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| <uHAND- BOOK. 2
HORA OF CEYLON, om
ae EA ND BOOK
RO} geELE
meee OKA OF CEYLON
CONTAINING
DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS
INDIGENOUS TO THE ISLAND,
AND
NOTES ON THEIR HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, AND USES.
bY
mee NR TRIM EN, M.B. (Lonp.), FR.S.
DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, CEYLON.
CONTINUED BY
Silke do bs HOOKER. G:C.S-L C.B. FERS.
With an Atlas of Plates
ILLUSTRATING SOME OF THE MORE INTERESTING SPECIES.
Parke:
ERIOCAULONEA—GRAMINEZ-.
WITH MAPS I. & I1., AND INDEXES.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.
LONDON :
DULAU & CO., 37 SoHo Square, W;
1900.
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LONDON:
PRINTED BY STRANGEWAYS & SONS,
Tower Street, Cambridge Circas, W.C.
CXLVII—ERIOCAULONE®, GARDE!
SCAPIGEROUS, annual or perennial herbs, rarely aquatic; 1.
narrow, base sheathing, venation parallel; infl. a solitary
globose or hemispheric head of densely packed, minute, usually
white, unisexual fl., terminating a ped. with a tubular basal
sheath; heads androgynous, rarely unisexual, involucrate by
short scarious or chartaceous bracts; fl. often more or less
hoary with short white hairs, densely crowded on a flat, convex,
hemispheric or conical, glabrous or villous receptacle, solitary
in the axil of a cuneiform bracteole which is as long as or
longer than the flower and dorsally hoary at the top; male fl.
stipitate, sep. 2-3, free or connate, hyaline, deciduous, rarely
2 or O; corolla stipitate, funnel-shaped, 3-lobed, lobes minute,
one sometimes much longer than the others; stam. 6 or fewer,
inserted at the base of the corolla, fil. short, often unequal, anth.
didymous, 2-celled, usually black, pistillode 0; fem. fl. sessile
or stipitate, sep. 3, rarely 2, I, or 0, unequal, usually concave,
deciduous; corolla sessile on the calyx or stipitate, pet. 3,
unequal, broad or narrow, persistent, with often a black spot
on the limb; ov. superior, sessile or stipitate, globose, 3-lobed,
3-celled, cells with 1 pendulous ovule; style rather short,
stigmas 3, erect, filiform; fr. a very small, membranous,
3-celled, loculicidal capsule; seeds very minute, oblong or
ellipsoid, smooth, striate, or ribbed, endosperm floury, embryo
minute.
ERIOCAULON, Z.
For characters, see Order.—Sp. about 150; 43 in F/. B. Ind.
Submerged aquatics, with capillary 1.
Bracts and bracteoles glabrous . : . I. E. SETACEUM.
Bracts and bracteoles pubescent. ; . 2, E. CAPILLUS-NAIADIS.
‘Terrestrial (or E. fuviatile aquatic).
_One pet. of male fl. protruded beyond the
bracteoles.
Bracteoles acute or obtuse.
Heads 3-3 in. diam. : : . 3. E. CAULESCENS.
Heads 4-4 in. diam. . s é . 4. E. ZEYLANICUM.
Bracteoles cuspidate.
Cusps of bracteoles long [om Daa
Cusps of bracteoles short 6. A
LONGICUSPIS.
. AT
PART V. B
2 Erivcaulonee. [Eriocaulon.
Pet. of male fl. not exceeding the
bracteoles.
Seeds with (usually papillose) ridges.
Pet. of fem. fl. filiform. bearing a pencil
of long hairs.
Scapes 6-18 in., heads 7 Bey in. 7. E. SEXANGULARE.
Scapes 2-6 in., heads 2 4-{ in. 8. E. THWAITESII.
Pet. of fem. fl. flat, ciliate.
Recept. villous, with long hairs.
Stout, perennial . : : . 9. E. BROWNIANUM.
Annual : . Io, E. LUZULAEFOLIUM.
Recept. glabrous, or nearly 50.
Heads 4-3 in.diam. ., . . 11. E. TRUNCATUM.
Heads 34-3 in. diam. . 5 . 12. E, TRIMENI.
Seeds not ridged.
Recept. villous with long hairs.
Male pet. all very small.
L. 6-14 in., scapes 6-12 in. . . 13. E. WIGHTIANUM.
L. 1-4 in.
Scapes 6-8 in. . : : . 14. E. WALKERI.
Scapes I-4 in. . 15. E. QUINQUANGULARE.
Male pet. well developed, « one largest 16. E. COLLINUM.
Recept. glabrous, or nearly so.
Annual, terrestrial, 1. 1-2 in. . . 17. E. SIEBOLDIANUM.
Perennial, aquatic, |. 8-Ioin. . . 18. E. FLUVIATILE.
1. EB. setaceum, Z. Sp. P/. 87 (1753). PKRenda, 5S.
Herm. Mus. 8. Burm. Thes. tog. Fl. Zeyl. n. 50. Moon, Cat. 9.
Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 791 (in part).
Fl. B. Ind: vi. 572. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 68.
A submerged aquatic; stem 2-3 ft., stout or slender, simple
or rarely branched, flexuous, densely crinite throughout with
capillary flexuous I-veined |. 14-2 in. long, tips of stem or of
branches HOB IEING | scapes very many, 13-3 in. long, slender,
> -ribbed, sheath ?—1 in., tip truncate, aernioeavncit heads about
4 in. diam., neers black: bracts short, cuneate- obovate, coria-
ceous, elabrous: recept. hemispheric, villous: bracteoles cunei-
form or cymbiform, acuminate, glabrous; male fl.:—sep. 3,
linear-oblong, obtuse, concave, glabrous, cor.-lobes minute,
stam. 6; fem. fl. very shortly stipitate, sep. 3, cymbiform,
acute, glabrous or nearly so, cor. shortly stipitate, pet. 3, very
narrowly spathulate, ciliate towards the tips, with or without
a black spot; seeds +5 in. long, oblong, quite smooth, dark
brown.
In rather deep water, in the moist low country below tooo ft.; rare.
Fl. Dec.-March.
Also in Malabar.
2. B. Capillus-naiadis, Hook. f Fil. Brit. Ind. vi. 572 (1893).
C. P. 791 (in part).
Habit and foliage of £. se¢acewm ; heads globose, } in. diam.;
white, bracts short, cuneate-obovate, thinly coriaceous, pale ;
Evriocautlon.| Ertocaulonce. 3
recept. hemispheric, sparsely hairy, bracteoles cuneiform, tips
rounded, cuspidate, dorsally villous with white hairs above the
middle, male and fem. fl. shortly stipitate; male sep. 3, obovate-
oblong, concave, dorsally villous above the middle with white
hairs; fem. sep. cymbiform, cor. with ov. very shortly
stipitate, pet. narrowly spathulate, ciliate towards the tip;
ov. subsessile; seeds ;'5 in. long, oblong, smooth, dark brown.
Deep water, in the moist low country below 2000 ft.; Pelaiwatte,
Hewesse, Pasdun Korale. FI. Dec.—March.
Also in the Concan, Bengal, Burma, and Cochin China.
In the Peradenya Herbarium this occurs mixed with Z. setaceum, of
which it was probably considered (possibly correctly) a form, by Thwaites
and Trimen. The colour of the heads, due to the copious white hairs of
the fl. bracts, distinguishes it at a glance. The receptacle is less hairy
than in the Continental specimens, and the seeds are smaller.
3. E. caulescens, Zi. 7. and Th. in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 572 (1893). £.
atratum, var. major, Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 131.
Stem in young plants simple, 3-4 in. long, as thick as the
thumb, in old, ofter copiously branched, with branches 6-10
in. long, and leafy throughout, rooting along the elongate
base; roots stout, flexuous; |. 2-6 by ?-4 in., narrowed from
the base to the obtuse tip, rigidly coriaceous, quite opaque,
veins very many, close-set, faint; scape subsolitary from the
stem or branches, 6-18 in., stout or slender, sheath I-6 in., tip
obtuse or acute, coriaceous or membranous towards the side;
heads 4-2 in. diam., bracts sub 3-seriate, coriaceous, oblong,
outer obtuse, inner acute, almost black, shining; recept. flat,
covered with very long straight hairs, bracteoles oblanceolate,
acute, dark, dorsally shortly bearded; sep. and pet. of both
sexes villously bearded, male fl. with 1 pet. much exceeding
the bracteoles, obovate, villous all over; fem. fl. with 2 sep.
concave, I flat, cor. stipitate, pet. very unequal, spots large,
stipes of cor. and of ov. villous; seeds not seen.
Upper montane zone, alt. 5000-8000 ft.; very rare. Adam’s Peak,
pees Horton Plains, swamp on Pidurutalagala, 8000 ft. (Pearson).
. rev.
Endemic.
Our largest and most handsome species, semi-shrubby when old.
4. E. zeylanicum, Korn. in Linnza, xxvii. (1854), 667 (ceylanicum).
£. subcaulescens, Hk. f. in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 573 (1893). £. atratum,
Thw. Enum. 341 (part). C. P. 61 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 585 (ceylanicum).
Stem 3-4 in. as thick as the little finger or less, simple,
densely leafy; |. 2-3 by 4in., erect, linear, acute or mucronate,
thick, opaque, many-veined, sheath slightly woolly at the base
within ; scapes 1-3, 6-12 in., slender, strongly 7-ribbed, sheath
4 Eriocaulonee. [Eriocaulon.
I-3 in., tip membranous; heads ee in. diam., depressed-
aereceal pale or snow-white; bracts broadly obovate or oblong,
scarious, glabrous, at length ‘reflexed, straw-col’d.; receptacle
small, hemispheric, densely villous with long pale hairs;
bracteoles cuneately oblanceolate, acute, bearded at the tip,
membranous; male fl. shortly stipitate, sep. spathulate, 2
concave, I flat, one pet. much the longest, obovate, exceeding
the bracteole, villous all over, stam. 6; fem. fl. subsessile, sep.
of male, corolla subsessile, pet. narrowly oblanceolate, very
unequal, villous, disk with a black spot.; seeds subglobose 2 5
in. diam., papillose.
Upper montane zone; rare. Nuwara Eliya (Gardner); Pidurutalagala
(Thwaites) ; Horton Plains, alt. 7200 ft. (Pearson). Fl. April.
Endemic.
5. B. longicuspis, 2k. 7. 2x Fl. B. Ind. vi. 573 (1893).
EF. cristatum, var., Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 789.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 573.
’. Stem short, as thick as a swan’s quill; 1. 2-24 in., linear-
subulate, acuminate, flat, many-veined, opaque, coriaceous
Sheath obscurely villous at the base within; scapes I or 2,
18-20 in., very slender, weak, flexuous, tip of sheath mem-
branous; heads 4 in. diam., the black cusps of the bracteoles
contrasting with the small white fl.; bracts very small,
¢cuneately obovate, scarious, blackish; recept. hemispheric,
clothed with long hairs; bracteoles cuneiform, tips rounded,
toothed, and with a long black cusp, glabrous or the inner
dorsally villous; male and fem. fl. stipitate, male sep. 3,
narrow, concave, tips hairy, one lobe of cor. much exceeding
the bracteoles, villous, spathulate, stam. 6; fem. sep. 3, linear-
oblong, stipitate, pet. narrowly spathulate, ciliate, each with
a black spot; seeds not seen.
Lower montane zone; very rare. Ramboda (Gardner). Fl. Jan.
Endemic.
6. E. atratum, Korn. in Linnea, xxvii. 610 (1854).
Thw. Enum. 241. C. P. 61 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 574.
Stem 1-4 in. densely tufted, erect or decumbent, and
sometimes branched, as thick as a swan’s quill at the base or
more slender; 1. 4-6 by 74-75 in., narrowly linear, obtuse or
acute, erect or spreading from an erect base, thick in texture,
veins very many and close-set, sheath more or less woolly at
the base within; scape solitary, 6-12 in., tip of sheath mem-
branous; head 4-} in. diam., hemispheric; bracts cuneately
obovate, incurved, rigid, convex, black, grey, or yellowish,
shining, glabrous, inner acute; recept. hemispheric, densely
Eviocaulou.| Eriocaulonee. 5
villous with long hairs; bracteoles orbicular-ovate, black,
dorsally shortly bearded above the middle, outer very shortly
cuspidate, inner acute, male fl. stipitate, sep. 3, obovate,
dorsally densely villous, one lobe of corolla much the longest,
much exceeding the bracteoles, obovate, villous all over,
stam. 6; fem. fl. subsessile, 2 sep. concave, I narrower, flat,
cor. sessile or stipitate, pet. 3, oblanceolate, villous, 2 or all
with a black spot; seeds not seen.
- Montane zone; rather common. Galagama (Gardner); Maskeliya:
Moist places in Central Province, alt. 6000-8000 ft. (Pearson). FI,
Feb., March.
’ Endemic.
Gardner’s number for this was 932, not 972 as in Herb. Kew. Mr.
Pearson has collected specimens with the invol. bracts varying as
described above.
7. &. sexangulare, /. SA. P/. 87 (1753). Mokmota, S.
EteGnam Vitisn 7 ae burm hes: 1 1Os.0. Hb leZevle mea.) 22, Wal-
dichianum, Mart.; Thw. Enum. 341; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 99. C. P. 220.
Sul estnd svi. "580, “Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 249.
Stem as thick as the little finger or less, short, rarely
elongate; |. 4-12 by 4~-# in. broad at the base, narrowed from
the base to the subacute or acuminate tip, thin, many-veined,
opaque, striate, drying brown; scapes many, tall, up to 18 in.
high, slender, stiff, stoutly 5-ribbed, sheath Se —6in., herbaceous,
tip ending in a long g green point; heads 1 a3 in. diam. 4 slobose,
hemispheric or conical, sometimes viviparous, hard, hoary,
base truncate, at length intruded; bracts short, subquadrate
or orbicular, spreading, rigidly coriaceous, closely appressed
to the fi, elabrous, yellow, shining; recept. globose, hemi-
spheric or columnar, sparsely hairy; bracteoles densely im-
bricate, broadly cuneate-spathulate, cuspidate, rigid, tip dark,
hoary with snow- -white powdery pubescence ; male fl. quite
flat, sep. free or connate, flabelliform, crenate - toothed,
glabrous, cor.-lobes minute, triangular, Sliakee. Stam. O5 fem,, fi.
strongly compressed, subsessile, sep. 3, 2 very large, dolabri-
form. and cymbiform, acute, incurved, dorsally broadly winged,
third small, linear, flat, pet. filiform, terminated by a pencil of
long hairs; seeds oblong or subglobose, 7g in. diam., red-
brown, ribbed, ribs papillose. is
Wet places in moist low country; very common. Abundant in oe
cinnamon gardens, Colombo. Fl. Dec., March, July.) - | 79
-. In Tropical Asia generally ; Madagascar.
- According to Continental Indian specimens the anil fl. vary ry greatly,
sometimes approaching the fem. in the form of the sepals, or are, with
them, very much reduced. ’
6 Evriocaulonee. [Erzocaulon.
8. E. Thwaitesii, Kirn. ix Linnea, xxvii. 627 (1854). L£. Neesz-
anum, Korn. |. c. 628.
E. truncatum, Thw. Enum. 341 (part). C. P. 790 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 583.
Stem very short, stout, sometimes as thick as the little
finger; |. 2-10 by 33 in. broad in the middle, subulate, linear,
or ensiform, acute or acuminate, opaque, 3—5-veined; scapes
many, 2-6 in., slender, flexuous, 5-ribbed, tip of sheath
acuminate, herbaceous; heads 4} in. diam., hemispheric or
obconic, hoary, base at length intruded; bracts obovate-oblong
or nearly orbicular, spreading and incurved, glabrous, coria-
ceous, shining, pale straw-col’d.; recept. convex, densely
villous with long hairs; bracteoles cuneately oblanceolate or
spathulate, acute or obtuse, greyish, scarious, dorsally hoary
above the middle; male fl. stipitate, stipes crinite with long
hairs; male sep. 2, obovate-oblong, concave, dorsally rounded
or almost keeled, glabrous or nearly so, cor.-lobes very minute,
disk with black spots, stam. 3-6; fem. fl. sessile or stipitate,
sep. 2, cymbiform, acute, dorsally rounded, sometimes with a
thickened keel, cor. sessile or stipitate, pet. filiform, very
short, terminated by a pencil of long hairs; seeds about #5 in.
long, oblong, with papillose ridges, dark red-brown.
Moist region, up to about 4ooo ft.; rather rare. Ramboda (Gardner) ;
Ambagamuwa (Thwaites); Kitulgala. Fl. Jan—March.
Also in Nilgiri Mountains.
9. &. Brownianum, J7art. zn Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 25 (1832).
Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 377 and 378 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 576. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 248.
Stem I-3 in., from a stout copiously rooting rootstock up
to 1 in. diam.; 1. 6-18 by ~4-1 in. broad, narrowly linear to
ensiform, acuminate, glabrous or sparsely hairy; scape
solitary, 1-2 ft., stout or slender, 7-ribbed and deeply
grooved, glabrous or sparsely hairy, and sheaths up to 4 in.
long, tip acuminate, green; head 4-4 in. diam., globose or
hemispheric, snow-white, bracts }-} in., as long as the fl,
obovate-oblong or cuneiform, spreading, at length reflexed,
glabrous, pubescent or villous, pale or dark grey; recept.
flat or convex, covered with long straight hairs; outer
bracteoles broadly cuneiform, inner spathulate, obtuse, all
densely villous above the middle with white hairs; male fl.
long-stipitate, stipes hairy, sep. broadly spathulate, free or
connate, tips dorsally bearded, cor.-lobes subequal, minute,
fimbriate, stam. 6; fem. fl. very shortly stipitate, sep. cymbi-
form, acute or cuspidate, dorsally hirsute, cor. with ov. shortly
stipitate; pet. linear or narrowly oblong, villous with long
Eriocaulon.] Erwocaulonee. U]
straight hairs and with a black spot on the disk; seeds #5 in.
diam., oblong or subglobose, ribbed, ribs papillose.
Montane zone, chiefly in higher region; rather common. Adam’s
Peak (Gardner); Ambagamuwa; N. Eliya; Rangala; Knuckles Moun-
tain; &c. Swampy places in the Central Province, alt. 5500-7200 ft.
(Pearson). Fl. March, Sept., Oct.
Also in Khasia and the Nilgiri Mountains.
Very variable, the leaves often much broader than in Wallich’s
figure.
Io. EB. luzulaefolium, J7art. in Wall. Pi. As. Rar. iii. 28 (1832).
Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 582. Schniz!. Icon. t. 46, f. 2, 5.
Perennial (?); stem stout or slender, sometimes as thick
as a swan’s quill, densely fibrous; |. 1-3 in., broadly subulate,
narrowed from the base to the acuminate tip, many-veined,
Opaque or translucent; scapes many, 3-12 in., slender,
5-7-ribbed, flexuous, sheath obtuse; heads small, hemi-
spheric, 4 in. diam., pale greyish, pubescent, base truncate,
intruded; bracts erect or spreading, outer broadly cuneiform,
subcoriaceous, shining, glabrous; recept. conical or columnar,
villous with long hairs; bracteoles cuneately oblanceolate,
obtuse or subacute, dorsally shortly hairy; male fl. stipitate,
sep. 3, free or 2-connate, tips ciliate, cor.-lobes minute, obtuse,
stam. 6; fem. fl. stipes slender, sep. 3, narrow, concave,
dorsally tipped with bristles, cor. with ov. stipitate or sub-
sessile, linear-lanceoldte, ciliate; seeds oblong, yellow, faintly
ribbed, and most closely transversely ridged, appearing
echinulate.
Ceylon (Gardner).
Throughout Continental India. Closely resembles forms of &.
quinguangulare, from which the seeds distinguish it.
se &. truncatum, Ham. ex Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 29
1632).
. ae Enum. 341 (part). C. P. 793.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 578.
A tufted annual; |. 1-2} by }$-+ in., linear or subulate,
acuminate, few or many-veined ; scapes many, I-—5 in., rather
stout, 5-ribbed, sheath coriaceous, tip green or narrowly mem-
branous ; heads 4-3 in. diam., globose or hemispheric, base
truncate, at length intruded ; bracts spreading, oblong-cunei-
form, shining, glabrous, membranous, pale grey; recept.
conical, nearly glabrous ; bracteoles incurved, obovoid-spathu-
late, membranous, glabrous, tip truncately rounded with event
margins; male fl stipitate, sep. 3, all free, or 2-connat:
cuneately oblong, glabrous; cor.-lobes minute, ciliate, stam. 6
or fewer; fem. “f. long-stipitate, sep. 2-3, narrowly linear,
8 Evriocaulonee. [Eriocaulon.
concave or I broader, flat, pet. 3, filiform or narrowly oblan-
ceolate, glabrous or sparsely ciliate, ov. stipitate; seeds
oblong, zz in. long, yellow, strongly ribbed, ribs papillose.
Low country; very common. Swampy places in the Central Pro-
vince, all 4000-5500 ft. (Pearson).
Thwaites sunk his number 793 under 790.
12. B. Trimeni, Hook, f x. sp.
A small, slender annual; 1. $-1 in, narrowly linear or
subulate, acuminate, I-veined above the middle, scapes 1 or
few, 14-2 in. long, slender, sheath inflated, acuminate; heads
qo-¢ in. diam.; bracts erect, obovate-oblong, hyaline, glisten-
ing, tips rounded, quite glabrous; recepts. very small, glabrous;
bracteoles cuneately oblong or obovate, obtuse, concave,
hyaline; fl. all perfectly glabrous, male stipitate, sep. 3, linear-
oblong, obtuse, concave, 2 connate; cor.-lobes minute,
obtuse, stam. 1; fem. fl. sessile or shortly stipitate, sep. 3,
linear, obtuse, concave, cor. and ov. shortly stipitate, pet.
narrowly oblanceolate; seeds ¢5 in. long, oblong - ovoid,
acutely 8—10-ribbed, yellow, shining.
Montane zone. Dambulla Rock (7yviémen). FI. Dec.
Referred by Dr. Trimen to &. ¢rumcatum, but a much smaller plant,
with perfectly glabrous heads, bracts, bracteoles, and flowers, and shining
yellow seeds that are not papillose. It most nearly resembles £.
Szeboldianum, which differs in the columnar receptacle, form of the
bracteoles, absence of pet. in the fem. fl., and smooth seeds.
13. BE. Wightianum, Jar?. in Wall. Pl. As. Rai iii. 28 (1832).
Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 3382, 378 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 576.
Stem short or elongate, often as thick as the thumb;
l. 6-14 by }-#1n., broadly linear or ensiform, obtuse, thin,
glabrous or sparsely hairy, many-veined; scapes many,
6-12 in., stout, many-ribbed, and deeply grooved, glabrous or
sparsely hairy, sheath with a long green tip; heads }—; in.
diam., pale grey and hoary or snow-white from the tip of the
fem. pet. projecting beyond the bracteoles; bracts short,
broadly obovate-oblong or cuneiform, pale yellowish, pubes-
cent or woolly, coriaceous, tips rounded or truncate; recept.
convex, villous with long straight hairs; bracteoles cuneately
spathulate, tips cuspidate, scarious, densely hoary or shortly
pubescent above and densely villous with long hairs below;
male fl. stipitate, stipes hairy at the base, sep. 3, cuneately
obovate, 2 often connate, tips pubescent, pet. minute, sub-
equal, stam. 6; fem. fl. sessile or shortly stipitate, sep. 3,
linear, concave, all bearded towards the tip, or 1 naked, cor.
Eriocaulon.| Firiocaulonze. 9
shortly stipitate, pet. spathulate or oblanceolate, dorsally
villous with very long hairs, disk with a black spot, ov. sessile;
seeds globosely oblong or ellipsoid, 45-5 in. long, dark red-
brown, smooth, very minutely papillose.
Montane zone; rather common. Ambagamuwa; Ramboda; N. Eliya;
Wattakelle. Fl. Feb.
' Also in Burma and S. India.
14. B. Walkeri, 2. f. zx Fl. B. Ind. vi. 583 (1893).
E. gquinguangulare, var. argenteum, Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 3562.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 533.
Annual, densely tufted; |. much shorter than the scapes,
narrowly subulate, obtuse, few-veined, opaque, glistening ;
scapes many, 6-8 in., very slender, 7-ribbed, tip of sheath
broadly membranous; head globose, or very shortly oblong,
--i in. diam., snow-white, base at length intruded; bracts
much shorter than the head, spreading, scarious, pale, outer
obovate-oblong or cuneiform, glabrous, inner oblong, tips
bearded; recept. hemispheric to columnar, densely clothed
with long white hairs, bracteoles oblanceolate, acute or cuspi-
dately acuminate, membranous, dorsally bearded above the
middle or lower with snow-white hairs; male fl. with a short
crinite stipes, sep. 3, broadly spathulate, dorsally long bearded,
2 connate, cor.-lobes ovate, subequal, or one longer, all
bearded, and with a black gland on the disk, stam. 6; fem. fl.
on a short crinite stipes, sep. narrowly obovate or oblong,
obtuse, dorsally bearded, cor. sessile or shortly stipitate, pet.
oblanceolate, dorsally bearded with long jointed hairs, and
tipped with short obtuse white ones, disk of each with a black
gland; seeds ;5 in. long, oblong or ellipsoid, orange-yellow,
smooth, shining, chalaza very large.
_ Low country; apparently very rare. CKalutara; Batticaloa. Fl.
March.
Endemic.
15. &. quinquangulare, Z. S/. P/. 87 (1753). Hin-kokmota, S.
Herm. Mus. 20. Burm. Thes. 109. FI. Zeyl. n. 48. Moon, Cat. 9.
Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 792. :
Beruiob. Ind vi soz. Pluk: Phytcer. taz21, f 7-
Stems very short, tufted on a short rootstock; |. 1-4 by
4-14 in. subulate, linear, or ensiform, acuminate, usually
narrowed uniformly from base to tip, often bright red-brown
when dry; scapes many, 1-4 in., rather stout, flexuous, sheath
short, tip membranous, obtuse, or rounded; heads globose,
4_1 in. diam., grey to snow-white, bracts very short, linear-
oblong to broadly oblong or cuneate, scarious, glistening,
at length reflexed and concealed under the head; recept.
10 Erwocaulonec. [Eriocaulon.
globose or columnar, sparsely villous, bracteoles oblanceolate
or spathulate, acuminate or cuspidate, hyaline, dorsally villous
with flexuous hairs; male fl.:—sep. 3, 2 ovate, connate, tips
villously penicillate, cor.-lobes minute, stam. 6; fem. ff.
stipitate, sep. 3, narrow, 2 concave, dorsally villous, one flat;
cor. sessile or stipitate, pet. 3, very unequal, oblanceolate, one
much the longest, villous all over, two shorter and much
narrower, all usually with a black spot on the disk; seeds very
minute, oblong or subglobose, pale yellow, quite smooth,
shining.
Low country, in damp places, in both regions, and up to 4ooo0 ft.;
very common. Fl. Oct., Feb., July.
Throughout India.
A very pretty little species, with very white heads. Often so abundant
as to make the ground look as if covered with snow. The leaves usually
pink in colour when dry.
16. E. collinum, /72. 7. 7x F/. B. Ind. vi. 584 (1893).
E. luzulefolium, Thw. Enum. 341 (non Mart.). C. P. 796 (1000).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 584.
Annual (?); stems densely tufted; 1. 1-3} in. by 74-4 in,
narrowly linear or subulate, obtuse, I1-9-veined, opaque or
translucent; scapes many, 3-12 in., slender, rigid, flexuous,
7-ribbed, sheath stout, sometimes as long as the 1., tip obtuse,
broadly membranous; heads globose, } in. diam., dark grey,
base at length intruded; bracts small, outer very short,
orbicular or cuneate-obovate, scarious, pale, dorsally hoary,
or the outer glabrous, at length reflexed; recept. hemispheric
or columnar, densely villous with long hairs; bracteoles
cuneately spathulate or obovate, cuspidately acuminate,
membranous, dorsally hoary with short white hairs; male
fl. stipitate, sep. 3, linear-oblong, concave, cor.-lobes 3, one
much the longest, exserted beyond the sep. but not beyond
the bracteoles, stam. 6; fem. fl. stipitate, sep. 3, two cymbi-
form, one flat, cor. sessile or shortly stipitate, pet. narrowly
oblanceolate, ciliate, ov. sessile; seeds 5 in. long, oblong,
smooth, pale yellow-brown, closely minutely papillose.
Montane zone; rare. Ramboda; Ambagamuwa; Horton Plains. FI.
Dec.—March.
Also in the Nilgiri Mountains.
eon Sieboldianum, Seb. and Zucc. ex Stend. Syn. Pl. Cyp.
272 (1855).
k EB ee ees Burm. FI. Zeyl. 31; Moon, Cat. 9; Thw. Enum. 341;
Trim. Syst. Cat. 99 (non L.). C. P. 795.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 577. Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 9, f. 4.
Annual, tufted, stemless; |. 1-2 in., subulate or setaceous,
3-5-veined, glabrous, opaque or translucent, sheath very short,
Eriocaulon.] Eriocaulonee. II
scapes many, 3-4 in., slender, 5-ribbed, sheath 3 in., obtuse,
broadly membranous; heads small, ¢ in. diam., globose or
-ovoid, white or purplish; bracts much shorter than the head,
~outer broadly oblong, obtuse, tip rounded, inner narrower,
all scarious, spreading or ascending, glabrous, pale; recept.
small, columnar, glabrous, or sparsely hairy; bracteoles linear-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, closely im-
‘bricating, hyaline, glabrous, shining, with usually a_ broad,
often purplish, central band of colour; fl. all glabrous, male
and fem. stipitate, male sep. 3, free or connate, obovate-
oblong, cor.-lobes minute, stam. 1-6; fem. sep. I or 2, filiform
-or O, pet. 0, stipes of ov. with a node at the position of the
pet.; seeds very minute, about 100 in. long, oblong, quite
smooth, pale red- or yellow-brown, shining.
Moist region up to 3000 ft.; common. FI. Oct., Feb.
Throughout India and in China, Philippines and Japan.
Burman seems to have been the first to refer &. sexangulare, L., to
-this, and so misled subsequent writers.
18. E. fluviatile, 772m. 7m Journ. Bot. xxiii. 270 (1885). C. P.
057:
; on B. Ind. vi. 585. :
A perennial, submerged aquatic, with emersed heads;
stems 2-3 in., very slender, interlaced, flexuous, copiously
rooting; 1. 8-10 in, about =; in. broad, almost filiform,
-concave above, dorsally convex, flaccid, sheath dilated,
membranous, 7-veined, base cottony within; scape solitary,
rather shorter than the 1|., slender, 7-ribbed, sheath cylindric,
tip with a long green point; head floating, depressed-globose,
din. diam.; bracts dark, glabrous, outer orbicular, inner
‘broadly oval or oblong, subscariously coriaceous; recept.
hemispheric, glabrous; bracteoles obovate or cuneately oblong,
membranous, tips rounded, villous; male fl.:—sep. 3, spathu-
late, dorsally villous beyond the middle, cor.-lobes rather
large, villous, disk with a black spot; fem. fl. subsessile, sep.
and subsessile pet. narrow, spathulate, ciliate, the pet.
-with a black spot; seeds about 5 in., oblong, sinooth, pale
‘brown.
In deep running water, in moist low country; very rare. Streams now
- supplying the great reservoir at Labugama, first noticed by Ferguson in
1882; near Hewesse, Pasdun Korale. Fl. Jan., Feb.
Endemic.
The habit is that of Z. Dadze/iz, but the flowers are very different.
12 Cyperacec.
CXLVIII.—CY PERACE A,
PERENNIAL, rarely annual herbs, with the habit of grasses;
roots fibrous; stem terete or 3-angled, rarely branched; 1.
grass-like (rarely 0), 3-ranked, mostly crowded at the base of.
the stem, upper fewer, with tubular sheaths, which are more
or less closed, or the lower split to the base, ligule 0, or a
short prolongation of the mouth of the sheath opposite the
blade; infl. of solitary, fascicled, panicled, or spicate spikelets,
composed of small imbricating distichous, or spirally imbri-
cating scales (glumes); fl. minute, uni- or bisexual, in the
axils of the glumes; perianth o, or of 6 or more hypog ynous
bristles or scales (ovary enclosed in a utricle in Carex) ; stam.
1-3, fil. flattened, anth. basifixed, linear; ov. i-celled, style
short or long, stigmas 2-3, ovule 1, basal, erect, anatropous;
fr. a compressed or trigonous nut; seed erect, free, embryo
minute, within the base of the floury endosperm.
In using the following key and the generic characters given of the
Ceylon Cyferacee, it is absolutely necessary, for their proper understand-
ing, to bear in mind that the so-called spikelets of the tribe Cyfeve@ are
not homologous with those of the other tribes. In the Cyperee@, each
flowering glume of the spikelet bears one bisexual fl., and any scales or
bristles placed around or below the stamens are considered to be organs
of that fl. (disk or perianth). In the other tribes, what appear to be the
glumes of a spikelet are considered to be bracts of a spike, each of which
bracts bears in its axil a spikelet (homologous with that of Cyferee),
reduced to a sessile ovary, accompanied or surrounded with scale-like
glumes, which are not arranged upon a rhachilla, but are arranged around
the ovary in a certain order, which can only be ascertained by very care-
fulexamination. In Ayfolytree, two of the scales are always external to
the others, placed right and left of the ov., are monandrous, concave,
‘strongly laterally compressed and keeled, the keel ciliate, the other
scales, one or more of which are monandrous, are flat and variously
placed. In Sclertee, where also what appear to be the glumes of a
spikelet are considered to be the bracts of a spike, the true spikelet also
consisting of scales, like glumes, and the male glumes are‘usually on a
separate spike. There is no trace in Sclerze@ of the two right and left
glumes of //yfolytree. Lastly, in Caricee the true spikelet is represented
in the male spike by stamens only, and in the fem. by an ov. enclosed in
a utricle, which latter i is the homologue of the two right and left scales of |
Hy polytree.
From the above it may be concluded that it is very difficult to apply
to the infl. of Cy~eracee a nomenciature at once scientific, practical, and _
intelligible to the student without much circumlocution; I have there-
fore followed the simplest course of using, throughout the Order, the
term spikelet for both spikes and spikelets, and of scales for the glumes-
of the true spikelets of Hypolytree and Scleriee.—J. D. H
Cyperacee.
Nut not enclosed in a utricle (see Lifocarpiha).
_ FI. bisexual, solitary in the glumes of a simple
spikelet (Cyperee).
Glumes all distichous (see also Actinoschenus
and some sp. of Fzméristylis.
Rhachilla of spikelet persistent . ;
Rhachilla of spikelet disarticulating above
the second glume.
Spikelets many-fid .
Spikelets few-fid.
Glumes all spirally imbricated, or the lower
only distichous.
Spikelets many-fld. (except Wedsteria).
Hypogynous scales or bristles 0 (see also
sp. of Sczrfus and Eleocharis).
Style- base swollen, disarticulating from
the nut.
Glumes separable from the rhachilla
Glumes persistent on the rhachilla .
Style-base persistent on the nut .
Hypogynous scales or bristles present.
Nut with hypogynous bristles (o in
some sp. of Scirpus and LE/eo-
charts).
Spikelets many-fid.
Style-base swollen
Style-base not swollen .
Spikelets 1-fld. 3 :
Nut with hypogynous scales.
Scales 3, stipitate, flat.
Scales 2, hyaline, wrapped round the
MUETS
Spikelets few-fld. (see also Websteria)
(Rhynchosporee).
Spikelets compressed, capitate
Spikelets not compressed.
Stigmas 2
Stigmas 3
Spikelets panicled
Spikelets fastigiate in an ovoid head
F]. unisexual; glumes containing many slender
scales, some with a single stamen, others
empty, and one central naked pistil.
Spikelets uniform (HyZolytree).
Spikelet solitary, unilateral .
Spikelets many.
Spikelets in terminal panicles .
Spikelets capitate on axillary scapes.
Nut globose, smooth :
Nut deeply 6-10 grooved
Spikelets dimorphic, male narrow, fem.
broader (Sclertee).
Glumes entire, with one median vein .
Glumes trifid, with 5-7 strong veins .
Nut enclosed in a compressed utricle
iP)
Our
\O cont
. CYPERUS.
. MARISCUS.
. KYLLINGA.
. FIMBRISTYLIS.
. ECHINOLYTRUM.
. BULBOSTYLIS.
. ELEOCHARIS.
. SCIRPUS.
. WEBSTERIA.
. FUIRENA.
. LIPOCARPHA.
. ACTINOSCHENUS.
. RHYNCHOSPORA.
. CLADIUM.
. REMIREA.
. LEPIRONIA.
. HYPOLYTRUM.
. MAPANIA.
. SCIRPODENDRON.
. SCLERIA.
. DIPLACRUM.
. CAREX.
14 Cyperacee. [ Cyperus.
1. CYPERUS, J.
Perennial, rarely annual, glabrous herbs, with a creeping
rootstock or oO; |. all towards the base of the stem, with some-
times a few cauline, in a few sp. reduced to sheaths; infl. of
solitary or umbelled heads or spikes of spikelets; invol. bracts
one or more, foliaceous, with bracteoles under the secondary
divisions of the infl.; spikelets linear or oblong, rhachilla
persistent, not disarticulating towards the base, with some-
times membranous wings (the persistent bases of the glumes) ;
glumes distichous, 2 lowest empty, the succeeding bisexual,
all nearly equal, deciduous in ascending order, uppermost
1-3, empty or sterile; hypogynous scales or bristles 0; stam.
3, rarely I or 2, anth. linear or oblong; ov. compressed, style
long, short, or 0, stigma 2 or 3, long or short; nut trigonous,
triquetrous, or plano-convex.—Sp. about 350; 80 in /V. B. Ind.
A satisfactory classification of the species of CyZerus in linear sequence
is, Owing to their cross affinities, and their variability in habit and in
the development of the infl., perhaps unattainable. For this work (in
which dichotomy is the rule adopted by Dr. Trimen for the construction
of the keys), I have chosen for the principal subclivisions of the genus
characters which, though in great measure artificial, will, I think, be
serviceable to the student in his endeavour to identify the Ceylon species.
This I have followed with an account of the arrangement adopted by Mr.
Clarke in the Flora of British India, which is partly natural and partly
artificial ;—wholly artificial in retaining /wacel/us as a genus, and natural
in adopting Pycreus. With regard to the latter genus, though not adopted
by Dr. Trimen in the list of Cyperacee, which he drew up for description
in this work, it is well distinguished from Cyfervus by the laterally com-
pressed nut, and is, as Mr. Clarke informs me, only distinguishable
from Kyllinga by habit and the inarticulate rhachilla of the spikelets.
For valuable observations on the inflorescence, &c., of Cyferacez, see
that author’s Pre.idential Address to the Linnean Society, published in
the “ Proceedings” of that body for 1895-6, p. 22.—J. H. D.
Style long, filiform, stigmas 2-3, minute . » (1. Gy CEPHALORES:
Style very short or 0, stigmas 3, short . font, (Cy ERD:
Style long, stigmas 2-3, long.
Stigmas 2-3, nut dorsally compressed (see
also 39, C. alopecuroides) . : . 3. C. PYGMAUS.
Stigmas 2, nut laterally compressed.
Spikelets all or most in a solitary terminal
head; annuals.
Rhachilla not winged.
Spikelets loosely capitate . 4. C. STRAMINEUS.
Spikelets compactly capitate 5. C. PUMILUS.
Rhachilla winged . 3 6. C. HYALINUS (Vahl).
Spikelets umbelled.
Style as long as the nut.
Nut broadly obovoid A : . 7. C. SANGUINOLENTUS,
Nut narrow, truncate. : é . 8. C. POLYSTACHYUS.
Style shorter than the nut.
Cyperus. Cyperacee.
Nut obcordate
Nut broadly obovoid .
Stigmas 3.
Spikelets all or most in a single terminal
head.
Rhachilla winged .
Rhachilla not, or hardly, winged.
Stem tall
Stem short.
Perennial, heads large .
Annual, heads small ‘
Spikelets in umbelled heads or spikes.
Spikelets in globose compact heads, or
digitately or stellately clustered on
the rays of a simple or compound
umbel. (See also 31 compressus.)
Nut long-beaked, margins corky
Nut not, or minutely, beaked, margins
not corky.
Spikelets in globose compact heads
Spikelets digitately or stellately
clustered.
Annual, glumes with long re-
curved cusps.
Nut narrowly oblong, Hee
late .
Nut obovoid, smooth
Perennial, except C. flavidus.
L. ¢ in. ‘broad, or less.
Glumes orbicular.
Spikelets 4-3 in. long
Spikelets Bib in. long
Glumes oblong
. ¥-3 in. broad :
Spikelets spicate, spikes terminating
the rays or raylets of a usually com-
pound umbel.
Spikelets usually long, and loosely
spicate.
Bracts o, or very short; I. 0, or
short.
Nut oblong, half as long as the
glume .
Nut elliptic, not ‘half. as long as
the glume
Bracts leafy, one or more very ‘long.
Nut narrow, half as long as the
glume, or more.
L. 1-2, oro
L. many.
Spikes and spikelets suberect
\ Spikes and spikelets Sree,
ing
Nut broad, half as long as the
glume, or shorter.
o ils
- 12.
Hues
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» TiS
16.
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5 onl
5 ls,
26.
5 2s
ANAA
(oX@)
Aa CO OO
ele)
- PUNCTICULATUS.
. GLOBOSUS.
- BULBOSUS.
. CONGLOMERATUS..
- ARENARIUS.
- ARISTATUS.
. PLATYSTYLIS.
. DIFFORMIS.
. CASTANEUS.
. CUSPIDATUS.
. HASPAN.
. FLAVIDUS.
. PULCHERRIMUS.,
. DIFFUSUS.
. ARTICULATUS.
C. CORYMBOSUS.
C. DEHISCENS.
C. DISTANS.
C. NUTANS.
16 Cyperacee. [Crperus..
Rhachis of spikes hispidulous 28. C. PILOSUS.
Rhachis of spikes glabrous.
Glumes with a green cusp.
Spikelets #5 in. broad =. 29, C. EXALTATUS.
Spikelets 4-4 in. broad.
Spikelets turgid . . 30. C. TUBEROSUS.
Spikelets compressed . 31. C. COMPRESSUS.
Glumes without a greencusp.
Stem tall, triquetrous.
Tip of glumes rounded 32. C. PROCERUS.
Tip of glumes acute or
subacute : - 33- G. ZOLLINGERL
Stem trigonous.
Annual P : . 34. C. ROTUNDUS.
Perennial . C. STOLONIFERUS.
Spikelets very short, densely crowded
in cylindric spikes.
Styles 3.
Spikes and spikelets spreading.
Spikes 1-13 in., red-brown . 36. C. DIGITATUS.
Spikes $-1I in., green. . 37. C. ELEUSINOIDES.
Spikes and spikelets suberect . 38. C. PLATYPHYLLUS.
Styles 2. ; ; : : . 39. C. ALOPECUROIDES.
The following is the arrangement followed by Clarke in FI. B. Ind.,
with the numbers in brackets as they are arranged in this work :—
Gen. Pycreus. Nut laterally compressed, stigmas 2. 1, stramineus
(Cyp. 4); 2, sanguinolentus (Cyp. 7); 3, nitens (5. C. pumilus); 4,
pumilus (6. C. hyalinus) ; 5, capillaris (10. C. globosus) ; 6, polystachyus
(Cyp. 8); 7, puncticulatus (Cyp. 9).
Gen. Juncellus. Nut plano-convex, dorsally compressed, stigmas 2.
1, alopecuroides (Cyp. 39); 2, pygmzeus (Cyp. 3).
Gen. Cyperus. Nut trigonous or triquetrous, rarely dorsally com-
pressed, stigmas 3, rarely 2. -
Subgen. I. Anosporum. Style entire, or with 3 minute stigmas.
1. C. Cephalotes (1).
Subgen. II. Pycnostachys. Style compressed, stigmas capillary.
Sect. 1. /Vatantes. 2 C. platystylis (15).
Sect. 2. Amuadiles. Slender annuals, spikelets small, glumes
mucronate; 3 castaneus (17); 4, cuspidatus (18).
Sect. 3. Difformes. Small, or middle-sized, annuals or biennials,
rootstock o, or creeping in C. Hasfan, |. and bracts moderately
long, narrow, weak; infl. umbellate, rarely capitate; spikelets
small, numerous; glumes scarcely cuspidate; 5, difformis (16) ;
6, pulcherrimus (21); 7, Haspan (19); 8, flavidus (20).
Sect. 4. Conglomeratz. Rootstock woody, creeping, root-fibres
thick, often woolly; infl. umbelled or of one head; 9, arenarius
(13); 10, conglomeratus (12); 11, pachyrhizus (12: conglome-
ratus #).
Sect. 5. Dzffusz. Tall, or middle-sized perennials, 1. green,
somewhat broad, often 3-veined; umbels compound, generally
decompound; 12, diffusus (22); 13, pubisquama (12 diffusus 6B
pubisquama).
Subgen, III. Choristachys. Infl. umbellate, spikes often more or
i
Cyperus.| Cyperacee. 17
less corymbed, spikelets sometimes very shortly spicate, stigmas
capillary.
A. Rhachilla of spikelets not much winged; I. and bracts long.
Sect. 1. Compressz. Annuals or biennials; 14, compressus
(31); I5, aristatus (14); 16, Iria (2).
Sect. 2. Rootstock becoming woody, stolons frequent (large
or middle-sized) ; 17, distans (26); 18, nutans (27); 19, eleu-
sinoides (37); 20, pilosus (28); 21, procerus (32).
B. Rhachilla of spikelets usually conspicuously winged.
Sect. 3. &zlbosz. Stolons slender, soon disappearing, termi-
nating in tunicated bulbils ; 22, bulbosus (11).
Sect. 4. Srevtfoliatz. Tall; stolons long, hardening into
creeping rootstocks; 1. short, rarely half the length of stem;
glumes approximate, closely imbricate; 23, articulatus (23);
24, corymbosus (24).
Sect. 5. Swbimbricatiz. Tall; rootstock very short, woody,
stolons o ; glumes scarcely imbricating in frt. ; 25, C. tegetum,
(25 C. dehiscens) ; 26, Zollingeri (32).
Sect. 6. Aotundi. Tall or medium plants, stoloniferous or
rootstock woody; I. and bracts long ; rhachilla of spikelets
- winged; glumes closely imbricated ; 27, C. rotundus (34) ;
28, C. stoloniferus (35) ; 29, C. tuberosus (30).
Sect. 7. xaltatz. Tall, stolons 0; 1. and bracts long ; umbel
large, compound, spikes and spikelets many, rhachilla con-
spicuously winged; anth. apiculate, sometimes crested; style
and stigmas small; nut small, ashy black; 30, C. exaltatus
(29); 31, C. digitatus (36); 32, C. platyphyllus (38).
1. ©. Cephalotes, Vah/, Enum. 11. 311 (1806).
C. Hookerianus, Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 3221.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 597. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 53.
An annual (?) marsh herb, with slender stolons; stem
rather stiff, 6-10 in., trigonous; |. longer or shorter than the
stem, narrowly linear, acuminate, striate, erect, } in. broad,
rather coriaceous, I-veined; head globose, $ in. diam., of many
small sessile spikelets; bracts 3-4, leaf-like, striate, widely
spreading, base a little dilated; spikelets ovate, 4-4 by ¢ in.,
flat, 20-30-fld., rhachilla stout, not winged; glumes ovate-
oblong, cuspidate, cymbiform, closely imbricate, coriaceous,
-chestnut-brown, many and closely veined, keel suberulous,
margin and tip narrowly hyaline; stam. 2-3, fil. broadly
‘linear, anth. linear, =4 in.; nut oblong, narrowed into a subu-
late beak half as long as itself or more, obscurely trigonous,
-ventrally concave, dorsally convex, pale and corky in the
lower half, brown above it, style jointed on the beak of the
nut, capillary, entire or 2—3-toothed.
Moist region, very rare. Galle, Kornagalle, Lunugala, Uva. Fl
> Sept., &c.
Also in India, Burma, China, Malaya, Australia.
Resembles Kyllinga monocephala.
PART YV. C
18 Cyperacee. [ Cyperus.
2. ©. Iria,* LZ. Sp. Pl. 67 (1753). Wel-hiri, S.
C. Santonict, Rottb. Moon, Cat. 6. . Thw. Enum. 344. C. P. 811.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 606. Rottb. lc. t. 9. f. 1 (C. Santonicz). Rheede,
Hort. Mal. xii. t. 56.
A glabrous tufted annual; stem 4-20 in., triquetrous; |. as
long as the stem or shorter, $-} in. broad, finely acuminate
flaccid, I1-veined; umbel decompound, of many primary rays
1-5 in. long, bearing irregularly fascicled secondary umbels
formed of narrow interrupted spikes of 5-20 small few-fid.
spikelets; spikelets ~,-} by 75 in., linear-oblong, obtuse,
greenish-brown, rhachilla very slender, not winged ; glumes
loosely imbricate, orbicular-obovate, hyaline, 3-5-veined,
keeled toward the rounded or retuse apiculate tip, dorsally
mottled with brown, 2 lowest much smaller, ovate, acuminate,
empty; stam. 2 or 3, fil. often connate below, anth. very
minute, oblong, tip conical ; nut obovoid, trigonous, about as
long as the glume, black, style very short oro, stigmas 3, much
shorter than the nut, linear.
In paddy fields and other wet places, very common. FI. all the year.
Tropics of old world.
3. C. pygmeeus, Rotts. Descr. et Ic. 20 (1773).
Moon, Cat. 6. Trim. Syst. Cat. 99. C. P. 3947.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 596 (/uncellus). Rottb. l.c. t. 14, ff. 4, 5.
Annual, dwarf, densely tufted ; stems I-Io in. erect or
spreading ; l. as long as the stem, or shorter, narrow, acumi-
nate, flaccid ; spikelets innumerable, sessile, densely packed
in an entire or lobed terminal head 4-3 in. diam., ovate, 5 in.
long, 8—20-fld., greenish, often curved or twisted, at length
brown, rhachilla very slender, not winged; bracts 2-4, I-6 in.
long, flaccid, base broadly dilated ; glumes closely imbricate,
ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a long straight or
recurved green cusp, 5-7-veined, keel not prominent; stam. 1,
rarely 2, anth. linear-oblong, muticous; nut 7 as long as the
glume, stipitate, narrowly linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
plano-convex, trigonous or terete, acute, style shorter than the
nut, stigmas 2, rarely 3.
Low country, rather rare. Colombo (Ferguson); Puttalam; Anurad-
hapura. FI. all the year.
All warm countries.
Very difficult to distinguish from the Oriental Sczrpus Michelianus,
L., and by many botanists the two are united. According to Clarke
(Fl. B. Ind. 1. c.), it may be distinguished by the scars of the rhachilla
being distichous, and not spirally arranged.
* [ra is Rheede’s name in Hort. Mal. xii. 105.
Cyperus. | C YPevacee. 19
4. ©. stramineus, /Vees ix Wight, Contrib. 74 (1834).
Thw. Enum. 432. C. P. 3776.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 589 (Pycrezs).
Annual, stems densely tufted, 6-12 in. high, very slender,
base thickened ; 1. suberect, as long as the stem or shorter,
very narrow, #5 in. broad, acuminate, I-veined, sheath short;
infl. a loose head of 5-20 suberect, sessile or subspicate
spikelets; bracts 2-3, filiform, erect or spreading, longest
2-3 in.; spikelets linear, pale, 4-3 by yp in, 15-70 fid.,
rhachilla stout, tetragonous, angles membranous, hardly
winged, at length deeply pitted with square lacune; glumes
closely imbricate, broadly triangular-ovate, obtuse or cuspi-
date, turgid, dorsally rounded and 3-5-veined, hardly keeled,
sides veinless; anth. narrowly linear, muticous ; nut $ as long
as the glume, suborbicular, laterally somewhat compressed,
turgidly biconvex, dark brown, granular, surface cells oblong,
style much longer than the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
Low country; veryrare. Kurunegala. Fl. Sept.
Also in India and Burma.
Roots described as being aromatic.
5. C. pumilus, Z. SZ. Pl. ed. 2 (1762). Go-hiri, S.
: ed Cat. 6. C. pulvinatus, Nees et Mey.; Thw. Enum. 342. C. P.
O00.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 591 (Pycreus nitens). Pluk. Phyt.t. 191, f. 8. Gaertn.
Bryuct. t-2,-f. 2.
Annual, dwarf; stems densely tufted, 1-6 in. capillary;
1. longer and shorter than the stem, very slender 35 in. broad,
I-veined, flaccid, sheath short; head of spikelets globose,
4-4 in. diam., entire or lobed, sometimes broken up into
peduncled spikes or clusters of spikelets or into rays of an
umbel; bracts 3-4, leaf-like, up to 4 in. long, base not dilated;
spikelets linear or linear-oblong, 1-4 by } in., 20-50-fld., pale
or dusky straw-col’d., rhachilla stout, tetragonous, not winged;
glumes rather loosely imbricate, broadly ovate, cymbiform,
_ spreading, strongly cuspidate below the bifid tip, dorsally
rounded and 3-veined, green, sides hyaline, veinless ; stam. 1,
rarely 2, anth. small; nut small, not half the length of the
glume, substipitate, broadly obovoid, laterally compressed,
biconvex, apiculate, granulate, dark brown, style much longer
than the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
Low country in wet sandy places; common. FI. Dec., &c.
India, and all hot countries of the Old World.
6. GC. hyalinus, Vahl, Exum. ii. 329 (1806).
C. pumilus, Nees; Thw. Enum. 432. Trim. Syst. Cat. 99. C. P.
3787.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 591 (Pycreus pumilus) (not given for Ceylon).
20 C: yperacee. [Cyperus.
Annual, dwarf, leafy, stems tufted, 1-4 in.; capillary; 1. as
long as the stem or longer, narrowly linear, acuminate, } in.
broad, flat, flaccid, 1-veined ; sheath short ; head of sessile or
very shortly spicate clusters of sessile rather broad few-fid.
spikelets, or of a few short rays with 3-6 distichous spikelets ;
bracts 3-4, up to 3 in. long, leaf-like ; spikelets ovate-oblong,
1-1 by 75 in., 6-10 fld. yellow-green strongly compressed,
rhachilla stout, wings lanceolate; glumes loosely imbricate,
spreading, ovate, long and stoutly cuspidate below the obtuse
tip, sides broadly hyaline with two strong veins, keel 3-veined ;
stam. 3, anth. linear, muticous; nut large, $ as long as the
“glume, broadly obovate-oblong, truncate or retuse, laterally
‘flattened, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 2, long, capillary.
Low country in the dry region; rather rare. Kurunegala District
‘(Thwaites) ; Anuradhapura, abundant ; USetal eee. iD ec:
Also in S. India and Timor.
7. ©. sanguinolentus, Vahl, Enum. i. 351 (1806). Thw. Enum.
342. C. Eragrostis, Vahl; Trim. Syst. Cat. 99. C. P. 802.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 590 (Pycreus). Rottb. 1. c. t. ix. f. 4 (C. pumzlus).
Rootstock creeping, as thick as a crow-quill; stem 4-20 in.,
rather stout, soft, trigonous above, sometimes leafless : IE few,
"many or O, as long as the stem or shorter, 7-4 in. broad,
acuminate, I-veined; umbel small, simple, rays 2-5, stout,
terminated by very short spikes of 3-6 spreading spikelets,
sometimes the infl. is contracted into a SB head ; bracts
3-5, up to 5 in. long, foliaceous; spikelets 4-4 by ¢ in. , shortly
spicate, flat, linear or oblong, 6-24 fid., red- brown, rhachilla
rather stout, not winged ; glumes loosely imbricate, ‘orbicular,
tip rounded, dorsally convex, not keeled, 3-veined, margins
broadly hyaline, mottled with brown ; anth. linear, muticous;
nut broadly obovoid about half as long as the glume, laterally
compressed, turgidly biconvex, ashy brown, style as long as
the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
Moist low country; rather common; frequent at Peradeniya. FI.
Oct.
India and all other hot countries of the Old World.
8. C. polystachyus, fottb. Descr. et Ic. 39 (1773).
Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 800.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 592 (Pycreus). Rottb. l.c. t. 11, f. 1.
Perennial, tufted; stems slender, 12-30 in.; trigonous,
thickened at the base; 1. shorter than the stem, } in. broad,
flaccid, sheath short; umbel simple, of 2—7 slender rays $—2 in.
long, each terminated by short ternate spikes of 4-8 narrow
spikelets; bracts 3-6, spreading, up to 6 in. long, foliaceous;
spikelets close together, 3-3 in. by 4 in. broad, linear,
Cyperus.] Cyperacee. Die
acuminate, flat, red-brown, 20-50-fld., rhachilla rather stout
naked or narrowly winged; glumes closely imbricate, subovate,
oblong, obtuse with a mucro, thin, obscurely 3-veined, sides
yellow streaked with brown, margins very narrowly hyaline;
stam. usually 2, anth. small, oblong; nut half as long as the
glume, narrowly oblong or obovate-oblong, apiculate, laterally
compressed, biconvex, black, granulate, style as long as the
nut, stigmas 2, rarely 3, capillary.
Low country; very common. On the patanas of the Central Pro-
vince, alt. 5600 ft. (Pearson). Fl. March, &c.
In all hot countries. One form has usually the spikelets lax and open,
and is var. /axzflorus, Benth.
g. ©. puncticulatus, Vahl, Exum. ii. 348 (1806).
Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 3751 and 4o18.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 593 (Pycreus).
Annual; stem robust, subsolitary, 1-2 ft., erect from a
thickened base, trigonous or triquetrous above, angles smooth ;
]. as long as the stem or shorter, 4-4 in. broad, rather thick,
I-veined, pale beneath, margin smooth, sheath long; umbel
simple or compound, rays many, very slender, up to 6in. long,
terminated by few or many slender spikes of widely spreading
pale or dark red-brown spikelets; bracts 3-4, foliaceous,
longest 6 in. or more; spikelets distant on the slender rhachis,
¢-2 in. long, by + in. broad, linear or linear-oblong, compressed,
soft, many-fld.; rhachilla slender, angular, undulate, hardly
winged; glumes closely imbricate, thin, orbicular, cymbiform,
tip rounded and margins broadiy hyaline, dorsally 5-veined,
mottled with brown, sides pale; stam. 3, anth. nearly as long
as the glume, narrow, muticous; nut 3 as long as the glume,
obcordate, strongly laterally compressed, granulate, pale or
dark brown, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
Low country ; rather rare. Trincomalie; Seven Korales; Kurunegala.
Fl. Mar., July. Sept.
Also in Peninsular India and China.
C. P. 4o18 has much smaller umbels, with short rays and small
crowded spikes of pale oblong spikelets nearly 35 in. long.
1o. ©. globosus, A/ioni, Fl. Pedem. i. 49 (1785).
3 C. flavescens, Thw. Enum. 342 (non L.); Trim. Syst. Cat. 99. C. P.
ol.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 591 (Pycreus capillaris).
. Rootstock small, roots fibrous, stems tufted, 4-24 in., very
slender, trigonous, l. 4-12 by 4 in., very slender, almost fili-'
form, 3'5 in. broad; umbel simple, or spikes capitate, rays 3-5,
I-1}$ in. long, very slender, terminated by solitary or few
spikes of 5 or more short spreading spikelets; bracts 2-3,
foliaceous, 1 or 2 longer than the infl.; spikelets crowded,
22 C tae [ Cyperus.
ne ae ao brown ; rachilla rather stout, SEARO, not
winged, spotted with red ; glumes erecto-patent, closely
imbricate, ovate, obtuse, rather coriaceous, faintly 3-veined,
keel green, sides brown, margins hardly hyaline; stam. 2;
nut small, + as long as the glume, broadly or narrowly obovoid,
tip rounded and beaked, laterally compressed, biconvex, dark
chestnut, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
Moist region, extending up to over 6000 ft.; very common. FI. Oct.,
Nov., &c.
Throughout the temperate and hot countries of Old World.
A very variable plant. The common Ceylon form is C. zdlagiricus,
Hochst. in Steud., distinguished by Clarke (in Fl. B. Ind.) by narrower
spikelets. Nuwara Eliya specimens have broader spikelets and smooth
nuts. A Kurunegala specimen has short pale green spikelets. In Mt.
Lavunia ones, growing in shade, the stems are filiform, bearing solitary
heads of 5-8 spikelets.—J. D. H.
11. ©. bulbosus, Vahl, Enum. Pi. ii. 342 (1806). Chilanti
arichi, 7. [PLATE XCVI.].
C. jeminicus, Retz. Obs. Bot. iv. 11; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi.
175 (non Rottb.). C. gem¢natus, Moon, Cat. 6 (non Schrad.), Wight,
Contrib: 80. C. hexastachyus, var. B, pendulus, Wight, Contrib. 82 (non
Rottb.). C. rotundus, Kunth; Thw. Enum. 343 (part). Trimen in Journ.
Bot. xxii. 358; Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109.
FL. B. Ind. vi. 611. Clarke in Journ. Bot. xxviii. 19 (bulbils).
Stem 4-10 in., slender, trigonous, base stoloniferous,.
clothed with black coriaceous scales, stolons $—-24 in. long,
filiform, bearing conico-ovoid bulbils coated with a thick
black coriaceous at length bipartite integument; |. many,
fascicled towards the middle of the stem, and longer than it,
spreading and recurved, up to 75 in. broad, I -veined, tip fili-
form, elongate, sheath very long, membranous, white ; head
of creveioells about I in. diam., formed of slender alternate
peduncled spikes, each bearing 3-20 spikelets, the lower
distant from the upper; bracts 3, alternate, longer than the
ee very unequal, filiform, strict, longest 3-4 in.; spikelets
3-3 by +z in., shortly pedicelled, linear, acute, 8—26-fid.,
chestnut-brown; rhachilla with persistent elliptic wings;
glumes ;5 in, oblong, obtuse, cymbiform, membranous,
dorsally rounded, 7-11-veined; stam. 3, anth. very long (#5 in.),
linear, muticous; nut (not seen in Ceylon specimen), not half
as long as the glume, obovoid, obtuse, triquetrous, black, style
shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, rather long, capillary.
Sandy sea-coast in the dry region. Jaffna, Mannar, Chilaw, &c. FI.
Nov., Dec.
Dry and desert districts of Tropics of Old World.
' Very unlike in habit to the other Sinhalese species.
Cyperus.) Cyperacee. 22
12. ©. conglomeratus, fotib., Descr. et Ic, 21 (1773).
Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 808.
HESS. Inds visioo2, . Rottb: Wet 15.f. 7.
Rootstock short or long, woody, creeping, }—} in. diam.,
roots of stout woolly fibres; stems 18-24 in., stout, terete
below, trigonous above, base thickened and clothed with dark
chestnut-brown ovate acuminate scales ; 1. as long as the stem
or shorter, 4-4 in. broad, coriaceous, margins involute when
dry, dorsally rounded, not keeled, veins obscure; heads globose,
1—I4 in. diam., of densely crowded spreading spikelets; bracts
3-4, very long, spreading and deflexed, narrower than the l.,
longest up to 10 in.; spikelets ovate-oblong, 4 by + in. long,
1o-20-fld., rhachilla stout, scarred, not winged; glumes
broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, cymbiform, cuspidate below
the obtuse erose tip; dorsally rounded, not keeled, many-
veined, sides hyaline, veinless; stam. 3, anth. very long,
marrow, muticous; nut 4 the length of the glume, broadly
obovoid, compressed, obscurely trigonous, dark brown, style
shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Var. B, pachyrhizus, 77777. MSS.
C. pachyrhizus, Nees ex Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 545. Trim. Cat. 200.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 603.
More slender, |. narrower, head 2 in. diam., rays } in.,
spikelets smaller and narrower, about 7 by 7: in., glumes
muticous. A
Sandy sea-coast, in dry region; very rare. Aripo (Gardner). Var. 8,
Kalpitiya on W. Coast. Fl. March, Aug.
Also in N. Africa, Arabia, and Sind, and Var. 6 in Laccadive Is.
C. jeminicus, Rottb. (non Retz.) is referred to this by Clarke in FI. B.
Ind., who also refers the plant of Thw. Enum. to C. pachyrhizus, and I
have done so in Syst. Cat. 100; but it seems closer to the type.—Z7zmen.
13. ©. arenarius, fez. Obs. Bot. iv. 9 (1786). Mudu-kalan-
duru, 5S.
Moon, Cat. 6. Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 798.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 602. Plukenet, Phytogr. t. 300, f. 7.
Rootstock elongate, striate, rigid, creeping, dichotomously
branched, sheathed at the nodes with chestnut scales an inch
long, roots fibrous, filiform, glabrous; stem solitary, 4-22 in.,
rather stout, rigid, terete, clothed below with long withered
sheaths; 1. longer or shorter than the stem, 7,-% in. broad,
spreading and recurved, rigidly coriaceous, terete and grooved
above, or broader with complicate sides, veinless, not keeled;
head globose, 4-14 in. diam., of many sessile radiating
spikelets; bracts 2-3, foliaceous, rigid, lowest 2-4 in,
simulating a continuation of the stem; spikelets 4-4 by ¢ in.,
linear-oblong, 8-16-fld., straw-col’d., finally brown, rachilla
24 Cyperacee. [ Cyperus.
stout, not winged; glumes broadly ovate, cymbiform, obtuse,
minutely cuspidate, dorsally rounded, streaked with brown,
strongly many-veined up to the hyaline margin; stam. 3,
anth. narrowly linear, muticous; nut + the length of the
glume, obovoid, obtuse, dorsally compressed, trigonous,
concavo-convex, tipped by the hardened base of the style,
dusky-black, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, long,
capillary.
Sandy seashore all round the island. FI. all the year.
Also in India, Persia, and Arabia.
Bobartia indica, L. Sp. 54 (Fl. Zeyl. n. 41), is erroneously referred by
Lamarck (Ill. i. t. 40) to Cyferus, and he is followed by Bentham (Gen.
Pl. ii. 698, 1015) and Clarke (Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. t11, and in FI. B.
. Ind.). Schumacher, however, long ago (Act. Soc. Nat. Sc. Hafn. iii. 8)
showed that Hermann’s specimens were Morea spathacea, Willd., and
from the Cape, not from Ceylon, and I have corroborated his identifica-
tion in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 135.—7Z7cmen.
14. ©. aristatus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 23 (1773).
Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 966.
ISB. indiwvil'Go6:) Rottbhs lye. ta 6; te 1
A small, glabrous, tufted annual, 3-6 in. high; stems
tufted, stout or slender, trigonous; 1. usually shorter than the
filiform, flaccid, 1-veined, sheath membranous; heads solitary
or 2~3, globose or oblong, up to 4 in. long or broad, simple
or lobed, sessile or peduncled, of densely packed squarrose:
spikelets sessile on a stout rhachis; bracts 3 or 4, I or 2 longer
than the infl.; spikelets minute, ~.-4 in. oblong or linear,
6-10-fld., rhachilla not winged; glumes oblong, tapering to a
recurved beak as long as the limb, 7—I1-veined up to near
the margin, pale or dark brown, keel strong, ending in a
mucro; stam. I, anth. small, oblong; nut 4 the length of
the glume, oblong or narrowly obovoid, trigonous, pale
brown, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
In damp sandy places, especially in the dry region; common. FI.
Dec.—March.
Throughout the Tropics.
15. ©. platystylis, Sr. Prod. 214 (1810).
C. pallidus, Heyne, Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 3559.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 598.
A tall, stout, marsh or water herb; stem 2-3 ft., as thick
as the little finger at the base, triquetrous above, angles
smooth or scaberulous, root-fibres very stout ; 1. as long as the
stem or shorter, up to 4 in. broad, coriaceous, closely striate,
midrib slender, margins and keel scabrid, sheath acutely
keeled ; umbel short, broad, hemispheric, up to 10 in. diam. ;.
Cyperus.) Cyperacee. 25
rayS 10-30, superposed, slender, spreading, terminated by
6-8 short spreading secondary rays, each bearing 3-5
spreading spikelets ; bracts 8-18 in., very unequal, longest up
to 2 ft. by # in. broad, margins and keel scabrid ; spikelets
3-y by yo-s in., linear-lanceolate, acute, rather tumid, few or
-many-fid., chestnut-brown, rhachilla scarcely winged, persistent;
glumes closely imbricate, broadly ovate, cymbiform, tip
rounded strongly cuspidate, or lower muticous, dorsally
rounded except towards the tip, faintly 3-veined, sides veinless ;
stam. 3, fil. broadly linear, anth. small, linear, tipped with
short hairs ; nut 3 the length of the glume or longer, ellipsoid,
beaked, unequally trigonous, base and sides broadly corky,
straw-col’d.; style shorter than the nut, flattened, papillose,
stigmas 3, short, revolute.
Wet places in the low country; rare. Batticaloa; Kurunegala;
Colombo Lake. Fl. March, Sept.
Also in Bengal, Burma, Malaya, Australia.
Erroneously described in Fl. B. Ind. as having long stolons, and as
having anth. crested with a linear lanceolate red mucro. The style is
that of a Fimobristylzs.
16. ©. difformis, Liz. Cent. Plant. ii. 6 (1755).
Trim. Syst. Cat. 344. C. P. 3042.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 599. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 9, fi. 2.
A glabrous annual; stems 4-20 in., tufted, weak, tri-
quetrous towards the top; |. few, as long as the stem or shorter,
4-4 in broad, sometimes all reduced to sheaths with a short
limb, linear, acuminate, flaccid, veins faint, sheath of upper
long ; umbel simple, of 4-6 slender rays 4—$ in. long, termin-
ated by globose heads of minute spikes, rarely rays short
and heads all clustered, heads $-3 in. diam., ebracteolate, green,
sometimes lobed ; bracts 3, 2-10 in., lowest often suberect,
flaccid ; spikelets minute, most densely crowded, 4-35 in. long,
rather turgid, 10-30 fld., rhachilla not winged ; glumes closely
imbricate, almost orbicular, obtuse or apiculate, dorsally
rounded and 3-veined, sides broadly membranous ; stam. I-2,
anth. small, oblong, muticous; nut very minute, nearly as
long as the glume, suborbicular, apiculate, obtusely trigonous,
pale or yellowish-brown, style much shorter than the nut,
stigmas 3, short, capillary.
Wet places; common. Fl. March.
Throughout the warm regions of the Old World.
17. ©. castaneus, Wild. Sp. Pl. i. 278 (1797).
Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 803 (part).
FI. B. Ind. vi. 598 (excl. syn. C. sguarrosus).
A very slender, tufted annual; stems 1-6 in., almost
filiform ; |. aslong as the stem or shorter, from almost filiform
26 Cyperacee. [ Cyperus.
to ;4; in. broad ; umbel simple, consisting of a terminal head
and few or many unequal filiform spreading rays 4-14 in.
long, terminated by heads of 3-20 stellately spreading spike-
lets; bracts 3 or 4, setaceous, flexuous, spreading, one or more
longer than the rays ; spikelets 4-1 in. by so-ze in., very,,
unequal, linear, compressed, pale or dark chestnut, Ts or
more-fld. ; rhachilla slender, very narrowly winged; glumes
broadly oblong, 3-veined, strongly keeled, keel produced
beyond the rounded hyaline tip into a stout, green, recurved
cusp half as long as the limb ; stam. 1-2, anth. short ; nut about
half as long as the glume, linear-oblong, obtusely trigonous,
minutely oranulate, very dark red, style much shorter than
the nut, stigmas 3, filiform.
Gravelly places in the low country; rather common. Peradeniya;
Bite yale ane
Also in India, Cochin China, Australia.
The quotation of C. sguarrosus, Trim. Cat., in Fl. B. Ind., is an error;
a specimen of AZariscus sguarrosus, Clarke, was taken for it, these two
plants being remarkably alike.
18. G. cuspidatus, 4. #2. and K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. i. 204 (1815).
rim Syste Cat Ceyls Plamoon Clarke sen 0on Cpa coon (nati).
Fle B. Ind. vi. 598. ;
A very slender, tufted annual; stems 2-4 in. erect; l.
shorter or longer than the stem, filiforin, flexuous; umbel
simple, of a terminal head, and few or many filiform, spreading,
unequal rays 4-1 in., each terminated by a head of stellately
spreading spikelets; bracts 3-5, filiform flexuous, much
longer than the rays; spikelets 5-12 in a cluster, +-2 by 2 ze in.,
linear, spreading, 12— 20-fld. , pale green to red-brown; rhachilla
slender, very narrowly winged; glumes hyaline, broadly
oblong, 3-veined, strongly keeled, keel produced from below
the apex into a recurved green cusp as long as limb, sides
streaked with brown; stam. I--2, anth. very shortly oblong; nut
not half as long as the glume, obovoid, trigonous, smooth, dark _
brown, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Wet sandy ground in low country; common. FI. (?).
In all hot countries.
Thwaites did not distinguish this from C. castanews. There are only
two specimens in Herb. Peraden., without locality or date, and no Ceylon
ones in Herb. Kew.
19. ©. Haspan,* Z. Sf. P/. 45 (1753). Halpan, S.
Herm. Mus.23. Burm. Thes. 108. Fl. Zeyl.n. 37. Thw. Enum.
343. C. P. 799, 965.
HEB nds vi.600:, “RotthyDesemmct Gy tio. 2srandit nl meus
(Scirpus autumnalts).
* A misprint for ‘Halpan,’ Hermann’s S. name for this; Linnzus
copied from Burmann. (See also Fimbristylis globulosa, p. 57-)
Cyperus.) Cyperacee. 27
Perennial; rootstock creeping, covered with ovate tri-
angular scales, giving off solitary or tufted, stout or slender
trigonous or triquetrous, often compressed stems 6-24 in. high;
‘|. shorter than the stem, 7 in. broad, biconvex, acute, erect,
sometimes very short and subulate; umbel simple or com-
pound, of 4-12 slender spreading very unequal rays up to
3 in. long, secondary rays bearing 6-60 or more slender
stellately spreading spikelets; bracts 2-3, very variable.
narrow and much shorter than the rays, or broader than the
]. and 3 in. long; spikelets linear, acute, $-3 by about 34 in.,
flat, 10-40-fld., pale or chestnut-brown, rhachilla narrow,
winged; glumes closely or loosely imbricate, ovate, obtuse or
mucronate by the excurrent midrib, dorsally rounded,
obscurely veined; stam. 2-3, anth. linear-oblong, tip minutely
bristly; nut minute, } the length of the glume, on a globose
stipes, globosely obovoid, trigonous, smooth or scaberulous,
pale brown (imperfect white globose nuts occur), style longer
‘than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
¢ Wet places, especially paddy fields; very common. FI]. Dec.—April,
Cc. .
All hot countries.
C. P. 965 is a very tall form, with compound umbels and large
spikelets. This species and C. favidus are remarkable for the globose
stipes of the nut.
20. ©. flavidus, fez. Obs. v. 13 (1789).
iim Syst.) Cat. Ceyl) Pl) roo; °C! -P. 805.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 600. Rottb. Ic. t. 6, f. 2 (C. Haspan).
Annual; stems tufted, 6-18 in., stout or slender, trigonous,
soft ; 1. shorter than the stem, erect, narrowly linear, ;,—4 in.
broad, flat, 1-veined; umbel compound or decompound, rays
many, spreading, primary I—3 in., secondary 4-1 in., bearing
heads of stellately spreading minute spikelets; bracts 2-3,
one or two up to 6 in. long, bracteoles 0; spikelets ,;4-% by
go in., lanceolate, 8—30-fld., greenish-brown, rhachilla stout,
not winged ; glumes loosely imbricate, orbicular, hyaline with
_a broad, green, triangular, obscurely 3-veined central area ;
_stam. I, rarely 2, anth. linear, muticous; nut minute, not 4
the length of the glume, shortly stoutly stipitate, globosely
- obovoid, trigonous, white or marbled with white, style as long
_as the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
In paddy fields, &c., in the low country ; very common.
Throughout warm regions of the Old World.
Not distinguished from C. Hasfan by Thwaites.
21. ©. pulcherrimus, Willd. in Kunth, Enum. ii. 35 (1837).
C. silletensis, Thw. Enum. 343 (non Nees). C. P. 3558.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 600. :
28 Cype Vacee, [Cyperus..
Perennial ; rootstock short, creeping, root-fibres slender;
stem 12-18 in., rather slender, trigonous; |. as long as the-
stem or longer, narrowly linear, 7-4 in. broad, flaccid, 1-
veined ; umbel compound, contracted, rays very many, bearing
crowded umbellules, whose subglobose heads of innumerable
spikelets conceal the secondary rays; bracts 3-5, foliaceous,
longest up to 6 in.; spikelets 7;—4 by 7 in., densely crowded,
oblong-lanceolate, 12-20-fld.; rhachilla rather stout, not.
winged ; glumes loosely imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, in-
curved (from base to tip), hyaline with 2 broad red-brown
bands; stam. I-2, anth. linear; nut minute, half as long as the-
glume, shortly stoutly stipitate, globosely trigonous, acute at
both ends, granulate, style nearly as long as the nut, stigmas.
3, capillary.
Dry country in wet places; very rare. Batticaloa. Fl. March.
Also in Bengal, Assam, Malaya.
22. C. diffusus, Vah/, Enum. ii. 321 (1806).
C. nigro-viridis, Thw. Enum. 344. C. elegans, Clarke, in Journ. Linn. -
Soc. xxi. 125; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. PI. too (non I..). C. P. 2879.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 603.
Perennial ; rootstock short, root-fibres strong, wiry; stems.
1-24 ft., rather slender, trigonous; l. very many, all subradical,.
nearly as long as the stem, linear, $-} in. broad, acuminate,
flat, membranous, flaccid, 3-veined, tip setaceous, margins
scaberulous, sheath short ; umbel decompound, short, broad,
4-8 in. diam., rays many, up to 3 in. long, slender, secondary
filiform, bearing 2-4 short sessile spreading spikelets ; bracts
4-10, one or more up to 2 ft. long, bracteoles very short, ovate,
acuminate or setaceous ; spikelets 4-} by 75 in., linear-oblong, .
acute, 8—20-fld., rhachilla stout, with narrow persistent wings ;.
glumes loosely imbricate, orbicular, stoutly cuspidate, dorsally
very strongly 3-5-veined, veins meeting in the green cusp.
margins broadly hyaline, streaked and dotted with red-brown;
stam. 2-3, anth. small, tipped with a subulate appendage; nut
nearly as long as the glume, broadly ellipsoid or obovoid,.
acute, trigonous, dark brown, faces concave, minutely granu-
late, style very short, stigmas 3, very long, capillary.
Var. pubisquama, C. pudisguama, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch.
il. 62 (1854).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 604. C. adifusus, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 127.
Trim. Syst. Cat. 100 (non Vahl). C. P. 3931.
Habit of C. diffusus, but taller, 2-3 ft. high, stouter, 1. less.
flaccid, umbel more compound, glumes more closely imbricate, .
nuts more strongly granulate.
Cyperus. Cyperacez. 29
Very rare. I have only the C. P. specimens from Kurunegala, col-
‘lected in 1853 by Thwaites. Var. Audisguama, intermediate region,
Kurunegala, Monankande, W. Matale.
In all warm countries. Var. 8, Assam, Burma, Malaya, &c.
The thin, broad, flaccid leaves are a conspicuous character. Both
Mr. Clarke (FI. B. Ind.) and Dr. Trimen suggest C. pubisguama being a
variety of affusus. I can find no pubescence on the glumes of Ceylon
“Specimens.
23. ©. articulatus, Lizz. Sp. P/. 66 (1753).
Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 3561.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 611.
Perennial; rootstock stout, woody, stoloniferous, stolons
stout, +4 in. diam., clothed with ovate-lanceolate striate dark
2.
brown scales 3 in long; stem terete 3-6 ft., often # in. diam.
at the base, and 3-4 in. diam. and obscurely trigonous at the
top, pseudo-septate when dry; |. o or sheaths elongate, loose,
with a short sometimes foliaceous limb; umbel compound,
narrow, rays up to 10, erect, 2-6 in. long, very slender and
secondaries terminating in corymbs of very many long slender
spikelets, pale reddish-brown ; bracts 1-3, very short, ovate or
lanceolate, acute, bracteoles o, or 3 ovate, acute, or setaceous ;
spikelets 5-15, linear, 14-14 by )-'s in., 12—-5o-fld., rhachilla
slender, with hyaline at length deciduous wings; glumes
suberect, loosely imbricate, oblong, obtuse, concave, dorsally
rounded, 3—-5-veined, not keeled, sides broadly membranous,
stam. 3, anth. linear; nut half as long as the glume, oblong,
trigonous, acute at both ends, dark brown, smooth, style
very short, stigmas 3, very long, capillary.
In water in the low country ; very common. FI. March.
Throughout the Tropics.
24. ©. corymbosus, fot/>. Descr. et Ic. 42 (1773). Gal=éhi, 5S.
Thw. Enum, 344. C. P. 809.
Fl. Ind. vi. 612. Rottb. 1. c.t. 7, f. 4 (infl. only).
Perennial ; rootstock stout, creeping, root-fibres stout ;
stem 2-3 ft., as thick as a goose-quill, spongy, appearing
pseudo-septate when dry, terete below, subtrigonous above;
l. 0, or a short blade, rarely 6 in. long, terminating a long
loose membranous sheath; umbel compound, narrow, rays
0-8, erect or suberect, very unequal, longest 4 in., bearing
‘secondary rays terminated by spikes or corymbs of 4-8 very
slender spikelets; bracts 3, very short, rarely as long as the
umbel, keeled, green, margins recurved when dry, bracteoles
setaceous; spikelets very variable in length, 4-1 in., linear, very
Slender, 3, in. diam., subterete, pale red, rhachilla narrowly
winged; glumes erect, rather distant but appressed, oblong,
obtuse, rather membranous, dorsally rounded and 3-veined,
30 Cyperacee. [Cyperus.
sides pale, veinless; stam. 3, anth. linear, muticous; nut
minute, not half the length of the glume, ellipsoid, trigonous,.
style about as long as the nut, stigmas 3, very long, capillary.
Moist region; in wet places up to 3000 ft.; rather common. FI.
Dec.—Feb.
Tropics generally.
This is considered to be the best sedge for mat-making here, and is
occasionally cultivated for the purpose.
25. ©. dehiscens, (Vees in Linnea, ix. 286 (1835). HWewan-
pan, S.
Cc. eT Thw. Enum. 344 (non Rottb.). Trim. Syst. Cat. 100.
Cy Pros:
Fl. Bp Ind. vi. 613. (C. zegetum, Rottb.).
Perennial; rootstock stout, horizontal, woody, root-fibres.
wiry, clothed with branched root-hairs; stem 3-6 ft., stout,
triquetrous, angles quite smooth; 1. 0, or reduced to long loose
sheaths, the uppermost of which has sometimes a short blade,
at others a limb up to 8 in. by } in, rarely 16 by 4 in,
acuminate, flat 1-3-veined, pale beneath, margins nearly
smooth; umbel large, compound or decompound, 4-12 in. diam.,
rays many, I-—3 in., bearing corymbs of pedicelled spikes, each
with 4-10 very slender spikelets on a filiform rhachis; bracts
3-4, one or more longer than the umbel, longest up to 15 in.,
keel and margins scabrid; spikelets rather distant, 4-1 by
zo in., linear, 10-30-fld., pale or dark chestnut-brown, wings of
rhachilla ovate, acute, caducous; glumes suberect, loosely
imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, dorsally 3-5-veined, not
keeled, sides red-brown, veinless, margins narrowly scarious;
stam. 3, anth. narrow, muticous; nut 4 the length of the
glume, linear-oblong, obtuse, trigonous, style short, stigmas
3, filiform.
In rivers and streams in the low country; common. Fl. Dec.—March.
Also in Peninsular India.
Very abundant in the Mahaweli River in Dumbara, where it is largely
collected for making the mats called after that district.
I follow Trimen in regarding this as distinct from Roxburgh’s C.
zegetum, though failing to find any valid characters by which to sepa-
rate it.
