practically insoluble in
water or in alcohol, but is gradually decomposed by washing
with water. It is readily soluble in warm acids with decompo-
sition. It also dissolves in cold solution of ammonium carbonate.
Ammoniated mercury is chiefly used in the form of:
Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati. Ointment of Ammo-
niated Mercury, U. S. P.
A mixture of 10 per cent, of ammoniated mercury with
white petrolatum and hydrous wool-fat.
ACTION AND USES: Ammoniated mercury in the form of
an ointment of from 2 to 10 per cent, is much used as an
antiseptic and local stimulant. In the strength of from 3 to
5 per cent, it is an efficient and non-irritating application
for small areas of suppurating dermatitis. In stronger pro-
portions (from 8 to 12 per cent.) it is a useful stimulating
ointment for exciting a healthy inflammatory reaction, as
in psoriasis. In seborrhea it may be applied after removal
of crusts, in the form of a 2 per cent, ointment.
Hydrastis. Hydrastis, U. S. P., Golden Seal.
The dried rhizome and roots .of Hydrastis canadcnsis, yield-
ing when assayed by the process given in the U. S. Pharma-
copeia not less than 2.5 per cent, of hydrastin.
ACTION AND USES : Hydrastis is bitter and possesses the
tonic and appetizing properties of other bitters. In addition
it has been asserted that it has a special influence on
mucous membranes, promoting their nutrition and favoring
their return to a normal condition. For this property there
USEFUL DRUGS 85
is no experimental evidence, and in the opinion of some
its existence is doubtful. The action of hydrastis on the
circulation is not well understood, but it is believed that
the drug stimulates the circulation and raises the blood-
pressure. It has a stimulating influence on the uterus, and
has been employed to check menorrhagia and metrorrhagia.
Fluidextractum Hydrastis. Fluidextract of Hydrastis,
U. S. P.
A solution of the soluble constituents of hydrastis in a
mixture of glycerin, alcohol and water. One hundred c.c.
should contain 2 gm. of hydrastin.
Hydrastis contains also berberine, an alkaloid having the
properties of a simple bitter.
Hydrastinin is an artificial alkaloid derived from hydras-
tin. It has marked, influence in raising blood-pressure and
a stimulating influence on the uterus much greater than
hydrastin, from which it is derived. It is chiefly employed
to check uterine hemorrhage.
DOSAGE: The dose of fluidextract of hydrastis is 2 c.c. or
30 minims; hydrastin can be given in doses of 0.01 gm. or
1/5 grain. Hydrastinin hydrochlorid is given in doses of
0.03 gm. or % grain.
Hydrogenii Dioxidum. Hydrogen Dioxide, Hydrogen Peroxid.
Hydrogen dioxid or peroxid is a compound of hydrogen
and oxygen, H,(X, of syrupy consistency, which has a strong
tendency to decompose into water and oxygen in the pres-
ence of oxidizable substances and of ferments capable of
carrying oxygen. It is soluble in water, alcohol and ether.
It decomposes readily when heated. Strong solutions are
much more stable.
Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi. Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide,
U. S. P.
A slightly acid, aqueous solution of H 2 2 (approximately
3 per cent.) corresponding to about 10 volumes of available
oxygen.
PROPERTIES : Solution of hydrogen dioxid is a colorless liquid
without odor, but having a slightly acidulous taste and producing
a peculiar sensation and thick froth in the mouth.
ACTION AND USES: By its power of giving off oxygen it
becomes a germicide and is employed as a non-toxic anti-
septic application to suppurating wounds, inflamed mucous
membranes, etc. It is employed as a topical application in
the throat in diphtheria and other inflammatory exudates.
DOSAGE: Solution of hydrogen dioxid is usually applied
diluted with from 1 to 4 volumes of water. It should be
used with care in deep cavities. A free opening for the
' escape of foam and gas should be provided.
86 USEFUL DRUGS
Hyoscyamus. Hyoscyamus, U. S. P., Henbane.
The dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger.
Tinctura Hyoscyami. Tincture of Hyoscyamus, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent the soluble constituents of
10 gm. of Hyoscyamus in diluted alcohol, and contain
approximately 0.007 gm. of mydriatic alkaloids, chiefly
hyoscyamin and scopolamin.
ACTION AND USES: The uses of tincture of hyoscyamus
are similar to those of tincture of belladonna. It is thought
to be more sedative to the nervous system.
DOSAGE: From 0.6 to 2 c.c. or from 10 to 30 minims.
Ichthyol. Ichthyol, N. N. R., Ammonium Sulpho-ichthyolate.
Ichthyol is an aqueous solution of the ammonium
salts of sulphonic acids prepared from the distillate from
bituminous shales found in the Tyrol and elsewhere. These
shales contain the fossil remains of fishes.
PROPERTIES : Ichthyol is a reddish brown to brown-black
syrupy liquid having a characteristic empyreumatic odor and
burning taste. It is miscible in all proportions with water,
glycerol or oils, but is incompletely soluble in alcohol. Its
aqueous solution has a faintly acid reaction.
ACTION AND USES: The actions of ichthyol are not well
understood. It penetrates the unbroken skin to a certain
extent. It is said to act as a vasoconstrictor on mucous
surfaces. It has a mildly antiseptic action. On account of
its content of sulphur it is credited with alterative
properties.
It is applied to the skin in inflammatory conditions such
as erysipelas, acne vulgaris, rosacea, lupus erythematosus.
etc., to lessen hyperemia. It has also been used internally,
but it is impossible at present to determine its true value.
It has no specific action in tuberculosis, although it has
seemed to increase appetite and strength in some cases. It
has been tried with some apparent success in angioneurotic
edema. It is used as a local remedy in gynecologic affections
to relieve hyperemia and pain.
DOSAGE: The application of pure ichthyol to the skin is
somewhat irritating, but a solution of 25 per cent, strength
is generally not irritating. In chronic rheumatism a 50 per
cent, ointment has been used locally. In gynecology it is
combined with glycerol 1 : 10. Internally it may be given
in solution or in the form of pills. The dose is from 0.2 to
2 c.c. or from 3 to 30 minims.
INFUSA INFUSIONS
Infusions are aqueous preparations made by pouring hot
or cold water over a vegetable drug and allowing the mixture
to stand for a definite period and then straining.
For the preparation included in this list see:
Infusum Digitalis, under Digitalis.
USEFUL DRUGS 87
lodoformum. lodoform, U. S. P.
lodoform is tri-iodomethane, CHI 3 , and is usually prepared
by the action of iodin on alcohol or acetone in the presence
of alkali or alkali carbonate.
PROPERTIES : lodoform forms a fine, lemon-yellow powder or
lustrous crystals having a peculiar, very penetrating and per-
sistent odor, and an unpleasant, slightly sweetish and iodin-like
taste. It is very slightly soluble in water (1:10,000), soluble
in alcohol (1 :50), and very soluble in ether (1 :5 approximately).
It is also somewhat soluble in fixed oils.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with calomel, silver
salts, chlorates and nitrites.
ACTION AND USES: lodoform is a local anesthetic and an
antiseptic. When absorbed through the skin or from denuded
surfaces it produces intoxication, which is not evident until
after the lapse of some time. When swallowed it is partly
decomposed with the production of iodids, which produce
their ordinary effects. Part of the drug is absorbed, how-
ever, in a form of combination not yet understood, and pro-
duces symptoms that are different from those ordinarily
caused by iodin. lodoform is slowly excreted, iodin com-
pounds appearing in the urine for several days after a single
dose.
The symptoms are restlessness, anesthesia, sometimes
unconsciousness, occasional convulsions, hallucinations and
delusions of persecution, rapid pulse and elevated tempera-
ture; in many cases collapse, coma and death may follow.
The physiologic actions of iodoform afford no rational
basis for its internal vise. Externally it is used as an anti-
septic and stimulant in surgical tuberculosis. Several odor-
less organic compounds of iodin have been devised as sub-
stitutes for iodoform, but they are uniformly less actively
antiseptic.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains. It is usually applied
externally in the form of a dusting-powder, but may be used
in the form of emulsion, as an ointment or as a surgical
dressing in the form of gauze. For the relief of hemorrhoids
it should be given in the form of suppositories.
lodum. Iodin, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Iodin is a heavy, bluish-black, dry and friable
solid crystallizing in rhombic plates, having a metallic luster, a
distinctive odor and a sharp and acrid taste. It is readily vola-
tile. It is very slightly soluble in water (1:5,000), but soluble
in alcohol (1 :10). It is also soluble in solutions of iodids.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Iodin is incompatible with alkalies
and alkali carbonates, the alkaloids, with tannin and other
vegetable astringents and with most volatile oils, partic-
ularly the terpene-containing oils.
ACTION AND USES: Cutaneous: Iodin irritates the skin,
causing a sensation of heat and itching. In concentrated
solutions it may cause blistering, or even corrosion, but it
acts more slowly than many other irritants. It penetrates
88 USEFUL DRUGS
into the deeper layers of the skin and small quantities are
absorbed.
lodin is applied to the skin for the purpose of exciting
congestion of the underlying tissues. This congestion is
supposed to cause the absorption of exudates. Its action
is probably overrated. It is also used by surgeons for the
disinfection of the skin, for which it is considered to be the
most desirable agent. The application is made by painting
the tincture over the part to be disinfected. The skin must
be dry; wet applications should not be used previously. It
is also used in various skin diseases for the purpose of
producing an acute inflammatory reaction in the skin, and to
cause the destruction of bacteria. Its effect on bacteria
below the epidermis is probably due to the inflammatory
reaction which it excites rather than to any direct action on
the bacteria. For the prevention of tetanus it is recom-
mended to apply to the skin about the wound a 3 per cent,
alcoholic solution of iodin and to the wound pieces of gauze
soaked in the same solution.
INTERNAL. Iodin is more irritating to mucous membranes
than to the skin. It is seldom used internally because of
the irritating action on the stomach and intestines. This
irritation may be so great as to excite a suppurative gas-
tritis. The irritating action on the intestines may cause
diarrhea. Small quantities of iodin are converted in the
intestines into iodids and absorbed in this form. In some
cases there is formed, also, a protein compound of iodin.
After absorption iodin acts like the iodids (see Potassium
lodid). In cases of iodism, produced by the use of elemen-
tary iodin, there is tachycardia and irritation, of the nervous
system, but not so much affection of the skin and respi-
ratory tract as is seen after the administration of the iodids.
Iodin should rarely be used internally; in treatment of
obstinate vomiting the tincture has been recommended in
doses of from 0.03 to 0.05 c.c. or from % to 1 minim com-
bined with the same quantity of phenol, given in a little
water.
LOCAL USES: In the diseases of the eye iodin is some-
times used as a caustic agent and germicide to corneal
ulcers of the simple type. It should be applied by means
of a pointed toothpick soaked in the solution and used very
cautiously.
For the treatment of chronic granular pharyngitis, in acute
follicular tonsillitis, and in cases of middle ear catarrh
associated with granular pharyngitis, it may be applied
mixed with glycerol and combined with other remedies. The
following formulas may be used:
c.c.
I* Tinct. iodi 3| m xlviii
Glycerin! 30 1 3 j-nv
U Tlnot. iodi
Tinct. ferri chlor.
Glycerinl aa <j. s.
hi gynecology the tincture is often applied directly to the
interior of the cervix and painted over the mucous membrane
USEFUL DRUGS 89
of the vagina. This application is especially recommended
in acute gonorrheal endocervicitis. Solutions of iodin have
been much used in surgery. The tincture is often injected
into cysts to cause the adhesion of their walls. Such appli-
cations should be made with caution. It is applied in a simi-
lar way to fistulous canals. A diluted solution is useful as
a stimulant to ulcers.
Tinctura lodi. Tincture of Iodine, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. contain 7 gm. iodin and 5 gm. potassium
iodid dissolved in alcohol. This preparation is quite dis-
similar to that formerly official in the U. S. P. or the inter-
national standard preparation generally prescribed in Europe,
as it contains potassium iodid. The U. S. P. tincture of iodin
has the advantage of being more stable so far as iodin con-
tent is concerned and of being miscible with water.
DOSAGE: 0.1 c.c. or 1% minims.
Ipecacuanha. Ipecac, U. S. P.
The dried root of Gephaelis Ipecacuanha, commercially
known, as Rio. Brazilian or Para ipecac, or of C. aciiminata.
commercially known as Cartagena ipecac.
When assayed according to the method in the U. S. P.,
it should contain not less than 1.75 per cent, of ipecac
alkaloids.
ACTION AND USES: When 'given by mouth in rather large
doses, ipecac causes nausea and vomiting, chiefly through
its local irritant action. It is, however, neither a very
rapidly acting nor trustworthy emetic.. Its use as such is
almost entirely confined to pediatric practice.
In smaller doses it is nauseant and is used to promote
the secretions of the respiratory tract.
Still smaller doses may act as stomachics through mild
irritation of the gastric mucosa. When combined with
opium, in the form of Dover's powder, ipecac is a diaphoretic.
Both ipecac and one of its principal alkaloids, emetin, are
believed to be specific against amebic dysentery. In the
treatment of this disease large doses of ipecac are required
and opium or some other depressant drug often has to be
given to prevent the occurrence of vomiting. Emetin, in the
form of the hydrochlorid can, however, be given hypoder-
mically in doses which correspond to very large amounts of
the crude drug, and its administration does not cause nausea
or vomiting. It is probably this alkaloid alone to which
the specific action of ipecac in amebic dysentery is due.
DOSAGE: The expectorant dose of ipecac is 0.05 gm. or
1 grain. As an emetic 1 gm. or 15 grains may be given,
For use in dysentery it may be given in salol-coated pills.
The coating should not be too thick, lest too large a dose
of salol be given. Ipecac may also be given, suspended in
mucilage of acacia, by a duodenal catheter. In dysentery
an initial dose of 2 gm. or 30 grains may be given and vomit-
90 USEFUL DRUGS
ing should be prevented by a previous hypodernic injection
of morphin. The dose of emetin hydrochlorid for this pur-
pose is 0.03 gm. or y 2 grain.
Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae. Fluidextracfe of Ipecac, U. S.
P. (Extractum Ipecacuanhae Fluidum, Pharm. 1890).
One hundred c.c. represent 100 gm. ipecac in approximately
75 per cent, alcohol.
DOSAGE: As an emetic, 1 c.c. or 15 minims; as an expec-
torant, 0.05 c.c. or 1 minim.
Syrupus Ipecacuanhae. Syrup of Ipecac, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 7 c.c. fluidextract of ipecac; it
is approximately seven times the strength of the inter-
national standard syrup of ipecac.
DOSAGE: As an expectorant, 0.25 c.c. or 4 minims given
every two or three hours; as an emetic, 15 c.c. or 4
fluidrams.
Jalapa Jalap, U. S. P.
The dried tuberous root of Exogonium Purga. Frequently
used in the form of powder.
ACTION AND USES: Jalap is a powerful purgative, produc-
ing copious watery evacuations. It is used for the purpose
of removing water from the tissues in the treatment of
dropsy.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains. It is best administered as:
Pulvis Jalapae Compositus. Compound Powder of Jalap,
U. S. P.
A mixture of jalap (35 gm.) and potassium bitartrate
(65 gm.).
DOSAGE: 2 gm. or 30 grains.
L1XIMEXTA LI XI -M ENTS
Liniments are liquid preparations intended for external
application.
For preparations included in this list see:
Linimentum Ammoniac, under Ammonia.
Linimentum Calcis, under Calx.
Linimentum Camphorae, under Camphora.
Linimentum Chloroformi, under Chloroformum.
Linimentum Saponis, under Sapo.
Linum. Linseed, Flaxseed, U. S. P.
The ripe seed of Linum iisitatissimiim. Used extensively in
the ground form for making cataplasms.
USEFUL DRUGS 91
Oleum Lini. Linseed Oil, U. S. P.
A fixed oil, expressed from linseed.
PROPERTIES : Linseed oil occurs as a yellowish, oily liquid,
having a peculiar odor and a bland taste. It is soluble in abso-
lute alcohol, but practically insoluble in water.
DOSAGE: 30 c.c. or 1 fluidounce.
ACTION AND USES : Linseed oil has the properties of other
bland oils, but is seldom administered internally. For
pharmaceutical purposes it is used in the making of lime
liniment, and of soft soap.
LIQUORES SOLUTIONS
Pharmaceutically, solutions are aqueous liquid prepara-
tions in which one or more substances are completely
dissolved.
For preparations included in this list see:
Liquor Acidi Arsenosi, under Arseni Trioxidum.
Liquor Alumini Acetatis, under Alumini Acetas.
Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, under Ammonii Acetas.
Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi, under Arseni Tri-
oxidum.
Liquor Calcis, under Calx.
Liquor Cresolis Compositus, under Cresol.
Liquor Formaldehydi, under Formaldehydum.
Liquor Magnesii Citratis, under Magnesii Citras.
Liquor Plumbi Subafcetatis, under Plumbi Acetas.
Liquor Potassii Arsenitis, under Arseni Trioxidum.
Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi, under Potassii Hydroxiduin.
Liquor Sodae Chlorinatae, under Calx Chlorinata.
Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi, under Sodii Hydroxidum.
Liquor Zinci Chloridi, under Zinci Chloridum.
Lobelia. Lobelia, U. S. P.
The dried leaves and tops of Lobelia inflata. Occasionally
administered in the form of powder.
ACTION AND USES : Lobelia has almost the same action as
nicotin. Small doses stimulate, and large doses paralyze, the
respiratory center. The vagus endings in the bronchial
muscles are also depressed and the bronchi are relaxed.
Small doses taken continuously cause a persistent quicken-
ing of the pulse; moderate doses produce nausea and large
doses produce vomiting with marked and dangerous collapse.
Lobelia is no longer used as an emetic. As an expectorant
it' may be employed to increase bronchial secretion, but it
must be used with caution. It is chiefly used for the treat-
ment of bronchial asthma, in which it often renders distinct
service. It should never be employed in asthma due to or
associated with heart disease.
Tincture Lobeliae. Tincture of Lobelia, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 10 gm. lobelia in diluted alcohol.
Dosage: From 0.5 c.c. to 1.5 c.c. or from 10 to 20 minims.
!)2 USEFUL DRUGS
Ten minims may be given every fifteen minutes until dis-
tinct nausea is felt or relief is obtained.
Magnesii Carbonas. Magnesium Carbonate, U. S. P.
A mixture of magnesium carbonate and magnesium
hydroxid, approximately (MgCO s )4.Mg(OH) 2 .5H 2 0.
PROPERTIES : Magnesium carbonate is a light, white, friable
mass, or a bulky, white powder, without odor, and having a
slightly earthy taste. It is practically insoluble in water and in
alcohol, but soluble with effervescence in dilute acids.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with acids which
form salts of magnesium.
ACTION AND USES: Magnesium carbonate when taken
internally neutralizes the acids in the stomach. It may be
used in cases of hyperacidity or acid gastritis, but it is
sometimes objectionable on account of the carbon dioxid gas
evolved. The salt formed is laxative. If magnesium car-
bonate passes the stomach without neutralization, it may
escape solution in the intestines and not act as a laxative.
Large doses sometimes produce an accumulation of the insol-
uble carbonate and may lead to intestinal obstruction.
Magnesium carbonate is largely used as a dusting powder in
intertrigo and in similar conditions, and as a cosmetic.
DOSAGE: 3 gm. or 45 grains.
Magnesii Citras. Magnesium Citrate.
Liquor Magnesii Citratis. Solution <*f Magnesium Citrate.
U. S. P.
A solution containing 10 per cent, of a mixture of neutral
and acid magnesium citrate.
The materials for making 360 c.c. or 12 ounces of the
preparation are placed in a strong bottle, potassium bicar-
bonate being added last, and the bottle properly corked.
ACTION AND USES: Solution of magnesium citrate is
given a"s a laxative.
DOSAGE: The average dose is one bottle containing 360
c.c. or 12 ounces, often given in divided doses.
Magnesii Oxidum. Magnesium Oxid, U. S. P., Calcined Mag-
nesia, MgO.
PROPERTIES : Magnesium oxid is a white, very bulky and very
fine powder, without odor, and having an earthy but not a saline
taste. It is almost insoluble in water and alcohol, but dissolves
very roadily in acids, forming salts of magnesium.
ACTION AND USES : Magnesium oxid is used mostly as an
antacid to neutralize excessive acidity in the gastric juice.
It is especially suitable for cases of hyperacidity accom-
panied by constipation. It is preferable in most cases to the
carbonates or bicarbonates because it yields no gas on being
neutralized. It is sometimes given in diarrhea with excessive
acidity in children. It is an efficient antidote to the corrosive
acids.
USEFUL DRUGS 9.3
DOSAGE: From 0.6 to 3 gm. or from 10 to 45 grains; 2.5
gm. or 40 grains are equivalent to the average laxative dose
of magnesium sulphate (15 gm. or 240 grains).
Magnesii Sulphas. Magnesium Sulphate, U. S. P., MgS0 4 ,
7H 2 0. "Epsom Salts."
PROPERTIES : Magnesium sulphate occurs as small, colorless
prismatic needles or rhombic prisms, without odor, and having
a cooling, saline and bitter taste. It is freely soluble in water,
but practically insoluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Magnesium sulphate is one of the
most active of the saline cathartics. When injected intra-
venously or intramuscularly it depresses the nervous and
muscular structures, but the absorption from the alimentary
canal is too slight to produce these effects. It has been
injected for the purpose of producing spinal anesthesia, but
its action is too uncertain and dangerous for use in man.
It has been used in a few cases by injections in the sub-
arachnoid space for the relief of tetanus.
Concentrated solutions of magnesium sulphate have been
widely used as local applications in various inflammations,
such as sprains, burns, erysipelas and the like, with asserted
beneficial results.
DOSAGE: 15 gm. or 240 grains. Magnesium sulphate may
be dissolved so that 1 c.o. of the solution contains 1 gm. of
the salt, and of this solution 5 c.c. are given hourly until a
laxative action is secured. This dose should be followed by
sufficient water to dilute the salt.
Magnesii Sulphas Effervescens. Effervescent Magnesium Sul-
phate, U. S. P.
A mixture containing magnesium sulphate (50 per cent.)
with sodium bicarbonate, tartaric acid and citric acid.
DOSAGE: 15 gm. or 240 grains.
MASSAE MASSES
Masses are soft solid preparations of such consistency that
they can be made into pills readily.
For preparations included in this list see:
Massa Ferri Carbonatis, under Ferri Carbonas.
Massa Hydrargyri, under Hydrargyrum.
MELLITA HONEYS
Honeys are sweet liquids having honey as a base; they
formerly were much used as vehicles.
Mentha Piperita. Peppermint, U. S. P.
The dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita.
Oleum Menthae Piperitae. Oil of Peppermint, U. S. P.
A volatile oil distilled from the fresh or partly dried leaves
and flowering tops of peppermint.
94 USEFUL DRUGS
PROPERTIES : Oil of peppermint occurs as a colorless liquid,
with the characteristic peppermint odor and a strongly aro-
matic, pungent taste, followed by a sensation of cold when air
is drawn into the mouth.
ACTION AND USES: Oil of peppermint is used as an
aromatic stimulant and carminative.
DOSAGE: 0.2 c.c. or 3 minims.
Spiritus Menthae Piperitae. Spirit of Peppermint, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. contain 10 c.c. oil of peppermint in
alcohol, colored with the chlorophyl extracted from pepper-
mint.
ACTION AND USES: See the oil.
DOSAGE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims.
Aqua Menthae Piperitae. Peppermint water, U. S. P.
A saturated solution of oil of peppermint in distilled
water.
ACTION AND USES: Peppermint water is frequently used
as a vehicle or flavoring.
DOSAGE: 16 c.c. or 4 fluidrams.
Menthol. Menthol, U. S. P.
A secondary alcohol, obtained from oil of peppermint,
closely allied to camphor.
PROPERTIES : Menthol occurs as colorless, acicular or prismatic
crystals, having a strong and pure odor of peppermint and a
warm, aromatic taste, followed by a sensation of cold when air
is drawn into the mouth. It is only slightly soluble in water,
but freely soluble in alcohol, ether, liquid petrolatum, etc.
ACTION AND USES.- Menthol has been used internally for
the relief of gastric pain. Externally, it is applied on the
skin as an anesthetic and cooling application. It is fre-
quently used in the solid form known as Menthol pencils.
One of these is rubbed over the painful part in neuralgia or
headache.
It may also be applied in solution or ointment for the
relief of itching, in a strength of from 1 to 2 per cent. It
is used, dissolved in liquid petrolatum, as an application to
inflamed mucous membranes, especially in the nose and
throat. For this purpose a strength of 1 per cent, is suitable.
DOSAGE: 0.065 gm. or 1 grain.
Methylis Salicylas. Methyl Salicylate, U. S. P. (Methyl Sali-
cylas, Pharm. 1890).
An ester C 6 HOHCOOCH 3 . occurring in oil of birch and in
oil of wintergreen, and also produced synthetically.
Oleum Betulae. Oil of Betula, U. S. P., Oil of Birch.
Oleum Gaultheriae. Oil of Gaultheria, U. S. P., Oil of
Wintergreen.
USEFUL DRUGS 95
Oil of birch is also sold commercially as oil of wintergreen.