26. ©. distans, Z. f Suppl. P/. 103 (1781.)
Thw. Enum. 344. C. P. 81o.
PLB: Ind. vi..607:. Jacq. le. Rar. t. 299, Roxb: Ih et: 10, (€ eerus):
Perennial ; rootstock stout, short or elongate, creeping,
stoloniferous, stolons up to 2 ft. long, clothed with dark brown
* Pangorei is, according to Kcenig (?), the name given by the natives
of Tranquebar to this or an allied sedge.
Cyperus.) Cyperacec. or
elliptic scales ; stem 1-3 ft., slender, trigonous below, trique-
trous above, angles smooth; |. shorter than the stem, linear,
hardly 4 in. broad, keeled, margins smooth or scaberulous;
umbel subsimple or compound, 8-12 in. diam., rays 6-10,
triquetrous, bearing spikes 4-2 in. long of very slender
horizontally spreading spikelets on a filiform rhachis; bracts
3-6, much longer than the leaves, longest up to 16 in.,and up to
4 in. broad, keel and margins scaberulous; spikelets 4 by 4 in.,
very narrowly linear, 10-20-fld., red-brown; wings of slender
wavy rhachilla oblong, internodes $ as long as the glumes;
glumes distant, suberect, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, dorsally 7-9-
veined, margins broad or narrow, pale, keel prominent; nut
from } to nearly as long as the glume, narrowly oblong or
ellipsoid, trigonous, dusky black, style about as long as the
nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Margins of ponds, &c., in low country ; very common. FI. Dec., &c.
All hot countries, extending to S. Europe.
27. ©. nutans, Vahl, Enum. ii. 363 (1806).
C. distans, var. major, Thw. Enum. 432. C. P. 3844, and 3966, in
arts.
: Fl. B. Ind. vi. 607.
Perennial ; rootstock tuberous, thicker than the thumb in
old plants, creeping, root-fibres densely matted ; stem 2-34 ft,
stout, trigonous, angles smooth; |. as long as the stem, linear,
4-4 broad, coriaceous in old plants, 1I-veined, keel and
margins smooth; umbel very large, decompound, primary rays
up to Io in., slender, trigonous, bearing short bracteate um-
bellules of very slender secondaries 1—2 in. long, each secondary
terminated by many, erect, unequal simple or panicled loose
spikes 1-14in. long, of small very slender spikelets, spikes form-
ing tassel-like clusters, rhachis capillary; bracts 4-8, longest
up to 1 ft. by $ in. broad, margins and keel smooth, spikelets
erect, 4-4 by +; in. broad, very slender, 6-10-fld., pale red-
brown, rhachilla capillary, internodes 4 as long as the glumes
or longer, wings broadly lanceolate, caducous; glumes distant,
erect, ovate-oblong, tip rounded, sometimes apiculate, dorsally
rounded, obscurely veined, sides involute, margins and tip very
narrowly hyaline; stam. 3, anth. linear-oblong, obscurely
crested ; nut # as long as the glume, linear-oblong, trigonous,
narrowed at both ends, beaked, dark brown or grey-black,
style + shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, short, capillary.
Tanks and other wet places in the dry country; rather common.
Fl. Dec., &c.
Also in Peninsular India.
Difficult to distinguish some forms of this from C. dstans, though
32 Cyperacec. [Cyperus.
generally recognisable by the tassel-like clusters of spikes, and very small
short few-fld. spikelets.
28. ©. pilosus, Vahl, Enum. Pi. ii. 354 (1806).
Thw. Enum. 344. C. P. 797.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 609.
Perennial; rootstock small, stoloniferous, stolons slender,
internodes long, scaly; stem 3 ft., stout, subsolitary, tri-
quetrous above, angles smooth; |. nearly as long as the stem,
or shorter, linear, 4 in. broad, finely acuminate, margins
scaberulous; umbels compound, up to 16 in. diam., primary
rays 2-10, all short, or one or more up to 2 or 3 in., bearing
crowded pedicelled spikes of divaricate spikelets, rhachis of
spikes angular, hispidulous, not pitted; bracts 3-5, longest
3-5 in., margins scaberulous; spikelets closely imbricate,
4-1 by ;% in., linear or linear-lanceolate, compressed, 10-20-
fld., reddish-brown, rhachilla naked or obscurely winged ;
glumes rather loosely imbricate, broadly ovate, obtuse,
muticous, dorsally green, hardly keeled, 3-7-veined, sides
red-brown, margins and tip hyaline; stam. 3, anth. small,
linear, muticous; nut half as long as the glume, globosely
trigonous, narrowed at both ends, apiculate, black, style
rather shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Wet places up to 5600 ft.; common. FI. July.
Throughout Tropics of Old World.
The hispidulous rhachis of the spikes, bearing the spikelets, is almost
peculiar to this amongst Ceylon species; but there is an approach to it in
the closely allied C. procerus.
29. ©. exaltatus, AeZ/z. Obs. Bot. v. 11 (1789).
Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 3040.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 617. Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 8. f. 2 (C. odoratus).
Perennial (?); stem 3-6 ft., stout, obtusely trigonous, sides
concave, base thickened, stolons 0, root-fibres stout; |. few,
longer or shorter than the stem, linear, }-4 in. broad, thick,
tips filiform, 1-veined, margins scaberulous; umbel compound,
rays 5-10, some up to 6 in., slender, spreading, bearing spikes
4-2 in. long, of 20-40 rather distant horizontally spreading
short spikelets, rhachis of spikes smooth, very slender; bracts
3 or.4, one or two as long as the umbel or longer, margins
nearly smooth; spikelets linear or linear-oblong, anth. ¢-4 by
about 7; in., much compressed, chestnut-brown; wings of
rhachilla very narrow; glumes closely imbricate, broadly ovate,
subacute or cuspidate, dorsally keeled, obscurely 3-veined,
margins broad, not hyaline; nut about }as long as the glume,
broadly ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends, trigonous, ashy black,
style longer than the nut, stigmas 3, short.
Cyperus. Cyperacee. 23
Var. B, amoenus, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 187 (1886). C.
amoenus, Ken. vss. C. venustus, Thw. Enum. 432. C. P. 3788.
Umbels more compound, rays more numerous, up to 7 in.
long, spikes with more crowded suberect spikelets, rhachilla
not, or obscurely, winged.
Sides of ponds and standing water; common. FI. Dec., &c.
All tropical and warm countries.
Mr. Clarke informs me that the var. amenus was not taken up in
Fl. B. Ind., because he found it to be inseparable from ordinary forms of
exaltatus. Dr. Trimen has, however, retained it in his list prepared for
this work, and I therefore enter it here, whilst so far agreeing with
Mr. Clarke in his opinion, that I think it hardly deserves recognition.
30. G. tuberosus, fottb. Descr. et Ic. 28 (1773).
C. Retziz, Nees; Thw. Enum. 343. C. rvotundus, var. procerula. Clarke
in Journ. Linn@Soc. xxi. 172. Trim. Syst. Cat. 100. C. P. 3750.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 616. Rottb. 1c. t. 7, f. 1 (not good).
Perennial; rootstock creeping, woody, stoloniferous, stolons
not tuberiferous, root-fibres filiform, covered with branching
root-hairs; stem 2-4 ft., slender, trigonous, base tuberous; 1.
mostly radical, shorter than the stem, slender, up to ¢ in.
broad, margins smooth; umbel compound, 4-8 in. diam., rays
few or many, slender, spreading, up to 6 in. long, and secondary
rays terminating in 6-8 approximate, spreading, pale spikelets;
bracts 3-4, longest 1-2 ft., margins smooth; spikelets sessile,
4-2 by 7p in. linear, acuminate, compressed but rather turgid
along the middle line, 16-24-fld., shining, pale red-brown;
glumes large, loosely imbricate, suberect, {—§ in. long, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, hyaline with a narrow tri-
angular sub-3-veined centre; rhachilla slender, wings oblong ;
stam. 3, anth. very narrow, muticous; nut 4 the length of the
glume, broadly obovoid, trigonous, umbonate, greyish-black;
style much longer than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Wet places in the low country; rare. ‘Central Prov.’ (Thwaites).
Var. 8, in the dry region. Dimbula; near Hambantota. FI. Dec.—
March.
Also in India, Mauritius, Australia.
Trimen has var. (, zezuzflorus (C. tenuiflorus) Rottb., Trim. Cat. roo)
of which he says, ‘1 should feel inclined to consider var. 8 a distinct
species, but it is not reckoned even a variety in Fl. B, Ind.’ According
to the very poor specimens of this in Herb. Peraden., I am inclined to
refer it to C. rotundus.
31. ©. compressus, JL. Sf. P/. 68 (1753).
Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 812.
BiB ind. vi.605. Rottb: Deser. et Ic. t: 9, f. 3:
A tufted annual, stems 4-16 in. erect, slender, trigonous,
angles rounded, smooth; |. longer or shorter than the stem,
PART V. D
34 Cyperacee. (Cyperus.
slender, ~5-% in. broad, finely acuminate, 1-veined; umbel
simple, rays 3-6, up to 3 in. long, bearing 4-6 terminal spikes
of spreading pale spikelets, or spikes very short and spikelets
crowded in a solitary terminal head; bracts 3—5, finely acumi-
nate, longest up to 4 in., margins smooth; spikelets 4-14 by
z-¢ in., oblong or linear, 20-60-fld., reddish-green, rhachilla
stout, angular, closely scarred, wings oblong; glumes 3 in.
long, closely imbricate, ovate, obtuse, dorsally keeled and
cuspidate from above the middle, coriaceous, sides membranous,
3-5-veined, cusp green, laterally compressed; stam. 3, anth.
linear, muticous; nut 4 the length of the glume, globosely
obovoid, obtusely trigonous, greyish-black, style as long as the
nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Damp grassy places in the low country; very common. FI. Feb., &c.
All warm countries (except Australia).
This species rather belongs to the division with stellately spreading
spikelets.
32. ©. procerus, forth. Descr. et Ic. 29 (1773).
Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 3752.
FL B. Ind. vi. 610. Rottb. lc, t. 5, f. 3.
Perennial; rootstock short, stout, stoloniferous, stolons
elongate, clothed with elongate acuminate scales, bulbil-
liferous; stem 3-4 ft., deeply triquetrous or 3-winged,
angles scaberulous ; l. very long, triquetrous, 4-4 in. broad,
acuminate, thickly coriaceous or spongy, flattened towards
the base, margin scabrid, sheath broad, compressed, mem-
branous ; umbel 3-6 in. diam., compound, primary rays 3-7,
3-5 in. long, stout, and secondary bearing loosely corymbose
spikes of 5-10 long spreading compressed spikelets, rhachis of
spikes rather stout, flexuous, angular, glabrous or angles
puberulous; bracts 2-5, longest up to 12 in., much thinner
than the |., margins almost smooth ; spikelets distant, divari-
cate, 1-1} by §-4 in., linear or linear-oblong, acute, 10—50-fld.,
straw-col’d. or red, shining, rhachilla striate, tetragonous,
minutely notched, winged here and there; glumes rather
loosely imbricate, orbicular, cymbiform, muticous, dorsally
5 or more veined, mottled with red-brown, sides pale, margins
hyaline; stam. 3, anth. large, oblong, muticous; nut half as
long as the glume, broadly obovoid, mucronate, trigonous,
almost black, style nearly as long as the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Wet places, especially in the dry region. Colombo; Anuradhapura;
Batticaloa. Fl. Oct.-March.
India, Cochin China, Malaya.
Closely allied to C. pzlosus, differing in the more open infl., larger
spikelets, and nearly or wholly glabrous rhachilla of the spike.
Cyperus. | C Yperacee. 35
33. ©. Zollingeri, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 62 (1854).
C. compressus, var., Thw. Enum. 342. C. denuiculmzs, Boeck. in
Linnza, xxxvi. 286. C. /ucidulus, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 99;
Trim. Syst. Cat. 1oo (non Klein). C. P. 807.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 613.
Perennial; rootstock short, stout, root- fibres strong; stems
solitary or 2—3-nate, 1-3 ft., slender, triquetrous, faces hollow,
angles smooth; |. shorter than the stem, very narrow, about
4 in. broad, 1-veined, margins smooth; umbel simple or
compound, rays 3-6, very slender, 3-6 in. long, bearing 3-5
spikelets, sometimes crowded and very short when the spike-
Jets form a confused fascicle or head; bracts 2 or 3, short,
and one as long as the umbel or longer; spikelets sessile or
pedicelled, $—nearly 1 by 4 in. broad, linear, acute, not strongly
compressed, about 20-fld., rhachilla slender, flexuous, inter-
nodes 4 of the glume in length, wings large, oblong, caducous;
glumes suberect, loosely imbricate, broadly ovate, subacute,
cymbiform, dorsally 5—7-veined, keeled, green, sides coria-
ceous, brown, margins very narrowly hyaline ; stam. 3, anth.
linear-oblong, muticous; nut half as long as the glume,
shortly obovoid, obtuse, trigonous, black, style as long as the
nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Wet places in low country; apparently rare. Peradeniya; near
Tissa Tank, S. Prov. Patanas of Uva and of the Central Province, alt.
3000-5600 ft. (Pearson). Fl. Oct.—Dec.
Throughout Tropics of Old World.
34. ©. rotundus, Z. S/. Pi. 45 (1753). BMalanduru, S.
Korai, 7.
Herm. Mus. 2. Burm. Thes. 107. Fl. Zeyl. n. 36. Moon, Cat. 6.
Thw. Enum. 343 (part). C. P. 804 and 3966 (partim).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 614. Rottb. 1. c. t. 14, f. 2 (C. hexastachyos).
Perennial; rootstock small, tuberous, stoloniferous, stolons
elongate, slender, bearing ovoid, hard, tunicate, black, fragrant
tubers $-I in. diam., root-fibres wiry, covered with flexuous
root-hairs ; stems subsolitary, 6-24 in., slender, trigonous
below, triquetrous above, base sometimes tuberous; |. sub-
radical, shorter or longer than the stem, narrowly linear, §—-4 in.
broad, finely acuminate, or narrowed from the middle to both
ends, flat, flaccid, 1-veined; umbel simple or compound,
primary rays 2—8, unequal, very slender, bearing short spikes
of 4-10 slender spreading red-brown spikelets (infl, sometimes
contracted into a head) ; bracts 3, longest up to 7 in.; spike-
lets 4-14, by +; in., linear, acute, slightly compressed, 10-20-
fld., pale or dark red-brown ; rhachilla very slender, wings
elliptic ; glumes about 7;-75 in., closely or loosely imbricate,
suberect, ovate, obtuse, dorsally green, hardly keeled, streaked
26 Cyperacee. (Cyperus.
with red-brown, 5-7-veined, sides broadly membranous,
margins and tip narrowly scarious; stam. 3, anth. long,
narrow, muticous; nut 3 the length of the glume, obovoid or
oblong, obtuse, trigonous, black, opaque, granulate, style
shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Cultivated ground in the low country; a very common and a trouble-
some weed. FI. all the year (?).
All hot countries.
A pestilent weed in many countries. The tubers yield a perfume,
and are astringent and diuretic. It is difficult to distinguish from states
of C. ¢uberosus in the absence of the tubers of the latter. The long
flaccid I. and slender habit distinguish it from C. stolonzferus.
35. ©. stoloniferus, Rez. Obs. iv. 10 (1786).
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 173. C. P. 3005 in part.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 615.
Perennial; rootstock of elongate, stout, woody, creeping,
branching stolons, clothed with hard acute scales, and bearing
ovoid persistent leafing and eventually flowering tubers; stems
4-8 in., distant on the rootstock, slender or rather stout,
rigid, base tuberous, obtusely trigonous, angles smooth; |. as
long as the stem or shorter, erect or recurved, rigid, very
variable in breadth, often subulate and squarrosely recurved,
sometimes flat or complicate, margins scabrid above; umbel
simple, rays from almost 0 to I in., rather stout, bearing 3-8
subterminal spreading pale spikelets; bracts 3, leaf-like, longest
up to 3 in.; spikelets 4~} in., linear or linear-oblong, acute,
not strongly compressed, 12—20-fld., more or less red, rha-
chilla stout, narrowly winged; glumes ¢ in. long, closely
imbricate, very persistent, broadly or orbicularly ovate, obtuse,
membranous with broad hyaline margins, dorsally rounded,
5-7-veined, speckled with red-brown; stam. 3, anth. nearly as
long as the glume, subacute; nut half as long as the glume or
more, obovoid, strongly dorsally compressed, obtusely tri-
gonous, top rounded, often apiculate by the style-base, dark
brown, polished, style stout, rather shorter than the nut,
stigmas long, rather stout, capillary.
Sandy seashores; Galle (Gardner), Calpentyra(Trimen). FI. Jan., &c.
Shores of the Indianand Malayan Peninsulas, Mauritius, China, Malaya,
Australia.
Probably a common littoral sand-loving plant, but overlooked. I
have seen only two Ceylon specimens, a very small one from Galle
(without stolons), and a larger from Trimen with imperfect leaves. The
spikelets are commonly described as terete in Fl. B. Ind. I am doubtful
of this being the C. stoloniferus of Retz., which may be C. votundus from
the meagre description.—J. D. H.
36. C. digitatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 205 (1832).
C. auricomus, Clarke, |.c. 188; Trim. Syst. Cat. r00. C. P. 3940.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 678.
Cyperus. | C: yperacee. oy
Perennial; rootstock stout, woody, creeping, stolons 0;
root-fibres stout; stem 1-4 ft., as thick as the thumb at the
bases, above trigonous, angles smooth; |. longer or shorter
than the stem, 3-2 in. broad, flat, coriaceous, veins faint,
margins and keel scaberulous; umbel very large, broad, up to
8 in. diam., subsimple, rays 4-10, up to 2-6 in., long, trigonous,
terminated by stellately spreading sessile cylindric spikes of
unequal length, loosely set all round with innumerable
spreading yellow-brown spikelets; bracts 3-6, leaf-like,
longest a foot long, bracteoles very slender; spikes 1-14 in.,
by 3-3 in. diam., sessile or a few pedicelled; spikelets
spirally inserted round the slender angular rhachis, 7-}
by so in. diameter, terete, acute, 12-20-fld., spreading
horizontally, wings of rhachilla lanceolate, acuminate ; glumes
minute, ;; in., broadly oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, tip rounded,
cuspidate, dorsally rounded, 3-veined, sides hyaline, centre
chestnut, brown; stam. 3, anth. linear-oblong, scarcely crested;
nut 4 as long as the glume, small or obovoid, ovoid-oblong or
trigonous, acute at both ends, straight or curved, grey, opaque,
style half as long as the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Var. 6, Hookeri, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 618. C. Hookeri, Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvi. 308. C. Neesii, 7iw. Enum. 344 (? Kunth). C. P. 3043.
Spikes more numerous, larger, up to 34 in., with close-set
more-spreading golden brown shining spikelets, glumes more
strongly cuspidate.
Wet places in the dry region. Trincomalie (Glenie). Var. 8 in the
moist region up to 3000 ft.; rather common. FI. Jan.—Sept.
Also in India and Malaya, Australia.
A very handsome species, especially var. 8, of which the type appears
rather as a depauperate form.—J. D. H.
37. ©. eleusinoides, Kunth, Enum. Pl. ii. 39 (1837).
C. xanthopus, Steud.; Thw. Enum. 344. C. P. 3044.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 608.
Perennial ; rootstock woody, with short HeekE shoots, but
no true stolons, root-fibres stout; stem tall, 4. ft, Stout;
triquetrous, angles smooth; 1. long, up to tj in. ee flat,
midrib stout, margins and keel scaberulous, sheath long;
umbel erect, compound, 6-8 in. long, contracted, rays 4-8 in.,
rather stout, trigonous; spikes sessile and peduncled, 3-1 in.
by 1-4 in. diam., green, bracteolate; bracts 3 or 4, one or two
longer than the umbel, leaf-like, bracteoles filiform or
subulate, rhachis of spikes sometimes winged, more or less
clothed with empty glumes; spikelets most densely im-
bricating, ~—% in. long, or longer, erect, linear or oblong, flat,
few or many-fid., green, rhachilla winged; glumes closely
3 8 Cype Vacee. [ Cyperus.
imbricate, ;'; in. long, ovate, obtuse, dorsally rounded and
faintly veined, margins hyaline; stam. 3, anth. very small,
oblong, obtuse; nut from 4 shorter to nearly as long as the
glume, shortly stipitate, ellipsoid oblong or subobovoid,
trigonous, beaked, sometimes curved, pale, style shorter than
the nut, stigmas 3, filiform.
In water; very rare. Haragama. FI. July.
India, Asia generally, Africa, Australia.
38. ©. platyphyllus, Roem. and Sch. Syst. ii. 876 (1817).
C. Roxburghit, Nees; Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 3041.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 618. |
Perennial; rootstock woody, as thick as the thumb,
stolons 0, root-fibres stout ; stem 6-20 ft., stout, triquetrous,.
base thickened, angles scabrid, cutting; 1. as long as the stem,
up to I in. broad, flat, 3-veined, keel and margins serrulate,
whitish beneath when dry; umbel decompound, 3-4 in. diam.,
rays 8-10, stout, erect, 4-10 in. long, trigonous towards the top,
bearing large brush-like fascicles of 6-20 long, stout, narrow
cylindric spikes; bracts 4-6, longest up to 20 in., bracteoles.
shorter than the spikes; spikes 1-3 in. by 4 in. diam., of
innumerable small spirally arranged spikelets; spikelets sub-
erect, 4-} in. long, subterete, acute, 10-14-fld., golden-brown,.
shining, wings of rhachilla broadly lanceolate, acuminate,
deciduous; glumes very closely imbricate, broadly ovate,.
obtuse, cymbiform, apiculate, dorsally rounded, 3-veined,
sides broadly hyaline; stam. 3, anth. narrow, tipped with a
scabrid appendage about half as long as the cells; nut 4-3 as
long as the glume, ellipsoid, trigonous, narrowed at the top,
style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Ponds in the moist low country; rather rare. Kukul Korale, Matara.
F]. Dec.—Feb.
Also on Coromandel coast.
Our largest species.
39. ©. alopecuroides, fotth. Descr. et Lc. 38 (1773).
Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 3560.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 595 (/zmcel/us). Rottb. I. c. t. 8, f. 2.
Perennial ; rootstock short, stout, stolons 0, root-fibres very
stout and slender mixed ; stem 2-3 ft., stout, I in. and more
in diam. towards the base, trigonous, leafy, angles smooth ;
]. many, as long as the stem or shorter, 4-} in. broad,
coriaceous, acute, 3-veined, white beneath, keel and margins
scaberulous towards the tip, umbel large, compound, primary
rays 4-6, up to 4 in. long, slender, secondary up to I in.,
bearing clusters of oblong, cylindric, sessile and peduncled
spikes 2-1} in. by 4-4 in. diam., densely covered with small
Mariscus.) Cyperacee. 39
spikelets, rhachis of spike stout; bracts up to 18 in. long by
4 in. broad at the base, bracteoles 0; spikelets about 1 in.,
linear to ovate-oblong, subtetragonous, acute, straw-col’d.,
rhachilla subtetragonous, not winged; glumes membranous,
loosely imbricate, 7; in. long, broadly ovate-oblong, or nearly
orbicular, cuspidate or mucronulate, dorsally rounded, not
keeled, streaked with pale brown, veins obscure, margins
broadly hyaline; stam. 3, anth. linear, muticous; nut about
4+ the length of the glume, ellipsoid, dorsally compressed,
plano-convex or biconvex, top umbonate, ashy black, young
straw-col’d., style as long as the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
In tanks in the dry country; rather common. Batticaloa; Mineri;
Tissumabarama, &c.; abundant. Fl. March—Sept.
Also in India, N. and Trop. Africa, and Australia.
Strongly resembles Mariscus albescens. Described as annual in FI.
B. Ind., but by Boissier as having a stout rootstock.
2. MARISCUS, Vail.
Characters of Cyperus, but rhachilla of spikelets disarti-
culating above the 2 lowest glumes; lowest glume broadly
ovate, many-veined, persistent on the rhachilla, next above
shorter, broader, also many-veined, often deciduous with the
spikelet; upper glumes I or more, much longer, 3-veined on
the keel; nut trigonous, stigmas 3, capillary.—Sp. about 70;
13in Fl. B. Lnd.
In Cyperus eleusinoides there is a tendency to disarticulation of the
rhachilla of the spikelet. Sp. 4, 5, 6 are with difficulty separable.
Spikelets turgid, 4-6-fld.
Spikelets in a globose head . ; : . I, M. DREGEANUS.
Spikelets in umbelled spikes . , : . 2. M. ALBESCENS.
Spikelets narrow.
Spikelets in umbelled, globose heads 3. M. MICROCEPHALUS.
Spikelets spicate.
Stem rather stout, |. }—{ in. broad.
Stolons tuberiferous : 4. M. PANICEUS.
Stolons o.
Spikelets erect or spreading 5. M. CYPERINUS.
Spikelets spreading or reflexed 6. M. SIEBERIANUS,
Stem and |. narrow or filiform 7. M. TENUIFOLIUS.
I. M. Dregeanus, Awnth, Enum. P/. ii. 120 (1837).
Cyperus dubius, Thw. Enum. 344; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. tor (non
otto). C.P. 855, 2042.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 620.
Annual; stem 3-16 in., densely tufted, stout, trigonous,
often curved, base tuberous, root-fibres capillary, stolons 0;
l. as long as the stem or shorter, narrow, up to } in. broad,
flaccid, 1-veined, sheath usually long; bracts 3-5, leaf-like;
40 Cyperacee. [AWariscus.
spikes sessile, densely crowded in a globose head 2 in. diam.
or less, rhachis very short, stout, concealed after the fall of
the spikelets by the persistent lowest glumes; spikelets 4-1 in.,
ovate-oblong, turgid, 4-6-fld., rhachilla very short, winged ;
glumes closely imbricate, orbicular-ovate, deeply cymbiform,
subacute or apiculate, many-veined, dorsally rounded, not
keeled, greenish, speckled with red-brown, margins hyaline;
stam. 3, anth. very small, oblong; nut shortly stipitate, 4 to 4
the length of the glume, obovoid or oblong, trigonous, cuspi-
date, black, style shorter than the nut.
' Damp ground in the low country; rather rare. Galle (Gardner);
Kurunegala; Lunugala, Uva. Western Province on the seashore
(Pearson). Fl. all the year.
Also in India, Malaya, and S. Africa.
2. IM. albescens, Gawd. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 415 (1826). Ramba,
S. TIrampai, 7.
Cyperus pennatus, Lam.; Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 678.
F]. B. Ind. vi. 623. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 55.
Perennial; rootstock tuberous, woody, stoloniferous, root-
fibres very stout; stem 2-3 ft., stout, trigonous, smooth; 1.
many; longer than the stem, up to 6 ft. by 4 in. or more broad,
coriaceous, I-veined, margins and keel scaberulous; umbel
compound, 4-8 in. diam., rays 4-8, rather stout, bearing short
ternate secondary rays with spreading cylindric sessile spikes
4-1 in. long, covered with stout horizontally spreading
spikelets; rhachis of spike rather stout, loosely clothed with
the persistent scarious lower glumes; bracts 4-6, leaf-like, up
to 16 in. long; spikelets + in. long, ovoid or lanceolate,
acuminate, almost terete, 3—-5-fld., pale brown or straw-col’d. ;
rhachilla with very short winged internodes; glumes closely
imbricate, rather thin, broadly ovate or almost orbicular,
obtuse, dorsally rounded, not keeled, striolate with brown,
veins many very slender, margin narrowly hyaline; stam. 3, anth.
very small oblong; nut not stipitate, as long as the glume,
broadly oval, trigonous, cuspidate, narrowed at the base, black,
style about as long as the nut.
Tanks, &c.. in the low country, especially in the dry region; common.
Fl. Sept.—March.
Tropics of the Old World generally.
The leaves of this species are described in Fl]. B. Ind. as being trans-
versely lineolate, which character does not hold good for the Ceylon
specimens.
3. MZ. microcephalus, Pves/, Rel. Haenk. i. 182 (1830).
Cyperus ailutus, Vahl; Thw. Enum. 344. C. P. 815.
Fl]. B. Ind. vi. 624.
Mariscus.| C VPerv ace. 41
Perennial ; rootstock short; stem. 1-5 ft. stout, obtusely
trigonous, smooth; |. as long as the stem or longer, up to $ in.
broad, 3-veined, coriaceous or spongy, margins and keel sca-
berulous; umbel very large, decompound, rays many, tri-
gonous, up to 6 in. long, simple or bearing secondary or
tertiary umbels, the ultimate rays terminated by globose
heads (contracted spikes) #-14 in. diam. of innumerable,
~~ Narrow, stellately spreading spikelets; bracts very many, long
_.and broad in large specimens, few and narrow in small, leaf-
like; rhachis of spike 75 in. long, persistent glumes minute ;
spikelets 4-4 in., very slender, striate, terete, few- to 14-fld.,
red-brown, shining, rhachilla very slender, internodes 4 as long
as the glumes, with oblong persistent wings; glumes loosely
imbricate, erect, straight, oblong, obtuse, dorsally rounded,
hardly keeled, veins obscure, margins not hyaline; stam. 3,
anth. nearly as long the glume, very slender, obtuse; nut about
% shorter than the glume, stipitate, oblanceolate, trigonous,
acuminate, beaked, pale brown, style shorter than the nut,
stigmas long, capillary.
Apparently very rare. I have seen only the the C. P. specimens
collected by Gardner at Kurunegala in 1847. FI. July.
Also in India, China, Malaya, Mauritius.
4. MZ. paniceus, Vak/, “num. 11. 373 (1806).
Cyperus umbellatus, Benth.; Thw. Enum. 345; Trim. Syst. Cat. 1or
(part). C. umbellatus var. paniceus, Clarke, in Journ. Linn. Soc xxi. 201.
C. P. 814 (part) 2878.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 620. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 4, f. 1 (Kyllinga panicea).
Perennial; rootstock small, horizontal, stoloniferous ;
stolons slender, rigid, bearing scattered pisiform tubers; stem
_4—12 in., very slender, trigonous, smooth ; |. long, very narrow,
72-¢ in. broad, 1-veined, filiform in small states ; umbel simple,
rays 4-1 in., or spikes all sessile in the top of the stem; spikes
4-4 by $4 in. diam., cylindric, rhachis short, stout, densely
-covered with the persistent hyaline lower glumesof the spikelets;
bracts up to 4 in. long, leaf-like; spikelets subulate, } in. long,
terete, green, usually 1-fld., rhachilla broadly winged above
‘the articulation; glumes 2 above the articulation, lower
larger, convolute wrapped round the upper and nut, ovate-
-oblong, subacute, terete, coriaceous, dorsally rounded, hardly
keeled, margins narrowly hyaline, upper glume narrower,
membranous, obtusely acuminate, strongly keeled; anth.
long, very slender, tip subulate; nut 4 or less shorter than
the glume, narrowly oblong, acute, beaked, trigonous, pale
-or dark brown, style shorter than the nut.
Var. 8, Roxburghiana, Clarke iz Fl. B. Ind.\. c. Herm. Mus. 7.
iF 1. Zeyl. n. 38. Scirpus echinatus, L. Sp. Pl. 50.
42 Cyperacec. [Mariscus..
Stem up to 2 ft., rays of umbel up to 2 in., bracts 5-7,
rhachilla terminated by a rudimentary glume.
Grassy places, at low elevations ; both varieties verycommon. FI. all
the year.
Also in Peninsular India and Mauritius.
Hermann gives the S. name for this ‘ Umkiri,
5. MZ. cyperinus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 377 (1806).
Cyperus umbellatus, Thw. Enum. 345 (part). C. d¢elumis, Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 199. Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 101. C. P. 816.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 621.
Perennial ; rootstock stout, stolons 0, root-fibres wiry ;
stem I-2 ft., rather stout, trigonous, smooth ; |. as long as the
stem or shorter, up to } in. broad, keel and margins scabrid ;
umbel of 5-10 very short, stout, trigonous rays, bearing many -
cylindric spikes of densely crowded spreading subulate spike-
lets, or spikes sessile in a compact head terminating the stem;
rhachis of spike densely clothed with the hyaline lower glumes .
of the aplasia | bracts many, leaf-like, longest 6-8 in. ;
spikelets $-{ in., terete, rigid, usually 2—3- -fid. , thachilla broadly
winged ; “pitas 2-3 ‘above the articulation, oblong-ovate, .
obtuse, dorsally rounded, coriaceous, obscurely veined, hardly
keeled, green streaked and speckled with brown, margins very
narrowly hyaline, uppermost subulate, BLOG | anth. linear, .
very narrow, tip subulate; nut stipitate, 4-3 as long as the-
glume, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, trigonous, pale, style
shorter then the nut, stigmas short.
Low country; very common. FI. all the year.
Throughout the warmer regions of Asia and Polynesia.
Indian forms with more compound umbels may be expected to be-
found in Ceylon.
6. MZ. Sieberianus, Vees zm Linnea, ix. 286 (1834).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 622.
Perennial; rootstock short, stolons 0; stem 1-2 ft., trigonous, |
smooth ; |. as long as the stem or shorter, up to % in. broad, .
flat, keel and margins smooth, umbel 1-5 in. diam.; spikes 5-12, .
sessile or peduncled, usually 1-14 in. long, cylindric, of many
horizontally spreading and deflexed slender spikelets, ped.
up to 4 in. long; bracts many, leaf-like, longest up to 6 in.;
spikelets 4-4 in., slender, linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-3-fld.,
usually shining ; rhachilla broadly winged; glumes as in
MM. cyperinus; nut oblong or linear-oblong, $—-? as long as -
the glume, trigonous, pale brown, style shorter than the nut, .
stigmas short.
Trincomalie and Kandy (Herb. Mus. Brit).
Warm regions of the Old World.
Kyllinga.] Cyperacec. 43
Two specimens in the British Museum, without collector’s name,
dated 1820, are recognised by Mr. Clarke as the only Ceylon specimens
known of this common Indian plant. It is so closely allied to
cyperinus, that it is difficult to distinguish it by description. In its
ordinary state it is a less robust plant, with more cylindric spikes of
widely spreading or reflexed often almost golden-yellow spikelets.
7. ME. tenuifolius, Schrad. in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. 1, 46 (1842).
Cyperus umbellatus, Benth.; Thw. Enum. 345 (part). C. umbellatus,
laxata, Clarke; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. tor. C. P. 814 (part), 817.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 622.
Stem 12-14 in, filiform, ascending from a creeping
stoloniferous rootstock; 1. as long as the stem or longer,
very narrow, 35 in. broad or less, flat, 1-veined; umbel of 3-5,
filiform rays 4-2 in. long, bearing very short ebracteolate
spikes of 5-10 subulate spikelets, or spikes sessile on the top
of the stem, bracts 3, leaf-like, flexuous, up to 5 in., long;
rhachis of spikes } in. or less, slender; spikelets suberect,
4-3 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, terete, 3-4-fld., green and
purplish, rhachilla winged; glumes rather thin, broadly ovate-
oblong, obtuse, or tip rounded, dorsally rounded, 3-veined,
hardly keeled, streaked with red, margins hyaline; anth.
linear; nut 3-4 shorter than the glume, dimidiate-oval, tri-
gonous, acute at both ends, gibbous dorsally and slightly
curved, dark brown, style shorter than the nut, stigmas long.
Low country; probably common. Peradeniya; Maturata. FI. Nov.
Also in Peninsular India, Behar, and Malacca.
M. squarrosus, Clarke, is given in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 623, as a Ceylon
plant, but erroneously; aspecimen of Cyperus cusfidatus, which it
strongly resembles, was taken for it. It is a native of Bengal and Burma.
3. KYLLINGA, foiid.
Perennial herbs, tufted or with a creeping rootstock; stem
trigonous; |. narrow, chiefly radical; infl. of solitary or ternate,
involucrate, short, sessile, oblong or globose spikes densely
covered with minute spikelets, rhachis short, naked after
the fall of the spikelets, or squarrosely covered with the
more or less persistent lowest glumes; bracts leaf-like;
spikelets green, strongly laterally compressed, 1-2-fld.,rhachilla
hardly any, disarticulating above the two lowest glumes;
glumes 4, distichous: I. hyaline, lanceolate; II. orbicular or
lanceolate, much shorter than III. variously veined; III.
and IV. much the largest, often green and speckled with
brown, subequal, or upper longest, unequal-sided, keeled, keel
rarely winged, apiculate or strongly cuspidate; stam. I-3,
Ade Cyperacece. [Kyllinga.
anth. long or short; style long or short, base not swollen,
stigmas 2, capillary; nut strongly laterally compressed, smooth,
sometimes apiculate by the style-base.—Sp. 33; 6in #Z. L. Lnd,
Nut orbicular, style hardly any . ; ; 2) ake. CYLINDRICA:
Nut oblong or obovate, style long.
Keel of 2 upper glumes winged above . . 2. K. MONOCEPHALA.
Keel of glumes not winged.
Rootstock short . : 5 : : Deere dA TRICEPS.
Rootstock long, creeping.
Ripe nut yellow-brown . » : . 4. K. BREVIFOLIA.
Ripe nut black . : ; ; 5. K. MELANOSPERMA.
K. cylindrica, WVees zn Wight, Contrib. 91 (1834).
Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 3754.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 588 (not given for Ceylon).
Glabrous or sparsely hairy, rootstock very short; stems
tufted, 4-12 in., slender, base not swollen; |. usually shorter
than the stem, }-} in. broad; heads of usually three spikes,
median 3-2 in. long, oblong or cylindric, lateral much smaller
hemispheric or globose, rhachis squarrose with the persistent
lowest glumes ; bracts 3-4, up to 3 in. long; spikelets about
qz in.; glumes: I. lanceolate, 1-veined, II. orbicular, hyaline,
2-3-veined on each side, III. and IV. very broadly ovate,
with short thickened recurved tips, green speckled with brown,
many-veined, keels not winged, 1V. rather the longest, with
fewer veins; anth. small; nut orbicular or very broadly
obovoid, red-brown, style very short.
Moist low country; rare. The C. P. specimens are all I have seen;
from Haldummulla in the Central Province (Trimen). FI. April.
Also in India, Singapore, Africa, Australia.
The very short style is characteristic of this species.
2. K. monocephala, ott. Descr. e¢ Ic. 13 (1773). Mottu=
tana, 5S.
Moon, Cat. 7. Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 3753.
IDI 184, Iievale Wil, Sites | INGORE, is INE I HE,
Sparsely hairy; stems 2-12 in, usually solitary, erect
from a creeping rootstock ; 1. shorter than the stem, 75-¢ in.
broad; spikes solitary or 3, the lateral very small, median
1-1 in. diam., rhachis naked or pitted after the fall of the
spikelets, the lowest glumes being for the most part deci-
duous; bracts long, narrow; spikelets 75 in., 1-fld.; glumes:
I. lanceolate, very variable in length and venation, acuminate,
with sometimes a capillary point; II. broadly ovate, tip
rounded, veins few; III. and IV. green, sparingly speckled
with brown, cuspidately acuminate, keel dorsally winged -
about the middle, wings spinulose, veins 6-8 in. each, upper
longest, more or less falcately incurved; anth. small; nut
Kyllinga.| Cyperacee. VAS
obovoid or oblong, apiculate, pale red-brown, style longer or
shorter than the nut.
In grassy places; very common. FI. all the year.
Throughout the hotter regions of the Old World.
The wings of the two upper glumes sometimes undeveloped, but the
keel is always spinulose, and the species may always be recognised by
their glumes having their tips gradually narrowed into long cusps.
3. K. triceps, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 14 (1773).
Moon, Cat. 7. Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 3234.
BE Beind--vi.587.. Rottb. Lc. t4. f. &
Rootstock very short or 0; stems 6-8 in., densely tufted,
thickened at the base; |. as long as the stem or shorter, ems
in. broad ; spikes 3, rarely solitary, median ovoid-oblong 4-}
in. diam., ‘lateral shorter, rhachis clothed after the fall of the
spikelets with the persistent lower glumes; bracts 3 or 4,
up to 3 in. long; spikelets about ;4 in. 1-fld.; glume I.
lanceolate, acuminate, IJ. orbicular, 4-veined, III. and IV.
membranous, green, not speckled with brown, obtusely
apiculate, III. obovate-oblong, 7-veined, IV. rather longer,
spathulate-oblong, obtuse, 5-veined; nut oblong or obovate
apiculate, chestnut- brown, style rather shorter than the nut.
Low country, chiefly in the dry region; rather common. Colombo;
Puttalam. Fl. June, August.
Also in India, Burma, China, Africa, Australia.
4. K. brevifolia, Rottl. Descr. et Ic. 13 (1773).
Moon, Cat. 7. Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 3755.
iB. inadewi. 533: Rottb. Lc trivak 3.
Stems short or long, up to 2 ft., solitary or tufted ona
creeping arching rootstock; |. half as long as the stem or
shorter, rarely songs very narrow; spikes 3, rarely solitary,
elobose or ovoid, 4-3 in. diam., rhachis naked after the fall of
the spikelets; bracts 3-4, up to 4 in. long; spikelets 75 in.
long, I- rarely 2-fld.; glume: I. iemecolare. acuminate, II.
nearly orbicular “3-veined on: each side, TI. "and TV") ereen,
sparingly speckled with brown, keels sparingly spinulose,
strongly abruptly cuspidate, III. ovate-oblong 5-veined, IV.
4 longer, broader, 3-veined ; nut obovate, top rounded or retuse,
apiculate, yellow-brown, style about as long as the nut.
Low country, rather rare (?). Galle., Central and Uva Provinces,
2000-5600 ft. (Pearson). Fl. Sept.
India and all warm countries.
Some very long slender states are K. zutermedia, Br.
5. KH. melanosperma, /Vees ix Wight, Contrib. 91 (1834).
Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 2980 and 818.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 588.
Stem short or long, up to 20 in., rather stout, solitary on a
46 C Ypevacee. [Fimbristylis.
creeping rootstock; 1. shorter than the stem, linear, 14 in.
broad, acuminate; spike solitary, globose or ovoid, about 4 in.
diam., rhachis naked after the fall of the spikelets; bracts leaf-
like, up to 4 in. long; spikelets 4 in. long, 1-2-fld.; glumes
5, I. lanceolate, acuminate, 2~-3-veined, II. suborbicular,
4—6-veined, III. and IV. green, speckled with yellow-brown,
strongly cuspidate, keels sometimes aculeolate, III. very
broad, many-veined, IV. + longer, oblong, obtuse, 5-veined,
V. much smaller, narrowly oblong, hyaline, 3-veined; anth.
long, linear, with a long subulate tip; nut obovoid-oblong,
black, top narrowed into a truncate beak, style as long as the
nut.
Montane zone, 4—6o00 ft.; common.
Also in Nilgiri Mts., Malaya, S. Africa, Madagascar.
I have not seen ripe nuts in Ceylon specimens.—J. D. H.
4. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vai.
Annual or perennial herbs; 1. towards the base of the
stem, rarely reduced to sheaths, narrowly linear or filiform;
infl- terminal, of umbelled or capitate, bracteate, spikelets,
bracts long or short; spikelets terete angular or compressed,
many-fld.; glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla, or the
lower distichous, very rarely all distichous (7. /ulvescens),
glabrous, very rarely pubescent, deciduous, lower 1-3 and
sometimes the upper empty; fl. bisexual, bristles 0; stam. 1-3,
fil. flat., anth. linear, obtuse, acute, or tipped with a subulate
process; nut obovoid, biconvex or trigonous, very rarely
cylindric (/. ¢etragona), style long, flattened or slender,
glabrous, pubescent or villous, deciduous with its dilated base
leaving no scar on the nut, stigmas 2 in the biconvex nuts,
3 in the trigonous, usually filiform and elongate.—Sp. about
W7Os Soin 2/5. ads
The wings of the rhachilla of the spikelets in /7bristylis are here
(as in Cyferus) portions of the base of the glumes. Each glume in most
cases provides two such wings, one from each side of the midrib, from
which they often separate by a clean semicircular line of dehiscence.
Stigmas 2.
Spikelets solitary, terminating the stem,
rarely 2 or 3 in folytrichoides (see
also exceptional specimens in other
groups). Lleocharoides.
Leaves o, or very short. See also fer-
rugined.
Nut cylindric . , . é . I, F. TETRAGONA.
Fimbristylis.] Cyperacec. 47
Nut orbicular or obovoid.
Nut orbicular 2. F. ACUMINATA.
Nut obovoid. 3. F. NUTANS.
Leaves like the stem.
Nut sessile . : i : 2 . 4. F. POLYTRICHOIDES.
Nut stipitate : : . 5. F. SCHGENOIDES.
Spikelets umbelled or capitate. Dichelo-
stylis.
Annuals. 7
Spikelets umbelled.
Nut 6-9-ribbed : ; . . 6. F. DICHOTOMA.
Nut smooth.
Nut obovate, compressed 7. F. ZSTIVALIS.
Nut subglobose, turgid 8. F. TRIMENI.
Spikelets capitate é g. F. ARGENTEA.
Perennials (aiphylla sometimes annual).
Spikelets glabrous.
L. 0, or very short . ‘ : . Io. F, FERRUGINEA.
L. many.
Glumes mucronate : iL. FF. DIPHYLLA.
Glumes with a rounded hyaline tip 12. F. SPATHACEA.
Spikelets pubescent d ; 13. F. COMPRESSA.
Stigmas 3.
Spikelets terete or polygonal (none of the
glumes distichous). TZ7zchelostylis.
Annuals.
Style hairy . E : : : . 14. F. QUINQUANGULARIS.
Style glabrous. : a: : . 15. F. MILIACEA.
Perennial.
L.o, or minute . : : : . 16, F. GLOBULOSA.
L. many, elongate.
Spikelets $-1 in... : ; . 17. F. INSIGNIS.
Spikelets under 3 in.
Umbel contracted : : . 18. F. LEPTOCLADA.
Umbel effuse ‘ . 19. F. ASPERRIMA.
Spikelets compressed or trigonous, all or
lower glumes only distichous (bracts
in all short). Adzldgaardia.
Spikelets 1-3.
Spikelets 2-3, #-1 in. me s : . 20. F. TRISTACHYA.
21. F. MONOSTACHYA.
Spikelets many, umbelled c or subcapitate.
Stem leafless ‘ s p : . 22. F. PENTAPTERA.
Stem leafy.
L. filiform (see also 7. Kraussiz).
Umbel rays 2-4 . : 3 . 23. F. MONTICOLA.
Umbel rays many : : . 24. F. CINNAMOMETORUM.
L. flat.
Spikelets flat, glumes all distichous 25. F. FULVESCENS.
Spikelets subtrigonous, lower
glumes only distichous.
Style glabrous.
Glumes cuspidate . : . 26. F. NIGRO-BRUNNEA.
Glumes mucronate or mu-
ticous.
48 Cyperacee. [Fimbristylis.
Umbel effuse 7. F. COMPLANATA.
8.
Umbel contracted F. KRAUSSIANA.
Style pubescent g. F. JUNCIFORMIS.
1. F. tetragona, 47. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl 226 (1810).
F.. Arnottiz, Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 830.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 631.
Perennial, glabrous; stems 6-24 in., slender, 4-angled and
ribbed, root-fibres stout; 1. 0, or upper with an erect, lanceo-
late, acuminate limb, the margins of which are Seg aus and
brown, sheaths chestnut-brown; spikelet solitary, {4 in., erect,
conico-ovoid, obtuse, terete, dense-fld., lowest glume ‘some-
times hardly bracteiform, at others half as long as the spikelet,
coriaceous, deciduous, rhachilla elongate - conical, thickly
studded with deep tetragonous pits with raised borders ; glumes
closely imbricate, lowest 2-3 empty, + in. long, broadly oblong
or obovate-oblong, concave, tip rounded, scarious with a broad
Somagenns central band; anth. narrowly linear, muticous; nut
zs in. long, stipitate, narrowly linear-oblong, narrowed down-
wards, trabeculate with slender parallel ribs, and minute cross
bars, nearly white, style as long as the nut, flattened, pubes-
cent, base pyriform, stigmas 2, short.
Wet places in moist low country; rather common. FI. all the year.
Also in Peninsular India and Trop. Asia and Australia.
Nn hd
2. EF. acuminata, Vah/, Enum. PI. ii. 285 (1806).
Thw. Enum. 348. Nees in Wigitts Contrib. 96:5 Cs P2747.
FL. B. Ind. vi. 632.
Perennial (?) densely tufted; stem 4-10 in., very slender,
erect or curved, obtusely trigonous, root-fibres slender; l. very
- small or 0, sheath green, 4-1 in., with a short, erect, ovate or
lanceolate, acute limb often margined with brown ; spikelet
solitary + to nearly $ in,, erect, rarely inclined, narrowly ovoid,
acute, few- fid., pale, shining lowest glume usually broadest,
with a strong ereen midrib, ‘deciduous, “thachilla stout, angular,
with broad raised concave Feces between the glumes; glumes
rather loosely imbricate, $—§ in. long, broadly ovate or obovate-
oblong, obtuse, apiculate, concave, scarious with a broad
coriaceous centre; stam. 3; nue orbicular or oblate, strongly
dorsally compressed, about 7; in. in transverse diam., sessile,
crossed transversely of 5-6 strong waved ridges, white, opaque,
style long, broad, pubescent above the middle, base hardly
dilated, truncate, stigmas 2, short.
Moist hot region; common. FI. all the year.
Eee Trop. Asia and in Australia.
EF. nutans, Vahl, Enum. Pl. ii. 285 (1806).
Nee in Wight, Contrib. 96. Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 832.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 632
Fimbristylis.] Cyperacee. AQ
Rootstock creeping, with many stout fibrous roots; stem
10-18 in.; very slender, subtrigonous, deeply grooved, I. 0, or
ovate, erect, limb bordered with brown, sheath short; spikelet
solitary, 1-4 in., erect or inclined, ovoid, subacute, terete, dark
brown, many-fid., lowest glume bracteiform, orbicular, coria-
ceous, persistent, rhachilla stout, angular, with large pits
between the glumes; glumes closely imbricate, 2 in., orbicular
or very broadly ovate, concave, tip rounded, apiculate, scarious
with a broad coriaceous centre, lower 2-3 shorter, empty;
stam. 3, anth. slender, acuminate; nut 35 in. long, broadly
obovoid, biconvex, transversely crossed by 5-6 wavy, broad,
nodulose ridges, white, style very broad, pubescent, base
truncate, not dilated, stigmas 2.
Moist low country; common in wet places. FI. all the year.
Also in Burma, Nicobar Is., Borneo, China, Australia.
Differs from /. acuminata in the often inclined, more obtuse, many-
fid. spikelets, persistent bracteiform lowest glume, and smaller more
obovoid nuts.
4. EF. polytrichoides, Vai/, Enum. P/. ii. 248 (1806).
Scirpus polytrichoides, Retz. Obs. iv. 11; Moon, Cat. 6. Thw. Enum.
348, 433. _C. P. 3786.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 632. Rumph. Herb. Amb. vi. t. 7, f. 1.
Perennial (?) very densely tufted, root-fibres filiform; stems
4-12 in., filiform, leafy at the base, trigonous, grooved; |. half
as long as the stem or more, as slender, wiry, acute, terete
or trigonous, striate, sheaths with hyaline margins, glabrous
or puberulous; spikelet solitary, 4-4 in., erect, oblong or
ovate-oblong, obtuse, terete, many-fld., lowest glumes some-
times subulate, green, as long as the spikelets and persistent,
sometimes deciduous like the other glumes but shorter,
broader, and empty, rhachilla stout, terete, deeply pitted ;
glumes % in., linear-oblong, subacute or obtuse, apiculate,
scarious or membranous, I-veined, lower 2—3 shorter, broader,
and empty; stam. 2-3, anth. slender, acuminate; nut obovoid
or obcordate, sg in. long, much compressed, biconvex with
rather acute margins, minutely striolate and trabeculate, pale,
at length iron grey and dotted white with marcescent outer
cells, style slender, sparsely hairy, base hardly dilated,
stigmas 2, rather long.
Sandy seashores; common, especially in the dry region. Fl. all the
-year (?).
Tropics of the Old World.
5. E. schoenoides, Vahl, Enum. PI. ii. 286 (1806).
Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 833.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 634.
Perennial, densely tufted, root-fibres slender; stem 6-18
PART V. E
50 C VPer alee. _[Fimbristylis.
in., almost filiform, obtusely angled, grooved ; |. shorter but
hardly broader than the stem, s5 in. broad or less, coriaceous,
striate above, dotted with the superficial cells beneath, margins
recurved, spinulose, sheaths glabrous with membranous
margins; spikelets solitary or 2-5 in an irregular umbel,
sessile on very slender pedicels, 4-3 in. long, ovoid, obtuse,
terete, pale; glumes all deciduous, or the lower sometimes
longer and produced into a green elongation of the stem,
rhachilla slender, deeply closely pitted, squarrose with the
persistent brown ovate acute lips of the pits; glumes loosely
imbricate, orbicular, ;j,-$ in. broad, tip rounded, apiculate or
cuspidate, very concave, membranous, with 5-7 very slender
central veins; stam. 3, anth. acute; nut stipitate, obovate,
zo in. long, compressed, biconvex, smooth, snow-white or
discoloured, style about twice as long as the nut, dilated and
villous above the middle, base subglobose, stigmas 2, short.
Var. 8, bispicata, 7rzmen. F. bispicata, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 97
(partim). Scirpus distachyus, Herb. Rottl.
“Rootstock stout, creeping, stem slender, 6-8 in., deeply
grooved, base thickened, sometimes pyriform; spikelets one or
two, sessile, with the stem produced beyond them; glumes.
coriaceous, brown, glaucous (as if puberulous), style villous
throughout, nut immature.
Sandy places in dry and intermediate regions; rather rare. Kurune-
gala; Trincomalie (Ferguson). Var. 6, Kalpitiya (Trimen, Aug. 1833).
Fl. July—Dec.
Also in India, Trop. Asia generally, and N. Australia.
The specimens of var. 8 are in too imperfect a state for satisfactory
determination. Its reference to F. disficata is by Dr. Trimen. Clarke,
in Fl. B. Ind., refers dzsfzcata as a synonym to schenotdes. The descrip-
tion is from Trimen’s specimens.
6. FE. dichotoma, Vahl, Enum. ii. 287 (1806).
Scirpus adichotomus, L., var., Retz. Obs. iv. 12. F. pallescens, Nees;.
hw. Enum g4G,, Mnrim-vovst.CaruCeyile tor Canes 7/50.
FI. B. Ind! vi. 635. “Rottb. Deser and Ie.t. 13, f 1 CSezzpus):
Annual, root-fibres capillary ; stems 2-10 in., densely tufted,,.
filiform, grooved, smooth; 1. shorter than the stems, very
narrow, 7o in., tapering to a fine point, quite smooth, sheath
puberulous or pilose; umbel laxly compound or decompound,
I—2 in. diam., rays few or many, up to I in., suberect ; bracts
filiform, shorter or longer than the umbels; spikelets }-4 in.,
solitary on the rays, ovoid, subangular, many-fid., pedicels
4-4 in., rarely more, erect or spreading, lowest glume more or
less bracteiform, glabrous or puberulous, rhachilla stout,
angular, covered with large pits; glumes loosely imbricate,
all, or all but the lowest, fertile, lower 7; in., broadly ovate,
Fimbristyl¢s. | C perv acee. 5E
upper 75 in., oblong-ovate, all shortly cuspidate, red-brown,
strongly keeled, keel 1I-3-veined, green; stam. I-3, anth.
small, obtuse; nut 4 in. broadly obovate or subcordate,
minutely stipitate, compressed, biconvex, with 6-9 low broad
trabeculate ribs, pale straw-col’d., style twice as long, copiously
villous above the middle, base wilh a small globose bulb,
stigmas 2.
Low country; apparently rather rare. Dumbara; Uva Prov.
Throughout warm regions of Old World.
Often confused with /. dphylla, which is normally perennial.
7. &. ewestivalis, Vahl, Enum. i. 288 (1806). :
Scirpus @stivalis, Retz. Obs. iv. 12. Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 1o1
(excl. syn.). C. P. 3943 (in part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 637 (in part).
A dwarf, densely tufted annual, root-fibres capillary; stem
2-6 in., filiform, grooved, smooth; 1. shorter than the stem,
almost filiform, > in. broad or less, sparsely hairy, sheath
pubescent, open; umbel compound or decompound, 1-1} in.
broad, rays many, spreading, short, filiform; bracts short,
rarely exceeding the umbel, glabrous or pubescent ; spikelets
@-4 in., rather crowded, linear-oblong, 7; in. diam., dark brown,
subsquarrose, I or 2 lowest glumes longest, with an hispidulous
keel, rhachilla slender, prominently scarred; glumes laxly
imbricate, all, even the lowest fertile, 4, in. long, recurved,
oblong, cuspidate, cusp 4-1 the length of the glume, I-veined,
keeled ; stam. I, anth. very small; nut #4, in. long, obovate,
smooth, much compressed, biconvex, base subacute, margins
acute, pale straw-col’d., style twice as long as the nut, nearly
glabrous, bulbous base naked, stigmas 2.
Ceylon (Koenig in Herb. Mus. Brit.). Also collected at Colombo,
first by Ferguson in 1867, but, doubtless, occurs elsewhere. FI. April (?).
Southern India (?).
Clarke considers this as identical with a very widely distributed
Indian, Malayan, and Australian plant, which is Wallich’s 3516A and
3517 B,D,E. I, on the other hand, regard it as a distinct and local plant,
first found in Ceylon by Kcenig, and of which there are, as Mr. Rendle
informs me, specimens in the British Museum. It is certainly the /.
@stivalis of Wight’s Catalogue, No. 1880, where Wallich’s 35164 and
3517 € are erroneously cited as conspecific. The latter, a widely dis-
tributed Indian, Malayan, and Australian species, not hitherto found in
Ceylon, is a taller, more slender plant, with looser umbels, smaller
spikes, shorter cusps of the glumes, which have never a squarrose
appearance, and a short tip of the nut. It more nearly resembles F-
Triment, and is F. trichotdes, Miquel, F]. Ind. Bat. iil. 319, and F.
Griffithtana, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 110, both published in 1855. /. Grafithiz,
Boeck. in Flora, xliii. 241 (1860). There is no habitat given with Wight’s
specimen, which, like a good many others of his unlocalised plants, is
probably from Ceylon.—J. D. H.
52 Cyperacee. [Fimbristylis.
8. F. Trimeni, ook. /.
F. estivalis, var. major, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 101. C. P. 3943 (in
part).
A dwarf, densely tufted annual, root-fibres capillary ;
stem 3-6 in., filiform, grooved; |. shorter than the stem, very
narrow, flat, 3;-z'5 in. broad, sheath short, open, glabrous or
pubescent; umbel simple or compound, I-14 in. broad, rays
few or many, 4-7? in. long, filiform, spreading, bearing few
remote pedicelled spikelets; bracts capillary, much shorter
than the rays; spikelets, loosely corymbose, 7-3 in. long,
narrowly ovoid or oblong, acute, terete or obscurely angled,
many-fid., pale brown, lowest glumes narrower, longer,
cuspidate, often bracteiform, keel hispidulous, rhachilla
slender, pitted; glumes closely imbricate, 7-3/5 in., nearly
straight, oblong, 1-veined, cuspidate, cusp not % the length of
the glume, green, sides hyaline; stam. 1-2, with rather short
anth.; nut 35 in., stoutly stipitate, orbicular, obovoid or sub-
globose, turgidly biconvex, margins rounded, smooth, pale
straw-col’d., style rather longer than the nut, hairy, base
bulbous, hispid, stigmas 2, short.
Colombo (Ferguson 1 ; i i ‘vall.
Gee a ae , April 1867) Growing with -. estivalis
Closely allied to /. eszzvalzs, but umbels larger, laxer, spikelets 4 in.
long, narrowly ovoid, not at all squarrose, glumes nearly straight, 75 in.,
ovate-oblong ; nut larger, almost globose, 7p in. diam., style hairy above
and with a large hispid bulb.
9. F. argentea, Vah/, Enum. ii. 294 (1806).
Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 2877.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 640. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t.17, f. 6 (Scerfus argenteus),
and t. 14, f. 3 (S. monander).
A densely tufted glabrous annual, root-fibres filiform;
stems 4-8 in., filiform, trigonous, striated; 1. shorter and more
slender than the stem, almost capillary, flexuous, smooth
sheath short, quite glabrous; spikelets 3-20, quite sessile, in ji
terminal globose head, ovoid-oblong or cylindric, obtuse,
3-1 in. long, 7 in. diam., glabrous, greyish green, rhachilla
stout, scarred; bracts 3-4, filiform, 2 or more much longer
than the head, up to 3 in., flexuous; glumes closely imbricate
zs in. long, broadly ovate, acute, not cuspidate, membra-
nous, with a strong green keel from above the middle to the
tip, sides hyaline and red-brown; stam. 1, anth. obtuse; nut
gs in., orbicular, shortly stipitate, much compressed, biconvex,
margins acute, quite smooth, style twice as long as the nut
very minutely hairy above the middle, base conical, truncate,
glabrous, stigmas 2.
Fimbristyls.| C yperacee. 53
Damp places in the low country, mostly in the dry region; rather
common. FI. most of the year.
Also in Peninsular India, Bengal, Malaya, and the Mauritius.
10. EB. ferruginea, Vah/, Enzz. ii. 291 (1806). ;
Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 848.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 638.
A densely tufted perennial; rootstock short, root-fibres
stout and slender; stem 1-24 ft., rather stout, subtrigonous,
grooved, smooth; I. o, or few, short, very narrow, glabrous or
hairy, lower sheaths coriaceous, split, upper scarious, truncate ;
umbels simple or subcompound, rays few, usually very short,
rarely 4 in. long, stout, spreading; bracts very short, striate,
slender; spikelets few, 1-4 in., oblong-ovoid, terete, somewhat
hoary, pale red-brown, rarely bracteolate by a small ovate or
lanceolate persistent lowest glume; rhachilla stout, angular,
with large pits; glumes laxly imbricate, + in. long, orbicular-
ovate, cymbiform, minutely cuspidate, chartaceous, recurved,
pale brown, keel green; stam. 2-3, anth. very long, 75 in.,
obtuse; nut stipitate, 4, in. long, broadly obovate or almost
obcordate, much compressed, biconvex, quite smooth, yellowish
or pale brown, style twice as long as the nut, villous to the
slightly dilated truncate base, stigmas 2.
Var. (?) tenuissima, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 639.
‘Stem. 16 in., very slender, slightly flattened, |. 1-6, very
slender, bracts $ in., spikelets 1-3, pale, } in. long, glumes
nearly glabrous, furnished with obscure round and red glands,
nut as in /. ferruginea.—This looks like a distinct species,
but only known from one sheet of specimens.’—C/Zarke, /. c.
Wet places in the low country, especially in brackish water at mouth
of rivers; common. Var. 6, Trincomalie (Mrs. Marriott in Herb.
Delessert). Fl. most seasons.
All hot countries.
I have not seen specimens of var. 8.—J. D. H.
i1. EF. diphylla, Vah/, Enum. ii. 289 (1806).
Herm. Mus. 26. Fl. Zeyl. n. 40. Sczrfus dichotomus, L. Sp. 50.
Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 839, 840.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 636.
Rootstock hardly any, or up to tin. long, stout, root-
fibres rather stout; stem 1-2 ft. slender, angled, grooved,
quite smooth; |. as long as the stem or shorter, 74-1} in. broad,
linear, coriaceous, rather rigid, serrulate towards the acute tip,
margins scaberulous, striate above, obscurely 2-veined beneath,
sheath short, glabrous or pubescent; umbel simple or com-
pound (or spikelets in a compact head), rays not many, very
54 C. VWPeracce. [ Limbristylise
unequal, up to 2 in. long; bracts filiform, long or short;
spikelets scattered or clustered, 171 in. long, ovoid, acute,
terete, lowest glumes rarely bractlike, usually small, deciduous,
rhachilla stout, scarred and pitted; glumes ¢-4 in, loosely
imbricate, broadly ovate, cymbiform, acute, chartaceous, keel
obtuse, 3-veined, green, midrib reaching the tip, sides chestnut
brown; stam. I-3, anth. long, tip conical; nut s'; in., broadly
or orbicularly obovoid, stipitate, many-ribbed, interstices
punctate, pale straw-col’d. or dark brown, style twice as long
as the nut, very broad, villous with long spreading or reflexed
hairs down to and on the dilated truncate base, stigmas 2
s Var. 8, major, 7hw. Enum. 433. F. rigidula, Thw..1. c. 348, 433
(non Nees). C. P. 3232.
Stem taller, leaves long, very narrow, spikelets larger up
to 4 in., ovoid- oblong.
Var. y, ovalis, 7. ovalis, Nees in Wight, Contrib. too. Thw. 1. c.
Viol Oni het ]ei
Annual or perenatal leaves shorter, more flaccid, hairy,
spikelets ae variable, 4- nearly 4 in., glumes cuspidate, nut
larger up to sp in. long.
In all parts i the island; very common. FI. most of the year.
All warm countries.
A very variable plant. The varieties are quite inconstant. ‘ Hermann’s
S. dichotomus is certainly this.’— 772mer.
12. F. spathacea, Roth, Nov. Sp. Pl. 24 (1821).
F. Wighttana, Nees; Thw. Enum. 349. C P. 3759.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 640.
Rootstock very short, or elongate, stout, woody, root-fibres
both stout and slender, black; stem densely leafy below, $-14ft.,
stout, obtusely trigonous, crooved ; l. very many, fenecly
crowded on the rootstock, | much shorter’ than the stem,
spreading and recurved, narrowly linear, obtuse or acute, up
to go in. broad, rigidly coriaceous, margins recurved, scaberu-
lous, sheaths short, imbricating, open, coriaceous; umbel
simple or compound, open or with the spikelets more or less
crowded, sometimes into a globose head, but always pedi-
celled; bracts very short, rigid, erect, base dilated, coriaceous;
spikelets 75-$ in., ovoid, obtuse, terete, pale brown, lowest
glumes usually lanceolate, bracteiform, subpersistent, rhachilla
stout, squarrose, pits large: glumes ‘rather laxly imbricate,
in. long, broadly ovate or orbicular, cymbiform, tip mem-
tee obtuse or rounded, all hyaline except for a triangular
red-brown area extending from some distance below the tip
to the base, keel indistinctly 3-5-veined; stam. 2-3, anth.
Fimbristylis. | Cyperac Ce. 55
obtusely apiculate; nut very variable, 7o-s5 in. minutely
stipitate, obovate or obcordate, compressed, biconvex, surface
slightly uneven, pale, at length nearly black, style shorter or
as long as the nut, quite naked, base bulbous or not, stigmas
2, longer than the style.
Sands of the seashore, common round the coast. FI. probably all
the year.
India, Malaya, &c.
The spikelets are very frequently densely approximated, and form a
rounded head; it is then var. congesta, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 102, but is
connected with the type by intermediates.— 77 zen.
13. BE. compressa, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvili. 558 (1874).
- Fl. B. Ind. vi. 639.
Densely tufted, root-fibres slender ; stems 12-18 in., very
slender, trigonous, grooved; |. few, much shorter than the
stem, almost filiform, obtuse, sheaths 2-3 in., tips subulate,
margins scarious ; umbel compound, of few spreading slender
rays I in. long, or shorter, carrying few scattered small uni-
formly dark brown pubescent spikelets; bracts filiform, one
about as long as the umbel; spikelets 4-3 in., ovoid, subacute,
terete, pubescent, lowest two glumes long-cuspidate, empty,
rhachilla slender, deeply closely pitted, not winged ; glumes
closely imbricate, 75 in. long, broadly ovate, cymbiform, acute,
apiculate, I-veined, uniformly covered with dark brown points
and thickly puberulous, keel slender; stam. 1, anth. rather
short, obtuse; nut 34 in., obcordate, strongly compressed,
biconvex, quite smooth, straw-col’d., at length brown, style
not longer than the nut, slender, glabrous, base swollen,
stigmas 2, short.
Periakulam, near Trincomalie (W. Ferguson, 1885). Fl. Dec.
Madras, Burma.
The only Ceylon species with all the glumes pubescent.
14. F. quinquangularis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 229 (1837).
Thw. Enum. 349. C. P. 838.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 644.
Annual, tufted, glabrous, leafy, root-fibres slender; stem
4-2 ft., slender, obtusely angled, deeply grooved ; |. longer or
shorter than the stem, very slender, 34, in. broad or less, linear,
finely acuminate, flaccid, margins and keel scaberulous, sheaths
long, subdistichous, green, coriaceous; umbel decompound,
rays very many, suberect, filiform, much branched, bearing
innumerable very small pedicelled spikelets, whole infl. ap-
pearing like one oblong panicle; bracts filiform, usually shorter
than the umbel; spikelets 4-4 in., ovoid, terete, pale brown,
thachilla winged; glumes rather laxly imbricate, ;; in. long,
orbicular-ovate, cymbiform, membranous, mucronate by the
5 6 g VPeracee. [Pimbristylis..
excurrent 3-veined keel, sides hyalines; stam. 3, anth. obtuse;
nut shortly stipitate, 75 in. long, obovoid, obtusely trigonous,
tubercled, pale, style as long as the nut, more or less villous,
stigmas 3, longer than the style.
Low country in grass; common. Peradeniya. Fl. most seasons.
Also in India, China, Malaya, Australia.
A very variable plant in India, in stature, foliage, and inf. The
description is taken from Ceylon specimens (C. P. 838). Clarke, who
retains it in Fl. B. Ind. as a species, cites Arnott’s authority for its being
hardly separable from /. mzlzacea. Of Clarke’s var. crassa (F1. B. Ind.
vi. 644), differing in its slender habit, woody rootstock, and rather larger
ellipsoid spikelets, I find no Ceylon specimen in Herb. Peraden., Brit.
Mus., or Kew, nor can Mr. Clarke refer me to any. Itis the F. g/lobulosa,
var. aphylla of Miquel, and may possibly be that plant.—J. D. H
15. FE. miliacea, Vail, Enum. ii. 287 (1806). Mudu-halpan, S.
Scirpus miliaceus, Burm.; Moon, Cat. 6. Tvrichelostylis miliacea,
Nees in Wight, Contrib. 103. Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 836.
i B. Indy vic 644, Burm: Fl. Ind. t. 9) f. 2. Rottb: Deser. et Ie:
B Ep te &
Annual, tufted, glabrous, leafy, root-fibres slender ; stem
6-24 in., slender, below obtusely angled, triquetrous above;
]. shorter than the stem, very slender, 75 in. broad or less, linear,
tapering to a firm point, margins nearly smooth, sheaths sub-
distichous, margins scarious; umbel decompound, rays suberect
or spreading, filiform, bearing very many scattered very small
pedicelled spikelets; bracts filiform or capillary, much shorter
than the umbels; spikelets 75-4 in., ovoid or globose, terete,
obtuse, pale or.dark brown, rhachilla ss0r naked, pitted ;
elumes not numerous, closely imbricate, 5 in. long, orbicular-
ovate, cymbiform, obtuse: membranous, keel obscurely
veined, reaching the tip, but not excurrent ; stam. I-3, anth.
obtuse ; nut minutely stipitate, 7 in. long, obovoid, obtusely
trigonous, white pale or brownish, tubercled, style about as
long as the nut, glabrous, base globose, stigmas 3, about as.
long as the style.
Var. congesta, 7777. MSS.
Stems 3-6 in. stout, triquetrous throughout, umbels.
reduced to globose entire or lobed terminal heads of sessile
compacted spikelets, with rarely a ray terminated by another
smaller head.
In the water of paddy fields, &c.; common. Var. congesta, Peradeniya...
FI. all the year.
All hot countries.
Very closely allied to /. guinguangularis, having similar |. and
spikelets, but the glumes are not mucronate, are less keeled, the rachilla
js not winged, and the style is quite glabrous.
Fimbristylis. | C Vperacee. 57
16. EF. globulosa, Kunth, “num. ii. 231 ({837). Hal-pan,* 5S.
Scirpus globosus, Moon, Cat ibs 117 vichelostylis globulosa, Nees in
Wight, Contrib. 105. Thw. Enum. 349; CUP SsAz:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 644.
Rootstock short, stout, horizontal, root-fibres stout ; stem
6-18 in., rather stout, terete or compressed below, trigonous
or 4-5-angled above, angles smooth; |. 0, sheaths 1-6 in.,
obtuse, appressed, with narrow scarious brown margins, rarely
bearing a short limb, mouth very obliquely truncate ; umbels.
small, simple or compound, rays few, rather stout, $—-2$ in.,
erect or spreading, bearing few distant long- and short-pedi-
celled spikelets; bracts very short, subulate; spikelets 4—} in.,
ovoid and obtuse, or globose, terete, pale brown, lowest empty
glumes very small, narrow, persistent or deciduous, rhachilla
stout, squarrose; glumes closely imbricate, 7; in. long, oblong,
cymbiform, broadly hyaline all round, dorsally convex, keel
obscurely 3-veined, vanishing far below une rounded tip;
stam. 2-3, anth. rather stout, obtuse; nut 35 in., globosely
obovoid, obtusely trigonous, obscurely striate and subtu-
bercled, pale brown, style as long as the nut, glabrous, base
subpyramidal, stigmas 3.
In water, moist low country; common. Fl. most seasons.
India, Malaya, Polynesia.
17. EF. insignis, 7iw. Enum. 349 (1864).
Thw. Enum. 433. &. Thwazteszz, Boeck. in Linnea, xxvii. 34. C. P.
iN
< a B. Ind. vi. 645.
Rootstock very short, with wiry root-fibres; stems 8-24 in.,
slender, subtrigonous, deeply grooved, smooth ; |. crowded on
the rootstock, much shorter than the stem, 3-7 by 4 in. or
narrower, flat, rigid, tip rounded denticulate, margin very
narrowly recurved, smooth or scaberulous, opaque on both
surfaces, midrib beneath flat, sheath very short, coriaceous,
open; umbel subsimple, of 3-5 trigonous Sula rays 1-3 in.
long, each bearing 1- 3 large spikelets ; bracts 4-4 in., subulate,
erect; spikelets 3-1 in. by 2 = iho Cutehory, oblons-lanceolate,
acute at both ends, terete, Seon lowest 2 ‘glumes “small, long-
cuspidate, empty, rhachilla stout, clothed with imbricating
wings ; glumes closely imbricate, } in. long, oblong, subacute,
cymbiform, cuspidate, coriaceous, keel slender, veins 0; stam.
3, anth. very long, slender, tip conical; nut hardly stipitate, 5*; in.
long, broadly obcordate, trigonous, subtubercled, faces concave,
pale, style three times as long as the nut, slender, sparsely
villous, thickened base elongate, stigmas 3, rather short.
* See also Cyperus Haspan, p. 26.
538 C. ypervracee. [Fimbristylis.
Moist low country; rather rare. Near Colombo; Pasdun Korale;
between Negombo and Kurunegala (Thwaites). There are specimens
in Herb. Mus. Brit. from Moon, collected near Kalutara. Fl. Feb., Aug.
Borneo, China.
18. EF. leptoclada, Lenth. Fl. Hongk. 393 (1861).
F. retusa, Thw. Enum. 349. C. P. 3760.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 647.
Rootstock small, many-leaved, root-fibres capillary; stems
6-24 in., densely tufted, very slender, almost filiform, angular,
erooved; |. shorter than the stem, 3-12 in., very narrow, 7s in.
broad or less, obtuse, flat, margins smooth, sheath 2-4 in.,
upper ending in leaves, margins not scarious; umbel sub-
compound, contracted, subcapitate, 4-3 in. diam., of few,
short rays, bearing dense clusters of smali sessile dark brown
spikelets; bracts rarely longer than the umbel; spikelets
4-+ in., shortly oblong or ovoid, obtuse, terete, many-fid., sub-
pruinose, 2 lowest glumes like the upper, but empty, rhachilla
slender, deeply pitted, wings caducous; glumes closely im-
bricate, 7; in. long, broadly oblong, tip broad, rounded, hyaline,
emarginate or 2-lobed, deeply keeled, sides appressed, punc-
tate, keel not reaching the tip, veins obscure; stam. 1, anth.
rather short, apiculate; nut s> in. long, obovoid, trigonous,
verrucose, pale, at length dark grey, style as long as the nut,
stout, glabrous, base tumid, stigmas 3, longer than the style.
Moist low country; rather common. Galle; Colombo; Pasdun and
Reigam Korales, &c. FI.
Also Malacca, Borneo, S. China.
19. EF. asperrima, Soeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 40 (1871).
F. chetorrhiza, Thw. Enum. 349 (part). C. P. 837 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 643.
Rootstock stout, horizontal, woody, root-fibres stout;
stem 14-3 ft., slender, trigonous or plano-convex, smooth or
angles scabrous towards the top, deeply grooved; |. many,
radical, 6 in. to 2 ft. long, 75-4 in. broad, acute, flat, coriaceous,
margins scabrid, sheaths short, open, brown, margins of upper
scarious; umbel effuse, compound, loosely umbellulate, primary
rays up to 3 in. long, spreading, secondary bearing many small
pedicelled spikelets; bracts very long, up to Io in.; spikelets
scattered, $-; in. long, oblong or ovoid, angular, obtuse or
acute, pale brown, few-fld., lowest glume not bracteiform,
rhachilla winged; glumes 74 in. long, broadly ovate, cymbi-
form, acute, mucronate by the green excurrent, 3—5-veined
keel, margins broadly hyaline, in a mature state the red-brown
basal portions on each side of the midrib separate, and are
deciduous or adhere to the rhachilla, the glume then presents
a lunate base on each side of the keel; stam. 3, anth. witha
Fimbristylis.] Cyperacee. 59
‘short conical tip; nut = in. long, obovoid, narrowed towards
the top, obtusely trigonous, coarsely tubercled, pale, style
rather longer than the nut, nearly glabrous, base conical,
stigmas 3, slender.
Low country in grass; very common.
Also in Malaya generally.
Resembles /. junciformis (of which a specimen is included in the
sheet of asferrima in Herb. Perad.) in size and colour of spikelets, but
‘the great bracts at once distinguish it, as do the absence of distichous
glumes, the crossly tubercled nut, and long, smooth style.
20. B. tristachya, 7hw. Enzi. 434 (1864).
Schenus cyperoides, Retz. Obs. Bot. iv. 8. Adb¢ldgaardia tristachya,
Vahl; Thw. Enum. 347. C. P. 852.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 649.
Rootstock stout, woody, many-leaved, root-fibres very
stout; stem 12-24 in., rather stout, obtusely angled and
deeply grooved; |. crowded at the base of the stem, much
shorter and more slender than this, 6-12 in., erect and curved,
--rigid, concave above, acute, margins smooth or scaberu-
lous, sheaths very short, rigid, margins scarious; umbel of
2-3 spikelets, one sessile and one or two on rigid pedicels
1-14 in. long, compressed; bracts 4-4 in., suberect, strict ;
spikelets 4-1 in., subcompressed, ovoid, acute, pale yellowish,
lower glumes distichous, lowest small, subulate, empty, upper
subspirally twisted, rhachilla slender, wings caducous, glumes
4-4 in. long, broadly ovate, cuspidate, faintly many-veined
-towards the centre, dorsally rounded with an acute keel,
margins not hyaline ; stam. 3, anth. slender, subacute; nut 4
in. long, globosely trigonous, suddenly narrowed into a stout
-cylindric stipes, 3-ribbed, tuberculate, pale, at length dark
brown, style twice as long as the nut, flattened, pubescent,
base slightly dilated, stigmas 3, short.
Damp ground near the sea in the dry region; rather common.
_Jaffna; Chilaw; Kalpitiya; Trincomalie.
Also in Peninsular India and Africa.
First collected by Kcenig.
21. EF. monostachya, /Hassk. P/. Jav. Rar. 61 (1848).
A bildgaardia monostachya, Vahl; Thw. Enum. 347 and 434. C. P. 3231.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 649. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 13, f£ 3 (Cyperus mono-
. Stachyus).
Annual (?) densely tufted and leafy, root-fibres slender;
stems 6-12 in., very slender or filiform, striate ; 1. crowded on
the swollen base of the stem, filiform or nearly so, but flat,
-:acute or acuminate, sheath short, margins scarious ; spikelets
solitary on the stem, very rarely 2, variable in size, 4-4 in. by
-4-1 broad, compressed, ovate, shining, pale straw-col’d., 2
60 C ‘yperacee. [Fimbristylis..
lowest glumes longer, cuspidate, empty, rhachilla slender,
wings persistent; glumes loosely imbricate, subdistichous,.
coriaceous, triangular-ovate, acute, cuspidate, keel slender,
margins not hyaline ; stam. 3, anth. long, subacute; nut 74
in., globosely pyriform, narrowed intoa stout stipes, trigonous,
3-ribbed, tubercled, straw-col’d., style not twice as long as the
nut, stout, pubescent, down to and on the bulbous base,.
stigmas 3, short.
In grass in the low country; common. FI. in most months.
In all hot countries.
22. EF. pentaptera, Kuwzth, Enum. ii. 229 (1837).
Trichelostylis pentaptera, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 105. 7. Salbundia,.
Thw. Enum. 349 (non Kunth). C. P. 823, 843.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 645.
Rootstock shortly creeping, woody, root-fibres stout; stems.
2-5 ft., slender, triquetrous, deeply grooved, leafless, glabrous
or pilose; |. 0, or in separate shoots, or in young plants very
slender, pilose sheaths of the flg. stems 2-6 in. long, mouth and
sides broadly scarious, sometimes produced into a scarious
flaccid limb; umbels small, compound, 1-3 in. long and broad, .
open, rays 3-10, slender, with many solitary, pedicelled, dark
brown spikelets; bracts very small, subulate; spikelets 7; in.,
compressed, trigonous, oblong or ovate- oblong, few-fld. ; ‘lowest
empty glumes ~cuspidate, rhachilla stout, wings persistent
glumes ‘distichous on one face of the spikelet, 4—+ in. long,
broadly ovate, subacute, keel reaching the tip but hardly
excurrent, margins USEy narrowly hyaline: stam. 2-3, anth.
long, narrow; nut so-1s in., stipitate, globose or globosely
obovoid, pale or dark brown, surface uneven, style rather
longer than the nut, glabrous, base conical, stigmas as long
as the style.
Patanas of the montane zone, 4-7000 ft.; common.
Also in S. India.
There are in Herb. Peraden., in the cover with F. cénnamometorum,
specimens of this, or of a closely allied species, with smaller spikelets,
mucronate glumes, a nut only = in. long, and 2 occasionally bipartite,
filiform stigmas.
23. EB. monticola, Sfeud. Syn. Cyp. 111 (1855).
F. tenutfolia, Thw. Enum. 434. C. P. 3780, 851 (in part).
FI. B. Ind. vi. 642.
Very slender, leafy, densely tufted, root-fibres filiform ;
stems 6-12 in., erect, filiform, obtusely trigonous, striate,
flexuous; |. many at the base of the stem, shorter or nearly as
long as the stem and as slender or more so, acute, concave,.
dorsally rounded, strongly ribbed, margins distantly scabrid,
Fimbristylis.] Cyperacee. 61
-sheath short, membranous; umbel subsimple, or subcompound,
‘rays 2-4, with 1 or 2 spikelets on each, }-} in., filiform,
spreading or recurved; bracts very short, setiform; spikelets
j-3 in., ovoid or oblong-ovoid, obtuse or acute, flattened, dark
brown, lowest glumes very small, deciduous, rhachilla squar-
rose, pits large with hyaline margins; glumes laxly sub-
distichously imbricate, ;'5 in. long, orbicular-ovate, apiculate,
coriaceous with broad hyaline margins, keel 3-veined, dark
brown, percurrent; stam. 3, anth. with an Bees tip ; nut
_ -stipitate, globosely obovoid, obtusely trigonous, ;'; in. long,
minutely tubercled and sometimes echinulate here and there,
style rather longer than the nut, more or less villous to the
swollen base, stigmas 3.