PROPERTIES : Pure methyl salicylate is a colorless liquid, hav-
ing a characteristic, strongly aromatic, wintergreen odor and a
sweetish, warm and aromatic taste. It is nearly insoluble in
water, but miscible in all proportions with alcohol v The oils
obtained from natural sources frequently have a pinkish tint,
because of the contamination with traces of iron, but in general
have the same properties as methyl salicylate, to the requirements
and tests for which they conform.
ACTION AND USES: Methyl salicylate and the oils con-
taining it are antiseptic, and when absorbed by the skin
or taken internally have the actions of salicylic acid or the
salicylates (see sodium salicylate). When rubbed on the
skin it is rapidly absorbed. It is frequently applied for the
relief of pain in local rheumatic swellings or over inflamed
nerves.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims. When given internally this
substance is preferably administered in the form of capsules,
care being taken that the stomach is not empty and that
plenty of water is taken. Locally, the oil may be applied
pure or added to liniments.
MISTURAE MIXTURES
Mixtures are liquid preparations containing insoluble or
partly soluble medicinal substances suspended in them.
Morphina. Morphine, U. S. P.
An alkaloid obtained from opium, the chief therapeutic
constituent of the drug.
PROPERTIES : Morphin occurs as colorless or white crystals
or a crystalline powder, odorless and having a bitter taste. It
is very slightly soluble in water (1:3,300), but slightly soluble
in alcohol (1:168).
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Morphin solutions are incompatible
with alkalies, tannic acid, iodids and other precipitants of
alkaloids.
ACTION AND USES: There are essentially three actions of
morphin: a specific central analgetic action, a depressant
action on the entire central nervous system, of a descending
type, and a constipating effect resulting from a combination
of central and local actions.
Morphin is practically devoid of local action, except on the
gastro-intestinal tract. This local action is the subject of
much debate, but it seems certain that it plays a part in th<>
causation of the constipation which results from the admin-
istration of the drug. The drug has no local analgetic action
and its use locally for the relief of pain is irrational.
The systemic actions of morphin are greatly dependent on
the dose used. The smallest doses producing therapeutic
effects result in the relief of pain; somewhat larger doses
cause definite cerebral depression leading to more or less
profound and prolonged sleep.
Some persons react peculiarly to morphin, showing one or
more of the following symptoms: Cerebral excitation is,
96 USEFUL DRUGS
perhaps, more common in women than in men, but it is
usually mild and of short duration, soon giving place to the
depressant action of the drug. Nausea and even vomiting
not infrequently result from the systemic administration of
a small dose. In some persons nausea is a very pronounced
after-effect of the drug, lasting, at times, for hours.
The drug probably exerts a decided effect on the heart,
through the vagus mechanism, chiefly influencing the rhythm,
which may become irregular. The rate may be slowed con-
siderably after large doses, but morphin does not endanger
life through its cardiac action.
Morphin causes a marked constriction of the pupil when
given in moderate doses, and this phenomenon is often used
as a gage for the cessation of its administration in cases in
which large doses are necessary. It has no local miotic action
when dropped into the eyes.
The respiratory center is depressed by relatively small
doses of morphin such as are too small to be hypnotic.
Use is made of this action in the treatment of persistent
and troublesome cough, but it should be remembered that if
the cough is "productive," the depression of the cough reflex
may lead to a dangerous retention of the secretions of the
inflamed mucosa.
Morphin is used chiefly as an analgetic in conditions of
severe acute pain, and its use should be very guarded on
account of the great danger of the formation of the morphin
habit. In surgical conditions in which the alleviation of
severe pain may obscure the course of the disease and lead
to the unwarranted postponement of an operation, morphin
should not be used, or only in very small doses and with
circumspection. In chronic conditions associated with pain
morphin should not be used, as the formation of the habit
is almost certain to result from its prolonged administra-
tion. Exceptions to this generalization are to be found in
such conditions as inoperable .cancer, etc., in which the con-
dition is hopeless and at the same time the cause of much
suffering. Morphin should not be used for the relief of pain
in persons of a neurotic or hysteric temperament, unless
absolutely unavoidable. In general, it may be said that
morphin should not be used for the relief of pain when any
satisfactory relief can be obtained by the use of other drugs.
Morphin, in moderate doses, is very useful in pain of cardiac
origin. Morphin may be used to relieve the attacks of
asthma and to lessen dyspnea from other causes, but caution
should be exercised that the slowing of the respiration does
not embarrass the heart. It should be used cautiously in
the pain and dyspnea of uremia, as it interferes with elim-
ination by the kidney and bowel.
Since the introduction of the coal-tar hypnotics and those
of the chloral group, the use of morphin as a pure hypnotic
has become exceptional.
Morphin, in the form of opium, is often given as a dia-
phoretic, the well-known Dover's powder being the prepara-
tion commonly used.
USEFUL DRUGS 07
Habituation to morphin is readily established, and this
habit is one of the most difficult to break. The indiscrim-
inate use of morphin and preparations containing it by
physicians is a common cause of the habit, and too great
discrimination in its use can hardly be urged.
Overdoses of morphin lead to intoxication which may
result fatally. The symptoms begin with the usual depres-
sion which deepens into sleep. The pupils become extremely
constricted. Respiration becomes slow; the sleep deepens
into coma from which the patient can be aroused with
difficulty at first; later he cannot be aroused at all, and the
respiration sinks to as low as three or four per minute. The
heart is somewhat weakened and its rate is slowed. Death
results from respiratory failure.
The treatment of morphin poisoning is not germane to
this work, but its proper execution will often save a patient
who is deemed hopeless.
Morphin is excreted largely through the alimentary tract,
including the stomach. Some of the morphin thus excreted
may be reabsorbed into the circulation; hence, in cases of
poisoning, the use of frequent gastric lavage with perman-
ganate of potassium, to destroy the morphin, is an impor-
tant measure. Even after the hypodermic administration of
the drug it is excreted by way of the gastro-intestinal tract.
Morphin is also used to lessen secretion and check peris-
talsis in diarrhea. For this purpose opium appears to be
more efficient than morphin.
In the administration of morphin the danger of forming a
habit should never be forgotten.
DOSAGE: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain. Smaller doses from 0.005
to 0.008, 1/12 to 1/8 grain, are often sufficient. The mini-
mum fatal dose is 0.06 gm. or 1 grain.
*Morphinae Hydrochloridum. Morphine Hydrochloride, U.
S. f P.
PROPERTIES : Morphin hydrochlorid occurs as white crystals or
as a crystalline powder, odorless and having a bitter taste. It
is soluble in water (1 :17) and in alcohol (1:42).
DOSAGE: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain.
Morphinae Sulphas. Morphine Sulphate, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Morphin sulphate occurs as white, feathery crys-
tals or in cubical masses, odorless, permanent in the air and
having a bitter taste. It is soluble in water (1 : 15.3), but only
slightly soluble in alcohol (1:465).
DOSAGE: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain.
Morrhuae Oleum. Cod-Liver Oil, U. S. P.
A fixed oil obtained from the fresh livers of Gadus
morrhua.
PROPERTIES : Cod-liver oil occurs as a pale yellow, thin, oily
liquid having a peculiar, slightly fishy, but not rancid odor, and
a bland, fishy taste.
ACTION AND USES: Cod-liver oil is generally considered
to be tonic and nutrient, but its value probably depends
entirely on its nutritive property. It is preferably admin-
98 USEFUL DRUGS
istered in the form of a recently prepared emulsion, though
many persons are able to take the oil as food in the same
way that olive oil is used. Alcoholic preparations of the
so-called active principles of cod-liver oil have no demon-
strated therapeutic action.
MUCILAGINES MUCILAGES
Mucilages are aqueous solutions of gums or the mucilagin-
ous principles of vegetable substances.
For the preparations included in this list see:
Mucilago Acaciae, under Acacia.
Myrrha. Myrrh, U. S. P.
A gum resin obtained from 'Commiphora Myrrha. Used
occasionally in the form of powder, and also used as a car-
minative, in connection with aloes, in the form of pills.
ACTION AND USES: Myrrh is astringent and carminative.
It is used largely as an ingredient in mouth washes and
gargles for relaxed throat and spongy gums.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7% grains.
Tinctiira Myrrhae. Tincture of Myrrh, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 20 gm. myrrh in alcohol.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims. For use in the mouth dilute
with an equal volume of water.
Nux Vomica. Nux Vomica, U. S. P.
The dried, ripe seed of Strychnos Nux-vomica, containing,
when assayed by the process given in the U. S. P., not less
than 1.25 per cent, of strychnin.
ACTION AND USES : The pharmacologic action of, nux
vomica is e'ssentially the same as that of the strychnin which
it contains. The preparations of nux vomica are used as
stomachic tonics, and occasionally as respiratory and nerve
stimulants. For the latter purpose the salts of strychnin are
generally preferred. (See Strychnin Sulphate.)
Extractum Nucis Vomicae. Extract of Nux Vomica, U. S. P.
An acetic acid extract of nux vomica purified by precipi-
tating with alcohol and containing, when assayed by the
process given in the U. S. P., 5 per cent, of strychnin.
DOSAGE: 0.015 gm. or *4 g ra in> preferably given in the
form of pills; 0.020 gm. or % grain contains 0.001 gm. or
1/60 grain of strychnin.
Tinctura Nucis Vomicae. Tincture of Nux Vomica, U. S. P.
A solution of extract of nux vomica in a mixture of alcohol
and water; it should assay 0.1 gm. of strychnin in 100 c.c.
DOSAGE: 0.6 c.c. or 10 minims.
USEFUL DRUGS 99
When the tincture is used as an appetizer, its effect
depends largely on the psychic stimulation produced by the
bitter taste, and the dose may vary from 0.05 c.c. to 0.6 c.c.
or from 1 to 10 minims. If it is desired to obtain the effect
of strychnin, it is to be remembered that 0.6 c.c. or 10
minims contain approximately 0.6 mg. or 1/100 grain of
strychnin.
OLEATA OLEATES
The official oleates are solutions of alkaloids or metallic
oxids in oleic acid.
OLEA PINGUA FIXED OILS AND FATS
Fixed oils and fats are neutral esters of vegetable or
animal derivation being compounds of acids (chiefly oleic,
palmitic and stearic) with glycerol.
For fixed oils included in this list see:
Oleum Lini, under Linum.
Oleum Morrhuae, under Morrhuae, Oleum.
Oleum Ricini, under Ricini, Oleum.
Oleum Theobromatis, under Theobromatis, Oleum.
Oleum Tiglii, under Tiglii, Oleum.
OLEA VOLATILIA VOLATILE OR ESSENTIAL OILS
Volatile or essential oils are liquids derived from plants
and may contain or consist of neutral principles, aldehyds,
ketones. phenols, esters or compound ethers.
For volatile oils included in this list see-.
Oleum Betulae, under Methylis Salicylas.
Oleum Caryophyli, under Caryophyllus.
Oleum Cinnamomi, under Cinnamomum.
Oleum Eucalypti, under Eucalyptus.
Oleum Gaultheriae, under Methylis Salicylas.
Oleum Menthae Piperitae, under Mentha Piperita.
Oleum Rosae, under Rosa.
Oleum Santali, under Santali, Oleum.
Oleum Sinapis Volatile, under Sinapis.
Oleum Terebinthinae, under Terebinthina.
OLEORESINAE OLEORESINS
Oleoresins are thick liquid preparations consisting of vola-
tile oils and resins extracted from vegetable substances by
ether, acetone or alcohol.
For the preparation included in this list see:
Oleoresina Aspidii, under Aspidium.
Opium. Opium, U. S. P.
The concrete, milky exudation obtained by incising the
iinripe capsules of Papaver somniferum.
ACTION AND USES: The action of opium closely resembles
that of morphin. It, however, is absorbed more slowly and
is more constipating and hence is preferred in the treatment
100 USEFUL DRUGS
of the gastrointestinal tract, especially for the purpose of
checking diarrhea.
Opii Pulvis. Powdered Opium, U. S. P.
Yielding, when assayed by the official process, not less
than 12.5 per cent, of crystallized morphin.
DOSAGE: 0.065 gm. or 1 grain, containing about 0.008 gm.
or about y s grain of morphin. Suppositories of opium have
no advantage on account of local action.
\ Extractum Opii. Extract of Opium, U. S. P.
Yielding, when assayed by the official process, 20 per cent,
of crystallized morphin.
DOSAGE: 0.03 gm. or % grain.
Tinctura Opii. Tincture of Opium, Laudanum, U. S. P.
A solution of the soluble constituents of opium in diluted
alcohol. One hundred c.c. contain not less than 1.2 and not
more than 1.25 gm. crystallizable morphin.
-DOSAGE: 0.5 c.c. or 8 minims.
Tinctura Opii Deodorati. Tincture of Deodorized Opium,
U. S. P.
Essentially a tincture of opium that has been deodorized
by means of purified petroleum benzin.
DOSAGE: 0.5 c.c. or 8 minims.
Tinctura Opii Camphorata. Camphorated Tincture of Opium.
Paregoric, U. S. P.
Each 100 c.c. represent powdered opium ( 0.4 gm. ) , benzoic
acid (0.4 gm.), camphor (0.4 gm.), oil of anise (0.4 c.c.),
glycerol (-4 c.c.), in diluted alcohol (to make 100 c.c.).
DOSAGE : 8 c.c. or 2 fluidrams, containing 0.004 gm. or
1/15 grain of morphin.
Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii. Powder of Ipecac and Opium.
U. S. P., Dover's Powder.
A mixture of ipecac (10 gm.), powdered opium (10 gm.)
and sugar of milk (80 gm.).
ACTION AND USES: Dover's Powder is used chiefly for its
diaphoretic effect.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7^ grains, containing 0.006 gm. or
1/10 grain of morphin.
Oxygenium Compressum. Compressed Oxygen, N. N. R.
Gaseous oxygen, 2 , in a compressed state.
PROPERTIES : Compressed oxygen occurs as a colorless, odorless
and tasteless gas. slightly soluble in water and neutral to ordi-
nary indicators. This gas is not inflammable, but supports
combustion much more vigorously than does air.
USEFUL DRUGS 101
ACTION AND USES: Compressed oxygen is administered
for the purpose of relieving difficult respiration in cases of
mechanical hindrance to the ingress of air to the lungs. It
is also mixed with nitrogen monoxid as an anesthetic agent.
Pancreatinum. Pancreatin', U. S. P.
A mixture of the enzymes naturally existing in the pan-
creas of warm-blooded animals, usually obtained from the
fresh pancreas of the hog, Sus scrofa, or the ox, Bos taurus
Samples on the market contain much extraneous matter.
PROPERTIES : Pancreatin occurs as a cream-colored, amorphous
powder, having a faint, peculiar, not unpleasant odor, and a
somewhat meat-like taste. It is partially soluble in water and
should contain not more than 10 per cent, of insoluble matter.
It Is practically insoluble in alcohol. Commercial samples com-
monly contain no steapsin, and other ferments may be present
in traces only.
ACTION AND USES: Pancreatin is used chiefly for the pre-
digestion of protein and starchy foods. Since it is destroyed
by the action of the gastric juice, its use for the digestion
of food in the stomach is illogical, if the stomach contains
any acid. In cases of achylia gastrica in which no hydro-
chloric acid is secreted, it may be given to secure the diges-
tion of the food in the stomach. In such cases it is well to
administer a small amount of an alkali, such as sodium
bicarbonate, in order to neutralize any acidity that may be
present. In view of the poor quality of pancreatin on the
market its use is not to be recommended.
The attempt is sometimes made to further the digestion
of protein in the intestines by the administration of pan-
creatin in pills or capsules coated so as to prevent the action
of the gastric juice. The drug may be used in this manner
in cases in which it is believed that the secretion of the
pancreas is lacking or deficient, but this method is not
usually very successful.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7^ grains.
Pancreatin may be administered internally in the form of
salol-coated pills or in gelatin capsules that have been
treated with formaldehyd.
Paraffinum Paraffin, U. S. P.
A mixture of solid hydrocarbons, obtained by chilling and
pressing the higher distillates from petroleum and purifying
the solid press-cake so obtained.
It is practically insoluble in water or in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Paraffin is used in surgery for pros-
thetic purposes. It is injected into the tissue to fill the place
of parts which have been destroyed by trauma or pathologic
processes. When used for this purpose, the melting-point
of the product is important. A preparation melting at from
41 to 45 C. (105.8 to 113 F.) is most suitable. Its use for
this purpose is not without danger.
102 USEFUL DRUGS
Paraldehydum. Paraldehyd. U. S. P.
Paraldehyd, C H 12 3 , is a polymer of acetaldehyd, CH S .CHO.
PROPEKTIES : Paraldehyd is a colorless, transparent liquid, hav-
ing a strong characteristic but not unpleasant or pungent odor,
and a burning or cooling taste. It is soluble in water (1 :8) and
miscible in all proportions with alcohoj.
ACTION AND USES: Paraldehyd is hypnotic and anti-
spasmodic. It has no direct action on the circulation, except
that it dilates the blood-vessels. It acts rapidly and pro-
duces a sleep which closely resembles natural sleep. It is
very valuable when a rapid action is desired. The dis-
agreeable odor of paraldehyd, persisting in the breath of the
patient, interferes with its use in many cases. It may cause
a habit very similar to that induced by alcohol.
DOSAGE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims. Preferably administered
with cracked ice or ice-water.
Pelletierinae Tannas. Pelletierine Tannate, U. S. P.
A mixture of the tannates of alkaloids obtained from
Punica Granatum.
PROPERTIES : Pelletierin tannate occurs as a light yellow,
odorless, amorphous powder, having an astringent taste and a
weak acid reaction. It is only slightly soluble in water (1 :235),
but soluble in alcohol (1 :12.6).
ACTION AND USES: Pelletierin tannate is used as an
anthelmintic and teniafuge, especially in cases of cestode
infection.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains. Preferably administered
in the form of capsules. The alimentary canal should be
emptied as completely as practicable by a mild purge (castor
oil or a saline), a light diet on the previous day and fasting
on the morning on which the anthelmintic is given. This
remedy should be followed in two hours by a purge (castor
oil). Not more than 0.3 gm. or 5 grains of pelletierin tan-
nate should be given, as this amount has produced paralysis.
Pepsinum. Pepsin, U. S. P.
A proteolytic ferment or enzyme obtained from the glan-
dular layer of the fresh stomach of the hog, Sus scrofa.
PROPERTIES : Pepsin occurs as pale yellow, transparent or trans-
lucent scales or grains, or as a cream-colored, amorphous pow-
der, free from any offensive odor and having a slightly acid or
saline taste. It is soluble, or almost entirely soluble in water,
the solution having- more or less opalescence ; it is practically
insoluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Pepsin acts only in an acid medium.
It is useful to secure the digestion of protein food in the
stomach. It is seldom indicated, because the gastric juice
usually contains sufficient pepsin to perform gastric diges-
tion. It may be given in conjunction with hydrochloric acid
in those cases of acute dyspepsia in which there is an absence
of free hydrochloric acid in the stomach contents. In chronic
cases it should be given only when the acid and pepsin are
USEFUL DRUGS 103
both lacking. As a rule, even when acid is absent, the pepsin
is still secreted and digestion will occur normally if hydro-
chloric acid is given without pepsin. In achylia gastrica.
pepsin is a valuable addition to the hydrochloric acid, which
is usually prescribed.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gin. or 4 grains.
Petrolatum. Petrolatum. U. S. P.
A mixture of hydrocarbons, obtained by distilling off the
lighter and more volatile portions from petroleum, and
purifying the residue.
PROPERTIES : Petrolatum occurs as an unctuous mass, of about
the consistence of an ointment, varying in color from white to
dark amber.
ACTION AND USES: Petrolatum is used chiefly as a base
for ointments. It is sometimes employed as a lubricant, for
which purpose only a sterile product should be used.
Petrolatum Liquidum. Liquid Petrolatum, U. S. P.
A mixture of hydrocarbons, obtained by distilling off most
of the lighter and more volatile portions from petroleum,
and purifying the liquid residue.
PROPERTIES : It occurs as a colorless or very slightly yellowish,
oily, transparent liquid, without odor or taste, but giving off,
when heated, a faint odor of petroleum. It is practically insol-
uble in water and only slightly more soluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Liquid petrolatum is used as a vehicle
for medicinal agents for external application. It is also
given internally, largely for its mechanical action as an
emollient in constipation. It is not absorbed by the intes-
tine and has no nutritive properties.
Phenacetin. See under Acetphenetidin.
Phenol. Phenol, U. S. P. (Acidum Carbolicum, Pharm. 1890)
C 8 H 5 OH.
Hydroxybenzene, obtained from coal-tar by fractional dis-
tillation and subsequent purification or made synthetically.
PROPERTIES : Phenol should contain not less than 98 per cent,
of C 6 H B OH. It occurs as colorless, interlaced or separate, needle-
shaped crystals, having a characteristic somewhat aromatic
odor. When copiously diluted with water it has a sweetish
taste, with a slightly burning aftertaste, and, when undiluted,
cauterizes and whitens the skin and mucous membranes. Phenol
is soluble in water (1 :20) and miscible with alcohol in all
proportions.
ACTION AND USES: Phenol is antiseptic and germicide. A
solution of 1:850 will prevent the multiplication of bacteria.
A 1 per cent, solution will usually destroy non-sporulating
bacteria in a few minutes at ordinary temperature, but a
5 per cent, solution fails to destroy anthrax spores after
twenty-four hours' exposure.
Phenol is taken as the type or standard for comparing the
activity of disinfectants. The phenol coefficient means the
relative strength of a disinfectant, as compared with a solu-
tion of phenol acting on the same organism and for the
same length of time.
104 JSEFUL DRUGS
Phenol is escharotic when applied to the skin, turning the
skin and tissues white. If a finger or other extremity is sur-
rounded with dressings wet even with a dilute solution of
phenol, gangrene is liable to occur. Phenol acts as a local
anesthetic. In consequence of this property it is employed
to relieve itching. It may be used in the strength of 1 per
cent, in solution or in ointment.
Internally, phenol has been used as an antiseptic in mouth-
washes, gargles and sprays. It was formerly employed as
an antiseptic in fermentation in the stomach, but it should
not be used for this purpose. It is sometimes given with
success to check obstinate vomiting. It is not so useful as
an intestinal antiseptic as some other remedies, particularly
salol.
The injection of phenol into the rectum for the destruction
of parasites is dangerous and has sometimes resulted fatally.
Superficial burns from the action of phenol should be
treated by the application of alcohol, glycerol, ether or oils
to remove the poison.
In phenol poisoning the stomach may be washed out by
diluted alcohol, which should be completely removed by
washing with water. If left in the stomach the alcohol may
favor the absorption of phenol.
Phenol Liquefactum. Liquefied Phenol, U. S. P.
A liquid composed of not less than 86.4 per cent., by
weight, of C 6 H 5 OH. and about 13 per cent., by weight, of
water.
PROPERTIES : Liquefied phenol is a colorless liquid which may
develop a slight reddish tint on keeping, having a characteristic,
somewhat aromatic odor and the general chemical and physical
characteristics of phenol.
DOSAGE; 0.05 c.c. or 1 minim.
Phenolphthalein. Phenolphthalein, N. N. R.
A product of the interaction of phenol and phthalic
auhydrid.
PROPERTIES : Phenolphthalein occurs as white, or grayish-
white crystals or as an amorphous powder ; slightly soluble in
water and freely soluble in alcohol. Its solutions in acid liquids
are colorless, but turn led when the liquid is made alkaline.
ACTION AND USES: Phenolphthalein acts as a purgative,
but appears to possess no further physiologic action, except
that it may cause some irritation of the rectum and lower
bowel.
DOSAGE: The dosage must vary according to its effect,
from 0.05 gm. to 0.5 gm., or from 1 to 8 grains. A case of
mild poisoning is reported from taking 1 gm. (15 grains).
Phenylis Salicylas. Phenyl Salicylate. U. S. P. (Salol, Pharm.
1890).
The salicylic ester of phenyl.
PROPERTIES : Phenylsalicylate occurs as a white crystalline
powder, having a faint aromatic odor and a slight but charac-
teristic taste. It is very slightly soluble in water (1 :2.333) and
freely soluble in alcohol (1:5).
USEFUL DRUGS lOo
ACTION AND USES: Phenyl salicylate is slightly anti-
septic, but its antiseptic action is greatly increased when it
is decomposed into its constituents, phenol and salicylic
acid. It has very slight action in the mouth or stomach,
but in the intestines it is decomposed into its constituents
by the action of the fat-splitting ferment of the pancreas.
After absorption, it produces the effect of salicylates, but
if larger doses are given the phenyl may produce toxic
effects. The urine is colored dark by the phenol excreted
by the kidneys. If salol is to be used for its constitutional
effects as a salicylate, it should always be remembered that
about 40 per cent, of it consists of phenol.
Phenyl salicylate is commonly used as an intestinal anti-
septic. It is regarded by many as the best available drug
for this purpose, but it is the opinion of many physicians
that little benefit is to be secured by the use of intestinal
antiseptics. It is impossible in practice to check all putre-
faction iu the intestines, but the use of phenyl salicylate
has been shown to lessen the products of putrefaction
excreted in the urine.
Phenyl salicylate is used in diarrhea, enteritis and in the
diseases believed to be due to intoxication by the products
of intestinal putrefaction.
Salol is used in pharmacy for the purpose of coating
enteric pills. It must be remembered that the coating of
pills of moderate size entails the administration of a con-
siderable dose of salol.
DOSAGE: From 0.2 to 5 *>m., or from 3 to 8 grains.
It is preferably administered in the form of powder and
may be inclosed dry in capsules or cachets. Pills and com-
pressed tablets are objectionable, because of the tendency
of the substance to fuse into a hard insoluble mass.
Phosphorus. Phosphorus, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Phosphorus is a translucent, nearly colorless
solid, of a waxy luster, having, at ordinary temperatures, about
the consistency of beeswax. It has a distinctive and disagree-
able odor and taste and should not be exposed to air. It is
practically insoluble in water but slightly soluble in absolute
alcohol (1:350). It takes fire readily when exposed to the air.
Great care should be used in handling elementary phosphorus.
It should be carefully kept under water in a moderately cool
place. It should be cut, or otherwise divided, under water. It
may be secured in the form of small particles by cautiously
melting under water and shaking until cool.
ACTION AND USES: In small quantities phosphorus stimu-
lates the growth of bone and has been asserted to have a
stimulating action on the nervous tissues; the latter action,
however, is doubtful. Somewhat larger doses produce a
fatty degeneration of the various organs which is followed
by a proliferation of the connective tissue.
Minute doses increase the number of red blood-cells, but
do not increase the amount of hemoglobin. In larger doses
phosphorus is an irritant poison, causing nausea, vomiting
and sometimes diarrhea. If absorbed, the poison produces
a wide-spread, fatty degeneration of the organs, but fre-
106 IjSEFUL DRUGS
quently there are no symptoms for several days. This
period may be followed by vomiting of blood, drowsiness,
enlarged and painful liver and scanty urine. There are
usually, in the latter stages, severe nervous symptoms,
consisting of delirium, somnolence, coma and occasionally
convulsions. In workers in phosphorus, chronic poisoning
is shown by a necrosis of the lower jaw. It is believed
that this necrosis is due to infection through carious teeth,
which is favored by previous changes in the bone due to
phosphorus.
Phosphorus was formerly used as a tonic or stimulant
to the nervous system, but there is no evidence that it is of
service in this way. Its use is gradually being abandoned.
Its action on the blood is not regarded as justifying its use
in anemia. The principal use of phosphorus is to further
the deposition of calcium in growing bone, or in bones
undergoing repair. For this purpose it may be given in
rickets.
DOSAGE: 0.5 mg. or 1/125 grain. It may be administered
either in the form of pills or as phosphorated oil (1:100).
Physostigma. Physostigma, U. S. P. (Calabar bean).
The ripe seed of Physostigma venenosum. Used commonly
in the form of salts of its principal alkaloid, physostigmin
(eserin).
ACTION AXD USES: Physostigma stimulates the periph-
eral endings of the autonomous nerves and probably acts on
the musculature to enhance its response to normal stimula-
tion. It also depresses the action of the spinal cord. It
greatly increases intestinal peristalsis. It slows the pulse
and after large doses increases the blood-pressure. It pro-
duces contraction of the pupil by local action. When instilled
into one eye it causes contraction of the pupil on that side
and not on the other.
Physostigma is used for its depressing action on the
spinal cord in tetanus, strychnin poisoning and other forms
of convulsions. It should be used as an adjuvant to more
powerful measures and not relied on as the sole remedy.
Physostigma is used to stimulate peristalsis in the para-
lytic form of colic and some cases of chronic constipation.
It may be employed to overcome acute obstipation, provided
there is no inflammation and no mechanical obstruction.
Physostigmin is used in treatment of eye diseases for the
purpose of contracting the pupil and also to reduce intra-
ocular tension. For the latter purpose it is serviceable in
glaucoma. It is a useful remedy in peripheral ulcer of the
cornea. It may be employed to hasten recovery from the
effect of mydriatics, such as homatropin.
Physostigminae Salicylas. Physostigmine Salicylate, U. S. P.,
Eserin Salicylate.
PROPERTIES : Physostigmin salicylate occurs as colorless or
faintly yellowish crystals, odorless and having a slightly bitter
taste. It is soluble in water and in alcohol.
USEFUL DRUGS 107
DOSAGE: 1 ing. or 1/60 grain.
It is used in the eye in solution of the strength of from
0.1 to 1 per cent. To avoid the irritation that it some-
times causes, it is preferable to give it in oily solution, or
in conjunction with cocain. The following mixture may be
used :
:m. or c.c.
Cocainae hydrochlor
Physostigminae sulph
02 gr.
01 gr.
00 3
Aquae dest 10
For hastening recovery from a miotic a drop of 0.1 per
cent, solution in castor oil may be employed.
Physostigminae Sulphas. Physostigmine Sulphate, U. S. P.,
Eserin Sulphate.
PROPERTIES : This salt is rather more freely soluble than the
salicylate, but is also readily decomposed by exposure to light
and air.
DOSAGE: 1 mg. or 1/60 grain.
Pilocarpus. Pilocarpus, U. S. P., Jaborandi.
The leaflets of Pilocarpus Jaborandi or of Pilocarpus
Microphyllus.
Used chiefly in the form of a salt of its principal alkaloid,
pilocarpin.
ACTION AND USES : Pilocarpin stimulates the oculomotor
and other autonomous nerves. It produces excessive secretion
of the salivary glands and also of the sweat glands. It
stimulates the unstriated muscles of the body generally and
the motor system of the intestines, and causes a partial
spasm of the bronchial muscles. It causes a marked slowing
of the pulse and a fall of blood-pressure due to the lessened
rate of the heart, but the vagus stimulation is soon followed
by depression with an accelerated pulse-rate.
It contracts the pupil and causes spasm of the muscles of
accommodation by a peripheral action.
Pilocarpus is administered internally chiefly for its diaph-
oretic effect. In this action it is serviceable in certain
diseases of the skin. Under its continuous use there may be
a stimulation of the growth of hair in favorable cases. In
doses just short of producing free diaphoresis it is sometimes
of great benefit to relieve itching in generalized, acute
eczema, urticaria, pruritus, etc.
In diseases of the eye such as glaucoma, corneal ulcer, etc.,
pilocarpin is employed as a weak miotic.
Pilocarpinae Hydrochloridum. Pilocarpine Hydrochloride,
U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Pilocarpin hydrochlorid occurs as colorless or
white transparent crystals, odorless and having a faintly bitter
taste. It is very soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol.
DOSAGE: From 0.001 to 0.01 gm. or from 1/60 to 1/6
grain.
108 USEFUL DRUGS
Pilocarpinae Nitras. Pilocarpine Nitrate, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : This salt is less soluble in both water and alcohol
than is the hydrochloric! and has no evident advantages over that
salt.
DOSAGE: 0.01 gm. or 1/5 grain. Smaller doses of 1 mg.
or 1/60 grain are frequently preferable.
Pilulae. Pills.
Pills are globular, oval or flattened bodies, of such size
and consistency that they can be swallowed whole.
For the preparations included in this list see:
Pilula Ferri Carbonatis, under Ferri Carbonas.
Fix Liquida. Tar, U. S. P.
A product obtained by the destructive distillation of the
wood of PinuS palustris.
PROPERTIES : Tar occurs as a semiliquid, viscid, blackish-brown
product having an empyreumatic odor and a sharp and empyreu-
matic taste. Tar is miscible with alcohol and fixed or volatile-
oils but is only partially soluble in water.
ACTION AND USES: Tar is a mild irritant to the skin,
and when taken internally stimulates the bronchial mucous
membrane. It is employed in the form of syrup as a remedy
for subacute bronchitis.
Externally it is employed as a mild stimulant application
to the skin. It should be used as the first remedy in
changing the treatment from sedative to stimulating appli-
cations. It is very useful as an antipruritic for the' relief
of itching in pruritis, eczema, etc.
DOSAGE: In beginning treatment with tar a dilute prep-
aration should be used. The strength should be from 2 to
4 per cent., which may be tentatively increased. As an
antipruritic in acute inflammatory conditions a strength of
from 2 to 4 per cent, may be all that can well be used. In
chronic cases it is used in the strength of from 6 to 20
per cent., and sometimes the pure tar is applied. For use
as an antiseptic in skin affections the following formula
may be used:
B Picis liquidae 2 3 ]j
Porassii hydroxidi 1 3 j
Aquae 8 f-5 j
This must be diluted for use.
Unguentum Picis Liquidae. Tar Ointment, U. S. P.
A mixture of tar (50 gm.) with yellow wax and lard
sufficient to make 100 gm.
This should be diluted from 10 to 20 times before applica-
tion. In chronic conditions, scaly eruptions, psoriasis and
ringworm it may be applied in full strength.
Plumbi Acetas. Lead Acetate, U. S. P., Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 . 3H 2
(Sugar of Lead).
USEFUL DRUGS 100
PROPERTIES : Lead acetate occurs as colorless or heavy white
crystalline masses or granular crystals, having a faintly acetous
odor and a sweetish, astringent, afterward metallic taste. It
is freely soluble in water (1:2) and soluble in alcohol (1:30).
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Solutions of lead salts are incompati-
ble with carbonates, hydroxids, iodids, chlorids and sulphates.
ACTION AND USES: The chief internal use of lead acetate
is as an astringent in diarrhea. It is rarely used for this
purpose for fear of lead poisoning. It may be combined
with opium in the form of a lead and opium pill.
DOSAGE: 0.065 gm. or 1 grain.
Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. Solution of Lead Subacetate,
U. S. P.
An aqueous liquid which contains in solution not less than
25 per cent, of lead subacetate, made by boiling a mixture
of lead acetate, lead oxid and distilled water for half an hour.
PROPERTIES : Solution of lead subacetate occurs as a clear,
colorless liquid, odorless, having a sweetish, astringent taste and
an alkaline reaction.
DOSAGE: This preparation should be diluted from fifteen
to thirty times before application. It is employed as an
astringent and antipruritic in inflammatory conditions of
the skin and as an application to sprains and bruises. It
should not be applied to denuded surfaces and should be
used with caution on the face.
Podophyllum. Podophyllum, U. S. P.
The dried rhizome of Podophyllum peltatum. Used in
medicine chiefly in the form of:
Resina Podophylli. Resin of Podophyllum, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : This preparation, popularly known as podophyllin.
occurs as an amorphous powder, varying in color from grayish-
white to pale greenish-yellow, turning darker when subjected to
heat exceeding 35 C., or when exposed to light.
ACTION AND USES : Resin of podophyllum is very irritat-
ing to the mucous membrane, especially to that of the eyes.
It has a slight, peculiar odor and a faintly bitter taste. It
is very soluble in alcohol, but practically insoluble in water.
It is used as a laxative and hydragogue cathartic, chiefly in
the form of pills. It was formerly thought to exercise a
special influence on the liver, but this idea has been aban-
doned. It is chiefly used in small doses for the treatment of
chronic constipation.
DOSAGE: As a laxative in constipation small doses
should be used, from 0.003 to 0.006 gm. or from 1/20 to 1/10
grain, once or twice daily. For a cathartic effect it may be
given in doses of from 0.008 to 0.03 or from % to y 2 grain.
Potassii Acetas. Potassium Acetate, U. S. P., KC 2 H 3 2 .
PROPERTIES : Potassium acetate occurs as a white powder or
in crystalline masses, odorless, and having a saline taste ; it is
deliquescent on exposure to air. It is very soluble in water
(1 :0.4), and is freely soluble in alcohol.
110 USEFUL DRUGS
ACTION AND USES: Potassium acetate is oxidized in the
organism to potassium carbonate or bicarbonate. This tends
to make the blood alkaline, and the salts excreted by
the kidney render the urine less acid and, after large doses.
alkaline. It is a marked diuretic, increasing the amount of
urine and the solids of the urine without irritation of the
kidney; consequently it is preferable to other diuretics in
the treatment of nephritis.
An alkaline reaction favors oxidation ; hence the potassium
salts which yield the carbonate on oxidation increase the
processes of metabolism. An increase in alkalinity is also
believed to favor the production of immunity in infections,
and potassium acetate and other salts of potassium which
increase the alkalinity of the urine, are useful in infections,
especially such as pneumonia and rheumatism. Whenever
it is desirable to make the urine neutral or alkaline, potas-
sium acetate affords a convenient means of obtaining the
desired result. It is useful as a diuretic in acute nephritis.
Potassium salts are poisonous in excessive doses, but not
enough can be administered by mouth to cause toxic effects.
DOSAGE: 2 gm. or 30 grains once in three hours, for a
time.
The effect obtained can be determined by examining the
reaction of the urine and regulating the dosage accordingly.
Potassii Bicarbonas. Potassium Bicarbonate, U. S. P., KHC0 3 .
PROPERTIES : Potassium bicarbonate occurs as colorless, trans-
parent crystals, odorless, having a saline and slightly alkaline
taste ; it is permanent in the air. It is freely soluble in water
(1:3), but is practically insoluble in alcohol.
IN COMPATIBILITIES : It is incompatible with acids.
ACTION AND USES: Potassium bicarbonate is sometimes
used to neutralize the acidity of the stomach, but sodium
bicarbonate is usually preferred. It may be employed for
the extemporaneous preparations of potassium acetate or
potassium citrate. If a solution of acetic or citric acid or
lemon juice is neutralized with potassium bicarbonate, an
equivalent dose of potassium acetate or citrate is formed.
Potassium bicarbonate, even when neutralized in the
stomach has a tendency to render the blood alkaline and
to lessen the acid of the urine. It may be given to secure
the same alkaline effects for which the acetates or citrates
are usually employed.
Externally, potassium bicarbonate may be employed for
its alkaline effects, for the purpose of softening the
epidermis.
DOSAGE: 2 gm. or 30 grains.
Potassii Bitartras. Potassium Bitartrate, U. S. P., KHC 4 H 4 8 .
PROPERTIES : Potassium bitartrate occurs as a colorless or
slightly opaque or white, somewhat gritty, powder, odorless and
having a pleasant acidulous taste. It is slightly soluble in water
(1 :200) and nearly insoluble in alcohol.
USEFUL DRUGS 111
ACTION AND USES : Potassium bitartrate is diuretic and
aperient. It is used chiefly in combination with jalap as a
hydragogue cathartic. See Pulvis Jalapae Compositus under
Jalap.
DOSAGE: 2 gm. or 30 grains. Preferably administered in
the form of a powder or as a "shake" mixture.
Potassii Bromidum. Potassium Bromide. U. S. P.. KBr.
*
PROPERTIES : Potassium bromid occurs as colorless or white
cubical crystals or granular powder, odorless and having- a very
strongly saline taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:1% parts),
but only slightly soluble in alcohol (1:180 parts).
INCOMPATIBILITIES.- It is incompatible with mineral acids
or oxidizing agents and with salts of silver or lead.
ACTION AND USES: Potassium bromid is a nerve sedative.
It diminishes reflex excitability and depresses the motor
area of the cortex. In large doses it is depressant to the
circulation. When continued long it disturbs the nutrition
and may produce an irritation of the skin similar to that
produced by the use of iodin.
Potassium bromid is used to relieve convulsions, either of
cerebral or of spinal origin. For this reason it is given in
epilepsy. Large doses are also given to relieve the spasms
of tetanus.
Potassium bromid is also useful to quiet nervous excit-
ability in neurasthenia and hysteria. It may be given as an
adjunct to hypnotics, such as chloral. It is said to be of
value for the prevention of seasickness.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains, preferably administered by
itself in simple dilute solution.
The dose of potassium bromid may be increased to 5 gm.
or more if a powerful action is indicated. When the remedy
is long continued it should be interrupted occasionally in
order that no accumulation in the system may occur.
Potassii Carbonas. Potassium Carbonate, U. S. P., K 2 C0 3 .
PROPERTIES : Potassium carbonate occurs as a white, granular
powder, odorless and having a strongly alkaline taste. It is very
soluble in water (1:0.9), but practically insoluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES : Potassium carbonate is antacid, but
because of its strongly alkaline and caustic properties is
rarely used internally unless largely diluted.
Potassii Chloras. Potassium Chlorate, U. S. P., KC10 S .
PROPERTIES : Potassium chlorate is explosive when mixed with
oxidizable matter, and caution should be observed in manipula- L,-
ing it. It occurs as colorless crystals or a white granular pow-
der, odorless and having a cooling and characteristic taste. It
is soluble in water (1 :16), but nearly insoluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Potassium chlorate is astringent.
Large doses are actively poisonous, causing disintegration
of the blood-corpuscles. Potassium chlorate is much used
as a mouth wash in various forms of stomatitis. It is also
112 USEFUL DRUGS
employed as a gargle in the treatment of pharyngitis. Its
value in these conditions, however, is uncertain. Its internal
use is not to be recommended.
DOSAGE: A saturated solution may be used as a mouth
wash or gargle.
Potassii Citras. Potassium Citrate, U. S. P., K 3 C 6 H 7 -H,0.
PROPERTIES : Potassium citrate occurs as transparent, pris-
matic crystals or a white granular powder, odorless, and having
a cooling, saline taste. It is very soluble in water (1:0.5), but
very slightly soluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Potassium citrate has the same action
as potassium acetate. It is less readily absorbed and con-
sequently, in large doses, is more laxative.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains.
Potassii Citras Effervescens. Effervescent Potassium Citrate.
U. S. P.
A mixture of potassium citrate (20 per cent.) with
sodium bicarbonate, tartaric acid and citric acid.
DOSAGE: 4 gm. or 60 grains.
Potassii et Sodii Tartras. Potassium and Sodium Tartrate,
I". S. P., KXaC 4 H 4 O c .4H,O.
Popularly known as Rochelle Salt.
PROPERTIES : Potassium and sodium tartrate occurs as color-
less, transparent crystals or white powder, odorless and having
a cooling saline taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:1.2), but
practically insoluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Potassium and sodium tartrate is
used as a saline cathartic.
DOSAGE: 8 gm. or 120 grains.
Pulvis Effervescens Compositus. Compound Effervescing
Powder, U. S. P.
Popularly known as Seidlitz powder. A mixture of sodium
bicarbonate (31 gm.). potassium and sodium tartrate (93
gm.) and tartaric acid (27 gm.).
The sodium bicarbonate is mixed with the potassium and
sodium tartrate and the mixture divided into twelve equal
parts and each part is wrapped separately in a blue paper.
Each blue paper contains 7% gm. of potassium and sodium
tartrate. The tartaric acid is also divided into twelve parts
and each part wrapped in a separate white paper.
DOSAGE: One set of two papers.
Potassii Hydroxidum. Potassium Hydroxide, U. S. P., KOH.
PROPERTIES : Potassium hydroxid should contain not less than
85 per cent, of KOH. It occurs as dry, white or nearly white
flakes, fused masses, or in pencils, hard and brittle, showing
a crystalline fracture, odorless and having a very acrid and
caustic taste. It rapidly destroys organic tissues and great
caution is necessary in handling. It is very soluble in watej-
and freely soluble in alcohol.
USEFUL DRUGS 113
Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi. Solution of Potassium Hydrox-
ide, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. contain approximately 5 gm. of potassium
hydroxid.
ACTION AND USES: Solution of potassium hydroxid is
antacid, but is seldom used internally, and when so employed
should be largely diluted. Its action on the urine is similar
to that of potassium carbonate, acetate or citrate. It is
not regarded as so good a remedy as these.
Externally it may be used to soften the epidermis for the
removal of warts, corns, etc.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims.
Potassii lodidum. Potassium Iodide, U. S. P., KI.
PROPERTIES : Potassium iodid occurs as colorless or opaqua
white, cubical crystals, or granulated powder, having a peculiar.
faint, iodin-like odor, and a pungent, saline, afterward bitter
taste. It is very soluble in water (1:0.1) and soluble in alcohol
(1:12).
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Potassium iodid is incompatible with
mineral acids and oxidizing agents and should not be pre-
scribed in solution with alkaloids or alkaloid-containing
drugs.
ACTION AND USES: Potassium iodid is slightly irritating
to the gastro-intestinal canal, especially the stomach. After
absorption ordinary doses produce no symptoms. It prob-
ably undergoes some decomposition with the liberation of
iodin. In large or moderate doses, long continued, it fre-
quently produces symptoms of iodism. These are due to
irritation of the nasal passages, the bronchi and the skin.
The irritation of the nose is shown by coryza, and by pain
in the region of the frontal sinus.
There is considerable increase of the bronchial secretions.
On the skin it produces various eruptions, generally of a
papular character, which rarely become pustular. Eruption
and inflammation of the skin may sometimes be so extensive
as to produce constitutional depression.
In iodism there are often symptoms resembling those of
exophthalmic goiter tachycardia, tremor, nervous irritabil-
ity, etc.
Potassium iodid is regarded as an alterative. It is used
as an expectorant to increase secretion in the bronchi. It is
of value in subacute and chronic bronchitis. The most
remarkable action of iodids is the absorption of gummatous
extidates in tertiary syphilis. The iodid does not destroy
the spirochetes, but possibly causes the formation of a pro-
teolytic ferment that has a selective action on the round cells
composing the gumma. By promoting the absorption of
cellular exudates in the walls of the blood-vessels, it exerts
a beneficial influence in many cases of arteriosclerosis. There
is evidence that the forms of arterial disease which are
improved by iodids are of syphilitic origin. A similar absorp-
tive action, almost specific, is seen after administration of
114 USEFUL DRUGS
large doses of iodids in the granulomatous lesions of actino-
mycosis, sporotrichosis and blastomycosis.
Potassium iodid is used to promote the elimination of
poisons, especially the poisonous metals such as mercury
and lad.
DOSAGE: The dosage varies in non-syphilitic cases from
0.3 to 2 gm. or from 5 to 30 grains, but in cases of syphilis,
especially in the tertiary form, much larger doses up to 5
gm. and more may be necessary. It is often advisable to
begin with 5 drops of a saturated solution three times a day
after meals and increase by 1 drop per day added to each
dose. It should not be given on an empty stomach, but with
some food, preferably liquid, such as milk. On the occur-
rence of symptoms of iodism, such as coryza, papular or
pustular eruptions, rapid pulse, etc., the remedy should be
discontinued and resumed in smaller doses after the dis-
appearance of toxic symptoms.
Potassii Permanganas. Potassium Permanganate, U. S. P.,
KMnO 4 .
PROPERTIES : Potassium permanganate occurs as slender prisms,
of a dark purple color, almost opaque by transmitted light and of
a blue metallic luster by reflected light, odorless and having a
taste which Is at first sweet but afterward disagreeable and
astringent. It is soluble in water (1 : 15) and decomposes when
brought into contact with alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Potassium permanganate is deodorant,
disinfectant and possibly emmenagogue. As an emmena-
gogue, potassium permanganate may be given in doses of
from 0.03 to 0.06 gm. (from % to 1 grain) three times a day.
It has marked oxidizing properties and is used for this
purpose in the treatment of certain forms of poisoning when
the poison is still in the stomach. In morphin poisoning
the stomach should be washed with a solution of potassium
permanganate (1:2,000). The same treatment is useful in
phosphorus poisoning. In cases of snake bite it may be given
by hypodermic injections of a solution (1:500) in the vicin-
ity of the wound.
Potassium permanganate has been used to disinfect the
hands in surgery. The hand is dipped into the disinfectant
solution until it is a mahogany brown, and then dipped
into a warm saturated solution of oxalic acid and rinsed in
sterile water.
It is applied externally for excessive sweating of the feet.
DOSAGE: It is usually administered in the form of pills,
being mixed with kaolin and massed with petrolatum. For
application to the skin a solution of 1:500 may be used.
Protargol. Protargol, N. N. R., Silver Proteinate.
This is a compound of albumin and silver containing 8.3
per cent, of silver in organic combination.
PROPERTIES : Protargol occurs as a light brown powder which
is slowly but freely soluble in water (1:2). Protargol should be
USEFUL DRUGS llf>
protected from the light and its solutions should be made ns
required. It is precipitated by cocain hydrochlorid, but this may
be prevented by the addition of boric acid.
ACTION AND USES : Protargol is a non-irritant bactericide
and antiseptic. It may be employed in chronic gonorrhea as
a non-irritant substitute for silver nitrate, and in diseases
of the mucous membranes of the eye, ear, nose and throat
as an antiseptic and astringent. It is largely used in the
treatment of conjunctivitis.
DOSAGE: It is used chiefly in the form of from 0.25 to
1 per cent, solution for instillations or injections and 1 : 1,000
to 1:2,000 solution as irrigations. Also used in the form
of tampons and bougies. Solutions are preferably made by
sprinkling the protargol over the surface of the required
amount of cold water and setting aside until solution occurs.
Primus Virginiana. Wild Cherry, U. S. P.
The bark of Prunus serotina, used in medicine principally
in the form of:
Syrupus Pruni Virginianae. Syrup of Wild Cherry, U. S. P.
Representing an aqueous extract of 15 per cent, of wild
cherry bark.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: As it contains tannins it is incom-
patible with salts of iron.
ACTION AND USES: Syrup of wild cherry is tonic and
sedative and largely used as a vehicle for cough medicines.
DOSAGE: 5 c.c. or 1 fluidram.
PULVERES POWDERS
Pharmaceutically, powders are combinations of several
substances in powdered form or powdered vegetable drugs.