Lower montane zone; rare. UNDE NNEUEENS Kelebokka.
Also in hills of S. India.
Clarke (Fl. B. Ind. 1. c.) describes the nut as acutely trigonous, with
the outermost cells in 12-13 irregular vertical series, and places the
species in section 77zchelostylis ; but the lower glumes of the spikelets
are clearly distichous in the Ceylon plant.
24. EF. cinnamometorum, Kuwzth, Enum. ii. 229 (1837).
Scirpus cinnamometorum, Vahl, Enum. 11. 278. Moon, Cat. 6.
Abildgaardia cinnamometorum, Thw. Enum. 347. £. cyperoides, Br.;
Trim. east Caters) COPN2Z752.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 650 (F. cyperoddes, var.).
Densely tufted, rootstock small, hard, root-fibres filiform ;
stem 6-24 in., very slender, leafy, subterete, striate; 1. many
at the base of the stem, filiform, flexuous, mostly shorter than
the stem, and even more slender, flexuous, grooved along the
middle, sheath coriaceous with scarious margins; umbel de-
compound, I-3 in. broad, very lax and open, rays few,
capillary, spreading, bearing many distant spreading pedicelled
small brown spikelets; bracts much shorter than the umbel,
one filiform, the rest subulate; spikelets {-1 in., oblong or
linear-oblong, much compressed, few-fld., lower glumes dis-
tichous, 3 lowest smaller, empty, rhachilla not winged, nodes
angular; glumes oblong-ovate, 4-7 in., obtuse, membra-
nous, sides scabrid, margins pale, keel slender, vanishing
below the tip, veins 0; stam. 3, anth. very slender, tip seta-
ceous ; nut 34 in., minutely stipitate, narrowly obovoid, trigo-
nous, striate, pale, style 3-4 times as long as the nut, very
slender, glabrous, base conical, stigmas 3, short.
Wet places, as paddy fields, in the low country; rather common.
Kalutara; Ratnapura; Hewaheta; Ramboda; Henantagola; patanas
of Uva and the Central Provinces, up to 5000 ft. (Pearson).
Also in Burma and China.
Clarke, following Bentham and others, regards /. cinnamometorum
as a variety of the F. cyperozdes, Br. of Australia and the Philippines,
62 C Vperacee. [Fimobristylis.
and I can find no other difference between the two species than that the
Ceylon plant is an annual, whereas the Australian is a perennial, with a
creeping rootstock. Both are conspicuous by the scabrid glumes, which
scabridity Clarke describes as glandular. I follow Trimen, who, how-
ever, in keeping up cézmamometorum in the list of species prepared for
this work, observes that it may be a variety of cyferozdes.
25. &. fulvescens, 7/iw. Enum. 434 (1864).
Abildgaardia fulvescens, Thw. Enum. 347. &. fusca, Trim. Syst. Cat.
io (@INIGES) SG 2s y/o),
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 650.
Annual; densely tufted and leafy, root-fibres stout and
slender, black; stem 6-18 in., slender, deeply grooved; |. very
many, crowded, much shorter than the stem, erect and re-
curved, linear, obtuse, flat, in. broad or narrower, coriaceous,
tip triangular, acute, margins scabrid, sheaths very short,
open, coriaceous; umbel 1-2 in. diam., subsimple, rays 3-5,.
#-1 in., slender, each with 1-3 long-pedicelled brown
spikelets; bracts very short, stiff, subulate, scabrid; spikelets
14-4 in., flattened, ovate or oblong, acute, glabrous or
puberulous, lowest 2 glumes narrowest, cuspidate, empty,
rhachilia slender, wings caducous; glumes all distichous,
+-+ in., coriaceous, broadly triangular-ovate, acute, apiculate,
ciliolate, keel nearly straight, slender, scaberulous, margins
not hyaline; stam. 3, anth. very narrow, acute; nut minutely
stipitate, sy in. long, globosely obovoid, trigonous, sub-
tubercled, style very long, slender, glabrous, base bulbous,
stigmas 3, short.
- Low country; rather rare. Reigam Korale (Thwaites); Hantane;
Matale; Doluwa Kande.
Endemic.
Very near /. fusca, Nees, of Burma and Malaya, differing in the
broader spikelets with longer pedicels and glabrous glumes, which are
as distichous as those of a Cyferus.
26. EB. nigrobrumnea, 7/iw. Enum. 434 (1864).
Cees 2770:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 648.
Rootstock short, hard, densely leafy, root-fibres wiry; stem
6-24 in., slender, trigonous and deeply grooved, smooth or
subscaberulous; |. very many, much shorter than the stem,
3-18 in. long , by i i in. broad or narrower, erect and recurved,
coriaceous, Vinear, tip rounded or trianeular and acute,
margins smooth, sheaths open, coriaceous, lower dark brown,
shining: umbel simple or compound, rays 3-6, 4-2 in,
slender, ‘bearing few or many rather distant brown, glabrous
spikelets: bracts very short, rigid, erect; spikelets 4-4 in.,
compressed, ovoid or oblong, few- or many-fld., lower glumes
rs OF zmbristylzs. | Cype VACEE. 63
distichous, upper not; rhachilla slender, wings caducous;
glumes 4-3 in., coriaceous, triangular-ovate, cuspidate, keel
slender, margins not hyaline; stam. 3, anth. long, slender, tip
subulate; nut s+ in. long, turgidly obovoid, trigonous, faintly
warted, angles rounded, pale yellow-brown, style not twice as
long as the nut, base bulbous, stigmas 3, very slender.
Low country; rather rare. Lagalla (Brodie); Hewesse and Hini-
duma, abundant (Thwaites); Ratnapura. Marshes in the Western and
Central Province, up to 5600 ft., and dry patanas in Uva, 2500-4400 ft.
(Pearson). Fl. Aug., Sept.
Eastern and Southern India, Cambodia.
27. EF. complanata, Linzk, Hort. Berol. i. 292 (1827).
Thw. Enum. 349, 433. C. P. 3220.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 646.
Rootstock small, hard, creeping, leafy, root-fibres wiry;
stem 2-3 ft., flattened, 2-edged, 4 in. broad or. less, deeply
furrowed and rlbbed, quite smooth; |. very many, crowded
round the base of the stem, and shorter than it, erect, linear,
up to 1 in. broad, coriaceous, tip obliquely narrowed, obtuse
or subacute, margins scaberulous, sheath coriaceous, margins
scarious; umbel decompound, effuse, 1-3 in. broad, rays
few or many, flattened, loosely corymbosely branched,
branches bearing many small, shortly pedicelled, brown
spikelets; bracts one-half as long as the umbel, one leaf-like,
erect, the rest subulate; spikelets 4-} in., oblong or ovoid-
oblong, few-fid., lower glumes more or less distichous, lowest
narrower, subulate or cuspidate, empty, rhachilla short, wings
deciduous; glumes +4 in. oblong, obtuse, mucronate, sides
appressed together, dark brown with a deep acute pale keel,
margins not hyaline; stam. 3, anth. very long, obtuse; nut 34 in.
long, stipitate, turgidly obovoid, 3-gonous, minutely warted,
pale, style twice as long as the nut, slender, glabrous, base
conical, stigmas 3, long (in one specimen the nut very com-
pressed and stigmas 2.)
Moist low country; common. Maturata; N. Eliya; Kelebokka.
In all hot countries.
28. F. Kraussiana, Hochst. in Flora, xxviii. 757 (1845). -
F. connectens, Thw. Enum. 349 and 433. C. P. 2967.
fF’, complanata, var. Kraussiana, Clarke in F1. B. Ind. vi. 646.
Rootstock woody, creeping, root-fibres stout, wiry; stem
8-18 in., many-leaved at the base, slender, trigonous, com-
pressed, striate ; |. shorter than the stem, from almost filiform
to + in. broad, erect, acute, striated and 1-veined beneath,
margins obscurely scaberulous, incurved, sheaths with scarious
64 Cyperacee. [Fimbristylis.
margins; umbels small, subsimple, 1-2 in. broad, rays few,
j-1} in., bearing terminal fascicles of 3-8, sessile or very
shortly pedicelled, small, dark brown, opaque spikelets; bracts
several, erect, one linear very rarely longer than the umbel,
the rest very short, subulate; spikelets +-+ in., oblong or
linear-oblong, compressed, red-brown, lower on one face dis-
tichous, lowest 2 small, empty, cuspidate, rhachilla short,
wings caducous; glumes + in., broadly oblong, tip rounded,
not mucronate, keel obtuse, smooth or scaberulous, vanishing
beneath the tip, margins subhyaline; stam. 3, arfth, slender,
subacute; nut =; in. long, trigonously obovoid, 3-ribbed, very
obscurely warted or quite smooth, pale straw-col’d., style
slender, longer than the nut, glabrous, base conical, stigmas 3,
slender,
Montane zone above 4000 ft. Maturata and Nuwara Eliya. Mansa
jena Kelebokka (Ferguson). Horton Plains, 7200 ft. (Pearson). FI.
ug.
cna Malaya, Africa.
Differs from /. complanata, in the rounded tips of the flowering
glumes .which are not mucronate, and the trigonous stem. Clarke
perhaps rightly reduces it to a var. of complanata. ‘Thwaites regarded
it as distinct. Trimen, from a note, appeared to be doubtful.
29. EF. juneciformis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 239 (1837).
fF, chetorrhiza, Kunth, Thw. Enum, 349 (part). C. P. 970, 837 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 647.
Rootstock stout, woody, short or creeping, many-leaved,
root-fibres stout, wiry ; stem 4-18 in., tufted, rigid, 4-5 angled
or compressed, deeply grooved; |. crowded round the base of
the stem, short, 2-4 in., spreading and recurved, linear,
z3—-% In. broad, flat, coriaceous, tip triangular, acute, margins
scaberulous, sheath very short, coriaceous ; umbel compound,
rays few, 1-3 in. long, very slender, bearing distant or clustered
small chestnut-brown spikelets; bracts 2-4, much shorter
than the umbel, erect, rigid; spikelets 4-} in., solitary or
clustered, oblong or ovoid, few-fld., red-brown, 2 lowest glumes
distichous, lowest empty, rhachilla rather stout, wings
caducous ; glumes 74 in., triangular-ovate, subacute, mucronate,
rather membranous, keel slender, margins pale, hyaline ;
stam. 3, anth. Jong, acuminate; nut minutely stipitate, 35 in.
long, obovoid, trigonous, 3-ribbed, verruculose, white, style
larger than the nut, stout, pubescent above, base bulbous,’
stigmas 3, short.
In grassy places; apparently very common.
Throughout India, Madagascar, Philippine Is.
Clarke (Fl. B. Ind.) has two varieties, natives of S. India and Ceylon,
var. abbreviata (F. abbreviata, Boeck.; F. chetorhiza, 7/w.), with mostly
Echinolytrum. | Cyperacee. 65
solitary spikelets, and var. /atzfolia (F. latifolia, and torta, Kwz¢th), with
short, flat, curved, and twisted 1.
Very closely allied to / asperrima, which is a taller plant, with much
larger and broader |., and a large umbel with very long foliaceous bracts.
The spikelets of the two are very similar, but none of the glumes of
asperrima are distichous, and the nut is much larger. A specimen of
junciformis in Herb. Peraden. is placed under asperrima (C. P. 83).—
Pel vil.
5. ECHINOLYTRUM, Desv.
A small, densely tufted, glabrous annual, with capillary
root-fibres ; 1. shorter than the stem, capillary, sheath glabrous;
spikelets globose or ovoid, in simple or compound umbels
with filiform spreading rays, green; bracts capillary; glumes
minute, densely imbricating, squarrosely spreading, oblong,
membranous, with a stout midrib, ending in a long stout
scaberulcus recurved awn as long as itself, very persistent ;
stam. I or 2, anth. linear, subacute ; nut linear-oblong, bicon-
vex, straight or slightly incurved, faces quite smooth, sides
furnished with a series of few or many stoutly stipitate capitate
glands, very rarely naked; style about as long as the nut,
filiform, glabrous, base slightly swollen, usually falling away
with the style, but sometimes persistent, stigmas 2, capillary.
—Monotypic.
E. dipsaceum, Desv. Journ. Bot. i. 21 (1808).
Lsolepis dipsacea, R. et S.; Thw. Enum. 350. /7mdbristylis dipsacea,
Benth. ex Clarke in FI. B. Ind. vi. 635. C. P. 668.
Pied lac, “Desve lic. fot.) Rott: Mescmcet.ley tz.) fx
(Scirpus dipsaceus).
Stem, 3-6 in., striate, green ; 1. I-3 in., quite smooth, tip
acute ; sheath short, not scarious or membranous, umbel 1-2
in. broad, rays few or many, up to 1 in. long, spreading ;
bee longer or shorter than the umbel; spikelets globose
and 7-; in. diam., or shortly oblong and up to 4 in. long
by 2 $ diam., ue, sclageeu ey bracteolate ; glumes with the
glands 8-10 on each ae rarely fewer, very rarely 0, each
consisting of a spherical head formed of vesicular cells,
terminating in a stout tubular stipes; seed loose in the thin
coriaceous pericarp.
Damp sandy ground in the low country, especially in the dry region;
rather common.
Trop. Asia and Africa.
Very different in habit from any Finbristylis; remarkable for the
large stipitate capitate glands of the nut.—J. D. H.
PART V. F
66 C yperacee. [ Bulbostylis.
6. BULBOSTYLIS, Awuth.
Annual; stems very slender, leafy at the base only; 1. very
narrow, filiform or capillary; spikelets small, crowded in a
terminal head, or umbellate; bracts short; glumes few or
many, imbricate all round the rhachilla, 1-2 lowest and often
the uppermost empty; hypogynous bristles 0; stam. I-3,
anth. linear, obtuse or apiculate; nut obovoid, obtuse, tri-
gonous, smooth, crowned with the style-base; style slender,
glabrous, stigmas 3.—Sp. about 70; 4 in. FZ. B. Ind.
Mr. Clarke observes that this genus, which has been referred to
Fimbristylis by Bentham and to Scirpus by Boeckeler, is nearer to
Eleocharis, and may be recognised by its very slender leaves, needle-like
hairs, and the peculiar button-like ultimately deciduous style- base
crowning the nut.
Glumes cuspidate or mucronate.
L.-sheaths hairy, mouth sparingly bearded 1. PUB UIA
L.-sheaths glabrous, mouth copiously bearded . 2, Be BARBATA.
Glumes muticous, tip rounded, membranous. 3 3. Bi CAPIECARIS,
1. B. puberula, Kunth, Enum. ii. 213 (see 205) (1837).
Isolepis gracilis, Nees; Thw. Enum. 350. /2mbristylis gracilis, Trim.
Syst@at) Ceyl 102. 1. Pesan
BL B: Ind? vi. (653:
A densely tufted annual, nearly glabrous or pubescent,
root-fibres capillary; stem 4 to 20 in., filiform, strongly ribbed,
glabrous or sparsely pilose with spreading hairs; 1. much
shorter than the stem, erect, capillary, acuminate, glabrous or
puberulous, margins scaberulous, sheaths membrsanous, HELIS
mouth scantily bearded with flexuous hairs; spikelets }—+ in.,
red-brown, densely fascicled in terminal or pseudo- terminal
heads, or contracted into small simple or compound umbels
with very short rays; heads 4—2 in. diam., sometimes reduced
to 2 or 3 spikelets; bracts setiform; rhachilla slender; glumes
qz in., laxly imbricated, ovate, cymbiform, keel broad, green,
often scaberulous, ending in a recurved cusp, sides membra-
nous, puberulous; stam. 1, anth. linear, half as long as the
glume; nut broadly obovoid, 5, in. long, pale, trigonous, angles
prominent, sides transversely wrinkled, crowned with the
minute base of the slender style, stigmas 3.
Low country; common. FI. Dec., Jan.
Also in India, Malaya, and Trop. Africa.
2. B. barbata, Kunth, Enum. i1. 208 (1837). Uru-hiri, S.
Herm. Mus. 45. Burm. Thes, 108. Fl. Zeyl. n. 39. Scirpus capil-
laris, L., Sp. Pl. 49 (part); Moon, Cat. 6. Isolepis barbata, Br.; Wight,
Contrib. 109; Thw. Enum. 350. /zmbristylis barbata, Benth. : ; Trim.
Syst. Cat. 102. C. P. 829.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 651. Burm. Thes. t. 47, f. 2.
Bulbostylis. | C ypervacee. 67
A densely tufted annual, root-fibres capillarv; stem
6-18 in., filiform, glabrous, grooved; |. much shorter than the
stem, I-2 in. long, capillary, acuminate, margins involute,
scaberulous upwards, sheaths short, membranous, glabrous,
with long-bearded mouths; spikelets 4-1 in., red-brown,
densely crowded in a solitary terminal head {—2in. diam., few-
fid., rhachilla stout; bracts rarely exceeding the spikelets;
glumes 75 in. long, loosely imbricate, ovate, laterally com-
pressed, cymbiform, acute or with the stout acute keel ending
in a mucro or cusp, sides thin, puberulous; stam. 1, anth.
linear, subacute; nut => in. globosely obovoid, trigonous,
crowned with the minute base of the style, smooth, angles
rounded, style slender, stigmas 3.
Var. pulchella, Clarke, 1\.c. JSsolepis pulchella, Thw. Enum. 350.
Scirpus Thwaitesiz, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvill. 330. C. P. 3761.
Stems stouter, bracts longer, up to 14 in., capillary, flexuous,
base often bearded; spikelets shorter, stouter, very pubescent,
keel and cusp very stout; lowest glume nearly flat, hyaline,
margins often ciliate.
Sandy ground, especially near the sea-coast; very common round the
Island. Var. pulchella, Kollapituya, Colombo, 1881 (Ferguson). Fl.
Feb., May.
Trop. Asia and Africa. Var. 6 confined to Ceylon and Coromandel.
3. B. capillaris, Aw7zh, var. trifida, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 652.
Isolepis trifida, Nees; Thw. Enum. 350. fimbristylis trifida, Trim.
Syst Gat. Geyl) 102. C. P. 351 (in part).
A densely tufted, glabrous annual, with capillary root-
fibres; stem 4—-10 in., filiform, strongly ribbed; 1. much shorter
than the stem, capillary, flexuous, margins involute, quite
smooth, sheaths very short, scarious, glabrous or bearded at
the mouth; spikelets 74—-+ in., subsolitary, distant on the few
short capillary rays of a simple or subcompound umbel,
ovate, compressed, red-brown, lowest glumes cuspidate, empty,
rhachilla slender; bracts minute, subulate; glumes few, loosely
imbricate, ;; in. long, broadly ovate, cymbiform, obtuse, quite
glabrous, keel broad, green, vanishing below the rounded tip,
margins pale, membranous; stam. I or 2, anth. short, tip
setaceous; nut 3; in., broadly obovoid or obcordate, tipped
with the small black style-base, white, at length greyish
brown, minutely striolate and granulate, style about as long
as the nut, slender, stigmas 3.
Montane zone; rather common; ascending to 7200 ft. Upper
Hewaheta; Ramboda: N. Eliya. FI. Sept.
Throughout warm regions of Old World.
This var. ¢vzfida is the Old World representative of the tropical
68 G Vperacee. [ Eleocharts.
American &. cafillaris, which differs in having usually rather larger
spikelets, puberulous glumes, and larger nuts. The American or type
form does not occur in the Old World.
7, ELECCHARIS, 2. 27.
Glabrous herbs; stems tufted, simple, erect, embraced
below by one or more cylindric, membranous, truncate
sheaths; |. 0, rarely a herbaceous or membranous limb on
the sheath; infl. a solitary, terminal, ovoid or cylindric,
many-fild. spikelet; glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla,
membranous or coriaceous, lowest usually empty, bractlike,
but not exceeding the spikelet, uppermost empty, the rest
bisexual ; hypogynous bristles 8, or fewer, rarely 0, re-
trorsely scabrous or spinulose; stam. 3-1, anth. linear or
linear-oblong, not crested, muticous or with an acicular tip;
nut plano-convex or trigonous, style-base much swollen, pyri-
form, conical or depressed, persistent, stigmas 2 or 3, filiform
or flattened.—Sp. 130 (reputed); 16 in FZ. B. Lund.
Stems usually stout, stoloniferous, or with a creeping rootstock, glumes.
usually coriaceous.
Stem septate within.
Stem robust . : . : > . I. E, PLANTAGINEA.
Stem slender ? ; 5 b ‘ . 2, E. EQUISETINA.
Stem not septate within.
Bristles as long as the nut.
Stem subterete . 3. E. VARIEGATA.
Stem triquetrous above 4. E. FISTULOSA.
Bristles much shorter than the nut 5. E. SPIRALIS.
Stems slender, glumes usually membranous.
Nut cancellate, 3-ribbed . 6. E. CHATARIA,.
Nut smooth or striate.
Annuals.
Spikelets ovoid ; 3 : : . 7. E. ATROPURPUREA.
Spikelets globose . : : é : 2) 6. EO CAPIDATA:
Perennials.
Style-base small . ; : : é + 9: EE. ICONGESTA,
Style-base very large . : : ‘ . Io. E. TETRAQUETRA.
I. &. plantaginea, Sr. Prod. 224 (i810). Boru-pun, S.
Scirpus plantagineus, Retz.; Moon, Cat.6. Thw. Enum. 352. C. P..
3046. :
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 625. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 16, f. 2 (Sccrpus plantaginoides)..
Stem 1-3 ft., densely tufted, stoloniferous, about as thick
as a goose-quill, appearing septate when dry, sheath 2-5 in.,.
excessively thin, with a membranous elongate limb, bright
red-brown, shining ; spikelet 1-14 in., pale brown or dirty
srereeolal, rather narrower than the stem, rhachilla stout,
angled, with irregular, broad, concave facets between the
Eleocharis.| Cyperacee. 69
insertions of the glumes; glumes closely imbricate, 4 in. long,
quadrately ovate, truncately rounded at the top, coriaceous,
persistent, I-veined, 1 or 2 lower bracteiform, broadly ovate;
bristles 7, equalling or exceeding the nut, retrorsely scabrid,
yellow ; stam. 3, anth. narrowly linear, tip long, setaceous ;
mut very small, 7; in. long, orbicular-obovoid, rather com-
pressed, quite smooth, yellowish, style very long , flattened,
base triangular, stigmas ee
In water, moist low country; rather common. FI. Dec., &c.
Tropics of Old World generally.
2. ©. equisetina, Pres/, Rel. Haenk. i. 195 (1830).
Scirpus plantagineus, var. B, Thw. Enum. 434. C. P. 3777.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 626.
Stem 12-20 in., tufted, stoloniferous, as thick as a crow-
quill or less, deeply grooved, appearing septate when dry,
upper sheath 2-3 in. long, with an ovate, acute, appressed
limb ; spikelet 1-13 a scereeale, rather broader than the
stem ; glumes many, 4_} in. long, ‘narrowly obovate-oblong,
coriaceous, persistent, margins broadly hyaline, mid-vein in-
distinct ; bristles longer than the nut, retrorsely spinulose ;
anth. with a short conical tip; nut obovoid, somewhat nar-
rowed at the triangular top, style very long, stigmas 3.
Low country; very rare. Kurunegala. Fl. Sept., &c.
Also in Philippine Is. and New Caledonia.
There are no ripe nuts in the Ceylon examples. Two stigmas occur
in Indian specimens.
3. E. variegata, Kunth, Enum. PI. ii. 153 (1837), var. laxiflora,
<. B. Cl. in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 626.
Scirpus laxiflorus, Thw. Enum. 435. C. P. 3762.
ENE lnds1.\c.
Rootstock stout, creeping, root-fibres very stout ; stems
1-2 ft., densely tufted, about as thick as a crow-quill, terete or
‘slightly flattened on one side, striate, not septate, upper sheath
2-4 in., with an obliquely truncate acute or rounded dis-
coloured mouth; spikelet 1 in., thicker than the stem, lowest
glume bracteiform, rounded, green with a hyaline margin,
rhachilla angular with broad concave facets between the
glumes; glumes closely imbricate till fruiting, | in. long,
‘oblong, obtuse, coriaceous with hyaline tip and margins above,
I-veined, dorsally green, sometimes margined with brown,
‘persistent ; bristles 7, longer than the nut, retrorsely scabrid,
yellow; tip of anth. short, conical; nut 7g in., nearly orbicular
compressed, oval in transverse section, many-ribbed, inter-
stices minutely pitted, yellowish or pale brown, style rather
long, base conical, two-thirds as broad as the nut, stigmas 2
or 3.
7O Cypera Cee. | Eleocharis.
Moist region up to 4000 ft.; rather rare. Colombo; Ratnapura ;
Ambagamuwa; Dikoya. FI. April, Sept.
Also in Assam, Malaya, China, Polynesia.
A remarkable plant in Herb. Peraden., from Colombo, with very
slender filiform submerged stems, 12-18 in. long, is doubtfully referred
to this by Thwaites. It has no flower or fruit, and in foliage resembles.
a very long-leaved form of C. Ch@/faria.
4. EB. fistulosa, Schu/tes in R. et S. Syst. ii., Mant. 89 (1824).
hw. Eoumessbiy Ca Paono2:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 626.
Stem 2-3 ft., tufted, stoloniferous, rather stout or slender,
zo-z In. broad, triquetrous above, compressed, straight, deeply
concave on one face, margins of two of the edges waved in
stout specimens, sheaths obliquely truncate, delicately mem-
branous, loose, ending in an ovate acute rarely lanceolate
hyaline limb; spikelet 4-14 in., as broad as the stem or
broader, greenish; lowest glumes bracteiform, orbicular, very
coriaceous, with membranous margins, rhachilla slender,
angular, with broad concave facets between the glumes;
glumes +-; in. long, laxly imbricate, broadly oblong, coria-
ceous, with a broad hyaline border, 1I-veined, persistent;
bristles 6, as long as the nut or shorter, retrorsely scabrid;
anth. long, slender, cells with black tips; nut obovoid or
orbicular-obovoid, biconvex, 75 in. broad, faintly striate and
transversely striolate, pale or dark brown, style long, dilated
base three-fourths of the nut in breadth, stigmas 2 or 3.
In water, in the low country; rather common. FI. Nov., Dec.
General in the Tropics.
5. &. spiralis, 2. 47. Prod. 224 (1810).
Scirpus spiralis, Rottb.; Moon, Cat. 6. Lzmnochloa media, Nees in
Wight, Contrib. 114. Thw. Enum. 352. C. P. 853.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 627. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 15, f. 1 (Sczrpus).
Stems densely tufted, stoloniferous, 1-2 ft., as thick asa
crow-quill, trigonous or biconvex below, triquetrous above,
upper sheath with a broad ovate-oblong appressed limb,
sometimes 4 in. long; spikelet 3-1 in. thicker than the
stem, cylindric, obtuse, pale, lowest glume like the others, but
more coriaceous, rhachilla rather stout, terete, very deeply
regularly pitted; glumes very many, closely spirally imbricate,.
quadrate, 75 in. long and broad, membranous, with a clearly
defined hyaline upper border, veinless, punctate; bristles.
much shorter than the nut, scabrid; anth. narrow, cells with
discoloured tips; nut globosely obovoid, biconvex, zo in.
diam., margins thickened, faintly striate, dark brown, shining,
style long, base dilated, as broad as two-thirds of the nut or
more, stigmas 2 or 3.
Eleocharis. | C. Vperacee. 7.
In water, low country; rather common. Kalutara (Macrae); Trin-
comalie (Glenie). FJ. March.
Also in India, Burma, and (?) Mauritius.
6. BE. Cheetaria,* Roem. ef Schultes Syst. i. 154 (1817).
Chetocyperus Limnocharis, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 96. C. setaceus,
Nees; Thw. Enum. 351. Scirpus Chetaria, Thw. Enum. 435. C. P. 247.
EP). Ind: vi. 620:
Annual, densely tufted; stem 1-6 in., filiform or capillary,
straight or curved ; 1. 0, sheaths short, membranous; spikelet
qzo-s in., oval, obtuse, terete or compressed, few-fld., lowest
glume # in., more than half as long as the spikelet, with three
green veins, rhachilla short, internodes narrowly winged;
glumes 6-8, subdistichous, looseiy imbricate, 75 in. long,
oblong, obtuse, membranous, easily detached, faintly I-veined;
bristles as long as the nut or shorter, stout, retrorsely scabrid,
sometimes 0; anth. short, linear, obtuse; nut obovoid, 35 in.
long, trigonous, cancellate, angles smooth, thickened, pro-
duced into short prominences or shoulders below the convex
top, pale, opaque, style rather short, base conical, nut con-
tracted at its insertion, stigmas 3, very long.
Moist region, extending rarely into the montane zone; very common.
Fl. all the year (?).
Tropics generally.
7. &. atropurpurea, Auwzth, Eni. Pl. ii. 151 (1837).
Fleleocharis multicaul¢s, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 1o1 (non Sm.).
HSB ind: vi.-627:
Annual, densely tufted; stems 2-12 in., very slender,
sometimes filiform, straight or curved; |. 0, sheath very short;
spikelet 4-1 in., ovoid, obtuse or acute, much broader than
the stem, lowest glumes bracteiform, sometimes half as long
_as the spikelet, green, with a broad hyaline border, rhachilla
slender, with oblong pits; glumes not very numerous, easily
detached, loosely imbricate, 7; in. long, membranous, linear-
oblong, obtuse, veins 0, red or purplish-brown, with a green
centre; bristles slender, scabrid, longer than the nut, white;
anth. small, apiculate; nut 55 in. long, broadly ovate or
obovoid, contracted at the base and apex, trigonous or
biconvex, pale, smooth, style short, base conic or subglobose,
truncate, much narrower than the nut, to which it is attached
by a mere point, stigmas 2 or 3.
Intermediate region; rare. Kurunegala(?) (Thwaites); Ella, Uva.
Tropics generally, also in Europe.
Thwaites gave no C. P. number to his specimens. which he referred
————
* A genus of grasses, a synonym of A77stzda, to some species of which
this plant bears a resemblance.
2 Cyperacee. [ Eleocharis.
to Z. gracilis,R Br. The spikelet is sometimes viviparous, with lateral
stems an inch long, proceeding from the axils of the lower glumes.
Hypogynous bristles sometimes short or o in Indian and other specimens.
8. BE. capitata, 2. Br. Prod. 225 (1810).
Scirpus capitatus, L.; Moon, Cat.6. Thw. Enum. 351. C. P. 3039.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 627. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 15, f. 3 (Scirpus caribeus).
Annual; stems densely tufted, 12-14 in., slender, trigonous,
sheaths very short, mouth oblique, acute; 1. 0; spikelet
to in., globosely ovoid, top rounded, pale, lowest glume
bracteiform, orbicular, green, with a hyaline border; glumes
membranous, tightly imbricate, easily detached, orbicular,
zo in. diam., concave, veins 0, rhachilla terete, pitted; bristles
as long as the nut or longer, retrorsely scabrid, pale brown;
anth. small, linear, obtuse; nut 7j-s'5 in., obovoid or almost
obcordate, biconvex, smooth, dark brown, shining, style short,
base pyriform, much narrower than the nut, stigmas 2 or 3.
Low country; common, especially on the sea-coast. Fl. Oct., Dec.
Hot countries generally.
9. E. congesta, LD. Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. 41 (1825).
£. ovata, Thw. Enum. 351 (non Br.). C. P. 2635.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 630.
Stems densely tufted, 8-18 in., slender, subtrigonous,
many-grooved, sheaths short, mouth of upper obliquely
truncate, with sometimes a small tooth on one side; spikelet
4-4 in., narrowly ovoid, obtuse, many-fld., lowest glume
bracteiform, orbicular; glumes 5 in. long, closely imbricate,
membranous, obovate-oblong, obtuse, broadly 1-veined, red-
brown, with a broad hyaline green border; bristles much
longer than the nut, slender, pale, retrorsely scabrid; anth.
obtusely apiculate; nut 35 in. long, obovoid, obtusely trigo-
nous, smooth, pale brown, top contracted, forming a short
beak, which is narrower than the truncate base of the short
pyriform style-base, style short, stigmas 3, long.
Montane zone; rather common. Ambagamuwa; Dimbula._ FI.
Feb.-April.
Also in the mountains of India.
Spikelet often viviparous, as in £. atropurpurea, the lower glumes
bearing peduncled imperfect spikelets.
Io. BE. tetraquetra, WVees in Wight, Contrib. 113 (1834).
Ghwa Enum 350-5 GPs 2307.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 630.
Rootstock elongate, stoloniferous; stems densely tufted,
1-23 feet, slender, about ; in. diam., tetraquetrous, deeply
grooved, sheaths long, red-brown, upper truncate, with a small
tooth-like limb; spikelet 44 in., ovoid, acute, many-fid.,
lowest glume bracteiform, orbicular-oblong, with 3 green veins
Scirpus.] Cyperacee. vies
down the middle, rhachilla slender, prominently scarred;
glumes loosely imbricate, 4 in. long, oblong or narrowly
oblong, obtuse, rather coriaceous, easily detached, tip hyaline;
bristles 6, much longer than the nut, stout, densely retrorsely
spinulose, red-brown; anth. obtusely apiculate; nut 74 in. long,
shortly obovoid, trigonous, base narrowed, smooth, yellowish,
style very short, base obpyriform, nearly as broad as the
nut, to which it is attached by a point, stigmas 3, long.
Montane zone, at about 4ooo ft.; rare. Ramboda; Uva. FI. Dec.,
ae in the Indian mountains, E. Asia, and Australia.
8. SCIRPUS, J.
Glabrous herbs of various habit, often very tall, leafless or
leafy at the base only (all along the stem in S. fluztans); stem
_terete, trigonous, or triquetrous; infl. terminal or lateral, of
clusters or umbels of oblong or ovoid, many-fid., terete, ses-
sile, or pedicelled spikelets (spikelets solitary in S. fluztans);
glumes spirally imbricating round a stout or slender rhachilla,
lowest two and a few uppermost empty, hypogynous bristles o,
or 2—7, retrorsely scabrid, or (S. /z¢toralis) plumose; stam. I-3,
anth. linear; nut obovoid, trigonous, or biconvex, smooth or
nearly so; style slender, base not broadly dilated, leaving no
button on the nut; stigmas 2 or 3, slender——Sp. about 125;
26 in FL. B. Ind.
Stem leafy throughout. spikelets solitary : Pe On LEW ANS:
Stem leafy at the base only or leafless.
Spikelets sessile, fascicled.
Annuals.
Glumes squarrosely recurved 2. S. SQUARROSUS.
Glumes not squarrose.
Nut wrinkled 3. S. SUPINUS.
Nut smooth 4. S. ERECTUS.
Perennials.
Stem septate within 5. S. ARTICULATUS.
Stem not septate.
Spikelets in lateral clusters 6. S. MUCRONATUS.
Spikelets in terminal clusters . 7. S. SUBCAPITATUS.
Spikelets in corymbiform umbels.
Umbels terminal, bracteate 8. S. GROSSUS.
Umbels lateral, ebracteate OF Ss LIMORALIS:
1. S. fluitans, Z. Sp. P/. 48 (1753).
Moon, Cat. 6. JSsolepis flucians, Br.; Thw. Enum. 350. Lvleogiton
.curvulus, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 110. C. P. 835
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 653. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 298 (excl. nut).
_ A slender, annual, glabrous aquatic, often forming large
floating masses, root-fibres slender; stems 6~—18 in., tufted,
74 Cyperacee. [ Scirpus.
much branched, leafy throughout, often curved, rooting at the
internodes and base; |. alternate, 1-2 in. long, very narrowly
linear, ., in. broad or less, acuminate, straight or curved,
I-veined, green, sheaths short, open; peduncles axillary and
terminal, filiform, rather longer than the |., compressed, striate;
spikelet solitary, terminal) 4-1 in. long, ovoid, green or brown,
4-8-fld.; glumes 74 in. long, broadly oblong or ovate- oblong,
obtuse, tip rounded, membranous, I -veined, sides hyaline,
lowest longest and narrowest; hypogynous bristles O; stam. 3,
anth., small linear, obtuse; nut go in. long, obovoid or sub-
obcordate, biconvex, shortly beaked, pale, style as long as
the nut, capillary, glabrous, stigmas 2, capillary.
In shallow water; common, especially in the hills. Fl. Feb., May.
Nearly cosmopolitan; occurs in England commonly.
2. S. squarrosus, L. Jaz. 11. 181 (1771).
Moon, Cat. 6. Jsolefis squarrosa, R. et S.; Thw. Enum. 350.
C. P. 854.
PIS. Indvin 663. Rotth: Deseret le, t 17, £5:
A slender, tufted, glabrous annual, root-fibres capillary;
stems 3-6 in., filiform, terete, striate; 1. as long or shorter than
the stem, capillary, acuminate, erect, margins involute, smooth,
sheath short, open; spikelets solitary or 2-4 in a cluster,
sessile, 4—4 in. long, from globose to oblong, obtuse, green,
very many-fld., rhachilla naked ; bracts 1-3, capillary, one or
two sometimes I in. long ; glumes 3 2o In. long, most densely
imbricate, squarrosely spreading and recurved, trapeziform,
sides acutely angled, top narrowed into a recurved cusp as
long as or longer than the blade, stoutly 1-veined ; hypo-
gynous bristles 0; stam. I or 2, anth. very minute, oblong,
apiculate, pale yellow; nut 5 in. long, obovoid-oblong,.
trigonous, black, style very short or 0, stigmas 3, minute,
recurved.
Damp, sandy pastures in the dry country; rather common. Jaffna;
Chilaw; Nilgala. Rare in the moist districts, Colombo. Fl. Jan., May.
Also in India, China, Java, and Trop. Africa.
3. S. supinus, L. SA. P/. 49 (1753).
Moon, Cat. 6. Jsolepis supina, Br.; Thw. Enum. 350. CP33233:
BiB ind swi.,65)5.. ekeichb: lic. bl "Germ. t. 302.
A densely tufted, glabrous annual, with capillary and
thickened root-fibres; stems 6-18 in., slender, obtusely tri-
gonous, striate, flowering above the middle; |. 0, sheaths short, .
or long, mouth oblique, rarely produced into a very short,
erect, acute limb; spikelets 3-8 in a cluster, 2-6 in. below the
top of the stem, 4-1 in. long, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, terete, .
green, all sessile or I-or 2 on a very short peduncle (rarely
Scirpus.| Cyperacec. 75
umbelled), rhachilla slender, naked; bract 0, or setaceous,
short, striate; glumes membranous, closely imbricate, nearly
orbicular, cymbiform, keel ending in a recurved cusp; hypog.
bristles 0; stam. 3, anth. oblong, apiculate; nut 35 in., obovoid
or nearly orbicular, trigonous, black, sides strongly closely
- transversely rugose, style siender, as long as the nut, stigmas 3.
Low country, especially in dry region; common. FI. March, April.
Throughout warm parts of Old World.
4. S. erectus, Poir. Enc. Méth. vi. 761 (1804).
(?) S. lateralis, Retz. Obs. ii. 12 (1786). Moon, Cat. 6. 5S. juncodes,
Roxb.; Thw. Enum. 351. S. dedz/zs, Pursh; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 102.
CrP S50.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 656.
A densely tufted, glabrous annual, with filiform and
thickened root-fibres; stems 1-2 ft., slender, trigonous, ribbed
and striate, flowering towards the top, sheaths short, mouth
obliquely truncate, with rarely a short membranous limb;
spikelets 3-4 in a cluster, 4-6 in. below the top of the
stem, sessile, +-? in. long, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, obtuse,
terete, pale brown, rhachilla slender, naked; bract o but the
strict acute top of the stem produced beyond the spikelet ;
glumes closely imbricate, nearly orbicular, $ in. diam., coria-
ceous, tumid, hardly keeled, mid vein ending in a mucro, pale,
speckled with brown; hypogynous bristles 6, or fewer, or 0,
shorter than the nut, retrorsely scabrid ; stam. 3, anth. linear,
subacute; nut broadly obovoid or obcordate, broader than
long, 7; in. diam., biconvex or subtrigonous, abruptly shortly
beaked, smooth, red-brown, shining, style short, stigmas 2
or 3.
Moist low country; common. FI]. March, Sept., Nov.
Extends into temp. Asia, Australia, and America.
I think that there can be little doubt but that this is the S. lateralis,
Retz., from Ceylon; but neither Trimen nor Clarke consider the evidence
sufficient to warrant the adoption of this much earlier name.—J. D. H.
5. S. articulatus, Z. S/. P/. 47 (1753). Maha-geta-pan, 5.
Moon, Cat. 6. Jsolepis articulata, Nees; Thw. Enum. 350. C. P. 846.
Fl. B. Ind.'vi. 656. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 71.
Stems 2-4 ft., densely tufted on a stoloniferous rootstock
with slender root-fibres, as thick as a goose-quill, spongy and
transversely septate within (visible externally), terete, striate,
flowering nearer the base than the top; 1. 0, or sheaths with a
membranous, acute, erect tip, sometimes I in. long; spikelets
4 to nearly 1 in., oblong-ovoid, terete or obscurely angled,
sessile in a single lateral stellately spreading cluster of 20-60
sometimes 14 in. diam., pale brown, rhachilla never exposed ;
bracts o but the continuation of the stem; glumes closely
76 Cyperacee. [ Scirpus.
imbricate, persistent and marcescent on the rhachilla, membra-
nous, about 4 in. long, broadly ovate, subacute, mucronate, not
keeled, mid vein slender, margins broadly hyaline; hypogynous
bristles 0; stam. 3, anth. linear, obtuse; nut {; in., trigonously
obovoid, black, opaque, angles rather acute, faces convex,
smooth, tip with a minute cone, style slender, stigmas 3.
Wet places, especially in the dry region; common.
Also in India, Philippine Is., Australia, Africa.
Roxburgh (FI. Ind. i. 215) describes the glumes as broadly cordate,
and the styles as slightly 2-cleft. I find the stigmas to be sometimes as
long as the style.
6. S. mucronatus, LZ. 54. P/. 50 (1753).
S. triangulatus, Roxb.; Nees in Wight, Contrib. 111. Thw. Enum.
25ike Ga Pdi.
Fl B. Ind: 'vi.657. _ Reichb. le. Fl. Germ. t. 303.
Stems 1-2 ft., tufted on a small rootstock with rather stout
root-fibres, as stout as a goose-quill, triquetrous or almost
3-winged, spongy, striate, flowering near the top; 1. 0, sheaths
membranous with a very oblique mouth obtuse at the tip;
spikelets 4 to nearly 3 in., ovoid or oblong-ovoid, terete, sessile
in a single lateral cluster 4-1 in. diam., pale with brown or
purple margins of the glumes, rhachilla never exposed;
bracts o but the short top of the stem; glumes ? in. long,
closely imbricate, persistent and marcescent on the rhachilla,
membranous, broadly ovate, apiculate, veins 0, or one very
slender, not keeled, margins opaque; hypogynous bristles 5
or 6, unequal, retrorsely scabrid; stam. 3» anth. linear-oblong;
nut broadly obovate or nearly orbicular, 2 zz in. diam., biconvex,
minutely beaked, dark brown, polished, margins obtuse, style
slender, stigmas 3.
Margins er ponds, &c., throughout the island; common. FI. Dec.,
Jan., March.
Also in Europe, Asia, Australia, Madagascar.
7. S. subcapitatus, 7/w. Enum. 351 (1864).
(Oo IPs Zhelsy
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 661.
Stems 8-18 in., densely crowded on a short creepinz root-
stock with very’ stout root-fibres, as thick as a sparrow’s quill,
terete, striate; 1.0, sheaths elongate, coriaceous, striate, mouth
obliquely truncate, Bouts, wth scarious brown margins and
cuspidate tip; spikelets 4-4 in., 3-6 in a terminal subspicate
cluster, ovate-oblong, erect, pale brown, rhachilla rather stout,
scarred : bract 0, or much shorter than the spikelets ; clumes
loosely imbricate, thin, % in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, keel
3-veined, not prominent, green, sides membranous, pale,
speckled with brown, tips papillose; hypogynous bristles 6,
Scirpus.] Cyperacee. 77
much longer than the nut, very slender; stam. 3, anth. linear-
oblong, very persistent; nut elongate-obovate, or ellipsoid,
zs in. long, plano-convex, beaked, smooth, dark brown, style
slender, stigmas 3.
In streams, montane zone, 4—7000 ft.; rather rare. Nuwara Eliya;.
Maskeliya; Wattakelle. Fl. Jan., March, April.
Also in Nilgiris, Sumatra, and China.
8. S. grossus, LZ. f Suppl. Pl. 104 (1781).
aihiwe Enum 351°C) P9847:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 659.
Rootstock stout, with thick root-fibres, stoloniferous or
not ; stem 6-10 ft., as thick as the little finger, triquetrous,
spongy, angles smooth, sides concave; 1. few, radical, 2-3 ft.
long by 4 in. broad, triquetrous, finely acuminate, coriaceous,
margins smooth or scaberulous, sheath long, open; spikelets
4-1 in., globose or globosely ovoid, dark brown, in large
corymbiform decompound terminal open or contracted umbels.
3-8 in. diam., rays rigid, erect or spreading, up to 5 in. long;.
rhachilla slender; bracts very large, up to 3 ft. by 4-2 in.
broad at the base, flat, leaf-like, margins scaberulous; glumes
rather loosely imbricate, membranous, orbicular, ;; in. diam.,.
concave, almost hemispheric, slenderly keeled above the
middle, tip rounded; hypogynous bristles 6, or fewer, unequal,
retrorsely scabrid ; stam. 3, anth. linear, subacute; nut ;% in.,
obovoid, trigonous, dark brown or black, shining, tip conical,
style slender, stigmas 3.
Low country; rather rare. Anuradhapura (Gardner); Galle; Reigam
Korale. FI. July.
Also in India, Malaya, Philippine Is.
9. S. littoralis, Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1. 142 (1806).
S. pectinatus, Roxb.; Thw. Enum. 351. C. P. 831.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 659.
Rootstock stout, hard, with matted fibrillose root-fibres ;
stem 3-4 ft., as thick as the thumb at the soft base, and as a
crow-quill above, trigonous above, spongy, striate, smooth,
flowering near the top; |. 6-24 in. by } in. or less broad, finely
acuminate, membranous, mid vein obscure, margins nearly
smooth, sheaths long, soft, open; spikelets 4-4 in., oblong,
obtuse, terete, subsolitary, pedicelled, in lax terminal irre-
gular subcorymbose or panicled umbels, with drooping rays
I-2 in. long, pale brown, rhachilla slender; bracts minute;
glumes closely imbricate, membranous, 3 in. long, orbicular-
oblong, concave, tip notched, keel slender, produced into a
short cusp ; hypogynous bristles 2-7, unequal, linear, plumose
with moniliform hairs; stam. 2 or 3, fil. very broad, anth.
slender, tipped with a red appendage; nut variable, biconvex,
78 Cyperacee. [ Websteria.
beaked, dull brown, smooth, rather shining, either broadly
. . “Ft 1 .
obovoid, turgid, 7e6-tz im. long, or larger, longer, more
flattened, and nearly 7; in. long, style slender, stigmas 2.
Tidal mouths of rivers, in brackish water; rather rare. Kalutara;
old mouth of Kelani, Colombo. FI. Dec., April.
Also in Europe, W. Asia, Africa, Australia.
9. WEBSTERIA,* S.A. Wright.
A submerged leafless aquatic, with filiform umbellately
branched stems, bearing pseudo-whorled fascicles of capillary
leaves at the nodes; spikelets solitary, on filiform peduncles
from amongst the leafing nodes; glumes 2, elongate-lanceo-
late, lower empty, upper with one bisexual fl.; hypogynous
bristles 6-10, retrorsely spinulose; stam. 2-3, exserted at the
top of the glume, fil. flattened, anth. linear, very slender, tip
apiculate; ov. obovoid, flattened, style very slender, base
conical, stigmas 2 or 3, filiform; nut broadly obovoid, long-
beaked by the persistent style-base, biconvex, sides rounded,
smooth, pale-——Monotypic. .
W. limnophila, S.A. Wright in Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 135 (1887).
Scirpus submersus, Sauvalle, Fl. Cub. 175. Rhynchospora ruppioides,
Benth: in Hook le: Pip xiv. 30. Tnm. Syst) Cat Ceyl 103 9G Ps 3086:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 653 (Sczrpus submersus). Hook. Ic. t. 1344.
Whole plant flaccid, tassel-like when lifted out of the
water; stems 12 in. long and upwards, rooting in the mud;
lower internodes elongate, terete, smooth, upper shorter;
fascicles of 1. at the nodes, with minute hyaline bracts at the
base; |. very numerous, 1-4 in. long, ultra-capillary, tubular,
sheaths short, hyaline; ped. 4-10 in. long, filiform, smooth,
4-fistular, base often rooting, enclosed in a hyaline sheath;
spikelets 4-} in.; glumes erect, membranous, with hyaline
margins, green, tips narrowed, lower 3-veined, upper rather
longer, 1I-veined; bristles longer or shorter than the nut,
yellow; nut, with its long beak }-+ in., tip of beak black
where the true style has rotted away, pericarp thick.
In deep ditches. Cinnamon Gardens, Colombo (Ferguson). FI. Feb.
to June.
Java, Madagascar, Trop. America.
Clarke describes (Fl. Brit. Ind.) an upper male or empty glume as
sometimes present. The description in Hook. Ic. Plant. is inaccurate,
and does not accord with the accompanying figure.
* Commemorates Mr. G. W. Webster, of Florida, who first found the
plant in fruit in America.
Fuirena. | Cyperacee. 79
Io. FUIRENA, Loito.
Annual or perennial, leafy herbs, glabrous or pubescent;
|. linear-lanceolate, sheaths entire, with an annular membrane
at the mouth; spikelets many-fid., sessile in dense, axillary,
peduncled, and terminal clusters; glumes imbricate all round
the rhachilla, orbicular or obovate-oblong, membranous, with
a stout 3-veined keel, ending in a cusp or stout scabrid awn;
hypogynous bristles 3, minute, or 0; hypog.-scales 3, enclos-
ing the nut, stipitate, quadrate, strongly 3-veined, glabrous or
ciliate; stam. 2-3; nut trapezoid, trigonous, narrowed into a
stipes below, and into a long or short cusp or beak above,
angles acute, sides smooth, pale; style slender, finally decidu-
ous, stigmas 3.—Sp. 26; 6 in FZ. B. [nd
Annual, 1. seine
Spikelets 2 4} in., rhachilla slender
Spikelets ;',-+ in, rhachilla obsolete
Perennial. 1. glabrous
F. GLOMERATA.
F. UNCINATA.
F. UMBELLATA.
vo N 4
F. glomerata, Lam. ///. 1.150 aot
Thw. Bnumes472 (EC P2 2708:
F]. B. Ind. vi. 666. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 17, f. 1 (Scérpus ciliaris).
Annual; stem ee slender, erect, leafy, sparsely hairy
above, glabrous below; |. 2-5 by 2 11 in, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, 3-5-veined, more or less hairy, sheaths long,
closed; spikelets 4-4 in. long, sessile, in terminal and pe-
duncled axillary clusters, $-1 in. diam., ovoid or oblong,
obtuse, dark brown, rhachilla slender, lowest glumes longest,
empty; bracts o but the leaf under each cluster of spikelets ;
glumes closely squarrosely imbricate, at length deciduous,
7z-10 in. long, membranous, obovate-oblong, obtuse, 3-veined,
keel ending in a stout hairy awn half as long as the glume,
tip ciliolate; scales stipitate, quadrate, 3-lobed, 3-veined,
glabrous, lobes obtuse or shortly produced, median longest,
base lunate on each side of the stipes; nut 34 in., trapezoidly
trigonous, cuspidate, smooth, pale, angles acute.
Wet places, especially paddy fields; common. Fl. May, &c.
Throughout Tropics of Old World.
2. F. uncinata, Kunth, Enum. ii. 184 (1837).
FE ciliaris, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 93; Thw. Enum. 347 (non Roxb.).
See s303 0:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 666.
Annual; stem 4-12 in., rather stout, leafy, glabrous below,
pubescent above; ]. 2-6 by 4-4 in., linear- lanceolate, acumi-
nate, membranous, 3-5-veined, laxly bay on both surfaces ;
sheaths long, closed, hairy; spikelets, 75-3 in., densely crowded
80 Cyperacee. [Lipocarpha.
in capa, axillary, sessile or peduncled, simple or lobed
clusters 1-4 in. diam., pale brown, lowest glumes larger, empty,.
with a rea membranous blade and longer awn, rhachilla
hardly any; bracts at the base of the clusters like large
glumes, within which are a few very short broad hyaline ciliate
scales unlike either the bracts or glumes; glumes few, persistent
on the rhachilla, at length hardened, 75 in. long, obovate,.
cymbiform, hispidly hairy, stoutly 5-veined, keel of 2 very
strong veins meeting in a straight or recurved scabrid cusp
half as long as the glume; hypogynous scales quadrate, upper
margin thickened, ciliate, retuse with a scabrid awn; nut
go-go in. long, stipitate, trapezoidly trigonous, beaked, angles.
acute, smooth, pale, style longer than the nut.
Paddy fields and wet places; very common. FI. Dec., July.
Southern India.
Differs remarkably from /. e7omerata in the very short spikelets, with
the glumes persistent on the hardly distinguishable rhachilla.
3. EF. umbellata, (ot/b. Descr. et Ic. 70 (1773).
fF. pentagona, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 93. /. uncinata, Thw. Enum.
347 ate Kunth). €. P. 3229, 3330.
. B. Ind. vi. 666. Rottb. 1. c. t. 19, f. 3.
ee rootstock hard, stoloniferous or shortly creeping
with filiform root-fibres; stem 1-4 ft., stout or slender, ribbed,
nearly glabrous, except at the tomentose infil. ; ; l. very variable,
6-12 in., up to } in. broad, linear-lanceolate, ‘obtusely acumi-
nate, 3-5-veined, glabrous or ciliate towards the base, margins.
smooth or nearly so, sheaths long, closed, mouth with a
ciliolate brown ligule; spikelets 4-4 in., ovoid or oblong,
sessile, crowded in simple or compound axillary peduncled
and terminal, sometimes subpanicled clusters $-1 in. diam.,
dark brown, ped. tomentose or villous, rhachilla slender ;
bracts under the clusters short, cuspidate; glumes closely
imbricate, at length deciduous, } in. long, membranous,
broadly obovoid, retuse or 2-lobed, glabrous or puberulous
and ciliate, keel stout, of 3 veins meeting in a scabrid stout
cusp half as long as the glume; scales obovate-quadrate,.
upper margin Ubiickened, cuspidate; stam. 3, anth. rather
stout, apiculate; nut 74-7, in., stipitate, trapezoidly trigonous,
long-beaked, angles acute, obscurely 3 3- aie’ dorsally, smooth,
pale, style as long as the nut.
Wet places and paddy fields; common. FI. Sept., Feb., March.
All hot, moist countries.
11. LIPOCARPHA, 35r.
Glabrous, erect herbs; stem slender, leafy towards the base
only; I. very narrow, gradually passing into the open sheath,
Lipocarpha.\ Cyperacee. 81
‘spikelets short, terete, sessile in small terminal heads of 3-7,
with long slender bracts; glumes very many, minute, densely
imbricate, cuneately spathulate, glabrous, I-veined, not keeled,
at length deciduous, rhachilla stout, terete, naked; hypogynous
bristles 0, scales 2, oblong, membranous, strongly veined,
white, hyaline, convolute, completely enveloping the nut;
stam. I, anth. small; nut narrowly oblong, trigonous, apicu-
late or with a terminal conical top; style short, stigmas 3.—
Sets; 2an PL b. Szd.
‘Spikelets silvery white . ; : : : I. L. ARGENTEA.
SpikeletS purplish brown. : 2a eERECHRS:
1. L. argentea, Ly. 7x ei Ti ee wee 459 (1818).
L. levigata, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 92. Thw. Enum. 347. C. P.
819, 3557-
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 667.
Perennial (?); rootstock small, root-fibres stout; stem 6-8
in., slender, subtrigonous, grooved, or stout in dwarf speci-
mens; |. much shorter than the stem, very slender, gradually
marrowed from the sheath to the obtuse tip, coriaceous,
margins involute, smooth, lower often shorter, stouter, re-
curved, sheath green, open; spikelets 3—7 in., sessile in a dense
terminal head, 4-4 in. long, shortly ovoid, terete, top rounded,
silvery grey, rhachilla stout, closely covered with orbicular
scars; bracts 3-5, slender, 1-2 much the longest, up to 4 in.
long, horizontally spreading; glumes very numerous and
closely imbricate, ;';-75 in. long, membranous, broadly obovate-
oblong, or cuneately spathulate, acute or obtuse, concave,
midrib not keeled, scales longer than the nut, oblong, hyaline,
3-veined ; nut =4 in., linear-oblong or narrowly obovate-oblong,
obtusely trigonous, straight or slightly curved, mucronate,
grey-brown, style shorter than the nut.
Moist places up to 5600 ft.; common. FI. March, July.
Throughout warmer regions of Old World.
2. G. triceps, /Vees 7x Wight, Contrib. 92 (1834).
L. sphacelata, Kunth, Enum. ii. 267 (1837). Thw. Enum. 347. Aype-
lyptum ceylanicum, Nees i in Linnea, ix. 288. C. P. 3756.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 667. Lam. Ill. t. 38, £2 (Ayllinga triceps).
Perennial (?); rootstock small, hard, with slender root-
fibres; stem 4-14 in., leafy at the base, slender, subtrigonous,
striate; 1. much shorter than the stem, narrowed from the
sheath to the obtuse tip, or widening up to 2 in. broad in
the middle, flat, margins smooth, sheath Open, ereen; spikelets
3-5, sessile, in a small terminal head, 4 4+ in. long, subglobose
-or ovoid, terete, tip rounded, purplish brown ; rhachilla stout,
PART V. G
82 C VPevacee. [ Rhynchospora.
covered closely with orbicular scars; bracts 3-5, slender, 1-z
much the longest (up 3 in.), horizontally spreading ; glumes.
very numerous and tightly imbricate, ;; in. long, cuneately
oblong, with a broad triangular obtuse or acute incurved top,.
I-veined; scales oblong, strongly 5-veined; anth. short, apicu-
late; nut sy in. long, oblong, obtusely trigonous, stipes very
broad, tip with a stout conical beak, style and 3 stigmas very
much shorter than the nut.
Low country; rare. Dumbala Dist. (Thwaites); Kurunegala.
Throughout India, also in Trop. Africa and America.
12, ACTINOSCHGNUWS, (enth.
Glabrous herbs; stems crowded on a creeping rootstock
with rather short matted root-fibres, erect, filiform, triquetrous,,
smooth, base sheathed; spikelets small, linear, sessile, stel-
lately crowded together, forming a solitary globose terminal
bracteate head; outer bracts few, linear-subulate, concealed
under the head; glumes 6-8, distichous, lowest minute,
broadly ovate, obtuse, hyaline, 3 or 4 succeeding short,
broadly ovate with a long recurved cusp, 2 (rarely 3), upper-
most much longer, convolute, 3—-5-veined, tip 2-fid with an
erect or recurved cusp, both bisexual; hypogynous bristles 0;
stam. 3, anth, long, slender, subacute; nut globosely obovoid,.
triquetrous, obscurely papillose, white, style capillary, glabrous,
base conical, calyptriform, at length deciduous, stigmas 2 or 3,
capillary.—Sp. 7; 1 in FZ. B. Lnd.
A. filiformis, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Plant. xiv. 33 (1881).
Arthrostylis filiformis, Thw. Enum. 352. C. P. 3469.
Fimbristylis Actinoschenus, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 650.
BIS Be ind se) Hook le] Pistins46:
Stems I-3-ft., sheaths very short, with sometimes a subu-
late blade; heads 4-4 in.; spikelets 7-§ in., green; anth.
nearly as long as the upper glume; nut 3% in.’ long, margin
of calyptriform base of the style lacerate.
Moist region up to 4000 ft.; rather rare. Ambagamuwa; Karawita;.
Ruanwelle; Labugama; Rangala Ridge, abundant. FI. all the year.
Also in the Malay Peninsula, and at Hong Kong (a variety).
13. RH YNCHOSPORA, Vah/ (Rynchospora).
Usually tall herbs, of various habits; stem simple, leafy
throughout, rarely at the base only, stout or slender; 1.
narrow, often filiform; spikelets small, ovoid, capitate, corym-
Rhynchospora. | Cyperacee. 83
bose, subumbellate, or panicled, with 1 or 2 bisexual f1;
bracts various; glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla,
membranous or coriaceous, I-veined, 3 or 4 lower shorter
empty, the following 1 or 2 fruiting, uppermost empty; hypo-
gynous bristles o, or 6, rarely fewer, scabrid, the teeth
pointing upwards; stam. 1-3, anth. linear; style slender,
glabrous, base conical, stigmas 2; nut ovoid or subglobose,
turgidly biconvex, smooth or transversely waved, crowned by
the conical greatly enlarged often very long and stout per-
sistent base of the style, stigmas 2-3.—Sp. 188; 14 in FV.
L. Ind.
Stem leafy towards the base only . é : . I. R. WALLICHIANA.
Stem leafy throughout.
Style short, stigmas short.
Spikelets very many, clustered 2 2. ReVAUREAS
Spikelets scattered, ternate . : : fue ERTIBEORA:
Style long, stigmas long.
Spikelets few, distant, solitary ! . 4. R. GRACILLIMA.
Spikelets clustered . : : 5. R. GLAUCA.
I. R. Wallichiana, Kunth, Enum. ii. ae (1837).
Thw. Enum. 352. C. P. 2476.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 668.
Stems 1-2 ft., tufted, slender, striate, leafy at the base
only, root-fibres stout, soft; 1. shorter than the stem, narrowly
linear, up to } in. broad, flat or complicate, narrowed from
the sheath to the tip, acute, serrulate, margins nearly
smooth, sheath continuous with the blade, lower open, upper
closed to near the top; spikelets about 4 in. long, sessile,
densely clustered in a terminal, globose, chestnut-brown,
shining head $—} in. diam., mixed with minute ovate hyaline
scales; bracts very narrow, spreading, bases ciliate, broad,
outer 2-3 in. long; glumes glabrous, lower 3-4 short, ovate-
lanceolate, empty, upper flowering, linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate; hypogynous bristles, if present, as long as the nut or
shorter, scabrid with suberect teeth; stam. 2—3, anth. linear-
oblong, tip acute; nut 34-75 in. long, obovoid, turgidly bi-
convex, with a broad, conical, puberulous, terminal button,
nearly black, hispidulous towards the top, style very slender,
stigmas 2, very long.
Open places in the moist region up to 4000 ft.; rather common.
Fl. all the year,
Tropics of Old World generally.
2. R. aurea, Vahl, Enum. ii. 229 (1806).
Moon, Cat.6. Thw. Enum. 252. C. P. 199.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 670. Rottb. lL. c. t. 21, f. 1 (Schenus surinamensis).
84 Cyperacee. [Rhynchospora.
_, Stem 2-3 ft., stout, trigonous, leafy JRC NO TS angles
nearly smooth, root-fibres stout; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-1 in., contracted
at the sheath, then narrowed up to the acute suberulous tip,
flat, margins and slender keel scabrid, sheaths of upper
closed, with an annular brown membrane at the mouth, of
lower open, continuous with the blade; spikelets very many,
clustered or spicate at the ends of the branches of large,
corymbiform, decompound, terminal, and axillary umbels
3-5 in. broad; bracts foliaceous, up to 6 in. long, bracteoles
at the bases of the rays subulate, those at the bases of
the clusters .acicular; spikelets about 1 in., narrowly ovoid,
acuminate; glumes 6-7, 3-4 lower empty, ovate, lowest
mucronate or awned, the following one longer, ovate, cymbi-
form, mucronate, bisexual, upper male or empty; hypogynous
bristles 6 or fewer, very slender, scaberulous; stam. 3, anth.
linear, obtuse; nut 4 in., dull brown, obovoid, truncate, com-
pressed, sides rounded, faces slightly transversely undulate,
beak conical, longer than the nut and as broad at the base,
broadly channelled down the centre, style short, slender,
stigmas 2, very short.
Moist low country in paddy fields and wet places; common. FI. Nov.,
Feb., &c.
* -Throughout the Tropics.
3. R. triflora, Vahl, Enum. ii. 232 (1806).
_ Cephalosthenus zeylanicus, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 115. &. zeylanica,
Kunth, Enum. ii. 294; Thw. Enum. 352. C. P. 3036.
- FL B. Ind. vi. 670.
Rootstock short, woody, with very stout root-fibres, often
stoloniferous ; stem 3-4 ft. leafy throughout, robust below,
slender upwards, trigonous, striate, angles smooth; |. 12-18
by 4 in. or less, narrowly linear, not contracted at: the ligule,
narrowed up to the obtuse tip, coriaceous, margins and keel
scabrid, or margins thickened and quite smooth; sheaths of
lower open, of upper closed, with a very short membrane at
the sinus; spikelets small, usually ternate, in lax, terminal,
and axillary, open, compound corymbs, rays few, very slender,
up to 3 in. long; bracts slender, much shorter than the corymbs,
bracteoles acicular, sheathing at the base; spikelets } in.
long, very narrowly ovoid, acuminate, brown, rather shining;
glumes about 6, lowest ovate, awned, second and third broadly
oblong, rounded at the tip and awned, fig. longer, oblong-
ovate, cymbiform, acute, cuspidate; hypogynous bristles 6 or
fewer, very slender, unequal, scaberulous; stam. 3, anth. very
long, slender, acuminate; nut with its beak 4 in. long, narrowly
obovoid, compressed, red-brown, shining, sides rounded, faces
Rhynchospora.| C VPev ace. 8 5
minutely transversely undulate, beak longer than the nut,
subulate, scaberulous, style short, stigmas 2, very short. ,
Moist low country, below 1000 ft. Bentota; Ratnapura. Fl. March,
Dec.
Also in Trop. America.
4. R. gracillima, 7hiw. Enum. 435 (1864).
GP. 3618.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 671.
Stems 2-3 ft., densely tufted, filiform, rooting at the lower
nodes, leafy at the base and upward, root-fibres slender;
|. shorter than the stem, up to a foot long, filiform, flexuous,
margins involute, tip flat, obtuse; sheath slender, with scarious
margins above, closed below; spikelets }in., in very lax, long-
peduncled, axillary, loose, irregular, subcorymbiform panicles,
narrowly ovoid, acute, terete, brown, branches of panicles
I—2 in., pedicels $-1 in., both capillary; bracts acicular; glumes
membranous, 3-5 lower ovate, cuspidate, empty, 2-3 upper
much longer, broader, convolute, flg.; bristles 0; stam. 2, anth.
long, linear, obtuse; nut globose, obovoid, or subcubical,
deeply irregularly ridged transversely, white, at length black,
beak broad, short, conical, style long, very slender, stigmas 2;
long.
Moist low country in wet places; very rare. Hewesse and neigh-
bourhood (Thwaites). Fl. Aug., Sept., &c.
Also in Nicobar Is., Khasia Hills, Hong Kong.
5. R. glauca, Vahl, Fnum. ii. 233 (1806).
R. laxa, var. 8, minor, Thw. Enum. 352. C. P. 2396.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 672.
Rootstock small, hard, with stout root-fibres; stem 1-24 ft.,
slender or rather stout, trigonous, striate, leafy throvehont:
lower |. as long as the stem, upper shorter, very narrow, 7 in.
broad or less, coriaceous, flat, not keeled, narrowed from the
sheath (where not contracted) to the obtuse tip, margins
almost smooth, sheaths coriaceous, open; spikelets 4-4 in.;
ovoid, dull brown, clustered in small, loose, terminal, and
axillary corymbs, ‘about 1 in. long Soe Joa pedicelled,
the terminal corymb most compound, £ —} in. diam.; glumes
6-7, lower smaller, ovate, cuspidate, empty, upper I or 2
broader, convolute, membranous, apiculate, filg., terminal
narrow, empty; bristles shorter than the nut, scabrid; stam.
I or 2, anth. linear, obtuse; nut broadly obovoid, compressed,
biconvex, margins acute, pale brown, crowned with the long
or short, greatly enlarged, conical or subulate, pubescent
style- base, which is sometimes as long as the nut, faces finely,
closely, transversely wrinkled, stigmas 2.
86 Cyperacee. [Cladium.
Var. 8, chinensis, Clarke. R. laxa, Thw. Enum. 352 (non Vahl).
GPs 077:
Spikelets longer, beak short or long.
Grassy places in the montane zone, alt. 4-6000 ft.; common. Var. 8
in the moist low country; common. FI. Aug., Sept., Dec.
Throughout the warm regions of the world.
The much larger spikelets of var. 8 look very different, but I can find
no other distinguishing character. The beak of the nut varies greatly in
both, and is sometimes even larger than the nut.
14. CLADIUM, P. Br.
Tall, usually stout sedges; rootstock creeping, with stout
root-fibres; stem leafy throughout, or towards the base only;
l. various; spikelets small, variously panicled, often clustered
in sheaths at the angles of zigzag branches; glumes few,
imbricate all round the rhachilla, coriaceous, lower 1-3 empty,
then 1-3 flg., terminal empty; hypogynous bristles 6; stam. 3,
anth. long, narrow; style slender, deciduous, base dilated,
stigmas 3; nut obovoid or oblong, trigonous, beaked, crowned
with the greatly enlarged rca 28; 5 in FV. B. Lnd.
Nut with a long subulate beak . p : . I. C. UNDULATUM.
Nut with a dome-shaped pubescent crown : 2G KCRASSUIE
1. ©. undulatum, 7hw. Enum. 353 (1864).
Lepidosperma zeylanicum, Boeck. in Linnzea, xxxvill. 232. T77zcostu-
laria zeylanica, Benth. F1. Austral. vii, 384 (in note). CoPN 3226:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 674.
Stem 1-3 ft., slender, trigonous, striate, smooth, leafy
towards the base only; 1. longer or shorter than the stem,
very slender, ;'5 in. broad or less, rigidly coriaceous, narrowed
from the sheath to the very slender obtuse tip, margins
revolute, scaberulous, midrib broad, flat, sheaths short, coria-
ceous, red brown, open, margins scarious; panicles 4—6 in.,
terminal, rather narrow, branches zigzag; spikelets narrow,
¢ in. long, in clusters of 2 or more in a bracteole at the angles
of the branches, I-fld.; glumes 4, 2 lower smaller, ovate, cus-
pidate, empty, third much longer, ovate, obtuse, 1-veined,
fourth rather longer than third, with a perfect fl.; bristles 6,
very short; stam. 3, anth. very long, with long acicular tips;
nut = in. long, broadly obovoid, subtrigonous, beaked by the
elongate, conical, broad base of the style, smooth, nearly
black, style long, slender, stigmas 3, long.
Sandy ground near the coast in the moist region; rather common.
pe Bentota; Kalutara (Moon); Madampe, near Negombo. FI.
ay.
‘Algo in Malaya and Australia.
Remirea.| _ Cyperacee. 87
2. ©, riparium, Zenth. Fl. Austral. vii. 405 (1878), var. crassum,
‘Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 675 (1894). Baumea crassa, Thw. Enum. 353.
C. P. 845.
iby Ind.1 ec.
Rootstock short, with stout, black root-fibres; stem 3-4 ft.,
stout, as thick as the thumb at the base, flattened, spongy,
striate, green, margins rounded, smooth; |. 2-3 ft., linear,
acuminate, pungent, very variable in breadth, up to nearly
4 in., spongy, laterally flattened, biconvex, with rounded,
smooth margins, striate, sheaths long, distichous, open, very
thick, shining, margins scarious; panicles 6-12 in., narrow,
rhachis stout, branches erect, with small, sheathing, leaf-like
bracts at the base, rigid, compressed, scaberulous; spikelets
4-} in., oblong, fascicled in shortly pedicelled sheaths, brown;
glumes 4-6, coriaceous, lowest I or 2 small, ovate, then a
large, broadly ovate, acute, ciliate, keeled glume, with stamens
only, followed by a smaller with a perfect fl., terminal glume
marrow, empty; stam. 3, anth. long, tip cuspidate; nut oblong,
+in. long, obscurely trigonous, yellow- or red-brown, polished,
capped by the dome-shaped, pubescent style-base, style short,
rather rough, stigmas 3, very long.
Moist region; very rare. Ambagamuwa Dist.; Wattawalla. First
collected by Gardner. Fl. Jan., May, &c.
Also in Bengal and the Khasia Hills (the type in W. Australia).
1s, REMIREA, 4ui/.
A low, creeping, branching, rigid, glabrous perennial; stem
several feet long, extensively creeping and rooting, loosely
sheathed, giving off short, erect, densely leafy flg. branches,
internodes 1-2 in. long, sheaths scarious, acuminate, fig.
branches clothed below with long, imbricating, scarious
‘sheaths ; 1. very many, I—2 in. long, rigid, spreading and re-
curved, pungent, sheaths very short, open, closely imbricating ;
spikelets small, short, 1-fld., crowded in a terminal, ovoid,
lobed head; glumes 4, 3 lower empty, second and third larger,
orbicular, concave, upper very thick, corky, 1-fld.; hypogynous
scales or bristles 0; stam. 3, anth. linear, acute; nut closely
embraced by the 2 upper glumes, linear-oblong, obtusely
trigonous, beaked, style very short, base thickened, stigmas 3,
short.—Monotypic.
R. maritima, 4u0/. P/. Guian. i. 45 (1775).
R. pedunculata, Br.; Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 3227.
Fi. B. Ind. vi. 677. Beauv. Fl. Owar. t. 73.
88 C Vperacee. | Lepironia-
Stem as thick as a crow-quill or less, curved, hard, terete,
internodes 2 in. long, sheaths rather longer than the inter-
nodes, tips long, acute; branches erect or ascending, 3-5 in.
long, slender, simple, sheathed for two-thirds of their length,
leafy above; |. subulate, concave or with infolded sides, dor-
sally rounded, I-veined; head of spikelets about { in. long
and broad, sessile or shortly peduncled; bracts like the upper
leaves but shorter; spikelets sessile, about § in. long and broad;
lowest glume small, next 2 above orbicular, concave, many-
veined, coriaceous, margins scarious; flg. glume oblong, nearly
as long as the outer glumes, but much narrower, obtuse, dor-
sally rounded, smooth, shining, very thick, at length corky,
with narrow margins which embrace the nut; nut 75 in. long;
brown, straight or slightly curved.
Sandy sea-shore all round the island. Fl. April, October, &c.
All Tropical shores.
I have described this widely diffused plant after the Ceylon
specimens in Herb. Peraden. It appears to vary in habit in other
localities.—J. D. H.
: 16. LEPIRONIA, L. C. Rich.
Rootstock stout, woody, creeping, root-fibres vermiform ;
stems densely tufted, tall, cylindric, transversely septate
within, smooth, striate, sheathed below; |. 0; spikelets solitary,
lateral near the top of the stem, ellipsoid, obtuse, brown;.
bract 0, except the produced top of the stem; glumes
many, closely spirally imbricate round the rhachilla, coria-
ceous, at length deciduous, all but a few lowest fig.; scales.
$-II or more, scarious, brown, 2 outer placed right and left,.
linear-oblong, obtuse, concave, keeled, keel ciliate, the rest.
linear-lanceolate, acute, flat, 3 uppermost quasi-whorled; stam..
8 or more, one in the axil of each of the keeled scales, others:
solitary in the axils of some of the inner scales, uppermost.
scales empty, fil. long, slender, anth. 3, linear, mucronate;.
ov. central amongst the scales, flat, sessile, style short, stigmas.
2; nut broadly obovoid, compressed, plano-convex, strongly
beaked, sides obscurely undulate, margins acute—Monotypic..
GL. mucronata, Ach. in Pers. Syn. i. 70 (1805). Etapan, aoe
Thw. Enum 346. C. P. 3228.
F]. B. Ind. vi. 684. Mig. Ill. Fl. Arch. Ind. t. 20.
Rootstock clothed with short brown scales; stems 2-3 ft,
as thick as a small goose-quill at the base, tapering upwards
to the acicular stiff tip, green, rigid, septa close together, 3-6
Hypolytrum.] Cyperacee. | 89
or more in an inch, sheaths up to 8 in. long, coriaceous,
shining, closed up to an inch or so of the obtuse apiculate tip;
spikelets {2 in. long by 4-3 in. diam.; rhachilla stout, elongate-
conical, covered with minute orbicular scars; glumes about
4 in. long, broadly obovate-oblong, all but the two lower without
veins or keels; scales as long as the nut, pale brown; nut
(with the beak) 4 in. long, sometimes hispidulous towards the
top, margins acute.
Moist low country under Iooo ft., generally on the coast. About
= abundant; Kalutara; Negombo Canal; Hewesse. FI. Dec.-
eb.
Also in Madagascar, Malaya, Queensland, Fiji Is.
17, HYPOLYTRUM, /. C. Rich.
Stout, perennial herbs, with a woody rootstock and very
stout root-fibres ; stem erect, trigonous, leafy; 1. long, narrow,
linear or ensiform, coriaceous, broadest about the middle,
3-veined; spikelets small, ovoid or subglobose, in broad sub-
umbelliform panicles, with stout, spreading, bracteolate
‘branches, or the panicle contracted into a more or. less
compact lobed head; bracts leaf-like, bracteoles coriaceous;
glumes many, closely imbricate in fl., spreading in fr., per-
sistent, lower 2-4 empty; hypogynous scales 2 (rarely more),
placed right and left, narrow, keeled, bristles 0; stam. 2-3,
fil. long; ov. flattened, turbinate, beaked, style articulate on
the beak, very early deciduous, stigmas 2-3, filiform; nut
rounded or obtusely angled, endocarp hard, thick, beaked or
not.—Sp. about 25; 7 in F7. B. Ind.
Glumes obtuse, nuts 75-3 in. . : : : . I. H. LATIFOLIUM.
Glumes acute, nuts 35 in. g ; : . 2. H. LONGIROSTRE.
1. H. latifolium, 27ch. 27 Pers. Syn. i. 70 (1805).
Schenus nemorum, Vahl; Moon, Cat. 6. AH. giganteum, Wall; Nees
in Wight, Contrib. 93. Thw. Enum. 346. C. P. 219.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 678. Bot. Mag. t. 6282 (grown from Ceylon seed).
Stem 2-4 ft., stout, angles acute, smooth; |. much longer
than the stem, up to 3 ft. by 14 in. broad, narrowly lanceolate
or ensiform, with straight acuminate points, coriaceous,
3-veined above, margins and keel smooth below, scaberulous
above, lower sheaths short, pale; panicle depressed, 2-5 in.
broad, branches subwhorled, up to 2 in. long, stiff, spread-
ing, bracteolate at the base, sometimes very short, the infl.
becoming capitate; bracts 2-4 in. long; spikelets 4-3 in.,
sessile or more or less pedicelled, oblong, cylindric or
90 CG yperacee. | Wapania.
globose; glumes 75-4 in. long, oblong, obtuse, or apiculate,
I-veined, thinly coriaceous, brown; scales 2, obtuse, scarious,
keel scabrid; stam. 2-3, fil. long, slender; anth. linear-oblong ;
ov. as long as the scales, turbinate, with a broad swollen
beaked top; style short, stigmas 2 or 3; nut subglobosely
trigonous or somewhat compressed, ;4- in., very shortly
beaked, yellowish or dark brown, epicarp thin, fleshy, endo-
carp thick, crustaceous, black.
Var. 6, minus, 7hwaztesl.c. C. P. 3467.
Much more slender, |. narrower, branches of panicle very
slender, spikelets + in., pedicels 4-4 in.
Var. y, turgidum, ook, f. HA. latifolium, Thw.1.c. in part. 4.
turgidum, Clarke in F1. B. Ind. vi. 679. C. P. 3.
Habit and infl. of the type, but scales 3, the third flat,
muticous, not keeled or scabrid, nut rather larger.
Shady places in the moist region up to 3000 ft.; common. Var. 7,
moist region, apparently rare, at about 3000 ft. Dikoya (Ambagamuwa
Dist.) (Thwaites). Fl. Feb., March.
Also in Travancore, Assam, Nicobar and Andaman Is., Malaya and
‘eastward.
There are Ceylon specimens in Brit. Mus. from Koenig and from
Jonville (1800). 1 cannot distinguish A. turgzdum as a species, the nut
is So variable in size or shape. Thwaites’ var. snus is rather a reduced
form than a distinct variety.—J. D. H.
2. H. longirostre, 7iw. Enum. 346 (1864).
C. P. 3468.
Pies lads vi670:
Rootstock small, stem 12-18 in., rather slender ; 1. longer
than the stem, up to 2 ft. by 4 in., narrowly ensiform, acu-
minate, tips straight, coriaceous, 3-veined above, margins
and keel smooth in the lower part, scabrid above, lower
sheaths short, pale; panicle 2-3 in. long and broad, irre-
gularly branched, branches 4-2 in., slender, stiff, divaricate,
bracteolate; bracts leafy; spikelets shortly pedicelled, }-4 in.
long, oblong or ellipsoid, straw-col’d.; glumes + in. long,
oblong or obovate-oblong, acute; scales 2, concave, acute,
keel scaberulous (with sometimes I or 2 additional flat scales) ;
nut minute, #5 in. diam., broadly obovoid or subglobose, sub-
compressed, rugose, brown, shining, beak much longer than
the nut, conical, acuminate, white.
Moist low country; very rare. I have seen only the C. P. specimens
collected at Hiniduma in 1855 by Thwaites. FI. May.
Endemic.
18. MAPANIA, 4ui/.
Stemless, scapigerous, coarse herbs; rootstock elongate,
stout, erect or creeping, root-fibres vermiform; |. very long,
Mapania.| Cyperacec. gl
narrow, sheaths subequitant; scapes axillary, much shorter
than the |., bearing a single large bracteate capitate spikelet ;
glumes large, persistent, coriaceous, spirally imbricating, all
but the lower fig.; scales 8 or 10, all of about the same length,
two outer placed right and left, concave, acute, keeled, keel
-Ciliate, with sometimes a third dorsal, narrow, flat, inner flat
or slightly concave; stam. I in the axil of each keeled scale,
with sometimes a third in the axil of the third scale, fil.
slender, anth. linear-oblong; ov. solitary, central amongst the
scales, compressed, gradually narrowed into the long persistent
slender style, stigmas 3, not long; nut obovoid, pyriform, or
globose, beaked by the style—Sp. 33; 11 in FZ B. Ind.
M. zeylanica, Senth. ex Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 682 (1894).
Pandanophyllum zeylanicum, Thw. Enum. 345, 433. C. P. 3029.
Fl. B. Ind. 1.c. Mig. Fl. Ind. Arch. Ill. t. 22 (Lepzronia).
Rootstock as thick as the little finger, erect or creeping,
root-fibres long, thicker than a crow-quill; 1. 2-3 ft. by $-2 in.
broad, subdistichous, narrowed to the base and at the apex
into a long filiform point, 3-veined, margins and keel beneath
scaberulous or aculeolate, sheaths short, open, very coriaceous;
‘scapes I-10 in., as thick as a crow-quill, obtusely trigonous,
smooth, naked; spikelets ? in. diam.; bracts oblong, obtuse,
shorter than the spikelet; glumes 2 in. long, linear-oblong,
obtuse, coriaceous, many-veined, without midrib or keel;
scales 5, very narrow, 2 acute, concave, keeled, monandrous,
3 linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat; anth. 1 in., very slender,
obtuse; nut }-1+ in, ovoid or obovoid, obscurely trigonous,
beaked, epicarp thin, olive-green, endocarp bony; seed
-ovoidly pyriform, testa very hard, thick, black.
By or in water, moist low country below Iooo ft.; rather rare. Kukul
Korale; Singhe Raja Forest; Hiniduma Kande; between Kurunegala
-and Matale. Fl. Sept.—Dec.
Also in Borneo.
2. IME. immersa, Lenth. ex Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 682 (1894).
Pandanophyllum immersum, Thw. Enum. 433. C. P. 38109.
Fl. B. Ind. 1. c.
Rootstock short, creeping, root-fibres very stout; |. dis-
tichous, 2-3 ft. by 4-4 in., linear, narrowed to the base and at
the apex into a long filiform point, 3-veined, margins and
keel smooth or nearly so, sheaths short, coriaceous; scapes
1-14 in., clothed with imbricating coriaceous sheaths, of which
the upper pass into lanceoiate, acuminate, or caudate bracts
longer than the spikelets, sometimes 2 in. long; spikelets
92 Cyperacee. [ Scéspodendron..
globose or conical, 4-3 in. diam.; glumes 4-3 in., linear-
oblong, obtuse, thinly coriaceous; scales }in., 2 lateral obtuse,
keel narrowly winged; nut 3 in. diam., globose, base suddenly
narrowed into a short stipes, and top into a stout acuminate
beak.
In running water, very rare, in the moist region below tooo ft.
Singhe Raja Forest; Pasdun Korale. Fl. Sept.
Endemic.
19. SCERPODENDRON, 7i#/.
Rootstock horizontal or ascending; stem scarcely any; L.
very long, narrow, caudate; infl. a shortly peduncled bracteate
head of spikelets, hidden amongst the |. ped. elongating in
fr.; bracts much exceeding the heads; spikelets densely com-
pacted, often 3-nate; glumes large, oblong, obtuse, coriaceous,
I- or more-fld.; scales many, 2 lateral broadest, concave,
keeled, keel ciliate, monandrous, inner about 6, some monan-
drous; fil. elongate, anth. very slender; ov. solitary, central,
narrowed into a slender style, stigmas 2, short; nut large,
deeply 6-10-grooved.— Monotypic.
S. costatum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. pt. 2, 85
(1869). [PLATE XCVII.] Win-keyiya, 5S.
S. pandaniforme, Zipp. MSS. Pandanus pumilus, Moon, Cat. 67.
fypolytrum costatum, Thaw. Enum. 346. Chionanthus Ghaert, Gaertn.
Hi UctinwrOo: Cre 3222"
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 684. Miq., Il. Fl. Arch. Ind. t. 28 (S. sudcatum) (not
good). Gaertn. I. c. t. 39.
Rootstock rather slender, clothed with large, acute, im-
bricating scales, which pass gradually into foliage |., emitting
from the under surface long, stout, simple roots; |. very many,
up to Io ft. long by 1-14 in. broad, linear, suddenly contracted
into a filiform scabrid tail 6-10 in. long, 3-veined, margins and
keel aculeolate, or nearly smooth, narrowed below into short
coriaceous, slowly imbricating, open sheaths; ped. stout,
trigonous, angles smooth, flg. short, frg. up to a foot long’;
head of spikelets 3-4 in. long, ovoid or subglobose; bracts
many, lower 2-4 ft. long, leaf-like, inner broadly oblong with
filiform scabrid tips; ‘spikelets often in threes, the lateral
I-fld., the median 2~-3-fld’—7Zvimen,; glumes $-3 in.; nut
4— in. long, ellipsoid, acute at both ends, epicarp fleshy,
endocarp bony, very deeply grooved, ribs acute, seeds globose.
Ditches and flooded land near the sea-coast of the moist region; very
a Kalutara (Moon). Wellewatte, 5 miles S. of Colombo; abundant.
. OV.
Also in Malay Peninsula, Java, Queensland, Samoa.
The leaves are used for mat-making at Colombo.
Scleria.] Cyperacee. 03
Koenig seems to have first collected this; his specimens in Mus. Brit.
are labelled ‘Sparganium ensiforme.’— 77zmen.
The above generic and specific descriptions are almost wholly derived
from Dr. Trimen’s notes, who says that the fl. heads are made the nests
of small ants, and are full of water and soil, so that the scales and
stamens soon become rotten and pulpy. The maggots of flies live in
these and eat the anthers. He adds that the name S. pandaniforme,
Zipp. MSS., cited by Kurz when publishing the plant as S. costatum,
should perhaps have the preference.—J. D. H.
20. SCLERTIA, ZLerz.
Perennial, rarely annual, erect, leafy herbs; stem tri-
gonous or triquetrous ; ]. narrow or broad; spikelets of two
forms, androgynous or male, and female, solitary or clustered
in the branches of a panicle, mixed with hyaline scales,
rarely spicate or capitate ; bracts often foliaceous, bracteoles
usually filiform; glumes I-veined; male or androgynous,
spikelets narrow, glumes many, 5-6 lower distichous, inter-
mediate convolute, membranous, enclosing many narrowly
linear hyaline scales, with I-3 stam. and one barren ov.,
anth. narrowly linear, cuspidate; fem. spikelets shorter,
broader, 1-fld., glumes 3 or more, distichous, lower 2-3 empty,
the next above fertile, the upper empty; disk at the base of
the ov., annular, rarely obscure, often enlarged and 3-6-
lobed in fr. (cupular in S. sumatrana); ov. minute, style
slender, stigmas 3; nut globose or oblong, usually white,
polished, smooth or sculptured.—Sp. about 250; 29 in F/.
B. [nd.
Disk of fem. fl. 0, very small or obscure.
Spikelets in a single terminal head. : Big go NDI E
Spikelets spicate, or in panicled clusters.
Spikelets in a terminal simple spike E . 2. S. PERGRACILIS.
Spikelets panicled.
L. 4-1 in. broad 3. S. CORYMBOSA.
L. less than } in. broad.
L. villous 4. S. JUNCIFORMIS.
L. glabrous : 5. 9. LITHOSPERMA.
Disk of fem. fi. 3-lobed or r cupular,
Disk cupular P 6. S. SUMATRENSIS.
Disk 3-lobed.
Spikelets in small axillary clusters or spikes . 7. S. ZEYLANICA.
Spikelets panicled.
Panicles with many long capillary bracteoles.
Panicle very large, decompound.
Ligule of l. very short, coriaceous 8. S. ELATA.
Ligule of 1. longer, scarious . g. S. CHINENSIS.
Panicle small, sparingly branched.
94 C VPerac ec. [.Sclerta.
1
L. j5-} in. broad.
Nut tessellately cancellate : . 10. S. TESSELLATA.
Nut smooth : : : 5 . I1. S. HEBECARPA.
L. #-3 in. broad . 12.)00 BIE LORAG
Panicles with few or o ‘long capillary
bracteoles.
Nuts globose . : : 5 . 13. S. ORYZOIDES.
Nuts on oblate sphere ‘ : ‘ . 14. S. LEVIS.
1. S. Neesii, Kunth, Enum. ii. 358 (1837). Bakamunu-tana, S.
Thw. Enum. 354. S. stricta, Moon, Cat. 62. Aypoporum capitatum,.
Nees in Wight, Contrib. 118. C. P. 3037.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 688.
Pubescent with soft spreading hairs; rootstock small or 0;
stems tufted, very slender, 6-12 in.; 1. usually many towards.
the DES at the stem, as long as the stem or shorter, erect,
linear, {-} in. broad, narrowed from the middle to the base,
obtuse ae acute, flat, soft, 3-veined, uppermost bract-like,
erect, exceeding the head ; sheaths slender, closed ; spikelets
all EU SESEa) clustered in a terminal, peduncled, hairy, pale
head }-1 in. diam. / Sulbatellanaly spreading, bract or wippemnas,
leaf 1-2 in., peduncle 1 4-4 in.; fruiting spikelets 4—1 in., laxly
hairy; ¢ clumes 4, membranous, 2 lower shorter, iene “cuspidate,.
upper broadly ovate, cymbiform, narrowed into a long acumi-
nate beak; glumes of male spikelets like the fem.; stam. 3,.
anth. subacute; nut very small, 35-75 in., globose, echinate,,
white, disk obscure.
Low country; rather common in swampy places. FI. Feb.—July, &c.
Also in Borneo. In Bornean specimens more than one head of
spikelets occur.
2. S$. pergracilis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 354 (1837). Méhiwal, S.
hw eenume 3545 Cy Pris27.
Pi Be Inds visees.
Annual (?), glabrous, densely tufted; stems 18-30 in,
filiform, terminating in a very long simple spike of very small
distant clusters of few spikelets; 1. longer than the stem, very
slender, 7s in. broad, or less, aninormedl to the obtuse tip,
3-veined, sheaths long, slender, closed; spikes 6-12 in,
rhachis filiform, rather thicker than the stem; clusters of
spikelets about 4 in. apart, quite sessile, with a hyaline
lanceolate bract at the base as long as the spikelet, and a few
smaller hyaline bracteoles; fruiting spikelets about ;'5 in. long,
about 3 in a einieue: glumes membranous, broadly ovate-
oblong, upper ¢ in. long g, apiculate, speckled with red-brown;
anth. linear with a pubescent appendage; nut very small,
globosely trigonous, 7/5 in. diam., deeply rugosely cancellate,
white, disk obscure or oO.
Scleria.] Cyperacee. 95
Swampy places in low country; very rare. Alagoda (Gardner); near
Nilgala, Uva. Fl. Jan.
Also in India and Trop. Africa.
The leaves are lemon-scented and the crushed plant is used at
Nilgala, where they called it ‘ Méhiwal, to keep away flies.
3. S. corymbosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 574 (1832).
S. majus, Moon, Cat. 62 (ex Clarke). S. anxdrogyna, Nees; Thw.
Enum. 353. C. P. 3319.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 686.
Rootstock stout, woody, creeping, root-fibres very stout ;.
stem 3-8 ft., very robust, trigonous or triquetrous, angles
scaberulous; 1. 2-3 ft. by 4-1 in. broad, acuminate (not
narrowed into a long filiform point), 3-veined, margins and
midrib smooth or scabrid; sheaths trigonous, closed, mouth
truncate with a very narrow scarious border opposite the limb;
spikelets very many, fascicled on the spreading trigonous
branches and branchlets of long leafy axillary and terminal,
subcorymbosely branched panicles 6 in. to 2 ft. long, pale
or dark brown; bracteoles filiform, 4 in. long or more,
with dilated often pubescent bases; frg. spikelets 4 in. long;
glumes 4, broadly ovate, subacute, or outer cuspidate; nut
ellipsoid, up to 7 in. long contracted, above the trigonous base,
top umbonate, white, smooth, polished, disk-lobes o.
Moist low country below tooo ft.; rare. Hiniduma; Katukanda ;.
Kalutara (Moon). Fl. July-Sept.
Also in Khasia, Burma, Malacca.
4. S. junciformis, 7/w. Enum. 354 (1864).
S. hirsuta, Moon, Cat. 62; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 103. Cylindropus
junciformis, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 118. S. pz/osa, Boeck. in Linnea,
seeing. C..P. 3225.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 692.
Rootstock stout, woody, creeping, root-fibres strong; stem
2-3 ft., rather slender, trigonous, smooth; |. as long as the
stem or shorter, 3-4 in. broad, linear, obtuse, rather coriaceous...
villous with spreading hairs on both surfaces, 1—3-veined,
margins slightly scabrid; sheaths trigonous, lower open, upper
closed, villous, mouth truncate, with a short, rounded ligule
opposite the limb; spikelets few, erect, in distinct clusters, on
a subsimple, solitary, terminal, narrow panicle 2-3 in. long,.
subtended by a strict, erect, leaf-like bract longer than
itself; rhachis pubescent; bracteoles 4-1 in., filiform, recurved;
fruiting spikelets } in. long; glumes 3, upper lanceolate, acu-
minate; glabrous or dorsally pubescent; nut ellipsoid, $—-4 in.
long, subumbonate, faintly striate and cancellate, contracted
at the base above the trigonous entire disk, white, shining.
96 G yperacee. [ Scleria.
Shady woods in moist low country below tooo ft.; very rare. Kalu-
tara (Moon); Reigam and Pasdun Korales (Thwaites). Fl. Sept.
Endemic.
The bract, simulating a continuation of the stem, gives the panicle
the appearance of being lateral.
5 S. lithosperma, Sw. Prod. 18 (1788).
Moon, Cat. 62. Thw: Enum. 354. C. P. 826.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 685.
Rootstock hard, elongate, horizontal, nodose, root-fibres
slender, wiry; stem 14-3 ft. very slender, trigonous, leafy,
smooth; |. as long as the stem or shorter, narrowly linear,
go-7z in. broad, narrowed to the obtuse tip, sheaths trigonous,
closed, mouth truncate, with a narrow scarious margin op-
posite the limb; spikelets few, subsolitary, distant on the
filiform rhachis and few distant branches of very slender,
terminal and axillary, subspiciform panicles, pale or dark
brown; bracts and bracteoles very long, capillary; fruiting
spikelets 75 in.; glumes broadly ovate, subcuspidately acumi-
nate; disk-lobes 0; nut broadly, ellipsoid, obtusely trigonous,
top rounded, smooth, white, polished.
Var. B, Thw. |. c., var. Roxburghii, Clarke in Fl. B.Ind.l.c. C. P. 2627.
Fruiting spikelets 4 in., glumes cuspidate, nut globosely:
trigonous, top apiculate or mucronate, puberulous and minutely
tuberculate in waved ridges, white.
Low country; common. Var. 8, Haragama. FI]. Nov., Dec., Feb.
In India and all hot countries except Africa.
6. S. sumatrensis, /efz. Obs. Bot. v. 19 (1789).
Nees in Wight, Contrib. 116. Thw. Enum. 353. C. P. 3783.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 693. Retz. Obs. Bot. v. t. 2.
Stem tall, stout, leafy, trigonous, + in. diam., angles smooth
or scaberulous; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-# in. broad, narrowed into a
slender obtuse point, coriaceous, glabrous or pubescent beneath
at the base, where the margins are recurved, uppermost sub-
opposite or subternate, sheaths closed, trigonous, glabrous, or
puberulous, mouth truncate, villously ciliate; spikelets 3 in.,
very many, on the spreading branches and branchlets of large,
decompound, oblong, terminal, and subterminal panicles 3-4
in. long, pale brown, solitary, or few in sessile clusters; bracts
leaf-like, bracteoles filiform; fruiting spikelets few, ~- in.
long; glumes 3, broadly ovate, upper suddenly contracted
from a rounded base into an acuminate, cuspidate tip; nut
globose, 75-3 in. diam., sunk for 4-2 in length in a large, fleshy,
cup-shaped, obscurely 3-lobed, crenate disk, closely rugosely
pitted, brown.
Moist low country; common.
Also in Bengal, Assam, Burma, Nicobar Is., Malaya.
Scleria.] Cyperacee. 97
7. S. zeylanica, Por. Encycl. Meth. vii. 3 (1806).
Thw. Enum. 435. SS. datertfora, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviil. 455, and
S. Thwaitesiana, Boeck. |. c. 454. C. P. 3318, 3796, 3797-
F]. B. Ind. vi. 687.
A densely tufted, glabrous, or very sparsely hairy
perennial; rootstock small, hard, or 0; stems 6-10 in.,
slender, leafy; 1. as long as the stem or longer, narrowly
linear, 7;-} in. broad, erect, flat or the narrower concave,
3-veined, sheaths closed, trigonous, truncate with a short,
obtuse, pubescent ligule opposite the limb; clusters or some-
times short spikes of spikelets small, solitary in the axils of
many of the leaves, appearing to be sessile at the mouths of
the sheaths, or with the peduncle exserted; fruiting spikelets
few in each cluster, about + in. long; glumes 3, glabrous or
sparsely hairy, upper ovate-oblong, acuminate, shortly cus-
pidate; disk very short, obtusely 3-lobed; nut globose, smooth
or faintly cancellate in vertical lines, white.
Moist low country below tooo ft.; rather common. Kukul Korale ;
Ratnapura; Hewesse, &c. Fl. April, July.
Also in Nicobar Is., Burma, and Borneo.
There are three forms of this plant in Herb. Peraden. C. P. 3318 has
long, broad, flat, flaccid leaves, like those of Diflacrum caricinum, and
clusters of very short spikes of spikelets at the mouths of the sheaths.
C. P. 3796 has much narrower leaves, but similar infl. to 3318. C. P..
3797 has very long, narrow, concave leaves, about ;/¢ in. broad, and long-
peduncled spikes of spikelets.—J. D. H.
8. S. elata, Thw. Enum. 353 (1864) (chiefly).
Boeck. in Linnza, xxxviii. 487. C. P. 3030, 3032.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 690.
Stem tall, stout, leafy, triquetrous, angles scaberulous ;
1. 1-2 ft. by 3 in. broad, or narrower, narrowed into a long,
filiform, obtuse tip, rigid, flat, 3-veined, margins scabrid,
sheaths trigonous, or triquetrous, mouth truncate, or produced
into a very short rounded coriaceous ligule opposite the
blade ; spikelets very numerous, pale or dark brown, sub-.
solitary on the branches and branchlets of large, long-
peduncled, oblong, decompound, puberulous, leafy panicles
6-10 in. long, branches of panicle and spikelets with capillary
bracteoles 4-1 in. long; frg. spikelets 4 in. long; glumes
3, broadly ovate, cuspidately acuminate, glabrous ; disk-lobes
very short, rounded; nut broadly ellipsoid, subtrigonous,.
apiculate, 4 in. long, shallowly cancellate, finely puberulous,.
white.
Moist low region; rather common. Galle; Kalutara; Hiniduma.
Fl. Sept., March.
Also in India, Java, and China.
Differs from .S. chinensis (in so far as Ceylon specimens show) in the
PART V. H
98 Cyperacee. [ Scleria.
more slender habit, narrower leaves, and well-developed scarious ligule.
‘Of two sheets in Herb. Peraden. one from Hantani and Ambagamuwa
has paler spikelets and globose puberulous nuts, the other, from Horton
Plains, has very dark and rather larger spikelets, and ellipsoid, glabrous,
much larger nuts.—J. D. H.
9. S. chinensis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 357 (1837), var. biauriculata,
Clarke, 1. c. 690.
S. exaltata, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 511. S. edata, Thw. |. c. (in
part). C. P. 825.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 690.
Stem 2-4 ft., rather slender, trigonous, angles smooth
or scaberulous; 1. 12-18 in. by 4-4 in. broad, narrowed into
a very long, slender, obtuse tip, flat, 3-veined, margins
scaberulous; sheaths long, trigonous, closed, mouth pubes-
cent, with an oblong or rounded scarious ligule opposite the
blade ; spikelets numerous, pale or dark brown, subsolitary
on the spreading branches and branchlets of terminal and
subterminal, open glabrous panicles 3-6 in. long; bracteoles
capillary ; fruiting spikelets 75 in.; glumes 3, broadly ovate,
cuspidately acuminate, glabrous; disk-lobes short, rounded ;
nut globose, 75 in. diam., to broadly ellipsoid, 3 in. long,
apiculate, glabrous or puberulous, faintly cancellate in vertical
lines, white.
Montane zone; rather rare. Hantane (Thwaites); Ambagamuwa ;
Horton Plains. Fl. March, Sept., Dec.
Also at Singapore.
Io. S. tessellata, W2l/d. Sp. Pi. iv. 315 (1805).
Moon, Cat. 62. .S. zessellata, var. B, Thw. Enum. 354. C. P. 3033.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 686.
Stems 2-3 ft., from a small hard base, rather slender,
triquetrous, rigid ; 1. 10-12 in. by jg in. or less, linear, sub-
acute or obtusely acuminate, rigid, 3-veined, margins involute,
scaberulous, sheaths trigonous, closed, mouth truncate,
glabrous ; spikelets not numerous, in small clusters on the
branches of narrow erect terminal and subterminal, sparingly
branched panicles 2—3 in. long, branches of panicle Sule fenalee
by filiform bracteoles 4-4 in. long; fruiting spikelets 74 in.
long; glumes 3, broadly ovate, acuminate ; disk-lobes “sai?
small, triangular, obtuse; nut clobose, zy in. diam., tessellately
cancellate in vertical lines, puberulous with reddish hairs, top
rounded, not beaked, white.
Moist low country below tooo ft.; rather rare. Kalutara (Moon);
Galle (Thwaites); Mawarelle. Fl. Dec.
Also in India, Malaya, Australia, China, and Japan.
Very closely allied to S. dz/lora, and the species are mixed on the
sheet of the latter in Herb. Peraden. 5S. ¢esse//ata is a much more rigid
plant, with narrow leaves, its nut is not mucronate, and the disk-lobes
are shorter and broader.—J. D. H.
Scleria.| Cyperacec. 99
11. S. hebecarpa, Mees in Linnea, ix. 303 (1835). Goda-
‘karawu, 5S.
S. alata, Moon, Cat. 62. Thw. Enum. 435. Nees in Wight, Contrib.
Mie © P2 3031, 3763.
“FI. B. Ind. vi. 680.
Rootstock woody, nodose, root-fibres stout; stem 2-3 ft.,
‘rather slender, rigid, triquetrous; 1. 10-12 in. by + in. broad
-or narrower, narrowed to the obtuse tip, flat, 3-veined, rigid,
margins scabrous, sheaths trigonous, closed, mouth truncate,
-with an ovate coriaceous pubescent ligule opposite the blade;
-spikelets solitary or in small clusters on the suberect branches
-of narrow, erect, terminal and subterminal, sparingly branched
‘panicles 2-3 in. long, red-brown, branches of panicle and
spikelets with filiform bracts }-} in. long; fruiting spikelets
+ in. long; glumes 3, upper broadly ovate, cuspidately acumi-
nate; disk-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, brown ; ms globose
-Or broadly ovoid, obscurely trigonous, apiculate, 7 zo—t in. tong;
minutely puberulous, white, polished.
Moist low country; rather common. FI. Oct., Dec.
Throughout India, Malaya, Polynesia, Australia, China, Japan.
Very near to SS. zesse//ata, differing in the smooth, polished, puberulous
nut, and in the disk-lobes. A common Indian state has hairy leaves and
panicles.—J. D. H.
12. S. biflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 573 (1832).
S. Steudeliana, Mig.; Boeck. in Linnzea, xxviii. 475. S. zessellata,
“Thw. Enum. 354. C. P. 3034.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 687.
Stems tufted, 1-2 ft., rather stout, trigonous, leafy; 1. 6-10
‘by 4-3 in., ensiform, obtuse or subacute, thin, flat, 3-veined,
margins smooth or suberulous, sheaths loose, closed, tri-
-gonous, mouth truncate, minutely pubescent opposite. the
limb; spikelets not numerous, in small clusters on the branches
of narrow, slender, erect, terminal and subterminal sparingly
branched panicles 2-3 in. long, branches of panicle and lower
clusters subtended by filiform bracteoles 4-4 in. long; fruiting
spikelets 75 in. long; glumes 3, broadly ovate, acuminate;
disk 3-lobed, lobes broadly ovate, acuminate, about one-fourth
the length of the nut; nut globose, 74 in. diam., minutely
tessellately cancellate i in vertical lines, puberulous with reddish
chair, shortly beaked, white.
Moist low country below tooo ft.; rather rare. iueibaerane-
‘Yatiantota; Kukul Korale. Fl. Dec.
Also in Bengal, S. China, Malaya.
13. S. oryzoides, Presi, Rel. Haenk. i. 201 (1830). Potu-pan,
‘Potu-kola, S.
S. latifolia, Moon, Cat. 62. Nees in Wight, Contrib. 117. Thw.
Enum. 353. C. P. 828.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 691.
100 Cyperacee. [Diplacrum..
Rootstock stout, creeping, woody, stoloniferous, root-fibres.
very stout; stem 3-6 ft., stout, trigonous or triquetrous, angles.
smooth below, scaberulous above; |. 3—4 ft. by 4-1 in. broad,.
narrowly ensiform, tip suddenly acute obtuse or 2-fid, erect,
very rigidly coriaceous, 3-veined beneath, the lateral veins
sometimes very strong, and the midrib depressed, the |. thus.
being plicate, finely striate above, margins smooth or scabrid,.
sheaths very long, triquetrous or 3-winged, closed, mouth
truncate, with a narrow scarious membrane opposite the limb;.
spikelets solitary, distantly spicate on the erect filiform
branchlets of an oblong terminal peduncled panicle 4-6 in..
long, pale or dark brown; bracteole 0; fruiting spikelets few,
about 4 in. long; glumes 3, broadly ovate, subacute; disk
very small, obtusely 3-lobed; nut globose, ~,-} in. diam...
obscurely trigonous, smooth, white.
Ponds and wet places in moist low region; common. FI. Sept.,.
March.
Also in Assam, Burma, Malaya, Philippine Is., Australia, Zanzibar.
14. S. levis, Retz. Obs. Bot. iv. 13 (1786).
S: zeylanica, Moon, Cat. 62 (non Poir.). Nees in Wight, Contrib..
t7. hw. Hnums 354.) EG Pi27A5,
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 694.
Rootstock stout, creeping, woody; root- fibres stout ;
stem 2-4 ft., rather stout, acutely trigonous, angles smooth ;.
1. 2-3 ft. by 4-4 in. broad, narrowed into a long slender
obtuse tip, flat, 3-veined, margins scaberulous ; sheaths long,
trigonous or triquetrous, angles smooth, closed, mouth truncate
or very shortly triangular, and pubescent opposite the limb ;
spikelets numerous, subsolitary on the stiff spreading branches.
and branchlets of terminal and subterminal oblong panicles
2-6 in. long, dark brown; bracteoles few, short, or 0; fruiting
spikelets ¢ in. long; glumes 3, broadly ovate, cuspidately
acuminate, upper broader than long; disk-lobes broadly
ovate, obtuse; nut an oblate sphere, $ in. diam., smooth,.
white, polished.
Moist low region below Iooo ft.; rather common. Fl. Aug.
Also in Assam, Burma, Nicobar Is., Malaya, S. China.
Near 5S. chimenszs in habit and ligule, differs especially in the oblate
nut, and few or o capillary bracteoles.—J. D. H.
21. DIPLACRUM, 34,.
A small, tufted, glabrous annual; stem leafy; |. linear ;
spikelets in small dense axillary clusters at the mouths of
the |.-sheaths, minute, unisexual; male spikelets 1—2-fld.;.
glumes about 3, narrow, membranous; stam. 1-2, anth..
Carex] Cyperacee. 1OL
- minute ; fem. spikelets 1-fld.; glumes 4, distichous, 2 lower
-cymbiform, empty, upper oblong, 3-lobed, many-veined, side
‘lobes short, incurved, mid lobe stout, subulate ; disk obscurely
3-lobed; style slender, stigmas 3; nut globose.—Monotypic.
D. caricinum, 47. Prod. 241 (1810).
Thw. Enum. 354. WD. zeylanicum, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 119.
Scleria caricina, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 426. S. axc/laris, Moon, Cat.
462, ©. P3035:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 668 (Sclerza caricina). Endl. Iconogr. t. 25.
Stem 4-8 in., slender, clothed with the l.-sheaths ; |. 1-3,
‘by zo-$ in., obtuse or subacute, flat, flaccid, 3-veined, radical
erect, cauline alt., spreading, sheaths closed, trigonous ;
clusters of spikelets 3-4 in. diam., green, ped. enclosed in the
l.-sheath; spikelets few in a cluster, 75 in. long; nut 4-75 in.
-diam., globose, vertically 3-ribbed, cancellately rugose between
the ribs, white.
Moist low country below 1000 ft., in wet places; rather common. FI.
‘Sept.—-March.
Also in India, Malaya, China, Australia.
Included in Sclerza by most recent authors, but very distinct in habit
.and in the trifid, many-veined, fruiting glumes. In some Indian speci-
«mens the lower clusters of spikelets are panicled.—J. D. H.
22. CAREX, JZ.
Perennial, glabrous, rarely pubescent, grass-like herbs;
stem leafy, chiefly at the base; spikelets solitary, or few, one
terminal, the others lower down, rarely all clustered in terminal
or axillary panicles or compound spikes, unisexual or andro-
gynous, the lower spikelets fem., with a few male at the base
or top, very rarely dicecious, uppermost often wholly male;
-glumes many, imbricate all round the rhachilla, persistent or
deciduous ; fl. solitary in the glumes, male of 2 or 3 stam., anth.
linear, obtuse ; fem. a compressed or triquetrous ov. enclosed
in an urceolate 2-toothed sac (utricle), style slender, stigmas
.2 or 3 protruding from the sac; nut minute, coriaceous, com-
‘pressed or trigonous, included in the utricle.—Sp. about 500;
142 in Fl. B. Ind.
‘Stigmas 2, utricle compressed (Vzgnea).
Terminal spikelet with male and fem. fl.
Spikelets short, ovoid, or oblong . : . I. C. NUBIGENA.
Spikelets cylindric, elongate.
Utricle scaberulous . ‘ ‘ : . 2. C. BRUNNEA.
Utricle glabrous, or nearly so.
Utricle green . ; : é ; . 3. C. LONGIPES.
Utricle brown : : : ‘ . 4. C. LONGICRURIS.
102 Cyperacee, [Carex,.
Terminal spikelet wholly male.
Fem. glumes 2-lobed, awned : 2 2) 5. GC. PHACOTA,
Fem. glumes lanceolate, acuminate . . 6, C. ARNOTTIANA..
Stigmas 3, utricle trigonous.
Terminal spikelets, and sometimes lower also,
fem. below and male at the top.
Spikelet solitary . 5 : : : 3 7G REARS
Spikelets many.
Utricle more or less spinulose, ciliate, or
puberulous.
Spikelets very long, slender . ; «3: C. WALKERT.
Spikelets very short.
Utricle ciliate at the angles 3 . 9. C. SPICIGERA.
Utricle puberulous all over 3 10. C. LEUCANTHA..
Utricle glabrous (spikelets bipinnately
spicate).
Utricle very strongly beaked . 4 . I1. C. BACCANS.
Utricle long-beaked.
Utricle turgid, suddenly contracted
into the beak.
Stem stout, tall.
Spikelets pale brown, opaque. 12. C. INDICA.
Spikelets red-brown, shining . 13. C. LINDLEYANA..
Stem slender . : i : . 14. C. ZEYLANICA.
4 Utricle lanceolate, gradually con-
tracted into the beak . 3 . 15. C. FILICINA.
Terminal spikelets wholly male.
Utricle not or shortly beaked.
Spikelets cylindric, dense-fid. . . . 16. C. MACULATA.
Spikelets slender, lax-fld. . : : . 17. C. BREVISCAPA..
Utricle long-beaked.
Utricle tomentose . ; : ; . 18, C. LIGULATA.
Utricle glabrous.
Spikelets ¢ in., ovoid. : : . 19. ©. JACKIANA.
Spikelets 2-4 in., cylindric. : . 20, C. LOBULIROSTRIS;.
1. ©. nubigena, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 326 (1824).
Thw. Enum. 355. C. P. 2395.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 702. Boott, Carex, t. 2.
Rootstock small, root-fibres very stout, tortuous; stems:
4-24 ft. tufted, rather stout, trigonous, smooth, leafy at the
base only; |. as long as the stem and shorter, very narrowly
linear, ;'; in. broad, finely acuminate, erect, complicate, striate,
. smooth, Souleceos, sheaths short, pale; spikelets sessile, very
short, 1-4 in. long, ovoid, densely or laxly spicate, sometimes.
forming an oblong terminal head 1 in. long; male fl. at the base
of the upper spikelets: lower bracts up to 8 in. long, filiform,,.
upper capillary ; fem. glumes 4-{ in. long, ovate, acuminate
cuspidate or awned, awn of the lower sometimes as long
as the spikelet; utricle }-{ in. long, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, flattened, thin, closely many-veined on both
surfaces, margins scaberulous, tip acutely 2-fid; nut much
Carex.) Cyperacee. 103
smaller than the utricle, about 4 in. diam., orbicular, plano-
convex, apiculate, pale yellow- brown, polished, style longer
than the nut, slender, stigmas 2, long. |
On the patanas of the upper montane zone; rather common. FI.
Sept.
Also in the Himalayas and Nilgiris, Malaya, China, and Japan.
2. ©. brunnea, 7huzb. Fl. Japon, 38 (1784).
C. gracilis, Br.; Thw. Enum. 355. C. P. 2632.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 705. Boott, Carex, tt. 154, 155 (C. gracilis).
Rootstock short, with wiry root-fibres; stem 1-3 ft., very
slender, leafing above; |. many, as long as the stem and
shorter, linear, 7'5 in. broad or narrower, narrowed into a long
capillary point, flat, margins scaberulous, sheaths short, lower
dark brown, not shining; infl. long, lax, nodding, sometimes
branching from the lowest sheath; spikelets $-1 in. on long
slender peduncles ; rhachilla slender ; bracts capillary, lower
shorter than the infl.; fem. glumes very small, 34-75 in., rather
distant, membranous, from ovate and shorter than the utricle,
to lanceolate, long-acuminate, and much longer than “lhe
utricle; male fl. at the very slender tops of the terminal
spikelets ; utricles } in. longer or shorter than the glumes,
elliptic, compressed, narrowed above into a 2-toothed beak,
sometimes as long as the body, and below into a stout stipes,
8—10-veined on both surfaces, sparsely pubescent, dark brown;
nut broadly elliptic, filling the body of the utricle, flattened,
polished, yellow-brown, style swollen at the base, at length
disarticulating, stigmas 2, very long.
Upper montane zone; rather rare. N. Eliya; Horton Plains; Matu-
rata. Fl. Nov.-Feb.
Also in the Himalaya and Nilgiri Mts., and in Mauritius, Australia,
Japan, Sandwich Is.
The nut is described in Fl. B. Ind. as suddenly contracted at the top,
and the utricle as 9-15-veined and as sometimes glabrous.—J. D. H.
3. G. longipes, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 329 (1824).
FI. B. Ind. vi. 704.
Rootstock woody, creeping, root-fibres stout, SECON -
stem 18-24 in., very slender, 1—2- leaved above; |. shorter than
the stem, 8— 16 in. by 4 in. broad or narrower, linear, flat,
narrowed into a filiform point, margins scaberulous, lower
sheaths short, pale; infl. of few, very distant, very long-
peduncled, solitary, pale, few-fid. spikelets 3-14 in. long, the
upper male at the top, lower ped. up to 4 in. long, filiform;
‘bracts very slender; fem. glumes rather loosely imbricating,
broadly ovate, acuminate or. shortly awned, sides broadly
membranous; utricles longer than the glumes, $~} in., ellipsoid,
104 Cyperacee. [Carex.
biconvex, narrowed above into a scaberulous beak as long
as the body, and below into a stipes, 8-9g-veined on both faces,
membranous, shining; nut broadly ellipsoid or almost orbi-
cular, apiculate, biconvex, sides rounded, style long, base
swollen, stigmas 2, shorter than the utricle.
Montane zone (Trimen).
Also in the Himalaya and Khasia Hills and China.
I find a sheet of this very distinct species in the Peradeniya Herbarium
ticketed by Dr. Trimen C. Jonzgifes, Don, and a single specimen on a
sheet of C. drunnea, ticketed C. gracilis, Br.; both sheets are numbered
C. P. 2749, but not in Thwaites’s hand.
4. ©. longicruris, (Vees zn Wight, Contrib. 124 (1834).
C. longip~es, Thw. Enum. 355 (non D. Don). C. P. 2749.
Fl, B. Ind. vi. 705. Boott, Carex, t. 157.
Rootstock small, hard, nodose, root-fibres wiry; stem
1-2 ft., very slender, leafing above; |. many, shorter than the
stem, 8-18 in. by 75 in., very narrowly linear, narrowed into a
filiform point, flat, margins scaberulous, sheaths short, lower
dark brown, not shining; infl. very long, narrow, nodding,
rhachis filiform, ped. several from the lower bracts, simple or
branched, capillary; bracts very slender, lower 2-3 in., upper
capillary ; spikelets many, $-1 in., erect, slender, red-brown,
upper male at the top, rhachilla capillary; fem. glumes laxly
imbricating, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or shortly
awned; utricle rather longer than the glume, }-% in., elliptic-
janceolate, narrowed above into a slender, straight beak as
long as the body, and below into a stipes, biconvex, about
5-veined on each face, quite glabrous, or margins of beak
scaberulous ; nut elliptic, rounded at both ends, sides acute,
brown, style slender, stigmas 2, very long.
Montane zone above 4ooo ft.; rather common. Maturata; Hewaheta,
Nuwara Eliya. Fl. Nov., July.
Also in the Himalaya and Nilgiri Hills.
5. C. phacota, Spreng. Syst. iii. 826 (1826).
Thw. Enum. 356. C. P. 2965.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 708. Boott, Carex, t. 168.
Rootstock creeping, woody, with stout root-fibres; stem
4-24 ft., stout, triquetrous, except at the top, smooth, leafy
upwards; |. as long as the stem or shorter, by $—} in. broad,
finely acuminate, flat, rigid, margins smooth except towards
the tips, lower sheaths coriaceous, pale; infl. short, of 4-6
spikelets; bracts long, lowest leafy, upper filiform; spikelets
14-24 by } in. diam., peduncled, cylindric, straight or curved,
terminal, slender, rusty-red, wholly male, as are the tips of
some of the lower; fem. glumes closely imbricating, squarrosely
spreading and recurved in fr., oblong, 2-lobed, with a short,
Carex.) Cyperacee. 105
stout, hispid awn in the sinus, rusty-red, keel green; utricle
=5-is in., sessile, subtrapezoid, obovoid or ovoid, obtuse, beak
0, strongly compressed, dark purple, veinless, sparsely fur-
furaceous; nut nearly filling the utricle, ellipsoid, strongly
compressed, narrowed above into a short truncate beak, and
‘below into a short stout stipes, smooth, pale brown, style very
‘short, stigmas 2, shorter than the utricle.
Upper montane zone; common. Fl. Aug.
Hills of India, Burma, and Malaya, Japan.
6. ©. Arnottiana, Nees ex Drejer, Symb. Caricol. 16 (1844) (non
_Boott).
Thw. Enum. 356. C. socéa, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 254. C. P.
3210.
poll b ind: vi. 709. Drejer, Ie. t. 5.
Rootstock small, root-fibres stout; stem 2-3 ft., stout,
triquetrous, angles smooth or scaberulous; |. as long as the
‘stem or shorter, nearly 4 in. broad or narrower, flat, finely
acuminate, margins and keel scaberulous, lower sheaths
coriaceous, pale; infl. elongate, of many long-peduncled
_ spikelets, lower bract long, foliaceous; spikelets 2-4 in. by
3 in. diam., drooping, ped. of lowest 1-3 in., dark brown,
cylindric, tips of many contracted, male; fem. glumes closely
imbricating, fruiting spreading or subrecurved, lanceolate,
acuminate, or awned, dark red-brown, keel green; utricle
zz in., ebovoid or nearly orbicular, strongly compressed,
rather abruptly narrowed above into a short, truncate, ob-
scurely 2-toothed beak, purplish-black, shoulders subfur-
furaceous; nut much smaller than the utricle, orbicular,
biconvex, brown, suddenly narrowed above into a very short
‘truncate beak, and below into a stout short stipes, style slender,
stigmas 2, shorter than the utricle.
Upper montane zone; common. FI. April.
Endemic.
7. ©. rara, Boott in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 139 (1846).
Thw. Enum. 354. C. P. 3080.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 713. Boott, Carex, t. 109.
Rootstock very short, slender; stems 6-20 in., densely
‘tufted, filiform, leafless except towards the base, triquetrous;
1. as long as the stem or shorter, filiform, flexuous, channelled
«along the upper surface, scaberulous towards the narrowed
obtuse tip, sheaths very short, membranous, pale; spikelets
4-3 in., solitary, ovoid, pale, male at the top; fem. glumes not
‘numerous, broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, hyaline, 3-veined
‘in the middle; utricle longer than the glumes, 74-7 in. long,
ovoid or ellipsoid, subtrigonous, strongly veined, narrowed
196 (& Vpevacee. [Carex
above into a short 2-fid beak, and below into a short, stout:
stipes, smooth, pale; nut nearly as long as the utricle, narrowly
oblong, trigonous, narrowed above into a long beak, and.
below into a short stipes, pale, smooth, style short, stigmas 3,.
about as long as the utricle.
_ Upper montane zone above 6000 ft.; rather common. FI. Jan., Feb. :
Also in the Himalayas and in Japan, Borneo, and Australia.
Spikelets in Indian specimens 3-2 in. long.
8. ©. Walkeri, Arz. ex Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 257 (1849).
Thw. Enum. 355. Boott, Carex, i.2. C. P. 2751.
1B: Inds vil725.) Boott, yet.
‘Rootstock creeping, woody, with very stout root-fibres;:
stem stout, 2-3 ft., high, trigonous, leafy upwards; |. as long
as the stem or shorter, up to 4 in. broad, narrowed into a very
long filiform tip, rigidly coriaceous, scabrid, strongly keeled,.
sheaths coriaceous, basal purplish-red; infl. 12-18 in., panicled,.
spikelets very many, from the upper sheaths, long-peduncled,.
subcorymbosely clustered, 1-3 in. long, very slender, dark
chestnut-brown, shining, peduncles and rhachilla capillary;
bracts leafy, scabrid, lowest shorter than the infl.; fem. glumes.
laxly imbricate, suberect, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse with
a long scabrid dorsal awn inserted below the tip; utricles.
4-} in., longer than the glumes, lanceolate, narrowed into a
long acutely 2-fid flattened beak, straight or falcately recurved,.
trigonous, smooth, veinless, lateral angles and beak spinulose,,
dorsal angle smooth; nut narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, pale,
narrowed upwards into a rough style longer than itself, and
below into a stipes, stigmas 3, shorter than the beak of ae
utricle.
Montane zone, above 4ooo ft.; rather common. Hantane ; Amba-.
gamuwa; Maturata; Pedurutalagala. Fl. Feb., April, Sept., Oct.
Also in the Nilgiri Hills.
g. G. spicigera, WVees in Wight, Contrib. 121 (1834).
Boott, Carexpie ro. hw. Emum35 50011 b-1022:
EB aindeavi7 225 Boottlsct120s
Rootstock hard, creeping, stoloniferous, with copious wiry’
root-fibres, stems 6 in. to 2 ft., leafy upwards, rather stout, or
slender ; 1. narrowly linear, + in. broad or less, many longer than
the stem, finely acuminate, rigid, scaberulous, basal sheaths
chestnut-brown; spikelets short, ovoid or globose, $—4 in. long,
panicled or collected in dense lobed heads, all fem. or upper-
most male at the top; lower bracts foliaceous, much longer
than the. infl.; fem. glumes much shorter than the utricle,.
broadly oblong or orbicular- ovate, obtuse or acute, rarely
awned,; utricle ellipsoid, 4-75 in. long.
Carex. Cyperacec. 107
Var. minor, 7hw.; Fl. B. Ind.\.c. C. P. 824.
Stem 6-10 in. high, densely tufted, 1. very narrow, spikelets
small, often depauperate, with very few shortly beaked pale
utricles 7 + in. long.
Var. Panels: Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. l.c. C. sficigera, var. B, Thw.
le. C. rubella, Boott, |. c. iv. 176, and t. 599. C. P. 2966.
Tall, rather stout, spikelets crowded in ovoid lobed heads,
utricle dorsally compressed, orbicular or very broadly obovate,
obtuse, beak o.
Var. rostrata, Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 369. C. P. 2629. Fi. B.
Ind. |. c.
Tall, slender, spikelets crowded on short axillary peds.,
utricle ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into a bifid beak, nut
chestnut-brown.
Moist region up to 6000 ft.; common, especially in the lower montane:
zone. Var. wizzor, montane zone, 4-7200 ft., Ramboda; Dimbula;
Pedurutalagala. Var. rudel/a, Maturata. Var. vostrafa, N. Eliya. FI.
Oct.. March.
Endemic.
I suspect that C. exzgwa, Boeck., in Engl. Jahrb. v. 524 (1884), from
Ceylon, is included in var. mznor. There is a specimen from him col-
lected in 1862 in Pedra, whence also came his specimen from Wichura,.
n. 2690, cited in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 748.— 7rzmen.
10. ©. leucantha, Arn. ex Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 257 (1849).
Ghwahnum: 355. CP: 2638.
HieBs ind) vi. 721. Boott; Carex, t. 28.
Rootstock woody, creeping; stems 1-2 ft., slender, leafless.
upwards (except for the bracts), trigonous, angles scaberulous;
l. longer and shorter than the stem, very narrow, } in. broad
and less, rigid, scabrid, narrowed into long slender points,.
basal sheaths dirty brown; infl. very long, of very distant,
small, pale, clusters $ in. long and less, of shortly peduncled
few-fl, sessile, ovoid spikelets }-1 in. long; bracts leafy,
lower overtopping the infl.; fem. glumes ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, awned, awn long or short; utricles about
as long as the glumes with their awns, 4-}i in, long, turgid
ovoid or obovoid, trigonous, many-veined, puberulous, sud-
denly narrowed into a flat 2-toothed scabrid beak as long as.
the body or nearly so, pale, not shining; nut ellipsoid, tri-
gonous, pale, style conical at the base, puberulous, stigmas 3.
Moist low country, I-3000 ft.; rather rare. Matale; Kurunegala ;
Belihul-oya. Fl. Feb., Nov., Dec.
Also in S. India.
11. ©. baceans, Wees in Wight, Contrib. 122 (1834).
Thw. Enum. 355. C. P. 821.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 722. Boott, Carex, ii. tt. 234-239. Bot. Mag. t. 7288.
Rootstock short, stout, horizontal; stem 2-3 ft., stout,.
108 Cyperacee. [Carex.
trigonous, leafing upwards, angles smooth; |. longer and
‘shorter than the stem, 3 in. broad or narrower, tip long,
filiform, rather softly coriaceous, margins smooth or scaberu-
lous, sheaths long, coriaceous; infl. 12-18 in. long, panicled,
peduncles stout, bearing simple or compound (bipinnate)
spikes of divaricate (when ripe) spikelets; bracts leafy, over-
topping the infl.; spikelets 14-2 in., stout, mostly contracted
and male at the tip, the male portion often as long as the
fem., dark brown, rhachilla stout, glabrous; fem. glumes very
broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, acute, or mucronate; utricles
longer than the glumes, 4-4 in. long, ovoid or oblong, obscurely
trigonous, suddenly or gradually contracted into a short bifid
beak, coriaceous or fleshy, many-veined, glabrous or obscurely
scaberulous towards and on the beak, when dry shrivelled,
plicate, and many-ribbed; nut very narrowly oblong- or
-elliptic-lanceolate, acutely trigonous, narrowed above into a
very short style, and below into a short stipes, dark brown,
opaque, stigmas 3, short.
Montane zone up to 6000 ft.; common. Fl. April-June; utricles red
in the larger states.
Himalaya and Nilgiri Mts., Java, China, Philippine Is.
Very variable in the size and texture of the utricle.
12. ©. indica, L. Mant. Il. App. 574 (1771).
Boott, Carex, 1. 87. C. dengalensis, Thw. Enum. 355 (non Roxb.).
46.) P22628.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 714. Boott, Carex, t. 251 (from a Ceylon specimen).
Rootstock stout, woody, crowned with black fibrous re-
mains of l.-sheaths; stem 2-24 ft., stout, trigonous, leafing
upwards, angles smooth; |. longer and shorter than the stem,
up to ?in. broad, finely acuminate, margins scabrid, lower
sheaths compressed; infl. 12-18 in. long, panicled, peduncles
stout or slender, bearing short, simple, or compound (bipinnate)
spikes of divaricate (when ripe) spikelets; bracts leafy, lower
overtopping the infl.; spikelets many, }-}in., pale brown,
not shining, with a short or long terminal male portion,
rhachilla rather stout, pubescent; fem. glumes very variable,
in some specimens 2? in., ovate-lanceolate, acute, acuminate,
or very shortly awned, in others shorter, broadly oblong, very
obtuse, or rounded at the top with a very long or a short
slender awn; utricles longer than the glumes, divaricate,
zo-¢ in., turgidly often gibbously ovoid, obscurely trigonous,
many-veined, suddenly contracted into a slender, 2-toothed,
smooth beak, from 4 as long to as long as the body; nut
broadly ellipsoid, trigonous, pale, obtuse at both ends, style
jong, base conical, truncate, stigmas 3, short.
Carex.] Cyperacee. 109)
Moist region up to 4000 ft.; common. FI. Feb., March.
Also in E. Bengal, Burma, Malaya, Nicobar Is., Polynesia.
There are two forms of this species in Herb. Peraden.; one, /eze-
brumnea, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind., with ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, or
shortly awned glumes and large utricles, the other with short, broad, very
long-awned glumes and smaller utricles, intermediates occur.—J. D. H.
13. ©. Lindleyana, (Vees in Wight, Contrib. 121 (1834).
C. cruciata, Thw. Enum. 355 (part) (non Wahlb.). C. P. 3161.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 721. Boott, Carex, t. 34 (C. thyrszflora).
Rootstock short, woody, stoloniferous, root-fibres stout;
stem 6-24 in., stout or slender, trigonous, angles smooth,
leafy ; 1. shorter than the stem, broad (up to }in.) or narrow,
acuminate, softly coriaceous, margins smooth, lower sheaths
pale; infl. of 2 forms, elongate, 6-12 in., bipinnately branched
peduncles with divaricate spikes and spikelets, or infl. short,
consisting of peduncled, ovoid or oblong, lobed fascicles of
crowded spikelets ; bracts leafy, lower shorter than the infl.;
spikelets 4-4 in., chestnut-brown, shining, most of them with
concolourous male tips ; fem. glumes shorter than the utricles,
ovate or oblong, subacute, rarely cuspidate ; utricle spreading,
$-q in. long, straight or curved, ovoid or ellipsoid, trigonous,
many-veined, narrowed into a compressed bifid, flattened
beak as long as the body, margins of beak smooth or scabrid,
very young sparsely hairy; nut ellipsoid, obtuse, trigonous,
pale brown, style as long as the nut, stigmas 3, rather long.
Upper montane zone, on the patanas ; very common, ascending to
q2og te) El. Sept., Dec., Feb:
Also in the Nilgiri Hills.
Differs from C. zadica in the smaller size, chestnut-brown shining
spikelets of most specimens, soft small foliage,and never awned fem. glumes.
The difference in the infl. of two forms of this species is great, in one the
peduncles bear triangular panicles up to 2 inches broad, of bipinnately
arranged spikelets; in the other, the infl. is in dense oblong fascicles,
1-14 in. long. There are also in both forms considerable difference in
the utricle, from ellipsoid with a straight beak to narrower, decurved,
and approaching that of C. filicima. Neither Thwaites nor Trimen,
however, seemed to have regarded these forms as varieties.—J. D. H.
14. ©. zeylanica, Boeck. in Linnea, x\. 341 (1876) (ceylanica).
C. cruciata, Thw. Enum. 355 (in part) (non Wahlb.). C. flzcina,
var. (?) microgyna, Clarke in FI. B. Ind. vi. 718 (the Ceylon plant only).
C. P. 820 (in part).
FL. B. Ind. vi. 719.
Rootstock woody, creeping, root-fibres very stout; stems
tufted, slender, 6-18 in., trigonous, leafing upwards; |. shorter’
than the stem, 3-IO in., up to } in. broad, acuminate (tips not
finely attenuate), flat, margins smooth, lower sheaths short,
red-brown ; infl. of few simple spikelets, or panicles of loosely
spicate red-brown spikelets {-? in. long, many with male at
L10 Cyperacee. [Carex.
the top; rhachis hispidulous; bracts leafy; fem. glumes
qga-zo in., loosely imbricate, ovate or ovate - lanceolate,
acuminate, membranous ; utricles one-third longer than the
glumes or more, 7-q in. long, straight or decurved, ellipsoid,
trigonous, nairowed into a flattened bifid beak about as long
as the body, sides strongly veined, glabrous; nut ellipsoid, tri-
gonous, pale brown, style as long as the nut, stigmas 3, short.
Upper montane zone, ‘6000 ft.’ Maturata (Thwaites). Fl., Oct.,
June.
Endemic.
I think that this will prove to be only a mountain form or reduced
condition of C. Limdleyana, but a much larger number of specimens and
from different localities is requisite te prove this. Dr. Trimen referred
it to C. filicina, of which, but for the much larger glumes, it might be
regarded as a reduced form. The utricles vary in different and even in
the same individuals, from straight with a tumid body suddenly con-
tracted into the beak, as in C. Lindleyana, to curved with a narrower
body passing gradually into the beak, as in the Ceylon C. filicizna. The
Ceylon plant included by Clarke under var. (?) 6 of C. fidéctna is certainly
C. zeylanica.—J. D. H.
15. ©. filicina, ees in Wight, Contrib. 123 (1834).
Boott, Carex, iii. 105. C. cruciata, Vahl; Thw. Enum. 355 (part)
(non Wahlb.). C. P. 820 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 717. Boott, Carex, t. 311.
Rootstock short, hard; stem 1-3 ft., stout or slender,
trigonous, angles smooth, leafy upwards; |. shorter than the
infl., ensiform, up to # in. broad, or narrowly linear, finely
acuminate, softly coriaceous, margins smooth or scaberulous,
lower sheaths pale; infl. 10-16 in., rhachis slender, peduncles
bearing triangular compound (bipinnate) spikes of horizontally
spreading spikelets, peduncles, branches, and branchlets fili-
form; bracts leafy, lower shorter than the infl.; spikelets {—3 in.,
pale brown, not shining, mostly with concolourous male tips;
rhachilla exposed, very slender; fem. glumes distant, minute,
qs in. long, ovate, acute, spreading; utricles much longer than
the glumes, 4-7 in. long, narrowly ellipsoid, or lanceolate,
strongly decurved, gradually narrowed into a beak as long as
the body, trigonous, strongly veined, smooth; nut ellipsoid,
trigonous, style long, stigmas 3, rather long.
Lower montane zone in shady places; common. Elk Plains, 6500 ft.
(Pearson). Fl. June.
Also in Nilgiri Hills, China, and Java.
Differs from C. Lzzdleyana in the minute fem. glumes and narrow
utricle.
\
16. ©. maculata, Aoott in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 128 (1846).
Boott, Carex, 1.9. Thw. Enum. 355. C. P. 2630.
Bis: Inde vin735. boott, lic. t. 26.
Rootstock shortly creeping, root-fibres tortuous; stems
Carex.] Cyperacec. III
tufted, 6-16 in. slender, leafy, trigonous, angles smooth ;
il. longer and shorter than the stem, erect, narrowly ensiform,
4 in. broad or narrower, acuminate, flat, glaucous, margins
smooth, basal sheaths membranous; spikelets 1-14 in., solitary
or rarely 2 in one sheath, lower long-peduncled, erect,
cylindric, 4 in. diam., almost black, uppermost wholly male;
bracts leafy, longer than the infl.; fem. glumes closely im-
bricate, broadly ovate, obtuse or acute, dark brown, keel
green ; utricles ;;-75 in., longer than the glumes, very broadly
ovoid or almost orbicular, strongly dorsally compressed,
obscurely trigonous, strongly veined, puberulous or sub-
farinose, dark brown, beak o or very short; nut ellipsoid,
trigonous, subacute at both ends, style short, stigmas 3, short.
Upper montane zone; rather rare. Adam’s Peak (Moon); Amba-
-gamuwa; N. Eliya; Horton Plains. FI. Feb., March.
Also in the Khasia and the Nilgiri Hills, and in Australia, Japan,
.and Korea.
17. ©. breviscapa, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 736 (1894).
C. Jackiana, var. B, breviculmis, Thw. Enum. 356. C. P. 3781.
Rootstock short, root-fibres wiry; stem 2-6 in., leafy,
concealed in the |. sheaths, the infl. only exposed ; |. 1-2 ft.
by 4-+ in. broad, overtopping the infl., erect, narrowly ensi-
form, acuminate or caudate, flat, striate, margins smooth or
scaberulous, midrib very slender; lower sheaths pale brown;
infl. narrow, lower peduncles short with 2-3 spikelets; bracts
leafy, lower nearly as long as the leaves; spikelets 4-1 in.,
close together, so as to appear fascicled, striate, erect, green,
uppermost slender male overtopped by the longer lower fem.,
rhachilla stout, angular; fem. glumes loosely imbricate, erect,
broadly ovate-oblong or nearly orbicular, shortly awned ;
utricle erect, +-¢ in. long, ovoid, trigonous or subterete, many-
veined, constricted above the middle, the upper third conical and
narrowed into a bifid beak; nut filling the utricle, trigonous,
faces convex, narrowed from the swollen middle upwards to
a broad truncate flat top, and downwards to a pyramidal
base, pale brown, smooth, polished, style about half as long
as the nut, stigmas 3, rather short.
Moist country in lower montane zone; very rare. I have seen only
she ae os specimens collected by Thwaites in Ambagamuwa in 1862.
ep
Endemic.
A very abnormal species.
18. C. ligulata, WVees in Wight, Contrib. 127 (1834).
C. breviculmis, Thw. Enum. 356 (non Br.). C. Thwazteszz, Hance in
Journ. Bot. v. 235; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 104. C. P. 2750.
Ble byindvil 7475. Boott, |Carexs it, 113.
112 Cyperacee. [Carex.
Rootstock short, nodose, stoloniferous, root-fibres wiry;
stem 1-24 ft. tufted, rather stout, leafy above, below hard,
acutely trigonous, clothed with long brown sheaths, bear-
ing very short blades; |. from above the middle, and as long
as the stem or longer, 4 in. long or narrower, linear, finely
acuminate, tip filiform, flat, thin, midrib very slender, margins
and upper surface scaberulous; infl. 6-10 in. long, spikelets
I-2 in. by } in. diam., solitary, peduncles shortly exserted
from the sheaths, erect, green, terminal very slender, pale
brown, wholly male, rhachilla rather stout, angular; bracts
long, leafy, far exceeding the infl.; fem. glumes ovate or
oblong, acuminate or shortly awned, membranous; utricles
about one-third longer than the glumes, suberect, + in. long,
obovoid or ellipsoid, trigonous, narrowed into a bifid beak
4-3 the length of the body, coriaceous, densely tomentose,
veins obscure; nut ellipsoid, trigonous, pale brown, style
shorter than the nut, base swollen, conical, stigmas 3, rather
short.
Montane zone; rare. Hewaheta; Maturata; Haputale. FI. Sept— -
Nov..
Also in the Himalayas and Nilgiris, and in China and Japan.
19. ©. Jackiana,* Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 260 (1849).
Thw. Enum. 356 (excl. var. B). C. P. 3198.
FI. B. Ind. vi 735. Boott, Carex, t. 25.
Rootstock hard, nodose, root-fibres slender; stem 1-2 ft.,
slender, leafless or nearly so, weak, flexuous, smooth; |. longer
and shorter than the stem, ¢ in. broad or narrower, acuminate,
narrowed to the base, flat, thin, margins smooth or scaberulous,.
lower sheaths brown; infl. various; spikelets green, solitary
on filiform radical peduncles, sometimes 6 in. long, or 2-4
spikelets sessile in the axils of a bract, or solitary spikelets
peduncled in the axils of one or two bracts towards the top
of the stem, or 2-3 spikelets clustered at the mouth of a
terminal bract, terminal spikelet slender, pale brown, wholly ~
male; bracts leafy; spikelets 1-4 in., few-fld.; fem. glumes
4 in., membranous, broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, acute or
shortly awned, 3-veined; utricle 4-4 in. long, obovoid or.
ellipsoid, trigonous, substipitate, gradually narrowed into a
bifid beak as long as the body or shorter, strongly many-
veined, quite smooth and glabrous; nut obovoid, trigonous,.
pale brown, stipitate, minutely beaked, style short, stigmas 3,
rather long.
* Commemorates William Jack of the Bengal Medical Service, who
collected and described many Malayan plants. Died 1822.
Graminea.] Cyperacee. 113
Var. minor, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. 1. c.
Stems 6-10 in., filiform, 1. very much longer than the stem,
very narrow, 75~—§ in. broad, spikes depauperate, few-fld.,
utricle 4 in. long.
Upper montane zone; rare. N. Eliya; Horton Plains. No habitat
is given for var. mznor. Fl]. Feb.
The type is found in Java, Khasia, and Japan; the var. in the
Nilgiri Hills.
In Herb. Kew. small specimens of the true C. /ackéana are included
under var. mzuor. These have broad leaves and normal spikes, whereas
in true var. mznor the |. are very narrow. In Herb. Peraden. a small
specimen of true 7#zzzor is on the same sheet as the typical plant, and a
second specimen is on another sheet without locality. It is probably a
native of the montane zone. The Ceylon specimens of mzuor precisely
accord with others gathered at Conoor in the Nilgiri Hills, alt. 7000 ft.,
by Mr. Clarke. Boeckeler regarded it as a distinct species, and it
certainly looks very different, but more specimens are wanted to
determine this point.—J. D. H.
20. G. lobulirostris, Drejer, Symb. Caric. 27 (1844).
C. Arnottiana, Boott in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 129 (non Drej.). Thw.
aun (356. °C. P. 2633.
Hip lud. vi. 741: “Drejer, 1: ct: 14.
Rootstock stout, horizontal, root-fibres stout; stem 2-3 ft.,
stout, leafy throughout, trigonous, smooth ; 1. overtopping the
stem, up to # in. broad, finely acuminate, margins smooth or
scaberulous, brown when dry; lower sheaths compressed ;
spikelets 4-6, sessile or shortly peduncled close to the top of
the stem, 14-34 in. long, cylindric, 4-4 in. diam., very dark
brown, terminal as long, slender, pale brown, all male; bracts
leafy, longer than the spikes; fem. glumes small, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or awned; utricle spreading,
ovoid or obovoid, ¢ in. long, stipitate, strongly veined, suddenly
narrowed into a slender 2-toothed beak as long as the body
or shorter, smooth, dark brown; nut ellipsoid, trigonous,
apiculate, pale brown, style about as long as the nut, slender,
stigmas 3, short.
Upper montane zone; rather rare. Nuwara Eliya; Elk Plains;
Horton Plains. FI. Feb.
Endemic.
CXLIX.—GRAMINE/#
HERBS or (Lambusee@) shrubs or trees, annual with fibrous
roots, or stem (cz/m of many authors) arising from a perennial
creeping rarely tuberous rootstock, terete or compressed,
jointed, internodes hollow or solid; |. simple, usually long,
narrow, entire, veins parallel, sheath distinct from the blade,
with a membrane or ridge of hairs (ligule) at the junction,
PART V, I
114 Graminee.
split to the base, rarely entire; infl. of spicate* racemed,
capitate, or panicled spikelets, formed of 3 or more alt. dis-
tichous bracts (glumes), two lowest glumes almost invariably
empty, one or more following 1-fld., if more than one,
all are inserted on an axis (rhachilla); opposite to each fig.
glume, and often to empty ones, is a 2-veined usually mem-
branous scale (palea) with often inflexed sides (flaps); peri-
anth o, or of 2, rarely more, minute scales (lodicules); stam. 3,
rarely 1-2 or many, hypogynous, one at the base of the fig.
glume, one opposite each vein of the palea, fil. capillary, anth.
of 2 parallel cells, connective obsolete, pollen globose; ov.
I-celled, styles usually 2, terminated by feathery or peni-
cillate stigmas, ovule erect, anatropous; fr. (grain) a seed
enclosed in and usually adnate to a membranous pericarp
which is rarely loose, or coriaceous, or (in some Bambusee@)
fleshy; seed erect, hilum posticous, punctiform orbicular or
linear, embryo anticous, at the base of but outside the
copious floury albumen, sometimes half as long as the seed,
cotyledon large, shield-like (scutellum), dorsally adnate to the
albumen, plumule and radicle small.
The following Key to the tribes and genera of Sinhalese grasses
is rather a compromise adapted to the wants of a colonist than a strictly
scientific co-ordination. In drawing it up I have adhered pretty closely
to that given for the whole Order by Bentham (Gen. Plant.), as slightly
modified in the Flora of British India. The few important changes
(indicated where they occur) are chiefly due to the later revision of some
of the tribes by Dr. Stapf, prepared for the Flora Capensis (ined.). I
have not, however, adopted all the views of that able student of grasses,
deeming that some of them want further consideration. It must be
allowed, I think, that there is no more difficult problem in the classifica-
tion of the genera of any large order of phanerogams than that which the
grasses present. The primary divisions of Panicacee and Poace@ is a |
very unsatisfactory one, though founded primarily on such apparently
important characters as the relative position of the fertile flowers on their
axis of growth (the rhachilla), and that of the spikelets being articulate
or not at the base, whereupon depends in a great degree the dispersion
of the seeds. Of the recognised tribes, some are more or less artificial,
containing genera of doubtful affinity; nor, as it appears to me, would
it be difficult to multiply the tribes indefinitely, by giving tribal value to
anomalous genera. On the other hand, the genera themselves are, on
the whole, well circumscribed. Though some are divisible into sections
* The term ‘spike’ is loosely used in this Order, or is more or less
conventional. In some genera with contracted infl., the pedicels are so
short that the spikelets are sessile or subsessile, when the term is
legitimate ; in others, where the spikelets are binate, a sessile and a
pedicelled, the terms ‘spikes’ and ‘raceme’ are interchangeable.
Graminec. 115
which may be regarded as genera, these as such do not disturb the
classification by being referable to other tribes.
As stated in the Preface to Part IV., no materials were left in MS.
by Dr. Trimen for the elaboration of the grasses, my resources are hence
limited as regards habitats, colours, and flowering seasons. For the
former I am dependent on those given in Thwaites’s ‘Enumeratio’ in
the Peradeniya Herbarium, where unfortunately many species have no
habitat or date of collection assigned to them, and especially in the late
Mr. Ferguson’s valuable essays on the grasses of Ceylon.* I am also
indebted to Mr. H. H. W. Pearson for the loan of his carefully ticketed
collection of grasses, made chiefly in the patanas of the island in 1898.
For the flowering seasons of the grasses I am altogether deficient of
resources. As with the Cyferacee, they would seem, from such dates as
I find attached to some specimens, to be either greatly prolonged, or to
occur twice in the year, dependent on the monsoons, the wet and dry
climates, elevation above the sea, and exposures. A full account of the
distribution and flowering seasons of the Ceylon grasses could not fail to
be both instructive and interesting. The two charts issued with this
Part of the Handbook, of the rainfall and forest regions of the island,
indicate data as to climate and geographical areas, available for an
essay on this subject.
Series I. Panicaceze.—Spikelets usually articulate on
their pedicels and deciduous from them when in fr., rarely
persistent and deciduous with them, binate, a sessile fruiting
and a pedicelled male or neuter, rarely solitary; glumes 3 or 4,
rarely only 2, rhachilla of spikelets rarely produced between
the bases of the glumes or beyond the upper glume; sessile
spikelets 1-2-fld. (never more), upper fl. alone (if 2) fruiting
— Herbs, Spznifex alone shrubby of Ceylon genera.
Lxceptions.—Spikelets persistent or tardily deciduous, or glumes I
and II separately deciduous in /sachne, Chama@raphis, Pennisetum,
Stenotaphrum, Thuarea, Arundinella, and Zoysia. Spikelets inarticulate
at the base and deciduous with the internodes of a fragile rhachis in
many Azndrofogonee. Both fis. of the spikelet of some species of
Isachne ripen fruit.
Spikelets articulate on their pedicels and deciduous occur in Poaceae,
in Garnotia, Polypogon, Sporobolus, and Lophatherum. Lower fl. in the
spikelet male and upper fertile, occur in Phragmites, &c.
A. Rhachis or branches of infl. inarticulate; pseudo-articulate in
Stenotaphrum, articulate in Zrachys. Some genera of Tribe Axdro-
pogonee have inarticulate branches, racemes, or spikes.
* “Notes on the Grasses and their Distribution in Ceylon, by W.
Ferguson, F.L.S., read before the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society (1880).’ I have seen no copy of this paper, only a préczs of its
contents kindly made for me by Mr. Lewis of the Forest department.
‘Graminez or Grasses Indigenous to or Growing in Ceylon, with Notes
especially on those used as Fodder Plants, by W. Ferguson, F.L.S.
Colombo, 1886.’ I have made much use of this instructive work, though
perhaps not all that I might have, had I seen corresponding specimens
that would have certified the nomenclature of some of the critical
species. Mr. Ferguson’s list embraces 218 species, including those
known only in cultivation.
116 Graminec.
Tribe I. Panicee.—Fruiting glume coriaceous, usually hardening and
enclosing the ripe grain; hilum punctiform.
* Annual or perennial bisexual herbs.
+ Spikelets articulate on their persistent pedicels (obscurely in Chame-
raphis).
§ Spikelets not awned, except glume I of Panicum Crus-galli, and
Chameraphis, elume IV minutely awned in Pan. ambiguum,
setigerum, and javanicum), and in Eriochloa.
Glumes 3, I and II not separately deciduous.
Spikelets not thickened at the base . 1. PASPALUM.
Spikelets thickened at the base . . 2. ERIOCHLOA.
Glumes 4, I and II separately deciduous . 3. ISACHNE.
Glumes 4, I and II not separately deciduous.
Branchlets of panicle not produced
beyond the spikelets (rarely in
Panicum plicatum).
Spikelets not involucelled by scabrid
bristles.
Glume IV sessile or subsessile . 4. PANICUM.
Glume IV with a flattened stipes . 5. ICHNANTHUS.
Spikelets involucelled by scabrid
bristles 9 6. SETARIA.
- Branchlets of panicle produced beyond
the terminal spikelets . 7. CHAMARAPHIS.
§§ Spikelets awned (see exceptions under §).
Palea of glume III very short, bifid . AXONOPUS.
Palea of glume III 0, or entire : g. OPLISMENUS.
++ Spikelets persistent on ‘their pedicels or
deciduous with them.
Spikelets in fascicles involucelled by
(ee)
bristles. Io, PENNISETUM.
Spikelets solitary on a flattened rhachis.
Spikelets biseriate . ; ; . 11. STENOTAPHRUM.
Spikelets uniseriate . : : . 12. THUAREA.
** Dicecious shrub : : : . 13. SPINIFEX.
Tribe Il. Arundinellez.*— Spikelets panicled, articulate on their
pedicels, disarticulating or persistent, bisexual, 1-2-fld.; glumes 4,
I and II often separately deciduous, I shortest, IV membranous,
I—3-awned, or ee not hardening in fr.; stam. 3; hilum
punctiform 2 . 3 14. ARUNDINELLA.
Tribe III. Oryzeze.t Siilcios Saeee bisexual, 1-fld.; glumes 1-3,
palea 1—3-veined ; fruiting glume chartaceous or membranous ;
stamens 6; hilum linear.
Glumes 1-3, chartaceous, I and II often rudi-
mentary 4 2 . 15. ORYZA.
Glume solitary, membranous, awnless. : . 16. LEERSIA.
Glume solitary, awned. : ; : : . 17. HYGRORYZA.
* I have adopted Dr. Stapf’s name (in Flor. Capens.) for this Tribe,
that of 77¢steg¢nee being inapplicable, from the genus 77zsfeg¢a having
been preceded by AZe/znzs, Nees. Further, Avrundinedla is the dominant
genus of the Tribe.
+ I follow Bentham, Hackel, and FI. B. Ind. in retaining this Tribein
Panicacee. Dr. Stapf has (Fl. Capens.) removed it to Poacee and placed it
near Phalaridee, probably rightly. See remarks under Oryza in this work.
Graminee. Ly,
Tribe IV. Zoysiez.*—Spikelets deciduous with their(articulate) pedicels
(except Zoysza), 1-fld., bisexual (unisexual in 7vachys); glumes 2-4;
fig. glume not hardening in fr.; stam. 2 or 3; hilum punctiform.
Spikelets spicate.
Spikelets fascicled.
Fascicles secund on abroad articulaterhachis 18. TRACHYS.
Fascicles all round a slender rhachis . . 19. TRAGUS.
Spikelets in racemed spikes, glumes 2 . . 20. ZOYSIA.
Spikelets racemose.
Glumes not awned, I and II with pectinate
crests . 21. LOPHOLEPIS.
Glumes I and II long- awned, not crested . 22. PEROTIS.
Tribe V. Phareze.t — Spikelets panicled, 1-fld., unisexual, male and
fem. very dissimilar; glumes 3, III of fem. ’ spikelets hardened or
inflated in fr.; stam. 3 or 6; 1. usually long petioled, net-veined by
strong cross venules; hilum linear . ; . 23. LEPTASPIS.
B. Rhachis of infl., usually articulate and more or less fragile, but
sometimes tenacious. See also Stenotaphrum and Trachys.
Tribe VI. Maydez.{—Infl. moncecious, spicate, male and fem. spikelets
on the same spike, when the fem. are at the base of the spike, or on
different spikes; spikelets large, never awned, male and fem. very
dissimilar, glumes III and IV membranous or hyaline, hilum
punctiform, embryo large.
Fruiting spikelet enclosed in a stony, polished,
nut-like bract ‘ ‘ 24, (COL
Fruiting spikelet with glume I; forming a crus-
taceous, polished, nut- like envelope to the
other glumes and grain. : ; ‘ . 25. POLYTOCA.
Tribe VII. Andropogonez.—lInfl. spicate racemed or panicled ;
spikelets usually small, solitary, or binate, a sessile and a pedicelled,
I-2-fld, sessile usually with a perfect fl., pedicelled male or neuter,
rarely bisexual, sometimes ternate, a sessile with a perfect fl. and
2 lateral pedicelled male or neuter; glumes I and II awned or not,
III and IV (sometimes II also) membranous or hyaline, IV always
smallest, awned or reduced to an awn with a twisted base; hilum
punctiform.
* Spikelets very many, all alike.
Subtribe 1. DIMERIEA. Piel ad ealtiaty, secund on a filiform or
flattened rhachis. : . 26. DIMERIA.
Subtribe 2. SACCHARE/. = Spikatets all alike,
solitary or binate in open or contracted
rel _ panicles, or in spikes or racemes.
* Tribe Zoysie@ is a very heteromorphous group, removed by Dr.
Stapf (Fl. Capens.) to Peacez, and placed near Tribe Stifec.
+ Tribe Pharee is established by Dr. Stapf. (Fl. Capens.) and
removed from Panicacee to the neighbourhood of Bambusee. _ Its
affinities are very obscure. By Bentham, and Hackel, and in FI. B. Ind.,
MEep is placed in Oryzee.
; Name derived from the Maize, Zea Mays, L., which belongs to this
Tribe, though an anomalous member of it.
118 Graminege.
Spikelets awnless, 1-fld.
Rhachis of raceme inarticulate . ; . 27. IMPERATA.
Rhachis of raceme articulate, as 5 . 28. SACCHARUM.
Spikelets awned, 2-fld. . : 3 . 29. POLLINIA.
** Spikelets few or many, in more or less dimorphous heterogeneous
pairs, rarely solitary, by suppression of the pedicelled spikelets.
§ Spikelets sunk in pits of an articulate fragile rhachis.
Subtribe 3. ROTTBOELLIE#.
Sessile spikelets solitary in each internode of the spike.
Glume I. ovate or oblong, smooth . . 30. ROTTBOELLIA.
Glume I. globose, inflated, pitted : . 31. MANISURIS.
Sessile spikelets 2, opposite in each internode 32. MNESITHEA.
§§ Spikelets not sunk in pits of the rhachts.
Subtribe 4. ISCHASMEA:,—Spikelets many, binate, rarely solitary,
secund in solitary digitate or fascicled spikes or racemes. Glume
III of sessile spikelet male, rarely neuter. See also Pollinia.
Margins of glume I of sessile spikelets inflexed.
Glumes unarmed. : . 33. ISCHZMUM.
Margin of glume I pectinately aculeate 34. EREMOCHLOA.
Margins of glume I of sessile spikelet not
inflexed.
Spikelets 2-awned ; : 4 ‘ . 35. POGONATHERUM.
Spikelets 1-awned.
L. lanceolate, spikelets 2-fid. . : . 36. APOCOPIS.
L. cordate, spikelets 1-fld. - ; . 37. ARTHRAXON
Subtribe. 5. APLUDE.—Spikelets 3, on a very short uninodal
rhachis, a sessile 2-fld., and 2-pedicelled, enclosed in a peduncled
spathe . ; : : ; . 38. APLUDA.
Subtribe 6. EUANDROPOGONEZ:.—Spikelets few or many, binate
(rarely ternate), a sessile and pedicelled, spicate racemed or panicled,
glumes 4, I not or obscurely keeled, III of sessile spikelets o or
neuter, IV awned or reduced to an awn.
Spikelets in alternating pairs or lower solitary.
Infl. usually elongate, sessile spikelets many 39. ANDROPOGON.
Infl. very short, sessile spikelets 2 3 . 40. PSEUDANTHISTIRIA.
Spikelets dimorphic, 4 lower sessile, forming
an involucre around the upper.
Rhachis articulate above the involucrant
spikelets 5 41. ANTHISTIRIA.
Rhachis articulate below the involucrant
spikelets . : : : : . 42. ISEILEMA.
Series I]. Poaceze.-—Spikelets solitary, rarely binate,
inarticulate on their pedicels and persistent on them when
in fr., rarely articulate at the base and deciduous, I—many-fid.,
if more than 1-fld. the upper fl. or fls. male or neuter,
fruiting, the uppermost one or more often imperfect;
rhachilla of spikelet often more or less produced between the
bases of the glumes, and often beyond the uppermost as a
mucro, or elongate and bearing reduced glumes— Herbs or
(Tribe Bambusee) shrubs or trees.
Graminee. 119
Exceptions.—Spikelets articulate at the base and deciduous in Gar-
notia, Spherocaryum, Polypogon, some Sporoboli, and Lophatherum.
Lower fig. glumes neuter or male in Phragmites and Pommereulla.
A. Perennial, or annual herbs (never shrubby or arboreous).
1. Spikelets not inserted in notches or pits of a simple rhachis, except
in Oropetium.
Tribe VIII. Stipez.—Spikelets panicled, 1-fid., rhachilla not produced
beyond glume III, which is bisexual, awned, hardened in fr., and
tightly Peels the Brat
Awn 3-fid. . : : ‘ . 43. ARISTIDA.
Tribe IX. eerie eicies panicled, 1-fld., rhachilla some-
times produced beyond the upper glume; glumes 3, FOGTEEAGES,
I and II 1-3-veined, usually longer than the fig.; stam. 2-3.
Spikelets terete, glumes all 3-veined . - 44. GARNOTIA.
Spikelets ellipsoid, glumes II and III 1- veined. 45. SPHAROCARYUM.
Spikelets laterally compressed.
Glumes I and II awned , . 46. POLYPOGON.
Glumes I and II not awned, membranous.
Pericarp of grain loose . . 47. SPOROBOLUS.
Pericarp of grain adherent to ‘the ‘seed,
hairs of callus very long . 2 : . 48. CALAMAGROSTIS.
Tribe X. Aveneze.—Spikelets panicled, 2- or more-fld.; glumes 4 or
more, I and II usually hyaline or scarious, fig. with a usually twisted
awn; stam. 2-3.
Subtribe 1. EUAVENE#.—Spikelets 2-many-fid., rhachilla produced
beyond the uppermost fig. glume. : . 49. AVENA.
Subtribe 2. AIRE A:.—Spikelets panicled, 2-fid., glumes 4, membranous
or chartaceous, rhachilla not produced beyond glume IV.
Spikelets awned : : 5 : : . 50. ERIACHNE.
Spikelets not awned.
Rhachilla short : . 51. ZENKERIA.
Rhachilla elongate between glumes Ill and IV 52. CC@ELACHNE.
Tribe XI. Chlorideze.— Spikelets small or minute, sessile or subsessile,
secund and 2-seriate in very slender solitary digitate racemed or
panicled dense-fid. spikes, rarely 3-many-seriate or alt. and distant,
I- or more-fid., empty glumes 1-veined, fig. 3-veined—the infl. of
Gracilea is abnormal. See Lepturus in Tribe Hordeacee.
Spikelets 1-fid., half sunk in the alt. cavities of
a solitary simple spike : . 53. OROPETIUM.
Spikelets 2-seriate, crowded in a solitary ter-
minal spike.
Spikelets 1-2-fld.. : : : : . 54. ENTEROPOGON.
Spikelets 3-many-fid. . . 55. TRIPOGON.
Spikelets 2- rarely many-seriate, crowded in
digitate racemed or panicled spikes (spike
rarely solitary in Chloris).
Spikelets 1-fld. (see also LENE
Glumes 3, III not awned . . . 56. CYNODON.
Glumes 4-8, III awned : F : . 57. CHLORIS.
Spikelets 2- or more-fid.
Spikes digitate or whorled, not awned . 58. ELEUSINE.
Spikes racemed, glumes I and II awned. 59. DINEBRA.
120 Graminee.
Spikelets 1- or sub 2-seriate, distant in long
slender racemed or panicled spikes.
Spikelets 1-fld., glume III awned . . 60. DICHATARIA.
Spikelets I-many-fid., not awned . . 61. LEPTOCHLOA.
Spikelets in turbinate subsessile secund fascicles
which are articulate on the rhachis of a
slender terminal spike : : : . 62. GRACILEA.
Tribe XII. Festucez.—Infl. various, mostly panicled ; spikelets usually
pedicelled, 3- or more rarely 2-fld., rhachilla articulate at the base,
produced between the flg. glumes, and often beyond them bearing
empty glumes, awn, if present, not twisted, glumes I and II per-
sistent (except in Lophatherumy).
Subtribe 1. PAPPOPHORE.—Spikelets spicate, fig. glumes many-
awned or deeply lobed, many-veined.
Flg. glumes flabelliform, deeply 3—4-lobed . 63. POMMEREULLA.
Subtribe 2. ARUNDINE#.—Spikelets panicled, many-fid., glumes
narrow, all 3-veined, flg. enveloped in very long hairs.
Glumes all hyaline, hairs from the callus . . 64. PHRAGMITES.
Subtribe 3. SESLERIEA:.—Spikelets very minute, crowded in globose
clusters, forming interrupted spiciform panicles, mixed with the
empty glumes of imperfect spikelets . . 65. ELYTROPHORUS.
Subtribe 4. ERAGROSTE.—Infl. various ; spikelets many-fid., glumes
I and II 1-5-veined, much shorter than the rest of the spikelet,
flg. glumes 3-veined.
Flg. glumes entire.
Glumes I and II awned . F : ; . 66. MyRIOSTACHYA.
Glumes not awned.
Glume II 3-veined : ; ; . 67. ERAGROSTIS.
Glume II 5-veined . : : ‘ . 68. HALOPYRUM.
Flg. glumes 2-toothed : ; . 69. DIPLACHNE.
Subtribe 5s. CENTOTHECES. erates I-more-fld., 1-2-seriate,
secund, spicate, or on the spiciform branches of a large open
panicle; empty glumes 3-7-veined, flg. 3-9-veined ; leaves tessellately
veined.
Spikelets awned.
Spikelets 1- 13 in., stigmas very long, contorted 70. STREPTOGYNE.
Spikelets 3-3 in., stigmas free 2 ; . 71. LOPHATHERUM.
Spikelets pi in., not awned : ‘ . 72. CENTOTHECA.
Subtribe 6. EUFESTUCEA. -—Spikelets spicate or panicled, glume I
1-3-veined, II 5~7-veined.
Spikelets shortly spicate, as capitate, fig.
glumes 7-9-veined . ; : . 73. ALLEUROPUS.
Spikelets panicled. 2 74. POAL
Spikelets distant, on a long, slender rhachis. 75. BRACHYPODIUM.
II. Spikelets spicate, secund, inserted in notches or pits of a simple
rhachis (see Oropetium in Chloridea).
Tribe XIII. Hordeacez.
Spike cylindric, articulate . Q : 3 . 76. LEPTURUS.
B. Perennially leafy shrubs or trees.
Tribe XIV. Bambusees. — Spikelets few- or many-fid., all alike in
form, bisexual, inarticulate at the base, pedicels often bearing empty
Paspalum.| Graminee. 121
glumes (bracts) below the spikelet; glumes subherbaceous or char-
taceous; lodicules usually 3; stam. 3-6- or many; leaves more or
less petioled, articulate on the sheath.
Palea 2-keeled, stam. 3 5 ; : : . 77. ARUNDINARIA.
Palea 2-keeled, stam. 6.
Pericarp of seed thin, adnate to the seed.
Filaments free . : ; : . . 78. BAMBUSA.