The term "powders" is also applied to single dose quantities
of a drug or mixture of drugs in powdered form wrapped
separately in "powder papers."
For the preparations included in this list see :
Pulvis Effervescens Compositus, under Potassii et Sodii
Tartras.
Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus, under Glycyrrhiza.
Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii, under Opium. ,
Pulvis Jalapae Compositus, under Jalapa.
Pulvis Opii, under Opium.
Quinina. Quinine, U. S. P.
An alkaloid obtained from the bark of various species of
Cinchona.
PROPERTIES : Quinin occurs as white, flaky or microcrystalline
powder, odorless and having a bitter taste. It is very slightly
soluble in water (1 :1,750), but very soluble in alcohol (1 :0.6).
ACTION AND USES: Quinin is antimalarial, antipyretic,
ecbolic and is also used as a bitter tonic. Quinin is a
protoplasmic poison, especially affecting the protozoa more
116 I'SKFUL DRUGS
than bacteria. It is somewhat irritant to the stomach and
intestines and when absorbed it causes ringing in the ears,
but in moderate doses produces no other marked effects in
healthy persons. In patients with fever it is antipyretic.
Its solutions produce local anesthesia, especially the solution
of quinin and urea hydrochloric!. In large doses it produces
depression of the heart and respiration, and collapse. In
toxic doses quinin may produce " more or less complete
hemianopia terminating in permanent loss of sight. Moder-
ately large doses of quinin act as a stimulant to the uterine
muscles, but do not produce such spasmodic contractions as
ergot.
Quinin may be used as a tonic, like the simple bitters, for
the improvement of digestion and nutrition.
Its chief use is as an antiperiodic in malaria. In this
disease it should be given in large doses several hours before
the time of the expected chill.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains. In malaria 0.6 gm. or
10 grains may be given at a dose. For ordinary use it is
preferably administered in the form of capsules. For use
as a bitter tonic it is given in solution. For its use as a
local anesthetic see quinin and urea hydrochlorid. In medi-
cine quinin is customarily used in the form of one of the
official or unofficial salts.
The intensely bitter taste of quinin and its soluble salts,
which constitutes the greatest objection to its use, especially
with children, may be masked by administering the alkaloid
or the insoluble tannate in syrup of glycyrrhiza or syrup
of yerba santa.
Quininae Bisulphas. Quinine Bisulphate, U. S. P.
The acid sulphate of the alkaloid quinin.
PROPERTIES : Quinin bisulphate occurs in colorless, transpar-
ent crystals or as small whitish needles, odorless and having a
very bitter taste. It is freely soluble in water (1 : 8.5) and solu-
ble in alcohol (1 :18).
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains.
Quininae Hydrochloridum. Quinine Hydrochloride, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Quinin hydrochlorid occurs as white, silky, glis-
tening needles, odorless and having a very bitter taste.' It is
soluble in water (1 :18) and very soluble in alcohol (1 :0.6).
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains.
Quininae Sulphas. Quinine Sulphate, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Quinin sulphate occurs as white, glistening crys-
tals of prismatic needles, odorless and having a very bitter taste.
It is only slightly soluble in water (1:720). but soluble in
alcohol (1 :86).
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains.
Quininae Tannas. Quinine Tannate, N. N. R.
The tannate of the alkaloid quinin. containing from 30
to 35 per cent, of quinin.
USEFUL DRUGS 117
PROPERTIES : Quinin tannate occurs as an amorphous, pale
lemon-yellow, odorless powder without taste, or at most slightly
bitter, with scarcely an astringency. It is only slightly soluble
in water, but freely soluble in alcohol (1:3).
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7% grains.
Quininae et Ureae Hydrochloridum. Quinine and Urea
Hydrochlorid, N. N. R.
The compound of quinin hydrochlorid and urea hydro-
chlorid, containing approximately 60 per cent, of anhydrous
quinin.
PROPERTIES : Quiniu and urea hydrochlorid occurs as white.
interlaced prismatic crystals, odorless and having a very bitter
taste. It is freely soluble in water (1 :1).
ACTIONS AND USES : Quinin and urea hydrochlorid has
the actions of quinin. It is non -irritating when injected
hypodermically. Recent investigations have shown that
when injected hypodermically or when applied locally to
mucous membranes, it exerts an anesthetic action similar
to that of cocain. It is reported that the anesthesia is in
some cases prolonged for several days.
Quinin and urea hydrochlorid is especially useful in the
treatment of malaria by hypodermic injections. It has also
been applied as a substitute for cocain in the production of
local anesthesia.
DOSAGE: The same as quinin. For the production of local
anesthesia, injection of a solution of from 0.25 to 1 per cent,
strength is said to be free from the risk of producing fibrous
indurations, which sometimes occur with the stronger solu-
tion. For application to mucous membranes solutions vary-
ing in strength from 10 to 20 per cent, should be used.
Resina . Rosin, U. S. P.
The residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from
' turpentine.
PROPERTIES : Rosin occurs in sharp, angular fragments, amber-
colored, usually covered with a yellowish dust and at ordinary
temperatures readily pulverized. It is practically insoluble in
water, but soluble in alcohol, ether and the fixed or volatile oils.
ACTION AND USES: Rosin is used as an ingredient of oint-
ments and plasters designed to serve chiefly as stimulating
applications to the skin, the simple rosin plaster being used
as an adhesive plaster in minor surgery.
RESINAE RESINS
Resins are usually made by distilling the volatile oil from
natural oleoresins or by precipitating resins from alcoholic-
solutions by the addition of water.
For preparations included in this list see.
Resina, under Resina.
Resina Podophylli, under Podophyllum.
Resorcinol. Resorcinol, U. S. P. (Resorcimirn, Pharmacopeia.
1890).
118 LSEFUL DRUGS
The diatomic phenol, metadihydroxybenzene, C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 .
PROPERTIES : Resorcinol occurs as colorless, needle-shaped crys-
tals, having a faint, peculiar odor and a sweetish, followed hy a
bitter taste. It is very soluble in water (1:0.5) and in alcohol
(1:0.4).
ACTION AND USES: Resorcinol is antiseptic, antizymotic
and antipyretic. On account of the readiness with which it
causes the formation of methemoglobin and the resulting
danger of collapse it is seldom administered internally.
It is sometimes given to check fermentation in the stomach.
Applied externally it is astringent in from 1 to 3 per cent,
solutions, and keratolytic in strong proportions, from 10
to 20 per cent.
DOSAGE: 0.125 gin. or 2 grains.
Rhamnus Purshiana. Cascara Sagrada, U. S. P.
The dried bark of Rhamnus Purshiana.
ACTION AND USES: The preparations of cascara sagrada
are laxative, acting mainly on the colon, and are widely used
for habitual constipation. The dose can be gradually reduced
without constipation following.
Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshianae. Fluidextract of Cascara
Sagrada, U. S. P. t
One hundred c.c. represent 100 gm. of the drug in approxi-
mately 40 per cent, alcohol. The presence of a bitter prin-
ciple renders this preparation useful as a tonic as well as a
laxative.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims, three times daily; smaller
doses should be used if efficient for laxative effect.
Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshianae Aromaticum. Aromatic
Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 100 gm. of the drug, which has
been deprived of its bitter principle and aromatized with
glycyrrhiza and compound spirit of orange. This preparation
is preferred as a laxative on account of its pleasant taste.
DOSAGE: From 0.6 to 2 c.c. or from 10 to 30 minims. The
smaller dose may be given several times a day, the larger
once daily at bedtime.
Extractum Rhamni Purshianae. Extract of Cascara Sagrada.
U. S. P.
A powdered extract representing four times its weight of
the drug.
DOSAGE: From 0.1 to 0.5 gm. or from 2 to 8 grains.
Rheum. Rhubarb, U. S. P.
The dried rhizome of Rheum officinale is occasionally
administered either in the form of powder or in the form of
"cubes" or "fingers."
USEFUL DRUGS 119
ACTION AND USES: Rhubarb and the extract are cathar-
tics, bitter tonics and stomachics, while the aromatic tincture
and the aromatic syrup are laxative and to a slight extent
astringent. As cathartics they act chiefly on the colon and
have a tendency to produce constipation after the initial
laxative effect. Hence they are an appropriate remedy in
the beginning of diarrhea as they cause the expulsion of
irritating substances and promote a return to normal by
their constipating influence.
DOSAGE: 1 gm, or 15 grains.
Extractum Rhei. Extract of Rhubarb, U. S. P.
A hydro-alcoholic extract of rhubarb evaporated to a
pilular consistency.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains.
Tinctura Rhei Aromatica. Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb.
U. S. P.
Aromatic tincture of rhubarb represents rhubarb (20 gm.),
cinnamon (4 gm. ), cloves (4 gm.) and myristica (2 gm. ), in
a mixture of glycerol, alcohol and water to make 100 c.c.
DOSAGE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims.
Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus. Aromatic syrup of Rhubarb,
U. S. P.
For all practical purposes this represents aromatic tincture
of rhubarb (15 c.c.) with sufficient syrup to make 100 c.c.
DOSAGE: 8 c.c. or 2 fluidrams.
Ricini Oleum (Oleum Ricini). Castor Oil, U. S. P.
A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Ricinus communis.
PROPERTIES : Castor oil occurs as a pale yellowish or almost
colorless viscid liquid, having a faint, mild odor and a bland
afterward slightly acrid and generally offensive taste. It is
practically insoluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Castor oil is used as a cathartic, irri-
tating both the small and the large intestine, and locally,
particularly in the eye, as a demulcent.
DOSAGE: 16 c.c. or 4 fluidrams.
Castor oil may be administered in the form of emulsion.
Emulsum Olei Ricini, N. F., a 33% per cent, emulsion, or it
may be given after wetting the mouth with some hot liquid
and giving the oil floating in the liquid. For this purpose
milk or tea may be used. Preparations are on the market
in which the taste is largely concealed by the addition of
saccharin and essential oils, the castor oil itself being made
more limpid by the addition of alcohol. Suspended in soda
water it is easily given to children.
Rosa. Rose.
Rose is used in pharmacy chiefly in the form of:
120 USEFUL DRUGS
Oleum Rosae. Oil of Rose, U. S. P.
A volatile oil distilled from the fresh flowers of Rosa
damascena.
Aqua Rosae. Rose-Water, U. S. P. .
A solution of the volatile oil of rose in water.
ACTION AND USES: Oil of rose and rose-water are used
for flavoring.
Saccharum. Sugar, U. S. P.
Refined sucrose obtained from various sources.
Official in the form of white, dry, hard, distinctly crystal-
line granules, odorless and having a purely sweet taste.
Sugar is very soluble in water (1:0.5) and soluble in alcohol
(1:138).
ACTION AND USES: In medicine it is used as a diluent,
either as sugar or in the form of:
Syrupus. Syrup, U. S. P.
An aqueous solution of sugar containing approximately
85 gm. of sugar in 100 c.c. of the liquid.
Saccharum Lactis. Sugar of Milk, U. S. P., Milk-Sugar.
Lactose.
A peculiar crystalline sugar obtained from the whey of
cow's milk by evaporation, and purified by recrystallization.
PROPERTIES : Sugar of milk occurs as white, hard, crystalline
masses or a white powder feeling gritty on the tongue, odor-
less and having a faintly sweet taste. It is freely soluble in
water (1:5), but practically insoluble in absolute alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Sugar of milk is used as a diluent,
and also as a food, particularly in connection with modified
milk for infants. It is also diuretic when given in large
quantities.
SALES EFFERVESCENTES EFFERVESCENT SALTS
Effervescent salts are mixtures of soluble salts with
sodium bicarbonate and citric or tartaric acid, or a mixtur,
of the two acids, designed to yield effervescent drafts when
added to water.
For preparations included in this list see:
Magnesii Sulphas Effervescens. under Magnesii Sulphas.
Potassii Citras Effervescens, under Potassii Citras.
Pulvis Effervescens, under Potassii et Sodii Tartras.
Sodii Phosphas Effervescens, under Sodii Phosphas.
Salvarsan. Salvarsan, N. N. R.
Also known as arsenobenzol, "606", and arsenophenolamin
hydrochlorid, is 3-diamino-4-dihydroxyl-l-arseno benzene
hydrochlorid. Corresponds to 31.57 per cent, arsenic (As).
USEFUL DRUGS 121
PROPERTIES : Salvarsan occurs as a yellow, crystalline, hygro-
scopic powder, very unstable in air. It is soluble in water, yield-
ing a solution with an acid reaction.
ACTION AND USES: Salvarsan is useful as a specific remedy
for syphilis in all stages, but is the more efficient the more
recent the infection. It is especially indicated in the pri-
mary stage; in the later stages it should be given in
repeated doses, in conjunction with mercurial courses. In
malignant syphilis, which resists mercury, it is often effi-
cient.
Salvarsan is efficient in the various spirillar diseases such
as relapsing fever, Vincent's angina, etc. In Vincent's angina
local applications' of the powder have been found useful, in
addition to the intravenous administration. The drug
administered intravenously cannot reach the spirilla
embedded in the necrotic tissue of the throat.
It has been recommended as a substitute for arsenic in
anemia, particularly pernicious anemia, and in diseases of
the skin which are amenable to the action of arsenic. Its
use in these conditions must be regarded as still
experimental.
In certain cases salvarsan has produced toxic results which
are equivalent to poisoning by arsenic. These have occurred
more commonly after the intramuscular injections. The
intramuscular injection is painful and is usually followed
by a tender, inflammatory nodule, which persists for some
time.
After intravenous injections certain nervous symptoms
have frequently arisen which have received the name of neu-
rorecidiv (nervous relapse). The evidence seems to show that
these nervous conditions are due not to the action of salvar-
san but to the increased activity of the spirochetes. They
are best treated, therefore, by a specific remedy: another
dose of salvarsan or a compound of mercury.
The optic neuritis which is so frequently produced by
other preparations of arsenic has occurred very rarely in
connection with salvarsan. The drug should be employed
with great caution, however, if at all, in the presence of
eye disease even when caused by syphilis.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or ly* grains.
For subcutaneous and intramuscular injection a suspension
in a neutral fluid is commonly employed. For intravenous
injection a clear alkaline solution is used. The contents of
a tube should be used at once after opening and under no
"conditions should the contents of a tube, damaged in trans-
portation, or any remnants of the powder from previously
used tubes, be employed.
The intravenous method is now recognized as the most
suitable. Special care should be taken to see that the water
used in making the solutions is freshly distilled and com-
pletely sterile. Various forms of apparatus have been
122 USEFUL DRUGS
devised to facilitate intravenous injections. Of these, some
form of graduated gravity pipet connected with a tube fitted
with a three-way stop-cock seems most suitable.
Neosalvarsan is the name applied to a mixture of sodium
3-diamino-4-dihydroxy- 1-arsenobenzene-methanal - sulphox-
ylate with inert, inorganic salts. The arsenic content of 3
parts of neosalvarsan is approximately equal to 2 parts of
salvarsan. Solutions of neosalvarsan are more readily pre-
pared; otherwise its actions and uses, as well as the precau-
tions to be observed, are the same as for salvarsan.
Santali Oleum (Oleum Santali). Oil of Santal, U. S. P.
A volatile oil distilled from the wood of Santalum album.
PROPERTIES : Oil of santal occurs as a pale" yellow, somewhat
thick liquid, having a peculiar aromatic odor, and a pungent,
spicy taste. Readily soluble in alcohol, but practically insoluble
in water.
ACTION AND USES: Oil of santal is a stimulant and anti-
septic to the bronchial mucous membrane and especially to
the mucous membranes of the genito-urinary tract. It is
not employed in the treatment of respiratory diseases, but
is used extensively in the treatment of gonorrhea. It is
not suitable to the acute stages, but should be used in the
subacute and chronic stages.
DOSAGE: 0.5 c.c. or 8 minims.
Santoninum. Santonin, U. S. P.
The inner anhydrid or lactone of santonic acid obtained
from santonica.
PROPERTIES : Santonin occurs as colorless, rhombic prisms,
odorless and nearly tasteless when first put into the mouth, but
afterward develoning a bitter taste. It is very insoluble in
water (1:5,300), and soluble in alcohol (1:35).
ACTION AND USES: Santonin is used for its poisonous
action on intestinal parasites. It is seldom absorbed to a
sufficient extent to produce symptoms. When this occurs,
the chief effects are yellow vision and epileptiform con-
vulsions,
It is used especially for its effect on roundworms. In
proper doses it is a reasonably safe drug. It is frequently
administered with calomel.
DOSAGE: 0.065 gm. or 1 grain.
As absorption is to be avoided the remedy is preferably
administered in the form of coarse crystals, either inclosed
in a capsule or made up into a lozenge rather than in finely
powdered form. The soluble sodium santoninate should be
avoided as a vermifuge.
Sapo. Soap, U. S. P.
Officially directed to be prepared from sodium hydroxid
and olive-oil (Castile soap).
PROPERTIES : Soap occurs as a white or whitish solid, hard
yet easily cut when fresh, having a faint peculiar odor free from
USEFUL DRUGS 123
rancidity, a disagreeable alkaline taste and an alkaline reaction
It is soluble in water and in alcohol.
Linimentum Saponis. Soap Liniment, U. S. P.
A solution of soap, camphor and oil of rosemary in a
mixture of alcohol and water.
ACTION AND USES: Soap liniment applied externally is
stimulant and rubefacient, but is used more frequently as a
vehicle for the local application of other more active
counterirritants.
Sapo Mollis. Soft Soap, U. S. P.
A soap prepared from potassium hydroxid and linseed oil.
PROPERTIES : Soft soap occurs as a soft, unctuous, yellowish-
brown mass, having a characteristic odor and an alkaline taste.
ACTION AND USES: Soft soap is used principally as a
detergent; being soluble in alcohol, and in mixtures of alcohol
and water it is frequently used as a liquid soap. It has
also been used to some extent as a vehicle for other more
active medicaments to be applied in the form of an ointment.
Sarsaparilla. Sarsaparilla, U. S. *P.
The dried root of different species of smilax.
ACTION AND USES: Sarsaparilla has long been in use as
an "alterative." Practically its only active ingredient
appears to be a saponin-like body, and this has been taken
advantage of quite extensively in connection with the com-
pound syrup of Sarsaparilla for the administration of castor
oil at soda-water fountains and as a vehicle for other active
medicaments.
Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus". Compound Syrup of
Sarsaparilla, U. S. P.
A mixture of fluidextract of Sarsaparilla (20 c.c.), fluid-
extract of glycyrrhiza (1.5 c.c.), fluidextract of senna, (1.5
c.c.), and aromatics with syrup (sufficient to make 100 c.c.).
ACTION AND USES : Compound syrup of sarsaparilla is used
as a vehicle.
DOSAGE: 16 c.c. or 4 fluidrams.
Scilla. Squill, U. S. P.
The bulb of Urginea maritima. . It is occasionally
administered in the form of powder.
ACTION AND USES: The pharmacologic actions of squill
resemble those of digitalis qualitatively, but the emetic
action appears to be more prominent with squill, and this
has led to its use as an emetic in the past, and it is still
used as a nauseant, but it seems unwise to use a drug which
affects the heart so powerfully when we have other nause-
ants, such as ipecac, which probably have less undesirable
side actions.
124 USEFUL DRUGS
Squill is used frequently to promote diuresis, which it
probably does after the manner of digitalis, through its
action on the heart.
Squill appears to be absorbed slowly from the gastro-
intestinal tract, but its emetic effects appear to be due to
its action on vomiting center in the medulla, and its diuretic
effects to be secondary to its action on the heart. Hence
it is probable that digitalis could always be used in its
place to induce an increased secretion of urine. It is quite
possible that the acetic acid plays some part in the useful-
ness of syrup of squill in expectorant mixtures. Squill is
much used as a nauseant expectorant in the first stages of
laryngitis, bronchitis, etc.
DOSAGE: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains.
Tinctura Scillae. Tincture of Squill, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 10 gm. of squill in approxi-
mately 70 per cent, alcohol.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims.
Syrupus Scillae. Syrup of S*qiiill, U. S. P.
A mixture of a diluted acetic acid extract of 5 per cent.
squill with syrup.
DOSAGE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims.
Scopolaminae Hydrobromidum. Scopolamine Hydrobromide,
U. S. P., Hyoscin Hydrobromid.
The hydrobromid of an alkaloid obtained from plants of
the Solanaceae.
PROPERTIES : Scopolamin hydrobromid forms colorless crystals,
odorless, having an acrid, slightly bitter taste, freely soluble in
water (1:15) and in alcohol (1:10).
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Scopolamin hydrobromid is incom-
patible with alkalies and other precipitants of alkaloids.
ACTION AND USES: Scopolamin resembles atropin in its
influence on the nerve endings, but differs from it in having
a sedative instead of a stimulating effect on the brain. It
is used as a cerebral sedative in cases of mania and other
forms of insanity, but must be employed with caution, as
it sometimes induces a rapid fall in blood-pressure and
collapse. It has been extensively used in conjunction with
morphin for the production of surgical anesthesia, either as
a preliminary to the use of ether or chloroform, or as the
sole anesthetic. It is liable to produce dangerous depression
of the respiration. Experience in these methods of anes-
thesia has not been satisfactory. It has been employed as
a partial anesthetic in labor, but experience shows that the
effect on the fetus is sometimes disastrous, many children
being born dead or asphyxiated.
It is frequently used as a mydriatic and is regarded by
some ophthalmologists as preferable to atropin because it
USEFUL DRUGS 123
is less irritating, and produces a brief and complete
cycloplegia.
DOSAGE: 0.5 mg. or 1/125 grain.
Senna. Senna, U. S. P.
The dried leaflets of Cassia acutifolia (Alexandria senna),
or of Cassia angustifolia (Indian or Tinnevelly senna).
ACTION AND USES: Senna belongs to the anthraquinone-
containing group of vegetable purgatives and is considered
to be one of the more efficient drugs of this class. It is
largely used for the treatment of chronic constipation.
DOSAGE: 4 gm. or 60 grains, administered either in the
form of powder or as an infusion.
Fluidextractum Sennae. Fluidextract of Senna, U. S. P.
A hydro-alcoholic extract, 100 c.c. of which represent 100
gm. of senna, previously treated with strong alcohol to
remove the resin.
DOSAGE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims.
Syrupus Sennae. Synip of Senna, U. S. P.
Represents a mixture of fluidextract of senna (25 c.c.)
with syrup (sufficient to make 100 c.c.).
.DOSAGE: 4 c.c. or 1 fluidram.
See also Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus, under Glycyrrhiza.
SERA ET VACCINA SERUMS AND VACCINES, N. N. R.
The vaccines, viruses and serums constitute one of the
most important groups of drugs with which the physician
' has to deal. Some preparations of this group are specific
cures for certain diseases; others are invaluable in prophyl-
axis and diagnosis. The supervision of these drugs is in
charge of the United States Public Health Service, which
periodically makes inspections of laboratories licensed in
accordance with the law passed by Congress in 1902. Anti-
diphtheric and antitetanic serums are required to conform
strictly to the standards which have been established by the
United States Public Health Service. There being no estab-
lished standard for the various other products, they are not
examined for their therapeutic value in the laboratory but
are tested for the amount of preservative and freedom from
bacterial and toxic contaminations. The preparations of
this class most widely used are the following, which will be
found in their respective alphabetical positions in this book:
Antidiphtheric Serum, under Serum Antidiphthericum.
Antitetanic Serum, under Serum Antitetanicum.
Bacterial Vaccines, under Vaccine.
Tuberculin, under Tuberculinum.
Vaccine Virus, under Virus Vaccinum.
k
126 USEFUL DRUGS
Serum Antidiphthericum. Antidiphtheric Serum, Diphtheria
Antitoxin, U. S. P.
A fluid separated from the coagulated blood of the horse
immunized through the inoculation of diphtheria toxin.
PROPERTIES : Antidiphtheric serum occurs as a yellowish or
yellowish-brown, transparent or slightly turbid liquid, odorless
or having a slight odor due to the presence of an antiseptic
used as a preservative. The standard of strength, expressed in
units of antitoxin power, must be that approved or established
by the United States Public Health Service.
A modification of antidiphtheric serum in concentrated form,
known as antidiphtheric globulins, is now being used extensively.
This is made by the removal, by precipitation with neutral salts,
of most of the constituents of the serum except that fraction of
the globulins bearing antitoxic potency.
ACTION AND USES: Antidiphtheric serum neutralizes the
toxin of diphtheria and is employed both as a curative and
as a prophylactic agent in that disease.
DOSAGE: The dose of diphtheria antitoxin is measured
by antitoxic units. From 500 to 1,000 units are commonly
given as an immunizing or prophylactic dose. For curative
treatment from 3,000 to 10,000 units may be given as an
initial dose and repeated at intervals of from six to twenty-
four hours, if no improvement results. In urgent cases it
may be given intravenously.
Serum Antitetanicum. Antitetanic Serum, N. N. R.
Antitetanic serum is the blood-serum of horses immunized
to the toxin of the tetanus bacillus.
PROPERTIES : Antitetanic serum is marketed in both liquid or
dry forms. Some manufacturers prepare an antitetanic globulin ;
this contains a solution of the globulins of the blood, which are*
soluble in a saturated sodium chlorid solution, together with the
antitoxin, and contains the latter in concentrated form. Anti-
tetanic serum must conform to the standard established by the
United States Public Health Service.
ACTION AND USES: It is used both as a prophylactic and
as a curative agent in tetanus. The dried product may be
used as a dusting-powder in suspicious wounds.
DOSAGE: Immunizing: 1,500 units; in tetanus; from 3,000
to 20,000 units every four to eight hours. Single large doses
by the vein are sometimes more effective.
Sinapis. Mustard.
ACTION AND USES: Mustard is used extensively as a
counterirritant. When mustard is mixed with water, the
volatile oil is generated by the action of a ferment, myrosin,
on a principle called sinigrin, contained in black mustard.
Sinapis Nigra. Black Mustard, U. S. P.
The seed of Brassica nigra.
DOSAGE: As an emetic, 8 gm. or 120 grains.
USEFUL DRUGS 127
Charta Sinapis. Mustard Paper, U. S. P.
A coating of black mustard on rather thick, well-sized
paper used in place of the domestic mustard poultice.
Oleum Sinapis Volatile. Volatile Oil of Mustard, U. S. P.
A volatile oil obtained from black mustard by maceration
with water and subsequent distillation, yielding, when
assayed by the process given in the U. S. Pharmacopeia, not
less than 92 per cent, of allyl iso-thiocyanate.
PROPERTIES : Volatile oil of mustard occurs as a colorless or
pale yellow, limpid liquid, having a very pungent and acrid
odor. Great caution should be exercised when smelling this oil,
and it should not be tasted without being highly diluted. It
is miscible with alcohol in all proportions, and is generally solu-
ble in liquids containing alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: See Sinapis.
DOSAGE: 0.008 c.c. or % minim.
Sodii Arsanilas. Sodium Arsanilate, N. N. R., Atoxyl.
Sodium arsanilate is the sodium salt of arsanilic acid,
prepared by condensing anilin and arsenic acid.
PROPERTIES : Sodium arsanilate occurs as white, odorless crys-
tals, having a faint salty taste and being freely soluble in water
1:6). The aqueous solution, on standing, assumes a yellowish
tint.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium arsanilate has been recom-
mended for the conditions which are favorably influenced
by arsenic. The arsenic of the acid is liberated very slowly
in the system, producing the therapeutic effects of arsenic
with a more continuous and less toxic action. Toxic effects
have been frequently noted, however, and the use of all
forms of sodium arsanilate has been followed by degenera-
tion of the optic nerve, leading to blindness. This sub-
stance has been used extensively in the treatment of try-
panosomiasis, but the frequent cases of blindness resulting
have caused its use to be almost entirely abandoned.
DOSAGE: 0.08 gm. or % grain, gradually increased.
Sodii Arsenas. Sodium Arsenate, U. S. P., Na 2 HAs0 4 7H,0.
PROPERTIES : Sodium arsenate occurs as colorless, transparent
monoclinic prisms, odorless, and having a mild alkaline taste.
It is freely soluble in water (1 :12) and nearly insoluble in
alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium arsenate has an arsenic
action and has been employed in chronic skin diseases and
in parasitic diseases of the blood, usually given in the form
of solution or pill.
DOSAGE: 5 mg. or 1/10 grain.
Sodii Benzoas. Sodium Benzoate, U. S. P., NaC 7 H 6 2 .
PROPERTIES : Sodium benzoate occurs as a white, amorphous
powder, odorless, and having a sweetish astringent taste. It is
freely soluble in water (1 :1.6) and soluble in alcohol (1 :43).
128 USEFUL DRUGS
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with mineral acids
and with ferric salts.
ACTION AND USES : Sodium benzoate has an internal action
similar to that of sodium salicylate, but very much weaker,
so that the latter salt is generally preferred.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains. It is usually administered
in the form of solution.
Sodii Bicarbonas. Sodium Bicarbonate, U. S. P., NaHCO s .
PROPERTIES : Sodium bicarbonate occurs as a white, opaque
powder, odorless and having a cooling, mildly alkaline taste. It
is sojuble in water (1:12) at 15 C., practically without decom-
position, but above this temperature the solution gradually loses
carbon dioxid, and at the boiling point of water the salt is con-
verted into normal carbonate ; it is practically insoluble in
alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Sodium bicarbonate is incompatible
with acids and acid salts, and the solution should be made
with cold water, which tends to prevent its conversion into
the more alkaline carbonate.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium bicarbonate is used to neu-
tralize the acid of the gastric juice in hyperacidity, acid
dyspepsia, etc. For this purpose it is to be preferred in
cases which are not accompanied by constipation or in which
there is diarrhea. It is sometimes used to render the urine
alkaline in gravel, etc., but the citrate is preferable.
Large doses are given by the mouth in cases of acidosis in
diabetes, fevers and similar conditions. Sodium bicarbonate
may be used intravenously in cases of extreme acidosis. It
may also be employed with sodium chlorid for saline infu-
sions in cases accompanied by edema, although edema pro-
duced by large doses of alkali has been reported. It should
never be injected hypodermically or intramuscularly as it
may cause sloughing.
Externally it is used as a mild alkaline wash. Solu-
tions of sodium bicarbonate are antipruritic. A weak solu-
tion is employed to soften impacted cerumen. Sodium bicar-
bonate may be employed to neutralize acetic or citric acids
for the extemporaneous preparation of sodium acetate or
citrate.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains. Much larger doses may be
given in acidosis. As much as 60 gm. or 2 ounces may be
given daily. It may be administered by a "drop enema" of
a 4 per cent, solution. For intravenous injection a 6 per
cent, solution sterilized by boiling and hence partly con-
verted into the carbonate has been recommended. 1,000 c.c.
of such a solution may be injected, but great care must be
taken that none of the liquid gets outside the vein lest
necrosis of the tissues occur.
Sodii Boras. Sodium. Borate, U. S. P., Na 2 B 4 7 ,10H 2 O.
Popularly known as borax and properly designated as
sodium tetraborate.
USEFUL DRUGS 129
PROPERTIES : Sodium borate occurs as colorless, transparent
crystals or a white powder, inodorous, and having a sweetish
alkaline taste. It is soluble in water, but practically insoluble
in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Sodium borate is decomposed by min-
eral salts and is incompatible with mucilage of acacia, with
the metallic salts of the mineral acids and with the salts of
most alkaloids.
ACTION AND USES : Sodium borate is antiseptic, astringent
and detergent and is used both externally and sometimes
internally in the form of solution. The continuous ingestion
of small doses produces a deleterious effect. Moderate to
large doses may cause nephritis. Very large doses cause
gastro-enteritis, nephritis, skin eruptions, visual disturb-
ances. fall of temperature, collapse and a wide-spread fatty
degeneration. It is used in from 1 to 2 per cent, solution
HS an eye-wash in hyperemia of the conjunctiva and
catarrhal conjunctivitis.
For this purpose the following formula is very serviceable:
R Sod. boratis. . ............. j 5 gr. x
Aq. camph ................ 10 3 ii
Aq. dest. ad ............... 25 j 3 j
It is sometimes used as an antipruritic solution:
g
5 j
Sodii boratis .............. 1 1 gr. xv
Glycerin! ................... 06 nix
Aquae ...................... 30
ji_iun.; jj j
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7^/y grains. It may be used as a
gargle.
Sodii Bromidum. Sodium Bromide, U. S. P., NaBr.
PROPERTIES : Sodium bromid occurs as colorless or white,
cubical crystals, or a white, granular powder, odorless, and hav-
ing a saline, slightly bitter taste. It is freely soluble in water
(1 :2) and soluble in alcohol (1 :12.5).
ACTION AND USES: Sodium bromid is used as a nerve
sedative and cerebral depressant and in ordinary doses its
action and uses are identical with potassium bromid, but it
is said to be less irritating. See Potassium Bromid.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains. It is administered in
dilute aqueous solution.
Sodii Cacodylas. Sodium Cacodylate, N. N. R.
Also known as sodium dimethylarsenate. It is the sodium
salt of cacodylic acid (dimethyl arsenic acid).
PROPERTIES : Sodium cacodylate occurs as a white powder, very,
soluble in water. The aqueous solution is alkaline toward lit-
mus paper, but nearly neutral toward phenolphthalein.
ACTION AND USES: The action of sodium cacodylate is
similar to other arsenic compounds, but it is said to be much
less toxic than the ordinary preparations of arsenic and is
also less apt to cause undesirable side effects. This superi-
ority is due to the slow liberation of the arsenous acid in
the body.
130 USEFUL DRUGS
The cacodylate has been particularly recommended in
obstinate psoriasis, pseudoleukemia, diabetes, anemia,
chlorosis, tuberculosis, malarial cachexia, etc.
As it is sometimes decomposed in the stomach, it is pref-
erable to give it hypodermically.
DOSAGE: 0.03 gm. or y 2 grain. It may be administered
hypodermically in aqueous solution or given by mouth in
elixir or in the form of pills.
Sodii Carbonas Monohydratus. Monohydrated Sodium Car-
bonate, U. S. P., Na 2 C0 3 H 2 0.
The form in which sodium carbonate is .now official.
PROPERTIES : Monohydrated sodium carbonate should contain
not less than 85 per cent, of anhydrous sodium carbonate
(Is'a 2 CO 3 ). It occurs as a white, crystalline, granular powdor,
odorless and having a strongly alkaline taste. It is freely soluble
in water (1 : 2.9) and practically insoluble in alcohol. Sodium
carbonate, as now official, contains but one molecule of water of
crystallization, and is nearly twice as strong in alkaline power
as the ordinary crystalline carbonate, Na 2 CO3l2H 2 O, commonly
known as "sal soda."
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Sodium carbonate is incompatible
with acids and acid salts and with the salts of the heavy
metals and of alkaloids.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium carbonate is an antacid and
is employed in medicine chiefly in the preparation of alkaline
baths. For this purpose it may be used in the proportion
of from 2 to 6 ounces for 30 gallons of water.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains.
Sodii Chloridum. Sodium Chloride, U. S. P., Common Salt,
NaCl.
PROPERTIES : Sodium chlorid occurs as a colorles or white crys-
talline powder, odorless and having a purely saline taste. It is
freely soluble in water (1 : 2.8) and nearly insoluble in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Sodium chlorid is incompatible with
salts of silver and lead.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium chlorid is used for preparing
physiologic salt solution: 9 gm. to 1,000 c.c. of sterile water.
This solution is frequently referred to as normal salt solu-
tion, but should not be confused with the chemical normal
solution of sodium chlorid. When given by mouth in large
doses sodium chlorid is emetic, and, in proper dilution, a
prompt laxative.
DOSAGE: As an emetic, 16 gm. or 240 grains. As a laxa-
tive it is most conveniently given in 1 per cent, solution.
The dose, 4 gm. or 60 grains, should be dissolved in from 0.5
to 1 liter ( from 1 to 2 pints ) of water and drunk on an
empty stomach.
Sodii Hydroxidum. Sodium Hydroxide, U. S. P., NaOH.
PROPERTIES : Sodium hydroxid should contain not less than
95 per cent, of NaOH and not more than 2 per cent, of other
inorganic substances, with the exception of water. It occurs as
dry, white or nearly white flakes, fused masses or translucent or
USEFUL DRUGS 131
opaque white pencils, odorless, and having a caustic taste. Great
caution is necessary in tasting and handling it, as it rapidly
destroys organic tissue. It is very soluble in water (1 :1) and -iu
alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium hydroxid has properties closely
resembling those of potassium hydroxid. It is used chiefly
for pharmaceutical purposes, though occasionally it is used
locally as a caustic oi - in dilute solution as an alkaline wash.
Solution of sodium hydroxid largely diluted has also been
administered internally.
Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi. Solution of Sodium Hydroxide.
U. S. P.
An aqueous solution containing about 5 per cent, of sodium
hydroxid, NaOH.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims.
Sodii lodidum. Sodium Iodide, U. S. P., Nal.
PROPERTIES : Sodium iodid occurs as colorless, cubic crystals,
or as a white, crystalline powder, odorless and having a saline
and slightly bitter taste. It is very soluble in water (1 :0.5)
and freely soluble in alcohol (1 :3).
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Sodium iodid is incompatible with
spirit of nitrous ether, bismuth salts, ferric salts, and the
salts of many alkaloids.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium iodid has properties closely
resembling those of potassium iodid, and like sodium bromid
is perhaps less irritating than the potassium salt.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7y 2 grains. For ordinary cases the
dose may range from 0.3 to 1.25 gm. or from 5 to 20 grains.
When employed for the energetic treatment of tertiary
syphilis it is sometimes necessary to increase the dose to
from 2 to 5 gm. or from 30 to 75 grains or more. It should
not be given on an empty stomach but should be administered
with some form of food, preferably liquid, such as milk.
Sodii Nitris. Sodium Nitrite, U. S. P., NaN0 2
PROPERTIES : Sodium nitrite should contain not less than 90
per cent, of NaNO 2 . It occurs as white, or nearly white, opaque,
fused masses or pencils, or colorless, transparent crystals which
are odorless and have a mild saline taste. It is freely soluble in
water (1 :1.1) and very slightly soluble in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: It is incompatible with oxidizing
agents generally. It must be protected from contact with
the air on account of its tendency to oxidation.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium nitrite has the characteristic
properties of the nitrites, and resembles nitroglycerin in its
action, though its effect is manifested more slowly and is
somewhat more lasting.
DOSAGE: 0.065 gm. or 1 grain. It should be administered
in solution.
Sodii Phosphas. Sodium Phosphate, U. S. P., Na 2 HP0 4 ,12H,O. .
132 USEFUL DRUGS
PROPERTIES : Sodium phosphate occurs as large, colorless, mono-
clinic prisms, or a granular, crystalline salt, odorless, and having
a cooling saline taste. It is freely soluble in water (1 :5.5), but
practically insoluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium phosphate is used as a saline
cathartic, and its mode of action has much in common with
magnesium sulphate and sodium sulphate. It is less dis-
agreeable, but is less active. The acid phosphate NaH 2 P0 4
is used for the purpose of rendering the urine acid. When
the official phosphate is used for this purpose the equivalent
amount of an acid, such as dilute hydrochloric or phosphoric,
may be administered at the same time to convert it into the
acid sodium phosphate.
DOSAGE: 2 gm. or 30 grains dissolved in warm water. To
render urine acid, from 1 to 2 gm. or from 15 to 30 grains
of acid sodium phosphate may be given every two or three
hours, for five or ten doses until the urine is acid.
It may also be administered in liquid form by adding
4 parts of sodium nitrate, 13 parts of citric acid and a little
water to 100 parts of sodium phosphate.
Sodii Phosphas Effervescens. Effervescent Sodium Phos-
phate, U. S. P.
A mixture of exsiccated sodium phosphate, sodium bicar-
bonate, tartaric acid and citric acid, representing approxi-
mately 50 per cent, of sodium phosphate described above.
DOSAGE: 8 gm. or 120 grains.
Sodii Salicylas. Sodium Salicylate, U. S. P.,
PROPERTIES: Sodium salicylate occurs as white microcrystal
line powder or scales, or as an amorphous, white powder, having
not more than a faint pink tinge, odorless, and having- a sweetish
saline taste. It is very soluble in water (1 : 0.8) and freely
soluble in alcohol (1:5.5).
iNcmtPATiBiLiTiES : Sodium salicylate is incompatible
with acids and acid salts and with solutions of most
alkaloids, notably quinin, which precipitates as the salicylate.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium salicylate is the salt which
is usually employed to secure the constitutional effects of
salicylic acid. It is slightly antiseptic, but not so much as
the free acid. It is irritant to mucous membranes, and on
an empty stomach may cause pain and in large doses may
produce vomiting. Large therapeutic doses produce a ringing
in the ears, nausea, sometimes vomiting, occasional sweating
and an increase in the amount of urine. It increases nitrog-
enous metabolism, and an increased amount of uric acid is
excreted in the urine. In very large doses it may produce
depression of the central nervous system, rarely convulsions,
a slowing and depression of the respiration, and collapse
from depression of the circulation. Large doses may produce
abortion, and hence the drug is contra-indicated in pregnancy.
Sodium salicylate is an analgetic and is sometimes admin-
istered for the relief of headache or of neuralgic pains. It is
chiefly used for its effect in articular rheumatism in which
USEFUL DRUGS 133
it is highly efficacious. It promptly relieves all the local
"joint symptoms and the fever, but does not affect the endo-
carditis. Its effects last only while the medication is kept up.
It is useful in tonsillitis and other catarrhal inflammations,
but has not the decided action in the ordinary infections
that it has in rheumatic fever. It is used in chorea. It
stimulates the secretion of bile.
It produces much benefit in some forms of eye diseases,
such as iritis, keratitis or glaucoma. It is of no value in
gonorrhea! arthritis or in arthritis deformans. It is of little
value in gout.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains. The more efficient method
it to repeat this dose every hour until salicylism occurs
and then three times daily. It should be given in solution,
but is sometimes administered in the form of powder inclosed
in capsules or cachets, and followed by a sufficient amount
of water to dilute it well in the stomach.
Sodii Sulphas. Sodium Sulphate, U. S. P., Na.SOJOILO.
Popularly known as Glauber's Salt.
PROPERTIES : Sodium sulphate occurs as large, colorless prisms
or granular crystals, odorless and haying a bitter saline taste. It
is freely soluble in water (1:3) and practically insoluble in
alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium sulphate has long been used
as a saline cathartic, but is less popular than magnesium
sulphate or sodium phosphate.
DOSAGE: 16 gm. or 240 grains.
Sodii Sulphis. Sodium Sulphite, U. S. P., Na 2 S0 8 , 7H 2 0.
PROPERTIES : Sodium sulphite occurs as colorless, transparent
crystals, odorless and having a cooling, saline, sulphurous taste.
It is freely soluble in water (1:2). but nearly insoluble in
alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES : It is incompatible with mineral acids.
ACTION AND USES: Sodium sulphite is antiseptic and is
principally used externally as a wash.
DOSAGE: It may be applied to the skin in parasitic skin
diseases like scabies and favus in a solution of the strength
of 1:10 or 1 dram to the ounce. A similar solution may
be used as a mouth wash in aphthous stomatitis, mucous
patches, or ulcers of the tonsils.
Sodii Thiosulphas Sodium Thiosulphate, U. S. P. (Sodii
Hyposulphis, Pharm. 1890), Na 2 S 2 O s 5H 2 0.
PROPERTIES : Sodium thiosulphate occurs as colorless, trans-
parent monoclinic prisms, odorless and having a cooling, after-
ward bitter taste. It is very soluble in water (1 :05) and prac-
tically insoluble in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Sodium thiosulphate is incompatible
with acids, iodin and chlorin. It dissolves insoluble salts of
silver.
134 USEFUL DRUGS
ACTION AND USES: Sodium thiosulphate is used exter-
nally, in the form of a lotion, as an application for ring-
worm and other parasitic skin diseases. It is extensively
used in photography and has been given internally in place
or sodium sulphite. It may be used to remove stains of
iodin, silver nitrate, etc.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains. It may be used in aqueous
solution or ointment of 10 per cent, strength or 1 dram to
the ounce.
Sparteinae Sulphas. Sparteine Sulphate, U. S. P.
The sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from scoparius.
PROPERTIES : Spartein sulphate occurs as colorless crystals, or a
crystalline powder, odorless, and having a slightly saline and
somewhat bitter taste. It is freely soluble in water (1 :1) and
in alcohol (1 : 2.5).
ACTION AND USES: Spartein has very little action on the
central nervous system and experimentally, at least, has no
pronounced action on the heart. It slows and weakens the
heart. It is not a substitute for digitalis and apparently
is of little use. It is not diuretic, but scoparius possesses
this action from the scoparin which it contains.
DOSAGE: The dosage is variously given. The dose given
by the Pharmacopeia is 0.01 gm. or 1/5 grain. Others
recommend doses as high as 0.1 gm. or li/ 2 grains. It may
be administered in the form of solution, powder or pill.
SPIRITUS SPIRITS
Spirits are alcoholic solutions of volatile substances; either
gases, liquids or solids.
For preparations included in this list see:
Spiritus Aetheris, under Aether.
Spiritus Aetheris Compositus, under Aether.
Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi, under Aether Nitrosus.
Spiritus Ammoniac Aromaticus, under Ammonia.
Spiritus Camphorae, under Camphora.
Spiritus Cliloroformi. under Chloroformum.
Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis, under Glycerylis Nitras.
Spiritus Menthae Piperitae, under Mentha Piperita.
Stramonium. Stramonium, U. S. P.
The dried leaves of Datura Stramonium. Now seldom
used in medicine except as an ingredient in so-called asthma
powders for smoking . Its constituents and action are
similar to those of belladona.
Strophanthinum. Strophanthin, U. S. P.
A glucosid. or mixture of glucosids. obtained from stro-
phanthus.
PROPERTIES : Strophanthin occurs as a white or faintly yellow-
ish powder, having an intensely bitter taste. Because of its
USEFUL DRUGS 135
toxicity great caution should be used in tasting it. It is very
soluble in water and in diluted alcohol, but less soluble in abso-
lute alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Strophanthin is used like digitalis. It
acts more rapidly and is excreted sooner and hence is
regarded as preferable for administration in acute conditions
and in emergencies. It is not readily absorbed from the
gastro-intestinal tract; hence its oral use is not recom-
mended.
DOSAGE: 0.0003 gm. or 1/200 grain. It is best admin-
istered intramuscularly or intravenously, only a single dose
being given daily, as a rule.
Strophanthus. Strophanthus, U. S. P.
The ripe seed of Strophanthus Kombe. Occasionally
administered in the form of powder.
ACTION AND USES : Strophanthus and tincture of stro-
phanthus have properties similar to those of the glucosid
strophanthin, though the therapeutic results from the admin-
istration of Strophanthus by mouth are more variable than
the results obtained from the hypodermic or intravenous
administration of strophanthin.
Tinctura Strophanthi. Tincture of Strophanthus, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent 10 gm. Strophanthus in approx-
imately 65 per cent, of alcohol. It is nearly identical with
the international standard tincture of Strophanthus.
DOSAGE: 0.5 c.c. or 8 minims. For intramuscular or intra-
venous injection a much smaller dose should be given, not
more than 0.12 c.c. or 2 minims, as a rule.
Strychnina. Strychnine, U. S. P.
An alkaloid obtained from nux vomica, and also obtainable
from other plants of the Loganiaceae.
PROPERTIES : Strychnin occurs as colorless, transparent crys-
tals or a white crystalline powder, odorless and having an
intensely bitter taste. It is very slightly soluble in water
(1:6400) and soluble in alcohol (1:110).
INCOMPATIBILITIES: The salts of strychnin are incompati-
ble with alkalies, alkali carbonates, iodids, bromids, arsen-
atcs and arsenites.
ACTION AND USES: Strychnin stimulates the reflex activ-
ity of the spinal cord, but produces little or no effect on
the higher nervous centers. Both the sensory and motor
centers are affected. Small doses increase the acuity of
both sight and hearing. Large doses raise the blood-pressure
by causing a constriction of the arterioles. It seems to have
little direct effect on the heart. It stimulates the respira-
tory center, increasing the rapidity of the respirations. In
poisonous doses it produces tonic convulsions similar to those
of tetanus, but the trismus is less marked. Between the
attacks there is usually complete relaxation of the affected
136 USEFUL DRUGS
muscles. The convulsions are spinal, but not cerebral in
origin. Death may occur during a convulsion from fixation
of the chest by spasm of the respiratory muscles or during
the interval from medullary paralysis.
Strychnin is used as a bitter tonic, generally in the form
of a preparation of nux vomica. It is also serviceable as
a tonic to the muscular system. It is chiefly employed as a
respiratory stimulant in cases of depression of the respira-
tory center by narcotic or other poisoning. It is used for
this purpose in several diseases of the respiratory organs,
such as bronchitis, especially senile, pneumonia, etc.
Strychnin is much employed as a heart tonic, but in many
cases improperly. It acts as a heart tonic chiefly by raising
the blood-pressure. It should be used for its cardiac effect,
if at all, in conditions of low blood-pressure. Thus it may
be employed in pneumonia, diphtheria and other infections
in which death results from the lowered blood-pressure. Even
in these conditions its utility has been overestimated. It
has been recommended in conditions of shock and collapse,
but in the experience of some it is not effective in these
conditions ( Crile ) .
Strychnin is serviceable in some forms of paralysis. It
is of no value when the paralysis results from an organic
lesion and should not be used in conditions of inflammation
of the nerve centers. It may be employed in paralysis due
to poisons, such as lead, and in postdiphtheric paralysis. It
is also of value in paralysis due to the cortical lesions, if
used in moderate doses, to maintain the nutrition of the
paralyzed muscles. In incontinence of urine, due to paresis
of the vesical sphincter, it is useful, but if the incontinence
depends on spasm atropin is more serviceable. Strychnin is
useful in amblyopia, acting best in disturbance of vision
unattended by changes visible with the ophthalmoscope,
especially hysteric and neurasthenic forms. In lesions of the
optic nerve it frequently produces an improvement in vision
which, however, is only temporary. It is used in acute and
chronic alcoholism. It is added to cathartics in the treat-
ment of chronic constipation.