Filaments connate . : . 79. OXYTANTHERA.
Pericarp fleshy or crustaceous, seed free . 80. TEINOSTACHYUM.
Palea membranous, stam. very many . . 81. OCHLANDRA.
1. PASPALUM, ZL.
Annual or perennial grasses; spikelets 1-fld., awnless, in
digitate racemose or panicled spikes, or on spike-like branches
of a raceme or panicle, jointed on the pedicel but not thickened
at the base; glumes 3 (homologous with II, III, and IV of
Panicum), 1 and II membranous, as long as III, or I shorter
or oO, II epaleate, III fig., paleate, coriaceous, smooth,
shining, palea coriaceous, margins inflexed; stam. 3; styles
2, free, stigmas plumose, exserted from near the top of the
spikelet; grain oblong, compressed, free but tightly enclosed
within the hardened glume and palea—Sp. about 100; 15 in
Fl. B. [nd.
In many Indian species of Paspalum (including P. sanguinale) the
gl. I of Panicum is present in a minute scale at the base of gl. II, but
I have not found this in any Sinhalese specimen.
Rhachis of spike flattened.
Spikelets orbicular or very broadly oblong.
Spikelets glabrous or nearly so 1. P. SCROBICULATUM.
Spikelets ciliate with long hairs . 2. P. CONJUGATUM.
Spikelets avoid oblong or lanceolate.
Spikelets\4,—3 in. 3. P. SANGUINALE.
Spikelets 34—; in.
Spikelets subsilky with slender hairs 4. P. LONGIFLORUM.
Spikelets tcmentose with clavellate hairs 5. P. ROYLEANUM.
Rhachis of spike or branches of panicle
Peet iLOrt. : : ; 5 : . 6. P. PERROTTETII.
I. P. scrobiculatum, Zinn. Mant. i. 29 (1767). &mu, S.
Waragu, 7.
Thw. Enum. 357. Moon, Cat. 7.
Fl]. B. Ind. vil. 10. Host, Gram. Austriac. t. 74 (P. Kora). Rheede,
Hort. Mal. xii. t. 84.
Perennial; stems 2-3 ft., tufted, erect, rather stout, leafy
from the base upwards; 1. bifarious, erect or suberect, 6-13
by zs-3 in., flat, finely acuminate, mid vein s! lender, margins
Seeions: sheath 4-8 in., compressed, loose, mouth hairy,
ligule very ‘short, membranous ; spikes 2-6, sessile, usually
distant and spreading, 1-6 in. long, rhachis filiform, or broad
122 Gramineae. [Paspalum.
(up to % in.) and concave, herbaceous, margins ciliolate ;
spikelets ;;—¢ in. diam., closely imbricate in 2—3-series, sessile
or shortly pedicelled, from nearly orbicular to subovoid, obtuse
or subacute, biconvex, glabrous, very rarely sparsely hairy,
drying brown; glumes 3,1 and II equal and similar, plano-
convex, membranous, closely investing III, which is thickly
coriaceous, with thickened rounded incurved margins all round,
minutely striolate, shining, palea orbicular, tumid, thickly
coriaceous like gl. III, dorsally convex, ventrally strongly
inflexed below the middle and forming 2 broad membranous
auricles that embrace the grain; stigmas short, purple; grain
biconvex, embryo large.
Thwaites, following Kunth, gives 3 varieties as occurring in Ceylon.
The characters of these as represented by specimens named by him in
the Perdeniya Herbarium are as follows :—
Var. a. Kunth, Enum. Pl. i. 53. Spikes 2-6 in. long, rhachis broad ;
spikelets biseriate, subsessile, =—-3 in. diam. ; glumes I and II 5-8-veined,
II often pitted towards the margins. P. frumentaceum, Rottb. ex Roem.
and SchiiSyst. 115296. P: Aiova) Willd. Sp. Pl. 1 332: GP. 863:
Var. 6. Kunth, lc. Spikes 1-24 in., rhachis narrow; spikelets
biseriate, 44—,4 in. diam. C. P. 865.
Var. y. Kunth, 1l.c. Spikes 1-2 in., spikelets 2-3-seriate on short
curved puberulous pedicels; glumes I and II glabrous or puberulous,
3-veined. C. P. 2434.
Hotter parts of the island, very abundant, indigenous up to Nuwara
Eliya. Var. a cultivated.
All warm countries.
Fer.uson (Gramin. 3) observes that there are five varieties of this
plant cultivated in Ceylon, with different Sinhalese names. One variety,
called Mat amu (amu=inebriating) gives a poisonous quality to the water
in which the grain is boiled. Ainslie (in his Mat. Med. Hindost.) says of
a variety called Serraku Warugu, T., that if not dressed in a peculiar
manner it is said to produce vertigo and nausea _ In Dalzell and Gibson’s
Flora of Bombay, it is stated that in the hill-lands of the Concan large
numbers of natives may be seen affected with temporary insanity and
spasms from eating the seeds of a variety there called Hurruk.
2. P. conjugatum, Berg. in Act. Helvet. vii. 129 (1772).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104. Digitaria distachya, Moon, Cat.8. C. P. 3923.
IMG 1535 VEAL Walle tata Tee Ig Gh We Sia, GA Has ie 1,
Annual or perennial, creeping below and stoloniferous ;
stolons elongate, stout, rooting at the nodes and sending up
stout or slender, leafy, simple or branched, glabrous stems
1-2 ft. high; 1. 2-6 by 1-4 in., linear-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, flat, membranous, margins ciliate, cilia long
towards the narrowed or rounded base, midrib slender, sheath
shorter than the blade, loose, compressed, mouth and upper
margins ciliate, and with a pubescent ridge dorsally at the
junction with the blade, ligule 0; ped. very slender; spikes 2,
terminal, 3—4 in., very shortly pedicelled, pedicel pubescent,
Paspalum. Graminee. 123
slender, striate, divaricate, rhachis narrow, strongly keeled
ventrally down the middle, glabrous; spikelets 7’ in., orbi-
cular-oval, apiculate, strongly compressed, biseriately imbricate,
very shortly pedicelled, pale green or white; glumes I and II
equal and similar, hyaline, mid vein o, I with marginal long-
ciliate veins, II veinless, III thinly coriaceous, slightly convex,
margins narrowly incurved, palea as large as III; fil. very
Short, anth. short, oblong; styles short, stigmas pale.
Moist places, introduced from the W. Indies to trop. and subtrop.
regions of the old world.
The sour grass of Barbados, spreads rapidly, frequently taking the
place of other grasses and killing them (Ferguson).
3. P. sanguinale, Lams. [/lustr.i.176 (1771). Gurwal, S.
é Panicum sanguinale, Linn.; Thw. Enum. 358. Déigétaria sanguinalis,
‘Scop.
Fi. B. Ind. vii. 13. Host, Gram. Austriac. 11. t.17 and Lamk. Encycl.
t. 849 (Panicum).
Perennial; stems 6-18 in., tufted, erect or decumbent or
creeping and branched below, leafy; |. 3-10 in., linear or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, flat, usually flaccid, glabrous or sparsely
hairy, especially towards the base, and on the rather long
sheath, ligule short, broad, truncate, rather coriaceous; infl.
long-peduncled, spikes 3 or more, sessile or stipitate, 1-6 in.,
subdigitate, alternate, or if panicled whorled or fascicled,
rhachis slender, flattened, trigonous, striate or subflexuous,
scaberulous; spikelets secund, 75-g in., solitary or binate, sub-
sessile or pedicelled, if binate pedicels unequal, lanceolate or
-oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pale; glumes 3, I and II
ciliate or hairy, empty, I at the back of the fl. gl. as long
as II or shorter er very short, 5-veined, II as long as the
fig. gl., lanceolate, acuminate, 5-7-veined, marginal veins
villously ciliate, fig. gl. plano-convex, lanceolate, acumi-
mate, coriaceous, veinless, margins strongly incurved, palea
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous; fil. short; stigmas
short.
One of the most common and variable of grasses, the forms of which
are so connected by intermediates that I find it impossible to limit or
group them satisfactorily. The following varieties are contained in the
Peradeniya Herbarium, and may be supposed to include the prevalent
Sinhalese ones; but others common in India may be presumed to occur.
None of these Sinhalese specimens have the minute glume at the base
“of gl. II which is found in many Indian ones.
Gl. II with one dorsal median vein, and 2-3 submarginal.
Gl. I very short; spikes few, 4-6 in., subcorymbose ; spikelets § in.,
gl. II shortly villously ciliate. C. P. 861.
Gl. I half as long to nearly as long as II, stem tall, stout; 1. 4-5 by
3-3 in.; hairy; spikelets corymbose or panicled, the lower in
124 Graminee. [ Paspalum.
the panicle whorled, and sometimes with distichous short branch-
lets; spikelets 3 in.; gl. I and II villously ciliate with erect hairs.
Panicum corymbosum, Roxb.; Thw. Enum. 436. C. P. 3800.
Tall, slender, l. very narrow, glabrous, spikes few, 4-5 in.,
spik-lets 2 in. distant, gl. I and II villously ciliate with very long
spreading hairs. C. P. 862 in part.
Very slender, decumbent, creeping below, 1. 1-2 in., glabrous,
spikes 3, subdigitate, spikelets is in., shortly pedicelled, gl. I and
II villously ciliate with suberect hairs. C. P. 856.
Gl. II with 3-5 dorsal veins and 2 or 3 submarginal.
Gl. and II equal or nearly so; stem rather stout; 1. 4-6 by % in,
rigid, striate, erect, glabrous ; spikes 3-4, 3-4 in., digitate, sessile ;
spikelets 7 Lin., shortly pedicelled, ovate, acuminate, shortly ciliate.
Panicum ‘ciliare, Retz.; Thw. I. c. 358. C. P. 3976.
Gl. I shorter than II; stem very slender, decumbent, creeping and
branched below; 1. 2-3 in., flaccid, glabrous, spreading, spikes 3-5,
digitate, 3-6 in. ; spikelets 3 in., shortly pedicelled, oblong, acute,
gl. I and II villous with long spreading hairs. C. P. 862 in part.
Abundant throughout the island up to 4000 ft. elevation.
All warm countries.
A pasture grass of which cattle are fond (Ferguson).
4. P. longifiorum, /e/z. Ods. iv. 15 (1786).
P. jiliculme, Nees MSS., ex Thw. Enum. 358. Diégztaria longifiora,
Pers.; Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 860.
Fl. B. Ind. 17.
Perennial; stems creeping and rooting, sometimes many
inches long and much branched, naked or leafy, sending up.
very slender ascending glabrous branches 3-12 in. high and
leafy chiefly below the middle; 1. 4-4 in. long, up to 4 in.
broad, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, inembranous or in
short leaved states stiff and pungent, glabrous or sparsely
hairy on the back and sheaths; ped. very slender; spikes 2-5,
terminal, sessile or subsessile, 1-3 in. long, erect or recurved,
very slender, rhachis narrowly winged, rather broader than
the spikelets, glabrous; spikelets minute, 75-75 in., solitary
or binate, very shortly pedicelled, oval, subacute, rather turgid,
pale, glabrous or subsilky with straight hairs; gl. I 3-7-veined,
II as long but rather narrower, 3—-5-veined, III ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, thinly coriaceous, pale brown, smooth, not
veined, palea with inflexed (not auricled) flaps.
Common in the low country and inland.
Tropical and subtropical region of the old world.
Some specimens collected by Dr. Trimen in the Nitre Cave district,
Sept. 1888, are nearly 18 in. high, tufted, erect, with no appearance of
creeping stem; the rhachis of the ‘spike i is very slender, and the spikelets.
sometimes pedicelled.
This species forms a large portion of the swards about Colombo,
creeping close to the ground and helping to bind the soil. When in
flower the spikes give a beautiful slate or blueish colour to the spots in
which it grows (Ferguson).
Eriochloa.] Graminee. 125
5. P. Royleanum, WVees ex Thw. Enum. 358 (1864).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 158. Pandécum puberulum, Kunth, Revis. Gram.
feg2. 6G. P. 350.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 18.
Perennial; stems 12-18 in., tufted, slender, erect, leafy;
]. 3-6 by 74-3 in., erect, narrowly linear, finely acuminate, flat,
glabrous or sparsely ciliate with long flexuous hairs towards the
base and on the sheath, ligule short, rounded, membranous;
ped. slender, sometimes leafy to near the top; spikes 3-0,
alternate towards the summit of the ped., 3-5 in. long, erect,
very slender, rhachis filiform, very narrowly winged, hardly
broader than the spikelets, glabrous; spikelets “5-75 in. long,
secund, pedicelled, turgidly oval, rounded at both ends, pedicels
sometimes as long as the spikelets, glabrous or setulose;
Blviioror a minute tuft of hairs; Il as lone as [ll and
broader, very convex, many-veined, tomentose with short,
white, clavellate hairs, III oval-ovate, acute, dark brown,
thinly coriaceous, smooth, polished, striolate; palea with
broadly inflected flaps.
Borders of paddy fields, &c.
Hilly districts of India and Tropical Africa.
Glume I is often present in Indian specimens, and sometimes nearly
as long as III.
6. PB. #errottetii, Hook. 7. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 20 (1896).
Panicum Wallichianum, Wight and Arn.; Thw. Enum. 358. C. P.
3249.
Fl. B. Ind. 1.c. ‘Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. t. 3 (Pandcum).
Perennial; Sea —24 in., shortly creeping and branching
below, very slender, leafy; 1. 1-6 by §—} in., linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, flat, glabrous or subsilkily hairy, margins often
crimped, sheath loose; ciliate, ligule long, membranous; ped.
very long, slender; spikes filiform, in an erect pyramidal
panicle 3-6 in. high, lower 1-2 in. long, whorled, angular,
glabrous or ciliate with scattered long hairs; spikelets 4-4
in., scattered, subsecund, pedicelled, solitary or in pairs,
ovoid-oblong or lanceolate, pedicel of the upper longer than
the spikelet; glumes I and II shortly pubescent, green or
red-brown, I shorter than III, obtuse, 5~—7-veined, II acu-
minate, 7—9-veined, III ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth;
stigmas nearly as long as the glume; grain narrowly ovoid,
acute, embryo rather small.
Central Province; Maturata and the Horton Plains (Thwaites).
Also in the Nilgiri Hills and N. Africa.
2, BRIOCHLELOA, JZ. B&B. and K.
Characters of a Paspalum with filiform panicled spikes,
but base of spikelets thickened, articulate on the thickened
126 Graminee. [ Zsachne.
top of the pedicel; glume III aristulate—Sp. few; 1 in
Tip Tei GHEE,
E. polystachya, JZ. &. and K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. Pl. i. 95 (1815).
Milium ramosum, Roxb.; Moon, Cat. 8. E. annulata, Ath. Thw.
Enum. 358. C. P. 3323.
HIB ind vity 20.0 El, Bandwiken Lic tie iubrineSp a Gramieal c=
t. 155 (Paspalum punctatum, Fluegge).
Perennial, densely tufted, 2-5 ft. high, rootstock short,
creeping; stem leafy, stout or slender, simple or branched,
quite glabrous except the puberulous nodes; 1. 3-6 in., linear
or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, quite glabrous, as is the
sheath, ligule a villous ridge; ped. long or short; panicle
2-5 in., erect or inclined, rhachis slender, angled, quite smooth;
spikes (branches of panicle) alternate, 1-2 in., suberect, angular,
quite smooth or scaberulous, rarely branched, lower naked for
41 in.; spikelets 74-4 in., loosely imbricate, shortly pedicelled,
distichous, solitary or binate, oval-lanceolate, acuminate;
glumes I and II subequal, membranous, oval-lanceolate, acute,
silky, shining, veins 3, obscure, III shorter than II, oblong,
dorsally compressed, obtuse, aristulate, thinly coriaceous, pale,
shining, palea oblong, margins incurved; anth. linear; grain
oblong, free within the hardened smooth glume and palea.
Hotter parts of the Island; common. Spikelets silvery.
Also in tropical countries generally.
3. ISACHNE, 27.
Perennial grasses; spikelets loosely panicled, not or ob-
scurely jointed on the pedicel, subglobose or obovoid, 1-2-fld.;
glumes 4, 2 lower often separately deciduous, thinly coria-
ceous or membranous, strongly veined, I and II subequal,
convex, empty, III and IV paleate, equal and both convex,
or III larger and flatter, III male or neuter, IV jointed and
often stipitate on the very short rhachilla, hemispheric, fem.
or bisexual; stam. 3; styles 2, free, stigmas short, feathery,
exserted at the top of the spikelet; grain free within the
hardened glume and palea; seed broad, plano-convex, embryo
small.—Sp. about 25; 16 in FZ. B. Ind.
Spikelets 5-75 in. long.
Gl. I and II longer than III and IV, cuspidate
or acuminate.
Stem 6-10 in. . : : : ; . . I. I, KUNTHIANA.
Stem 2-4 ft. ; ‘: : 5 : : 2. I. ELATIOR.
Gl. I and II much shorter than [II and IV . . 3. I. MULTIFLORA.
Gl. I and II about equalling 1V
Lsachne.| Graminee. 27)
Panicle ovoid or pyramidal : 3 : . 4. I. AUSTRALIS.
Panicle SHa lax-fld. 4 : ‘ 3 .. 5. I. MILIACEA.
Spikelets 4-+ in. long.
Gl. I and II subequal, 7-9-veined . : , . 6. I. WALKERI.
Gl. I much shorter than II, 3-5 veined : . 7. I. GARDNERI.
1. I. Kunthiana, Wight and Arn. in Wight, Cat. n. 1659 (1834).
Steud. Syn. Gram. 96. Thw. Enum. 362. C. P. 314, 881
Bind. vil 21.
Stem 6-10 in., rigid, leafy, geniculately branched below,
glabrous or pubescent; |. $-24 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, base amplexicaul, flat, rigid, closely striate, midrib
obscure, glabrous pubescent or villously tomentose, margin
sometimes cartilaginous, sheath long or short, ligule obscure,
hairy; panicle on a short or long strict ped., ovate or oblong,
1-4 in. long, rhachis and branches rigid, strict, angular,
smooth scabrid or ciliate, at length spreading; spikelets sub-
secund, globose, #5-74 in. diam., very shortly stoutly pedicelled,
erect; glumes I and II subequal, cuspidate, strongly 7-9-
veined, longer than III and IV, more or less pubescent or
setulose, III and IV subequal, or III the largest, hemi-
spheric, coriaceous, more or less pubescent, III fem., 1V
bisexual, palea obiong, obtuse, coriaceous.
Montane zone. SELBY ground in the Central Province; Nuwara
Eliya, Dambulla, &c.
Also in the Nilgiri Mts., Java, Borneo, Singapore.
2. E. elatior, Hook. 7 PA B. Ind. vii. 22 (1896).
C. P. 881 (in part).
PIB. Ind. 1. c.
Stem 2-3 ft., sparingly branched, rather stout, glabrous or
sparingly ciliate, nodes pubescent; |. distant, 2-4 in., ovate-
or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thin, flat, many-
veined, and closely striate, scabrid above or on both surfaces,
margins ciliate, base rounded or amplexicaul, sheath 14-24 in.,
margins ciliate, ligule of hairs; panicle 3-4 in., spikelets as in
I, Kunthiana,; glumes III and IV pubescent, pale green.
Montane zone, Nuwara Eliya (Gardner).
_ Endemic.
Perhaps only a larger state of 7. Kumthzana, as supposed by Thwaites,
but the specimens of e/azzor are very distinct-looking, are much Jarger,
with thinner |. and a larger many-fld., usually more contracted panicle
with longer branches. The spikelets at length wholly disarticulate from
the very short pedicel.
3. I. multiflora, 77m. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104 (1885).
1. australis, var. multifiora, Thw. Enum. 361. C. P. 3671.
PED. vail. 22:
Stems tall, 2-3 ft., densely tufted, erect, rather stout, wiry,
leafy, branched, nodes glabrous; |. 4-6 by 4-4 in., finely acu-
128 Graminee. [Zsachne.
minate, coriaceous, striate, smooth, glabrous, flat, 5—7-veined,
margins hardly cartilaginous, base narrow, obtuse, sheath
I-2 in., margins glabrous or ciliate, ligule of a few hairs;
panicle 3-6 in., ovate-oblong, quite glabrous, rhachis and
branches angular, branches alternate, lower up to 3 in. long,
naked below, branchlets short; spikelets 3-5 in., pedicel
long or short, erect, purplish or green; glumes I and II
orbicular, thin, veins obscure, III much longer than I and I],
orbicular, subacute, thin, male, veins 0, palea oblong, obtuse,
stam. very large, IV stipitate, hemispheric, coriaceous, ob-
scurely hispid or smooth, very dark, coriaceous, palea coria-
ceous; grain small, orbicular, compressed.
Uva district (Thwaites), Abbotsford, Dambulla (Ferguson). Spikelets
pale.
Endemic.
4. I. australis, 7. Br. Prod. 196 (1810).
Thw. Enum. 361 (excl. some syn. and var.). C. P. 880.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 24. Buchan., Grasses N. Zeald. t. 12.
Stem slender, erect or ascending from a creeping root-
stock, 8-18 in. high, leafy, smooth, branched below, nodes
glabrous; |. 1-2 in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate, many-veined
and striate, flat, scaberulous on both surfaces, base rounded,
margins not or very narrowly cartilaginous, glabrous or ciliate
towards the base with long hairs, sheath 4-14 in., margins
above the middle densely ciliate with long hairs, ligule a ridge
of long, slender, erect, white hairs; panicle 1-14 in. long,
ovoid, branches alternate, flexuous, erect or spreading, usually
divided, rhachis and branches angular, smooth; spikelets
q's-tz in., globose, sessile or pedicelled, green or violet, pedicels
sometimes 4 in., capillary; glumes I and II hemispheric,
7-veined, glabrous or with a few dorsal bristles, IIJ rather
longer, oblong, obtuse, veinless, male, IV hemispheric, coria-
ceous, villous, palea glabrous.
Var. effusa, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104. FI. B. Ind. l.c. 25.
Stem 1-2 ft., |. 2-34 in., lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
base narrower, panicle 3-5 in., more effuse, pedicels longer.
Abundant in damp and swampy places, often immersed in water.
Var. effusa, in drier places, Peradeniya Garden, &c.—Spikelets green
or coloured.
India, Australia, N. Zealand.
Collected in Ceylon by Hermann in 1660-1667. The Ceylon speci-
mens vary much in the foliage but are remarkably constant as to the
spikelets.
5. £. miliacea, Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 58 (1821).
I. meneritana, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. iii. 185 (excl. syn.). Trim. in
Isachne.] Graminee. 129
Journ. Bot. xxii. (1885), 271; in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. (1888), 136.
I. minutula, Kunth; Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxvi. 168 (1889).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 25. Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. t. 117 (2. mznutzla).
Stem very slender, flaccid, prostrate, straggling,6—18in.long,
' creeping below, with slender, often filiform, ascending, glabrous
branches, 3-6 in. high; |. 3-3 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute or obtuse, membranous, striate and pilose on both
surfaces with long hairs, base rounded, sheath slender, 4-4 in.,
glabrous or ciliate, ligule a ridge of long hairs; panicie 1-14 in.
long and broad, laxly branched, rhachis and branches filiform,
quite smooth; spikelets ~,-74 in. diam., few and distant, on
long capillary pedicels, globose; glumes I and II orbicular-
oblong, almost hemispheric, dorsally hispid with long spreading
hairs, obscurely 7-veined, III rather longer, oblong, mem-
branous, male, IV smaller, hemispheric, coriaceous, villously
tomentose, female, palea glabrous.
Low ground in swampy places. Southern Province, Riseland, Udugama
(Ferguson). Spikelets pale green.
India, Malaya, China, Pacific Islands, S. America.
The above description is from specimens in the Peradeniya Her-
barium; others from India vary greatly, having stouter stems with hairy
nodes, glabrous much larger |., and\approach /. australzs so closely as
to suggest /. mz/iacea being a form ofthat species. Dr. Trimen indeed
referred /. meneritana (which is certainly 7. mzléacea) to australis, but
Mr. Rendle, who has examined the type specimen of that plant in the
British Museum, agrees with me that it is referable to mzz/dacea. The
Meneritana of the Sinhalese is, as Dr. frimen has pointed out (Journ.
Bot. l. c.), not an /sachne, but Panicum miliare. TI. minutula, Kunth,
is a very small form from Udugama (Ferguson).
6. I. Walkeri, Wight and Arn. ex Thw. Enum. 361 (1864).
L. nilagirvica, Hochst. Pl. exsicc. Hohenack. n. 1280. Trim. Cat, Ceyl.
Pl. 104. Panicum Walkeri, Steud. Syn. Gram.97. C. P. 282.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 26.
Stem 2-3 ft., stout or slender, sometimes as thick as a
crow-quill, strict, sparingly branched and leafy, decumbent
at the base, or creeping with stout wiry root-fibres, internodes
2-3 in., nodes glabrous; |. 4-7 by 4-1 in., linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, strict, flat, smooth or nearly so on both sur-
faces, finely striate, margins narrowly cartilaginous, scabrid,
base rounded, veins 3-5 and midrib very slender, sheath
2-3 in., margins above ciliate, ligule a ridge of long stiff
hairs; panicle 8-12 in., few-fld., erect, rhachis strict, branches
simple or sparingly divided, erect, capillary, quite smooth,
the lower very long, subfascicled, two-thirds the length of the
whole panicle; spikelets 4-4 in. long, few, distant, globosely
obovoid, pedicels 4-14 in., erect, capillary, flexuous; glumes
very obtuse, I and II subequal, cymbiform, herbaceous,
PART V. K
130 Graminece. [Panicum.
glabrous or setulose, 7-9-veined, III and IV equal and
similar, cymbiform, coriaceous, glabrous, veinless, pale, paleate,
III male, IV bisexual or fem., palea oblong, coriaceous; anth.
nearly as long as the glumes.
Forests of the Central Province; verycommon. Spikelets dark green.
Nilgiri Hills.
7. £. Gardneri, Benth. in Gen. Pi. iii. 1100 (1883).
I. nilagirica, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104 (on Hochst.). Panicum
Gardneri, Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. 894.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 26.
Stem slender, ascending from the much-branched shortly
creeping base, 1-3 ft. high, closely ribbed, leafy, internodes
I-3 in., nodes glabrous; |. 2-4 by 4-114 1in., ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, glabrous and smooth, or
scaberulous and sparsely pilose on one or both surfaces, margin
not thickened, scaberulous, base rounded or cordate, veins
very faint, sheath glabrous or hairy, margins ciliate with
long hairs, ligule of a few hairs; panicle 2-8 in. long, erect,
very lax-fld., rhachis rather stout, smooth, angular, pemeenee
subefect or spreading, very unequal, lower fascicled, 3-6 in.,
some nearly as longs as the panicle, rigid, oy sparingly
divided ; spikelets 7-} in., oblong, pedicels 3-3 —? in., flexuous,
tips thickened ; ae ily iivangde lit membranous, I inserted
much below II, ovate- oblong, obtuse, 3-veined, and as well as
II glabrous or dorsally setose, II longer than I, but broader
and subacute, 5—7-veined, III as long as II, elliptic-oblong,
subacute, glabrous, 5-veined, paleate, neuter, IV much shorter
than III, bisexual, oblong, cymbiform, coriaceous, pale, smooth,
glabrous, palea with sides almost convolute.
Forests in the Central Province, alt. 4000-6000 ft. Spikelets dark
reen.
: Also in the Nilgiri and Anamallay Hills.
4. PANICUM, Lizz.
Annual or perennial grasses of various habit; 1. broad or
narrow, ligule o or of hairs; infl. very various, spiciform, race-
mose or panicled; spikelets solitary or binate, small, often
secund, ovoid or oblong, articulate at the base and deciduous,
very rarely awned (P. Crus-gallz), or glume IV with a short
awn concealed by glume III (P. ambiguum, setigerum,
javanicum); glumes 4, I and II empty, I smallest and
fewest-veined, II and III usually subequal, oblong, ovate or
lanceolate, III usually neuter, paleate or not, IV coriaceous or
chartaceous, sometimes shortly stipitate, convex, 5—7-veined,
Panicum.) Graminee. 131
paleate, bisexual, palea usually as long as the glume, mem-
branous; lodicules 2, cuneate; stam. 3; styles distinct, stigmas
exserted near the top of the spikelet; grain free, but tightly
embraced by the hardened gluine and palea, oblong, ellipsoid,
or lanceolate, hilum punctiform or orbicular, embryo rather
large.—Sp. 200-250; 60 in FZ. B. Ind.
The following Key to the species of Panzcum follows in the main the
arrangement in the Fl. B. Ind. It can be regarded as a help only to the
identification of the species. The characters distinguishing the sections
Brachiaria and Effuse are not very dependable.
A. Spikelets dorsally compressed or sub-
terete.
Infl. racemose, of simple (rarely
branched) spikes bearing secund
spikelets.
Rhachis of spikes broad, flattened
(Paspalotdea).
Spikelets biseriate.
Spikelets villous : : oi bP viSACHNE:
Spikelets glabrous.
Spikes shorter than the inter-
modes, —: \2. P. FLAVIDUM.
Spikes longer than the inter-
nodes.
Glume IV granulate .
Glume IV smooth
Spikelets 3-5-seriate, glume III
cuspidate or awned (£chz-
nochloa).
Glume III awned . ; a) 5- ea CRUS-GALEE
Glume III cuspidate : 6. P. COLONUM.
Rhachis of spikes narrow, filiform,
terete or angular (Brachiaria).
Glume I as long or nearly as long
as III
Glume IV minutely granulate . 7. P. AMBIGUUM.
Glume IV smooth, polished . 8. P. ORYZOIDES.
Glume I much shorter than III.
Spikelets approximate or im-
bricate.
Glume I about ; as long as
III, veinless or I-veined.
Spikelets glabrous or pub:
rulous . : g. P. PROSTRATUM.
Spikelets eet or vil-
lous : 10. P. VILLOSUM.
Glume I 3-4 as long as III,
5-veined.
L. base narrow or rounded.
Nodes densely bearded . 11. P. MUTICUM.
Nodes naked or BRS
rulous. 12. P. RAMOSUM.
P. PUNCTATUM.
. FLUITANS.
Bo
hol
132 Graminee. [Panicum.
L. base broad, cordate.
Gl. IV shortly awned.
Spikelets 107% in. . 13. P. SETIGERUM.
Spikelets 3-} in.. . 14. P. JAVANICUM.
Gl. IV muticous . 15. P. DISTACHYUM.
Spikelets distant, mostly long-
pedicelled. See also P.
FAMOSUM.
Gl. IV stoutly stipitate . . 16. P. SEMIVERTICILLATUM.
Gl. IV subsessile . : . 17. P. REMOTUM.
Infl. panicled, panicle spiciform or
effuse. See also P. vamosum.
Glume II half as long as IV (Bvevz-
glume@).
Panicle very narrow, branches
WEbyeSHOLE lr 18. P. CANALICULATUM.
Panicle very broad, | branches
long . 19. P. NODOSUM.
Glume II as long as IV or x longer.
Panicle narrow, spiciform, rarely
effuse, elumes II and III
very strongly veined, glume
IV very thin.
$ Glumes II and III 3-5-veined
(Hymenachne).
Infl. panicled : : . 20. P. AURITUM.
Infl. spiciform : : . 21. P. MYURUS.
Glumes II and III 7-9-veined
( Vilfoides, Stapf.).
Infl. spiciform.
Glume I minute, pce
lanceolate . 22. P. INTERRUPTUM.
Glume I3 as long as III,
spikelets gibbous.
Panicle 4-3 in. : . 23. P. INDICUM.
Panicle 4-6 in. ; . 24. P. MYOSUROIDES.
Infl. an effuse panicle, spike-
lets gibbous . . 25. P. CURVATUM.
Panicle broad, effuse (Effuse). See also P. curvatum.
L. flat, not plicate.
Glume I nearly as long as III 26. P. OVALIFOLIUM.
Glume I shorter than III.
Annual.
Glume I not 4 a Ot
Spikelets }-} i in. . 27. P. MILIACEUM.
Spikelets ;4,-3 in.
Nodes of stem gla-
brous : . 28. P. MILIARE.
Nodes of stem
bearded . . 29. P. CASIUM.
Glume I= 3 III.
Glume III 7-9-veined 30. P. TRYPHERON.
Glume III 3-5-veined 31. P. HUMILE.
Perennial.
Glume IV rugulose . 32. P. MAXIMUM.
Panicum.| Graminee. 133
Glume IV. smooth.
Spikelets distant.
Glume I not III.
Ligule a coriace-
ous ridge . 33. P. REPENS.
Ligule of fine erect
‘Shairs) es . 34. P. PROLIFERUM.
GlumeI=2III_. 35. P. MONTANUM.
Spikelets crowded . 36. P. ANTIDOTALE.
L. strongly plicate . 27 37n ube PLICATUM:
B. Spikelets laterally compressed (Gibbose).
Spikelets ~,—-74 in.
Spikelets shortly pedicelled.
Spikelets hispidulous . : . 38. P. TRIGONUM.
Spikelets glabrous : : . 39. P. PILIPES.
Spikelets long-pedicelled.
L. glabrous or nearly so : . 40. P. PATENS.
L. softly pubescent ; : . 41. P. SPARSICOMUM.
Spikelets 3-} in. . : ‘ : . 42. P. UNCINATUM.
1. P. *Isachne, oth, Nov. Sp. 54 (1821).
P. cruciforme, Sibth.; Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. 903.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 28. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 262 (P. caucasicum).
Stem i-2 ft., very slender, ascending from a decumbent
or creeping base, leafy, glabrous, nodes tomentose; |. I—2 in.,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate from a rounded base, faintly
scaberulous above and on the margins, glabrous or sparsely
hairy towards the base, veins very slender, sheaths about I in.,
upper 2-3 in., glabrous or hairy, margins above ciliate, ligule
a villously hairy ridge; panicle 2-3 in., erect, rhachis very
slender, smooth, glabrous or puberulous above; spikes 8-12,
unilateral, 4-1 in. long, longer than the internodes, sessile or
shortly peduncled, erect or recurved, rhachis slender, angular,
tomentose ; spikelets 74 in., secund, very shortly pedicelled,
closely imbricate in 2 series, oval-oblong, very pale; glume I
minute, triangular, membranous, glabrous, II and III mem-
branous, subequal, hispidly pubescent, oblong, obtuse, II 5-
veined, III narrower, 3-veined, paleate, neuter, palea hyaline,
IV shorter, oblong, obtuse, dorsally flattened, coriaceous,
glabrous, shining, bisexual, palea coriaceous.
Low country; not uncommon in cultivated ground. An introduced
‘species (Ferguson). Spikes very pale green.
Bengal and westward to Italy and N. & S. Africa.
2. P. flavidum, fefz. Obs. iv. 15 (1786).
P. brizoides, Jacq.; Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. go2.
BPeb. ind. vil. 26. Prin. Sp: Gram. Ic. t..158, 150, and t. 172 (2.
distans). Jacq. Eclog. ii. t. 2.
Stems 1-3 ft., slender, ascending from a short decumbent
base; lower internodes I-3 in., upper longer, nodes glabrous;
134 Graminee. [Panicum.
1. subbifarious, 3-5 by 4-4 in. narrowly linear, acuminate, thinly
coriaceous, glabrous or with the margins obscurely scaberulous,
base hardly contracted, veins faint, sheath smooth, glabrous,
margins eciliate, ligule a ridge of long hairs; panicle 6-10 in.,
erect or inclined, rhachis very slender, angular, smooth or
_ scaberulous; spikes many, shorter than the internodes, $—1 in.
long, distant, secund, sessile, erect or falcately recurved,
rhachis flattened, much narrower than the spikelets, glabrous,
sometimes ending i in a naked mucro; spikelets 7,-+ in,, sessile,
gibbously globose, biseriate, closely imbricate, clabrous;
glume I half as long as III, transversely oblong, hyaline,
faintly 3-veined, II and III with veins anastomising above,
II much shorter than IV, orbicular, thin, 7-veined, III shorter
than IV, orbicular, 5-veined, paleate, empty, IV broadly ovate
or ovoid, tip acute, incurved, very convex, striolate-punctate,
white, sides of palea infolded nearly to the middle, striolate.
Warmer parts of the island; very common. Spikelets green, nearly
white, almost shining.
Tropical Asia and Africa.
A deépauperate dwarf state occurs in the Mannar district.
3. PB. punctatum, Burm. Fl. Ind. 26 (1768).
P. mucronatum, Roth, Nov. Sp. 45. P. ftuwztans, Roxb. FI. Ind. 1. 293;
(non Retz.). C. P. 864, and 898 in Herb. Kew.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 29. Duthie, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 44.
Perennial, quite glabrous; stem prostrate at the often
floating base, 2-4 ft., rooting at the lower very stout spongy
nodes; |. 4-8 in., linear, acute or acuminate, base narrow,
veins many, slender, lower sheaths inflated, ligule a ridge of
hairs; spikes many, $- I in. long, distant, sessile, longer ‘than
oe internodes, appressed to the rhachis, which is flattened,
zs in. broad, margins smooth, tip excurrent, acicular, as long
as the terminal spikelet ; spikelets 7 yz-zo in., sessile, imbricate,
biseriate, secund, ovate-oblong, glabrous; elumes membranous,
I very short, truncate, II about half as long as IV, sub-
orbicular, 3-veined, tip truncate or rounded, Ill ovate, acute,
3-5-veined, neuter, IV as long as III, ovate, cuspidately
acuminate, thinly coriaceous, palea coriaceous, with inflexed
membranous sides; grain orbicular, compressed, enclosed in
the thickened white granulate glume.
Marshes in the hotter parts of the Island.
India, Malaya, N. Africa.
_ Closely resembles P. ftuztans, and often confounded with it, but
distinguished by the granulate fruiting glume. The numbers C. P. 864,
898, are from specimens in Herb. Kew. The only one of this plant in.
Herb. Peraden. was collected by Dr. Trimen near Kurunegala, Dec.
1883; it bears no number.
Panicum] Gramineae. 135
4. P. fluitans, FAetz. Obs. v. 18 (1783), non Roxb.
Thw. Enum. 359 (in part). P. paspaloides, Pers. Syn. 1. 81. C. P.
864, 897.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 30 (aspaloides). Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 168 (P.
truncatum).
Stem 1-4 ft., erect from a stout creeping base, often as
thick as a swan’s quill, smooth, soft, striate, lower internodes
2-5 in., clothed with large loose sheaths, upper 2-3 in., nodes
quite glabrous; |. 4-8 in., narrowly linear, finely acuminate,
softly coriaceous, glabrous, margins quite or nearly smooth,
often incurved, base narrow, sheaths often longer than the
internodes, glabrous, margins thin, eciliate, ligule a ridge with
erect hairs; panicle 8-12 in. long, rhachis strict, erect, angular,
glabrous or minutely scaberulous; spikes many, 4-14 in., uni-
lateral, sessile, longer than the internodes of the rhachis and
often appressed to it, rhachis glabrous or ciliolate; spikelets
glume I about one-third the length of III, transversely
oblong, veinless, white, II and III thinly herbaceous, II as
long as IV or nearly so, orbicular-ovate, 7-veined, tip sub-
acute or rounded, III ovate, subacute, 5-veined, paleate,
empty or male, palea broad, IV sessile, broadly ovoid,
mucronate, thinly coriaceous, dorsally compressed, smooth
or nearly so, palea with inflexed membranous margins; grain
orbicular, compressed.
Hotter parts of the Island, in wet places. Cattle are fond of it
(Ferguson).
India, Afghanistan, Arabia, Africa, and America.
The name P. fluztans, Persoon, being (as Dr. Stapf pointed out to
me) earlier by 22 years than P. paspaloides, Retz., should have been
adopted for this plant in Fl. B. Ind. Its synonymy, as given in that
Flora, is otherwise correct.
5. BP. Crus-galli, Linn. Sp. Pl. 56 (1753). Wel-marukku, S.
Thw. Enum. 359, excl. var. B. P. Crus-corvé and P. artstatum, Moon,
Catgoun ©. P. 900, 3237-
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 30. Host, Gram. Austriac. il. t. 19. Reichb. Ic. FI.
Germ. t. 29.
Annual; stem 1-3 ft., stout or slender, simple or branched,
erect or base decumbent, leafy, internodes up to 6 in. long,
nodes glabrous or hairy; |. 6-10 in., narrowly linear-lanceolate,
up to 4 in. broad, finely acuminate, smooth or scaberulous,
flat, mid vein stout, sheaths 2-6 in., loose, glabrous, ligule a
semi-lunar glabrous or hairy ridge; panicle 4-8 in., erect or
drooping, rhachis stout, angled, glabrous,smooth or scaberulous,
usually bearded at the insertion of the spikes; spikes 4—3 in.
long, gradually shorter upwards, longer than the internodes,
136 Graminee. [Panicum.
sessile, secund, suberect or spreading, rhachis stout, angular,
much narrower than the spikelet, ciliate with scattered white
bristles; spikelets secund, densely packed in 3-5 series, +'5—3 in.
long (excl. the awn), sessile, turgidly ovoid, hispid with un-
equal, often tubercle-based bristles; glume I one-third to
one-half of III, orbicular, abruptly acuminate, 5-veined, I]
and III subequal, orbicular-ovate, II acuminate or shortly
awned, 3-7-veined, often interruptedly, III paleate, male or
neuter, abruptly narrowed into a stout scabrid awn 4-4 in. long,
IV from orbicular to broadly oblong, obtuse or cuspidate,
coriaceous, pale, shining; grain ovoid, acute, smooth.
Var. 8, frumentaceum, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104. FI. B. Ind. vii.
31. Panicum frumentaceum, Roxb., Fl. Ind. i. 304. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic.
t. 164.
Tall, robust, spikes thickened, often incurved, sometimes
branched and corymbosely panicled, spikelets not awned,
otherwise as in P. Crus-gallz.
Var. y, stagninum, Trim. in Herb. Perad. P. stagninum. Retz.
Obs. v..17._ Moon, Cat. 8. Host, Gram. Austriac. ill. t. 51.
Panicle drooping, with long drooping spikes, crinite with
the very long awns of the spikelets.
Hotter parts of the Island; very common. Var. {, cult. Abbotsford,
Dambulla (Ferguson); var. y, swamps. Spikes green or purplish.
All hot countries. Var. /rumentaceum cult. only.
An examination of a large series of Indian specimens exhibits very
great variation in P. Crus-galli, which passes imperceptibly into P.
colonum, and renders it doubtful to which of the two var. P. frumen-
taceum is referable. There is in Herb. Peraden. a specimen of var.
Jrumentaceum ticketed No. 192, Kolichidan pulla, Mannar (Crawford),
with glume III coriaceous and polished like glume IV.
Watt (Dict. of Econ. Prod. of India) describes the var. /rusmentaceum
as the quickest growing of all millets, being harvested in some localities
within six weeks of being sown. The grain is consumed chiefly by the
poorer classes of India. The straw is an excellent cattle fodder.
6. P. colonum, Lz7z. Syst. Ed. x. 870.
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104. Moon, Cat. 8. P. Crzus-gallz, var. B, minor,
Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. got.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 32. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 160. Jacq. Eclog. t. 32.
Annual; stem I-2 ft., slender, erect or decumbent and
sometimes creeping below, internodes long, nodes glabrous
or puberulous; 1. 4-8 in., narrowly lanceolate or linear, agu-
minate, flat, glabrous, margins scaberulous, midrib slender,
sheath up to 6 in. long, slender, glabrous, ligule 0 or an obscure
ridge; panicle 3-5 in., inclined, contracted, rhachis slender,
smooth or scaberulous, sharply angled, nodes not or hardly
Panicum. | Graminee. 27/
bearded ; spikes 8-20, not regularly smaller upwards, sessile,
4-1 in., longer or shorter than the internodes, rhachis narrow,
scaberulous and with a few long white bristles; spikelets 4 in.,
‘sessile, secund in 3-5 closely packed series, orbicular-ovoid,
more or less hispidly pubescent; glume I about one-third as
long as III, orbicular, apiculate, 3-veined, II and III sub-
equal, orbicular, membranous, interruptedly 5-7-veined, III
paleate, empty, IV turgidly oval or ovoid, acute, coriaceous,
polished, pale straw-col’d., obscurely striolate, palea coriaceous ;
grain ovoid.
Hotter parts of the Island. Spikelets green or purplish.
All warm countries.
The above description is from specimens in the Peradeniya Herbarium,
which are very characteristic of the type form of the plants differing from
P. Crus-gallz in the slender stem and panicle, hardly bearded at the
nodes, short spikes, with few bristles on the rhachis and smaller spikelets
with rather shorter glume III; but no doubt intermediates between these
specimens and those of /. Crus-galli exist in Ceylon as elsewhere.
Ferguson cites it as a synonym of P. Crus-gallz, with the observation,
“Specimens of the large Crus-galli form spring up from seeds thrown
-out from the bazaars, and become large tufted plants, quite different in
appearance from the small wild P. colonum.’ He does not mention it
as a cultivated plant, which it is in India, where Roxburgh observes that
he never saw it wild.
7. P. ambiguum, 7777. Gen. Panic. 155 (1820).
P. sanguinale, Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 10 (non descript.). P. javanicum,
Thw. Enum. 358 (non Poir.). PP. 2zjfidum, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104 (non
fini: C: P. 858.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 33. Burm. l.c.
Annual; stem 6 in.—2} ft., very slender, ascending from a
long creeping base, simple or branched, leafy, upper inter-
nodes long, nodes puberulous; |. 3-6 by 4-4 in., linear, finely
acuminate, flat, thin, more or less hairy on both surfaces,
scaberulous above and on the margins, smooth beneath, base
narrow, midrib slender, sheath 1-3 in., narrow, loose, glabrous
-or hairy, margin @iliate above the middle, ligule a villously
bearded ridge; panicle of 3-4 subterminal, erect, subsessile,
slender spikes 1-24 in. long, rhachis of panicle slender, trique-
trous, pubescent at the nodes, rhachis of spike narrow, concave
above, dorsally flattened, margins ciliolate; spikelets suberect,
loosely biseriately imbricate, binate, a sessile and shortly
pedicelled, 3-4 in. long, oblong-ovate, acuminate, glabrous,
pedicels pubescent; glumes I and III subequal, oblong-ovate,
acute, I 5-veined, nearly as long as III, II ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, 7-veined, III 5-veined, empty, paleate, IV ob-
long, tip obtuse, aristulate, and palea minutely granulate,
‘thinly coriaceous, dorsally flattened, obscurely 5-veined, awn
138 Graminee. [Panicum
concealed within the top of glume III, scabrid, base with a
small short obconic stipes.
Hotter parts of the Island; common under coco-nut trees, Colombo.
Fl. Nov.; spikelets pale green. Greedily eaten by cattle (Ferguson).
Also in Burma, the Malay, Pacific, and Mascarene Islds.
8. P. oryzoides, Sw. Prod. Fl. Ind. Occ. 23 (1788).
P. sizanioides, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. i. 100. P. Helopfus, var. B,
Munro ex Thw. Enum. 358. P. Helofus, var. glabra, Trim. Cat. Ceyl.
Pl. 104. C. P. 3244.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 39 (P. latéfolium, Sphalm.). H.B.K.l.c. t. 28 (P.
stzanioides).
Perennial, nearly glabrous; stem 12-24 in., slender, exten-
sively branched and creeping below, branches ascending, leafy,.
internodes 13-1 in., lower sending out solitary wiry roots,
nodes glabrous; |. 2-4 by 4-4 in., narrowly lanceolate, acu-
minate, thin, flat, margins scaberulous, veins 3-5 pairs, base
cordate, rarely ciliate, sheaths shorter than the internodes,
margins ciliate, ligule obscure; panicle sessile on the upper-
most sheath, 1-3 in. long, contracted, subsimple, suberect,
rhachis rather stout, angular, nearly smooth, branches very
short, distant, erect, few-fld., axils sometimes penicillate ;
spikelets 7—¢ in., sessile, distant, oval, subacute, glabrous;
glumes herbaceous, I-III acute with thickened compressed
tips, I about one-fourth to one-third shorter than III,.
I and II broadly ovate, 5-veined, lateral pairs of veins
distant from the central vein, III broader than II, 7-veined,
empty, paleate, palea oblong, IV shortly stipitate, ovoid-
oval or oblong, acuminate, aristulate, dorsally very convex,
- smooth, shining, brown, margins narrowly incurved; grain
broadly oblong, plano-convex.
Warmer parts of the Island; abundant (Ferguson). Trincomalie.
(Glenie), Kaltura (Moon). Spikelets green.
Bengal, Burma, Malaya, Trop. Africa, and America.
A very variable grass in India, sometimes very robust, |. longer, panicles
much larger and longer, with larger spikelets than in Ceylon specimens.
It was only on examining the Peradeniya Herbarium that I recognised
this as a Ceylon species. There is, however, a single specimen in Herb.
Kew. collected by Walker, on the same sheet with P. prostratum. By
an unfortunate oversight, this species is in Fl. B. Ind. referred to the
American P. /atifolium, L., with a confused synonymy. It is the P.
latifolium of Linnes’ herbarium, but not of his Sp. Plant.
9. P. prostratum, Lams. J/lustr. i. 171 (1791).
Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. 965, 3236 (in part).
FI. B. Ind. vii. 33. Trin. Sp. Goan Ic. t. 184, 185.
Stem very slender, 4-18 in., ascending from a long creeping
base, often branched below, internodes I—3 in., nodes pubescent ;,
l. 1-2 by 4-4 in., ovate-lanceolate from a cordate amplexicaul
Panicum] Graminee. 139
base, acuminate, thin, flat, faintly scaberulous above, glabrous
or ciliate with long white hairs at the base, margins cartila-
ginous, scaberulous, sheaths slender, 1-2 in., margins ciliate,
ligule a brush of white hairs; panicle of 5-8 alternate, secund
spikes, rhachis of panicle slender, strict, smooth; spikes
z-1Z in. sessile or very shortly peduncled, distichously
spreading, rhachis very slender, smooth; spikelets 35-75 in.,
solitary or binate, loosely bifariously or subtrifariously im-
bricate, secund, oval, subacute, glabrous, pedicels very short,
pubescent, and with a few very long white hairs; glume I
very short, not one-fourth of III, semi-lunar, hyaline, veinless,
II and III subequal, thin, broadly ovate, acute, II 7-veined,
III 5-veined, paleate, empty, palea hyaline, IV oblong,
mucronate, dorsally rounded, coriaceous, minutely rugulose,
pale, margins narrowly incurved, base forming a very short
thickened stipes.
Hotter parts of the Island; common.
Tropics generally.
Thwaites’s No. 3236 consists of this and P. se¢t¢gerum, which is easily
distinguished by the larger spikelets and large veined glume Is Cattle
are fond of it (Ferguson).
Io. P. villosum, Lamk. //lustr. i. 173 (1791).
P. coccospermum, Steud.; Thw. Enum. 359. PP. grossarium, Roxb.;
Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 3241.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 34.
Annual; stem 6-12 in., very slender, ascending from the
root, much branched below, leafy below the middle, softly
hairy below, glabrous above, upper internodes long, nodes.
villously bearded: |. 3-14 in., ovate or ovate- lanceolate from
a rounded base, AES flat, ahi softly hairy on both surfaces,
margin not cartilaginous, softly ciliate, sheath rather loose,
hairy and ciliate, ligule a ridge of hairs; panicle long-
peduncled, narrow, of 5-10 alternate secund short sessile or
subsessile spikes, rhachis of panicle smooth, angular; spikes
6-8, gradually shorter upwards, }—4in. alternate, rather ‘distant,
sessile or peduncled, spendin. rhachis of spikes filiform,
flexuous, pubescent and setose with long white hairs; spikelets
few, subsessile, 7; in., oval, apiculate, close set, secund in two:
series; glume I about one-fourth as long as III, orbicular,
hyaline, 1-veined, II and III thin, subequal, orbicular, sub-
acute, pubescent, 5—7-veined, III empty, paleate, IV sessile,
coriaceous, ovate or oval, acute or apiculate, dorsally rounded,
minutely granulate, pale yellow, margins narrowly incurved,
base obtuse.
Central Province; upper montane zone, ascending to 6000 ft.
Hill regions of India, Burma, and Tonkin.
140 Graminee. [ Panicum.
11. P. *muticum, Forsk. Fl. 4g. Arab. 26 (1775).
P. barbinode, Trin.; Thw. Enum. 361. C. P. 899.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 34. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 318 (P. darbinode).
Perenniai; stem stout, 6-8 ft, ascending from a stout
creeping base, leafy, internodes 3-6 in. and upwards, nodes
woolly; 1. 6-10 by 3-# in., linear-lanceolate from a rounded
pubescent base, finely acuminate, flat, thin, glabrous, faintly
scaberulous, margins scabrid, sheath up to 8 in. loose,
glabrous, margins eciliate, ligule a tomentose ridge; panicle
3-8 in., erect, pyramidal, compound, rhachis stout, smooth,
angular, lower branches 5 in. long with many short spikes,
upper 2-3 in. spiciform, rhachis of spike = in. broad or more,
stout, dorsally compressed, glabrous or villous towards the
base, margins ciliolate; spikelets very many, 7-3 in., crowded,
secund, solitary binate or ternate, rarely fascicled, shortly
pedicelled, oval or ovoid, acute, glabrous, pedicel pubescent
and with a few long white spreading hairs; glume I one-
quarter to one-third as long as III, ovate, hyaline, 1-veined;
II and III subequal, oblong, acute, thin, 5-veined, III paleate,
male, ‘anth. long, purple, IV shorter than III, oblong, obtuse,
apiculate, coriaceous, dorsally flattened, obscurely rugulose,
margins narrowly incurved, base rounded with a very short
broad thickened stipes.
Abundant, cultivated and half wild, in the hotter swampy regions of
the Island.
Java, India, Africa, America.
The water-grass and Mauritius grass of Ceylon, native of S. America.
Owing to the tendency to branch of the spikes, the inflorescence of this
tends towards the broadly panicled section, but the long hairs on the
spikes and secund spikelets are very characteristic of sect. Brachiaria.
A well-known fodder-grass in Ceylon, but there is no record of its
introduction into the Island. According to Roxburgh seeds were
received at the Calcutta Botanical Garden from Sumatra in 1804,
through Dr. Charles Campbell. As it is a native of Tropical America,
the Dutch, who then held ports in Sumatra, may have imported it from
Surinam. According to Ferguson, it and P. maximum are the two most
valuable fodder-grasses in Ceylon. Unlike the latter, P. mutécwim grows
best in well-drained low or swampy ground. It is singular that neither
Thwaites, Trimen, nor Ferguson give a Sinhalese or Tamil name for
it, and that it is not alluded to in Watt’s Dictionary of the Economic
Products of India.
12, P. ramosum, L727. Mant. i. 29 (1771).
P. Helopus, Thw. Enum. 436 (non Trin.). C. P. 3847.
Pl) Belnd. vit.36. Erin. Sp» Gram: Ic t.'176, A; BG: Pezeverz).
Annual; stem erect or ascending from a shortly creeping
base, 1-3 ft. high, slender or rather stout, much branched
from the base upwards, puberulous, leafy, lower internodes
short, upper long, nodes pubescent; |. 2—5 by §-1 in., narrowly
Panicum. Graminee. I4l
linear - lanceolate from a narrow pubescent base, finely
acuminate, thin, flat, smooth, glabrous or pubescent beneath
or on both surfaces, margins scaberulous, midrib very
slender, sheath 1-3 in., glabrous or pubescent, margins eciliate,
ligule a fringe of short hairs; panicle long peduncled, sub-
pyramidal, 2-5 in. long, of 5-10 distant, alternate or the
lower opposite, secund and many-fld. spikes decreasing in
leneth upwards, rhachis of panicle and spikelets slender,
angular, puberulous; spikes erect or spreading, lower 2-3 in.
long, strict or flexuous; spikelets loosely imbricate, }-7 in.,
solitary, rarely in pairs with one long-pedicelled, oval, acute,,
pubescent, pedicel pubescent and setose with a few long
white hairs; glume I one-third as long as III, very broadly
ovate, subacute, 3-5-veined, II and III subequal, broadly
ovate, cuspidately acuminate, 5-veined, III broadest, paleate,
empty, palea as long as the glume, oblong, IV ovoid-oblong,
acute, rugulose, base with a very short broad stipes.
Trincomalie (Glenie), Colombo, introduced (?), enclosure around Sir
E. Barnes’ statue (Ferguson).
Plains of India.
Varies remarkably in the breadth of the |.-base; narrow in Ceylon
specimens, very broad in some Indian.
13. P. setigerum, fez. Obs. iv. 15 (1786).
P. prostratum, forma major, Thw. Enum. 359. P. prostratum, var.
horizoniale, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. C. P. 3236 (in part).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 36.
Stems 2-3 ft., prostrate and widely straggling below,
branched, slender, firm, internodes 1-2 in., nodes bearded,
lower rooting; |. 3-5 by 4-#? in., ovate-lanceolate from a
cordate amplexicaul ciliate base, finely acuminate, flat, thin,
midrib very slender, slightly scaberulous above, veins 5-6.
pairs, margins scaberulous, sheath with ciliate margins,
dorsally tomentose at the top, upper 2-3 in. long, ligule a
pencil of long woolly hairs; panicle erect, ovate, of 5-10 sub-
erect alternate or opposite distant spikes 1-2 in. long, rhachis
slender, glabrous or pubescent, rhachis of spikes slender,
angular, base villous; spikelets ;44,—-4 in. long, loosely imbricate,
sessile or shortly pedicelled, biseriate, secund, ovoid, acute or
acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, pedicels pubescent and
with spreading white hairs longer than the spikelets; glume
I one-third as long as III, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, 3-veined;
II and III subequal, broadly ovate, acute or acuminate,
thin, II 7-veined, III 5-veined, paleate, neuter, palea as long
as the glume, subacute, IV sessile, coriaceous, oval, obtuse,
mucronate, dorsally compressed, granulate, margins narrowly
incurved, base hardly stipitate.
142 Gramineae. [Panicum.
Common in the hotter parts of the Island.
Also in Bengal and the Deccan.
Very closely allied to P. prostratum, but a much larger plant, with
larger spikelets, and a very different glume I.
14. P. javanicum, Por. Encycl. Suppl. iv. t. 274 (1816).
P. hirsutum, Koen. ex Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 300. P. Helopus, Trin. ex
Spreng. N. Entdeck. 11. 84.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 35 (not given for Ceylon). Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 183
(P. Helopus).
Annual; stem 1-2 ft., decumbent and rooting below,
geniculately ascending, branching upwards, leafy, nodes
pubescent ; |. 1-5 by 4-3 in., ovate-lanceolate from a rounded
cordate or amplexicaul base, acuminate, softly hairy on both
surfaces, margins scaberulous, midrib slender, veins several pairs,
sheath loose, softly hairy, mouth villous, ligule a soft beard ;
panicle erect, of 6-12 subsecund rather distant many-fld.
spikes, rhachis of spike dorsally compressed, ventrally pitted
opposite the spikelets, narrow, glabrous or pubescent; spike-
lets 4+-¢ in. long, secund, biseriate, loosely imbricate, very
shortly pedicelled, ovoid, acute, pubescent tomentose or
villous, pedicels pubescent and with a few long silky hairs ;
glume I not half as long as III, broadly ovate, acute or
obtuse, 3—5-veined, II and III subequal, thin, II ovate,
acute, 7-veined, III broader, 5-veined, paleate, empty or
male, IV broadly ovate or oblong, rugulose, tip rounded,
hispid, abruptly awned, awn scabrid, concealed by the glumes,
paleas of III and IV nearly as long as the glumes.
Colombo (Ferguson).
Throughout the plains of India. Tropics generally.
The Ceylon specimens are fragmentary but very characteristic, the
spikelets are densely tomentose and villous with long hairs towards the
margins of glumes II and III. It is a very common Indian grass in
the borders of cultivated land and in pastures; its rarity in Ceylon is
hence noteworthy. The awned glume IV distinguishes it at once from P.
ramosum.
15. B. distachyum, /277. Mant. 1. 138 (1771).
hw. Enum, 350)" (EP: oor!
BI Bend Sywii37.* Wham. lly t..43)h 2 nm opy Gram. Ge. t. roo
(P. subguadriparum.).
Stem 6 in.—2 ft., stout or slender, creeping and straggling
below, sparingly branched, leafy, internodes long, nodes
glabrous; |. 2-6 by %-3in., linear from a rounded or sub-
cordate naked or subciliate base, acuminate, thin, flat,
smooth, margins scaberulous, midrib very slender, veins
obscure, sheath 1-3 in., glabrous or margins subciliate, ligule
a thickened ridge; panicle of 2-6 very distant spreading
secund spikes, erect, rhachis slender, angular, smooth; spikes
Panicum.) Graminee. 143
I—4 in., rhachis slender, dorsally flattened, glabrous, smooth;
spikelets $-% in., solitary, alternate, secund, sessile, suberect,
distant or loosely imbricate, quite glabrous, oval, subacute,
strongly dorsally compressed; glume I about half as long as
III, nearly orbicular, hyaline, 5—7-veined, sides overlapping
under glume II; II and III subequal, broadly ovate, acute,
II 7-veined, III 5-veined, paleate, empty, palea much smaller
than the glume, IV sessile, oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, dor-
sally flattened, minutely striolate-punctulate, pale, base very
shortly thickened.
Hotter parts of the Island; common.
Throughout India, Malaya, China, Australia.
A depauperate form or arrested state, collected by Dr. Trimen in the
-dry region of Mannar, looks different from the ordinary state of the
plant, in having a nodose woody rootstock, smaller, broader leaves with
cartilaginous margins, and more closely imbricating spikelets. It is
analogous to depauperate form of P. flavidum from the same district.
16, P. semiverticillatum, Aottler in Ainslie, Mat. Med. Hindost.
Ed. i. 219 (1813), name only.
P. Petiverit, Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. 895.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 38.
Stem 2-3 ft. or more, strict, erect, stiff, polished, simple
or sparingly branched, leafy, internodes long, nodes pubescent
or the lower glabrous; 1. 5-8 in., linear-lanceolate from a rather
narrowed rounded pubescent base, finely acuminate, thin, flat,
quite smooth, midrib very slender, veins obscure, margins
slightly scaberulous, sheaths 2—4 in., tomentose near and round
the mouth only, margins eciliate, ligule a pubescent ridge;
panicle long-peduncled, 4-8 in. long, of distant, long, spreading,
few-fid. spikes, rhachis very slender, angular, more or less
pubescent ; spikes alternate, secund, 2-3 in. long, rhachis
filiform, trigonous, angles glabrous or pubescent; spikelets
3-4 in., usually distant, subsecund, solitary or binate, sub-
sessile or pedicelled, pedicel sometimes very long or spike
reduced to one spikelet on a capillary pedicel, oval, obtuse,
glabrous; glume I orbicular-ovate, about one-third the length
of III, hyaline, 5-veined, II and III subequal, obtuse or sub-
acute, II 7-veined, III 5-veined, paleate, empty, palea smaller
than the glume, IV obovate- or ovate-oblong, subacute or
apiculate, coriaceous, dorsally flattened, smooth or most
minutely granulate, margins rather broadly incurved, base
contracted into a rather long thick stipes.
Central Province, Dambulla (Gardner and Thwaites).
South Deccan.
This plant is referred to Rottler’s (undescribed) P. semivertictllatum
on the faith of specimens so named by Wight, which were collected at
Coimbatore, where, according to Ainslie, the plant is cultivated. It is
144 Graminea. [ Panicum.
certainly not the P. Petzveriz of Trinius (as supposed by Thwaites), which
is P. prostratum.
17. P. remotum, fefz. Obs. iv. 17 (1780).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 39 (not given for Ceylon). Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 176
15h (U2, SAFLUT Ey
Stems 1-2 ft., often from a woody rootstock, prostrate,
straggling, and geniculately branched below, very slender,
firm, internodes 1-2 in., nodes glabrous; |. 2-4 in. very
narrowly linear from a rounded base, acuminate, flat, smooth,
margins smooth, midrib very slender, sheath quite glabrous,
upper I-3 in., ligule a very short glabrous or puberulous
ridge; panicle 1-3 in., of few, distant, strict or flexuous,
2-6-fid., almost capillary, spreading spikes 4-14 in. long,
rhachis of panicle filiform, of spikes glabrous or very sparsely
pubescent; spikelets distant, solitary or binate, 7-3 in., oval,.
terete, obtuse; glume I about one-third as long as III,
orbicular-ovate, 3—5-veined, II and III subequal, ovate,
subacute, glabrous or minutely pubescent, 5—7-veined, III
5-veined, paleate, empty, palea smaller than the glume,
IV obovoidly oval or oblong, acute, quite smooth, thinly
coriaceous, base minutely stipitate.
Northern Prov. Mullaittivu (Ferguson) ; Kalpitiya Isld., &c., Jaffna
distr. (Trimen).
Bengal and the South Deccan.
The Mullaittivu specimens are ticketed in Herb. Perad. ‘P. Petiveriz,
dwarf creeping form (Hackel).’
18. P. canaliculatum, Vees in Wight, Cat. n. 1624 (1836).
Steud. Syn. Gram. 55. P. stenostachyum, Thw. Enum. 436. C. P. 3845.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 43.
Quite glabrous; stems many from a small hard rootstock,
2-4 ft.long, slender, flaccid, decumbent, rooting below, sparingly
branched, leafy, internodes 2—3 in., nodes glabrous; |. 4-6 in.,
narrowly linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, flat, thin, flaccid,
base narrow, rounded, margins nearly smooth, mid vein rather
strong, sheath 1-2 in., margins eciliate, ligule a short ciliate
membrane; panicle 4-8 in., very narrow, rhachis filiform,
smooth, erect, bearing very short distant (rarely crowded)
fascicles or spikes of spreading (rarely solitary) spikelets;
spikelets 4 in., shortly pedicelled, oblong, glabrous, pedicels
scaberulous; glumes thin, faintly veined, I and II very short,
broadly ovate, obtuse, hyaline, I one-fourth to one-third as
long as III, 3-veined, II 3-veined, rather longer than I,
about half as long as III, which is oblong-ovate, acute, 5—7-
veined, paleate, male or empty, palea as long as the glume,
linear-oblong, margins broadly inflexed, IV as long as III,
Panicum.] Graminee. 145
sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, thinly coriaceous, dorsally
flattened, 3-5-veined, minutely granulate, tip minutely
3-toothed, margins narrowly inflexed.
Hotter parts of the Island. Jaffna (Herb. Roitler), Trincomalie (Glenie).
Also in South India.
A peculiar species, not allied to any other Indian one; easily recog-
nised by the inflorescence and short glume LJ.
19. P. nodosum, Kunth, Enum. Pl. i. 97 (1833).
ey Enum. 360. P. Arnottianum, Nees in Wight, Cat. n. 1611.
C,
Pl. B. Iud. vii. 43.
Stem 2-3 ft., slender, diffuse, OAS Wy branc hed, creeping
and rooting below, leafy, internodes 14-3 in., nodes glabrous:
], 2-5 by 4-2 in., oblong- or linear- lanceolate, acuminate, thin,
flat, cant shining minutely crenulate and ciliate with
long hairs at the cordate base, veins 5-9, minutely ciliolate,
margins scaberulous, sheath with villously ciliate margins,
ligule a crenulate ridge, ciliate with long hairs; panicle 6-8
n., long-peduncled, very slender, of few very long filiform
spreading branches, ene distant, very short, erect, spici-
form, 3—-6-fld. branchlets 4-3 in. long, rhachis and branches of
panicle smooth or sen banal § towards the tips; spikelets
secund on the branchlets, 4 in. long, sessile or shortly pedi-
celled, linear-oblong, subacute, dorsally flattened, sparsely
hairy; glumes I- Ill membranous, I about half as long as
III, broadly ovate, subacute, 3-5-veined, II rather longer
than iL; s—7-veined, II] ovate-oblong, subacute, 7-9-veined,
paleate, empty, IV as long as III, oblong-lanceolate, sub-
acute, dorsally flat, margins broadly incurved, thinly coria-
ceous, smooth, white, base narrow, very shortly stipitate.
Hotter parts of the Island; abundant in shady places.
Also in S. India, Malaya, and China.
A common and variable grass; attains several feet in height when
supported (Ferguson). The Indian specimens differ from Kunth’s
description of the typical Luzon plant, in the |. sheaths not being
tuberculate-hirsute.
20. P. auritum, (esl! ex Nees, Agrost. Bras. 176 (1829).
iiwenum. 30%... Kunth, Enum. bi: i103. °C. P. 3242.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 4o.
Perennial, glabrous; stem 3-12 ft., stout, erect from the base,
leafy, roots wiry, nodes glabrous, upper internodes 4-6 in. long,
lower sometimes as thick as a goose-quill; 1. 8-12 by $-1 in,
narrowly linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, rather coriaceous,
flat, smooth, base cordate, with sometimes a few hairs on the
upper surface, margins scaberulous, sheaths smooth, margins
naked or ciliolate, ligule a very narrow membrane; panicié
PART V. iy L a
146 Gramineae. [ Panicum.
erect, 6-10 in., contracted, very much branched, branches alt. or
crowded, subsimple, lower up to 5 in. long, covered from base
to tip with crowded, subsecund fascicles of very short racemes
of erect, imbricating spikelets, rhachis of panicle and branches
angled and channelled, smooth or scaberulous; spikelets 74-3
in., sessile or very shortly pedicelled, oblong - lanceolate,
acute, subterete, glabrous; glume I about one-third of III,
obtuse or acute, hyaline, strongly 3-5-veined, II and JII
subequal, thinly herbaceous, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, strongly 5-veined, III paleate, neuter, IV as
long as III, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, thinly coriaceous
dorsally convex, quite smooth, white.
Damp places; common. Suffragam district, Ratnapura (Thwaites),
Duval Kanda (Moon).
Malaya, China.
In Indian specimens hairy leaves and larger spikelets occur. Ferguson
says that it climbs to a height of 10-12 ft. when supported.
21. P. Myurus, 4. B. and K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. i. 98 (1815).
excl. syn. Lamk.
ThweEnum. 361. C. P. 3238.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 39. Beauv. Agrost. t. 10, f. 8 (Hymenanche Myuros),
Perennial, quite glabrous; stem 2-6 ft., ascending from a
long creeping and rooting or floating rootstock; lower inter-
nodes 2-4 in., as thick as a swan’s quill, spongy within,
emitting fascicles of stout roots several in. long clothed
with root-hairs, upper internodes long, strict; 1. 12-18 by $-?
in., narrowed from above the base to a finely acuminate point,
soft, flat, base rounded or subcordate, margin smooth or
minutely scaberulous, sheath 2-4 in., margins smooth, ligule
very short, truncate or rounded, membranous; panicle 6-10
long by 4-% in. diam., strict, erect, rhachis stout, angular,
densely covered with the short, erect, appressed, imbricating
racemes; spikelets }-} in., very shortly pedicelled, narrowly
lanceolate, terete; glume I one-third as long as III, broadly
ovate, acute, 3-veined, hyaline, II and III lanceolate, strongly
3-veined, tapering into strict, subulate, scabrid tips, III with
a much longer tip than II, neuter, palea small or 0, IV
nearly as long as II, oblong-lanceolate, acute, very thin,
white, 3-veined; grain very small, oblong, tip contracted,
embryo large, orbicular,
Marshy places in the hotter parts of the Island.
Tropical Asia, Australia, and America.
‘The lowest spikelets are sometimes decurrent on the stem below the
panicle. Ferguson says of it, one of the grasses which rapidly spread
over shallow bits of water and helps to choke them up. Cattle are fond
of it. The almost awned glumes II and III and the very thin fruiting
glume IV are characters foreign to the genus.
>
Panicum.) Graminee. 147
22. P. interruptum, [7//id. Sp. P/. i. 341 (1797).
Thw. Enum. 361. Moon, Cat. 7. C. P. gio.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 4o.
Perennial, quite glabrous; stem 2-6 ft, ascending from a
very stout, creeping and rooting or floating rootstock, lower
internodes 2—4 in., sometimes as thick as the thumb, spongy
within, nodes emitting fascicles of long stout roots clothed
with root-hairs, upper internodes very long, slender, strict;
]. 6-12 by 4-4 in,, linear, finely acuminate, soft, flat, base
rounded, hardly contracted, margins smooth or scaberulous,
sheaths 2-4 in., margins smooth, ligule short, broad, mem-
branous; panicle 6-12 in. by 4-4 in. diam., cylindric, inter-
- rupted below, rhachis stout, strict, channelled; spikelets ¢-+ in.,
densely crowded in small fascicles, subsessile or shortly pedi-
celled, spreading, narrowly ovoid, acute, terete; glumes mem-
branous, I minute, orbicular, hyaline, shortly 3~-5-veined,
II and III subequal, ovate-oblong, subacute, herbaceous, very
strongly veined, II 9-veined, III 7-veined, paleate, male, tip
with hyaline margins, palea hyaline; anth. long, narrow; IV
shorter than III, ovoid-oblong, subacute, thinly coriaceous,
ivory white, polished, dorsally convex, palea as large as the
glume; grain obovoid-oblong, plano-convex, pale brown,
apiculate, embryo large, orbicular.
Marshes in the hotter parts of the Island; often floating and forming
small islands (Ferguson).
Tropical Asia and Africa.
Habit and thin not hardening glume IV of P. A/yurus, but very
different in the form and venation of the glumes.
23. P. indicum, /777. Mant. 11. 184 (1771).
Thw. Enum. 361. Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 885, 908.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 41. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 197; t. 334 (P. angustum).
Annual, tufted, glabrous; stem 4in.—2ft., erect, or ascending,
from a geniculate base, leafy chiefly towards the base, upper
internodes long, uppermost usually very slender and naked;
]. 2-4 in. by 75-4 in., erect, linear, acuminate, flat, base narrow
or rounded, margins scaberulous, lower sheaths short, upper
long, margins naked, ligule 0; panicle 3-3 in. long, spiciform,
cylindric, erect, rhachis slender, angular; spikelets ,-7y in. long,
densely crowded, subsessile, pedicel rarely half as long as the
glumes, erect or spreading, ovoid, acute, more or less gibbous
and decurved, glabrous or hispidulous; glumes very strongly
veined, I about half as long as III, ovate, acute, 3—-5-veined,
margins hyaline, II ovate, incurved, dorsally gibbous, obtuse
or subacute, 7—9-veined, III as long as II or rather shorter,
oblong, obtuse, 7—9-veined, paleate, empty, palea small, IV
much the shortest, oblong or ovoid, acuminate, acute or sub-
148 Graminee. [Panicunt.
acute, thinly coriaceous, dorsally convex, smooth, shining,
white, margins strongly incurved, grain oblong, pale reddish.
Var. brachiatum, oot. f.
Stem 2-3 ft., as stout as a pigeon’s quill, geniculately
branching, branches divaricate, elongate, internodes 2—3 in.;
], spreading, 6 by 4 in.; spiciform panicle 2$—3 in.
Abundant throughout the hotter parts of the Island. Spikelets green
or purplish. Var. dvachiatum, Peradeniya (Thwaites).
Tropical Africa.
An extremely variable grass, the dwarf tufted form with short panicle
only 4-4 long on a long peduncle, and 1. at the base of the stem, con-
trasting with the tall, more leafy specimens with long panicle. The
leaves are hairy or even villous in some Indian forms.
24. P. myosuroides, 47. Prod. 189 (1810).
Kunth, Enum. Pl.i.77. P. zmadicum (in part), Thw. Enum. 361. P.
curvatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 286 (non Linn.). C. P. goo.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 42.
Stem erect or very shortly creeping below, 2-3 ft. high,
rather stout, leafy, internodes 3-5 in.; 1. very narrowly linear,
6-8 by 75-4 in., finely acuminate, base narrow, margins smooth,
sheath 2-4 in., margins naked, ligule 0; panicle 4-6 in., very
narrow, spiciform, ¢ in. diam., strict, erect, rhachis terete,
smooth; spikelets 74-74 in., densely crowded in small fascicles,
very shortly pedicelled, subglobose, quite smooth; glumes very
strongly veined, I nearly half as long as III, ovate, 3-veined,
II and III subequal, ovate, obtuse, 9-veined, III broadest,
very convex, paleate, empty, IV much smaller than III,
ovate-oblong, acute, quite smooth, white, dorsally convex,
margins strongly involute.
Caltura (Macrae); Peradeniya (Thwaites).
Trop. Asia, Africa, Australia.
I have described this species from two specimens in Herb. Peraden.
They differ from the ordinary Indian state of the plant in the strict,
erect, not gracefully curving inflorescence. The species is doubtfully
distinct from P. zzdicum.
25. P. curvatum, Linz. Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. 732 (1767).
Thw. Enum. 360. Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 3240.
F]. B. Ind. vil. 42. Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 107 (P. coryophorum).
Stem 10-18 in., very slender, inclined or prostrate below,
branched, remotely leafy, branches spreading, internodes
I—2 in., nodes glabrous; |. 2-3 by 4-4 in., spreading, linear-
lanceolate, finely acuminate, flat, membranous, base narrow,
rounded, glabrous or sparsely hairy above, margins sub-
scaberulous, sheaths 1-3 in., margins glabrous, glabrous or
ciliolate ligule; panicle 14-34 in., deltoid, erect, very loosely
branched, rhachis filiform, quite smooth, branches solitary
Panicum.| Gramince. 149
or binate, spreading, capillary, few-fld.; spikelets 75-15 in.,
subsolitary, pedicelled, pedicels sometimes as long as the
glumes, gibbously ovoid, decurved, glabrous; glume I minute,
broadly ovate, veinless, II and III herbaceous, costately
closely veined, II cymbiform or almost galeate, subacute,
Q-11-veined, base saccately tumid, III much narrower, ovate-
oblong, flat, acute, 3-5-veined, paleate, empty, palea linear-
oblong, IV sessile, smaller than III, ovoid-oblong, subacute,
dorsally convex, coriaceous, quite smooth, shining, pale
yellowish, margins narrowly incurved.
Hotter parts of the Island; Kandy, Colombo, Trincomalie, &c,
Southern India, Madagascar, S. Africa.
A very elegant grass, closely allied to P. zudicum, though differing
‘totally in inflorescence. A good fodder grass; forms a large portion of
the fodder collected by the grass-women near Colombo for horses.
26. P. ovalifolium, Pozr. Encycl. Supp. iv. 279 (1797).
Herm. Mus. 6. Burm. Thes. 111. FI. Zeyl. n. 43. Thw. Enum. 359.
sah Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 135. P. dvevdfolium, Roxb.; Moon, Cat. 8.
El B Ind. vil. 44. Beauv. Fl. Owar. t. 110, f. 1,
Stem 2-3 ft., decumbent and rooting for the greater part
of its length, then ascending, sparingly branched, leafy,
glabrous, internodes 1-3 in., nodes glabrous, often emitting
long, solitary, wiry roots; |. 1-24 in., ovate-lanceolate from a
cordate amplexicaul base, acuminate, thin, flat, spreading,
glabrous or sparsely hairy, basal auricles crenulate and ciliate
with long hairs, veins many, very slender, margins scabrid,
sheaths long, upper 3 in., margins naked or ciliolate, ligule a
ridge of fine hairs; panicle sessile on or shortly exserted from
the uppermost |.-sheath, erect, effuse, 3-5 by 1-3 in., broadly
oblong or obovoid, rhachis slender, naked or with long
spreading hairs, branches very many, erecto-patent, capillary,
alternate or the lower fascicled, sparingly divided; spikelets
few, distant, erect, 7;—: in., much shorter than their capillary
pedicels, gibbously ovoid, pubescent or hirsute or the terminal
on the branches villous with long white hairs; glumes I-III
membranous, I nearly as long as III, oblong, obtuse, 3-5-
veined, II much broader, galeate, dorsally very convex, often
very persistent, III oblong, obtuse, flat, 5-veined, paleate,
male, palea large, margins inflected, IV shorter than II,
sessile, oblong, acute, coriaceous, smooth, shining, dorsally
convex and obscurely keeled, margins narrowly incurved.
Warmer parts of the Island; very common.
Eastern Himalaya, Burma, Malaya, China, Trop. Africa.
Forms a large proportion of the sward near Colombo (Ferguson)
Some Indian specimens have much larger spikelets.
150 Graminec. [| Panicum.
27. *P. miliaceum, 277. Sp. P/. 58 (1753). Wal Meneri, S.
Kadai Kannai, 7.
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. Moon, Cat. 8 (not of Thwaites).
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 45. Host, Gram. Austriac. ii. t.20. Duthie, Field and
Gard. Crops Ind., t. 23.
Annual, more or less clothed with long spreading soft
hairs; stems 2-4 ft., stout, tufted, leafy up to the panicle,
often as thick as a swan’s quill below, internodes clothed
with the |.-sheaths, nodes bearded; |. 6-12 by 4-1 in., linear,
finely acuminate, flat, flaccid, base truncate or rounded, rarely
cordate, margin slightly scabrid, sheath naked or ciliate,
deeply grooved, hairs often deflexed, ligule of long hairs;
panicle 6-12 in., thyrsiform or oblong, nodding or decurved,
branches fascicled, long, filiform or capillary, naked for a
great part of their length, scabrid; spikelets ¢—-+ in., solitary,
erect, pedicelled, ovoid, acute, turgid, pedicel longer or shorter
than the spikelet; glumes strongly veined, I about two-thirds.
of Iil, broadly ovate, acute, 5—7-veined, II and III subequal,
broadly ovate, very convex, cuspidately acuminate, 7—I1I-
veined,-III paleate, neuter, palea imperfect, IV shorter than
II and III, sessile, broadly oval or ovate, obtuse, crustaceous,
smooth, polished, brown, dorsally rounded, 5—7-veined, margins
and veins pale, palea crustaceous, convex; grain nearly orbi--
cular, plano-convex, white, embryo small.
Hotter parts of the Island, cultivated only.
Cultivated in all warm countries, especially in Africa.
The ?. miliaceum of Thwaites’s Enum. is P. ¢rypheron. Ferguson’s-
P. miliaceum (Gram. Ceyl. 9) is probably a mixture of P. tx~ypheron and
P. miliaceum. He says of it, ‘The wild form of this grass is not
uncommon, and is a low spreading plant. The other is extensively
cultivated by the natives as a millet, or fine grain.’ He gives as native:
names Wal-meneri and Meneri. /. mzliaceum is the Chena of Bengal,.
where it yields a nutritious grain, but the straw is said to be heating as
a cattle fodder.
28. *P. miliare, Lams. ///. Gen. 1. 173 (1791). Menéri, S.
Chamai, 7.
P. menieri, Koen. ex Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 40. P. pstlopodium, Trin.
Gram. Panic. 217. Thw. Enum. 360. C. P. 236.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 46. Duthie, Field and Gard. Crops N.W. India, t. 26;.
Fodd. Grass, t. xlvi. (P. pszlopodzum).
Annual; stems tufted, erect, 1-2 ft. high, rather slender,
simple or sparingly branched, leafy up to near the panicle,
internodes 2-4 in., nodes glabrous; 1. 12-18 by §-4 in, erect,
narrowly linear, finely acuminate, smooth, glabrous or very
sparsely hairy, base narrow, not cordate, margins smooth,
sheaths long, eciliate, sometimes with a few tubercle-based
hairs, ligule a ridge with a few hairs; panicle oblong, 2-10 in.,
inclined, rhachis filiform, quite smooth, branches distant, binate
Panicum.] Graminee. 151
or solitary, suberect, lowest 2-3 in. long, sparingly divided,
bearing distant sessile and pedicelled erect spikelets, pedicel
rarely twice as long as the spikelet, but sometimes much
longer; spikelets 7)-$ in. long, dorsally compressed, ovoid
oblong or ellipsoid, acute, glabrous; glume I one-fourth to
one-third of III, broadly ovate, broader than long, 5-veined,
the pair of veins on each side the mid vein often arching
to it, II and III subequal, II orbicular-ovate, acuminate,
I1-veined, III 9-veined, paleate, neuter, palea linear-oblong,
IV sessile, oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, dorsally convex,
smooth, yellow or brown, shining, margins broadly incurved.