DOSAGE: From 0.0005 to 0.005 gm. or from 1/100 -to 1/10
grain, three times a day or even as often as once in three
hours.
In threatening respiratory or cardiac paralysis, strychnin
must sometimes be used in quite large doses. In these cases
it has been advised to push the remedy until twitching of the
finger-tips occurs. Too large doses, however, should not be
given, as it is possible to bring about a strychnin paralysis
of the respiratory center. In such cases the strychnin should
always be given hypodermically. In cardiac failure, strych-
nin, if given too frequently or in too large doses, may do
more harm than good by causing irritability f the heart.
In toxic amblyopia it is sometimes desirable to use large
doses. It has been recommended to give as nluch as 1/13
grain per day (Nagel).
USEFUL DRUGS 137
Strychninae Nitras. Strychnine Nitrate, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Strychnin nitrate occurs as colorless, needle-
shaped crystals, odorless, and having an intensely bitter taste.
It is soluble in water (1 :42) and slightly soluble in alcohol
(1:120).
DOSAGE: 0.001 gm. or I/GO grain.
Strychninae Sulphas. Strychnine Sulphate, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Strychnin sulphate occurs as colorless or white
prismatic crystals, or a white crystalline powder, odorless, and
having an intensely bitter taste. Soluble in water (1 :31) and in
alcohol (1 :65).
DOSAGE: 0.001 gm. or I/GO grain.
Sulphonal. See under Sulphonmethanum.
Sulphonethylmethanum. Sulphonethylmethane, U. S. P., Tri-
onal.
Official in most foreign pharmacopeias, and usually pre-
scribed in this country as trional. Chemically, it is diethyl-
sulphonemethylethylmethane.
PROPERTIES : Sulphonethylmethane occurs as colorless, odor-
less, crystalline scales, which have a bitter taste in aqueous solu-
tion. It is slightly soluble in water (1:195) and freely soluble
in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Sulphonethylmethane is a hypnotic,
producing, in ordinary doses, no other symptoms than sleep.
The sleep comes on in about an hour after the medicine is
taken, and is usually quiet. In some cases the sleep is
not secured until the next day.
Sulphonethylmethane. when repeatedly taken, may pro-
duce poisoning in which hematoporphyrin appears in the
urine, giving it a pinkish tinge or red color. The con-
tinued use of the remedy may lead to the formation of a
habit. In addition to the excretion of hematoporphyrin in
the urine there are lassitude, weakness, nausea and gastro-
intestinal disturbance as shown by diarrhea and constipa
tion. More serious symptoms then develop, including
abdominal tenderness, violent vomiting, ataxia, paresis of
various muscles, loss of reflexes, and finally a condition of
profound collapse. This condition ends in death in about
75 per cent, of the cases. There is a nephritis which involves
the glomeruli and may be hemorrhagic in character.
Trional is used as a hypnotic in insomnia, but is of little
use when the insomnia is accompanied by severe pain. It is
also recommended as an antispasmodic in epilepsy, hiccough,
chorea, etc.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains. Owing to its sparing solu-
bility, it should be given with large quantities of hot liquids.
It should not be used for more than two or three days con-
secutively. After this time recourse should be had to other
hypnotics, if necessary. The possible appearance of hema-
toporphyrin, as indicated by pink color in the urine, should
be watched for and the remedy suspended on its occurrence,
but it is then often too late.
138 USEFUL DRUGS
Sulphonmethanum. Sulphonmethane, U. S. P.
Usually prescribed in this country as sulphonal. Chem-
ically, it is diethylsulphonedimethylmethane.
PROPERTIES : Sulphonmethane occurs as colorless, inodorous
and nearly tasteless crystals or a crystalline powder, slightly
soluble in water (1:360), but soluble in alcohol (1:47).
ACTION AND USES: Sulphonmethane, or sulphonal, is hyp-
notic and sedative. See Sulphonethylmethane. It acts more
slowly than trional and is best given about 5 p. m.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains, given in a hot liquid.
Sulphur. Sulphur.
Sulphur is official in the U. S. Pharmacopeia under three
headings :
Sulphur Lotum Washed Sulphur, U. S. P.
Sulphur Praecipitatum. Precipitated Sulphur, U. S. P.
Sulphur Sublimatum. Sublimed Sulphur, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Sulphur in any of the foregoing forms should
contain from 99 to 99.5 per cent, of pure sulphur. It is a fine
yellow powder, the sublimed variety having a slight odor and a
faintly acid taste. The other varieties are without odor or taste
and all are practically insoluble in water or in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Sulphur becomes active in the intes-
tines and on the skin by a partial conversion into hydrogen
sulphid or other sulphids. These products are slightly anti-
septic and are irritant, so that sulphur becomes a mild pur-
gative.
Sulphur is used externally as a parasiticide in cases of
scabies. It is used to produce sulphur dioxid for room
disinfection by burning it in the proportion of 3 pounds of
sulphur to each thousand cubic feet of air space. All sur-
faces and articles to be disinfected should be wet.
DOSAGE: Each form, 4 gm. or 60 grains.
Unguentum Sulphuris. Sulphur Ointment, U. S. P.
A mixture of washed sulphur (15 gm.) with benzoinated
lard (85 gm.).
SUPPOSITORIA SUPPOSITORIES
Suppositories are solid bodies intended to be introduced
into the several natural orifices of the body for the purpose
of producing systemic or local effects.
. For the preparation included in this list see :
Suppositoria Glycerini, under Glycerinum.
Suppositories are usually made with oil of theobroma
as a base. Rectal suppositories should be cone-shaped and
should weight about 2 gm. or 30 grains.
Supracapsulin, Suprarenalin, L-Suprarenin Synthetic. See
Epinephrin.
USEFUL DRUGS 13!)
SYRUPI SYKUPS
Syrups are strong solutions of sugar and water with or
without the addition of active medicaments.
For preparations included in this list see:
Syrupus, under Saccharum.
Syrupus Ferri lodidi, under Ferri lodidum.
Syrupus Ipecacuanhae, under Ipecacuanha.
Syrupus Pruni Virginianae, under Prunus Virgiiiiana.
Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus, under Rheum.
Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus, under Sarsaparilla.
Syrupus Scillae, under Scilla.
Syrupus Sennae, under Senna.
Syrupus Tolutanus, under Balsamum Tolutanum.
TABELLAE TABLET-TRITURATES COMPRESSED
TABLETS
Tablet-triturates are small disks made by diluting pow-
dered medicaments with powdered sugar of milk or with
powdered sugar, moistening the powder with sufficient alco-
hol to make u paste, and pressing into suitable molds. Com-
pressed tablets are medicinal substances or mixtures of sub-
stances compressed to the form of disks.
Tannalbin. See under Acidum Tannicum.
Terebinthina. Turpentine, U. S. P.
A concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris.
Oleum Terebinthinae. Oil of Turpentine, U. S. P.
A volatile oil recently distilled from turpentine.
PROPERTIES : Oil of turpentine occurs as a thin colorless liquid,
having a characteristic odor and taste, both of which become
stronger and less pleasant by age and exposure to air. Oil of
turpentine is practically insoluble in water, but freely soluble
in alcohol (1:3), and *in all proportions of oil. For internal
use the rectified oil of turpentine (oleum terebinthinae recti-
ficatum) should be used.
ACTION AND USES: Turpentine is antiseptic, anthelmintic
and diuretic. Applied externally it is rubefacient and
counterirritant.
Turpentine has been used as an expectorant in cases of
bronchitis characterized by free secretion. For this purpose
it is now generally replaced by terpin hydrate. It is also
given for the relief of flatulence and a small amount (from
Va to 1 teaspoonful) may be added to enemas to increase
their effectiveness.
Turpentine has been thought to be efficient in cases of
internal hemorrhages, but this opinion is not well founded.
DOSAGE: 1 c.c. or 15 minims. It may be administered in
the form of emulsion or in capsules.
Terpini Hydras. Terpin Hydrate, U. S. P.
The hydrate of the diatomic alcohol terpin.
140 USEFUL DRUGS
PROPERTIES : Terpin hydrate occurs as colorless, lustrous,
rhombic prisms, nearly odorless, and having a slightly aromatic
and somewhat bitter taste. It is slightly soluble in water
(1:200) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:10).
ACTION AND USES: Terpin hydrate is antiseptic, diaphor-
etic and diuretic. It is largely used as an expectorant in
cases accompanied by free bronchial secretion.
DOSAGE: 0.125 gin. or 2 grains. Terpin hydrate may b<
administered in the form of powder or in capsules. As a
solution, usually in the form of elixir, it requires an exces-
sive amount of alcohol.
Tetanus Antitoxin. See under Serum Antitetanicum.
Theobromatis Oleum (Oleum Theobromatis). Oil of Theo-
broma, U. S. P.
Popularly known as cacao butter, a fixed oil expressed
from the roasted seeds of theobroma cacao.
PROPERTIES : Oil of theobroma occurs as a yellowish-white
solid, having a faint, agreeable odor and a bland chocolate-like
taste. It is freely soluble in ether, chloroform and benzene, solu-
ble in absolute alcohol and insoluble in water.
ACTION AND USES : Oil of theobroma is used in pharmacy
chiefly for the making of suppositories. Also used as a
lubricant in massage, and as an application to sore nipples.
Theobromina. Theobromin, N. N. R.
3,7-dimethyl-xanthin, a base occurring in Theobroma
cacao, and other drugs, and also made synthetically. It is
closely related to caffein (1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthin).
PROPERTIES : Theobromin occurs as a white, crystalline powder,
odorless, and having a bitter taste. It is very slightly soluble
in water, but is soluble in alcohol (1:100).
ACTION AND USES: Theobromin has an action on the kid-
neys and heart similar to that of caffein, but its effect on
the central nervous system is less marked.
Theobromin is used as a diuretic in all forms of dropsy,
but it is especially useful in renal dropsy. It is non-irri-
tating to the kidney.
DOSAGE: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains.
Theobrominae Sodio-Salicylas. Theobromin Sodium Salicy-
late, N. N. R., Diuretin.
A double salt of theobromiii-sodium and sodium salicylate.
PROPERTIES : Theobromin sodium salicylate contains 50 per
cent of theobromin and occurs as a white powder, odorless and
having a saline taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:1), but is
readily decomposed on exposure to carbon dioxid or by the action
of acids, and must therefore be preserved in well-stoppered
bottles.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Theobromin sodium salicylate is in-
compatible with acids and has the other incompatibilities
of salicylates.
DOSAGE: 0.5 gm. or 7% grains, three times a day.
USEFUL DRUGS 141
Thymol. Thymol, U. S. P.
A phenol occurring in the volatile oil of Thymus vulgaris
and in some other volatile oils.
PROPERTIES : Thymol occurs as largo, colorless prisms, having
an aromatic, thyme-like odor, and a pungent aromatic taste. It
is only very slightly soluble in water (1:1,100), but very solu-
ble in alcohol (1 :0.9).
ACTION AND USES : Thymol is antiseptic and anthelmintic.
As an anthelmintic it is used chiefly for the destruction of
hookworm.
DOSAGE: 0.1 gm. or 2 grains.
In the treatment of hookworm disease it should be given
in as finely divided state as possible in dosage of from 0.5
to 4 gm. or from 7% to 60 grains. No fats, oils or alcohols
should be given at the same time, for fear of absorption of
the drug.
The dosage may be regulated according to age as follows:
Up to 5 years of age, 0.5 gm.; up to 10, 1 gm.; up to 15,
1.5 gm.; up to 20, 2 gm.; above 20, 3 to 4 gm.
Thymolis lodidum. Thymol Iodide, U. S. P., Aristol.
Dithymol-di-iodid, popularly known as aristol, is obtained
by the condensation of two molecules of thymol and the
introduction of two atoms of iodin into the phenolic groups
of the thymol.
PROPERTIES : Thymol iodid contains, when dried over sul-
phuric acid, 45 per cent, of iodin. It occurs as a bright,
chocolate-colored, or reddish-yellow, bulky powder, with a very
slight aromatic odor. It is practically insoluble in water and
nearly insoluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Thymol iodid, or aristol, is antiseptic
and is used in place of iodoform, chiefly as a dusting-powder.
It is inferior to iodoform in antiseptic action and experience
with it has been disappointing.
Tiglii Oleum ( Oleum Tiglii ) . Croton Oil, U. S. P.
A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Croton tiglium.
PROPERTIES : Croton oil occurs as a pale yellow or brownish-
yellow, somewhat viscid, and slightly fluorescent liquid, having
a slight, fatty odor, and a mild, oily, afterward acrid and burn-
ing taste. It is practically insoluble in water, but when fresh is
soluble in alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Croton oil is a drastic cathartic and
applied externally is rubefacient and vesicant. It is used
mostly to procure prompt evacuation of the bowels, espe-
cially in coma.
DOSAGE: 0.05 c.c. or 1 minim, given in olive oil, butter.
etc. It may be placed on the tongue in granulated sugar if
the patient cannot swallow.
TINCTURAE TINCTURES
Tinctures, with a few exceptions, are alcoholic or hydro-
alcoholic extractive preparations of vegetable drugs; the
142 USEFUL DRUGS
tinctures of potent drugs represent uniformly 10 gm. of drug
in 100 c.c. of the preparation, while tinctures of less potent
drugs vary in strength, but represent usually 20 gm.
For preparations included in this list see:
Tinctura Aconiti, under Aconitum.
Tinctura Belladonnae Foliorum, under Belladonnae Folia.
Tinctura Benzoini Composita, under Benzoinum.
Tinctura Cannabis Indicae, under Cannabis Indica.
Tinctura Capsici, under Capsicum.
Tinctura Cardamomi, under Cardamomum.
Tinctura Cinchonae, under Cinchona.
Tinctura Cinchonae Composita, under Cinchona.
Tinctura Colchici Seminis, under Colchici Semen.
Tinctura Digitalis, under Digitalis.
Tinctura Ferri Chloridi, under Ferri Chloridum.
Tinctura Gentianae Composita, under Gentiana.
Tinctura Hyoscyami, under Hyoscyamus.
Tinctura lodi, under lodum.
Tinctura Lobeliae, under Lobelia.
Tinctura Myrrhae, under Myrrha.
Tinctura Nucis Vomicae. under Nux Vomica.
Tinctura Opii, under Opium.
Tinctura Opii Camphorata. under Opium.
Tinctura Opii Deodorati, under Opium.
Tinctura Rhei Aromatica, under Rheum.
Tinctura Scillae, under Scilla.
Tinctura Strophanthi, under Strophanthus.
Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata, under Valeriai.a.
Tinctura Zingiberis, under Zingiber.
Tragacantha. Tragacanth, U. S. P.
A gummy exudation from Astragalus gummifer.
ACTION AND USES: Tragacanth swells on addition of
water and gradually forms a cloudy gelatinous mass. On
further addition of water it forms a mucilage which is
occasionally used in pharmacy in the making of emulsions
and is widely used as a basis for a greaseless catheter
lubricant and an application for chapped skin.
TRITURATIONES TRITURATIONS
Pharmacopeial triturations are active remedies diluted
usually with 10 parts of sugar of milk.
Trional. See under Sulphonethylmethanum.
TROSCHISCI TROCHES
Troches, or lozenges, are flat solid bodies intended to be
dissolved in the mouth for their local effect on the mucous
membrane of the mouth and the throat.
Tuberculinum. Tuberculin, N. N. R.
This represents the toxins of the tubercle bacillus.
USEFUL DRUGS 143
PROPERTIES : Tuberculin is marketed in a variety of forms,
either as a filtered extract of the bacilli or as the pulverized
insoluble substance of the dead bacilli themselves. In the latter
or emulsified form tuberculin is known as tubercle vaccine, and it
is closely related to bacterial vaccines mentioned under Vaccina.
ACTION AND USES: Tuberculin is used principally as a
diagnostic agent and the characteristic properties of the
trade product to be used should be studied closely before it
is employed.
UNGUENTA OINTMENTS
Ointments are soft, fatty solids of such consistency that
they are readily spread at ordinary temperatures. When
intended for systemic effect they are applied by inunction;
ordinarily they are used as simple protectives.
For preparations included in this list see:
Unguentum Acidi Borici, under Acidum Boricum.
Unguentum Belladonnae. under Belladonnae Folia.
Unguentum Chrysarobini, under Chrysarobinum.
Unguentum Hydrargyri, under Hydrargyrum.
Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati, under Hydrargyrum
Ammoniatum.
Unguentum Hydrargyri Dilutum, under Hydrargyrum.
Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi, under Hydrargyri
Oxidum Flavum.
Unguentum Picis Liquidae, under Pix Liquida.
Unguentum Sulphuris, under Sulphur.
Unguentum Zinci Oxidi, under Zinci Oxidum.
Urotropin. See under Hexamethylenamina.
VACCINA BACTERIAL VACCINES, N. N. R.
Bacterial vaccines are suspensions of the killed bacteria
in physiologic salt solution. Cresol is usually added as a
preservative.
The use of many of these vaccines is in the experimental
stage. They are often prepared from cultures obtained from
the individual to be treated (autogenous vaccines) ; these
usually give the best results, and some authors maintain
that "stock" vaccines should be used only when it is imprac-
ticable to secure the autogenous agent. Bacterial vaccines
are used to secure the production of an active immunity.
Great care and skill are necessary for their proper use, and
no definite statements as to dosage, etc., can be given.
Vaccine Virus. See under Virus Vaccinum.
Valeriana. Valerian, U. S. P.
The dried rhizome and roots of Valeriana officinalis.
ACTION AND USES: Valerian is thought to be antispas-
modic and nerve sedative, but its influence is largely psychic,
and in the ammoniated tincture the stimulating effects of
the aromatic spirit of ammonia no doubt predominate.
144 USEFUL DRUGS
Tinctura Valerianae, Ammoniata. Ammoniated Tincture of
Valerian, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent the soluble constituents of 20
gm. of valerian in aromatic spirit of ammonia.
DOSAGE: 2 c.e. or 30 minims.
Veronal. N. N. R.
Also known as diethyl-barbituric acid, diethyl malonyl
urea and malourea, is 2,4,6-trioxy-5-diethyl pyramidin, a
ureid derived from diethylmalonic acid.
PROPERTIES : Veronal occurs as a white, crystalline powder,
odorless, and having a faint bitter taste. It is slightly soluble
in water (1:150) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:8).
ACTION AND USES : Veronal is quickly absorbed, especially
when it is given in solution. In smaller doses it induces
sleep, apparently without any other effect. It is a rather
slow-acting hypnotic, the hypnotic action beginning in about
half an hour after its administration. In larger doses the
temperature falls and animals show marked trembling and
restlessness in their sleep. A number of fatalities have
followed its indiscriminate use.
DOSAGE: 0.3 to 0.6 gm. or 5 to 10 grains. It should never
be given in the form of pills or tablets lest they fail to be
absorbed.
Sodii Diaethyl-Barbituras. Sodium diethyl-barbiturate, N.
N. R.
Also known as medinal and veronal-sodium, is the mono-
sodium salt of diethyl-barbituric acid.
PROPERTIES : Sodium diethyl-barbiturate occurs as a white,
crystalline powder, odorless, and having an objectionably bitter
alkaline taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:5).
ACTION AND USES: Sodium diethyl-barbiturate, veronal-
sodium or medinal has the same properties as veronal, but
acts more rapidly on account of its greater solubility.
DOSAGE: 0.3 to 0.6 gm. or 5 to 10 grains.
Viburnum Prunifolium. Viburnum Pruni folium, U. S. P.
The dried bark of the root of Viburnum prunifolium.
ACTION AND USES: Viburnum prunifolium is thought to
be a uterine sedative and tonic. Like valerian, however, its
action, largely psychic, is probably due to its disagreeable
odor and taste.
Fluidextractum Viburni Prunifolii. Fluidextract of Vibur-
num Prunifolium, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent the soluble constituents of 100
gm. Viburnum prunifolium in approximately 60 per cent,
alcohol.
DOSAGE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims,
USEFUL DRUGS 145
VINA WINES
Medicated wines are solutions of active medicaments in
wine or extractive preparations of vegetable drugs made
with wine as a menstruum. Because of the great variation
in the composition of wine it is unsatisfactory as a men-
struum for extracting vegetable drugs, and medicated wines
are in fact becoming obsolete.
Vinum Antimonii. See under Antimonii et Potassii
Tartras.
Virus Vaccinum. Vaccine Virus, N. N. R.
Vaccine virus is the material obtained from skin eruptions
of calves having vaccinia. The "pulp" is ground and mixed
with varying percentages of glycerol. It is usually marketed
in capillary tubes or. as glycerinated points.
ACTION AND USES: Vaccine virus is used as prophylactic
against small-pox.
Zinci Acetas. Zinc Acetate, U. S. P., Zn(C,H 3 2 ) 2 , H 2 0.
PROPERTIES : Zinc acetate occurs as soft, white, pearly crys-
tals, having a faintly acetous odor, and in dilute solutions nn
astringent, metallic taste. It is freely soluble in water (1 :2.5)
and soluble in alcohol (1:36).
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Zinc acetate is incompatible with
alkali carbonates or sodium borate.
ACTION AND USES: Zinc acetate is astringent and anti-
septic. It is used principally in the form of solution as an
external application, for injection, solution or collyria; rarely
used internally.
DOSAGE: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains.
It may be used in collyria in the proportion of from 0.1
to 0.5 per cent, or from % to 2 grains per ounce.
Zinci Chloridum. Zinc Chloride, U, S. P., ZnCl,,.
PROPERTIES : Zinc chlorid occurs as a white or nearly white
granular powder or in porcelain-like masses, irregular or molded
into pencils, odorless and of such intensely caustic properties
as to make tasting dangerous, unless freely diluted with water.
The dilute solution has an astringent metallic taste. It is very
soluble in water (1 :0.5) and in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Zinc chlorid is incompatible with
sodium borate and with alkali carbonates.
ACTION AND USES: Zinc chlorid is used as an antiseptic,
astringent and escharotic.
Liquor Zinci Chloridi. Solution of Zinc Chloride, U. S. P.
An aqueous solution containing about 50 per cent., by
weight, of zinc chlorid made by dissolving granulated zinc
in hydrochloric acid.
Zinci Oxidum, Zinc Oxide, U. S. P., ZnO.
PROPERTIES : Zinc oxid occurs as a very fine, amorphous, white
or yellowish-white powder, free from gritty particles, without
odor or taste. It is practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
146 USEFUL DRUGS
INCOMPATIBILITIES : Zinc oxid is incompatible with acids.
ACTION AND USES: Zinc oxid is antiseptic and astringent
and is widely used either alone or in combination with boric
acid, bismuth subnitrate and starch as a dusting-powder and
as a sedative in ointment for a variety of skin diseases.
By some it is thought to be a nervine, but this is probably
incorrect. It is now rarely used internally.
DOSAGE: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains.
Unguentum Zinci Oxidi. Ointment of Zinc Oxid.
A mixture of zinc oxid (20 gm.) with benzoinated lard
(80 gm.).
Zinci Stearas. Zinc Stearate, U. S. P.
PROPERTIES : Zinc stearate occurs as a very fine, white powder,
tasteless, and haying a very faint odor, resembling that of fat.
It is practically insoluble in water and alcohol.
ACTION AND USES: Zinc stearate is used as a dusting-
powder, but appears to have little or no advantage over
Zinc Oxid.
Zinci Sulphas. Zinc Sulphate, U. S. P., ZnS0 4 7H 2 0.
PROPERTIES : Zinc sulphate occurs as colorless, transparent,
rhombic crystals, or granular crystalline powder, without odor,
and having an astringent, metallic taste. It is very soluble in
water, but practically insoluble in alcohol.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: Alkali carbonates, sodium borate,
tannin and vegetable astringents.
ACTION AND USES: Zinc sulphate is astringent, styptic
and emetic. It is much used in collyria in conjunctivitis
and is especially effective in that form caused by Morax-
Axenfeld bacillus. It is employed as an injection in the
treatment of the chronic stages of gonorrhea.
DOSAGE: As an emetic, 2 gm. or 30 grains.
In collyria it may be used in the strength of from 0.1 to
1.0 per cent, or from 1 to 5 grains per ounce. As an injec-
tion in gonorrhea solutions varying in strength, from 0.5 to
4 per cent, may be used.
Zingiber. Ginger, U. S. P.
The dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale. Occasionally
administered in the form of powder.
ACTION AND USES: Ginger is aromatic, stimulant and a
stomachic tonic. It is a servicable carminative in colic.
DOSAGE: 1 gm. or 15 grains.
Tinctura Zingiberis. Tincture of Ginger, U. S. P.
One hundred c.c. represent the soluble constituents of 20
gm. ginger in alcohol.
DOSAGE: 2 c.c. or 30 minims.
TABLE SHOWING THE RECORDED SOLUBILITY
OF SUBSTANCES INCLUDED IN THE LIST
OF IMPORTANT MEDICAMENTS
Abbreviations and signs used:
dec. = decomposed; 00 = sparingly soluble or slightly
soluble; 000 = insoluble; v. s. = very soluble; misc. =
miscible in all proportions ; = unrecorded or uncertain.
The solubility values are for distilled water at
approximately 25 C. and for the official U. S. P. alcohol
at the same temperature and indicate the number of
parts of the solvent required to dissolve 1 part of the
substance.
Substance Soluble in
Acetanilidum
Acetphenetidinum
Acidum Benzoicum
Acidum Boricum
Acidum Citricum
Acidum Hydrochloricum
Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum.
Acidum Nitricum
Acidum Salicylicum
Acidum Tannicum
Acidum Tartaricum
Adeps
.Ether
^theris Nitrosi, Spiritus
.asthylis Chloridum
yEthyl-Morphinae Hydrochloridum
Aloinum
Alumen
Alumen Exslccatum
Alumini Acetatis, Liquor
Ammpnii Acetatis, Liquor
Ammonii Carbonas
Ammonii Chloridum
Amylis Nitris
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras. . .
Antipyrlna
Apomorphlnse Hydrochloridum . . .
Argent! Nitras
Argent! Protelnas
Arseni Trioxidum
Aspirinum
Atroplna
Benzosulphinidum
Betanaphthol
Bismuthi Subcarbonas .........
Bismuth! Subgallas
Bismuthi Subnitras
Bismuthi Subsalicylas
Caffeina
Caffeina Citrata
Caffelnse Sodio-Benzoas
Calcll Carbonas Prseclpitatus . . .
Calx
Camphora
Chloralum Hydratum
Chrom!! Trloxidum
Parts of
Parts of
Cold Water.
Cold Alcohol.
179
2.5
925
12.0
281
1.8
18
15.3
0.54
misc.
1.55
misc.
misc
308
2.0
0.34
0.23
0.71
1.67
000
00
10
misc.
misc.
misc.
00
misc.
120
10.50
9
000
17
000
misc.
misc.
misc.
4
dec.
80
00
misc.
15.5
000
v.s.
1
39.5
38.2
0.54
24.0
2
100
00
300
5
450
1.46
250
25
950
0.61
000
000
000
000
00
000
00
45.6
53.2
25.0
20.0
2
30
00
000
760
000
700
v.s.
0.3
0.2
0.5
dec.
148
USEFUL DRUGS
Substance Soluble in
Parts of Parts of
Cold Water. Cold Alcohol.
Chrysarobinum 4,812 308
Codeina 120 1.6
Codeinae Phosphas 2.25 261
Codeine Sulphas 30 1,035
Creosotum 140 misc.
Cresol 60 inlsc.
Cresolls Compositus, Liquor.... misc. misc.
Creta Praeparata 00 000
Cupri Sulphas 2.2 400
DiacetylmorphinffiHydrochloridum 2.0 11
Elaterinum 000 262
Epinephrina 000 00
Ferri Chloridum v.s. v.s.
Ferri Chlorldi. Tinctura misc. misc.
Ferri Phospnas Solubilis v.s. 000
Ferri Sulphas 0.9 000
Ferri et Ammonil Cltras v.s. 000
Ferrum 000 000
Formaldehydi, Liquor misc. misc.
Gelatinum 000 000
Glycerinum misc. misc.
Glycerylis Nitras 000 v.s.
Guaiacol 53 v.s.
Guaiacolis Carbonas 000 48
Hexamethylenamina 1.5 10
Homatropinse Hydrobromidum. . . 5.7 32.5
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum 13 3
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite 000 000
Hydrargyri lodidum Flavum.... 00 000
Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum.... 00 116
Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum .... 00 000
Hydrargyri Salicylas 000 000
Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum GOO 000
Hydrastina 00 135
Hydrogenii Dioxidi, Aqua misc.
Ichthyol misc.
lodofbrmum 9.391 46.7
lodum 5,000 10
Magnesii Carbonas 000 000
Magnesii Oxidum 00 000
Majrnesii Sulphas 1.1 000
Menthol 00 v.s.
Methylis Salicylas 00 v.s.
Morphina 3,330 168
Morphines Hydrochloridum 172 42
Morphinae Sulphas -. . . . 15.3 465
Pancreatinum partly sol. 000
Parafflnum 000 000
Paraldehydum 8 misc.
Pelletierinse Tannas 2: > >r> 12.0
Pepslnum 50 000
Petrolatum 000 00
Petrolatum Liquidum 000 00
Phenol 19.6 v.s
Phenol Liquefactum 12 misc.
Phenolphthaleinum ... 600 10
Phenylis Salicylas 2,333 5
Phosphorus 000 350
Physostigminaa Salicylas 72.5 12.7
Physostigminae Sulphas v.s. v.s
Pilocarplnae Hydrochloridum.... 0.3 2.3
Pllocarpinae Nitras 4 60
Pir Ldquida 00 1
Plumbi Acetas 2 30
Potassii Acetas 0.4 2
Potassii Bicarbonas 3 00
Potassii Bitartras 200 00
Potassii Bromidum 1.5 180
Potassii Carbonas , . 0.91 000
USEFUL DRUGS
UO
Parts of Parts of
Substance Soluble In Told Water. Cold Alcohol
Potassli Chloras 16 000
Potassli Citras 0.5 00
Potassli et Sodii Tartras 1.2 00
Potassii Hydroxidum 0.4 2
Potassil lodidum 0.7 12
Potassii Nitras 3.6 00
Potassli Permanganas 15 dec
Quinina 1,550 0.6
uininse Bisulphas 8.5 18
uiniiiiB Hydrochloridum 18 0.6
Quininse Sulphas 720 86
Quininse et Urese Hydrochloridum 1
Quininse Tannas 800 3
Resorcino) 0.5 v.s.
Saccharum 0.46 137.2
Saccharum Lactis 4.79 000
Santoninum 5,300 34
Sapo 20 2r>
Sapo Mollis 4 1
Scopolaminse Hydrobromidum. . . . 1.5 16
Salvarsan vs.
Sodii Arsanilas 6 125
Sodii Arsenas 1.2 00
Sodii Benzoas 1.6 43
Sodii Bicarbonas 12 000
Sodii Boras 17 (too
Sodii Bromidum 1.7 12.5
Sodii Cacodylas 0.5 1
Sodii Carbonas Monohydratus. . . 2.9 000
Sodii Chloridum 2.8 00
Sodii Hydroxidum 1 v.s.
Sodii lodidum 0.5 3
Sodii Nitris 1.4 50
Sodii Phosphas 5.5 000
Sodii Salicylas 0.8 5.5
Sodii Sulphas 2.8 COO
Sodii Sulphis 2 00
Sodii Thiosulphas 0.35 000
Sparteinse Sulphas 1.1 2.4
Strophanthlnum v.s. v.s.
Strychnina 6,400 110
Strychnin Nitras 42 120
Strychninse Sulphas 31 65
Sulphonethylmethanum 195 v.s.
Sulphonmethanum 360 47
Sulphur 000 00
Terpini Hydras 200 10
Theobromina 1,700 50
Theobrominae Sodio-Salicylas. ... 1 28
Thymol 1,100 v.s.
Thymolis lodidum 000 00
Veronal 145 28
Veronal-Sodium 5
Zinci Acetas 2.5 36
Zinci Chloridum 0.4 v.s
Zinci Oxidum 000 000
Zinci Stearas 000 000
Zinci Sulphas 0.53 000
PHARMACOLOGIC INDEX
The following classification of drugs included in the
list of useful remedies according to their therapeutic
use has been adapted from the text-book on pharmac-
ology and therapeutics by Arthur R. Cushny. This index
serves to indicate the comprehensiveness of the list
and should assist in suggesting to practitioners and
teachers possible additions and deletions that might be
made so that the list will include all of the fairly well-
established remedies that are really of use.
For ready reference the titles used are those under
which the drug or preparation has been included and
described in the list of useful remedies.
I. DBUGS APPLIED FOR THEIR LOCAL ACTION TO THE SKIN,
WOUNDS OR VISIBLE Mucous MEMBRANES
Corrosives or Caustics :
Acidum Aceticum
Acidum Nitricum
Alumen Exsiccatum
Argenti Nitras
Arseni Trioxidum
Chromii Trioxidum
Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum
lodum
Phenol
Potassii Carbonas
Potassii Hydroxidum
Sodii Carbonas
Sodii Hydroxidum
Zinci Chloridum
Disinfectants and Antiseptics :
Acidum Benzoicum
Acidnm Boricum
Acidum Salicylicum
Argenti Nitras
Calx
Calx Chlorinata
Camphora
Cresol
Eucalyptoi
Formaldehydi, Liquor
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum
Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum
Hydrogenii Dioxidi, Aqua
lodoformum
lodum
Olea Volatilia
Phenol
Pix Liquida
Potassii Permanganas
Sulphur
Thymol
Zinci Chloridum
Astringents :
Acidum Tannicum
Alumen
USEFUL DRUGS 151
Aluminl Acetatis, Liquor
Argent! Nitras
Bismuth! Subcarbonas
Bismuth! Subgallas
Bismuth! Subnitras
Cuprl Sulphas
Ferr! Chlorldum
Ferrl Sulphas
Plumbl Acetas
Zinc! Acetas
Zinc! Oxidum
ZlncI Sulphas
Styptics :
See also Soluble Astringents.
Ferrl Chlorldum
Alumen Exslccatum
To Contract Vessels and Reduce Hemorrhage and Swelling :
Cocalna
Eplnephrina
Emollients: Powders:
Amylum
Bismuth! Subcarbonas
Bismuth! Subnitras
Magnesi! Carbonas
Talcum
Zinc! Oxidum
Protectives :
Adeps
Adeps Lanae
Cera
Olea Pingua
Petrolatum
Local Anodynes and Analgesics for Pain and Itching :
Aconltum
Ammoniae, Aqua
Atropina
Chloroformum
Cocaina
Phenol
Sodli Bicarbonas
Local Anesthetics :
Chloridum
Cocalna
Menthol
II. DRUGS USED FOR AFFECTIONS OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
Mouth and Throat. (See also Section 1) :
Demulcent :
Acacia
Ammonil Chlorldum
Glyerlnum
Potassll Chloras
To Lessen Salivation :
Atropina
Flavoring Substances :
Acidum Cltricum
Olea Volatilia
Saccharum
Syrupl
Syrupus
Syrupus Prunl Virginlanse
Syrupus Tolutanus
152 USEFUL DRUGS
Stomach:
Digestives :
Acidum Hydrochloricum
Pepsinum
Emetics :
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras
Apomorphlnse Hydrochloridum
Cupri Sulphas
Ipecacuanha
Sinapis
Sodii Chlorldum
Zinci Sulphas
To Lessen Irritation and Vomiting :
Bismuth! Subcarbonas
Bismuth! Subnitras
Chloralum Hydratum
Chloroformum
Cocalna
Codeina
Diacetylmorphinse Hydrochloridum
Liquor Calcis
Menthol .
Morphina
Opium
To Lessen Acidity, Antacids :
Calcii Carbonas
Calx (Liquor Calcis)
Magnesii Carbonas
Magnesii Oxidum
Potassii Carbonas
Sodii Bicarbonas
Sodii Hydroxidum
To Increase Secretion, Bitters :
Cinchona
Gentiana
Nux Vomica
Quinina
Strychnina
Carminatives :
See also Bitters.
Alcohol
Camphora
Capsicum
Cardamomum
Caryophyllus
Myrrha
Olea Volatllia
Sinapis
Zingiber
Intestine:
To Promote Digestion :
Pancreatinum
To Promote Evacuation, Purgatives :
Vegetable Purgatives :
Aloe
Aloinum
Colocynthis
Elaterinum
Jalapa
Podophyllum
Rhamnus Purshiana
Rheum
USEFUL DRUGS 153
Ricinl, Oleum
Senna
Tiglii, Oleum
Saline Purgatives :
Magnesii Carbonas
Magnesii Citratis, Liquor
Magnesii Oxidum
Magnesii Sulphas
Potassii Bitartras
Potassii Citras
Potassii et Sodii Tartras
Sodii Phosphas
Sodii Sulphas
Mercurial Purgatives :
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite
Hydrargyrum
Miscellaneous :
Fel Bovis
Glycerinum
Sulphur
To Lessen Movement and Relax Spasm :
Acidum Tannicum
Argenti Nitras
Atropiua
Belladonna
Bismuthi Subcarbonas
Bismuth! Subgallas
Bismuthi Subnitras
Calx (Liquor Calcis)
Morphina
Opium
Plumbi Acetas
To Destroy Parasites, Antholrnintics :
Aspidium
Chloroformum
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite
Pelletierinse Tannas
Phenylis Salicylas
Santoninum
Terebinthinfe, Oleum
Thymol
Disinfectants and Antiseptics
See also, Vegetable, Saline and Mercurial Purgatives.
Phenylis Salicylas
III. DRUGS USED FOR THEIR EFFECTS ox THE CIRCULATION
Heart:
To Strengthen Contract ion :
Digitalis
Strophanthinum
Strophanthus
To Accelerate Pulse :
Atropina
Caffeina
To Slow Pulse :
Aconitum
Digitalis
Strophanthinum
Strophanthus
Vessels:
To Contract Caliber and Raise Blood-Piessure :
Epinephrina
Ergota
154 USEFUL DRUGS
To Relax Vessels and Lower Blood-Pressure :
Amylis Nitrls
Glycerylis Nitratls, Spiritns
Sodii Nitris
To Arrest Internal Hemorrhage, Styptics :
Ergota
Hydrastis
To allay 1>estlessness
To Remove Fluid (Dropsy, Anasarca) :
See also Diuretics (Kidney), Diaphoretics (Skin), Vegetab'e
and Saline Purgatives (Intestine)
Digitalis
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite.-
Scilla
Strophanthinum
Strophanthus
IV. DRUGS USED FOB THEIR EFFECTS ON THE GENITO-URINARY
SYSTEM
To Increase the Flow of Urine (Diuretics) r
^Etheris Nitrosi, Spiritus
Ammonii Acetatis, Liquor
Caffeina
Cubeba
Digitalis
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite
Potassii Acetas
Potassii Citras
Potassji Nitras
Santali, Oleum
Scilla
Sodii Nitris
Sparteinae Sulphas
Strophanthinum
Strophanthus
Theobromina
To Render the Urine Less Acid :
Potassii Acetas
Potassii Bicarbonas
Potassii Citras
Sodii Bicarbonas
Sodii Carbonas
To Render the Urite More Acid :
Acid Sodium Phosphate, see Sodii Phosphas
Mineral Acids
To Render the Urine Antiseptic :
Acidum Benzoicum
Acidum Salicylicum
Aspirinuru
Hexamethylenamina
Phenylis Salicylas
Sodii Benzoas
Sodii Boras
Sodii Salicylas
Local antiseptics, etc.
To Promote Menstruation, Euimenagogues :
See also Vegetable Purgatives.
Aloe
Aloinum
Myrrha
USEFUL DRUGS 155
v. DRUGS USED FOR THEIR EFFECTS ON THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
To Stimulate the Respiratory Center :
Atropina
Caffeina
Camphora
Strychnina
To Reduce the Irritability of the Center in Cough :
Chloralum Hydratum
Chloroformum
Codeina
Diacetylmorphinse Hydrochloridnm
Morphina
Opium
To Increase and Liquefy the Bronchial Secretion :
Ammonil Carbonas
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras
Apomorphinse Hydrocbloridiim
Ipecacuanha
Lobelia
Potassii lodldum
Scilla
Sodii lodidum
To Lessen the Secretion of the Bronchi ( ?)
Terpini Hydras
To Relax Bronchial Spasm in Asthma :
Amylis Nitris
Atropina
Belladonna
Glycerylis Nitratis, Spiritus
Sodii lodidum
Sodii Nitris
VI. DRUGS USED FOR THEIR EFFECTS ON THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Stimulants :
(a) The spinal cord :
Strychnina
(b) The brain and medulla oblongata :
Atropina
Caffeina
Camphora
Depressants :
(a) To paralyze sensation (general anesthetics) :
^Ethylis Chloridum
Chloroformum
(b) To induce sleep and rest (hypnotics or narcotics)
Alcohol
Chloralum Hydratum
Codeina
Morphina
Opium
Paraldehydum
Scopolaminse Hydrobromidum
Sulphonethylmethanum
Sulphonmethanum
Veronal
(c) To relieve pain (analgetics or anodynes) :
Acetanilidum
Acetphenetidinum
Acldum Salicylicum
Alcohol
156 USEFUL DRUGS
Antipyrina
Aspirin
Chloralum Hydratum
Codeina
Methylis Salicylas
Morphina
Sodii Salicylas
VII. DRUGS USED TO REDUCE FEVER TEMPERATURE
Acetanilidum
Acetphenetidinum
Acidum Salicylicum
Aeon itum
Ammouii Acetatis, Liqnoi
Antipyrinum
Aspirin
Gualacol
Phenol *
Qulnina
Sodii Salicylas
VIII. DRUGS USED FOR THEIR EFFECTS ON THE LIVER
To Increase the Secretion of Bile, Cholagogues :
Acidum Salicylicum
Fel Bovis
IX. DRUGS USED FOR THEIR EFFECTS ox THE BLOOD
To Increase the Hemoglobin :
Arseni Trioxidum
Ferri Carbonas
Ferri lodidum
Ferri Phosphas Solubilis
Ferri et Ammonii Citras
Sodii Arsanilas
Sodii Cacodylas
To Render the Blood Alkaline :
Potassii Acetas
Potassii Bicarbonas
Potassii Citras
Sodii Bicarbonas
Sodii Carbonas
Sodii Hydroxidum
To Increase the Coagulability ( ?) :
Calcii Chloridum
Calcii Hypophosphis
Calcii Lactas
X. DRUGS USED FOR SPECIFIED DISEASES
In Malaria :
Arseni Trioxidum
Quinina
In Syphilis :
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite
Hydrargyri lodidum Flavum
Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum
Hydrargyri Salicylas
Hydrargyrum
Potassii lodidum
Ralvarsan
Sodii lodidum
In Rheumatic Fever :
Acidum Sallcylicum
Aspirin
USEFUL DRUGS 157
Methylis Salicylas
Sodii Salicylaa
In Myxedema and Some Other Thyroid Diseases :
Glandulse Thyroidese Siccce
In Diphtheria :
Serum Antidiphthericum
In Tetanus
Serum Antitetanicum
In Trypanosomiasis :
Antlmonii et PotassII Tartras
Sodii Arsanilas
In Gout :
Colchlcl Semen
XI. DRUGS USED FOR THEIK EFFECTS ON THE SKIN
Corrosives or Caustics
Emollients and Protectives
Local Anodynes and Anesthetics
Irritants :
Aconitum
Alcohol
Ammonia
Camphora
Cantharis
Capsicum
lodum
Menthol
Slnapis
Terebinthinae, Oleum
Tiglii, Oleum
Disinfectants or Irritants Used Chiefly in the Form of Oint-
ments in Parasitic Skin Diseases :
Balsamum Peruvianum
Benzoinum
Camphora
Chrysarobinum
Hydrargyrum
Ichthyol
lodum
Pix Liquida
Resorcinum
Sulphur
Thymol
Arsenic, Potassium, lodid, etc., May Be Used Internally in
Skin Diseases.
Drugs Administered Internally to Increase the Secretion of
Perspiration, Diaphoretic or Sudoriflcs :
JEtheris Nitrosi, Spiritus
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras
Camphora
Ipecacuanha
Opium
Pulvis Ipecacuanha et Opii
Pilocarpinse Hydrochloridum
Drugs Administered Internally to Lessen Secretion of Per-
spiration :
Atropina
Belladonna
158 USEFUL DRUGS
XII. DSUGS USED LOCALLY FOE THEIR EFFECTS ON THE EYE
Drugs Dilating the Pupil and Relaxing the Accommodation,
Mydriatics :
Atropina
Cocaina
Homatropina Hydrobromidum
Scopolaminae Hydrobromidum
Drugs Contracting the Pupil and the Ciliary Muscle, Myotics :
Physostigminae Salicylas
Pilocarpinae Hydrochloras
OTHER PROPERTIES OF WELL-KNOWN DRUGS
The following classification is taken from "Introduc-
tion to Materia Medica and Pharmacology" by Oliver
T. Osborne.
Drugs and Preparations Which May Cause an Eruption on.
or Itching of, the Skin :
Antitoxin
Arsenic
Belladonna
Bromids
Chloral
Copaiba
lodids
Opium
Quinin
Salicylic Acid
Synthetic Compounds
Volatila Oils, and drugs containing them.
Drugs Which May Change the Color of the Urine :
Drugs that increase its amount cause it to be lighter.
Drugs that irritate the kidneys cause it to be darker.
Methylene-blue causes it to be green, if acid.
Phenol may cause it to be brown (same appearance as bile).
Santonin causes it to be yellow, if acid ; purple, if alkaline.
Senna may cause it to be red, if acid ; yellow, if alkaline.
Sulphonal may cause it to be very dark.
Drugs Which Color the Feces :
Bismuth salts color them black or dark gray.
Colchicum colors them greenish.
Iron colors them black.
Mercury colors them green.
Purgatives cause them to be darker.
Drugs Which Are Excreted with the Milk :
Arsenic
Bromids
Hexamethylenamin
lodids
Lead
Mercury
Opium
Quinin
Sulphur
Vegetable Cathartics
Volatile Oils
INDEX
PAGE
Acacia 7
mucilage of 7
Acetanilid -7
Acetic acid 8
Acetphenetidin 8
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) 30
Achylia gastrica
diluted hydrochloric acid
in 10
Acid, acetic 8
acetylsalicylic (aspirin) 30
arsenous, solution of . . . 29
benzole 9
boric 9
carbolic (phenol) 103
citric 10
diethylbarbituric (see
veronal) 144
hydrochloric 10
hydrochloric, diluted . . 10
hydrocyanic, diluted.... 11
nitric 11
salicylic 12
tannic 12
tannic, glycerite of 13
Acidity, to lessen 152
.Acne vulgaris
ichthyol in 86
Aconite
tincture of 13
Actinomycosis
potassium iodid in 114
Adeps 14
benzoinatus 14
lanae hydrosus 14
Adnephrin, adrenalin (epi-
nephrin) 63
Aether 14
nitrosus 15
nitrpsus spiritus 15
spiritus 15
spiritus compositus 15
Aethylis chloridum 15
A e t h y 1 - morphinae hydro-
chloridum 15
Albumin tannate (tannalbin)
Alcohol 16
Alcoholic poisoning
caffein in 39
Alcoholism
strychnin in 130
Aloes 17
extract of 17
Aloin 18
Alum 18
exsiccated 18
Aluminum acetate 18
acetate, solution of 18
.Amebic dysentery
ipecac in 89
Amenorrhea
desiccated thyroid glands
In 73
Ammonia 19
aromatic spirit of 21
liniment 20
water 20
Ammoniated mercury (hy-
drargyrum a m m o n i-
atum) 84
mercury ointment of. ... 84
Ammonium acotate 20
acetate, solution of 20
carbonate 20
chlorid 21
compounds 19
sulpho-ichthyolate 86
Amyl nitrite 22
Amylum 23
Analgesics and anodynes, 151, 155
Anemia
ferrous carbonate in .... 67
salvarsan in 121
sodium cacodylate in... 129
Anesthetics, general 155
local 151
Anodynes and analgesics. 151, 155
Antacids 152
Anthelmintics 153
Antidiphtheric serum 126
Antimony and potassium tar-
trate 23
wine of 23
Antipyrin 24
Antiseptics and disinfectants
150, 153
Antitetanic serum 126
Antitoxin, diphtheria 126
Apomorphin hydrochlorid. . . 24
Aqua 25
ammoniac 20
camphorae 46
chloroform! 52
destillata 25
hydrogen! dioxidi 85
menthae piperitae 94
rose 120
Aquae 25
Argent! nitras 25
nitras fusus 27
Argent! proteinas (see pro-
targol) 114
Aristol (thymol iodid) 141
Aromatic elixir 17
Arsenic trioxid . 27
Arsenobenzol (salvarsan) . . 120
Arsenous acid (arsenic tri-
oxid) 29
acid, solution of 29
and mercuric iodids,
solution of 29
Asafetida 29
Aspidium 29
oleoresin of 29
Aspirin 30
Asthma
drugs to relax bronchial
spasm in 155
epinephrin in 63
Astringents 150
Atoxyl (sodii arsanilas) .... 127
Atropin 30
sulphate 33
Bacterial vaccines (vaccina) 143
Balsam of Peru 33
160
INDEX
Balsam of Tolu 34
Bed-sores
compound tincture of
benzoin in 35
Belladonna leaves 34
leaves, extract of 34
leaves, tincture of 34
ointment 35
plaster 34
Benzoic acid
Benzoin 35
tincture of, compound . . 35
Benzosulphinid 35
Betanaphthol 36
Betula, oil of 94
Biniodid of mercury 81
Birch, oil of 95
Bismuth subcarbonate 36
subgallate 37
subnitrate 37
subsalicylate 39
Bitters 152
Blastomycosis 114
Blood, alkaline, drugs to ren-
der 156
Blood, coagulability, drugs to
increase 156
Blood, drugs, effects on the . . 156
Blood-pressure
amyl nitrate, effect on . . 22
drugs to lower 154
strychnin, effect on .... 135
Blue mass 83
ointment 83
Borax (sodium borate) 128
Boric acid 9
acid, ointment of 10
Boroglycerin, glycerite of... 9
Bothriocephalus 30
Bronchial secretion, to in-
crease and liquefy the. 155
secretion, to lessen .... 155
Bronchitis
antimony and potassium
tartrate in 23
antipyrin in 24
arsenic trioxid in 27
strychnin in 135
Bruises
solution of lead subacc-
tate in 109
Burns
lime-water in 44
Cacao butter (oleum theo-
bromatis) 140
Cachets 39
Caffein 39
citrated 40
sodio-benzoate 41
Calabar bean (physostigma) . 106
Calcined magnesia 92
Calcium carbonate, precipi-
tated 41
chlorid 41
hydroxid, solution of ...