Cultivated in Ceylon.
Tropical countries.
In Fl. B. Ind. 1 have followed most authors in keeping P. mzléare
and P. pszlopodium as different species, assuming that the latter was
indigenous in India and Ceylon. Mr. Duthie, who knows the cultivated
grasses of India better than any one, has in vain tried to distinguish
them (see Fodd. Grasses, p. 10). As P. pstlopodium it has been con-
sidered to be indigenous in the Himalaya, but this requires confirmation.
Ferguson cites P. mzlzare, Lam., as a synonym of P. mzliaceum, and
P. psilopodium as a different species; but, as I have stated under the
former, I think he has confounded two plants under the name, He
mentions P. pszlopodium as a cultivated plant, adding that the cultivated
form of both it and P. mz/za7e often spring up in the débris collected
from the Colombo bazaars. Unfortunately he does not say how these
grains are distinguishable. Watt (Dict. Econ. Prod. Ind.) mentions P?.
pstlopodium as a species nearly allied to, or possibly a variety of, P.
miltare, wild in the Himilaya, but also cultivated. The grain of
P. miliare he describes as of inferior quality, and mostly consumed by
the poorer classes.
29. P. czesium, Vees in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 97 (1850).
: P. reticulatum, Thw. ex Trim. Cat. Cey]. Pl. 105 (non Griseb.), C. P.
O.
: "FL B. Ind. vii. 48.
Annual, glabrous or more or less hairy; stems 2-3 ft,
tufted, stout, erect from the root, sometimes as thick as a
-swan’s quill, leafy, internodes long, nodes bearded; |. 6-10 by
4-% in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rather coria-
ceous, glabrous or laxly hairy, chiefly beneath, rarely hirsute,
margins scabrid, ciliate towards the subcordate base, sheaths
3-6 in., loose, usually hispid with long spreading hairs, rarely
glabrous, margins ciliate, ligule a coriaceous ciliate ridge;
panicle 10-18 in. long and broad, glabrous, slender, erect or
decurved, rhachis angular, scaberulous, branches 3-5 in., very
many, opposite alt. and fascicled, branchlets capillary, wiry,
flexuous, bearing few distant solitary or binate spikelets,
scaberulous; spikelets 7';-+’5 in., sessile or pedicelled, pedicel
longer or shorter than the ‘spikelet, sometimes very long,
152 Graminee. [ Panicum.
turgidly ovoid or obovoid, obtuse, glabrous; glumes I-III
very thin, strongly veined, I one-fourth to one-third of III,
deltoidly-ovate, broader than long, subacute, 5-veined, veins
reticulate, II and III subequal, orbicular-ovate, obtuse or
‘subacute, 7—9-veined, central veins with a few cross-venules,
III paleate, empty, palea as long as the glume, IV sessile,
obovoid or oval, obtuse, turgid, dorsally very convex, quite
smooth, shining, sub-crustaceous, pale brown, margin narrowly
incurved.
Borders of paddy fields. Hewessa, Pasdun Korale.
Bengal, Malacca, Nicobar Is., Malaya. .
I find no mention of this grass in either of Mr, Ferguson’s papers.
30, B®. trypheron, Schu/t. Mant. ii. 244 (1824). Mainairee, S.
P. miliaceum, Thw. Enum. 360 (non Linn.). C. P. 882, 893.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 47.
Annual; stems I-3 ft., tufted, erect, stout or slender, leafy
up to the panicle, internodes 2—5 in., nodes glabrous; |. 3-10
by 3-1 in., suberect, linear, acuminate, flat, softly hairy on
both surfaces, margins nearly smooth, base narrow, often
ciliate with long hairs, sheath long, glabrous or hairy, margins
eciliate, ligule short, fimbriate; panicle 6-10 in., erect or in-
clined, broadly oblong, very effuse, rhachis filiform, slightly
scabrid, branches very long, capillary, lower fascicled, up
to 4 in. long, flexuous, scaberulous, very few-fld.; spikelets
qo-s In., very distant and long-pedicelled, ovoid, acuminate,
glabrous; glumes usually spreading, I-III cuspidately long-
acuminate, I two-thirds as long as II] or more, broadly ovate,
5-veined, II and III unequal, II longest, broadly ovate,
strongly 7—-9-veined, III like II but shorter, 7-veined, the
-veins vanishing downwards, paleate, empty, palea linear-
oblong, obtuse, 1V sessile, oblong, obtuse, dorsally convex,
smooth, shining, nearly white or coloured, coriaceous, margin
rather narrowly incurved.
Very common, non vulg. ‘Manairee’ (Thwaites, l.c.). Nilgala, Uva,
Jan. 1888 (Trimen).
Plains of India, China, Borneo, Afr. Trop.
Thwaites’s Nos. 882, 893, which he supposed to be P. mzliaceum, are
undoubtedly P. ¢xypheron. It is hence, perhaps, doubtful to which of
these two plants the name Manairee belongs. The Ceylon specimens
have a laxer panicle with more flexuous branches than the Indian.
31. P. humile, ees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 84 (1854).
Thw. Enum. 360. C. P. 3243.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 48.
Annual, densely tufted, quite glabrous; stems slender,
6-12 in. high, erect from the base, leafy nearly up to the
panicle, internodes 1-3 in., nodes glabrous; 1. erect, strict,
_Panicum.| Graminee. 153
very narrowly linear, 3-6 by ,'5-% in., finely acuminate,
margins smooth, base narrow, minutely cordate, sheaths
eciliate, ligule of fine soft hairs; panicle 1-4 in. long, erect,
-effuse, oblong, rhachis very slender, smooth, branches sub-
erect, fascicled, capillary, bearing many distant minute
spikelets on capillary pedicels 4-4 in. long; spikelets erect,
qs in., ellipsoid or narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous; glume I
‘two-thirds as long as III, broadly ovate, acuminate, 3-5-
veined, lateral veins often arching and joining the median,
If and III subequal, II orbicular-ovate, acuminate, 3-5-
veined, 3 middle veins thickened upwards, 2 lateral very short,
III shorter than II, more oblong, 5-veined, paleate, neuter,
palea broad, obtuse, IV oval-oblong, sessile, obtuse, dorsally
convex, shining, pale, thinly coriacecus, margin narrowly
incurved.
South of the Island. Spikelets green or purplish.
Throughout the plains of India, Borneo.
The |.-sheaths are occasionally hairy in Peninsular specimens.
32. *P. maximum, /acg. l/c. P/. Rar.i.2 (1781-6). Rata-Jana, S.
P. jumentorum, Pers.; Thw. Enum. 361 (in note). /. dolygamum,
-Sw.; Moon, Cat. 8.
Fl. B. Ind. 49. Jacq. l.c. t. 13, et Eclog. Gram. t. 21 (P. gongylodes),
Perennial (?); stem 8-10 ft., tufted, erect, branching up-
wards, leafy, but not up to the panicle, roots of stout fibres,
internodes 6-12 in., nodes bearded; 1. 1-2 ft. by 4-1 in,
gradually narrowed from a narrow base to a long filiform
tip, flat, smooth, glabrous or minutely scaberulous, margins
scabrid, base narrow, rounded or cordate, usually villously
ciliate with long hairs, sheaths as long as the internodes or
longer, glabrous or sparsely hairy, margins naked or ciliate
above with long soft hairs, of which the ligule consists ;
panicle 1-2 ft. long, decompound, erect, rhachis strict, scabrid,
branches erecto-patent, capillary, strict, scabrid, lower whorled,
upper alternate or whorled; spikelets scattered, distant, ~,-4
in., sessile or pedicelled, elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute,
‘glabrous, pedicels capillary, up to $ in. long; glume I about
one-fourth of III, orbicular, hyaline, 0-3-veined, II and III
-subequal, broadly ovate, subacute, thin, faintly 5-veined,
III paleate, empty or male, palea oblong, as long as the
glume, IV sessile, narrowly obovoid or oblong, obtuse or
acute, coriaceous, dorsally convex, rugulose, margins strongly
incurved.
A cultivated fodder grass, occurring in a semi-wild state up to 4000 ft,
(Ferguson). Guinea grass. ;
Native of tropical Africa. Cultivated in most hot countries.
154 Graminee. [ Panicum.
The well-known Guinea Grass was introduced from W. Trop. Africa.
into Jamaica about 1774, by Mr. John Ellis, as food for some birds which
he had imported. The birds died, and the seed, being thrown away as.
useless, yielded a magnificent grass greedily eaten by cattle and horses.
It was introduced into India in 1802 by Sir John Sinclair, and must have-
been rapidly disseminated, for I find a specimen in Rottler’s Herbarium
(named P. meneri, miliacca, var. (?) P.nodosum, nob.) received from Heyne,
with the date, June 3, 1808. There is no record of its introduction into-
Ceylon, but it is included in Moon’s Catalogue, published in 1824.
Ferguson says of it that it grows in almost every soil and situation, and
forms with P. wzuticum the two most valuable fodder-plants grown im
Ceylon.
Glume III is empty in the only Ceylon specimen that I have-
examined.
33. P. repens, Zinn. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, i. 87 (1762). Etora, S.
Thw. Enum. 360 (part) (excl. syn. P. paludosum). Moon, Cat. 8
P. tschaemotdes, Retz. Obs. iv. 17. C. P. 883.
Fl, B. Ind. vii. 49. Sibth. Fl. Greec. t. 61.
Perennial; stem 1-3 ft., stout, ascending from a stout often
woody branched creeping rootstock, leafy, internodes short or
long, nodes glabrous, lower rooting; 1. 3-6 by 4-4 in., sub-
distichous, narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, strict, rather
coriaceous, flat or sides involute, glabrous or hairy above,’
glabrous often glaucous beneath, base rounded or cordate,.
margins nearly smooth, sheaths with ciliate margins, especially
near the mouth, ligule a coriaceous ridge; panicle shortly
exserted from the upper sheath, 3-8 in. long, contracted,.
branches very many, strict, erect, naked below, slender,.
angular, nearly smooth, lower 2~-3 in. long, not divaricate
after flg.; spikelets 75-4 in., sessile or shortly pedicelled, ovoid—
or oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous; glume I about one-
sixth of III, orbicular or transversely oblong, white, hyaline,.
veins 3, faint, or 0, II and III subequal, ovate, acute, II 7-
(rarely 5-) veined, III 9-veined, paleate or not, empty or
male, palea nearly as long as the glume, IV sessile, obiong,.
acute, thinly coriaceous, dorsally convex, smooth, nearly white,
margins rather broadly involute.
a Very common in dry sandy or wet marshy soils, ascending to Nuwara_
lya.
s. Europe, Asia, Africa, America.
A troublesome weed in gardens, but a good fodder-grass. Thwaites.
gives Attora as the Sinhalese name; Ferguson, “tora-tawa; Trimen,
Etord. For differences between this and P. proliferum, see remarks
under the latter. Of the two C. P. numbers cited under this species im-
Thwaites’s ‘Enumeratio,’ 3049 is P. proliferum.
Ferguson says of this grass, ‘One of the most common in the Island,
and highly valued as fodder for cattle; large quantities brought into and.
sold in Colombo. Grows equally well in dry sandy soil as it does in
marshes or water.’
Panicum] Gramineae. 155
34. P. proliferum, Lam. Euncycl. iv. 747 (1797).
P. paludosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 307. P. decomposttum, Br., var.
paludosum, Trim. Cat. 105. C. P. 3049, 4020.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 50. Turner, Austral. Grasses i. 36 (decomposztun).
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft. or more, stout, ascending from a
creeping or floating spongy rootstock which is sometimes as
thick as the little finger, leafy up to the panicle, simple or
branched, internodes short or long, nodes glabrous; |. 6-12
by 4-3 in., linear or ensiform, acute or acuminate, flat, rather
coriaceous, glabrous, base rounded or subcordate, margins
minutely scabrid, lower sheaths tumid, usually loose, glabrous,
margins eciliate, ligule a ridge of fine hairs; panicle 4-10 in.,
often as broad when spreading, sessile at the mouth of the l.-
sheath, or very shortly peduncled, at first contracted, with few
or many erect branches, which are fascicled or whorled below,
and at length divaricate, rhachis and branches rather stout,
angular, scaberulous, branches strict, naked beiow, tee
short erect fig. branchlets about the middle; spikelets 4 ie a.
erect, shortly pedicelled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; “glaane
I not one-fourth of III, orbicular or esr OPA, white, hyaline,
veins obscure or o, II and III subequal, broadly ovate,
acuminate, II 7-veined, III 9-veined, paleate or not, empty
or triandrous, IV sessile, shorter than III narrowly oblong,
acute or acuminate, dorsally convex, smooth, white, coriaceous,
margins rather broadly incurved.
Marshes, borders of rivers and lakes, in the hotter parts of the Island,
often floating.
Tropics of both hemispheres.
It is often difficult to distinguish in a dried state P. proliferum from
P. repens. Over and above the longer, more acuminate spikelets of
proliferum, it differs in habit, being habitually a water grass, with much
stouter stems, prostrate for sometimes several feet, the leaves are more
flaccid, usually longer, always flat, the ligule a well-developed ridge of
very fine hairs, and the rigid branches of the panicle eventually spread
at right angles. I do not find in Herb. Peradeniya specimens marked
C. P. 3049 cited in Thwaites’s Enumeratio and referred to P. repens ;
those so marked in Herb. Kew. certainly belong to P. proliferum.
Leaves greedily eaten by cattle.
35. B. montanum, fox. /7/. nd. i. 313 (1832).
Thw. Enum. 360. C. P. 892.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 53.
Perennial; stem 3-4 ft. or more, erect from a woody root-
stock, branched, stiff, hard, solid, smooth, internodes 2—5 in.,
nodes glabrous; 1. 5-7 by #-1}4 in., spreading or deflexed from
the sheath, narrowed from above a broad cordate base to an
acuminate tip, flat, smooth, many-veined, quite glabrous or
ciliate at the base only, midrib slender, margins scaberulcus,
156 Graminee. [ Panicum.
sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous, margins eciliate,
ligule of soft long hairs; panicle 8-12 in., effuse, copiously
branched, scapiform, the lower branches being as long as the
whole panicle, rhachis strict, erect, slender, grooved and
smooth below, scabrid upwards, branches very many, whorled,
or the upper opp. or alt., lower 6-10 in. long, all suberect or
spreading, strict, filiform, scabrid, branches divaricate, capillary;
spikelets very distant, 34;-7'5 in., pedicels long capillary, erect,
ellipsoid or oblong, obtuse; glume I a fourth toa third shorter
than III, ovate, obtuse 3-5 veined, sparsely hairy and ciliate,
hairs very long, II and III subequal, II nearly orbicular, tip
rounded, strongly 5-veined, glabrous or very sparsely hairy,
III rather shorter and narrower than II, obtuse, 5-veined,
epaleate, empty, IV ovoid, subacute, very shortly stipitate,
dorsally rounded, smooth, polished, obscurely striolate, pale
brown.
Central and Western Provinces (Thwaites, Ferguson), Caltura,
Pusella, Bellongalla, Kaduganawa.
Hilly districts of India, Malaya, and China.
In some Indian specimens the leaves are hairy, the midrib excentric,
and glands occur in the axils of branches of the panicle. Remarkable
for its large open panicle and the height to which it grows when sup-
ported (Ferguson).
36. P. antidotale, Aezz. Obs. iv. 17 (1780). Mirimisastru, 5S.
Thw. Enum. 360., C. P. 971.
_ FL B. Ind. vii. 52. Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 112 (P. subalbidum).
Duthie, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 3.
Perennial; rootstock stout, creeping, stoloniferous, stem
2-3 ft., rather stout, leafy, solid, internodes 2-4 in., nodes
glabrous or puberulous; J. 6-12 by 4-4 in., linear, very finely
acuminate with capillary tips, flat, thin, glabrous, scaberulous
on both surfaces and margins, base narrowly cordate,
9-veined, sheaths glabrous, margins eciliate, ligule short,
membranous, villously ciliate; panicle 6-8 in. long, effuse,
pyramidal, rhachis very slender, slightly scabrid, branches
fascicled, lower 3-4 in., filiform, spreading and drooping,
much divided, naked below, branchlets capillary; spikelets
loosely crowded on the branchlets, ~,—-} in. long, ovoid, acute,
glabrous, rather shining; glumes I-III thin, sides mem-
branous, I half as long as III or longer, broadly ovate,
obtuse, 3-veined towards the base, II and III broadly ovate,
acuminate, 7—9-veined, III shorter than II, paleate, empty,
palea oblong, obtuse, 1V sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute,
thinly coriaceous, dorsally smooth, white, margins narrowly
incurved. .
Panicum.| Graminece. 157
Hotter parts of the Island (Thwaites}. Dambulla, by the Temple,
cultivated (Ferguson). Spikelets pale brownish.
Also in Afghanistan, the plains of India, Trop. Africa, and Australia.
Often cultivated by the natives for medicine (Ferguson). Watt (Dict.
Econ. Prod. Ind. vi. 7) says, ‘Used as a disinfectant in smallpox, and
in Madras in throat affections,’ also that the green young grass has been
stated to be poisonous to cattle. In the Ceylon specimens, the nodes.
and upper parts of the internodes are glaucous.
37. P. plicatum, Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i. 171 (1791).
Thw. Enum. 360. Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 890.
Hib ind.-vies55. Jacq clos. Gram. i. t. 1. Trin. Sp. Gram: ie.
T2235:
Perennial; stem 1-8 ft., erect or ascending from a woody
branching rootstock, stout, leafy, internodes 2-6 in., nodes
strigillose; 1. 6-24 by 4-4 in, linear-lanceolate, finely acu-
minate, chartaceous, scabrid on both surfaces and on the
margins, base narrow, elongate, sessile on the sheath and
contracted into a slender petiole, veins very many, pinnately
inserted on the midrib in the lower third of the 1. plicate
between the veins, sheaths scaberulous or smooth, eciliate,
ligule of long hairs; panicle 1-2 ft., contracted, nodding,
rhachis stout, angular, scabrid, branches mostly alternate,
distant, lower 3-4 in. long, filiform, suberect, bearing short
capillary few-fld. branchlets, and with sometimes setiform
scabrid flowerless ones; spikelets 4 in., sessile or shortly pedi-
celled, ovoid, acute, glabrous; glume I about half as long as
IT], orbicular- ovate, obtuse, 5— ne -veined, II half as long as
IV or rather longer, orbicular- ovate, obtuse, veins 7-0, linked
by their tips, ata longer than II, narrower, acuminate, empty,
paleate or not, age a eS palea small; IV shorter than ie
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dorsally rather flattened, striate,
punctulate, white, margins strongly incurved.
Hotter moist parts of the Island, up to 2000 ft.
Hilly parts of India, Burma, Malaya, China.
Some Indian specimens have shorter oval-oblong 1., and rougher
glume IV.
Another Panzcum with plicate leaves, P. favescens, Sw. (Fl. B. Ind.
vil. 56), has been introduced into cultivated ground in the neighbourhood
of Colombo. It is a native of Tropical America.
38. PB. trigonum, fez. Obs. ii. 9 (excl. syn. Burm.) (1783).
Thw. Enum. 359 (in part). C. P. 886 (in part), 838.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 56.
Perennial; stem very slender, extensively creeping and
branching below, branches 6-18 in., ascending, slender or
filiform, leafy, clabrous, internodes variable, nodes S880
lower emitting very long subsolitary filiform roots: I. $-3
by 2-4 in. lanceolate, acuminate, thin, flat, clabrous or
155 Graminee. [ Panicum.
sparsely hairy, striate, base contracted, obtuse or rounded,
sometimes with a few long cilia at the base, margins
scaberulous, sheaths glabrous or hairy, margins ciliate,
especially below the mouth, ligule short, rounded; panicle
very various, firm, short, erect, with few short few-fid.
branches, or up to 6 in. long, with very distant, solitary, widely
spreading capillary branches bearing very few spikelets on
capillary pedicel sometimes I in. long, rhachis and branches
often flexuous, glabrous, quite smooth; spikelets 7%-q; in.,
gibbous, laterally compressed; glumes I-III pubescent,
hispidulous or villous, I about half as long as III, broadly
ovate, acute or cuspidate, membranous, 3-veined, II and III
5-veined, obtuse, II galeate, III obovate-oblong, empty,
palea rudimentary or o, IV sessile, semilunar, white, obtuse,
laterally compressed, margins not incurved, dorsally rounded,
coriaceous, minutely punctulate, shining, palea oblong, coria-
ceous, dorsally rounded, sides broadly incurved.
Common up to 7000 ft. Spikelets pale brown.
Bengal, S. India, and Java.
A very variable grass in size and in the open or contracted panicle.
Thwaites considered both P. pz/ipes and patens to be varieties of it,
probably rightly. Ferguson regards pzlipes, patens, and trigonum,
as one species, and says of it, ‘Perhaps the most variable grass
in Ceylon next to Spodiopogon obliquivalvis; also that with P. ovalz-
Jolium and P. curvatum it forms the principal part of the fodder collected
by the grass-women for horses in the Cinnamon Gardens.
5 30. BP. pilipes, ees and Arn. ex Biise in Mig., Pl. Jungh. ii. 376
1851-5).
tee) Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. P. hermaphroditum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 67.
P. trigonum, Retz. (in part); Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. 100, 891.
BIB. Ind. vii, 57:
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., rather stout, erect from a creeping
base, as thick as a duck’s quill or less, leafy, simple or branched,
stiff, polished, internodes 3-4 in., nodes glabrous, lower with
solitary very stout simple flexuous roots up to a foot long
and longer; 1. 4-6 by #-1 in., linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate,
spreading, flat, thin, smooth, glabrous, veins 3-4 pairs, and
midrib obscure above, slender but prominent and pale beneath,
base contracted, rounded, sheaths quite glabrous, eciliate,
ligule very short, truncate; panicle 3-7 in., contracted, rhachis
smooth, branches distant, alt., erect or suberect, rather stiff,
filiform, simple and naked below, with short flg. branchlets
above the middle; spikelets 74 in., shortly pedicelled, erect,
gibbously obovoid, obtuse, nearly glabrous, pedicels with often
long, white, spreading hairs; glumes I-III 3-veined, or III
obscurely 5-veined, veins free, I broadly ovate, acute, about
Panicum. | Graminee. 159
half as long as III, II and III puberulous above the middle,
II shorter than IV, galeate, III as long as IV, empty,
paleate, palea very small, narrow, acute, IV very gibbous
dorsally, contracted below into a stipes, laterally much com:
pressed, coriaceous, smooth, polished, pale brown, tip pro-
minent, with a dorsal tuft of brown hairs, palea narrow,
coriaceous, sides involute.
Central Province, in the Forest region. Spikelets pale brown.
Bengal and S. India, Burma, Malaya, Madagascar.
Differs from P. ¢vigonum, with which Thwaites united it as a sylvan
form, in the much larger stouter habit, nearly glabrous spikelets, and
more gibbous pale brown glume IV. P. ¢rigonum is, however, quite a
small plant, with slender stem, 6-18 in. high, 1. 3-3 by $-3 in., and a
few-fld. panicle with pubescent glumes.
40. P. patens, Linn. Sp. Pi. 58 (1753).
P. trigonum (in part), Thw. Enum. 359. P. radicans, Retz. Obs. iv. 18.
P. obliguum, Roth, Nov. Gen. and Sp. 51. C. P. 886 (in part), 887.
Fl, B. Ind. vi. 56. Burm. Fl. Ind.t.10,f.2. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 88
(P. accrescens).
Stem, 1-2 ft., very slender, branching creeping and rooting
below, leafy, internodes very variable, nodes glabrous, lower
emitting very long solitary wiry roots; 1. 2-6 by 4-4 in., ovate
to linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, glabrous or ciliate at
the base with sometimes tubercle-based hairs, margins and
mouth of sheath ciliated, ligule rounded; panicle 2-5 in.,
usually inclined, effuse or contracted, branches long, distant,
naked below, glabrous or puberulous, branchlets and long
pedicels capillary; spikelets 3’; in. long, glabrous, glumes with
‘ciliate tips; otherwise as in P. fzlipes.
Central region, Peradeniya, &c. FI. Feb. Oct.
Hilly districts of Eastern Asia, the Malayan and the Pacific Islands.
C. P. n. 886 is a dwarf form from Nuwara Eliya with 1. only 3-1 in.
dong, and small panicle.
4t. P. sparsicomum, /Vees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 83 (1854).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 58.
Stem 6-18 in., filiform, flaccid, diffusely branched, branches
‘decumbent and ascending, leafy, internodes 1-2 in., nodes
glabrous or pubescent, lower emitting solitary wiry roots;
1. 1-24 in., narrowly lanceolate, finely acuminate, thin, flat,
softly pubescent on both surfaces, 7-veined, base unequal,
rounded or subcordate, sheath pubescent, margins ciliate,
ligule a ridge of short hairs; panicle long-peduncled, laxly
effuse, 4-6 in. long and broad, ped. and filiform rhachis smooth,
branches and branchlets alt. distant, widely spreading,
capillary; spikelets few, distant, 34-74; in. long, on long
capillary spreading pedicels, glabrous; glumes I-III mem-
160 Graminee. [Panicune
branous, I half as long as III, ovate, obtuse, or subacute,
3-veined, II and III strongly 5-veined, II shorter than IV,
nearly orbicular, obtuse, III as long as IV, broadly ovate,
acute, paleate, empty, palea very small, IV sessile, oval-
lanceolate, acute, laterally subcompressed, dorsally very
convex, obscurely keeled, quite smooth, thinly coriaceous,
margins strongly incurved; grain small, obovoid, plano-
convex.
Dry region in the Northern Province. Kokkulai (Heyne, Jany, 23,
1796). Spikelets greenish-brown.
There are two specimens of this very delicate grass in Herb. Peraden.
without habitat, date, or collector’s name, marked C. P. 886 in Thwaites’s.
writing, which number properly belongs to P. ¢trigonum. The minute
spikelets are perhaps hardly sufficiently laterally compressed to place
this grass in the section with P. ¢rzgonum and its allies. I have
accordingly in the Key to the species referred to it under the section.
Effuse.
42. P. uncinatum, fadai, Agrost. Bras. 41 (1823).
Thw. Enum. 359. £chinolena polystachya, H. B. and K. Nov.
Gen aud op.i7i19,, (©. P. 710.
Heb inds vat 58.) Drm. op, (Gram. tere 216; 7H Band Kc
vii. t. 679 (Echinolena).
Perennial; stem 1-2 ft., slender, decumbent and rooting
below, then ascending, simple or sparingly branched, leafy,
lower internodes $—1 in., upper longer, nodes pubescent, lower
emitting long solitary filiform roots; |. 2—3 in., spreading,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, flat, sparsely pilose on both
surfaces with tubercle-based hairs, base narrow, margins.
scaberulous, veins obscure, sheath pubescent, margins ciliate,,
ligule short, truncate, membranous; panicle 3-6 in., long-
peduncled, contracted, rhachis slender, quite smooth, branches.
few, distant, alt., erect, filiform, few-fld., lower an inch long,
upper shorter; spikelets 4 in., gibbously ovoid, laterally com-
pressed, sessile or pedicelled, erect, binate or solitary with a
lanceolate bract-like glume (imperfect spikelet) at the base
of the pedicels, sometimes in the lower branches all the
spikelets are reduced to subulate or lanceolate glumes.
glume I rather longer than III, lanceolate, acuminate,
3-veined, glabrous or setose towards the tip, II gibbously
ovoid, acuminate, herbaceous, obscurely veined, glandular,.
naked or furnished, sometimes copiously, with long spreading
hook-tipped bristles, margins broadly membranous, III as
long as II, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, coriaceous, empty, paleate,.
palea coriaceous, as long as the glume, lanceolate, finely
acuminate, sides involute, IV much smaller than III, sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, dorsally rounded, smooth, white,
Ichnanthus.]| Graminee. 161
‘coriaceous, margins strongy incurved, palea narrow; lodiculeso;
-grain very small, oblong, plano-convex.
Central Province; common in damp shady places.
Trop. Asia and America.
5. ICHNANTHUS, Seauv.
Annual or perennial grasses; stem creeping and branching
below; 1. lanceolate; panicle with long slender subspiciform
‘branches; spikelets subsessile, subsecund, solitary, ovate or
lanceolate, terete or laterally compressed, articulate at the base,
‘but very persistent; glumes 4, strongly veined, I more than
half as long as III, 3-veined, IJ much longer than III, III
and IV 3-5-veined, III paleate, male, IV fem., stipitate,
placed transversely to the spikelet, coriaceous, smooth, later-
aily compressed, stipes flattened, articulate at the base, palea
oblong, 2-keeled; lodicules 2, minute; stam. 3; styles free at
the base, stigmas exserted at the top of the spikelet; grain
enclosed in the deciduous, thickened, smooth glume and
palea.—Sp. about 20; 2 in FZ. B. Lnd.
This genus is scarcely distinct from Pandcum, its best character is
the obliquely tranverse position of the grain, and the persistence of
-glumes I-III.
I. pallens, Munro in Benth. Fl. Hongkong, 414 (1861).
Thw. Enum. 361. Panicum pallens, Sw. Prod. Fl. Ind. Occ. 23.
Me nE 27.55.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 60.
Perennial; stems 1-2 ft., slender, weak, ascending from a
-creeping base, branching, leafy, glabrous or sparsely puberulous,
internodes 2-3 in., nodes glabrous or puberulous, emitting
usually solitary long wiry roots; |. 2-6 by 14-14 in., lanceolate,
acuminate, tip obtuse, thin, flat, glabrous smooth or scaberulous
above, smooth beneath, veins 3-5 pairs very slender, base
narrow, rounded or obliquely cordate, margins scabrid, sheath
loose, margins ciliate, ligule a ridge of short hairs; panicle
3 in. long, erect or inclined, rhachis slender, smooth, branches
erecto-patent, subsecund, alt. or in rather distant fascicles,
subspiciform, lower with often distant, imperfect, lanceolate
spikelets, rhachis scaberulous; spikelets §-} in., sessile or very
shortly pedicelled, glabrous; glume I more than half as long
as III, lanceolate, aristately acuminate, 3-veined, keel
scaberulous, II and III thin, II lanceolate, acuminate, keel
scaberulous, III oval-lanceolate, acuminate, palea as long as
the glume, oblong, keels ciliolate, LV much shorter than II
and III, oblong, obtuse, base truncate, stipitate, dorsally convex,
PART V. M
162 Graminee. [Setaria.
smooth, pale, shining, subcrustaceous, margins narrowly in-
curved, stipes turbinate, not winged, palea oblong.
Central Province. Deltota, alt. 4000 ft. (Thwaites), Knuckles(Ferguson).
Bengal, Assam, Tropics generally.
6. SETAREIA, Leauv.
Annual, erect grasses; roots fibrous, stem simple or
slightly branched, nodes glabrous; |. linear, finely acuminate,
flat, ligule a ridge of hairs; spikelets in contracted, usually
cylindric, solitary, terminal panicles, 1—2-fld., not awned,
glabrous, articulate on a very short pedicel that bears uni-
laterally an involucel of one or more rigid scabrid or barbed
bristles (branchlets); glumes 4, I-III membranous, 3-5-
veined, I half as long as III or shorter, II shorter than IV,,
III as long as IV, orbicular-oblong, paleate, rarely epaleate,
male or neuter, palea hyaline, IV _ sessile, coriaceous or
crustaceous, broadly ovoid, acute, dorsally very convex,
smooth or rugulose, sides incurved; grain oblong, free within
the hardened glume and palea.—Sp. about 10; 7 in FV.
Jes. Lie.
The species of Sefarza are variable; I have described the Ceylon
ones according to specimens in Herb. Peraden., which do not represent
all the forms which several of them assume in continental India. The
character of panicle spiciform or more or less branched is often very
fallacious.
Panicle spiciform, cylindric.
Bristles of involucel with erect or spreading teeth 1. S. GLAUCA.
Bristles of involucel with deflexed teeth . S. VERTICILLATA.
Panicle more or less lobed or branches epee
Glume l1V rugulose all over
Glume IV smooth in the upper third .
N
S. INTERMEDIA.
. 5S. GRACILLIMA.
BSaes)
I. S. glauca, Seauv. Agrost. 51 (1812). BKaooloo, S.
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. Panicum glaucum, L.; Thw. Enum. 361.
Moon, Cat. 8. P. helvolum, L.f., Moon, l.c. C. P. 907.
IPL 13}, Uiovel, ate Gk INeielmioy Hes IRI, Germ, ik i 47, lelOste, Grete
Austriac. 11. t. 16 (P. glaucum).
Stem I—2 ft., erect or ascending, simple or branched, leafy,
nodes glabrous, lower rooting; |]. 12-18 in., linear, finely acu-
minate, flat, glabrous or sparsely hairy, base narrow, margins
gerbe. sheade smooth; panicle 1-4 in., cylindric, dense-fld.,
bristles of involucel 6-12, }-} in. long, pale.or dark red-brown,
scabrid with very short erect or spreading teeth; spikelets
qz-1o in., ovoid, glabrous; glumes I and II very broadly
ovate, broader than long, subacute or obtuse, I minute,
3-veined, TI as long as IV or shorter, veins 5, arching and
Setarza.| Graniince. 163
meeting below the tip of the glume, III orbicular, 5-veined,
as in II, empty, paleate, palea broadly oval, sides broadly
inflexed, IV ovoid, acute, pale, dorsally very convex, closely
transversely rugose.
Common all over the Island. Spikes pale or dark red-brown.
Warm and temperate regions.
A very variable plant, which I have described from the Ceylon
specimens. Glume III is sometimes triandrous.
2. S. verticillata, Beauv. Agrost. 57 (1812).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. Panicum verticillatum, L.; Thw. Enum. 361.
C. P. 3246.
BE oBe Indvit, so. Reichb: Tc Fl Germ. 1. t: 47: . Host, Gram:
Austriac. il. t. 13.
Stem 1-3 ft., stout or slender, erect, leafy, usually branching,
internodes 2-4 in.; |. 4-10 in., linear-lanceolate, finely acu-
minate, flat, smooth, glabrous or sparsely hairy and scaberulous,
base very narrow, margins scabrid, sheath smooth, mouth
glabrous, ligule a fringe of hairs; panicle 1~3 in., spiciform,
cylindric or lobulate towards the base; bristles of involucel
one or few, 4-4 in., pale, scabrid with more or less deflexed
teeth; spikelets ;4 in., subsessile, ovoid, glabrous; glume I
broadly ovate, one-fourth to one-half as long as III, 3-veined,
II and III 5-veined, II nearly as long as IV, obtuse, III
as long as IV, orbicular-ovate, subacute, paleate, empty,
palea very small, IV ovoid, acute, pale green, dorsally very
convex, minutely transversely rugulose.
Hotter parts of the Island; abundant in some places. Spikes pale
green.
Temp. and trop. regions.
3. S. intermedia, Roem. and Sch. Syst. ii. 489 (1817).
Trim. Cat. 105. Panicum intermedium, Roth; Thw. Enum. 361.
Car906:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 79.
Stem 2-3 ft., very slender, erect or ascending, simple,
internodes 3-5 in., nodes glabrous, lower rooting; I. linear-
lanceolate, finely acuminate, thin, flat, sparsely hairy on both
surfaces, margins scaberulous, base very narrow, sheath long,
smooth, mouth villous with soft hairs, margins ciliate; panicle
4-5 in. long, narrowly pyramidal, rhachis glabrous, branches
rather distant or upper crowded, all short, lower 4—4 in. long,
dense-fld.; bristles of involucel 3-6, about 4 in. long, very
slender, flexuous, minutely denticulate with erect teeth, pale;
spikelets 7; in. long, subsessile, ovoid, glabrous; glume I
transversely oval, one-third as long as. III, 3-veined, III and
IV orbicular-oval, veins 5, meeting at the tip of the glume,
II about half as long as IV, III as long as IV, paleate,
164 Graminee. [Chameraphis.
empty, palea, broadly oval, flaps broad, IV ovoid, acute,
brown, dorsally very convex, minutely transversely rugulose
all over.
Moist region; not uncommon in damp shady places. Panicle pale
green.
Temperate and tropical regions.
4. S. gracillima, ook. f. fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 81 (1896).
Stems 12--18 in., tufted, very slender, almost filiform above,
smooth, internodes long; |. 8-12 by 2-4 in., narrowly linear-
lanceolate, finely acuminate, flat, smooth, shortly hairy on
both surfaces, base very narrow, margins hardly scabrid,
sheath pubescent, margins villously ciliate, ligule a brush
of hairs; panicle 2-3 in. on a very long filiform, smooth,
puberulous ped., 6-8 in. long, very narrow, rhachis filiform,
pubescent, branches §—% in., capillary, flexuous, 2~-3-fld.;
bristles of involucel 1 or few, % in. long, pale, flexuous,
minutely scaberulous; spikelets sessile, + in. long, broadly
ovoid, glabrous; glume | one-fourth to one-third as long as
III, broadly ovate, 5-veined, I] about one-third shorter than
IV, orbicular, 5- rarely 7-veined, III as long as IV, broadly
oval, subacute, 5-veined, male, paleate, palea broadly oblong,
flaps broad, IV ovoid, acute, pale green, dorsally very convex,
transversely rugulose from the lower half or two-thirds,
punctulate above it.
Ceylon, Gardner (n. 968), in Herb. Kew. Panicle pale green.
A very peculiar-looking species. Dr. Trimen, to whom I sent a
fragment, did not know it, but observed that it looked like a starved
S. intermedia, which is certainly its nearest ally (if it be not a form or
variety of it); but, over and above the slender habit, the spikelets are
smaller, and glume IV smooth in the upper third.
S. ztalica, Beauv. (Moon, Cat. 8), the Italian Millet, a taller and much
stouter species than any of the above, with broader |]. and contracted
panicles 6 in. long and as thick as the thumb, is cultivated in Ceylon.
Ferguson gives it the native names Tanna Hal, S, Tennay, T, and says
of it one of the dry or very fine grains cultivated in India and Ceylon,
and considered by the natives to be one of the most delicious of culti-
vated grains.
7. CHAMZERAPHIS, 7.
Glabrous marsh or aquatic grasses; |. narrowly linear-
lanceolate; infl. panicled, branches of the panicle filiform,
ending in a flexuous awn-like scabrid bristle; spikelets
narrowly lanceolate, terete, green, scattered, subsecund, sub-
articulate but persistent on the very short thickened obconic
pedicel, which is subarticulate on the branch; glumes 4, I very
small, suborbicular, hyaline, white, veinless, II and III
Chameraphis.] Gramunee. 165
membranous, green, narrowly lanceolate, If acuminate, 9-11-
veined, longer than III, narrowed into a subulate or awned
tip, III acuminate, 7-veined, paleate, male, palea smaller
than the glume, hyaline, veins obscure, 1V much smaller than
III, stoutly stipitate, fem., oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, flat,
thinly coriaceous, veinless, palea as broad as the glume, acute,
veinless; lodicules cuneate; stam. 3, anth. very short; styles
free, stigmas laterally exserted, hairs scattered; grain minute,
oblong, compressed, free in the coriaceous glume and hyaline
palea, embryo large.—Species 5-6? 1 in FZ. B. Lnd.
C. spinescens, Pozr. Ezcycil. ii. 189 (1786).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 106. Panicum asperum, Koen.; Thw. Enum. 436.
P. ischemoides, Heyne; Moon, Cat. 8.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 62. Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t.145 (Panicum Brunonianun.).
Forming floating masses of much-branched, leafy, as-
cending stems, 1-2 ft. high; 1. 1$—2 in., flat, acuminate, smooth
or scabrid, base narrow, sheath elongate, loose, margins
eciliate, ligule a ridge of minute hairs; panicle 2—3 in., shortly
peduncled, more or less contracted, rhachis and branches
angular, sulcate, nearly smooth or scabrid, branches filiform,
flexuous, few or many-fld., lower 1-2 in., awn-like tips 4—4 in.,
spikelets with their awns 4-4 in., glume I not one-eighth
of III, orbicular, truncate or reniform, white, II smooth or
sparsely setose on the sides, awn scabrid sometimes as long
as the glume, III from subequal to about one-third shorter
than II, finely acuminate or awned, IV about one-fourth of
ITI in length, and much narrower; grain ;, in., obovate-
oblong.
A variable plant, of which there are three forms in Herb. Perad.
Var. aspera, C. aspera, Nees. Panicum asperum, Thw. Enum. 436.
C. P. 3846.
Tall, rather stout, nodes pubescent, |. very scabrid, panicle
2-3 in., lower branches long, with many spikelets.
Var. subglabra, C. spinescens var. subglabra, Vhw. ex Trim. Cat.
OOnC. 3877
‘More slender, nodes glabrous, |. quite smooth, panicle as
in var. aspera.
Var. depauperata, Hook. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 62. C. depauperata,
Nees; Trim. Cat. 106. Panicum sordidum, Thw. Enum. 443. C. P. 3857.
Stem as in var. aspera, nodes puberulous, |. I in., quite
smooth, panicle 1-i4 in., contracted, branches very short,
appressed, with very few usually dull-red spikelets.
166 Graminee. [A xonopus.
Watery places in the hotter parts of the Island. Vars. subglabra and
depauperata, Colombo (Ferguson).
India, Malaya, China, Australia. Var. depauperata, Bengal and the
Deccan.
Ferguson regards Paz. sordidum (var. depauperata) as a distinct
species. Cattle, he says, eat both species.
§. AXONOPUS, JLeauv.
Perennial grasses; |. subradical; spikelets in whorled or
digitate, terminal spikes, solitary or binate, awned, 2-fld.,
articulate in their short pedicels, erect; glumes 4, I shorter
than III, hyaline, empty, acuminate or aristulate, veins 3,
lateral arching to join the median below the tip, II as long
as IV, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, empty, acuminate or awned,
5-veined, lateral veins marginal and villous, III as long as
IV, oblong-ovate, 5-veined, paleate, male, palea very small,
bipartite, segments auricled, IV sessile, bisexual, oblong,
narrowed into a slender terminal awn, thinly coriaceous,
dorsaily flattened, quite smooth, margins glabrous or pubes-
cent, narrowly incurved; palea oblong, 2-keeled, flaps
auricled; lodicules flabelliform; stam. 3, anth. linear; styles
free, stigmas linear, laterally exserted, shortly penicillate;
grain oblong, free within the hardened glume and palea.—
So, Ba |OCseln thar LAW, Vey, Vaal
Spikes umbellate : : : : : : 1. -AMCINICINUS:
Spikes digitate . : A : : : : . 2. A. SEMIALATUS.
1. A. cimicinus, Beauv. Agrost. 12 (1812).
Panicum cimicinum, Retz.; Thw. Enum. 358; Moon, Cat.8. C. P. 911.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 64. Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. t. 103 (Urochloa cimicina),.
Stem 1-2 ft., erect or decumbent at the base, glabrous or
. hairy, internodes 1-4 in., nodes hirsute, |. 1-3 in., ovate-
lanceolate from a broad cordate base, acute or acuminate, flat,
glabrous or hairy on both surfaces, margins ciliate with rather
distant, long, stiff, white, tubercle-based hairs, sheath glabrous
or hirsute, ligule of very short hairs; spikes 3-8, umbellate on
the tip of a slender smooth glabrous ped. 2-6 in. long, with
sometimes a fascicle of 2 or more lower down on the ped.,
rhachis filiform, flexuous, scaberulous, naked for the lower
third or half, simple or forked; spikelets 7-4 in., erect, sub-
- secund, solitary or binate, loosely imbricate or the lower distant,
very shortly pedicelled, ovoid, flattened, pedicels glabrous;
glume I about one-third shorter than III, lanceolate, acu-
minate, veins 3, lateral arching to join the median below
the tip, II and III membranous, II acute, III obtuse, IV
Oplismenus.| Graminee. 16 7
thinly coriaceous, oblong, narrowed into a straight scaberulous
awn shorter than itself, dorsally flat, margins narrowly in-
curved, glabrous; anth. dark purple; grain oval, flat.
Warm districts; abundant. Spikelets pale, glistening.
Also in India, Burma, Malaya, China.
2. A. semialatus, Hoot. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 64 (1896).
Panicum semialatum, Br.; Vhw. Enum. 358. C. P. 3239.
Fl. B. Ind. 1.c. Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 145, f. 2 (Panicum viaticum).
Stem 1-3 ft., erect, densely tufted, very robust at the base,
clothed with villously silky sheaths, lower internodes short,
upper very long, nodes villous; |. 8-12 in., mostly subradical,
very narrowly linear, acuminate, strict, rigid, glabrous or
pubescent, base very narrow, margins flat or. involute, nearly
smooth, sheath more or less hairy or villous, margin ciliate,
ligule a very short ridge of hairs; spikes 2-5, subdigitate,
terminating a long strict more or less hairy ped., erect, 3-6 in.
long, rhachis rather stout, strict, pubescent, usually flowering
to the base; spikelets } in. long, solitary or binate, shortly
pedicelled, crowded, ovate-lanceolate, subterete, pedicels short,
pubescent; glumes all shortly awned, I about one-third shorter
than III, triangular-ovate, acuminate, hyaline, margins cilio-
late, I] broadly ovate, as long as IV, acute, III as long as
IV, oblong, margins incurved, ciliate; anth. red-brown, IV
lanceolate, narrowed into a scabrid awn one-third shorter
than itself, margins narrowly incurved, pubescent, flaps of
palea incurved, auricled towards the base.
Common on the patanas, up to 5000 ft.
Hilly districts of Trop. Asia, Australia, S. Africa.
9g. OPLISMENUWS, Leauv.
Slender leafy grasses; stems creeping below, branches
ascending; |. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, flat, margins
scaberulous, base narrow, auricled on one side, ligule a ridge
of long hairs; spikelets solitary or binate, disarticulating at
the base, secund on a simple terminal spike or on racemed
| spikes, subterete, awned; glumes 4, I and II empty, both
usually awned, awns straight, I shorter than III, 3-5-veined,
II as long or shorter than IV, 5—7-veined, III as long as
- IV, or longer, 7-9-veined, paleate or not, empty, IV sessile,
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thinly coriaceous, terete,
. smooth, white, shining, paleate, bisexual, margins broadly
- incurved, palea 2-keeled; lodicules minute; anth. 3, linear;
‘styles free, stigmas exserted at the top of the glume; grain
168 Graninee. [| Oplismenius:.
oval-oblong, free within the hardened glume and palea.—
Sp. few, very variable; 3 in FZ. 4. Ind.
Awns quite smooth, obtuse .
Awns microscopically scaberulous.
Awn of glume I much longer than the glume
Awn of glume I not longer than the glume .
.. O. COMPOSITUS.
=
. O. BURMANNIIL..
. O. THWAITESII.
G N
I. O. compositus, Leauv. Agrost. 54 (1812).
Herm. Mus. 36. FI. Zeyl. n. 42. Panicum composttum, Linn.; Thw..
Enum. 359. Moon, Cat. 8. P. aristatum, Retz.; Moon, Cat. 8. P..
elatius, .. f.: Moon, Cat. 8.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 66. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 188, 189, 190 (Pazzcuz2).
Stem I-3 ft., sometimes as thick as a crow-quill, branched
and creeping below, branches ascending, leafy, roots sub-
solitary from the lower nodes, long, wiry; |. very variable,.
I—7 in. long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, finely acuminate, thin,
flat, glabrous or more or less hairy or hirsute on both surfaces,.
base narrow, auricled on one side, sheath glabrous or pubescent,.
margins ciliate; panicle long- or short-peduncled, 3-10 in.
long, drooping, rhachis and rhachis of spikes glabrous or
pubescent, deeply grooved; spikes subsessile, few or many,.
rather distant, short and erect, or long up to 5 in., and.
decurved, rhachis rather stout; spikelets 4-4 in. (excl.
the awn), very shortly pedicelled, secund and more or less
bifariously spreading, pedicel pubescent and often setose;.
slumes I-II{ glabrous or pubescent, I shorter than III,
ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, 3-5-veined, narrowed into a stiff
smooth straight awn, 4 in. long or longer, II larger than I,.
ovate, 7-veined, awn as of I, but shorter, III broadly
oblong, obtuse, apiculate, 9-veined, palea narrow, IV shorter
than II1.
There are six principal forms or varieties of this protean plant in.
Herb. Peraden.; all may have very short basal leaves, and much reduced
erect panicles.
a, Stem 3 ft. and upwards, as thick as a crow-quill, glabrous, inter-
nodes 3-6 in.; 1. 4-7 by 1-14 in, glabrous on both surfaces; panicle:
Io in. long, spikes 3-5 in., spikelets glabrous, longest awn $in. C.P.913
(in part).
6. As in form a, but stem and nodes pubescent, sheaths and 1. hirsutely
tomentose, rhachis of panicle and spikes clothed with spreading hairs,
spikelets glabrous. C. P. 913 (in part).
c. More slender, 1—2 ft. long, internodes glabrous or nearly so, nodes
pubescent; 1]. 1-3 in., ovate, acuminate, more or less hirsute on both sur-
faces and on the sheaths; panicle 3-6 in., rhachis and of spikes rather
stout, glabrous or nearly so, spikes 1-3 in., spikelets glabrous, longest
awns 4-zin. C. P. 185.
ad. Very slender, 12-18 in. long, internodes short and nodes glabrous ;:
]. 2—3 in., ovate- or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, sheath glabrous,
margins ciliate; panicle 2~4 in., rhachis and of spikes very slender,
{
Oplismenus. | Graminee. 169
glabrous, spikes distant, 3-2 in., spikelets small, rather distant, glabrous,
longest awns } in.
e. Habit and infl. of 4, but |. smaller, spikelets smaller, 3 in. (without
the awns), glumes I-III silkily pubescent.—O. compositus, form 6, a,
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 68. Panicum Burmanni, Thw. Enum. 358 (non Retz.).
GaP. 3963.
jf. Stem slender, glabrous; |. 2-3 in. narrowly lanceolate, sparsely hairy
above, glabrous beneath; spikelets few, binate, ina simple terminal long-
peduncled spike, or a few lowest on a very short lateral branch or spike,
glabrous, longest awn din. C. P. 3683.
Throughout the Island. First collected in Ceylon by Hermann,
1660-1667. a. Hantaneand Ambagamuwa. 06. Ambagamuwa (Gardner).
¢. Hantane, Ambagamuwa. ad Dambulla. e. Nalanda. / Nalanda,
Trincomalie (Glenie).
All warm countries except Australia.
The widely distributed O. wzdulatifolius (a native of Europe) is a
form of this, with a simple terminal spike of sessile spikelets.
2. O. Burmannii, Beauv. Agrost. 54 (1812).
Trim. tn Journ. Bot. xxvii. 168. Panicum Burmannt, Retz.; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 298. P. hirtellum, Burm. FI. Ind. 24 (non L).
Hie beladvil Oo bunny, | cat. 1e)t i) nm Sp. Grams le, t..193:
A very slender, diffusely branched, leafy grass, 6-18 in.
high, internodes glabrous, lower short, upper elongate, nodes.
slabrous; |. 4-14 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous or sparsely pilose with long hairs, sheath glabrous,
margins white; panicle 1-2 in., usually long peduncled, ped.
and grooved flexuous rhachis filiform, glabrous; spikes few,
4_t in., sessile, few-fld., rhachis trigonous, clothed with erect
white bristles as long as the spikelets; spikelets 745 in. (excl.
the awns), on very short setose pedicels, secund, solitary or
binate, imbricating; glumes I-III hyaline, ciliate, and silkily
hairy, I broadly ovate, half as long as III, 3-5-veined, awn
4 in., capillary, scaberulous, II about half as long as IV,
broadly ovate, 5-veined, awn shorter than that of I, III as
long as IV, broadly oblong, obtuse, 9-veined, empty, awn
shorter than the glume, palea 0 or very narrow, keels ciliate,
IV elliptic-lanceolate, acute.
Low hot region. Trincomalie (Ferguson). Mannar Isld. (7rzmen).
Spikelets very pale green. ;
India, Malaya, China, Japan, Trop. Africa.
I have described this species from Ceylon specimens in Herb. Peraden.
3. O. Thwaitesii, Hook. f.
C. P. 3964.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 68 (O. compositus, form 6, c, Fl. B. Ind. vii. 68).
Very slender, diffusely branched, 6-10 in. high, leafy,.
glabrous, lower internodes short, upper long, nodes glabrous;
l. 1-2 in., lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, sheath glabrous,
margins ciliate; panicle 2-3 in., ped. and trigonous flexuous
rhachis filiform, glabrous; spikes very few, distant, erect, lower
"70 Gramince. [ Pennisetum.
I in., upper very short, few-fld., rhachis trigonous, scaberulous ;
spikelets 7 in., few, solitary or binate, loosely imbricate;
glumes I-III hyaline, ciliate and silkily hairy, I shorter than
III, broadly ovate, 5-veined, awn not longer than the glume,
strict, scaberulous, II as long as IV or longer, ovate-oblong,
mucronate, 5-veined, III oblong, obtuse, muticous, 7-veined,
paleate, empty, palea linear, keels ciliate, IV lanceolate.
Hot region. Nalande (7waztes, March 1868). Spikelets very pale
reen.
= I advance this as a distinct species with some hesitation. It is very
closely allied to O. Burmannzz, differing in the loosely imbricate spikelets,
the slender scaberulous naked rhachis of the spike, which wants the long
cilia of Burmannzz, in the very short awn of glume I, and fewer veins of
glumes IJ and [II. It is named ‘ O. composztus, very young,’ by Trimen
in Herb. Peraden., from which the short scaberulous awns and silky
spikelets at once distinguish it.
10. PENNISETUM, Pers.
Annual or perennial grasses; |. narrow; infl. spiciform
racemes of involucellate clusters of shortly pedicelled spikelets
articulate on a rhachis; involucel of unequal, scabrid or
plumose, simple or branched bristles; spikelets 1-6 on each
involucel, persistent on their pedicels, 1—2-fld., ovoid; glumes
BEom Al iliehvaline i. snail on © el anc Wiblisuinecuale
5—7-veined, awned or not, II rarely absent, III paleate or
not, male or empty, IV sessile, coriaceous, bisexual or fem. ;
lodicules 2; anth. linear; styles free or connate below, stigmas
laterally (?) exserted from the glume; grain oblong, free within
the hardened glume and palea.—Sp. 100 enumerated; 12 in
IF. So AGG
Anth.-cells with bearded One ; , : : . I. P. TYPHOIDEUM.
Anth-cells naked. : : : : . 2, RB. ORTENTALE.
I. P. *typhoideum, Ach. 7m Pers. Syu.i.72 (1807). umba, 7.
Herm. Mus. 32. Burm. Thes. 111, Fl. Zeyl. n. 44. Trim. Cat. Ceyl.
Pl. 106. Panicum spicatum, Roxb. FI. Ind. 1.283. Penzcillaria cylindrica,
Roem. and Sch.; Thw. Enum. 361 (in note). C. P. 946.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 83. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. t. 17 (Penzc. spicata). Beauv.
Agrost. t. 13, f. 4.
Annual; stem 3-6 ft., erect, simple or branched from the
base, stout or slender, sometimes as thick as the middle
finger, solid, leafy, upper internodes glabrous or woolly, lower
rooting at the nodes; |. 1-3 ft. by 4-2 in. linear to linear-
‘lanceolate, spreading and drooping, flat, glabrous or hairy,
_ base narrow, rounded, margins scaberulous, sheath long, loose,
more or less inflated, margins eciliate, ligule a semicircular
Pennisetum. | Graminee. 71
ridge with soft hairs; spiciform racemes 6-12 in. long by 4-13
in diam., cylindric, obtuse, dense-fld., rhachis stout, hairy or
woolly; ‘involucels stipitate, clustered, stipes silky or hispid,
bristles $ in. long, slender, scabrid or more or less ciliate or
plumose; spikelets {-% in.; glume I o, II minute, orbicular,
ciliolate, III as long as IV, quadrate, 5—7-veined, paleate,
empty, palea oblong, puberulous, veins ciliolate, [V oblong,
‘dorsally rounded, smooth, polished; lodicules 0; anth.-cells
with bearded tips; styles connate at the base; grain obovoid,
compressed.
Cultivated in the hot region. Spikes reddish or yellowish-brown.
A widely distributed millet in the old world from Italy to: China,
especially grown in Africa. It is the Bajri of the Hindoos, the Bull-rush
Millet of the F.nglish. Variable in the size of the spike, length and
‘colour of the invol. bristles, and in the proportions of the glumes.
Ferguson says that it was introduced from India into Ceylon, where it is
grown by the Tamils, and springs up in rubbish heaps about Colombo.
‘The grain, like Canary seed, was used for feeding the Carrier pigeons
which were employed before the introduction of the. telegraph in carrying
news from Galle to Colombo. Cattle are fond of the straw.
2. PB. orientale, (ich. in Pers. Syn. i. 72.
Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1. 162, 11.117. Pandcum ortentale, Willd.
F]. B. Ind. vii. 86, not given for Ceylon. :
Perennial, 2-3 ft. high; stem suberect from a stout root-
stock, leafy, clothed below with withered |.-sheaths; |. 6-12 in.
by $4 in., narrowly linear, finely acuminate, flat, smooth,
margins scaberulous, ciliate close to the obtuse or truncate
base. with very long, flexuous hairs, sheath glabrous, margins
‘ciliate, ligule a ridge of very short hairs; spike 6 in. long,
inclined, rhachis slender, subterete, involucels loosely packed,
shortly stipitate, stipes pubescent, bristles very unequal,
longest about ? in., capillary, flexuous, scaberulous, plumose
with long hairs below the middle, base naked; spikelets
2-6 in., each invol. ¢ in. long, pedicels pubescent; glume I
4-4 the length of III, ovate-oblong, obtuse, veinless, IJ, II],
-and IV narrowed into slender scaberulous awns, {4-3 their
own length, II one-third shorter than IV, ovate, faintly
_3-veined, III as long as IV, ovate-oblong, 5—7-veined,
_paleate, triandrous, IV narrower than III, membranous,
5-veined, awn recurved, paleas of II] and IV as long as the
glumes, of III obtuse, of IV acuminate, and sometimes bi-
aristulate; anth. long, yellow; style and stigmas long.
Ella Pass, Uva (Trimen, 9th Sept. 1890, introduced ?). Spikelets pale,
invol. bristles tinged with purple. 2
N.W. India, Sindh, the Concan, Behar, W. Asia, and N. Africa.
So many Behar and Concan plants are found in the drier parts of
‘Ceylon, that P. orientale may well be indigenous on the Uva Pass.
172 Graminee. [Stenotaphrum.
11. STENOTAPHRUMDI, 7777.
Perennial, stoloniferous, leafy, glabrous grasses, with flat-
tened ascending stems from a creeping much-branched root-
stock; |. distichous, linear, obtuse, sheath flattened, ligule a
ridge with short hairs; inflorescence a terminal, peduncled,.
linear, dorsally compressed, pseudo-articulate, spiciform, her-
baceous rhachis, bearing on one surface one or two parallel
rows of oblong cavities, each containing, immersed in it, a
short branchlet or spike bearing two or more secund uni-
or biseriate spikelets; spikelets sessile, ovate - lanceolate,
acuminate, laterally compressed, appressed to the rhachis,
1—8-fld., upper one or more spikelets perfect, lower one or
more usually imperfect, rhachis ending in a mucro; glumes 4,
I very small, veinless; II about as long as IV, orbicular-
ovate, subacute, membranous, 7-veined, III ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, at length coriaceous, paleate, triandrous, IV
lanceolate, coriaceous, paleate, bisexual, paleas of III and
IV coriaceous, acute, sides involute; lodicules 2, quadrate-
cuneate; anth. linear; styles free, stigmas plumose, exserted
at the top of the glume; grain oblong, compressed, free within
the hardened glume and palea.—Species 3 or 4; 2 in FZ. B. Lnd.
S. complanatum, Schrank in Bot. Zeit. iii. Beil. 26 (1824).
Aly, linia, Hous (CIP, C12
Fi. B. Ind. vii. go (S. glabrum). ‘Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. t. 211 (S.
madagascartense).
Stem 12-18 in., erect or inclined, smooth, leafy, internodes
1—2 in., nodes glabrous; |. 4-6 by 4-1 in., exactly linear, mid-
rib stout, margins smooth or nearly so, flat, rather coriaceous,
base rounded, suddenly strongly contracted at the insertion,.
sheath very strongly compressed, green, mouth rounded, not
auricled, ciliate, ligule a few hairs; peduncle 4-12 in., slightly
compressed, smooth; rhachis of infl. 2-5 by 35-4 in., dorsally
convex, margins most minutely serrulate, internodes }—} in.,.
rarely disarticulating, unequally two-lobed, one lobe forming
an erect tooth, cavities as long as the internodes, I—2-seriate ;.
spikes of 4-8 bifariously imbricating, sessile spikelets about
4 in. long; glume I reniform, ciliate, white, II obtuse, ciliate
towards the tip, III with a narrow hyaline ciliate margin
above the middle, veins obscure, IV terete, acuminate, tip:
ciliate; anth. yellow; stigmas purple.
Hotter parts of the Island; not uncommon. On moist banks near
Colombo, forming a sward (Ferguson).
Thuarea.] Graminec. ie
S. India, Siam, Mascarene Islds., Africa, Trop. Australia.
Varies greatly in size, especially of the rhachis of the infl., which is
sometimes as narrow as the fig. spike. In Fl. B. Ind., following Deell
in Mart. Fl. Bras., I regarded the old and new world forms of this plant
as one species. They are indeed most closely allied, but Dr. Stapf finds
‘characters in the unequally lobed internodes of the rhachis in the Old
World plant, one lobe being produced into a tooth or spine, and the
minutely serrulate margins of the rhachis. In the same work this is
erroneously stated to inhabit the plains throughout India, whereas it is
confined to southern India and Ceylon. According to Ferguson, it is
an excellent fodder grass.
12. THUAREBA,* Pers.
A perennial, prostrate, widely creeping, diffusely branched,
Tow, leafy, littoral grass; branches short; 1. short, flat; infl. a
terminal spike enclosed In a spathiform sheath, rhachis her-
baceous, base at length accrescent and enveloping the rest of
the spike with the spikelets; spikelets few, 2-fld., uniseriate,
sessile on the under face of the rhachis, persistent, lower one
or two female or bisexual, upper male; male spikelets:—
glumes 3 or 4, I minute, hyaline or o, II and III subequal,
broadly oblong, obtuse, pubescent, III paleate, male or neuter,
palea hyaline, cleft nearly to the base into two lanceolate
ciliate 1-veined segments, IV triandrous, paleate, palea oblong
with inflected sides and a truncate-ciliolate tip; anth. small;
fem. spikelets :—glumes as in the male, but III empty, IV
more coriaceous, palea lanceolate, acuminate, terete; lodicules
minute, suborbicular; styles 2, distant, stigmas plumose ex-
serted at the top of the glume; grain free in the hardened
glume and palea, but all enclosed in the accrescent base of
the spike, forming together a trigonously obconic or turbinate
nut with a deep depression on one side of the crown.—
Monotypic.
T. sarmentosa, ers. Sy. i. 110 (1805).
Thw. Enum. 362 (7ouarea). C. P. 3260.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 91. Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. t. 35. Beauv. Agrost.
P22. 1.0)
Stems2—3) tt. slender smooth)» branches, erect; 1-2 int;
]. distichous, I-2 in., spreading, linear-oblong or lanceolate,
acuminate, coriaceous, silkily pubescent, base narrow, margins
nearly smooth, sheath $ in., compressed, pale, ligule a ridge of
hairs; spikes $—1 in., 6-8 in. long, subsessile in the spathaceous
sheath, deflexed or horizontal; glumes II and III membra-
nous, pubescent and ciliate, 5—7-veined, outer veins distant
* Name.
174 Graminee. [Spinzfex..
from the median; fruit $—4 in. long and broad, with a deflexed
and incurved beak, caducous.
Sea-coast, Tangalle, Columbo. Spikelets pale.
Laccadive, Nicobar, and Malay Islds., Madagascar, Australia, Poly-
nesia.
The fruit, formed of the accrescent hardened base of the spike en-
closing the glumes and grain, is very curious; it resembles ‘gram,’ the
seed of Czcer arietinum. It becomes forced underground to enable it
to ripen (Ferguson).
13. SPINIFEX, Z.
Gregarious, much branched, rigid bushes; stem and
branches woody; |. very narrow, rigid, spreading and
recurved, thickly coriaceous; infl. dicecious, of large terminal
globose bracteate heads with radiating spikes; male heads.
with many spikelets in each spike, fem. with one only;
male spikelets 1—2-fld., distichous, articulate on short pedicels;.
elumes 4, chartaceous, acute or pungent, strongly veined, I
and II empty, III paleate, empty or triandrous, IV thinly
coriaceous, paleate, triandrous, paleas of III and [IV as long
as their glumes, acuminate; anth. linear; fem. spikelets
narrower than the male, erect, lanceolate, 1-fld., glumes acute
or acuminate, veined as in the male, I longest, III empty;
IV thin, dorsally compressed, palea linear-oblong, acuminate ;.
lodicules 2, large, connate below, strongly veined; styles long,.
connate below, stigmas long, shortly feathery, exserted at
the top of the glume; grain clavate, tipped by the long rigid
style, free within the hardened glume and palea—Sp. 4; I in
Fit. B.. Ind.
A genus of doubtful affinity.
1. S. squarrosus, /277. Mant.ii. 300 (1771). Maha-rawana-
rewula, 5.
Thw. Enum. 362. Stipa spinzfex, Linn. 1. c. 1.84. S. Ué¢torea, Burm.
IPI, Mawel, BO), (Cg 12s, Ova,
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 63. Lamk. Ill. t. 840. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 75.
A pale grey or glaucous squarrose bush, several feet high
and broad, forming an impenetrable scrub; stem as thick as.
the little finger below, smooth, solid; |. 4-6 in., spreading and
recurved, smooth, tapering from the base to the tip, concavo-
convex, base not dilated, margins scaberulous, sheath $-1 in.,
smooth, margins eciliate, ligule a ridge of short stiff hairs;
male infl. up to 8 in. diam.; bracts shorter than the spikes,
lanceolate, aristately pungent, flat, chartaceous, midrib very
prominent beneath; male spikes 1-3 in., longer than the stout
Arundinella.] Graminee. aise
angular ped., angles and of rhachis scabrid; male spikelets
4 in., smooth; glumes I and II subequal or I shortest, oblong-
lanceolate, 7—9-veined, III rather longer, 5-veined, paleate
empty or triandrous, IV shorter, narrowly lanceolate, paleas.
of III and IV as long as the glumes, acuminate, keels of III
ciliate, of IV eciliate; fem. infl. up to Io in. diam.; bracts as.
in the male, but smaller; peduncle thickened towards the
base; fem. spikelet 4-3 in., narrowly lanceolate; glume J,.
oblong-lanceolate, veins many, scaberulous, II rather shorter,
acute, 7-veined, III like II, 5-veined, empty, palea Oo or im-
perfect, IV ovate-lanceolate, 5-veined, palea shorter than the
glume, acute, keels smooth.
Sandy shores. Fl. May.
Peninsula of India, Burma, Java, China.
_ Cultivated on the Madras coast for its sand-binding property.
Sometimes called water-pink by Europeans. When burning it makes
a crackling noise, like salt when thrown into fire. The globose fruiting
heads, becoming detached, are propelled by the wind, assisted by the
elasticity of the peduncles, with great velocity along the sandy shores,
dropping the seeds in transitu. One may be followed by the eye for
miles on its journey. They are so buoyant as to float lightly on water,
when the upper peduncles, acting as sails, transport them across estuaries.
The utility of the plant in resisting the encroachment of the sea has.
given it the native name of ‘ Great Bund of Ravena or Rama’ (Ferguson)..
14. ARUNDINELLA, Radda.
Annual or perennial grasses; |. narrow; spikelets panicled,.
terete, articulate on their pedicels or with glumes I and II]
separately deciduous, 1—2-fld., with the upper fl. always fem.,
rhachilla not or shortly produced between the three lower
glumes; glumes 4, membranous, chartaceous, or thinly coria-
ceous, III and IV always (?) membranous, I and II empty,
strongly veined, acute or acuminate, with a veinless obtuse
tip, [1 longer than I, 11] shorter than JJ; faintly 3—7-veined,
paleate, male or neuter, rarely bisexual and fruiting, [V much
shorter than III and thinner, paleate, fem. or bisexual, sessile,
disarticulating at the naked or bearded base, awnless or
I—3-awned, if 3-awned 2 lateral awns capillary straight,
median geniculate with a straight or twisted column, paleas
of III and IV linear or oblong, 2-keeled, flaps more or less
conspicuously dilated or auricled at the base; lodicules 2,
minute; stam. 3, anth. linear-oblong ; styles free or shortly
connate below, stigmas short, laterally exserted; grain very
small, oblong, compressed, loose in the membranous glume
176 Graminee. [ Arundinella,
and palea or tightly embraced by these, embryo large.—
Sp2 about 30.923 inl 7 baae.
I retain Avundinella in the group of Pantcacee, because of the
spikelets always articulate with their pedicels, or with glumes I and II
often separately disarticulating, and the uppermost of the flg. glumes
being always female or bisexual. The disarticulation of glume IV is,
however, a Poaceous character, as is the elongation of the rhachilla
between the three lower glumes in some species.
‘Glume IV 3-awned.
Annual, |]. 1-3 in. . : 3 : : . I. A. AVENACEA.
Perennial, JES oyna 2, AX, SHOGA
Glume IV 1-awned (sometimes awnless in A,
laxiflora).
Spikelets in short oe crowded villous
spikes . 3 3. A. VILLOSA.
Spikelets panicled, glabr ous.
Spikelets very shortly pedicelled E eA LE PROCHnh@A:
Spikelets long-pedicelled.
Panicle 4-8 in., erect 5. A. LAXIFLORA.
Panicle 12-20 in., drooping 6. A. LAWII.
Glume IV awnless.
L. base broad, cordate, amplexicaul . . 7. A. BLEPHARIPHYLLA,
L. base narrow, rounded : : ; . 9. A, THWAITESII.
1. A. avenacea, Munro ex Thw. Anum. 362 (1864).
Aloe, Be (Gaatt, INGaulle Wie Biss (Coe Svea,
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 69. Griff’ Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 146, f. iii. (Airoid.).
Annual, weak, slender, straggling, rooting below at the
nodes, with ascending leafy stems 12-18 in. high, lower inter-
nodes ‘short, upper very long, nodes glabrous; |. Tea in., ovate-
lanceolate from an amplexicaul pectinately ciliate 2-auricled
base, acute, flat, glabrous or sparsely hairy, deeply closely
striate above, faintly 5-veined beneath, basal auricles rounded,
decurrent on the sheath, embracing the narrow linear ligule
which is ciliate at the tip, margins scaberulous, lower sheaths
short, loose, upper long; panicle 4-1 in., ovoid, compact,
rhachis and branches very short, scaberulous glabrous or
hairy; spikelets 4-} in. lanceolate, crowded, base articulate
but persistent; glumes rather coriaceous, | and II distant at
the base, oblong-lanceolate, strongly 3-5-veined, I narrowed
into an erect scaberulous awn as long as itself, margins setose
above the middle, keel scaberulous, II rather longer, margin
setulose above the middle, tip obtuse, ciliate, notched with a
short awn in the sinus, III thinner, and rather shorter than II,
3-veined, tip obtuse, dorsally mucronate, paleate, bisexual,
IV female, much shorter than III, oblong, terete, thinly
coriaceous, hirsute with brown hairs, faintly 3-veined, deeply
2-lobed, 3 awned, side awns straight capillary terminating
‘tthe triangular lobes, median awn short with a broad dark
Arundinella.| Graminec. 177
brown flat strongly twisted column, and subulate divaricate
pale scabrid point, palea of glumes III and IV rather
coriaceous, white, linear, 2-toothed, thickened and dorsally
hairy between the 2 slender keels, flaps incurved, thickened
towards the margins, 2-auricled at the very base; anth.
linear ; grain loose in glumes III and IV, obovate-oblong,
compressed, about 34 in. long, pale brown, smooth, polished,
embryo half as long as the grain.
Var. robusta, ‘ook. /
Stem stouter, darker coloured, more leafy, upper nodes
shorter, panicle up to 24 in., spikelets larger.
Swampy places. Suffragam district (Thwaites), Sabaragamuwa Pro-
vince (Ferguson). Var. robusta, Herb. Peraden., without habitat. Panicle
pale green.
Bengal, Assam, South India, Burma.
2. A. setosa, 77in. Diss. ii. 63 (1824).
Steud. Syn. Gram. 114.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 7o.
Perennial; stem 1-3 ft., erect from a hard rootstock, slender,
rigid, smooth, naked below, subtuberous at the base, branching
and sparingly leafy above, branches erect, internodes 4-6 in.,
uppermost a foot long, very slender, nodes glabrous; |. 6-10
in., narrowly linear, finely acuminate, coriaceous, smooth, gla-
brous, margins smooth, flat or incurved, base narrow, rounded,
setosely ciliate, sheaths shorter than the internodes, margins
ciliate, ligule a very short membrane; panicle 6-12 in., very
lax, rhachis very slender, smooth, glabrous, branches 2-6 in.,
alt., distant, suberect, filiform, simple, straight or flexuous ;
spikelets 4} in., subsecund, distant, solitary or binate, longer
than their slender pedicels, naked or setulose at the base ;
glume I ovate-lanceolate, subaristately acuminate, 3-veined,
keel scaberulous, II longer than I by a fourth or third,
oblong-lanceolate, 5-veined, narrowed into a long awn-like
truncate point with involute margins, keel scaberulous, III as
long as I, narrow, laterally compressed, obtuse 5—7-veined,
paleate, male, IV half as long as III, narrowly oblong,
acuminate, scaberulous, setulose at the base, faintly 3-veined,
3-awned, lateral awns capillary as long as the glume, median
as long as the spikelet, column stout, twisted below the
knee, slender and recurved above it, paleas of III and IV
linear-oblong, acute, keels and narrowly inflexed flaps
glabrous.
Trincomalie, near Fort Ostenburg (Ferguson).
India, Tonkin, China, Philippine Is.
The |. are pubescent or villous in some Indian states of this plant.
PART V. N
17 8 Graminece. [Arundinella.
3. A. villosa, Aru. ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 115 (1845).
Thw. Enum. 362. C. P. 960.
Fl. B. Ind. iti. 72.
Perennial; stems 1-24 ft. densely tufted, unbranched,
erect, stiff, smooth, glabrous except near the panicle, base
swollen, and sometimes as large as a hazel-nut, clothed with
woolly 1.-sheaths, internodes very long, uppermost up to a
foot, nodes glabrous; 1. mostly crowded at the base of the
stem, 4-12 in. long, erect, narrowly linear, or almost filform,
pungent, coriaceous, glabrous pubescent or villous, smooth,
flat or margins involute, base very narrow, woolly, lower
sheaths short, upper very long, auricled, auricles rounded,
woolly, ligule minute, glabrous; panicle 2-8 in., erect, very
narrow, rhachis stout, tomentose, branches spiciform, sub-
secund, sessile, lower alt. up to 14 in. long, upper much shorter,
densely crowded, all covered from the base to the tip with
crowded, imbricating, subsecund, sub-sessile, villous spikelets
4-4 in. long, pedicels short, hispid with long speading hairs;
glumes.I and II ovate-lanceolate, 5-veined, veins and inargins
beset with long tubercle-based hairs, lateral veins nearer the
margins, I aristately acuminate, II rather longer, narrowed
into an awn-like obtuse point with inflexed margins, III as
long as I, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-veined, glabrous, paleate,
male or neuter, palea with ciliate flaps and nearly smooth
keels, IV half as long as III, oblong, obtuse, scaberulous
above, 5-veined, base penicillate, abruptly awned, awn as long
as the spikelet, geniculate about the middle, column slender
twisted, palea oblong-lanceolate, keels smooth, flaps eciliate ;
grain closely wrapped in the red-brown coriaceous suberulous
glumes and palea, oblong, 74 in. long, compressed, pale
brown, embryo longer than half the seed.
Abundant in the patanas, alt. 4-6000 ft. Spikelets dusky brown.
Continental India.
4. A. leptochloa, Hook. 7. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 76 (1896).
Panicum leptochloa, Nees; Thw. Enum. 360. P. szeylanicum, Arn.
Mss. C. P. 918.
Hibs Inds! c
Perennial; stems 2-3 ft., tufted on a woody rootstock,
erect, rather stout, subsimple, leafy, stiff, glabrous, or laxly
hairy above, internodes long, upper 6-12 in.; nodes glabrous ;
1. 6-10 by $3 in., linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, strict,
flat, glabrous or sparsely hairy, margins smooth, ciliate
with tubercle-based hairs towards the rounded or retuse
base, sheaths long, coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely hairy,
margins glabrous or ciliate, upper 6-10 in. long, ligule a
Arundinella.] Granminee. 179
very short membrane; panicle 6-10 in., contracted, rhachis
strict, angled and grooved, smooth, spiciform branches 1-4
in., erecto-patent, simple, strict, bearded at the axils, scaberu-
lous ; spikelets 74-4 in., rather crowded, subsecund, solitary
or binate, glabrous, articulate on the pedicel or not, pedicel
rarely longer than the spikelet, base naked; glumes I-III
thinly coriaceous, I and II broadly ovate, I subaristately
acuminate, 3-veined, glabrous or scaberulous, IT rather longer,
ovate, acuminate, 5-veined, lateral veins distant from the
median, III sessile, longer than I, oblong, acuminate, faintly
5-veined, paleate, male or neuter, 1V one-third shorter than
III, oval, membranous, hyaline, glabrous, muticous, base
quite naked, paleas of III and IV oblong, truncate) flaps
very narrow, eciliate, hardly auricled, dorsally faintly tuber-
culate.
Low country; abundant in the S. of the Island (Thwaites). Colombo,
Peradeniya.
Also in Malabar.
Glume IV scaberulous in Malabar specimens. I find no trace of
hairs at the base of glume IV. The spikelets are sometimes wholly
male, glume III being neuter or having 3 small anthers only, and
glume IV having 3 large anthers. In other spikelets glume IV has
only a minute ovary. The paleas of glumes III and IV have no or
very obscure basal auricles to the flaps.
5. A. laxiflora, ook. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 75 (1896).
A. nervosa, Thw. Enum. 362, non Nees and excl. syn. C. P. 919 (in
part), 3782.
Bis.) ind. vito75-
Annual (?); stem 14-2 ft., tufted, erect, much branched
from the base, slender, leafy, lower internodes 1-2 in., upper
much longer, nodes glabrous; |. 4-8 by 4-4 in., linear-
lanceolate, attenuately acuminate, strict, flat, rather coria-
ceous, smooth, glabrous or softly hairy on both surfaces,
margins smooth, base subcordate, sheaths glabrous or hairy,
upper very long, auricles small, villous, ligule a short mem-
brane with long silky hairs; panicle sessile or shortly
exserted from the upper |.-sheath, 4-8 in. long, erect, effuse,
thachis very slender, branches 2-3 in., capillary, alt. or
fascicled, erect or spreading, scaberulous; spikelets ;4—-1,
solitary, distant, articulate on the capillary pedicels, ovoid,
glabrous, pale green, base naked; glumes thinly coriaceous,
I and II separately deciduous, broadly ovate, subaristately
acuminate, I 3-veined, 11 about one-third longer, suddenly
Narrowed into a beak-like truncate membranous tip half as
long as the glume, 5-veined, III sessile, linear-oblong, sub-
acute, faintly 5-veined, male, flaps of palea ciliate, obscurely
180 Graminee. [Arundinella.
auricled, IV half as long as III, thin, ovate-oblong, scaberulous,
tip obtuse, toothed, base naked or minutely bearded, awn if
present about twice as long as the spikelet, column slender,
twisted, flaps of scaberulous palea narrow, glabrous, hardly
auricled.
Central Province; common from 3000-5000 ft. elevation.
Endemic.
There are awned and awnless forms of this plant, between which I
can find no other difference whatever; both occur on the same sheet of
Thwaites’s C. P. 919 in Herb. Peraden.
6. A. Gawii, ook. 7.
A. agrostoides, Trin.; Fl. B. Ind. vil. 71 (partim).
Perennial ; stems tufted, erect from a small woody root-
stock, 3-4 ft. high, strict, slender or rather stout, leafy,
branching upwards, smooth; |. 8-12 by } in,, linear, finely
acuminate, flat, sparsely hairy on both surfaces, margins
nearly smooth, midrib slender, veins faint, sheaths elongate,
mouth auricled, ligule a tomentose lunate ridge; panicle
12-20"in., pyramidal, decompound, effuse, glabrous, drooping,
rhachis slender, smooth, lower branches up to 6 in. long, in
distant fascicles, filiform, spreading, flexuous, subscaberulous,.
branchlets capillary; spikelets 74-75 in. long, very long-
pedicelled, obscurely articulate at the naked base; glumes
very thin, I and II rather distant at the base, with scaberulous
or ciliate veins, separately deciduous, I shorter than III, ovate,
acuminate, 3—5-veined, II broadly ovate, suddenly narrowed
into anarrow obtuse beak, 5-veined, lateral veins distant from
the median, III { shorter than II, oblong, obtuse, faintly
5-veined, lateral veins submarginal, palea oblong, obtuse, with
a faint median vein, keels ciliolate, flaps hardly auricled ;
IV not half II, oblong, obtuse, membranous, hyaline, punctu-
late, faintly 5-veined, base shortly bearded, awn as long as the
spikelet, straight, column articulate above the base, palea
oblong, obtuse, puncticulate, keels smooth, flaps dilated below
hardly auricled.
Ceylon (Ferguson, in Herb. Peraden.), without locality.
The Concan.
In the Flora of British India this plant was considered to be a form
of A. agrosioides, Trin., having been so nained by Munro (in Herb. Ind.
Or. Hf. and T.). Its occurrence in Ceylon has Jed to a re-examination of
it, with the aid of fine specimens collected in the Concan by Mr.
Woodrow. The result is that it must rank as a distinct species.
characterised by its perennial habit, much taller stems, long leaves,
and very long drooping elongate pyramidal panicle.
7, A. blephariphylla, 77777. avss. ex Fl. B. Ind. vii. 77 (1896).
Panicum blephariphyllum, Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxii. (1885), 272.
Fl. B. Ind. 1}. c.
Arundinelia.| Graminee. 181
Perennial ; stems 2-3 ft., tufted, tall, stout, leafy from the
base upwards, glabrous, upper internode very long, nodes
_ glabrous; |. 12-18 by 3-1 in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
thin, flat, smooth, glabrous on both surfaces, margins ciliate
with long, slender, spreading, tubercle-based hairs, base broad,
cordate, semi-amplexicaul, sheath pale, glabrous, membranous,
margins ciliolate, ligule 0, or a very narrow membrane; panicle
4-6 in., broadly oblong, rhachis strict, nearly smooth, branches
filiform, angular, laxly whorled, spreading or subsecund,
subscaberulous, axils hairy; spikelets } in., subsecund, sub-
solitary, as long as their pedicels, ovoid, base naked, articu-
late; glumes I and II separately deciduous, I one-fourth of
II, broadly ovate, acute, 3-veined, II ovate, acuminate, 5-
veined, III oblong, subacute, 3-veined, male, paleate, IV about
half as long as III, lanceolate, thin, white, scaberulous, not
aawned, base naked, palea scaberulous.
Margins of woods near the sea. Ruanwelle (Ferguson).
Endemic.
8. A. Thwaitesii, Wook. f Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 77 (1806).
A. nervosa, var. Thw. MSs. C. P. 919 (in part), 4org.
LB: Ind? 1. ¢.