hypophosphite 42
lactate 43
oxid 43
oxid, chlorinated
phosphate, precipitated. 43
TAG E
Calomel (hydrargyri chlori-
dum mite) 79
Calx 43
chlorinata 44
Camphor 45
' liniment 46
spirit of 46
water 46
Cannabis indica 46
extract 46
tincture 47
Cantharides 47
cerate 47
Capsicum 48
tincture 48
Capsules 48
Carbo ligni 48
Carbolic acid (phenol) 103
Cardamom 49
tincture of 49
Carminatives 152
Carron oil 44
Caryophyllus 49
oil of 49
Cascara sagrada (rhamnus
purshiana) 118
aromatic fluid extract of 118
extract of 118
fluid extract of 118
Castor oil (oleum ricini) . . 119
Cataplasmata 49
Caustics or corrosives 150
Cera alba 49
flava 49
Cerates 50
Ceratum cantharidis 47
Chalk, precipitated 41
Chancroids 12
Charcoal (carbo ligni) 48
Charta sinapis 127
Chartae 50
Cherry, wild 115
Chloral, hydra ed 50
Chlorinated calcium oxid
(chlorinated lime) . . 44
soda, solution of 45
Chloroform 51
liniment 52
spirit of 52
water 52
Chlorosis
sodium cacodylate in ... 1
Cholagogues 156
Chromium trioxid (chromic
acid) 52
Chrysarobin 53
ointment ~3
Cinchona 53
tincture of 53
tincture of, compound.. 54
Cinnamon 54
oil of 54
water 54
Circulation, drugs used for
their effects on the.. 153
Titrated caffein 40
Citric acid 10
Cloves (caryophyllus) 49
oil of 49
Clysters (enemata) 63
INDEX
161
PAGE
Cocaln 54
hydrochloric! 56
Codein 56
phosphate 56
sulphate 56
Cod-liver oil (morrhuae
oleum) 97
Colchicum seed 57
seed, tincture of 57
Colds
camphor for 45
Collodion 57
flexible 57
Colocynth 58
extract of 58
extract of, compound . . 58
Confections 58
Conjunctivitis
boric add in 9
ethyl-morphin h y d r o-
chlorid 15
sodium borate 128
Conjunctivitis, gonorrhea!,
silver nitrate in 25
Copaiba 58
Copper sulphate 59
Corn-starch (amylum) 23
Corneal ulcer 16
Corrosive sublimate 78
Corrosives or caustics 150
Coryza
atropin in 30
codein in 54
Cough
. codein for 56
to reduce nerve center
irritability in 155
Creosote 58
Cresol 59
solution of, compound . . 59
Croton oil (oleum tiglii) ... 141
Cupri sulphas 59
Cystitis
boric acid in 9
hexamethylenamin in... 76
Decoctions 60
Demulcents 151
Depressants, central nervous
system 155
Dermatitis herpetiformis ... 28
Dermatol (bismuth subgal-
late) 37
Diabetes
sodium cacodylate In ... 129
Diabetes insipidus
ergot In 65
Diarrhea
lime-water in 44
Dicetyl-morphinae hydro-
chloridum 60
Digestives 152
Digitalis 61
infusion of 62
tincture of 62
D 1 o n i n (aethyl-morphlnae
hydrochloridum) .... 15
Diphtheria
antitoxin (see serum an-
tidiphthericum) 126
drugs used in 157
strychnin in 136
PAGE
Disinfectants and anti-
septics 150, 153
or irritants used in para-
sitic skin diseases . . . 157
Diuretics 154
Diuretin (theobrominae sodio-
salicylas) 140
Donovan's solution (solution
of arsenous and mer-
curic iodid) 29
Dover's powder (pulvis ipe-
cacuanhae et opii) . . 100
Dropsy, renal
theobromin in 140
Dyspepsia
camphor in 45
Ear, catarrh of
iodin in 87
Eczema
arsenic trioxid in 27
desiccated thvroid gland
in * 73
Effervescent salts 120
Elaterin 62
Elixir, aromatic 17
Elixirs 63
Emetics 152
Emmenagogues 154
Emollients 151
Emphysema
arsenic trioxid in 27
Emplastra 63
Emulsions 63
Endocervicitis
iodin in 87
Enemata (clysters) 63
Enteritis, ulcerative
bismuth subnitrato in. . . 37
Epinephrin 63
Epsom Salts (magnesll sul-
phas) 93
Ergot 65
fluidextract of 66
Eruption on the skin, drugs
which may cause an . . 158
Erysipelas
ichthyol in 86
Eserin sallcylate (physos-
tigminae salicylas) . . 106
sulphate (physostigminae
sulphas) 107
Ether (aether) 14
nitrous 15
nitrous, spirit of 15
spirit of 15
spirit of, compound.... 15
Ethyl chlorid (aethylis
chloridum) 15
Ethyl-morphin hydrochlorid.. 15
Eucalyptus 66
oil of 66
Extract of aloes 17
of belladonna leaves.... 34
of cannabis indica 46
of cascara sagrada .... 118
of colocynth . . . 58
of colocynth, compound. 58
of gentian 73
of Indian cannabis .... 46
of nux vomica 98
162
INDEX
PAGE
of opium 100
of rhamnus purshiana.. 118
of rhubarb 119
Extracts 66
Eye, drugs used locally for
their effects on the . . 158
Fats and oils, fixed 99
Favus
sodium sulphite in .... 133
Feces, drugs which color the 158
Fel bovis 67
bovis purificatum 67
Ferri et ammonii cltras 68
Ferric chlorid 68
chlorid, tincture of .... 68
phosphate 69
Ferrous carbonate 67
carbonate, mass of 68
carbonate, pills of 68
iodid 69
iodid, syrup of 69
sulphate 70
sulphate, exsiccated ... 70
Ferrum 70
reductum 70
Fever, drugs used to reduce
temperature iriG
Fevers
solution of ammonium
acetate 20
Flatulence
oil of turpentine in .... 139
Flavoring substances 151
Flaxseed (linum) 91
Fluid, to remove 154
Fluidextract of cascara sa-
grada 118
of cascara sagrada. aro-
matic 118
of ergot 66
of glycyrrhiza 7.">
of hydrastis 85
of ipecac 90
of rhamnus purshiana.. 118
of rhamnus purshiana,
aromatic 118
of senna 125
of viburnum prunlfolium 144
Fluidextracts 70
Formaldehyd 71
solution of 71
Fowler's solution (potassium
arsenite) 28
Galactorrhea
atropin in 33
Gaultheria, oil of 94
Genito-urinary system, drugs
used for their effects
on the 154
Gentian 72
extract of 73
tincture of, compound.. 73
Ginger (zingiber) 146
tincture of 146
Glauber's salt (sodii sulphas) 133
Glaucoma
ethyl-morphin hydro-
chlorid in 15
sodium salicylate in... 132
PAGE
Glonoin 75
Glycerin 74
suppositories of 74
Glyceryl nitrate, spirit of . . . 75
Glycerite of boroglycerin .... 9
Glycerites 74
Glycerol : see Glycerin 74
Glyceryl trinitrate 75
Glycyrrhiza 75
fluidextract of 75
powder of, compound ... 75
Goiter
desiccated thyroid glands
in 74
Golden seal 84
Gout, drugs used in 157
Gonorrhea
protargol in 114
Gray powder 83
Green vitriol 70
Guaiacol 76
carbonate 76
Gum arabic 7
Headache
acetanllld In 7
sodium salicylate in.... 132
Hemoglobin, drugs used to
increase 156
Hemophilia
calcium chlorid in 42
Hemorrhages
epinephrin in 63
internal, to arrest in... 154
Hemorrhoids
iodoform in 87
Henbane 86
Heroin hydrochlorid (clicetyl-
morphinae hydrochlor-
idum) 60
Hexamethylenamin . 76
Homatropin hydrobromid ... 78
Honeys (mellira) 93
Hookworm disease
thymol in 141
Hydrargyri ammoniati un-
guentum 84
chloridum corrosivum. . . 78
chloridum mite 79
dilutum unguentum ... 83
iodidum flavum 80
iodidum rubrum 81
oxidum flavum 82
salicylas 82
unguentum 83
Hydrargyrum 82
ammoniatum 84
cum creta 83
Hydrastis 84
fluidextract of 85
Hydrated chloral 50
Hydrochloric acid 10
Hydrocyanic acid, diluted... 11
Hydrogen dioxide 85
dioxide, solution of .... 85
peroxid 85
Hydrous wool fat (adeps
lanae) 14
Hyoscin hydrobromid 124
Hyoscyamus 86
tincture of 86
INDEX
163
Hyperacidity
bismuth subnitrate in . . 38
Hypnotics or narcotics 153
Ichthyol 80
Indian cannabis 46
cannabis, extract of ... 46
cannabis, tincture of ... 47
Infections
solution of ammonium
acetate in 20
Infusion of digitalis 62
Infusions 86
Insomnia
hydrated chloral in .... 30
lodin 87
tincture of 89
lodoform 87
Ipecac 89
and opium, powder of. . 100
fluidextract of 90
syrup of 90
Iritis
ethyl-morphin hydro-
chlorid in 15
Iron (ferrum) 70
and. ammonium citrate.. 68
reduced 70
See also ferric and fer-
rous compounds
I rritants 157
or disinfectants used in
parasitic diseases .... 157
Itching of the skin, drugs
which may cause an.. 158
Jaborandi (pilocarpus) .... 107
Jalap 90
powder of, compound . . 90
Keratitls
sodium salicylatc in.... 132
Labarraque's solution (liquor
sodae chlorinatae) . . 45
Lanolin (adeps lanae hydro-
sus)
Lard (adeps)
benzpinated
Laryngitis
antimony and potassium
tartrate in 23
squill in 123
Laudanum (tinctura opii) . . 100
Lead acetate (plumbi acetas) 108
subacetate, solution of. . 109
sugar of 108
leukemia
ferrous carbonate in .... 07
Lichen planus
arsenous trioxid in 27
Licorice root (glycyrrhiza) . . 75
Lime 43
chlorinated 44
liniment 44
water 44
Liniment, ammonia 20
camphor 46
chloroform 52
lime (calcis) 44
soap 123
Liniments 90
PAGE
Linseed oil 91
Linum 91
Liquor : See Solution.
Liver, drugs for their effects
on the 156
Lobelia 91
tincture of 91
Lunar caustic (argenti
nitras) 25
Lupus erythematosus
ichthyol in 86
Magnesia, calcined 92
Magnesium carbonate 92
citrate 92
citrate, solution of .... 92
oxid 92
sulphate 93
sulphate, effervescent . . 93
Male fern (aspidium) 29
Malaria
drugs used in 156
quinin and urea hydro-
chlorid in 117
quinin tannate in 116
Mammitis
atropin in 32
Mass, blue 83
of ferrous carbonate ... 68
of mercury (massa hy-
drargyri) 83
Masses 93
Mellita 93
Menorrhagia
hydrastis in 84
Menstruation, to promote. . . 154
Mentha piperita (peppermint) 93
Menthae piperitae, aqua. ... 94
piperitae oleum 93
piperitae spiritus 94
Menthol 94
Mercurial ointment 83
Mercuric and arsenous iodids.
solution of 29
chlorid, corrosive 78
iodid, red 81
oxid, yellow 82
oxid, yellow, ointment
of 82
salicylate 82
Mercurous chlorid, mild ... 79
iodid, yellow 80
Mercury (hydrargyrum) ... 82
ammoniated 84
biniodid of 81
green iodid of 80
mass of 83
protiodid 80
with chalk 83
Methyl salicylate 94
Mctrorrhagia
hydrastis in 84
Milk, drugs which are ex-
creted with the 158
Milk-sugar (saccharum lac-
tis) 120
Mixtures 95
Morphin 95
hydrochlorid 97
sulphate 97
Morrhuae oleum . 97
164
INDEX
Mucilage of acacia 7
Mucilages 98
Mustard (sinapis) 126
black 126
oil of, volatile 127
paper 127
Myrrh 98
tincture of 98
Myxedema and some other
thyroid diseases, drugs
used in 157
Naphthol (betanaphthol) ... 36
Narcotics or hypnotics 1
Neosalvarsan 122
Nephritis
potassium acetate in... 110
Nerve exhaustion
caffein in 39
Nervous system, central,
drugs used for their
effects on the 155
Neuralgia
acetanilid in 7
arsenic trioxid in 27
Nevi
nitric acid in 11
Nipples, cracked
compound tincture of
benzoin in 35
Nitric acid 11
Nitrites 22
Nitroglycerin 7o
spirit of 75
Nitrous ether, spirit of 15
Nux vomica 98
extract of 98
tincture of 98
Obesity
desiccated thyroid glands
in 74
Oil. carron (linimentum cal-
cis) 44
castor (oleum ricini) . . 119
croton (oleum tiglii) . . . 141
linseed (oleum lini) ... 91
of birch (oleum betulae) 95
of cinnamon (oleum cin-
namomi) 54
of cloves (oleum caryo-
phylli) 49
of eucalyptus (oleum
eucalypti) 66
of gaultheria (oleum
gaultheriae) 94
of mustard, volatile (ol-
eum sinapis volatile) . 127
of peppermint (oleum
menthae piperitae) ... 93
of rose (oleum rosae) . . 120
of santal (oleum santali) 122
of theobroma (oleum the-
obromatis) 140
of turpentine (oleum te-
rebinthinae) 139
of wintergreen 94
Oils and fats, fixed 99
volatile or essential.... 99
Ointment, belladonna 35
blue (hydrargyri dilutum
unguentum) 83
PACK
chrysarobin o!!
mercurial (unguontum
hydrargyri) 8H
of ammoniated mercury. 84
of boric acid 10
of yellow mercuric oxid. 82
of zinc oxid 146
sulphur 138
tar 108
Ointments 143
Oleates 99
Oleoresin of aspidium 29
Oleoresins 99
Oleum : See Oil
Opium 99
and ipecac, powder of. . 100
extract of 100
powdered 100
tincture of 100
tincture of, camphorated 100
tincture of, deodorized . . 100
Opium poisoning
caffein in 39
Oxgall (fel bovis) 67
purified 67
Oxygen, compressed 100
Pancreatin 101
Papers (chartae) 50
Paraffin 101
Paraldehyd 102
Paralysis
strychnin in 135
Parasites, to destroy -153
Paregoric (tinctura opii cam-
phorata) 100
Pelletierine tannate 102
Pemphigus
arsenic trioxid in 27
Peppermint 93
oil of 93
spirit of 94
water 94
Pepsin 102
Perspiration, drugs adminis-
tered to increase the
secretion of 157
Pertussis
antipyrin in 24
Peru, balsam of 33
Petrolatum 102
liquid 102
I'haryngitis
boric acid in 9
capsicum in ". . 48
iodin in 87
Phenacetin (acetphenetidin) . 8
Phenol 103
liquefied 104
Phenolphthalein 104
Phenyl salicylate 104
Phosphorus 105
Physostigma 106
Physostigmine salicylate .... 106
sulphate 107
Pills 108
of ferrous carbonate
(Blaud's) 68
Pilocarpin hydrochlorid .... 107
nitrate 108
Pilocarpus 107
INDEX
165
I'AGK
Fix liquida 108
unguentum 108
Plaster, belladonna 34
Plasters (emplastra) 63
Plumbi acetas 108
Pneumonia
potassium acotate in... 100
strychnin in 135
Podophyllum 109
resin of 100
Potassium acetate 109
and sodium tartrate.... 112
arsenite, solution of. ... 28
bicarbonate 110
bitartrate 110
bromid 110
carbonate Ill
chlorate Ill
citrate 112
citrate, effervescent .... 112
hydroxid 112
hydroxid, solution of... 113
iodid 113
permanganate 114
tartrate and antimony. 23
Poultices (cataplasmata).. . . 49
Powder, compound efferves-
cing- 112
Dover's 100
of glycyrrhiza, compound 75
of ipecac and opium. . . . 100
of jalap, compound.... 90
Seidlitz 112
Powdered opium 100
Powders 115, 151
Precipitated calcium carbon-
ate 41
calcium phosphate .... 43
chalk 41
Protargol 114
Protectives 151
Protiodid of mercury 80
Prunus virginiana 115
virginianae syrupus . . . 115
Pseudoleukemia
sodium cacodylate in... 129
Psoriasis
arsenic trioxid in 27
desiccated thyroid glands
in 73
sodium cacodylate in ... 129
Pulse, to accelerate 153
to slow 153
Pulveres, pulvis ; see powder,
powders 115
Purgatives, mercurial 153
saline 153
vegetable 152
Pyelitis
hexamethylenamin in . . 7G
Quinin 115
and urea hydrochlorid. . 117
bisulphate 116
hydrochlorid 116
sulphate 116
tannate 116
Uelapsing fever
salvarsan in 120
Resin of podophyllum 109
Resins
Resorcinol
Respiratory system, drugs
used for their effects
on the
Rhamnus purshiana
extract of
fluidextract
fluidextract, aromatic . .
Rheumatic fever, drugs used
in
Rheumatism
potassium acetate in ...
sodium s-alicylate in....
Rhubarb (rheum)
extract of
syrup of, aromatic
tincture of, aromatic. . .
Ricini oleum
Rochelle salts (potassii et
sodii tartrates)
Rosacea
ichthyol in
Rose
oil of
water
Rosin
Saccharin (benzosulphinid) . .
Saccharum
lactis
Salicylic acid
Salivation, to lessen
Salol (phenyl salicylate) . . . .
Salt, common (sodium chlo-
rid)
Salts, effervescent
Epsom (magnesii sul-
phas)
Glauber's
Rochelle (potassii et
sodii tartrate)
Salvarsan .
PAGK
117
117
Santal, oil of
Santonin
Sapo
linimentum
mollis
Sarsaparilla
syrup of, compound....
Scabies
balsam of Peru in
sodium sulphite in....
Scilla
syrupus
tinctura
Scleritis
ethyl-morphin hydrochlo-
rid in
Scopolamin hydrobromid . . .
Seborrhea
ointment of ammoniated
mercury in
Secretion, to increase
Soidlitz powder (pulvis effer-
vescens compositus) .
Senna
fluidextract of
syrup of
Serum, antidlphtheric
antitetantc
155
118
118
118
118
156
109
132
118
119
119
119
119
112
119
120
120
117
35
120
120
12
151
104
130
120
93
133
112
120
122
122
122
123
123
123
123
33
133
123
124
124
15
124
84
152
112
125
125
125
126
126
166
INDEX
PAGE
Serums and vaccines 125
Silver nitrate (argent! nitras) 25
molded 26
proteinate (protargol) . . 114
Sinapis 126
charta 127
nigra 126
volatile oleum 127
Skin disease
arsenic trioxid in 27
bismuth subgallate in . . 37
Skin, drugs used for their ef-
f ect& on the 157
Soap 122
liniment 123
soft 123
Sodium arsanilate 127
arsenate 127
benzoate 127
bicarbonate 128
borate 128
bromid 129
cacodylate 129
carbonate, monohydrated 130
eWorld 130
diethyl-barbiturate .... 144
hydroxid 130
hydroxid, solution of . . . 131
iodid 131
nitrite 131
phosphate 131
phosphate, effervescent. 132
salicylate 132
sulphate 133
sulphite 133
tartrate and potassium. 112
thiosulphate 133
Solution, Donovan's (arsen-
ous and mercuric
lodids) 29
Fowler's (potassium ar-
senite) 28
Labarraque's (chlorin-
ated soda) 45
of aluminum acetate. ... 18
of ammonium acetate ... 20
of arsenous acid 29
of arsenous and mercuric
iodids 29
of calcium hydroxid.... 44
of chlorinated soda 45
of cresol. compound .... 59
of formaldehyd 71
of hydrogen dioxid 85
of lead subacetate 109
of magnesium citrate. . 92
of potassium arsenite. . 28
of potassium hydroxid.. 113
of sodium hydroxid 131
of zinc chlorid 145
Solutions 91
Spartein sulphate 134
Sporotrlchosis
potassium iodid in 113
Spasm
hydrated chloral in 50
to lessen movement and
relax 153
Spirit of ammonia, aromatic. 21
of camphor 46
of chloroform 52
PAGE
of ether 15
of ether, compound 15
of g-lyceryl nitrate .... 75
of nitroglycerin 75
of nitrous ether 15
of peppermint (menthae
piperitae) 94
Sprains
solution of lead subace-
tate in 109
Squill (scilla) 123
syrup of 124
tincture of 124
Starch (amylum) 23
Stimulants 155
Stramonium 134
Strophanthin 134
Strophanthus 135
tincture of 135
Strychnin 135
nitrate 136
sulphate 137
Styptics 151, 154
Sugar (saccharum) 120
of lead 108
of milk 120
Sulphonal (sulphonmetha-
num) 138
Sulphonethylmethane 137
Sulphonmethane 138
Sulphur 138
ointment 138
precipitated 138
sublimed 138
washed 138
Suppositories 138
of glycerin 74
Supracapsulin, suprarenalin,
1-suprarenin synthetic
(epinephrin) 63
Syrup 120
of ferrous iodid 69
of ipecac 90
of rhubarb, aromatic... 119
of sarsaparilla, compound 123
of senna 125
of squill 124
of Tolu 34
of wild cherry 115
Syphilis drugs used in 156
Tablets, compressed 139
Tablet-triturates 139
Tannalbin 13
Tannic acid 12
glycerite of 13
Tar (pix liquida) 108
Tartar emetic (antimony and
potassium tartrate) . . 23
Terebinthina 139
oleum 139
Terpin hydrate 139
Tetanus antitoxin (serum
antitetanicum) 126
drugs used in 157
Theobroma, oil of 140
Theobromin 140
sodium salicylate 140
Thvmol 141
* iodid 141
INDEX
167
PAGE
Thyroid glands, desiccated.. 73
Tiglii oloum 141
Tincture of aconito 13
of ammoniated valerian. 144
of belladonna leaves... 34
of benzoin, compound. . . 35
of cannabis indica .... 47
of capsicum 48
of cardamom 49
of cinchona 53
of cinchona, compound. 54
of colchicum seed 57
of digitalis 62
of ferric chlorid 68
of gentian, compound ... 73
of ginger 146
of hyoscyamus 86
of Indian cannabis .... 47
of iodin 89
of lobelia 91
of myrrh 98
of nux vomica 98
of opium 100
of opium, camphorated. . 100
of opium, deodorized. . . . 100
of rhubarb, aromatic.... 119
of squill 124
of strophanthus 135
of valerian, ammoniated 144
Tinctures 141
Tolu, balsam of 34
syrup of 34
Tonsillitis
capsicum in 48
Trachomatous lids
copper sulphate in 59
Tragacanth 142
Trinitrin 75
Trlonal (sulphonethylme-
thanum) 137
Triturations 142
Troches 142
Trypanosomiasis, drugs used
in 157
Tuberculin 142
Tuberculosis
sodium cacodylate in... 129
Turpentine (terebinthina) . . 139
Typhoid fever
calcium chlorid in 41
ergot in 65
Ulcer of the stomach
bismuth subnitrate in . . 37
Fleers
compound tincture of
benzoin in 35
Unguentum : See Ointment.
Urea and quinin hydro-
chlorid 117
Urethritls, gonorrhea
copaiba in 58
PAGK
Urine, drugs to render urino
less acid 158
drugs which may change
color of 158
Drotropin (hexamethylcna-
mina) 76
Urticaria
arsenic trioxid in 27
Uterine hemorrhage
fluidextract of hydrastis
in . 85
Vaccina
Vaccine virus
Vaccines and serums
Valerian
ammoniated, tincture of
Vallet's mass
Vasoconstriction, drugs for..
Veronal
Viburnum prunifolium
prunifolium, fluidextract
of
Vina
Vincent's angina
salvarsan in
Vinum antimonii
Virus vaccinum
Vitriol, green
Volatile or essential oils ....
Vomiting, drugs to lessen
irritation and
Warts
nitric acid for
Water (aqua)
ammonia
camphor
chloroform
cinnamon
peppermint
rose
Waters (aquae)
Wax. white (cera alba)
yellow (cera flava) ....
Wild cherry (prunus virgini-
ana)
syrup of
Wine of antimony
Wines (vina)
Wintergreen, oil of
Wool fat (adeps lanae
hydratcd)
Zinc acetate
chlorid
oxid
oxid, ointment of . .
solution of
stearate
sulphate
Zingiber
tinctura
14.'!
145
125
14.'!
144
68
151
144
144
144
145
121
23
145
70
90
1.1
25
20
46
52
54
94
120
25
49
49
115
115
23
145
94
14
145
145
145
146
145
146
146
146
146
APR 1 9 1982
Date Due
3 1970 00374 1219
UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
A 000 499 565 o
QV
A 512
191
American Medical Association. A handboo
of useful drugs
UCI CCM LIBRARY