Perennial; stems 2-3 ft. tufted, erect, slender, leafy,
glabrous, internodes long, uppermost very long, nodes
glabrous; |. 4-8 by $-} in. very narrowly linear, finely
acuminate, flat or margins involute, coriaceous, quite smooth,
glabrous, base narrow, rounded, sheaths long, coriaceous,
glabrous, or mouth sparsely hairy, margins membranous, ligule
avery narrow hairy membrane or obsolete; panicle 4-8 in.,
effuse, perfectly glabrous, laxly branched, rhachis slender,
smooth, terete or angular, branches in rather distant fascicles,
2-4 in.long, capillary, erecto-patent,sparingly divided ; spikelets
yo-= in. solitary or binate, subsecund, articulate on their
pedicels, glabrous, base naked, pedicels up to } in. long;
glumes rather coriaceous, I and II separately deciduous, I
orbicular-ovate, subacute, 3-5-veined, II one-third longer or
more, broadly ovate, suddenly contracted into a subulate
obtuse beak, 5-veined, lateral veins towards the margin, III
one-third longer than I, oblong-ovate, obtuse, 5—7-veined,
paleate, male or neuter, IV one-fourth shorter than III, fem.
or bisexual, oblong, obtuse, rather thickened below the middle,
white, minutely scaberulous, awnless, base naked or minutely
penicillate, palea of [iI and IV oblong, obtuse, flaps narrow,
hardly auricled.
Ceylon (Walker), Ambagamuwa district (Thwaites, 1862).
Endemic.
182 Graminece. [Oryza.
Very closely allied to 4. /axzflora, differing in the much stiffer branch-
lets of the panicle and pedicels, and broader, thicker glumes I and II.
The specimens numbered C. P. 4019 are small, with no habitat attached.
A. brasiliensts, Raddi. Ceylon is given as a habitat in Fl. B.
Ind. (vii. 73) for this plant, some specimens of A. /axzflora having been
taken for it. It is a very common and variable species found in both
hemispheres, abounds in the hilly districts of India from the Himalayas.
southward, :nd may be expected to occur in Ceylon. In habit it is
much stouter plant than A. /axiflora, with larger, shorter sedicalied
spikelets, but it is very difficult to formulate their digerenal characters.
is, ORVZA,* Z.
Tall, annual or perennial grasses; |. long, narrow, flat;
spikelets 1-fld., loosely arranged on the branches of a raceme
or panicle, disarticulating from their pedicels, laterally strongly
compressed, awned or not, thickened at the base; glumes 1-3,
I and II very minute, subulate or o, III dimidiate-oblong,
coriaceous or chartaceous, hard, keeled, 5-veined, the lateral
vein forming a thickened margin of the glume, awnless or
with along or short straight terminal awn, which is scabrid
and articulate on the glume, palea linear, as long as the
glume, 3-veined, coriaceous with membranous margins ;
lodicules 2, entire or 2-lobed; stam. 6; styles short, free,
stigmas penicillate, laterally exserted from the glume; grain
narrowly oblong, compressed, closely invested by or adnate
to the glume and palea.—Sp. 5 or 6; 5 in AZ. B. Ind.
Dr. Stapf, who has made a careful study of the morphology of the
spikelets of Ozyza, informs me that it consists theoretically or normally
of 5 glumes, of which the two lowest are very minute, are confluent with
the tip of the pedicel, and rarely discernible. The spikelet is hence only
apparently articulate with the pedicel, the real articulation being above
these two suppressed glumes. The two following glumes, also empty,
are always minute, and one, or rarely both, are sometimes suppressed.
The palea is very anomalous, being 3-veined and as coriaceous as the
uppermost glume. Rarely a sixth glume is produced ; it is like the fifth,
but narrower and empty; its palea is 2-keeled, as in most grasses. Dr.
Stapf refers (in Flora Capens.) the Tribe Orxyzee to the Group Poacee,
and places it near Pappophoree and Phalaridee.
Spikelets 4 in. long, ligule long. : : : dee Oy SAM Dye
Spikelets 1 in. long, ligule short.
Glumes ‘granulate, glabrous . : F 2) OUGRANULAMAS
Glumes tesselately ‘punctulate, setulose . : 3.) OLA TIEORDAS
1. O. sativa, Linn, Sp. Pi. 333 (1753). Uru-wi, S.
Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 200. C. P. 969.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 92. Host, Gram. Austriac. iv. t. 325. Mart. Fl. Bras.
ii. II. t. 1. Benth. and Trim. Med. PI. iv. t. 291.
* Name, dpvfa, classical.
Oryza.] Graminee. 183
Annual or perennial (?); stem 2-4 ft., erect, or with a long
stout creeping or floating base, rooting at the nodes, inter-
nodes long, smooth, nodes glabrous; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-4 in.
broad, linear, acuminate, scabrid on both surfaces and on the
margins, base narrow, sheath 4-6 in., loose, smooth, margins
eciliate, mouth with ciliate auricles, ligule long, up to #? in.,
lanceolate, bifid or bipartite; panicle 6-8 in., inclined or
drooping, contracted, loosely branched, ped. long, smooth,
rhachis rather stout, angled and grooved, sparsely scaberulous,
branches alternate, or lower fascicled, lower rarely spivading
and 2-4 in. long, flexuous, subscaberulous; spikelets 4-+ in.
long, erect; sessile or very shortly pedicelled; glumes I and
II not one-fourth as long as III, ovate, acute, coriaceous,
white, III awned, faces deeply sulcate, keel nerves and
margins ciliate, awn articulate at the base, up to 2 in. long,
striate, erect, scabrid, palea acuminate; grain oblong, angular,
closely invested by the glume.
Watery places, ascending to 3500 ft. Colombo (Ferguson), Batticaloa
(Nevill), S. Prov. Hakmanna (Trimen). Spikelets yellow green, mature
pale or pinkish yellow.
India, Burma, Australia.
This is undoubtedly the parent of the cultivated Rice. I can find no
characters whereby to distinguish the wild from the ordinary cultivated
form. The spikelets are always long-awned. It bears the number
C. P. 969 in Herb. Perad. attached to specimens gathered by Gardner at
Caramoony, and Thwaites at Kurunegala, but that number is omitted
in the ‘Index of C. P. numbers’ in Thwaites’s Enumeratio (p. 455), and
his O. sativa, C. P. n. 2876, is O. latifolia.
2.0. granulata, Vees ex Wall. Cat. n. 8634 (1848). [PLATE
XCVIII.] Steud. Syn. Gram. 3. Trimen in Journ. Bot. xxv. 168 (1889).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 93.
Perennial; stems. 2-3 ft., tufted on a woody rooting root-
stock, slender, stiff, as thick as a crow-quill at the base,
smooth, internodes long, nodes glabrous; |. 3-6 by ¢-% in,,.
narrowly ianceolate, acuminate, 5—9-veined, nearly smooth on
both surfaces or scaberulous beneath, margins scaberulous,
base narrow, sheath smooth, margins eciliate, mouth naked,
ligule short, rounded; panicle 2-4 in., with few long branches
or reduced to a simple raceme, rhachis and branches angular,
smooth; spikelets few, +-+ in., shortly pedicelled, subacute,
( SS)
awnless; glume I minute, subulate, II o, III channelled on the
faces, and palea granulate, glabrous.
Hilly places. Kandy (Moon), Wattapat Kande (Ferguson), Nilgala,
Uva (Trimen). Spikelets pale green or white.
E. Himalaya, Behar, Malabar, Java.
184 Graminee. [Leerséa.
3. O. latifolia, Desv. Journ. Bot. i. 77 (1813), var collina, Hk. f.
O. sativa, var. collina, Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxvii. 169 (1839). O. sazzva,
Thw. Enum. 357 (non Linn.). C. P. 2876.
F]. B. Ind. vii. 93 (O. atéfolza, var. collina). Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. t. 4.
Annual; stems 2-3 ft., tufted, erect, smooth, leafy, inter-
nodes long, nodes glabrous; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-4 in., narrowed
from the middle to both ends, finely acuminate, 5—7-veined,
almost smooth or scaberulous on both surfaces and margins,
base very narrow, sheath long, quite smooth, margins eciliate,
ligule short, rounded; panicle 5—7 in., long-peduncled, branches
few, distant, alt., erect or spreading, rhachis slender, nearly
smooth; spikelets sessile or pedicelled, pedicel rarely half as
long as the spikelet; glumes I and II minute, ovate, acuminate
or subulate, white, I] sometimes o, III deeply sulcate on
both faces, acuminate, or produced into an erect straight
capillary awn as long to twice as long as itself, tesselately
granulate and setulose, as is the palea.
Rocky hills. Bridle path stream to Allacolla and Tirsa-maha-rama,
S. Prov. (Trimen), Kanagalla (Thwaites), top of Wahapot Kande Hill and
Balligala, in Kigala dist. (Ferguson). Spikelets glaucous grey.
India, Burma, Trop. Afr., and Amer.
A specimen in Herb. Peraden. is ticketed by Thwaites ‘Colombo
Lake, Moon;’ but I think this must be an error, and that O. satzva had
been confounded with it. Dr. Trimen regards /atzfo/éa as undoubtedly a
small wild form of O. satzva. It is known as Hill Paddy.
16. GEERSIA, Sw.
Tall, perennial, slender, marsh grasses; |. narrow, flat;
spikelets 1-fld., in slender contracted panicles, articulate on
their pedicels, strongly laterally compressed; glumes | and
II o, III dimidiate-oblong, thinly chartaceous, keeled, not
awned, keel pectinately ciliate, 3-veined, or 5-veined, the
lateral veins forming the thickened margins of the glume,
palea linear, as long as the glume, rigid, margins membranous,
3-veined, dorsally ciliate; lodicules 2; stam. 6; styles short,
free, stigmas plumose, laterally exserted from the glume;
grain narrowly oblong, free within the glume and palea.—
SDs 78 Qi LL Ie aes,
Leersia differs from an awnless Oryza in which the glumes I and II
are suppressed, only in the thinner texture of the flg. glumes and palea.
Some species have 3 or fewer stamens.
“L. hexandra, Sw. Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21 (1788). Layoo, S.
Thw. Enum. 356. JZ. cz/éata, Roxb.; Moon, Cat. 7. C. P. 877.
F]. B. Ind. vii. 94. Host, Gram. Austriac. t. 35. Engl. Bot. t. 2908.
Stems rooting in the mud with floating flexuous branches
several feet long, sending up erect or ascending slender leafy
Hygrorhyza.] Gramineae, 185
branches 2-4 ft. high, nodes puberulous; |. 6-12 by 4-1 in.,
suberect, acuminate, smooth, margins scaberulous, base
narrow, sheath nearly smooth, margins eciliate, ligule oblong
or rounded, scarious; panicle 2-4 in. long, peduncled, oblong,
laxly branched, rhachis filiform and capiilary branches
smooth; spikelets ;4-+ in., secund toward the ends of the
branches, erect, sessile or pedicels short; glume smooth
except on the keel and margins.
Common up to 4000 ft., ascending to Nuwara Eliya (6200 ft.) in a
dwarf form (Ferguson). Spikelets pale green.
Trop. Asia, Africa, America, and Australia.
17. HYGRORHYZA, Nees.
A floating glabrous grass, stems rather stout, diffusely
branched, rooting at the nodes, branches short, erect, leafy,
roots in dense masses, clothed with capillary root-fibres, inter-
nodes long or short; |. oblong, obtuse; infl. a short shortly
peduncled panicle as broad as long, with few widely spreading
branches, the lower whorled; spikelets few, 4 in., erect, 1-fld.,
jointed on the pedicels, but tardily deciduous, lanceolate, long-
awned, glumes 2, thinly chartaceous, I narrowed into an
erect scaberulous awn about ;% in. long, strongly 5-veined,
veins scabrid, ciliate, lateral marginal, palea much narrower,
3-veined, keeled, keel ciliate; lodicules minute, suborbicular ;
stam. 6, anth. long, very slender; styles free, stigmas feathery,
laterally protruded; grain oblong, narrowed at the base,
obtuse, free within the glume and palea.—Monotypic.
H. aristata, Wees in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. xv. 380 (1833). Go-
jabba, S.
Thw. Enum. 356. Leersta aristata, Roxb. FI. Ind. 1. 308. C. P. 378.
Bisse wind: vn. o4% Grit, be? Pl Asiat: t-) 139; f: 147, and t. 140
(Potamochloa Retziz). Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 12.
Stem a foot long and more, spongy, internodes long or
short; |. 1-14 in., rather broadest at the rounded or sub-
cordate base, scaberulous above, smooth and glaucous beneath,
subcoriaceous, margins nearly smooth, midrib very short,
veins very many, slender, sheaths longer than the internodes,
smooth, somewhat inflated, margins eciliate, ligule a very
Narrow membrane; panicle about 2 in. long and_ broad,
triangular, lower branches sometimes deflexed, rhachis and
branches slender, stiff, smooth; spikelets very narrow, sessile
or pedicelled.
Hotter parts of the Island, floating in marshes, &c.; common.
Spikelets pale green.
India, Tonkin.
186 Graminec. [ Zrachys.
18. TRACHYS, Pers.
A diffuse, softly villous annual; |. ovate-lanceolate; infl. of
2-3 spikes radiating from the top of a long ped., rhachis
broad, herbaceous, jointed, each joint bearing on the under
surface at the articulation a solitary, globose, persistent
cluster of 2-3 perfect 1-fld. spikelets, surrounded by many
short spinescent glumes of imperfect ones; spikelets sessile,.
persistent on a very short stout branched axis, glabrous;
glumes 4, very unequal, I minute, tooth-like, II elongate-
subulate, membranous, hyaline, strongly veined, III much the
largest, obliquely obovate-oblong, cuspidately acuminate,
rigidly coriaceous, 9Q-many-veined, paleate, empty, sides
inflexed below the middle, palea very minute, IV much
shorter and narrower than III, linear-oblong, acuminate,
chartaceous, smooth, dorsally convex, sides incurved, bi-
sexual, palea as long as the glume, acuminate, hyaline, sides
infléxed below the middle; lodicules very minute or 0; stam.
3, anth. linear; styles very long, stigmas very slender,
penicillate, exserted at the top of the glume; grain oblong,
compressed, free within the glume and palea.— Monotypic.
T. mucronata, fers. Sy. i. 85 (1805).
Thw. Enum. 362. Panicum sguarrosum, Retz. Obs.iv.15. C. P. 3262..
PlSB: Inds vns96s) Beativ Agrost ty 21, 97. Netz ye) vat. 0.) Roxb:
Cor. Pl. ili. t. 206 (P. sguarrosunt).
Stems many from the root, 6-12 in., rather stout, ascend-
ing or prostrate, leafy, glabrous, shining, lower internodes
I—2 in., upper much longer, nodes villous; |. 1-2 by 4-3 in.,
acuminate, flat, softly villous on both surfaces, margins
smooth, base rounded, sheaths shorter than the internodes,
loose, upper 2-3 in. long, inflated, narrowed at the top and
base, ligule a ridge of fine hairs; ped. up to Io in. long, slender,
shining; spikes 1-2 in., by 7j-¢ in. broad, rhachis rigidly
herbaceous with a broad flat midrib and broad veined
wings, contracted at the nodes, internodes {—} in. long, sub-
quadrate, tardily disarticulating, stipites of spikes ~)—} in.
long, terete, glabrous; clusters of spikelets }—-} in. diam., often
partially sunk in a concavity of the rhachis; perfect spikelets.
+ long or less, imperfect much shorter; glume I very variable,
coriaceous or thin, acute, I] about one-third shorter than III,
5-veined, 2 veins marginal, margins smooth or ciliolate,
palea of III subquadrate, truncate, sides obscurely ciliate,
angles at top setose. .
Tragus.] Graminec. 187
Sandy ground near the sea in the N. of the Island; Jaffna, abundant.
Also in the Carnatic.
In describing this curious and difficult grass in FI. B. Ind., I over-
looked the very minute palea of glume III. I find also that the spikelets
are not truly articulate at the base. Some Indian specimens have longer
spikes and nearly glabrous leaves.
19. TRAGUS, Aaller.
A small, perennial, rigid, densely tufted, depressed grass ;
stems short, leafy; 1. small, subdistichously imbricate, flat,
ciliate; spikelets in terminal spikes, binate on very short
pedicels that are articulate with the rhachis, 1-fld.; glumes 3,
I very minute, hyaline, II cymbiform, oblong-lanceolate,
thickly coriaceous, empty, strongly 5-ribbed, margins mem-
branous, inflexed, closely embracing III, ribs armed with long
stout hook-tipped spines, III bisexual, oblong- lanceolate,
acuminate, dorsally compressed, thin, scaberulous, sides in-
curved, palea nearly as long as the glume; lodicules minute,
subquadrate; stam. 3, anth. short, broad; styles 2, free, very
long, exserted at the top of the glume, stigmas long, penicillate ;
grain linear-oblong, free in the glume and palea.—Monotypic.
T. racemosus, Scop. /utrod. 73 (1777).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. PJ. 106. Lafpago biflora, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 281.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 97. Duthie, Indig. Fodd. Grass. Ind. t. 14. Host,
Gram. Austriac. i. t. 36 (Lappago). Reichb, Ic. Fl. Germ. i. t. 30 (Lappago).
Stems very many, spreading from the root, ascending,
2-6 in. high, leafy below, nearly naked above, lower inter-
nodes very short, upper long, nodes glabrous; |. 4-1 in,
usually densely crowded and bifarious in the lower part of the
stem (except in drawn up stems), ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
rigidly coriaceous, pungent, flat, smooth, base amplexicaul,
margins pectinately ciliate, lower sheaths very short, usually
compressed, equitant, of upper |. elongate, terete, ligule a ridge
of fine hairs; spike 4-2 in. long, cylindric, rhachis filiform,
pubescent; pedicels of each pair of spikelets / in., scabrid ;.
spikelets 4 in., acute; glume I appressed to the base of II,
spines of II as long as the glume is broad, spreading.
Dry pasture ground, &c. Trincomalie, Mannar district, Southern
Prov. at Kirinda.
All warm countries, South Europe.
Three or more spikelets are described as occurring on a single pedicel
in this species, but I find 2 only in Indian and Ceylon specimens.
Glume I is so minute and hyaline as to be easily overlooked (perhaps
not always present). The two spikelets of each pair are inserted close
together, facing one another, so as to resemble two glumes of one
spikelet. Much longer leaves and spikes occur on Continental
specimens.
188 Graminec. [Lopholepis.
20. ZOYSIA, Willd.
A small rigid glabrous grass, with a long wiry creeping
rootstock giving off short erect leafing branches terminating
in solitary peduncled spiciform racemes; |. distichous, subulate,
concave, pungent; spikelets ovoid, laterally compressed, I-fld.,
articulate on very short stout pedicels, appressed to a rigid
inarticulate rhachis with concave facets opposite the spikelets;
glumes 2, I empty, rigidly coriaceous, margins closely ap-
pressed, as if connate, and tip membranous, veins o, IJ much
‘smaller than and completely enclosed in I, ovate-lanceolate,
hyaline, I-veined, palea linear-oblong, hyaline; lodicules 0;
stam. 3, anth. long; styles very long, connate below, stigmas
plumose, exserted at the top of the spikelet; grain oblong,
free within the glume and palea—Monotypic.
Z. pungens, W7/ld. in Ges. Natur. fr. Neue Schrift. iii. 441 (1801).
Thw. Enum. 370. C. P. 948.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 99. Beauv. Agrost. t. 4.
Rootstock slender, up to 2-3 ft. long; 1. 1-3 in., spreading,
‘coriaceous, dorsally rounded, margins incurved, quite smooth;
sheath short, ligule a very narrow ciliolate membrane;
racemes I-14 in. long, strict, erect; spikelets 7) in. long,
erect; glume I turgidly biconvex, much compressed at the tip,
smooth, polished, dorsally rounded to about the middle, keeled
above, keel sometitnes scabrid, margins ciliolate, II] one-third
shorter than I and much narrower, palea linear-oblong, veinless.
Sandy shores ; common.
Tropical Asia, Australia, Mauritius.
Helps with Remzvea and other Cyferacee to bind the coast sands.
21. LOPHOLEPIS, Dene.
A tufted, glabrous grass; stems sparingly leafy; 1. small,
‘ovate or ovate-lanceolate, flat; spikelets very minute, like the
head of a bird, in a spiciform raceme, shortly pedicelled,
pedicels articulate close above the rhachis; glumes 3,
I and II empty, I coriaceous, incumbent on II, formed of
a globose base and narrow elongate limb, base and keel of
limb crested by a narrow cartilaginous wing which is pecti-
nately ciliate with long hook-tipped spinules, limb narrowly
cymbiform, acute, II much smaller than I, coriaceous, lanceo-
late, acute, keel crested like I, III bisexual, most minute,
broadly oblong, hyaline, palea broad, obtuse, hyaline; lodi-
cules 0; stam. 2, anth. large; styles 2, free, short, stigmas
Perotis.| Graminee. 189:
short, laterally exserted, penicillate ; grain free, conical, obtuse,
concave in front, base gibbously incurved—Monotypic.
ZL. ornithocephala, Deve. in Archiv. Mus. Par. i. 147 (1839) im
nota.
Hlolboellia ornithocephala, Wall. in Hook. Bot. Mise. 11. 144.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 98. Wall. I. c. t. 76.
Stem erect or ascending, 6-18 in. high, simple or sparingly
branched, smooth, polished, lower interncdes about I in. or
shorter, upper long, nodes glabrous; |. 3-1 in., acuminate,
smooth, margins ciliolate, base cordate, sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes, smooth, mouth not auricled, ligule a very
narrow membrane; raceme 2-4 in., cylindric, dense-fld., rhachis
slender, strict, glabrous, pedicels about +; in. long, spreading,
hispidulous, thickened under the spikelet, but not articulate;
spikelets ;*; in. long, adnate by a broad oblique base to the
pedicel; glume I minutely tuberculate, III about one eighth
of the length of II, persistent, grain when ripe apparently
much longer than glume III.
Mannar Isld., on hot sand, under palms (Trimen, Feb. 1890). Spike-
lets green, at length red-brown.
Also a native of the South province of the Deccan, where it was first
found by Kcenig.
The most ézzarre of grasses in the form of the spikelets.
22. PEROTIS, Az.
A small, densely tufted, rigid grass, root-fibres wiry; stem
erect or ascending; |. very short, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,.
pungently acuminate, ciliate; spikelets minute, terete, articu-
late on the very short pedicels of a spiciform raceme, linear-
lanceolate; glumes 3, I ‘and II empty, equal, linear-oblong,
membranous, with a strong midrib produced into a very
long capillary awn, III minute, hyaline, ovate-lanceolate,
I-veined, palea smaller, oblong, hyaline, veinless ; lodicules 2,.
quadrate; stam. 3, anth. short; styles very short, connate at
the base, laterally exserted, stigmas very short, plumose;
grain linear, terete, subacute, as long as and free in the two-
empty glumes.—Monotypic.
P. latifolia, Azt. Hort. Kew. i. 8: (1789).
Herm. Mus. 6. Burm. Thes. 105. Fl. Zeyl. n.25. Thw. Enum. 369..
Moon, Cat. 7. <Axnthoxanthum indicum, L. Sp. Pl. 28. C. P. 3164.
Fl. B. Ind. vii.98. Beauv. Agrost. t. 4,f.9. Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 92.
Stem very short, stout, branching from the base, branches
some very short, leafing only, others 3-10 in. high, ascending,
leafy below, sheathed above, ending in a slender crinite
raceme; |. 3-1 in, flat, ovoid, spreading, glaucous green,
190 Graminee. [Leptaspis.
striate, base cordate, amplexicaul, midrib o, sheath of lower
l. very short, of upper long, ligule 0; raceme 1-8 in. long,
often flexuous, rhachis very slender. not articulate, glabrous ;
spikelets crowded, ;5 in. long, rhachilla 0; glumes I and II with
minutely scabrid awns 4—3 in. long and ciliate keels, I his-
pidulous, tip entire or minutely notched, II glabrous, except the
ciliate keel, III about 4 as long as I and II, excessively thin.
Hotter parts of the Island; abundant, especially in sandy soil.
Afghanistan, Trop. Asia, Africa, and Australia.
Remarkable for its long bottle-brush-like raceme of metallic-coloured
flowers (Ferguson). The spikes vary from green to red-brown.
23. LEPTAS PIS, 3&7.
Perennial, moncecious grasses; rootstock creeping; 1.
petioled on the sheath, bifarious, elliptic-oblong, flat, midrib
and few principal veins slender, venules very close, trabeculate
with cross venules; panicle long-peduncled, stiff, erect,
branches whorled, bearing short alternate branchlets; spike-
lets solitary, distant, 1-fld., articulate on very short pedicels ;
—male spikelets in the upper part of the panicle, minute,
glumes 3, I and II broad, flat, unequal, membranous, gla-
brous, spreading from a very narrow base, upper largest, III
cymbiform, pubescent, palea linear, 2-lobed, lobes narrow ;
lodicules 0; stam. 6, fil. very short, anth. linear, pistillode o ;
—fem. spikelet, glumes I and II as in the male, III a pubes-
cent rapidly accrescent utricle, with a terminal or lateral
orifice from which the tip of the palea and the stigmas pro-
trude, greatly enlarged in frt., palea linear, tip notched,
accrescent and hardening in age; staminodes 6, very minute;
ov. minute, gibbous, style slender, elongating with the growth
of the glume, stigmas 3, exserted, spreading, penicillate; grain
not seen.—Sp. 6; 2 in FZ. B. Ind.
Utricle erect, orifice terminal . , : : - i: LU. URCHEOLATA:
Utricle decurved, orifice lateral . é : - 2a le COCHIEBAIAS
I. L. urceolata, Lr. iz Lenn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 23 (1838).
Thw. Enum. 357. JL. seylanica, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 8. Pharus
uvceolatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 611. C. P. 972.
DE Be inds vilios5. Benn, lic t 6:
Rootstock short, stout ; stem 2-3 ft., simple or branched
towards the base, leafy, about as thick as a goose-quill below,
smooth, polished, nearly solid, internodes short, loosely
sheathed, upper 2-4 in., lower rooting; 1. 6-10 by 14-24 in.,
from linear- or elliptic-oblong to obovate-oblong, acute or
Coix.| Graniunec. IQI
acuminate, base acute or cuneate, thinly coriaceous, almost
shining on both surfaces, margins quite smooth, petiole 2-3
in., slender, channelled above, sheaths as long as the inter-
nodes or longer, glabrous, lower equitant at the base, ligule
a pubescent ridge; ped. 6-10 in., rigid and panicle puberu-
lous with hooked hairs, branches 6-8 in a whorl, unequal, up
to 6 in. long; glumes I and II caducous, oval, acuminate,
i about + in long, Ill of male spikelets erect, rather
longer than the stamens, of fem. much larger, eventually j in.
long, inflated, turbinately pyriform, with a contracted base
and short terminal neck on the truncate obscurely lobed top,
densely tomentose with uncinate hairs.
Forests of the warmer parts of the Island; not very uncommon.
Kakatudua Forests (Ferguson).
Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra.
2. L. cochleata, 7iw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 357 (1864).
C. P. 896.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 95.
Habit of ZL. urceolata, but more slender, stem creeping
below; |. 4-6 by 14-1? in., oblong or obovate-oblong, acute
or acuminate, thin, shining beneath, base acute, margins quite
smooth, petiole 4-4 in., sheaths 1-3 in., lower not equitant ;
panicle 6-8 in., and ped. nearly glabrous, branches mostly
ternately whorled in 6-8 superposed series, very slender,
strict; male spikelets, glumes I and II ovate to orbicular,
long-cuspidate, II much the largest, III cymbiform, acumi-
nate, pubescent, palea slit nearly to the middle into 2 subu-
late lobes; fem. spikelets’; glume III gibbously urceolate,
pubescent, deflexed and incurved, mature 4 in. long, in-
flated, shortly 5-ribbed or lobed, densely tomentose with
uncinate hairs, orifice lateral; palea, style, and stigmas as in
L. urceolata, but much smaller.
Forests of the Central Province, ascending to 4ooo ft. (Thwaites),
Matale (Gardner).
Endemic. *24. COEX, Z.
Tall, leafy, moncecious grasses; stem branching, spongy
within ; |. long, flat; infl. of spiciform racemes terminating
the branches, racemes of many male spikelets with one
(rarely 2) fem. at the base, rhachis articulate at the base and
above the fem. spikelet ;—-male spikelets 2-3-nate at each
node of the rhachis, one sessile and one- or two-pedicelled,
articulate at the base, but persistent, dorsally compressed ;
* Name, Greek, of uncertain meaning and application.
192 Graminec. [Coda
glumes 4, I and II empty, I chartaceous, oval, narrowly
winged along the inflexed margins, many-veined, II thinner,
about g-veined, III and IV membranous, hyaline, faintly
5-veined, triandrous or IV empty, paleate, paleas with broad
flaps, faintly 2-keeled ; lodicules cuneiform, toothed ; anth.
long, slender ;—fem. spikelet ovoid, entirely enclosed together
with the base of the rhachis in an ovoid, eventually harden-
ing closed bract ; glumes 4, I chartaceous, II-IV successively
thinner, [II and IV hyaline, paleate, fem. or III empty,
paleas hyaline ; lodicules 0; ov. ovoid, styles 2, free, very
long, capillary, stigmas exserted at the top at the bract, stig-
matic hairs short; grain orbicular, compressed, ventrally
channelled, enclosed within the hardened stony bract.—
Sjoe Heys ia VI wer, Mirah,
CG. Lachryma-jobi, Zz77. Sp. P/.972. Weekirrindee, 5S.
Herm. Mus. 40, 29. Burm. Thes. 137, 138. FI. Zeyl. n. 330. Moon,
Cat. 62. Thw. Enum. 357 (C. Lachryma). C. P. 942.
Fi..B. Ind. vii. t00. Kunth, Enum. Pl. Suppl. t. 3, 4. Beauv. Agrost.
t. 24, f.5. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 70.
Stem 3-5 ft. or more, stout, rooting at the nodes, inter-
nodes smooth, polished ; |. 4-18 by 1-2 in., narrowed from a
broad cordate base to an acuminate tip, smooth on both surfaces,
margins spinulosely serrate, midrib stout, veins many, very
slender, sheaths long, smooth, ligule a very narrow mem-
brane ; racemes 1-24 in. long, nodding or drooping from very
long peduncles, rhachis within the bract slender, above it
stout, notched at the nodes ; male spikelets subsecund, imbri-
cating, very variable in size, }-? in. long ; glume I oblong,
a4
II, III, and IV oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; anth. orange
yellow ; fr. from broadly ovoid to globose, 4-4 in. diam.,
pale bluish-grey, polished.
Hotter parts of the Island, naturalised and cultivated.
Cultivated in many hot countries, especially of Asia.
There are two species or forms of the genus Cozx described by
Roxburgh in his Flora Indica (iii. 568, 569), C. Lachryma, L., and
C. gigantea, Koen. Of these C. Lachryma is annual, with a stem 4-6 ft.
high, and male spikelets in pairs; it inhabits rice grounds and ditches
in Bengal. C. g@gantea is a perennial, with a stem 8-15 ft. high and
male spikelets in threes; it grows chiefly in the valleys of the Circar
Mts. and Bengal. Thwaites referred the Ceylon plant to C. Lachryma,
and gives its habitat as common in cultivated ground. Ferguson (Gram.
Indigenous to Ceylon, p. 2) says that C. etgantea is the species found in
Ceylon and hitherto confounded with C. Lackryma, adding that Mr.
Morris discovered that the latter is hardly indigenous in Ceylon. In
his paper in the Journal of the Asiatic Society (Ceylon branch) Ferguson
gives C. gzgantea alone, with the native name of ‘ Maana,’ adding that
Polytoca.] Graminee. 193
it is Common in waste land up to 5000 ft. In the Flora of British India,
after an examination of a great number of specimens from all parts of
the country, I have, supported by Dr. Stapf, treated C. g%vantea as a
variety of Lachryma Jobz, distinguished by its size, perennial root, and
longer drooping racemes; and a review of the materials for this work
confirms this view, the two forms passing into one another. Referring
to the Ceylon material in Herb. Peraden. (C. P. 942) I find good specimens
of a plant with ternate male spikes, but they do not afford means of telling
whether they are of annual or perennial plants. In Herb. Kew. there is
a specimen of true C. Lachryma with shorter racemes and binate male
spikelets, from Col. Walker.
Cotx Lachryma Jobt is cultivated by the hill tribes of some parts of
India (apparently not in Ceylon) for its grain, the covering ot which is
much softer than in the indigenous form. Its nutritious value is low.
25. POLYTOCA, 3B;.
Tall, stout, erect, branching, leafy, perennial, moncecious
grasses ; stem spongy within; |. long, flat; infl. of spiciform
racemes terminating the branches, at first enclosed in spathi-
form bracts; racemes all male, or with one or more fem.
spikelets at the base, rhachis articulate at the base and
above the fem. spikelets; male spikelets 2-fld., sometimes
imperfect, solitary or binate, a sessile and pedicelled ; glumes
4, with sometimes a terminal rudimentary imperfect, all sub-
equal in length, I and I] empty,I herbaceous, shallowly concave,
strongly many-veined, and with a narrow membranous wing
within the margin on each side, II much narrower, dorsally
compressed, ovate, acuminate, chartaceous, rarely herbaceous,
unequally 7—9-veined, IfI membranous, oblong, acuminate,
3-5-veined, paleate, triandrous, IV very slender, linear, deli-
cately hyaline, vein central or 0, paleate, triandrous or empty,
paleas as long as the glumes, of ITI broadly linear, hyaline,
2-keeled, of IV narrowly linear, flat, veins 2 or 0; lodicules 2,
in both fl, cuneate; anth. long, linear, much largest in glume
III ;—fem. spikelet broadly oblong, dorsally compressed, I-fid.;
glume I thickly coriaceous, closely embracing the rhachis of
the spike by its infolded margins, veins many, obscure, II,
III, and IV enclosed in I, delicately membranous, hyaline,
II quadrately oblong, many-veined, III narrower, oblong,
3-5-veined, paleate, empty, IV very narrow, truncate, 3-veined,
paleate, flowering, paleas of III and IV very narrow, truncate,
2-veined, wrapped round the ov.; lodicules 0; styles very
long, exserted from the top of glume I, stigmas capillary,
minutely pubescent ; grain enclosed in the thickened, nut-
PART V. O
194 Graminee. [Dimeria.
like, polished, hardened glume, fusiform, terete. Sp. 6 or 8;
6 in Fl. B. Ind.
The above description applies especially to P. dbarbata. This genus
and Cozy are amongst the most complicate in the disposition and structure
of the spikelets of any amongst grasses.
P. barbata, Stapf in F1. Brit. Ind. vii. 102 (1896).
Chionachne Kenigit, Thw. Enum. 357. C. darbata, Benn. Pl. Jav.
Rar. 18; Trim. Cat. 106. Cozx barbata, Roxb. F1. Ind. iii. 569. C. Kenigiz,
SPKenemoystels 220.0% ©. Mn 3037.
EBs aleve.
Stem 3-6 ft., as thick as the little finger below, terete,
smooth, longer internodes up to 10 in., nodes narrowly softly
bearded; |. up to 10 by 14 in., linear, acuminate, scabrid
above, less so or smooth beneath, sometimes hirsute, midrib
stout, veins many, slender, base narrow, margin scabrid, sheath
long, smooth, glabrous or hairy, ligule tomentose; ped. of
racemes I—3 in. long, slender, fascicles of racemes panicled,
spathitorm sheaths I in. or more, tip awned, awn sometimes an
in. long; proper spathes $ in., oblong, awned; male portion of
raceme appearing as if sessile on the top of the fem. spikelet,
articulate with the internode below it, which is embraced by the
margins of the outer glume of the fem. spikelet, rhachis hardly
articulate between the male spikelets, which are }~4 in. long;
glume I of male spikelet oblong or lanceolate, obtuse acute
or apiculate, glabrous or hairy, veins more or less trabeculate;
glume I of fem. spikelet intruded at the base to receive the
clavate end of the lower internode of the rhachis of the spike,
quadrately oblong, sides rounded, lateral veins of glumes II
and III arching at their tips to meet the mid vein.
Central and Southern Provinces; not uncommon. FI. Dec., Jan.
Throughout India, Java.
26. DIMERTA, Zr. :
Erect, annual or perennial grasses; infl. of solitary,
binate, or digitate, slender spikes, bearing many secund
bifarious solitary spikelets, rhachis terete, angular, or flattened,
inarticulate; spikelets sessile, articulate on very short pedicels,
laterally strongly compressed, 1I-fld., bisexual, callus short or
long, bearded; glumes 4, I and II usually divaricate in
flower, empty, I coriaceous, linear, sides complicate, dorsally
rounded, II as long as I or longer, chartaceous, empty, oblong,
margins hyaline, sides complicate, dorsally keeled, keel some-
times winged, III much shorter, linear or oblanceolate, empty,
Dimeria.| Graminee. 195
‘hyaline, ciliate, epaleate, IV hyaline, complicate, oblong, bifid,
awned in the sinus, awn capillary, column short, palea minute
or O; lodicules 0 or most minute; stam. 2, anth. long or short;
styles short, stigmas short, laterally exserted; grain linear,
compressed.-—Sp. 18; 12 in #72. B. Ind.
The fine specimens of this genus in the Peradeniya Herbarium have
enabled me to improve the description of the Ceylon species given in
Fl. B. Ind., and make some important corrections. Nevertheless, much
more ainple material is required before the species can be regarded as
satisfactorily established, for the characters taken from the rhachis of the
spikes and the glumes are liable to considerable variation. I am not
satisfied that the division of the species into annual and perennial is
sound, being derived from dried specimens only. It might be better to
-divide them primarily by the number of spikes, as follows :—
Spikes invariably solitary :—D. pusilla, D. Thwattesiz.
Spikes 2-3, very rarely solitary:—D. pubescens, D. Lehmanni, D.
_fuscescens, D. Triment.
Spikes many :—D. gracilis.
Lastly, as regards the distribution of the species in Ceylon, I have
little or no information, the Herbarium specimens being from isolated or
very few localities, and these not always to be found in any accessible
map of the island.
_Annuals.
Keel of glume II winged.
Glume II acuminate or awned.
Glume II awned. , . 5 fp IDE PUSTILILAL
Glume II not awned . : . 2. D. PUBESCENS.
Glume II obtuse.
Glume IV awned : : . 3. D. LEHMANNI.
Glume IV not awned . : : D. LEHMANNI, var. MUTICA.
Keel of glume II not winged. . 4. D. THWAITESII.
Perennials.
Spikes 2 or 3.
Rhachis of spike filiform, glabrous 5. D. FUSCESCENS.
Rhachis of spike flattened, ciliate. 6. D. TRIMENI.
Spikes 3-many . ; ; : iD GRACTEIS:
1. D. pusilla, 7iw. Enum. 369 (1864).
flack. Monogr. Androp. 78. C. P. 957.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 103 (excl. var. pallida).
Annual; stems tufted, 6-18 in. high, very slender, leafy,
ssimple or branched; |. 1-3 by 7-# in., linear, acuminate,
quite smooth, glabrous, midrib slender, sheath smooth,
auricles ciliolate, ligule very short, truncate; spike solitary,
13-2 in. long, rhachis filiform, trigonous, internodes very
short, margins smooth or scaberulous; spikelets + in. without
‘the awns, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, callus as long as
‘the pedicel, thickly bearded; glumes I and II sparsely or -
copiously hirsute, I linear, acuminate, keel scabrid and ciliate,
II rather longer, narrowly oblong, acuminate, margins ciliate,
196 Gramince. [Dimeria..
awn as long as the glume or shorter, erect, scaberulous, wing
of keel as broad as the glume or narrower, scaberulous, III
narrowly oblong, ciliate towards the obtuse tip, veinless, IV
narrowly oblong , tip obtusely bifid, awn 4-2 in., palea and’
lodicules 0 or oDacue: anth. +5 in.
Var. 1 pusilla proper, Fl. B. Ind. l.c. D. pusilla, 7iw. 1. c.
Stem 6-8 in., simple, spikes 1-14 in. glumes I and IT
sparsely hairy.
Var. 2 elatior, FI. B. Ind. l.c.
Stem taller, stouter, branching upwards, spikes 14-2 in.,
glumes I and II copiously silkily ciliate, wing of glume II
narrower.
Trincomalie (Glenie). Var. e/atior, Kokoladoa (Gardner).
2. D. pubescens, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 83 (1889).
eh ornithopoda, var. y, Thw. Enum. 369, excl. syn. fuscescens. C. P.
ora Bide 105.
Annual; stems tufted, erect or ascending, leafy at the base
chiefly, upper internodes very slender, often decurved, lower
nodes bearded; |. erect, crowded at the base of the stem, 3-5
by 4-4 in. narrowly linear, oblanceolate, finely acuminate,
rigid, more or less softly covered with long tubercle-based
hairs on beth surfaces, base very narrow, margins scaberulous,.
midrib rather broad, pale, sheaths shortly auricled, glabrous
or hairy, lower short, compressed, margins membranous, ligule
rounded, eciliate ; spikes I or 2, erect or divaricate, 2—3 in. long,
pale brown, rhachis flat, =5-3’5 in. broad, margins rigidly
ciliate, internodes very short; spikelets $ in. long, sessile or
subsessile, callus very short, shortly bearded; glumes I and II
acuminate, more or less silkily ciliate, I as long as I], II lan-
ceolate, keeled, keel nearly as broad as the rest of the glume,.
ciliate with long hairs, margins softly ciliate, III narrowly
lanceolate, ciliate, I-veined, IV oblong, tip bifid, awn + in.,
palea and lodicules 0 or obscure; anth. 74; in., linear; grain
zo in. long, narrowly fusiform, flattened.
Central Province, Passilova, Pasdun Korale, Hantane, Ramboda, &c..
Endemic.
Nearly allied to D. 77zmenz.
3. D. Lehmanni, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 82 (1889).
D. ornithopoda, Thw. Enum. 369, excl. vars. B, y, et syn. D. evacilis.
Pterigostachyum Lehmanni, Nees; Steud. Syn. Gram. 413. C. P. 952,
232i
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 104.
Annual; stems tufted, 1-2 ft., slender, simple or branched,
Dimeria.] Graminee. 197"
leafy chiefly at the base, upper internodes very long, filiform,
nodes glabrous or bearded; |. mostly thickly crowded at the
base of the stem, 2-6 by 74;-{ in., erect, narrowly linear, finely
acuminate, narrowed from above the middle to the base,
glabrous or pubescent with long spreading hairs, margins
smooth or scaberulous, midrib slender, white shining, sheaths
terete, glabrous or hairy, mouth not auricled, ligule short,
truncate, spikes 2-3, slender, strict, rhachis slender, etienes,
margins ciliate, internodes very short ; spikelets }-} in., very
shortly pedicelled, pedicel flat, callus minute, shortly bearded ;
‘glume I shorter than II, subacute, dorsally ciliate with long
hairs, II linear-oblong, tip rounded, margins and wing of
keel ciliate with long hairs, III narrowly oblanceolate, IV
oblong, tip bifid, awn 4} in., palea and lodicules 0; anth. linear
ao in.
D. Lehmanni proper, var. a, aristata, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 83.
Rhachis of spike ciliate, sume II narrowly winged, ciliate with long
hairs as is the keel of I. C. P. 952, 3321.
6, mutica, ack. lc.
Rhachis of spike eciliate, glume II broadly winged, shortly ciliate,
‘keel of glume I scaberulous. VD. ornizthofoda and VD. mutica, Thw. 1. c.
Dawa. f, F1,°B. Ind. le C; P..955.
Throughout the Island; not uncommon up to 7ooo ft. Var. #:
Suffragam and Colombo.
4. D. Thwaitesii, Hack. Monogr. gees ve (1889).
D. pusilla, var. pallida, Thw. MSS. C. P. 3965
HIB: Ind. vii. 102.
aan stems, tufted, 6-8 in. high, subsimple, leafy; 1.
2 by 75-75 in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, gla-
ce or Pir towards the base, midrib very slender, sheaths
clabrous, mouth hardly auricled, ligule broadly ovate or
rounded, ciliolate; spike solitary, 4-14 in. long, rhachis very
slender, flattened, internodes short, margins ciliate: spikelets
4-4 in., sessile or very shortly pedicelled, callus very shortly
‘bearded, glumes I and II sparsely hairy, both aristately acumi-
nate, II + longer than I, lanceolate, margins ciliate, keel
rounded ciliate with long hairs, not winged, III much shorter,
linear, but dilated TIES, ciliate, IV narrowly oblong-ovate,
tip obtusely bifid, awn 4 in., palea 0; lodicules obscure; anth.
minute, oblong; grain ae in., linear, flattened, base acuminate.
Central Province. Dambulla (Thwaites).
Endemic.
Closely resembles D. pusilla, Thw., and is the only other Ceylon
‘species with filiform stems. Hackel describes the stems as ascending
and branching, the spikelets as all pedicellate, and the awn of glume IV
as longer than I find it to be in the Peraden. Herb. specimens.
198 Graminee. [Dimeria..
; 5. ©. fuscescens, 7727. 7x Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. V1. ii. 335.
1833).
ae Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 107. D. fuscescens, B zeylanica, Hack. Monogr.
Androp. 85. JL. ornithopoda, var. 3, Thw. Enum. 369. C. P. 3256.
FI. Bb. Ind. vi. 105.
Perennial; stems 12-18 in., slender or stout, densely
tufted, erect, leafy chiefly at the base, internodes few, upper
very slender, nodes glabrous ; 1. crowded towards the base of
the stem, 2-3 by 3-4 in., strict, erect, narrowly oblanceolate,
finely acuminate, rigid, glabrous or hairy towards base,
margins scaberulous, midrib slender, sheaths short, glabrous,.
terete or lower compressed, mouth not auricled, ligule broad,
short, ciliolate ; spikes 2—3-nate, 2-3 in. long, strict, divergent,
lax-fld., glabrous, dark purplish, rhachis slender, rigid,
unequally trigonous, smooth, internodes half as long as the
spikelets or longer; spikelets shortly pedicelled, 47% in. long,.
callus minute, shortly bearded, pedicels clavate, glumes I and
II subequal, rigid, scaberulous, cuspidately acuminate, keels
of I scaberulous, II narrowly oblong, wing as broad as the
glume, scaberulous, margins membranous, obscurely ciliate,
III obovate-lanceolate, I-veined, tip rounded, ciliate, IV
narrowly. oblong, tip bifid, awn about 4} in., palea minute,
lanceolate, ciliate ; lodicules very minute, cuneate ; anth. 75 in.
Var. B, robusta, ook. /.
Stem taller, much stouter, branching and leafy upwards.
Central Province. Horton Plains, and Nuwara Eliya, alt. 6000-7000 ft.
Var. 8, Knuckles (Ferguson).
Nepal, the Khasia Hills, Tenasserim, and the Concan.
According to Hackel, the type of D. fuscescens is Wallich’s n. 8841,
in which the spikelets are dense-fid., the rhachis of the spike scabrous.
or scaberulous, and the keel of glume II not winged, but with a short
scarious ciliate margin below the tip. The Ceylon plant he regards as.
a variety, 8 seylanica, with longer spikelets and the keel of glume II
rather broadly winged. Of this last he cites no specimen or number of
Thwaites, but gives as a habitat Dambulla, Trimen, of which there are:
no specimens in Herb. Peraden.
6. D. Trimeni, Hook. f.
D. ornithopoda, var. y, Trim. MSS.
Perennial; stems tufted, erect or ascending from a creep-
ing rootstock, 14-2 ft. high, rather stout below, branched,
leafy, upper internodes slender, nodes bearded; |. 6-8 by
4-% in., linear or very narrowly oblanceolate, rigid, narrowed
from much above the middle to the acuminate tip and very
narrow base, rigid, more or less villously hairy or woolly on
both surfaces, margins scaberulous, midrib stout, sheaths.
woolly, mouth not auricled, ligule broadly rounded, ciliolate ;
Dimeria.] Graminee. 199
spikes 1 or 2, 3-4 in. long, more or less curved, nut-brown,
rhachis flat, 7; to nearly 74 in. broad, margins softly ciliate,
internodes very short; spikelets sessile, } in. long, callus
minute, bearded; glumes I and II subequal, acuminate,
villously hairy more or less all over, II oblong-lanceolate,
keel with a minute scaberulous wing close under the tip,
III narrowly spathulate, ciliate above the middle, IV oblong,
obtusely bifid, awn $ in. long; palea and lodicules obscure or 0;
anth. 75 in., narrowly linear.
Hab. ? (Trimen), Elpiliya Patana (Pearson).
Endemic.
I find in the Peradeniya Herbarium an unnumbered sheet with three
specimens of this plant without habitat, marked D. ornithopoda, var. y,
by Dr. Trimen. It resembles what would be a very large stout perennial
state of D. pubescens with longer narrower woolly leaves and sheaths, but
differs from that plant in the smaller spikelets, glume II of which has
no other wing to the keel than a minute dilatation close under the tip.
7. D. gracilis, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 413 (1854).
D. gracilis and leptorhachis, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 88, 89. Fl. B.
Ind. vu. 105. D. pzlosissima, Thw. Enum. 369, non Trim. 2. Jzxtuscula,
Thw. ex Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. (1885), 272. C. P. 24, 3261, 3863.
les lnvd! lic:
Perennial; stems densely tufted, 2-3 ft. high, stout, erect,
sometimes as thick as a small goose-quill below, leafy almost
up to the spikes, rarely branched, nodes silky or glabrous ;
]. 6-10 by 4% in., erect, rigid, narrowly linear, finely acumi-
nate, somewhat broader about the middle, base narrowed into
the sheath, glabrous or pilose, margins smooth, veins slender,
sheaths terete, mouth not auricled, ligule short, broad, mem-
branous ciliolate; spikes 3-10, 3-5 in. long, very slender,
flexuous, pale brown, lax-fid., rhachis filiform, obtusely tri-
gonous or subterete, glabrous, smooth, internodes 4-3 in.;
spikelets §-4 in., pedicels long or short, terete, smooth, lower
sometimes half as long as the spikelet, callus very short,
densely bearded; glumes I and IJ subequal or II longest,
acuminate or aristulate, glabrous or villous with long hairs,
I more or less scaberulous, II linear, membranous and
glistening for half its breadth, hyaline margins ciliate, keel
rounded, smooth or minutely scaberulous, wing o, II! obvate-
oblong, ciliate above the middle, vein 1 or o, IV oblong,
acutely bifid, awn 3-3 in., palea very minute, narrow, ciliate;
lodicules large, broadly cuneate ; anth. ~,-+ in.
Southern and Central Provinces. Adam’s Peak (Gardner), Gibson’s
Hill, Galle, and Pasdun Korale (Thwaites), Labugama and Caltura
(Trimen).
I am unable to distinguish D. /eftorhachis, Hack., from D. gracilis
by any character. The main difference, according to Hackel, is that the
200 Graminee. [| Saccharum.
leaves of /eftorhachis are contracted at the sheath and the stems waxy
below the nodes, whereas in J. gracilis the leaves pass insensibly into
the sheath and the stems are not waxy. I see no difference in the leaf-
bases, and I do not find the wax in either. The name gvacz/is is not
appropriate.
27. IMPERATA, Cyril.
Erect, perennial grasses ; stem leafy, internodes solid ;
]. narrow; infil. a silvery-silky subcylindric panicle, with very
short filiform branches and spikes, rhachis of branches and
spikes not articulate ; spikelets all alike and bisexual, narrow,
terete, immersed in very long hairs from the small callus
and outer glumes, binate, a sessile and pedicelled, articulate at
the base, fugacious, I-fld.; glumes 4, I and II subequal, mem-
branous, dorsally rounded or II obscurely keeled, 3—5-veined
at the base, I ovate-lanceolate, tip hyaline, obtuse, 1] acumi-
nate, III and IV very short, erose, palea minute ; lodicules 0;
stam. I or 2; styles connate below, stigmas very long, narrow,
exserted at the top of the spikelets; grain oblong.—Sp. 5 ;
win A, Belang.
I. arundinacea, Cyril/. P/. Rar. Neap. fasc. ii. 27 (1792). Lluk, S.
Thw. Enum. 369. Moon, Cat. 7 (Saccharum). C. P. 968.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 106. Cyrill. ics Pele eich bale il aGennietens 5:
Rootstock stoloniferous, often creeping; stem 6 in.—3 ft,
stout or slender, smooth, glabrous, nodes naked or bearded ;
1. 6-18 by 7-3 in., flat, tapering from the middle to a finely
acuminate tip, and to a very narrow often ciliate base, smooth
above, beneath and margins scaberulous, sheaths loose,
glabrous or margins ciliate, mouth not auricled, bearded,
ligule of long soft hairs; panicle 3-8 in., silvery white, with
dark purple anthers and stigmas, internodes of spikes short,
tips dilated ; spikelets 4—} in., lanceolate, hairs of callus and
glumes twice as long as the spikelet ; clume I pale green or
yellowish, veins not reaching the tip, II with very long hairs
dorsally, III and IV hyaline, veinless, erose, and Eilicl sie.
III oblong, about half as long as I, IV still shorter, quadrate,
palea variable.
Common in the hotter parts of the Island. Panicle silvery white.
All warm countries.
A pest in ground that has gone out of cultivation. The leaves make
an excellent thatch. I have described the glumes as I find them in
Ceylon specimens, but the inner especially vary greatly in those from
other countries.
28. SACCHARUM, J.
Tall, perennial grasses; |. narrow, flat; infl. and large silky
much and densely branched panicle with spreading or erect
Sgccharum.| Graminee. 201
filiform branches and. branchlets (spikes\, branches and
Spikes articulate, usually fragile; spikelets 1-fld., all alike,
bisexual, not awned, articulate at the base, a sessile and
pedicelled, the sessile deciduous with the internode and
pedicel, callus bearded with very long hairs; glumes 4, I and
II subequal, membranous or subcoriaceous, I oblong or lan-
‘ceolate, dorsally flat or convex, margins incurved or inflexed,
I—2-veined at each flexure, keels not winged or scaberulous,
II concave, dorsally rounded or obscurely keeled, III hyaline,
oblong, IV various or 0, awn 0, palea minute or 0; lodicules
cuneate or irregularly formed; stam. 3; styles and stigmas
short, laterally exserted; grain oblong or subglobose.—Sp. 14;
pene B. Ind.
‘Glume | subulate-lanceolate, dorsally flat . . I. S. SPONTANEUM.
Glume I oblong, dorsally convex : : . 2. S. ARUNDINACEUM.
I. S. spontaneum, Jinn. Mazi. ii. 183 (1771).
Whweuknuim. 360. Moon, 'Gate7. GC. P) 3681.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 118. Trin. Fund. Agrost. t. 15, f. 1-6.
Stem), 4—8 ft., erect from a stout rootstock, as thick as a
swan’s quill below, solid, smooth, polished, leafy, silky beneath
the panicle; |. 14-24 ft., rarely more than } in. broad, erect,
narrowly linear, acuminate, narrowed downwards into the
stout midrib, rigid, coriaceous, glabrous, smooth, or scaberulous
above and on the often involute margins, tips capillary,
‘sheaths smooth, mouth fimbriate, auricled, ligule ovate, mem-
branous; panicle 1-2 ft., lanceolate, rhachis slender, smooth,
glabrous below, silky upwards, branches or spikes 3-5-nate,
ZA ii simple or ‘divided; rhachis almost capillary,
fragile, sparsely silvery silky with very long hairs, internodes
longer or shorter than the spikelets ; spikelets }-+ in., callus
minute, bearded with spreading silky hairs }in. long; glume I
subulate-lanceolate, acuminate, gibbous and coriaceous at
the base, hyaline above it, margins smooth, incurved with
a vein in the flexure, II rather shorter, oblong-ovate, acumi-
nate, keeled, base opaque, 1-veined, keel and margins ciliate,
II] ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, veins 0, IV very
slender, ciliate, palea very minute, ciliate; lodicules cuneate
‘or quadrate, toothed or lunate, with often a single long hair at
one angle; anth. linear.
Hotter parts of the Island; common. Panicle silvery.
Warm reyions of Asia and Australia.
Referred by Hackel (Monogr. Androp. 114) to sub-species genuznuz,
tthe common Asiatic form distinguished from the African by its more
‘
202 Gramineae. [Pollinias.
slender habit, narrower leaves, shorter spikelets, and shorter hairs on the
callus.
Commonly used for fencing about Colombo (Ferguson).
2. S. arundinaceum, fe/z. Uds. iv. 14 (1786). Rambuk, S_
Pey-karumu, 7.
S. procerum, Roxb.; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 106. C. P. 3939.
FJ. B. Ind. vii. 119. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 46.
Stem 6-20 ft., erect from a stout rootstock, 4 in. diam.,.
spongy within, internodes 6-12 in., terete, smooth, uppermost
glabrous under the panicle; 1. 3-5 ft. by 1-2 in. below the
middle, tapering thence upwards to a long filiform point, and
slightly downwards to the base, coriaceous, smooth on both
surfaces, glaucous beneath, margins spinulose, midrib up to-
i in. broad, shining, veins many, very slender, sheaths terete,
coriaceous, mouth not auricled, sides bearded, ligule short,
lunate, hairy; panicle 1-2 ft., dense-fld., ovoid or oblong, erect,.
decompound, rhachis stout, glabrous, branches half whorled,.
spreading in fl. ascending in fr., filiform; spikes 1--3 in.,.
rhachis filiform, fragile, internodes 4—4 in., villous, tips obconic ;.
spikelets 7/5 in., clothed with long, soft, creamy or purplish
woolly hairs up to + in. long, callus very short; glume I
oblong-ovate, acuminate, dorsally convex, margins incurved,.
I-veined in the flexures, II lanceolate, acuminate, 1—3-veined,.
margins ubove the middle and keel ciliate with long hairs,.
ITI oblong, hyaline, obtuse, 1-veined, margin above shortly
ciliate, 1V smaller, lanceolate, subaristately acuminate, margins.
ciliate above, palea quadrate, ciliate; lodicules irregular in
shape; anth. <5 in.
Abundant up to 2000 ft. (Ferguson). Panicle pale brown or purplish.
The Gangetic Plain and Southern China.
One of the elephant grasses of Ceylon.
SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM, Z., the sugar cane, is cultivated
in Ceylon. There ts a flowering specimen of it in Herb. Peradeniya
from the Bridge of Boats, Colombo (Ferguson).
29. POLLINIA, 7727.
Annual or perennial grasses; infl. of solitary or binate,.
shortly racemed or fascicled, more or less hirsute or silky spikes,.
rhachis of spike articulate, more or less fragile, internodes and
pedicels of upper spikelets usually slender ; spikelets 1- 2-fld.,.
binate, a sessile and pedicelled, those of each pair similar in
form and sex or nearly so, callus short, bearded; glumes 4, I and
II subequal, chartaceous or coriaceous, I dorsally flat or concave,.
rarely convex, margins incurved or inflexed, 2-keeled or
winged above, II as long as I, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
Pollinia.] Graminee. 203
keeled, 1—3-veined, III hyaline, paleate or not, IV hyaline,
2-cleft, awned in the sinus, awn slender, column brown, palea
very short; anth. 2 or 3, linear; styles short, stigmas long, very
narrow; grain oblong.—Sp. about 32; 23 in FZ B. Lud.
The above diagnosis embraces the Ceylon species. The genus is
closely allied to /schemum, which is described as differing in the
dissimilarity of the sessile from the pedicelled spikelets, a character
that does not hold good in some Ceylon species. In so far as these
are concerned, Pol/znza may be better distinguished by its slender inter-
nodes of the spikes and pedicels, and the, when present, minute broad
truncate ciliate palea of glume IV. The subgenus Azmphilophis of
Andropogon may easily be mistaken for Podlzuza.
Leaf-base not conspicuously contracted.
Basal sheaths of stem naked.
Spikelets 3-7 in.
Spikelets 5}, in. . ‘ : :
Basal sheaths of stem tomentose .
Leaf-base conspicuously contracted .
P. THWAITESII.
. P. ARGENTEA.
. P. PHHOTHRIX.
en NAG AG
1. P. Thwaitesii, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 163 (1889).
P. tristachye, Thw. forma, Thw. Enum. 368. P. ¢tristachya, var.
distachya, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 106. C. P. 949.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 111.
Perennial; stems 12-14 in., densely tufted, stout, erect,
rigid, glabrous except below the infl., internodes few, nodes
glabrous; 1. mostly radical with a few cauline, radical 1. very
many, crowded, 4-6 in. long, erect, filiform, wiry, =o in. diam.
from the sides being involute to the strong pale midrib,
gradually acuminate, striate, quite glabrous, passing gradually
into the sheaths, which are I—2 in. long, coriaceous, open,
dilating downwards, the base only equitant, mouth not
auricled, margins bearded with a tuft of long erect silky hairs,
ligule a short membrane; cauline |. very narrow, flat above
the sheath, uppermost with usually spathiform narrow erect
compressed sheaths 3-4 in. long, tipped by a subulate limb;
spikes 2-3, I-3 in. long by $ in. across the spikelets, rhachis
filiform, fragile, plano-convex, and pedicels densely silkily
villous, internodes half as long as the spikelets; sessile
spikelets 4 in., callus short, bearded, glume I chartaceous,
oblanceolate-oblong, dorsally flat or somewhat depressed,
softly hairy, tip truncate, erose, margins narrowly incurved,
densely silkily ciliate, 2-veined at the flexures, II oblanceolate,
acuminate, I-veined, chartaceous, dorsally rounded, margins
involute, more or less ciliate towards the tip, III like II but
smaller, membranous, veins 0, IV shorter, oblong, bifid,
scarious, lobes ciliolate, awn about ;44 in., column short, palea
very short, quadrate, erose, ciliate; lodicules minute, cuneate;
wh
204 Graminee. | Pollinia.
nth. large, linear, stigmas very long and narrow; pedicelled
spikelets narrower than the sessile, bisexual.
Central Province, in swamps alt. 7000 ft. Nuwara Eliya (Gardner).
Endemic.
2. Pf. argentea, 77in. iu Bull. Sc. Acad. Petersb. i. 71 (1836).
P. tristachya, Thw. Enum. 368 (excl. forma). C. P. 995.
IIE 18), Ibaxal aati
Perennial ; stems densely tufted, 14-4 ft., stout or slender,
‘erect, simple or branched, smooth, shining, leafy at the base
and upwards, nodes glabrous ; |. 6-18 by s-§ in., erect, very
narrowly linear, rigid, often filiform, tips capillary, base not
contracted, glabrous, striate, flat or margins involute, sheaths
long, slender, coriaceous, mouth not auricled, sides bearded
with long hairs, ligule a short membrane fringed with long
hairs; spikes 2-12, 1-6 in. long, narrow, lax-fld., rhachis firm,
filiform, flexuous, compressed, sides of pedicels silkily villous,
internodes shorter than the pale brown spikelets; sessile
spikelets $ or + in, callus minute; glume I linear-oblong,
‘dorsally. flat, hairy, crustaceous below, membranous above,
tip contracted, hyaline, truncate, margins narrowly incurved,
villous with long erect silky hairs, UL broadly oblong, I-veined,
margins incurved, ciliate, tip erose, III narrowly oblong,
hyaline, flat, veinless, ciliate, IV much shorter than I], linear-
‘oblong, cleft into two subulate lobes, awn about $4 in., ca-
pillary, palea 0; lodicules minute, cuneate; anth. 75 in.;
pedicelled spikelets like the sessile, but narrower.
Central and Uva Provinces, ascending to 7000 ft., Haputale, Nilgule,
Ambagamuwa, Ramboda.
Hilly districts of India, Malaya, and Australia.
3. P. pheothrix, ack. Monogr. Androp. 168 (1889).
P. Cumingit, Thw. Enum. 368, non Nees. C. P. 959.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 112:
Perennial; stems 1-3 ft., slender, erect, strict, simple, leafy
upwards, pale reddish-brown, pubescent under the infl. only,
nodes glabrous, base thickly clothed with dark red-brown
tomentum; |. 6-12 in., either chiefly short and subradical
with few cauline, or cauline very long, filiform, glabrous or
more or less woolly, rigid, wiry, flat or sides involute, sheaths
of short radical |. short, woolly, of longer and cauline elon-
gate, slender, uppermost scmetimes forming a compressed
narrowly lanceolate green spathe to the infl. 3~-q in. long,
outer basal sheaths more or less thickly clothed with red-
brown wool, mouth not auricled, sides villous, ligule short,
membranous, ciliolate; spikes 2-4, 1-5 in. long, by 4 in.
across the spikelets, flexuous, rhachis very slender, com-
Pollinia.] Gramineé. 205,
pressed, plano-convex, fragile, margins of pedicels villous.
with long yellow-brown, rarely silvery, soft hairs; sessile
spikelets $-4 in., linear-oblong, callus very small, bearded,,.
-glumes I and II villous like the rhachis with long soft erect
hairs, I linear-oblong, chartaceous, top narrowed minutely
truncate, margins narrowly incurved, II ovate-oblong, I-veined,.
tip erose, margins villously ciliate above the middle, keel
dorsally ciliate about the middle, III as long as II, obovate-
oblong, obtuse, veinless, villously ciliate, LV much _ shorter,.
deeply bifid, lobes acute, ciliate, awn 4-4 in. palea very
small, broad, truncate, ciliate; anth. 75 in.; pedicelled spikelet.
smaller and narrower than the sessile.
Central and Uva Provinces. Nuwara Eliya, Dambulla, Atampitiya.
Nilgiri Hills.
The curious dark-red brown tomentum at the base of the stems some-
times extends for an inch or more up the lowest |.-sheaths; at others it
is present only on the base of the stem below the sheaths; in the latter:
case it occurs sometimes in pisiform masses.
4. PB. ciliata, 7727. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. 11. 306 (1833).
P. Wallichtana, Nees; Thw. Enum. 369. C. P. 950.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 116.
Stem 2-4 ft., slender, naked below, much _ branched,,.
branches straggling, remotely leafy, internodes 4-6 in. or
uppermost much longer, nodes glabrous, often rooting; |. 4-6:
by 4-4 in., spreading, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, flat,
narrowed downwards to an’ acuminate or sub-petioled base,
glabrous, margins scabrid, midrib slender, veins 3-4 pairs,
sheaths terete, glabrous, mouth not auricled, glabrous, ligule
ovate, eciliate; spikes 5-10, fascicled, very slender, 2—5 in. long,,.
fragile, pale green, internodes shorter or longer than the
spikelets and pedicels, clavate, compressed, plano-convex,
ciliate in one or both margins ; sessile spikelets 4 in., callus.
minute, bearded; glume I thinly chartaceous, scaberulous,
linear, acute, 3-5 veined, dorsally flat, margins incurved
spinulosely ciliate towards the tip, II linear-oblong, acute
acuminate or aristulate, I--3 veined, margins above hyaline
ciliate, keel scabrid, awn capillary, sometimes as long as the
glume, III hyaline, narrowly oblanceolate, 1I-veined, IV
minute, orbicular, entire or 2-lobed, awn 4-3 in., palea minute,,.
ovate, obtuse; anth. 74 in.; pedicelled spikelet smaller than
the sessile, bisexual, glume III o.
Central and Sabaragamuwa Provinces, not uncommon. Kandy, Matale,.
Hantane, Kaduganawa.
Hilly country of India.
Hackel refers Thwaites’s plant to subsp. /ava, characterised by the
cilia of the joints of the spike being 3-4 times longer than the joint itself,
206 Graminee. [ Rottboellia.
by linear-lanceolate glume I with a 2-mucronulate tip, by glume II being
aristulate, and IV entire. I find, however, that glume I is usually simply
acute, II often not aristulate, and IV bilobed in both the sessile and
pedicelled spikelets. He has further a subsp. seszznuda from Ceylon,
Thwaites (C. P. 411, ex parte), which I do not find in the Peradeniya
Herbarium, where C. P. 411 is all zdropogon pertusus. The characters
of subsp. sesznudus are to have the joints of the spike with cilia 4-6
times longer than the joint itself on one side only, glume I bimucronulate,
callus nearly glabrous, awn of glume II as long as the glume or one-third
shorter, and glume IV entire. As far as the Ceylon form of P. czl/éata is
concerned, I do not think that the above characters constitute even well-
marked varieties.
30. ROTTBOELLRIA, Linn. /.
Annual or perennial grasses of various habit; stems leafy;
1. narrow, flat; spikes solitary, racemose or subpanicled, rhachis
articulate, internodes terete or compressed, each bearing a
pair of dissimilar awnless spikelets, a lower 1—2-fld., usually
bisexual, sessile, sunk in a cavity of the internode, the upper
pedicelled, male or neuter, with the pedicel free or adnate to
the side of the internode; sessile spikelet as long as or shorter
than the internode; glumes 4, I coriaceous, ovate or oblong,
flat or convex, closing the mouth of the cavity, margins
narrowly incurved, II very thin, 1-3-veined, III hyaline,
paleate or not, neuter, 1V hyaline, paleate, bisexual; lodicules
quadrate or cuneate; anth. 3, linear; styles rather distant at
the base and stigmas short; upper or pedicelled spikelet
smaller than the sessile; glume I usually herbaceous, II-IV
much as in the male spikelets; grain oblong, compressed.—
Sp. about 30; 18 in FZ Bb. /nd.
In the above description 2. perforata is not included. After further
‘examination of it I think that the genus M/weszthea, Kunth, should be
maintained.
Rhachis of spike not fragile. : ‘ 3 . I. R. COMPRESSA.
Rhachis of spike fragile.
Leaf-base narrow, rounded . : 5 : » By IRs DUNLTATP A, -
Leaf-base broad, cordate : E eile teh . 3. R. NIGRESCENS.
1. R. compressa, Lian. 7. Suppl. 114 (1781).
Moon, Cat. 9. Memarthria compressa, Kunth; Thw. Enum. 364.
ROE 3254
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 153 (var. gezuzna). Roxb. Cor. Pl. 11. t. 156 (R. glabra).
Stem 2-5 ft., decumbent and rooting below, branched,
slender or stout, compressed, ribbed, glabrous, leafy; |. 1-5
by £4 in., linear, acuminate, flat, glabrous, flaccid when very
elongate, base rounded, margins scabrid, midrib and veins
slender, sheaths shorter than the internodes, compressed,
Rottboellia.] Graminee. 207
loose, glabrous, keeled, mouth not auricled, ligule short,
‘membranous, ciliate; spikes few or many, often fascicled,
2-4 in. long, erect, strict or curved, herbaceous, dark green,
rhachis almost inarticulate, internodes broad, much shorter
than the spikelets, glabrous, striate; spikelets glabrous, callus
small, naked; sessile spikelet 7-§ in.; glume I oval-oblong,
subacute, thinly coriaceous, 7—9-veined, II as long, adherent
to the cavity of the internode, oblong-ovate, acute, mem-
branous, 3-veined (2 submarginal), III and IV shorter, oblong,
obtuse, hyaline, veins 0, palea very short, linear, obtuse; anth.
qo in. or shorter; pedicelled spikelet longer and narrower than
the sessile, male or if bisexual with very small anth., glumes
I and II lanceolate, acuminate, herbaceous, II{ and IV as in
the lower spikelet.
Common in warmer parts of the Island.
All warm countries.
2. R. exaltata, Linn. f Suppl. 114 (1781).
Won ition, Boul, (Cs IPS Datsoy
eb elnd. vitr56. Roxb: Cor. Pl. t..157-
Perennial; stems 6-10 ft., stout, erect, leafy, solid, smooth,
branching from the base, glabrous, or hairy below; |. 6-24 by
¢-I in., linear-lanceolate, setaceously acuminate, narrowed
from the middle to the base, scaberulous on both surfaces,
margins spinulosely scabrid, midrib stout, prominent beneath,
smooth, veins very slender, sheaths loose, glabrous or hispid,
mouth contracted, ligule short, ciliate; spikes 3-6 in., terete,
glabrous, fragile, tip slender with imperfect spikelets, inter-
nodes 4-4 in., dorsally rounded, smooth; sessile spikelet
rather shorter than the internode, }-4 in.; glume I ovate-
oblong, obtuse or tip emarginate, thickly coriaceous, smooth,
base truncate, veins many, obscure, margins scaberulous, II
gibbously convex or hemispheric, acute, chartaceous, 9—II-
veined, keel scabrid shortly winged towards the tip, III oblong,
acute, 3-veined, rigid, paleate, male, palea like the glume,
coriaceous, margins hyaline, IV shorter, ovate from a broad
base, acute, I-veined, fem., palea like the glume, obtuse,
2-veined; lodicules quadrate, subulate at one angle; anth.
zo in.; style and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelet more or
less imperfect, male or neuter, glume I narrowly winged,
II-IV narrower, paleas of III and IV notched at the tip.
Common in the hotter parts of the Island.
Plains and lower hills of India, and in Trop. Asia, Africa, Australia,
Jamaica.
3. R. nigrescens, 7/w. Hnum, 364 (1864).
(Co IPs hors
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 157.
208 Gramineae. [Alanisuris.
Stem 3-4 ft., suberect, or prostrate and rooting at the
lower nodes, slender or stout below, branched, leafy, smooth,
glabrous or sparsely hairy, solid; 1. 4-8 by %-% in., linear-
lanceolate from a broad cordate ciliate base, acuminate, thin,.
sparsely hairy above, more so beneath, margins smooth or
scaberulous, midrib and veins slender, sheaths loose, hispid or
glabrous, margin and mouth ciliate, ligule short, ciliate; spikes
solitary, sheathed at the base, 2~—3 in. long, slender, terete,
elabrous, internodes }—{ in., dorsally rounded, smooth ; sessile
spikelet rather longer than the internode; glume I shortly
oval, coriaceous, convex, minutely cancellate in 9 rows, tip
with two small scarious rounded wings, margins smooth, II
coriaceous, cymbiform, acute, 3—5-veined, keel smooth, shortly
winged below the tip, III hyaline, ovate-oblong, obtuse,
paleate, neuter, veins 0, palea rather smaller, 1V smaller than
III, orbicular-oblong, 2-toothed, palea oblong, 2-toothed,
lodicules trigonous; anth. 75 in.; pedicelled spikelet smaller,
male or neuter, glumes I and II narrower, herbaceous, veins
strong, green, I smooth, with a single unilateral terminal
wing, III epaleate, IV triandrous, tip entire or notched.
Central Provinces, alt. 4000 ft. (Thwaites).
Endemic.
Ferguson says of this plant (Gram. Indig. to Ceylon, 21), ‘I found it in
the edges of forest, Abbotsford, at an elevation of 5000 to 6000 ft., in
April 1869. At this elevation it is a small compressed plant, and seems.
to be eaten by wild animals.’
31. MANISURIS, Sw.
Annual, erect, slender, leafy grasses; |. flat, base cordate,
amplexicaul; spikes small, terete, axillary and terminal,
shortly peduncled, rhachis green, at length fragile, glabrous,
internodes short, broad, excavate opposite the sessile spike-
lets; spikelets minute, in very dissimilar pairs, a sessile
bisexual and a pedicelled male or neuter, the pedicel adnate
or closely appressed to the rhachis; sessile spikelet, glume I
globose, hollow, coarsely pitted, with a ventral orifice ap-
pressed to the cavity in the rhachis, coriaceous, at length
crustaceous, callus tumid, glabrous, II minute, oblong, coria-
ceous, I-veined, closing the orifice of I, III and IV very
minute, hyaline, convolute, and together forming a conical
envelope to the stam. and ov., III orbicular, IV (palea ?)
smaller, broadly oblong; iodicules subquadrate; anth. minute,
connective very short; ov. globose, styles and stigmas short;
pedicelled spikelet of 2 green glumes, I orbicular, flat,
Mnesithea.| Graminee. 209
margined with a broad hyaline ciliate wing, veins 5-7, very
broad, II laterally compressed, cymbiform, 5—7-veined, keel
with a dorsal hyaline ciliate wing, III and IV o, or hyaline;
grain subglobose.—Sp. 2; both in FV. B. /nd.
M. granularis, Linn. f Nov. Gram. Gen. 37 (1779).
Thw. Enum. 364. Hack. Monogr. Androp. 314. C. P. 81.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 159. Gaertn. Fruct. ii. t. 175. Beauv. Agrost. t. 21,
f. 10. Roxb. Pl. Corom. t. 118.
Stems 1-23 ft., and 1. softly hairy, flaccid, branching, leafy
to the top, branches and |. erect, nodes hairy; 1. 4-10 by
4-4 in., linear, acute or acuminate, flat, upper often spathi-
form, hairy on both surfaces or beneath only, hairs often
tubercle-based, margins ciJiate, midrib slender, sheaths much
shorter than the internodes, lax, mouth not auricled, ligule of
long silky hairs; spikes 4-1 in., solitary or seemingly fas-
cicled in the axils of the |., but individually from shortened
axilllary branches, ped. short, hairy; sessile spikelets 74-75 in.
diam., scaberulous.
Common in the hot, drier parts of the Island.
Tropics generally.
A very curious grass. The spikes resemble a string of minute beads.
Except Pharus, no Ceylon grass shows so great a dissimilarity between
the two forms of spikelet in the same species.
32. MNESITHEA, Kuzth.
A slender, erect, perennial grass; |. narrow; spikes solitary,
slender, rhachis articulate, fragile, internodes terete, ribbed, all
but a few upper with 2 equal and similar spikelets, sunk in
subopposite oblong cavities, separated by a hyaline often
evanescent septum, and with sometimes a minute glume of a
third spikelet on the upper margin of the internode; sessile
spikelets 1-fld., nearly as long as the internode; glumes 4,
I closing the mouth of the cavity, obliquely oblong, obtuse,
thinly coriaceous, smooth, margins narrowly incurved, II and
III as long as I, oblong, obtuse, hyaline, III paleate or not,
empty, IV rather smaller, oblong, obtuse, bisexual, palea
shorter than the glume; lodicules 0; stam. 3, anth. linear; ov.
minute, styles and stigmas very small, not exserted; upper
spikelet seen only in the ‘upper 1-fld. internodes, pedicel
confluent with the walls of the internode, its margins marked
by 2 ribs; glume I very minute, orbicular or broadly ovate,
flat, green, II very narrow or 0; grain narrowly oblong,
compressed, embryo two-thirds its length.—Monotypic.
PART V. P
210 Gramineae. [Lschemum.
This curious plant has been described under six generic names; three
of them are those of pre-established genera, Rottboellia by Roxburgh,
Flemarthria by Kunth, and Offiurus by Trinius, and three were
founded on itself, Dzperium, Desv. (1831), Thyridostachyum, Nees (1836),
and that under which it is here described. A re-examination of it since
the publication of the Flora of British India has convinced me that it is a
well-founded genus.
MM. levis, Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. 154 (1840).
Thw. Enum. 364. ottboellia perforata, Roxb. Pl. Corom. ii. 43.
C. P. 873. Ophiurus perforatus, Trin.; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 319.
Fl. B. Ind. 158 (Roto. erforata). Kunth, Enum. PI. Suppl. t. 18, f. 3.
Desv. Opusc. t. 6, f. 3 (Diperzum cylindricum).
Stem 2-4 ft. erect, rather slender, simple or branched
above, as thick as a crow-quill below, smooth, solid ; 1. 6-12
by 5-4 in., linear, acuminate, rigid, flat, glabrous except at
the base, margins and midrib beneath scabrid, base narrowed,
midrib and 2-3 pairs of veins very prominent beneath, sheaths
tight, glabrous, mouth not auricled, ligule very short,
membranous, toothed; spikes 4-8 in., shortly exserted from
the uppermost sheaths, erect, internodes about + in. long,
contracted in the middle, ribs green; glume I nearly as long
as the internodes, tip sometimes narrowly margined, base
truncate, veins 5-7, very obscure, ending in little pits above
the base; anth. 74 in.; grain 74 in.
Hotter parts of the Island.
Throughout India, Afghanistan, Burma, China.
33. ISCHMUM, 7.
Annual or perennial grasses ;.infl. of solitary digitate or
fascicled articulate spikes, internodes of rhachis and pedicels
of upper spikelets trigonous, ventrally hollowed ; spikelets
binate, a sessile and pedicelled, each often 2-fld., a male and
a fem. or bisexual, deciduous with the internode, pedicelled
spikelet usually differing in size or shape from the sessile, but
sometimes altogether similar to it; sessile spikelet, glumes 4,
I and II subequal in length, coriaceous or chartaceous, awnless
or II awned, I ovoid-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, convex,
on sides smooth, nodose below the middle, above it flatter,
veined, and more or less winged on each side, sides broadly
or narrowly incurved, II lanceolate, acuminate, concave, III
nearly as long as I, usually membranous, acute or acuminate,
paleate, triandrous, rarely empty, palea narrower, lanceolate,
acuminate, 2-veined, usually with an opaque rigid centre and
broad inflexed hyaline flaps, IV hyaline, bisexual or fem.,
deeply 2-cleft, 3-veined, awned, awn geniculately inserted dor-
_ Ischemum.] Graminee. 211
Sally at the sinus, very slender, smooth, or nearly so, column
brown twisted, palea narrow, hyaline; lodicules cuneate or
quadrate; styles usually and stigmas short; pedicelled
spikelets like or unlike the sessile, pedicel half as long as the
sessile spikelet or shorter, glume I, often dimidiate-ovate, flat-
tened and broadly winged, glume IV usually oblong, obtuse,
‘or minutely 2-lobed, awnless, rarely as in the sessile spikelet.
—Sp. about 40; 27 in FL B. Ind.
See remarks under Pollina.
Sect. 1. Buischzeemum.—Spikes 2 or more,
rarely solitary, veins of glume I obscure.
Margins of glume I of sessile spikelet narrowly
inflexed or incurved from base to top.
L. rounded at the base.
Glume I of sessile spikelet with nodulose
margins . . I. I, ARISTATUM.
Glume I closely transy ersely ridged 2. I. RUGOSUM.
L. hastate sagittate or cordate at the base.
Glume I of sessile spikelet Maaeveree
ridged . 3. I. SEMISAGITTATUM.
Glume I of sessile spikelet smooth . . 4. I. COMMUTATUM.
Margins of glume I narrowly incurved above,
broadly below.
Keel of glume II winged above the middle.
Spikes glabrous A 5. I. MUTICUM.
Spikes more or less villous. . 1m 631. (CILIARE.
Keel of glume II not winged.
Stem stout, suberect : : : 5 Ge Me IRIN AD
Stem slender, creeping below . 8. I. TIMORENSE.
Sect. II. Sehima.— Spike solitary, glume I of
sessile spikelet flat, with euene raised
veins . ; ‘ . g. I. LAXUM.
1. Z. Peseta, ioe Sp. PL. 1049 (partim) (1753).
Ll. barbatum, Retz.; Thw.. Enum. 364. Moon, Cat. 72. C. P. 700,
869, 994- iu
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 126. Burm. FI. Ind. t. 21, f. 8 (bad).
Perennial; stem 1-4 ft., stout, erect, simple or branched,
leafy, glabrous, thickened towards the spikes; |. 4-10 by
4-1 in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, glabrous or sparsely
hairy, glaucous beneath, narrowed to the acute or cordate
sometimes petiolulate base, margins scabrid, midrib slender,
veins 3-many pairs, sheaths loose, glabrous, mouth naked,
auricled, auricles up to 4 in. long, or short, margins mem-
branous, ligule membranous; spikes I or 2, up to 6 in. long,
erect, stout or slender, fragile, internodes 4 as long as the
spikelets or shorter, stout, tumid or subclavate, more or less
bearded; spikelets }-} in., sessile and pedicelled pressed
closely together, hirsute villous or nearly glabrous, callus very
Dare Graminee. [Uschemum.
short, broad; sessile spikelet, glume I ovate- or linear-oblong,
cartilaginous or coriaceous below the middle, with 2-4
marginal nodules on each side transversely connected by
shallow ridges, above the middle thinner with green anasto-
mosing veins and usually unequal narrow ciliolate wings,,
towards the obtuse or 2-toothed tip, margins narrowly
incurved, ciliolate, II lanceolate, acuminate, chartaceous, sub-
scaberulous, I-veined, keel rounded smooth, III and IV
and paleas eciliate, sometimes punctulate, III ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, I-veined, membranous, male or bi-
sexual, palea oblong, rather thicker, IV. oblong, fem., cleft to
the middle or lower into lanceolate acuminate lobes, 3-veined
below, awn 3-3 in., geniculately inserted at the sinus, palea
linear-oblong; pedicelled spikelet broader than the sessile,
inarticulate on the very short thick amorphous pedicel;
glume I coriaceous, flattened, broadly winged, wing semi-
circular, acinaciform or dimidiate-ovate, margins ciliolate,
glumes II and III and paleas as in the sessile spikelet, IT
male or bisexual, III fem., IV linear-oblong, obtuse or
minutely 2-lobed with a mucro; grain }-{ in., ellipsoid-
oblong, compressed.
Var. fallax, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 204. FI. B. Ind. lc. C. P.
700, 994.
Stem more slender, prostrate below and ascending, Il.
smaller, narrower, sometimes long-petioled, ligule shorter,
ciliate, spikes more slender, sparsely hairy.
Very common in the Island (Ferguson). Var. fa//ax, Bintenna and
Peradeniya.
Throughout the plains and lower hills of India, Malaya, China.
I cannot distinguish the vars. dardatum and zmberbe in the Peradenya
Herbarium, where specimens from the same locality and on the same
sheet present spikelets varying from almost glabrous to densely villous,
with narrow and broad glumes, especially variable as to glume I of
pedicelled spikelet. The number and prominences of nodes on the
sides of glume I of the sessile spikelets are unstable characters, as are
the length and breadth of the leaves and of the ligule, Var. fa//ax looks
very different from the common large form of a7zstatwm, but I find no
characters for it other than those given above. MHackel has u var.
elatum, with hirsute sheaths, from Silhet and Ceylon, of which I have
seen no Ceylon specimen.
2. £. rugosum, Salish. Ic. Stirp. Rar. 1 (1791).
Thw. Enum. 364. C. P. 870.
Bl B: Ind: vin. 127. Salisb. eta.” ‘Gaertn. £ Fruct. Supplit) rr.
Annual; stem 1—2 ft. rather stout, tufted, erect or
ascending, leafy, compressed, slightly thickened beneath the
infl., nodes glabrous or bearded; |. 4-6 by }~4 in., linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, flat, flaccid, smooth, glabrous or
LIschemum.] Gramineae. 212
sparsely hairy on both surfaces, margins scabrous, base
rounded, sometimes tomentose, uppermost 1. sometimes
reduced to a spathiform lanceolate sheath 3-4 in. long
partially enclosing the spikes, sheaths loosely compressed,
glabrous, mouth auricled, auricles membranous, confluent with
the truncate ligule; spikes 2, 1-3 in. long, erect, striate,
fragile, internodes 4-3 as long as the sessile spikelets, sub-
‘clavate, trigonous, ciliate on the dorsal angle; spikelets $—-} in.
long, linear-obiong, nearly glabrous or villous, sessile and
pedicelled pressed together, the very short thick pedicel
confluent with the thick sparsely bristly callus of the sessile;
glume I of sessile spikelet cartilaginous and shining below
the middle and there crossed by 3-5 deep, convex, almost
imbricating smooth ridges, above the middle flattened, thinner,
‘dimidiate - ovate, veins green, anastomosing, margins thick
narrowly incurved, ciliolate, outer narrowly winged, II
‘coriaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, laterally compressed,
keeled, scaberulous, keel with a narrow ciliolate wing below
the tip, III and 1V and paleas all eciliate, III ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, hyaline, 1-3-veined, male or neuter, palea
narrower, hyaline, 2-veined, IV shorter, deeply cleft into 2
lanceolate acute lobes, base 3-veined, awn up to 2 in., palea
linear - lanceolate; Jodicules minute, cuneate; pedicelled
spikelet very variable, glume I like the sessile or with
obscure transverse ridges, and a broader more oblique upper
half, glumes I to III when most perfect are as in the sessile
spikelet, but II not keeled or ciliate, and IV oblong, obtuse,
awnless; grain broadly elliptic-oblong, compressed, brown,
zo in. long.
Hotter parts of the Island.
India, Andaman Islds., Malaya, China.
The various forms assumed by the pedicelled spikelet are puzzling ;
it very frequently ripens a grain. Hackel (who had not seen Ceylon
specimens) describes (under the genus) the pedicelled spikelet as articulate
on the pedicel, which it is not in 7 rugosum and aristatum, for it
falls away with the sessile glume and internode of the spike; as does the
grain from the glumes. There are two forms of foliage in this species
in Herb. Peraden.; one, the original plant, is named by Thwaites from
Kara Kada Walla, Gardner (C. P. 870), with very narrow leaves, obscure
veins, and long ligule; the other, from Mannar district, collected and
mamed by Trimen (not numbered), with leaves up to % in. broad, 4 or
more pairs of rather strong lateral veins and a shorter ligule. The spikes
and spikelets of the two appear to be identical.
3. *E. semisagittatum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 8 (1814); Fl. Ind. in
320 (1832).
f. conjugatum, Roxb.; Thw. Enum. 365. C. P. 3263.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 130.
214 Gramiunec. [Jschemum.
Annual; stem 1-2 ft. slender, flaccid, prostrate and
branching below, rooting at the lower nodes, internodes long,
nodes glabrous or hairy; |. 3-5 in., oblong- or linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, tips capillary, base auricled, broadly cordate lunate
or sagittate, with a filiform petiole }-14 in. long, flat, glabrous.
or sparsely hairy, margins scabrid, midrib slender, veins 3-5
pairs, bases descending into the auricles, sheaths loose, often
ventricose, of uppermost |. usually 2-3 in., spathiform, margins
broadly auricled, mouth and truncate ligule membranous ;
spikes 2, 1-24 in. long, more or less softly villous all over
with long white or grey hairs, fragile, internodes and pedicels.
much shorter than the spikelets, trigonous, inflated ; sessile
spikelet 4-4 in., callus short, thick; glume I, ovate, convex,
tip 2-toothed, margins narrowly incurved, lower half rather
thick, transversely obscurely ridged, ridges ending in marginal
nodules, upper thinner with green veins and ciliolate margins,
II rather coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, keeled, softly ciliate,.
dorsally villous, III ovate, acuminate, I-3 veined, scaberulous
above, paleate, male, palea linear-oblong, hyaline 2-veined,
IV fem., cleft to below the middle into linear lobes, base
3-veined, awn about 4 in. palea linear-oblong, truncate
2-veined; lodicules cuneate; anth. } in.; styles and stigmas.
short ; pedicelled spikelet narrower than the sessile, glume I
narrowly oblong, not ridged, II and III and paleas as in the
sessile spikelet, IV as long as IJ, narrowly oblong, tip
2-toothed with a minute awn, III male, IV fem.
Colombo, on debris thrown out from the bazaars (Ferguson).
Bengal and the Deccan.
This is the Ceylon /. conjugatum, Roxb., of Thwaites, introduced ine
Hackel’s monograph, FI. B. Ind., as a Ceylon plant. It is, I think,
I. semtsagittatum var. dasyanthum, Hack. The only difference given by
Roxburgh between J/. conjugatum and J. semitsagittatum is, that in the
former the two spikes are ‘united at the base, continuing close, as if
one.’ This character does not hold good, and is not alluded to by
Hackel, who places the two species under different subdivisions, that
including comjugatum having 2-4 marginal nodules on glume I of the
sessile spikelet, whilst in sem7sagztfatum glume I is transversely rugose
with close-set elevated ridges. But neither of these characters is con-
stant in Indian specimens, and the Ceylon ones agree with neither, for
they have very low ridges and marginal nodules. The two plants are
undoubtedly co-specific, as Hackel suspects by his remark under J. sesz-
sagittatum, ‘I. conjugato, Roxb., satis affine.’
4. I. commutatum, ack. Monogr. Androp. 209 (1889).
I. semisagittatum, Thw. Enum. 365 (non Roxb.). C. P. 2625.
‘ Fl. B. Ind. vil. 131.
Perennial; stems 1-2 ft. slender, ascending from a
decumbent base, glabrous; |. 1-3 by 3-4, linear or oblong-
Ischemum.| Graminee. 215
lanceolate, acuminate, flat, softly sometimes villously hairy
on both surfaces, base cordate, often unequally, with some-
times a short petiole, margins scabrid, midrib slender, veins
3-5 pairs, sheaths loose, glabrous or hairy, auricles large, ciliate,
united by the hyaline ligule; spikes 1 or 2, 2-3 in. long,
rhachis slender, fragile, internodes about 7 in., dorsally silkily
ciliate; sessile spikelet } in. oblong, callus short, thick,
shortly densely bearded; glume I coriaceous, ovate or oblong,
glabrous, smooth, polished, usually constricted about the
2
middle, margins narrowly incurved, lower half tumid, sides
sometimes nodose, upper thinner, flatter, bicuspidate, 2-
winged, and with green anastomosing veins between the
wings, which vary in breadth and are ciliolate, I] chartaceous,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, tip bicuspidate with
often an interposed slender recurved awn sometimes longer
than the glume, keel smooth, III oblong-lanceolate, hyaline,
I—3-veined, 3-androus, upper margins ciliolate, palea oblong,
Opaque, wings hyaline, IV shorter, deeply 2-lobed, lobes
obtuse, bisexual, palea narrow, 2-veined, awn 4-3 in., genicu-
lately inserted at the sinus; styles short, stigmas narrow ;
pedicelled spikelet, glume + in. long, glabrous, callus obsolete,
pedicel 4-4 as long as the internode, glume I flattened, with
the broad unilateral wing dimidiate-ovate, obtuse, margins
ciliolate, III empty and its palea narrower than in the sessile
spikelet, IV oblong, obtuse, muticous, male.
Central Province, ascending to 6000 ft. (Ferguson). Watta Kellia Hill,
Ambagamuwa, Dimbulla.
Nilgiri Hills.
I find considerable variation in the ciliate or eciliate ligule and size
of the auricles of the l.-sheaths, in the form and sculpture of glume I
of the sessile spikelets, and in the form and ciliation of glume III and
its palea.
aoe muticum, Jz. Sp. Pl. 1049 (1753).
Thw. Enum. 364. C. P. 868, 3048.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 132. Gaertn. f. Fruct. Suppl. t. 181. Rheede, Hort.
Mal. xii. t. 47.
Rootstock 1-2 ft. long, creeping and rooting, simple or
branched, giving off rather stout stiff polished ascending leafy
stems 4-12 in. high; |. bifarious 1-34 by 4-4 in., linear-oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, strict, flat, coriaceous, rigid,
smooth on both surfaces, glabrous or hairy and ciliate towards
the base, brown when dry, margins smooth or scaberulous,
base rounded or cordate, midrib slender, veins obscure, sheaths
mostly longer than the nodes, subcompressed, tight or loose,
coriaceous, glabrous or hairy, uppermost often spathiform
and embracing the spike, mouth shortly auricled, ligule
216 Gramineeé. , [Ischemume
short, truncate; spikes 2, shortly peduncled, 4-1} in. long,
closely appressed together, perfectly glabrous, rhachis fragile,
internodes about } as long as the spikelets, acutely trigonous,
angles glabrous or minutely ciliate; spikelets 1-fld., sessile
and pedicelled closely appressed; sessile 4-4 in., callus
short, broad, glabrous; glume J ovate or oblong, con-
vex, coriaceous, flatter and narrowly winged from above
the middle to the minutely truncate or 2-toothed tip,
margin narrowly incurved above, broadly below, II as
long as I, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or shortly awned,
coriaceous, 5-veined, keel smooth, narrowly winged from
above the middle to the tip, III oblong-lanceolate, acute,
firm, with a narrow ciliate wing, 5—7-veined, triandrous, palea
as long, lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous with a hyaline
ciliolate wing, IV bisexual, oblong, obtuse, aristulate, coria-
ceous with broadly hyaline sides, 1-3-veined, tip ciliolate,
palea nearly as long as the glume, narrow; lodicules large;
anth. linear; styles short, stigmas very large; pedicelled
spikelet smaller than the sessile, pedicel stout, sometimes very
short, angular; glume I narrow, II obscurely winged dorsally,
under the tip ; sexes as in the sessile spikelet.
Common, especially on sandy shores.
Southern India, from Canara southward, Burma, Malaya, China,
Australia.
Very common on the shores of lakes, where it is a low creeping plant,
with white stoloniferous underground stems. In the jungle, where it
gets support, it is a tall coarse grass and grows to the length of several
feet. It is at once distinguishable by its white flowers. Large
quantities are collected by the grass-women for horse-food in Colombo,
but it is a coarse fodder (Ferguson).
6. E. ciliare, 7e/z. Obs. vi. 36 (1791). Rat-tana, S.
Spodiopogon obliguivalvis, Nees; Thw. Enum. 365 (excl. some syn.).
S. seylanicus, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 373, 377. Andropogon
Wacrer, Steud. Inen377- EC Ps 8745187513 10713235:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 133.
Perennial (?); stems erect or ascending, sometimes decum-
bent below for a foot or more, and rooting at the nodes,
slender, nodes glabrous or bearded; |. 2-6 by §-4 in., linear
or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, narrowed from the middle
to the rounded or acute sessile base, glabrous, hirsute, or
villous on both surfaces, margins scabrid, midrib slender,
veins obscure, or 3-5 distinct pairs, sheaths glabrous or
hirsute, compressed, loose, auricles rounded, ciliate, ligule
membranous, ciliate; spikes 2, 14-3 in. long, 4 in. diam.
across the spikelets, or more slender, rhachis fragile, inter-
nodes and pedicels of upper spikelets subequal forming a fork
with the sessile spikelets opposite the rounded sinus, erect,
Lschemum.| Gramineae. BM)
compressed, trigonous, bearded dorsally and on the angles;
sessile spikelet 7-4 in., oblong or ovoid-oblong, callus very
short, bearded; glume I bicuspidate, coriaceous, convex,
smooth or pitted, hirsute below the middle, flatter and veined
above the middle with lateral ciliolate broad or narrow wings,
Margins narrowly incurved above, broadly below, II as long
as or longer than I, chartaceous, lanceolate, acuminate or
awned, 5-veined, keel narrowly winged towards the tip, III
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate towards the tip, triandrous,
palea lanceolate, acuminate, opaque with broad hyaline ciliolate
wings, IV fem., cleft to the middle, base 3-veined, lobes oblong,
obtuse, ciliate, awn 4-4 in., palea lanceolate, acuminate,
2-veined, eciliate; anth. } in.; styles and stigmas short;
pedicelled spikelet like the sessile, glume IV usually awned.
Throughout the Island; common (Ferguson).
Plains and lower hills of India, Nicobar Islds., Malaya, China,
Australia.
The two principal forms of this variable grass in Herb. Peraden.
are :—
1. Stem 1-13 fl., erect or suberect, leafy chiefly towards the base;
1. up to 3 in. broad, linear-lanceolate, sparsely hairy, sheaths glabrous,
spikes villous, glume I smooth. Var. /omgifilum, Hack. C. P. 3167.
2. Stem tall, decumbent and creeping below; |. narrower and sheaths
nearly glabrous, spikes more slender, less hairy, spikelets smaller,
glume I often transversly pitted. C. P. 875. 3167 (in part), 3235.
Includes vars. prorepens, scrobiculatum, and malacophyllum of Hackel,
wholly or in part.
One form of this grass is reserved in fields and under the shade of
coco-nut trees in and near Colombo, and extensively brought into town
as fodder for cattle. Is well known as the Rat-tana, literally red grass
of the Sinhalese (Ferguson).
7. I. rivale, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 228 (1889).
I. pilosum, Nees, ex Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 107 (non Hack.). Sfodtopogon
vivalis, Thw. MSS. C. P. 3871. ;
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 136 (7. Azrtz, Hack. forma).
Perennial; stems 2-3 ft., stout, much branched, leafy,
glabrous, smooth, polished, nodes glabrous, or upper tomen-
tose; 1. 3-5 by {-} in., linear-lanceolate, narrowed from
about the middle to the finely acuminate tip and base, flat,
glabrous or ciliate at the very base, smooth on both surfaces
and nearly so on the margins, midrib slender, sheaths glabrous,
mouth not auricled, ciliate, ligule very short, membranous,
eciliate ; spikes 2-4, 2-3 in. long by + in. across the spikelets,
thachis fragile, internodes and pedicels not half as long as
the spikelets, stout, compressed,. rigidly long-ciliate, sessile
spikelet 4-4 in., callus rather large, stout, very shortly bearded;
glume I oblong-ovate, bicuspidate, coriaceous, tumid below
the middle, more flattened above it, 7-9-veined, sparsely hairy,
218 Graminee. . [Lschemum.
margins with serrulated wings from the middle upwards, .
narrowly incurved above, very broadly below, II chartaceous,
lanceolate, acuminate, faintly 5-veined, dorsally smooth
rounded, and margins narrowly ciliate, III ovate-lanceolate,.
acuminate, I-veined, male or empty, palea lanceolate, thickened
with hyaline wings above, IV fem. or bisexual, broadly
2-lobed to the middle, 3-veined, lobes dimidiate - ovate,
ciliolate, awn about 4} in., palea linear-lanceolate, eciliate,
puncticulate ; styles rather short, stigmas very long, slender;
pedicelled spikelet rather smaller than the sessile, glume I
lanceolate, acute, the wings coalescing in a flat scaberulous.
point, glume II-lV as in the sessile, but fem. only, and
ripening an ovoid-oblong grain.
Matelle East (Beckett).
As stated in FI. B. Ind., I regard the Ceylon 7. ~zvale as an endemic
glabrous-leaved form of the Khasian /. Azrtwm, with more than two:
spikelets, and glabrous glume I. Dr. Trimen having kept it as a distinct
species in the Peradeniya Herbarium, I have followed him here. The
similarity of the sessile and pedicelled spikelets is as in Pol/znza.
8. £. timorense, Kuwzzth, Revis. Gram. i. 369 (1835).
I, timorense, var. zeylanicum, Hack.; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 107. Spo-
diopogon obliguévalvis, Nees; Thw. Enum. 365 (in part). C. P. 3168.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 136. Kunth, |. c. t. 98.
Stem 6-18 in., slender, branching, decumbent straggling
and rooting at the lower nodes, glabrous or nodes sparsely
bearded; 1. 3-6 by 4-1 in., lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, thin, flat, base acute (or of small uppermost
rounded), acuminate or narrowed into a slender petiole up
to 2 in. long, smooth or scaberulous on both surfaces, margins.
scaberulous, midrib very slender, veins 4-6 pairs, sheaths
loose, glabrous, mouth not auricled, ciliate, ligule very short,
membranous; spikes binate, a sessile and shortly peduncled,
I—3 in. long, about # in. across the spikelets, fragile, internodes
slender, shorter than or equalling. the pale reddish-brown
spikelets, more or less shortly ciliate; sessile spikelet $-4 in., .
callus rather long, cylindric, sparsely bearded; glume I ovate,
bicuspidate, tumid, rounded, thinly coriaceous and shining
below the middle, above it thinner and 5~-9-veined, glabrous
or sparsely hairy, wings 0, margins narrowly involute above,
broadly and almost auricled below, II lanceolate, acuminate
or aristulate, dorsally rounded, 1-5-veined, III empty or male,
oblong, acute, margins above dilated and broadly hyaline,
palea lanceolate, opaque, with very broad ciliolate hyaline
wings, 1V bisexual, oblong, cleft to the middle into lanceolate,
acuminate lobes, 3-veined below, eciliate, awn + in. or longer, .
palea lanceolate; pedicelled spikelet usually very small}
Ischemum.] Graminee. 219
reduced to one or rarely 4 glumes, then awned and male,
pedicel slender, sometimes nearly as long as the sessile
spikelet.
Central Province, Peradeniya, Hantane, between Eratne and Palaba-
dulla, abundant (Trimen).
Bengal, Central India, Burma, Malaya.
Dr. Trimen’s specimens have much larger and longer-petioled 1. than
any other Ceylon or Indian forms known to me. Awn short in Ceylon
specimens. I find the foliage of this species to be too variable to afford
characters for varieties. Glume I is almost or quite glabrous and shining.
Affects damp and shady places from the coast up to the Kandyan
country, and is very seldom found in flower. It is an excellent and
abundant fodder (Ferguson).
9g. I. laxum, £7. Prod. 205 (1810).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl.107. J. zervosum, Thw. Enum. 365. C. P. 3138.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 136.
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., tufted on a short rootstock, simple,
slender, erect, glabrous, leafy, nodes glabrous; |. 6-12, by
qo-s in., erect, linear, narrowed to long capillary tips, flat,
smooth, striate, glaucous beneath, margins minutely scaberu-
lous, base not contracted, midrib very slender, sheaths shorter
than the internodes, glabrous or sparsely hairy, mouth not
auricled, ligule of silky hairs; spike solitary, 2-3 in., suberect,
fragile, internodes and pedicels of upper spikelets about half
as long as the spikelets, compressed, sides silkily ciliate with
long hairs; sessile spikelet 4 in., callus short, obtuse, shortly
bearded ; glume I green, thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
tip 2-toothed, teeth ending in short capillary ciliate flaccid
awns, margins inflexed, keeled, keel¢ minutely scaberulous
and ciliate, veins 6, median 0, 2 marginal, 4 dorsal in pairs
diverging from the base and converging and anastomosing in
the upper third of the glume, marginal terminating in the
awns of the apical teeth, II concave, membranous, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, terminating in a slender seabrid awn
longer than the glume, margins ciliate, keel rounded with a
narrow ciliate dorsal wing running from the entire or 2-toothed
tip on to the awn, veins 3, very slender, III lanceolate, acumi-
nate, hyaline, veinless, ciliate with long recurved hairs, paleate,
triandrous, palea oblong, obtuse, ciliate, IV deeply cleft into
lanceolate long-ciliate lobes, 3- -veined below, paleate, fem.,
awn up to 1} in., palea linear- oblong ; lodicules obliquely
cuneate ; ap 4 in.; styles short, stigmas rather long; pedi-
celled spikelet a5 long as the geseil =: glume I chartaceous,
red-brown, lanceolate, acuminate, with the tip toothed and
awned as in the sessile spikelet, veins 7, strong, one median,
three submarginal on each side, margin narrowly inflexed,
220 Graminee. [Eremochloa.
keels minutely scaberulous, obscurely winged on one margin
towards the tip, II ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, I-veined,
ciliate, tip terminating in a short flaccid ciliate awn, III and
its palea as in the sessile spikelet, empty or triandrous, IV
and its palea linear-oblong, obtuse, ciliate with long hairs,
triandrous, awn oO.
Central and Uva Province, alt. 3000-4000 ft. Passalowa, Hakgala,
Welimoda.
Central and Southern India, Burma, eastward to Australia and west-
ward to the Cape Verd Islds.
I have described the spikelets from the Ceylon specimens at length,
as they differ somewhat from Indian and other specimens, in the venation
of glume I of the sessile and pedicelled spikelets, and in the curious
capillary awns terminating the apical teeth.
34. BREMOCHLOA, Siise.
Perennial grasses; |. chiefly radical, exactly linear, obtuse,
flat, sheaths compressed; infl.a solitary, elongate, curved, com-
pressed, glabrous spike, rhachis subfragile, internodes clavate,
compressed, hollow; spikelets solitary, secund, sessile, 2-fld.,
closely imbricating, dorsally strongly compressed, deciduous
with the internode and the pedicelled or sessile rudiments of
an upper spikelet, awn 0; glume I orbicular or ovate, flat,
margins narrowly incurved, pectinately armed with long
spreading upcurved spines, II oblong-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, 3-veined, III and palea oblong, obtuse, male, 1V
smaller, oblong, obtuse, bisexual, palea as long as the glume,
linear-oblong, truncate; lodicules cuneate; anth. narrow;
styles and stigmas rather short; grain oval, plano-convex.—
SPO Sella ew 7a
Glume I 2-winged below the tip . ; . I. E. MURICATA.
Glume I not or obscurely winged below the tip . 2) 25H. ZEN EANICA:
. BE. muricata, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 262 (1889).
iene pectinatum, Trin.; Thw. Enum. 365 (excl. syn.) and 436.
C. P. 3848.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 140.
Stems 6-8 in., ascending from a woody, creeping root-
stock, slender, strongly compressed, smooth, shining ; |. 3-12
by 3-¢ in. , thinly coriaceous, smooth on both surfaces and on
the maraing, striate, midrib and few veins very slender,
sheaths of lower 1. short, broad, equitant, of upper long,
strongly compressed, mouth not auricled, ligule a very short
eciliate membrane; spike up to 6 in. long, by # in. across the
pale yellovise shining spikelets, curved, rhachis undulate,
internodes 3—3 the length of the spikelets ; glume I ¢ in. long,
Pogonatherum.| Graminec. 221
orbicular-ovate, slightly convex, 5~—7-veined, with a sub-
quadrate wing on each side reaching beyond the acute tip,
spines shorter than the glume is broad; pedicelled spikelet and
pedicel reduced to a fusiform, compressed, inflated body as
long as the sessile spikelet, acuminate at both ends, green on
one face, which is flat, with anastomosing veins, convex on
the other face, which is white, membranous, veinless, the
green surface forming a keel at the meeting.
The nature of the organ representing the pedicel and glume of an
upper spikelet is not clear to me, whether it is, as Hackel regards it,
a mere pedicel sometimes terminated by a minute glume, or a glume I,
a a oie glume II, the margins of which are confluent with glume I
all round.
Trincomalie (Glenie); Jaffna district; Pallavarayankaddu (Trimen).
South Deccan Peninsula, Australia.
2. E. zeylanica, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 263 (1889).
Ischemum falcatum, Thw. Enum. 436. J. zeylanicum, Hack. MSS. ex
Mri Cat..107.,, Ci Ps'3322.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 140.
Stems 1-2 ft., erect or ascending from a hardened base,
slender, compressed, smooth, shining; |. 3-12 by 4-1 in,
rather rigidly coriaceous, striate, veins very slender, flat or
complicate, surfaces and margins smooth, sheaths of lower
I-3 in., strongly compressed, equitant, mouth not auricled,
glabrous, ligule very short, membranous; spike 2-3 by # in.
across the spikelets, rhachis straight, internodes clavate,
nearly as long as the spikelet or shorter; spikelets 4 in. long;
glume I flat, ovate or oval, subacute or obtuse, 5-7-veined,
margined or very narrowly winged at the tip on each side,
spines as long as the glume is broad or shorter; pedicelled
spikelet as in &. muricata, but veins fewer, and with sometimes
a subulate terminal glume.
South of the Island (Thwaites), Colombo, common (Ferguson), Uva
Prov., near Nilligalle (Trimen).
Endemic.
First found by Mrs. Col. Walker.
35. POGONATHERUMD, Leauv.
Very slender, perennial grasses; stem leafy upwards,
branching; |. narrow, suberect; spikes solitary on long capillary
flexuous peduncles, plumose from the ultra capillary flexuous
awns, rhachis at length fragile, internodes short; spikelets
very minute, subterete, 1—2-fld., binate, a bisexual sessile and
pedicelled neuter male or very rarely bisexual, callus bearded
with very long hairs; glumes 3 or 4, all membranous, hyaline,
veins very obscure or 0, I oblong, truncate, dorsally rounded,
222 Graminee. [Apocopis.
not keeled, II longer, ovate, keeled, bifid, awned in the sinus,
awn much longer than the spikelet, sparingly twisted, III
nearly as long as II, not awned, usually o in the pedicelled
“‘spikelet, lV about half as long as II, bifid, awned in the sinus,
‘awn as in II, palea broadly oblong not keeled; lodicules o;
stam. I or 2; ov. narrow, styles short, free, stigmas very long,
exserted at the tip of the spikelet, shortly hairy; grain narrow,
gibbously obovate, compressed, acute-——Sp. 2 or 3; all in
Fl. B. Ind.
P. crinitum, Kunth, Enum. P/.i. 478 (1833).
P. saccharoideum, Thw. Enum. 365 (non Beauv.). P. saccharoideum,
B, monandrum, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 193. Andropogon crinitus,
ihunbs Woon, Gat 72.0 Ce O36:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 141. Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 161 (P. vefractum, Nees).
Stems 6-18 in., densely tufted; |. 1-3 by 74-3 in., linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, more or less hairy on bot h surfaces,
and on the margins, sheaths lax, glabrous, mouth hairy,
ligule of long hairs; spikes subpanicled, terminating the
branckes of the stem, on capillary peduncles ?-1 in., long,
reddish yellow, rhachis slender, internodes very short, ciliate,
tips thickened, truncate; spikelets about ~;44 in. long,
usually monandrous, hairs of callus longer than the spikelets ;
glumes veinless, I ciliate at the rounded or retuse tip, II $
longer than I, keel and lobes scaberulous, the latter ciliolate,
III linear, smooth, epaleate, or 0, 1V cleft to the middle, lobes
ciliolate, awns of II and IV straight or recurved, $—# in. long,
of IV rather the longest.
Very common, especially in the Central and Western Provinces.
Throughout India, China, Malaya, New Hebrides.
P. SACCHAROIDEUM, Beauv. Agrost. 56, t. 11, f. 7, is very doubt-
fully distinct from crzuztum, and regarded by Hackel as a variety
(a, genuznus). It is distinguished by its stouter habit, larger spikelets,
short callus hairs, glume III oblong or ovate, ciliate, empty diandrous
or rarely bisexual, paleate or not. Hackel gives Ceylon as a habitat.
It is a very common Indian plant.
36. APOCOPIS, Wees.
Annual or perennial grasses; stems slender; |. narrow,
flat ; spikes solitary or 2-3-nate, compressed, rhachis firm, not
readily disarticulating, internodes very short, slender, villous ;
spikelets secund, closely imbricate in 2 series, solitary, sessile,
1—2-fld., lowest 2-4 in the spike imperfect, neuter, callus
very short, acute, bearing the long capillary ciliate pedicel of
an absent upper spikelet; glumes 4, I very large, cuneately
Arthraxon.] Graminec. 223
obovate or obcordate, chartaceous below, membranous above,
more or less villous with pale brown or yellow hairs, 7—-9-
veined below the apex, margins incurved at the base only,
II as long as I, much narrower, membranous, oblong-ovate,
truncate, 3-veined, sides broadly incurved, III and its hyaline
palea oblong, tips broadly truncate and ciliolate, male or
neuter, IV bisexual, linear, 2-toothed, 1-veined, hyaline,
awned, awn short, very slender, twisted, palea half as long as
the glume, quadrately oblong, veinless, truncate, tip ciliolate;
lodicules 0; anth. linear; ov. narrow, stigmas slender, exserted
at the tip of the spikelet; grain very small, narrowly oblong,
embryo very large.—Sp. 3, all in AZ B. Ind.
A. Wightii, ees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 377 (1854).
Thw. Enum. 365.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 142.
Annual ; stems 6-24 in., densely tufted, erect or ascending,
simple or branched, leafy, glabrous; |. 2-4 by 74-3 in., narrowly
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous ciliate or sparsely hairy,
margins scaberulous, midrib and veins slender, sheaths gla-
brous or hairy, of upper subventricose, mouth not auricled,
ligule membranous, lacerate; spikelets {4 in.; glume I dorsally
convex, more or less villous or villous and tomentose, awn of
IV 4-2? in., pubescent, column twisted; anth. 4 in. long;
pedicel of absent spikelet shorter than the sessile ; grain 35 in.
There are two forms or varieties of this plant in Ceylon:—
a, genuinus, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 193. C. P. 400.
Spikelets 4 in. long, glume I dorsally villous below, puberulous above,
tip rounded or retuse, ciliolate.
6, mangalurensis, Hack./.c. C. P. 3959.
Glume I obcordate, dorsally villous below, tomentose above, tip ciliate
with long hairs. A. Becketti, 7hw. ex Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 107.
Var. a, Central Prov., alt. 3000-4000 ft. Galagama (Thwaites), Kaloo-
pahana, Colombo (Ferguson). Var. 8, Dambulla. Jaffna district, Punakar
and Pallavarayankaddu (Trimen).
Central India, the Deccan Peninsula, Burma, China.
I find no difference in the length of the awns in the two varieties.
37. ARTHRAXON, Seauv.
Annual or perennial slender grasses; stem decumbent,
creeping and branching below; |. short, broad, base cordate,
sheaths shorter than the internodes; infl. of binate digitate
or fascicled spikes, rhachis very slender, articulate, fragile;
spikelets 1-fld., secund, sessile, solitary or with an imperfect
pedicelled, laterally compressed, deciduous with the internode,
callus bearded; glumes 4, I lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
224 Graminec. [Arthraxon.
acute, thin or subcoriaceous, more or less muriculate or
aculeate, margins hardly incurved, II narrower, lanceolate,
acuminate, chartaceous, keeled, III hyaline, paleate, empty,
IV hyaline, awned or mucronate, bisexual, awn dorsal, palea
minute or 0; lodicules 2, cuneate or quadrate; stam. I-3;
styles short, stigmas laterally exserted; grain linear or
narrowly fusiform.—Sp. 10; 9 in Fl. B. /nd.
Stam. 3, anth.aslong as glume IV. : . I. A. RUDIS.
Stam. 1-3, anth. much shorter than glume IV.
Glume II aristiform in the upper third. . 2. A. MICROPHYLLUS.
Glume II linear, acute . : 3 : 3 AL CI TARIS:
1. A. rudis, Hochst. in Flora, xxxix. 188 (1856).
Andropogon rudis, Thw. Enum. 368. C. P. 866.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 144.
Perennial; stem 1-3 ft., as thick as a crow-quill at the
base, with ascending branches, terminal internodes very long;
l. remote, 2-4 by 4—# in., lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from
a broad cordate base, acuminate, thin, glabrous or rarely
hispidulous above, beneath glabrous, hispidulous or pubescent,
margins and often midrib beneath scabrid, margins sometimes
pectinately ciliate or spinulose, especially towards the base,
midrib and 4 or more pairs of veins slender, sheaths glabrous
hairy or strigose, mouth shortly auricled, ligule membranous,
erose; infl. of 1-5, very unequal, naked, filiform, ciliate,
flexuous peduncles, which bear 1-3 pedicelled spikes, 4-1 in.
long, rhachis of spikes very slender, fragile, internodes as long
as the spikelets or shorter, ciliate; spikelets rather distant,
+-4 in. long, ovoid or lanceolate, terete, callus very short,
densely shortly bearded; glume I coriaceous, lanceolate,
acuminate, convex, 7—Q-veined, veins all or the submarginal
only armed with spinescent tubercles throughout their length
or chiefly upwards, III, IV and its palea hyaline, ciliate, keel
of II scabrid or aculeolate, IV oblong, tip bifid, veins 2,
median very slender, 3 below the insertion of the awn, which
is subbasal and about as long as the spikelet, palea very
short, ovate, tip toothed; anth. 3, 75-4 in., linear.
Uva and Central Provinces; not uncommon.
Also in Assam and Silhet.
2. A. microphyllus, Hochst. in Flora, xxxix. 188 (1856).
Andropogon lanctfolius, Trin.; Thw. Enum. 368. C. P. 3136.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 147.
Annual; stem and branches filiform, 6-12 in. long, strag-
eling, flexuous, glabrous or obscurely pubescent below the
spikes; 1. #-1 in., ovate or oval, acuminate, membranous,
Arthraxon.| Graminee. 22 5
sparsely setose above, more so beneath, margins smooth,
glabrous or ciliate towards the base, midrib and veins obscure,
sheaths short, membranous, of uppermost |. ventricose, mouth
not auricled, ligule short, hyaline, ciliate; spikes 3—5, sessile or
very shortly peduncled, rhachis capillary, internodes shorter
than the sessile spikelets, ciliate with very long erect hairs;
spikelets solitary, or with rarely a pedicelled, 75-3 in., very
narrowly lanceolate, callus short, obconic, bearded, white;
glume I membranous, almost hyaline, lanceolate, bicuspidate,
5-7-veined above the middle, veins scabrid, II membranous,
lanceolate, aristiform in the upper third, 1-veined, keel and
awn scabrid, III very small, ovate, acuminate, epaleate, IV half
as long as II, lanceolate, awned dorsally towards the base,
eciliate, awn i in. long, palea 0; anth. 2, minute, short; style
and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelets if present ;'; in. long,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, neuter, pedicel = 4-4 of the sessile
spikelet, ciliate with very long hairs, glume I ovate, acute,
veins 5—7, scaberulous above the middle, II ovate, acuminate,
III and IV minute, narrow, awn 0; grain linear.
Uva Province, Badulla district (Thwaites).
Himalaya, Khasia and Nilgiri Hills, Burma, Tonkin, Afr. trop.
The Ceylon specimens differ from the Indian in the almost glabrous;
stem below the spikes, and entire glume IV.
3. A. ciliaris, Beauv. Agrost. ili. (1812).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 352, subsp. Quartinianus.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 145 (not then known for Ceylon). Beauv. l.c. t. xi. f. 6.
Stems 1-2 ft., slender, branches long, glabrous below the
spikes, and nodes pubescent; |. 1-14 in., ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, thin, glabrous on both surfaces, margins smooth,
ciliate towards the base, midrib and veins obscure, sheaths
membranous, smooth, uppermost elongate, ventricose, mouth
not auricled ; spikes many, 4-1 in., sessile and very shortly
peduncled, rhachis capillary, internodes half as long as the
spikelets, rather shortly ciliate; spikelets solitary, ~,—} in.
narrowly lanceolate, terete, callus glabrous or nearly so;
glumes I and II punctulate, I chartaceous, lanceolate, acu-
minate, veins 7-9, vanishing downwards from the middle,
minutely aculeolate, II as long as I, linear, acute, 3-veined
and thickened in the middle, margins broad, incurved,
hyaline, keel more or less aculeolate, III not half I, ovate,
acuminate, veins 0, IV as long as III, lanceolate, awn sub- ,
basal about 4 in., palea o; lodicules quadrate; stam. 1 or 2,
anth. minute, short; styles and stigmas short; pedicel of
absent upper spikelet about half as long as the sessile
spikelet, ciliate like the internodes; grain linear.
PART V. Q
226 Graminee. [Apluda.
_ Central Province. Hatale, Madulkelle (Trimen).
All India, Burma, the Caucasus, Java, China, Japan, Australia.
A common and very variable plant in India, of which Hackel has
described 5 subspecies and 9 varieties, with the description of none of
which do the Ceylon specimens quite agree. The characters I have
given, being drawn from only 2 Ceylon specimens in Herb. Peraden.,
will, no doubt, require modification when more are known.
38. APLUDA, Z.
A tall, slender, perennial, leafy grass; stems erect, or sub-
scandent, branching; |. narrow, flat, more or less petioled;
infl. panicled, leafy, of many small spikes, each in a spathiform
bract; spikes deformed, base rounded, often utricular, bearing
in front a sessile bisexual spikelet, prolonged above the base
into two flat, linear, truncate, parallel arms, one terminated by
a solitary minute glume, the other by the upper spikelet;
glumes of both spikelets 4, I and I] empty, III and IV
delicately membranous; glume I of lower spikelet longest,
anticous, linear-oblong, coriaceous, rigid, II thinner, tumid,
beaked, dorsally gibbous, 7-veined, III oblong, acute, 3-veined,
triandrous or neuter, IV short, quadrate, deeply bifid, awned
in the sinus, fem. or bisexual, palea of III linear, 2-veined, of
IV minute, ovate; styles short, free, stigmas short, penicillate ;
upper spikelet dorsally compressed, glume I oblong, acute,
many-veined, herbaceous, margins narrowly incurved, II
chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, III and
IV oblong, 1-veined, III triandrous, 1V fem. or imperfectly
bisexual, paleas of III and IV as in the lower spikelet ;
lodicules of all fl. 2, cuneate; anth. linear; grain oblong, sub-
compressed, embryo large.—Monotypic.
A most difficult grass to describe intelligibly. Hackel regards the
swollen hollow base of the spike as the callus of the lower spikelet, in
which view I, supported by Dr. Stapf, do not concur.
A. varia, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 196 (1889).
A. aristata, Linn.; Thw. Enum. 364. C. P. 59, 3165, 3166.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 150 (var. avzstata). Lamk. Ill. t. 841, f. 1 (A. avistata).
Beauv. Agrost. t. 23, f. 5 (4. Gryllus).
Stem densely tufted, geniculately ascending, 1-6 ft. high,
erect or branches rambling amongst bushes, stout or slender,
sometimes as thick as a goose-quill below, smooth, polished,
internodes very long, solid; |. 4-18 by 4-3 in., narrowed from
the middle to a filiform tip, and below it into a long or short
slender petiole, flaccid, flat, scaberulous on both surfaces,
Andropogon.| Graminee. 22 7
margins scabrid, midrib slender, pale, sheaths long, smooth,
mouth not auricled, ligule chartaceous, oblong, lacerate; infl.
very variable, of spikelets clustered on short peduncles, which
clusters are solitary, or few, or very numerous and arranged
in elongate bracteate very contracted interrupted leafing
panicles, rhachis of infl. slender, glabrous or slightly scabrid;
bracts of spikelets 3 in. long, sessile or pedicelled, cymbi-
form, green, striate, tip aristulate, rarely long-awned or with a
short green limb; spikes longer or shorter than the bracts,
base rounded, suddenly contracted into a slender pedicel,
base of spike sometimes forming a large thin-walled utricle,
arms subfalcate, thinly coriaceous, glabrous or ciliate above;
sessile spikelet with the gibbous back of glume II placed
between the arms, its sides not incurved, its beak scabrid ;
glume I of sessile spikelet spreading, strict or recurved, bi-
cuspidate, margins hyaline, glume IV of the same 3-5-veined
below the sinus, the lateral veins arching and meeting the
median at the insertion of the awn, column of awn twisted,
palea ovate, obtuse, wrapped round the Ov., veins 2, very
short, or o.
Abundant up to 4ooo ft. elevation. Fl. July.
All India, and eastward to the Pacific Islands.
Hackel divides the forms of this protean plant into two principal sub-
species: one, A. mutica, Linn., which is rarely awned; the other, J.
artstata, Linn., with awned glume IV of the sessile spikelet, to which
all the Ceylon specimens are referable, though both are so common in
India that wzzzzica will probably be found in the Island. Of avrzstata
Hackel has 4 varieties, to the first of which, ar/stata proper, the Ceylon
specimens are referable; the others have more or less hairy bracts or
glumes, or both, and further differ in the size of the utricular base of the
spike and other characters. No fewer than 15 names have been given
to forms of this grass.
39. ANDROPOGON, J.
Grasses of various habit; |. usually narrow; infl. of
solitary, binate, digitate, fascicled, or panicled spikes,
which are in subgen. Chrysofogon sometimes reduced to
3 spikelets, rhachis articulate, more or less fragile; spike-
lets in alternate pairs, a sessile bisexual, and a pedicelled
male or neuter, one or more lowest in the spike sometimes
neuter and differing in form from the upper; sessile spikelets
I-fld., callus long or short; glumes 3 or 4, I coriaceous or
chartaceous, 2-keeled, awn o, II thinner, concave, keeled,
rarely shortly awned, III hyaline or o, neuter, IV hyaline,
awned, often reduced to the dilated base of the awn, bisexual,
2.28 Graminee. [ Andropogon.
palea small or 0; lodicules 2, cuneate; stam. 3-1; stigmas
laterally exserted; pedicelled spikelets usually smaller than
the sessile; grain various.——Sp. about 200; 78 in FZ. B. nd.
The heterogeneous collection of grasses brought together by Hackel
under Andropogon have been classified by that able systematist under
11 subgenera, of which 8 are Sinhalese, and are indicated below. Of
these, Sorghum, Chrysopogon, Heteropogon, and Cymbopogon are con-
sidered to be genera by various earlier authors, and may, in Dr. Stapf’s
and my opinion, be eventually adopted as such. In this work I have
arranged the Sinhalese subgenera somewhat differently from Hackel (as
adopted in the Flora of B. India), taking the cupular character versus the
truncate of the articulations of the internodes of the spike as a fairly
constant primary character.
KEY TO THE SUBGENERA OF ANVDROPOZON.
Internodes of spike truncate at the top, not cupped.
Isozygi. Sessile spikelets all similar.
Spikes of many spikelets.
Internodes of spikes flattened with a dia-
phanous centre and thickened margins 1. AMPHILOPHIS.
Internodes of spikes terete or angular with
no diaphanous centre. Sessile spikelets
dorsally compressed. . 2, SORGHUM.
Internodes of spikes laterally compressed . 3. VETIVERIA.
Spikes of 3 spikelets : 4. CHRYSOPOGON.
Heterozygi. Lower sessile spikelets of the ‘spike
dissimilar from the upper sessile, mostly
neuter.
Spikes 2 or more, digitate or panicled . . 5. DICHANTHIUM.
Spikes solitary . : 6. HETEROPOGON.
Internodes of spikes deeply cupped at the top. " (See
also A. polypiichus.)
Spikes solitary, no spathaceous bracts : 7. SCHIZACHYRIUM..
Spikes binate, each pair with a spathaceous bract 8. CYMBOPOGON.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AWVDROPOGON.
Subgen. 1. Amphilophis.
Spikes digitate or fasicled, not panicled.
Spikes 4-6 in., glume I not pitted lis
Spikes 1-2 in., ) glume I oe : 5 Late
Spikes panicled : : 3
Subgen. 2. Sorghum.
Spikelets silky with usually pale hairs. . 4
Spikelets villous with purple hairs 5
Subgen. 3. Witiveria.
Glume I with muricate sides : : aa 10;
Glume I smooth 7
Subgen. 4. Chrysopogon,
Pedicel of upper spikelet 4 or more longer
than the sessile spikelets.
Pedicel of upper spikelet glabrous . . 9 A. ACICULATUS.
Pedicel of upper spikelet villous A. ZEYLANICUS.
Pedicel of upper spikelet not 3 as long as the
sessile spikelet . b : : . Io. A. MONTICOLA.
. PSEUDISCHAMUM.
. PERTUSUS.
. INTERMEDIUS.
- SERRATUS.
. SQUARROSUS.
A
A
A
. A. HALEPENSIS.
A
A
A. VENUSTUS.
Andropogon.| Graminee. 229
Subgen. 5. Dichanthium.
Glume IV of sessile spikelet reduced to an
awn 11. A. CARICOSUS.
Glume IV of sessile spikelet 2- -fid, awned in
the sinus. : ; : . S2ne AS POL VERVCHUS:
Subgen. 6. Heteropogon.
Spikes 3-3 in., glume I flat . . 13. A. CONTORTUS.
Spikes 3-6 in., glume I deeply channelled . 14. A. TRITICEUS.
Subgen. 7. Schizachyrium 3 . 15. A. HIRTIFLORUS.
Subgen. 8. Cymbopogon.
Column of awn glabrous or nearly so.
Ped. of spikes shorter than the proper bracts.
Panicle large, compound, spikelets 4—-} in.
Leaf-base broad, cordate . ‘ . 16. A. SCHENANTHUS.
Leaf-base narrow, not cordate . . 17. A. NARDUS.
Panicle narrow, spikelets 2 in . 18. A. THWAITESII.
Ped. of spikes longer than the peat bracts 19. A. LIVIDUS.
Column of awn hirsute . 5 20. A. FILIPENDULUS.
1. A. Pseudischemum, JVees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 380 (1854).
A. scandens, Thw. Enum. 368, non Roxb. A. orysetorum, Hack.
Monogr. Androp. 477. C. P. 3258.
IBIL 18% Iborel \ane Wye
Perennial; stems 1-2 ft., tufted, erect, slender, leafy, simple
or branched, sometimes fasciculately, the branches all flowering,
nodes glabrous, Eppes internodes filiform ; 1. 6-10 in., almost
filiform or up to 7p in. broad, linear, finely acuminate, smooth,
dark glaucous-green, midrib pale, base narrow, sheaths slender,
terete, smooth, mouth with rounded membranous auricles;
ligule a narrow membrane; spikes 4-6, subdigitately fascicled,
slender, erect, sessile or shortly peduncled, reddish, rhachis
filiform, fragile, ciliate; sessile spikelets fem. or bisexual,
twice as long as the internodes or less, +-% in. long, lanceolate,
subacute, callus short, shortly bearded ; glume I thin, about
7-veined, dorsally hairy below the middle, margins narrowly
incurved, rigidly ciliate above the middle, II lanceolate, acute,
ciliate, 3-veined, III much shorter, narrowly oblong, ciliate,
veins 0, IV the flattened membraneous base of the capillary
awn, which is about twice as long as the spikelet ; pedicelled
spikelets narrower and more oblong than the sessile, with no
glume IV, pedicel ciliate.
. Hot drier parts of the Island, especially on margins of rice-fields
(Thwaites).
The Deccan Peninsula.
Hackel distinguishes Thwaites’s Ceylon plant under the name of
A. oryzetorum from A. Pseudischemum, Nees, by the long bearded
nodes, ieaves scabrid on both surfaces, longer ligule and other minor
characters. These, however, do not hold in the Peradeniya Herb.
specimens, in which the nodes of the stem are perfectly naked, the
leaves only faintly scaberulous, and the ligule short.
Mr. Ferguson says of this grass (Gram. Indig. to Ceylon, 35): ‘I found’
230 Gram nee. | Andropogon,
what agrees with C. P. 3258 on banks of the Haragam river, in company
with A. halepensis, and it is now growing very luxuriantly and in full
flower in my garden in Colombo. The young culms are from 6-8 ft.
high.’ This is so remarkable a development under cultivation of a plant
described in its native state as only 1-2 ft. high, that the statement
requires confirmation.
2. A. pertusus, Wild. Sp. Pi. iv. 922 (1805).
Thw. Enum. 367, partim, 437. Hack. Monogr. Androp. 479. C. P. 951.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 173. Beauv. Agrost. t. 23, f. 2.
Annual (?), stem 1-2 ft., erect or ascending, slender, leafy
upwards, simple or sparingly branched, nodes bearded with
spreading hairs, upper internodes filiform; 1. narrow, lower
often short and crowded at the base of the stem, all
narrowly linear, up to a foot long and ¢ in. broad, flat, tips of
upper capillary, glabrous or sparsely ciliate, margin scaberu-
lous, base narrow, rounded, upper sheaths long but shorter
than the internodes, terete, lower shorter, compressed, mouth
-hardly auricled, ligule a short ciliolate membrane; spikes
3-10, subdigitately racemed, sessile or lower shortly peduncled,.
1-2 in. long, slender, suberect, flexuous, rhachis filiform,
fragile, and pedicels villous with white hairs; spikelets 7 in
long, longer than the internodes, oblong-janceolate, pale,
callus villously bearded with long hairs; sessile spikelet fem.,
glume I obtuse or minutely truncate, thinly chartaceous, with
a large deep pit about the middle, 5—9-veined, sparsely hairy
towards the base, margins narrowly incurved, subspinulosely
ciliate, II lanceolate, acuminate, tip exserted beyond I,
obscurely keeled above the middle, glabrous or ciliate, 3-
veined, III shorter, linear-oblong, obtuse, veinless, 1V the
narrowed colourless base of the slender subgeniculate awn,
which is 3-3 in. long, and slightly rough, palea, OF pedicelled
spikelets like the fem. but narrower, pedicel more than half as
long as the sessile spikelet, glume I acute, very rarely pitted,
ITI ciliate, IV o, anth. linear.
Very common, from the sea to 3000 ft. elevation.
All warm countries of the old world, extending to the Mediterranean.
A variable plant, of which Hackel in his Monogr. Androp. has nine
varieties, referring the Ceylon plant to a gezuinus. The characteristic
deep pit on glume I of the sessile (rarely of the pedicelled) spikelet is
sometimes absent, but very rarely; two of these pits occur in some
Indian forms.
An excellent fodder grass, green or dry (Ferguson).
3. A. intermedius, £47. Prod. 20 (1810).
' Hack. Monog. Androp. 485. A. fascicularis, Thw. Enum. 437, non
Roxb. C. P. 4it.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 175.
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., stout, erect, subcompressed, simple
or sparingly branched, leafy upwards, nodes glabrous ; 1. 6+18
Andropogon. Gramince. 231
fo)
by 4-1 in., narrowly linear, tips capillary, rather coriaceous,
keeled, glaucous, glabrous or ciliate towards the narrow base,
smooth on both surfaces, margins slightly scaberulous, sheaths
glabrous, mouth not auricled, ligule a very short ciliate
membrane ; panicle 4-6 in., erect, contracted, rhachis slender,
smooth, branches }-14 in. long, lower whorled, upper alt.
branchlets or spikes up to I in., erect, slender, rhachis capillary,
fragile, smooth ; sessile spikelets + in long, longer than the
internodes, linear-oblong, pale, callus very short, bearded ;
glume I thin, obtuse, 4-9-veined, dorsally smooth, margins
narrowly incurved, rigidly ciliate above the middle, II as long
as I, oblong-lanceolate, acute, veins 0 or 3 faint, smooth,
eciliate, III much shorter, oblong, obtuse, veinless, eciliate,
IV the slender colourless base of the capillary geniculate
awn, which is about twice as long as the spikelet, column
minutely roughened ; pedicelled spikelet rather smaller and
narrower than the sessile, pedicel more than half as long as
the latter, slender, glabrous or ciliate.
Hot drier parts of the Island (7%waztes).
Throughout Trop. Asia and Africa, Australia and the Pacific, also in
the Caucasus.
There is only one sheet of this in the Peradeniya Herbarium, with
the habitat between Haputale and Badulla. <A. zutermedia is a variable
plant in India. Hackel has four varieties of it, and refers the Ceylon
plant to var. Henkez, distinguished by its compound panicle 5-6 in. long,
with the branches bearing 4-8 spikes, the sessile spikelets 3 in. long,
glume I rarely pitted and its margins rigidly ciliolate. The variety
punctatus (A. punctatus, Trin.) which is common in India has not hitherto
been found in Ceylen; if found, care must be taken not to confound it
with A. fertusus.
4. A. halepensis, Avoz. F/. Lusit. i. 89 (1804).
Thw. Enum. 366. <A. Sorghum, subsp. halepensis, Hack. Monogr.
Androp. 501. C. P. 2484.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 182. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 54 (Sorghum halepense).
Host, Gram. Austriac. (Holcus halepensis).
Perennial ; stem tall, up to 10 ft. and more, stout, simple
or sparingly branched, glabrous, leafy; 1. 1-2 ft. by 1-2 in,
narrowly lanceolate, tapering to an acuminate tip and nar-
rowed base, flat, glabrous, smooth on both surfaces, margins
scabridly serrulate, midrib stout, sheaths glabrous, white with
a waxy secretion at the base, mouth not auricled, ligule short,
membranous, ciliolate; panicle 6-18 in. pyramidal, decom-
pound, rhachis nearly smooth, branches mostly alt., suberect,
filiform, lower up to 6 in. long, axils often bearded, branchlets
capillary; spikes $-1 in. linear, internodes 3-7 and pedicels
glabrous or ciliate; sessile spikelets g-4 in, oval- or ovate-
a
lanceolate, subacute, dorsally compressed, green, callus very
232 Graminec. [ Andropogon.
short, sparsely bearded; glume I convex, ovate or oblong,
§-11-veined, silkily hairy, margins involute, I] chartaceous,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 5—7-veined, ciliate, III oblong,
acute, hyaline, 1-veined, ciliate, IV smaller, oblong or ovate,
eciliate, veins 0, awns O (in Ceylon); lodicules ciliate; anth.
linear; ov. subglobose, styles and stigmas short; pedicelled
spikelets narrower than the sessile, glume I glabrous, 5~9-
veined, margins strongly ciliate, [I-IV much as in the sessile,
pedicel shorter or as long as the sessile; grain obovate or
obovate-oblong.
Centra] Province, not uncommon (T7hwaz¢es).
Moist warm countries.
The Ceylon plant is awnless in all the specimens I have seen.
A. SORGHUM, 4rot., Karal-iringu, S., known as Sorgho, Imphee>
Indian Millet, Jowar, Chinese Sugar-cane, and other names, is cultivated
under various forms throughout the Tropics, but apparently rarely in
Ceylon, for its grain, and as a fodder grass. It is a tall very robust
annual, sometimes 20 ft. high, with a large usually drooping head, of often
globose, pale, or dark spikelets. It has been supposed to be a cultivated
state of A. halepensis, of very early unknown origin. There is a specimen
of it-in the Peradeniya Herbarium, labelled ‘196, Truuka, or Talai-
virichehdan ; Mannar (Crawfurd).’ It is the ‘ Durra’ of Tropical Africa.
5. A. serratus, 7hunb. Fl. Jap. 41 (1784).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 520. A. ¢troficus, Spreng.; Thw. Enum. 366.
Sorghum fulvum, Beauv.; Trim. Cat. 108. C. P. 419.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 185.
Perenniai; stems 3-4 ft., erect, slender or rather stout,
glabrous, nodes bearded; |. 6-18 by 4-3 in., narrowed from
the middle to the finely acuminate tip and contracted base,
rigid, glabrous or sparsely hairy, surfaces slightly scaberulous,
margins scabrid, sheaths glabrous or often villously silky,
mouth with villous auricles, ligule obtuse or truncate; panicle
4-12 in., oblong, rhachis slender, contracted, branches suberect,
capillary, lower whorled up to 2 in. long, all bearing, at their
tips only, solitary short spikes; rhachis of spike and pedicels
of upper spikelet longer or shorter than the sessile spikelet,
very slender, smooth or strigosely hairy; spikelets 2-8 in a
spike, ovoid, 7-¢ in. long, dorsally slightly compressed, callus
short, bearded with rufous hairs; glume I of sessile spikelets
coriaceous, ovate, tip membranous, obtuse or 2-toothed, convex,
dark red-brown and polished in the centre, margins narrowly
incurved, rufously ciliate, II-IV ciliate, II oblong-ovate or
lanceolate, acuminate, I-veined, hardly keeled, III narrower,
IV very short, entire or bifid, awned or not in the sinus, awn
slender, up to 4 in. long; lodicules short, broad, ciliate; styles
and stigmas short, pedicelled spikelets subsimilar, male, glume
I 7-veined, IV not awned; grain ovoid-oblong, compressed.
Andropogon.) Gramineae. 233
Uva Province; Badulla (7hwaztes), Ella Pass and Passava (77zmen).
Trop. Asia and Australia.
Hackel refers the Ceylon plant of Thwaites to his var. 2ztédus, dis-
tinguished by the entire and awnless glume IV of the sessile spikelet;
but I find this glume to be more often bifid and sometimes awned.
6. A. squarrosus, Lizz. fil. Suppl. 433 (1781). Sewandara, 5
Vettivera, 7.
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 542. A. muricatus, Retz.; Thw. Enum. 368.
Woon, Cat.72.) C. P. 871.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 186.
Rootstock branched, densely tufted, furnished with long
spongy, aromatic, brown root-fibres; stems 2—3 ft. high, stout,
erect, leafy, as thick as a goose-quill at the base, smooth,
hard, polished, solid; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-2? in. sub-bifarious,
erect, narrowly linear, firmly acuminate, flat, strongly keeled
towards the base, smooth, margins usually scaberulous,
sheaths coriaceous, glabrous, not auricled, ligule a ridge of
minute hairs; panicle 4-12 in. erect, narrowly thyrsiform,
of fascicled, suberect, slender, strict, articulate spikes 2-3 in.
long, rhachis of panicle strict, smooth or scaberulous, of
spikes filiform, internodes shorter than the spikelets, sca-
berulous; sessile spikelet } in., callus shortly bearded; glume
T ovate, obtuse, concave, thickly coriaceous, margins incurved,
rounded keel and sides aculeolate, veins Sbsenes, II as long,
oblong, acuminate, concave, coriaceous, margins hyaline,
ciliolate, keel aculeolate, III linear-oblong, hyaline, ciliolate,
veins 0, IV shorter, linear, tip obtuse or retuse, aristulate,
glabrous, I-veined, palea ovate-lanceolate ; lodicules very
minute, broadly quadrate, many-veined, connate; styles and
stigmas short; pedicelled spikelet oblong-lanceolate, pedicel
as long as the internode, scaberulous, tip bearded, glume
I 3-5-veined, margins and sometimes rounded keel scabrid,
II ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, IV oblong, ciliolate,
palea linear-oblong, obtuse ; lodicules cuneate, anth. linear.
Hotter parts of the Island (Thwaites). Common, but not truly wild ;
I have obtained it at 2000 ft. (Ferguson).
Plain and lower hills of India, Burma, Malaya, Trop. Africa.
The Khus-khus, much used for screens (tatties) to exclude the heat
in India, also for thatching. The roots yield a fragrant otto. The
African form has a well-developed awn to glume IV of the fem. spikelets.
‘The spinules on: glume I and II vary greatly in number and length.
7. A. venustus, 7hw. Enum. 367 (1864).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 545. C. P. 2875.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 178.
Perennial; stem tall, stout, erect, as thick as a goose: quill
below, compressed, smooth, polished ; 1. 12-16 by yo-d in.,
Strict, rigid, erect, smooth, convolute, filiform and finely.
234 Graminec. Andropogon.
acuminate above, narrowed below and rounded or produced
into a long, stiff, trigonous, smooth petiole, margins scabrid,,.
keeled by the strong, smooth midrib, sheaths subcompressed,
rigid, keel rounded, basal more or less silkily tomentose,
mouth auricled, villous, ligule lunate, villous; panicle 12-16 in.,
decompound, narrow, rhachis very slender, smooth, flexuous,
branches and branchlets (spikes) capillary, terete, flexuous,.
quite smooth; spikes fragile, of few distant pairs of spikelets,
internodes 4-4 in.; sessile spikelets 4 in., narrowly lanceolate,
fem., callus small, stellately bearded with white hairs; glume I
chartaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, tip 2-toothed, glabrous,
margins narrowly incurved, keels scabrid above the middle,
veins 2 at the flexures, II chartaceous, lanceolate, acuminate
or aristulate, I-3-veined above the middle, keel scabrid, III
much shorter, ovate-lanceolate; embracing the ov., IV linear,
2-toothed, awned in the sinus, palea 0, awn about } in.,
capillary, scaberulous; lodicules large, quadrate; ov. linear,
styles short, stout, stigmas very narrow; pedicelled spikelets.
as long as the sessile but narrower, pedicel 4-4 as long as the
internode, callus very shortly bearded; glume I 3—7-veined,.
II aristulate, keel smooth, III as long as I, oblong-lanceolate,
aristulate, I-veined, IV entire or tip bifid, awn imperfect;
anth. jy in.
Central Province, alt. 4000 ft., Ramboda, Kurunegalle, Ambagamuwa,.
Bopatelende, Dimbula, N. Eliya.
Endemic.
It is singular that this fine grass, which appears to be common at no.
great elevation in Ceylon, should not have been found in Continental
India. It is intermediate in characters between the subgenera Ampfhz-
lophis and Vetiveria, having the habit of the former. What is described
here, and by Hackel, as glume-III, 1s perhaps a palea of glume IV.
8. A. aciculatus, Aefz. Obs. v. 22 (1783). Tuttari, S.
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 562. Chrysopogon aciculatus, Trin.; Thw.
Enum 360) CG. aczewlaz2s, Moons Gata7oue Gy LaOt7:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 188. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 8, 9 (Rhapis trivalvis).
Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 43.
Rootstock woody, creeping; stems erect or ascending,,
I~2 ft., leafy chiefly at the base, lower internodes very short,
upper elongate, slender, strict; 1. densely tufted, 1-5 by
4+ in., linear, obtuse or acute, flat, often undulate, glabrous,
rarely hairy beneath, glaucous, smooth, margins spinulose,,
midrib slender, sheaths not auricled, lower short, upper elon-
gate, mouth more or less hairy, ligule a very short membrane;
panicle I-3 in., narrowly oblong, pale green or purplish,
rhachis strict, filiform, branches short, spreading, at length
erect, capillary, bearing few spikelets; sessile spikelets $-7 in.,
Andropogon.) Graminee. 235
dorsally compressed, callus elongate, decurrent on the
peduncle and with it shortly laterally fulvously bearded;
glume [| chartaceous, narrowed from above the broad base to
the truncate tip, dorsally convex, aculeolate towards the tip,
glabrous, smooth, veins 2-3, obscure, II as long, lanceolate,
acuminate or aristulate, laterally compressed, keel setosely
ciliate, III shorter, linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, retrorsely
ciliate, IV narrow, hyaline, eciliate, awn terminal, scabrid, not
twisted, about as long as the spikelet; lodicules minute,
cuneate; styles and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelets § in.,
pedicels compressed, nearly as long as the sessile spikelets,
sparsely pubescent below the spikelet, glume I thin, lanceo-
late, acuminate, dorsally convex, 3-veined, keels ciliate towards
the tip, II membranous, dorsally convex, 3-veined, III hyaline,
oblong, acuminate, veinless, IV smaller, broader, 3-veined,
paleate, II, III,and IV all retrorsely ciliate, palea of 1V short,
linear, oblong, obtuse, eciliate; anth. 5 in.
Hotter parts of the Island; abundant in open places. A very trouble-
some grass, in the damp zone, up to 4000 ft. (Ferguson).
Plains and lower hills of India, Nicobar Islds., Trop. Asia, Australia,
and Polynesia.
9g. A. zeylanicus, WVees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 397 (1854).
A. nodulibarbis, Hochst.; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 553. Chzysopogon
Wightianus, Thw. Enum. 366, excl. var. 8 (non Nees). C. zeylanicus,
Thw.l.c. Rhaphis zeylanica, Nees ex Steud. lc. C. P. 996, 3248.
Fl. B. Ind.
Perennial ; stems densely tufted, 1-3 ft., stout or slender,
erect, simple or branched, leafy chiefly at the base, upper-
most internodes usually very long and slender; |. 6-16 by
qs-~¢ in., linear, flat complicate or convolute, tip narrowed
obtuse or acute, coriaceous, rigid, glabrous or laxly hairy on
both surfaces, hairs often tubercle-based, margins scabrid,
midrib and veins very prominent beneath, sheaths com-
pressed, of lower |. short, broad, flattened, keeled, equi-
tant, of upper narrow, mouth not auricled, ligule of very
long hairs; panicle 5-8 in., ovate-oblong, lax, rhachis slender,
smooth or nearly so, branches whorled, 4-14 in., capillary,
flexuous, simple or again branched, tips bearded terminated
by 1-3 sessile spikelets with their attached pedicelled ;
sessile spikelets 75 in., narrowly oblong, callus long, rufously
bearded laterally; glume I linear, coriaceous, dorsally rounded
and hispidly scabrid above, II narrow, sides complicate,
tip bifid with a short scabrid awn, III shorter, oblong,
obtuse, retrorsely hyaline, ciliate, [V very narrow, linear, tip’
2-lobed, awn about I in., hispidulous, forming a stout midrib,
which narrows downwards to the base of the glume, palea 0}
236 Graminee. [ Andropogon.
style and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelets 4 in., pedicel
rather shorter than the sessile spikelet, margins shortly ciliate,
callus glabrous; glume [ thin, very narrowly lanceolate, aris-
tulate, 5-veined, II and III copiously ciliate with very long
hairs, II lanceolate, finely acuminate, 3-veined, III narrowly
oblong, obtuse, IV linear-oblong, obtuse; anth. 7 in
Not uncommon up to 6000 ft. elev. (Walker, &c.).
Also in the Nilgiri Hills.
10, A. monticola, Schult. Mant. iii. 665 (1827).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 557. Chrysopogon montanus, Trin.; Trim.
Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. C. Wightianus, var. leucanthus, Thw. Enum. 366.
C. P. 2954.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 192. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 331 (Chvrysopogon serrulatus).
Perennial ; stems densely tufted, 1-4 ft., erect, stout or
slender, simple or branched, leafy chiefly at the base, upper-
most internodes usually very long and slender; |. 2-18 by
4-} in. erect, linear, acute, flat, rigid, glaucous, glabrous,
smooth or scaberulous, margins scabrid, midrib slender,
sheaths glabrous scabrid or hirsute, upper terete, lower com-
pressed, equitant, mouth not auricled, ligule of short hairs;
panicle 2-5 in., ovate or oblong, rhachis slender, flexuous,
smooth or scaberulous, branches 1-2 in., whorled, capillary,
flexuous, spreading, at length erect, tips bearded with
spreading bristles; spikes reduced to a single sessile fem.,
with two pedicelled male spikelets; sessile spikelet g-} in.,
laterally compressed, callus long, bearded on one side with
long rufous bristles; glumes I and II with complicate sides,
chartaceous, I linear, 2-toothed, 4-veined, keel and tip
scaberulous, margins hyaline, II much broader and rather
longer, falcate, 3-veined, tip 2-toothed, awned, awn capillary,
keel glabrous or ciliate with long or short rufous bristles,
margins broadly hyaline, III oblong, obtuse, ciliate with long
flexuous hairs, 1V very narrow, 2-lobed, eciliate, awned, awn
4—lin. ; lodicules minute; ov. minute, stigmas slender; pedi-
celled spikelets as long as the sessile, very shortly pedicelled,
dorsally compressed, callus very short, bearded with long
rufous hairs, glume I lanceolate, acute or awned, 7-veined,
scaberulous, II lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, III and IV
smaller, oblong, acute, hyaline, ciliate; anth. } in. long.
Hotter parts of the Island. Uma Oya, Matelle E., Dambulla, Nilgala,’
Jaffna district.
Hilly districts throughout India, Burma, Afghanistan, S. Africa.
I cannot distinguish in the Ceylon specimens between monticola
proper, with long flexuous bristles on the keel of glume I! of the sessile
spikelets, and var. 772722, with a glabrous or shortly ciliate keel. The
colour and length of the hairs on the calli and sides of the pedicels of une
male spikelets vary greatly.
Andropogon.) Graminee. 237
There are in Herb. Peraden. small, very slender specimens, with very
narrow leaves, from rocky places in the Jaffna district collected by Dr.
Trimen.
11. A. caricosus, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. IT. 1480 (1762).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 567. Heteropoyon concinnus, Thw. Enum.
BGo.07C- P. 3556.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 196. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 329 (A. serratus, Retz.).
Stems erect or creeping below, forming tufts at the rooting
nodes, very slender, 12-18 in. high, simple or branching up-
wards, internodes channelled on one side, upper filiform,
nodes glabrous; |. 6-8 by 74-% in., linear, finely acuminate,
flat, glabrous, nearly smooth, margins scaberulous, base
rounded, sheaths shorter than the internodes, slender, keeled,
mouth not auricled, glabrous, ligules very short; spikes
solitary (in Ceylon), about 1 in. long, pale green, rhachis
hardly fragile, internodes much shorter than the spikelets,
ciliate; spikelets 4 in. long, subsecund, imbricating, lower 3
or more pairs awnless, empty or male, upper sessile spikelets
2 in. long, callus very short, shortly hairy below the middle;
glume J thin, obovoid, obtuse, convex, dorsally glabrous,
shining, margins ciliate above the middle, hardly winged,
g-Ii-veined from below the tip, broadly incurved below
the middle, II subchartaceous, ovate-oblong, 3-veined,
ciliate, keel smooth, III linear-oblong, obtuse, veinless,
eciliate, 1V the colourless base of the very slender awn, which
is $-1 in. long with a scaberulous column, palea o; lodicules
cuneate, retuse; anth. linear; stigmas slender; pedicelled
spikelets male, ;'5 in. long, clavately obovoid; glume I many-
veined, ciliate with long hairs, II and III as in the sessile
spikelet, but smaller, and III ciliate, IV linear-oblong; grain
broadly oval, compressed, pale brown.
Uva Province. Bibili, in Badulla district (Thwaites). North Central
Province, Anuradhapura (Trimen).
India, Burma, the Andaman Islds., China, Mauritius.
The Peradeniya Herbarium specimens have all solitary spikes and
naked nodes of the stem. In Indian specimens 2-4 spikes occur, the
stem is sometimes pubescent above, the upper nodes are bearded, the
lower often ciliate, and glume I of the sessile spikelets is hairy ali
over. The median vein described by Hackel as absent in the glume is
often present. Thwaites observes that without careful examination this
grass might easily be taken for a species of Afocofzs.
12. A. polyptychus, Steud. Syn. Gram. 380 (1854).
Thw. Enum. 367. Hack. Monogr. Androp. 578. C. P. 32.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 198.
Perennial; stems densely tufted, 2-3 ft. high, slender,
simple, strict, glabrous, nodes villously bearded; 1. 8-16 by
qo-x in., strict, narrowed from the middle to the finely acute
238 Graminee. [ Andropogon.
tip, and below to the subpetiolate base, more or less clothed
with soft spreading hairs, midrib slender, yellow, margins
scaberulous, sheaths of upper long, terete, of lower com-
pressed, mouth auricled, bearded with soft hairs, ligule short,
rigid; spikes 3-6, subdigitately fascicled, erect, sessile or
shortly peduncled, 2-3 in. long, unequal in length, rhachis
fragile, internodes and pedicels about half as long as the
spikelets, silkily villous, tips cupped; sessile spikelets bisexual
or fem. except the lowest pair in each spike which are male
or neuter, callus very short, shortly bearded; glume I oblong,
obtuse, chartaceous, }-} in. long, flat, smooth, 4-7-veined,
margins narrowly incurved, ciliate above the middle, pale
green or blueish, II membranous, obovate-oblong, acute,
keeled, ciliate, 3-veined, III narrower, linear-lanceolate, acute,
1-veined, ciliate, IV the narrowly hyaline bifid base of the
slender scaberulous awn, which is about 4 in. long, palea o,
or minute, broadly ovate; lodicules quadrate, broader than
long; anth. linear; styles and stigmas rather short, laterally
exserted; pedicelled spikelets oblong, truncate, glume I
convex, narrowly winged or not, IJ and III as in the sessile
spikelets, IV linear-oblong, 2-toothed, 1-veined, ciliolate.
Elevated parts of the Central Provinces, up to an elevation of 7000 ft,
Piderutalagala (Gardner), Nuwara Eliya, Horton Plains (Trimen).
Hackel does not mention the tips of the internodes of the spike as
being cupped. He describes the sessile spikelets as only } in. (5 mm.)
long; I find them to be longer.
13. A. contortus, Zzzn. Sp. Pl. 1045 (1753). I’=tana, S.
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 585, excl. syn. olystachyus, Roxb. Hefero-
pogon hirtus, Pers. Syn. 11. 533; Thw. Enum. 368.
FI. B. Ind. vil. 199. All. Fl. Peden. t.91. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t..53
(Heterop. Allioniz).
Perennial; stems I—5 ft., tufted, erect or decumbent below,
slender, leafy chiefly at the base, simple or subfastigiately
branched, glabrous or scaberulous below the spikes, com-
pressed towards the base; 1. 6-10 by 74-4 in., linear, obtuse,
acute, or acuminate, flat, upper surface and margins scabrid
or nearly smooth, glabrous or sparsely ciliate, with sometimes
tubercle-based hairs, sheaths glabrous, lower compressed,
keeled, mouth shortly auricled, ligule short, truncate, ciliolate;
spikes 14-3 in., internodes very short, lower inarticulate ;
spikelets closely imbricating, subsecund, lower 2-6 or more
sessile awnless, male or neuter; upper sessile spikelets narrow,
long-awned, fem., 4 in. long, callus long, acute, rufously
bearded; glume I coriaceous, linear-oblong, truncate, dark
brown, many-veined, hispidulous, margins strongly incurved,
rounded, not winged, lateral veins apparently marginal, ciliate,
Andropogon. Graminee. 239
II linear, obtuse, concave, dorsally rigidly coriaceous, dark
brown and hispidulous, margins sigmoidly inflexed, and tip
-chartaceous, white, III short, oblong, truncate, hyaline, vein-
less, IV the long subulate white base of a hirsute awn about
3 in. long, which is swollen where it leaves the spikelet; ov,
linear, styles exserted at the top of the spikelet, stigmas
longer than the spikelet, narrow; pedicelled spikelets much
larger than the sessile, pedicel slender, glabrous, glume I
lanceolate, acuminate, thin, green, flat or twisted, dorsally
hispid with long tubercle-based hairs, margins more or less
(often unequally) winged, wings serrulate, II oblong-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, 5-veined, lateral veins in pairs, margins
hyaline, white, III oblong, tip rounded, white, 1I-veined, 1V
-obovate-oblong, veinless, ciliate; lodicules minute, cuneate ;
anth. linear; lower sessile spikelets of the spike 4 in. long,
glume I oblong-lanceolate, sparsely hirsute, margins narrowly
winged, II lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, margins hyaline,
ciliate, III oblanceolate, hyaline, 1-veined, ciliate; grain (of
sessile fem. spikelet) linear.
Common throughout the Island (Thwaites).
Moist hot countries, extending to the Mediterranean region.
This species varies a good deal in the glumes of the pedicelled and
lower (on the spike) sessile neuter or male spikelets. Hackel refers
Thwaites’s specimen to his var. Roxburghiz, characterised by the long
ramous stems, often decumbent at the base, male spikelets with tubercle-
based hairs all over the back or above the middle only, and more slender
spikes, 13 in. long; all very inconstant characters in Ceylon. Commonly
known in India as the Spear-grass, a pest to the cultivator and to the
pedestrian, the callus of its hygrometric awns piercing ordinary clothing
and the flesh beneath. ‘Cattle do not touch it’ (Ferguson).
14. A. triticeus, 4r. Prod. 201 (1810).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 588. Heteropogon insignis, Thw. Enum. 437.
‘C. P. 3804.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 200.
Perennial; roots of very stout tortuous fibres; stem 4-5 ft.,
robust, erect, leafy, simple or branched below, smooth,
polished ; 1. 1-2 ft. by 4-4 in., linear, acuminate, glaucous,
sparsely hairy, margins scabrous, sheaths loose, compressed,
coriaceous, mouth auricled, glabrous or bearded with long
hairs, ligule short, rounded, ciliolate; spikes 3-6 in. long,
green, rhachis inarticulate except the 4-6 upper internodes,
glabrous; spikelets very many, all but the few terminal
closely imbricating, subsecund, awnless, male or neuter, callus
short, glabrous; upper sessile spikelets long-awned, 4 in. long,
callus long, acute, bearded with dark brown hairs; glume I
linear-oblong, subterete, rigidly coriaceous, hispidulous, tip
obtuse, glabrous, dorsally deeply grooved, sides involute, not
240 Graminee. [ Andropogon.
winged, II linear, terete, concave, rigidly coriaceous and
scaberulous with pale glabrous chartaceous sigmoidly incurved
margins, dorsally rounded, III short, oblong, hyaline, truncate,
veinless, tip ciliate, 1V the flattened white slender base of the
awn, which is 2-3 in. long, very stout, hirsute, palea short,
quadrate, 2-lobed, lobes fimbriate; lodicules large, linear-
oblong, retuse, 2-toothed ; ov. slender, tipped with a tooth
between the styles, which and the very long stigmas are
exserted at the top of the spikelet; upper pedicelled spikelets
neuter, imbricating over the sessile, 4-4 in. long, pedicel short,
glabrous; glume I lanceolate, acuminate, flat, slightly twisted,
winged on one or both sides, one or both margins inflexed,
II and III lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, II 3-veined, III
smaller, 1-veined, IV narrowly oblanceolate, 1-veined, ciliate
above the middle; lower spikelets (of the spike) sessile,
neuter or male, 4-4 in., narrowly oblong, obtuse, glabrous;
glume I narrowly winged, margins narrowly incurved, IJ, III,
and IV as in the upper pedicelled spikelets; anth. 4 in. long.
Mahning-galla, Matelle, E. (7hwazttes.)
Also in Central India, the Concan, Burma, Malaya, and Australia.
15. A. hirtiflorus, Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. 569 (1829).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 371. A. zeylanicus, Arn.; Thw. Enum. 368.
ae Gi seylanicum, Wight and Arn. A. Pseudograya, Steud.
- ©. 3079.
FISB. Ind, Vile 3575 unth, Mic. t; 198:
Perennial; stems densely tufted, erect, 1-4-ft., stiff, rather
stout or slender, simple or branched upward, sometimes
fastigiately, smooth, shining; |. 2--6 by 4-4 in., linear, obtuse
or subacute, coriaceous, midrib slender, veins obscure, sheaths
tight, coriaceous, mouth not auricled, ligule rounded, stiff;
spikes 2-5 in., slender, subterete, rhachis stout; internodes
4-4 in., subclavate, concavo-convex, smooth, glabrous, brown
speckled with red, mouth oblique, deeply tubular, toothed;
sessile spikelets appressed to the internodes, 4 in. long,
narrow, callus stout, bearded with white hairs, sunk in the
deep mouth of the internode; glume I linear-lanceolate,
bicuspidate, coriaceous, dorsally convex, smooth, margins
membranous, involute, keel above minutely scaberulous,
II as long, recurved, laterally compressed, lanceolate, aris-
tulate, ciliate, keel coriaceous, narrowly winged above the
middle, sides broadly hyaline, ciliate, III oblong, hyaline,
veinless, ciliate, 1V short, broad, cleft nearly to the base into
two subulate-lanceolate ciliate lobes, awn in the sinus rather
longer than the spikelet, capillary, smooth, palea 0; lodicules
cuneate; anth. small, linear; ov. slender, styles and narrow
Andropogon.| Graminec. 241
stigmas not long; pedicelled spikelet imperfect, neuter,
pedicel nearly as long as the internode, but more slender
and ciliate with white hairs along one margin; glume I flat,
subulate, acuminate or awned, II short, oblong; grain + in.
long, linear, terete.
Common from Colombo to an elevation of 4000 ft. in the Central and
Uva Provinces.
Tropical and subtropical Asia, America, and Africa.
A widely diffused and variable grass, of which I have described the
Ceylon form, which is all but wholly glabrous. <A very hairy form is
common in America.
16. A. Schoenanthus, Z. Sf. P/. 1046. Var. versicolor, Hack.
Monogr. Androp. 610 (1889).
Herm. Mus. 66. Burm. Thes. 107. Fl. Zeyl. 465. Trim. Cat. Ceyl.
Pl. 107. Moon, Cat. 72. A. versicolor, Nees; Thw. Enum. 367.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 205.
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., rather slender, erect or (often’
geniculately) ascending from a woody base, leafy upward,
simple or branching, nodes glabrous; 1. 6-10 by 4-4 in,
narrowly linear-lanceolate, tips capillary, flat, thinly coria-
ceous, quite smooth on both surfaces, glaucous beneath,
margins faintly scaberulous, base narrow, rounded; sheaths
smooth, glabrous, mouth shortly auricled, ligule ovate,
scarious ; panicle leafy, narrow, interrupted, of scattered or
crowded bracteated fascicles of spikes; bracts 4-14 in.,
spathiform, lanceolate, finely acuminate, glabrous, margins
hyaline, proper bracts as long as the spikes or longer, green
or coloured ; spikes unequal in length, longest 3-2 in. long,
of 4-6 internodes, shorter of 3-4, internodes much shorter
than the spikelets, clavate, ciliate, mouth funnel-shaped,
margin irregularly toothed; spikelets binate, a sessile and
pedicelled ; sessile spikelet in upper part of spike, bisexual,
% in., lanceolate, callus short bearded; glume I flat, thin, with
a deep narrow median furrow from the base upward answer-
ing to a ridge on the ventral face, tip 2-toothed, margined
above the middle with a narrow hyaline denticulate wing,
II as long, chartaceous, laterally compressed, oblong acu-
minate, margins hyaline, ciliate, keel with a short dorsal
toothed wing, IIT hyaline, linear- foblone g, obtuse, ciJiate, vein-
less, IV the narrowly winged 2- lobed base of the short
smooth awn, lobes erect, ieneconi palea minute, ovate;
lodicules minute, cuneate; ath. linear; sessile spikelet in
lower part of spike shorter, obtuse, strongly 7-9-veined, male;
pedicelled spikelet male, narrowly oblong, glabrous, pedicel
about as long as the internode and like it, glume I 9-II-
veined, obtuse, margins narrowly incurved, minutely scabrid,
PARTV. R
242 Graminee. [ Andropogon.
II as in the sessile spikelet, but thinner, dorsally rounded,
III linear-oblong, tip rounded, hyaline, ciliate, faintly 2-veined;
anth. and lodicules as in upper sessile spikelets.
More elevated parts of the Central Provinces (Thwaites). Abundant.
at Wilson’s Bungalow, Uva, also at Colombo (Ferguson), Passawa,
Ugaldura Valley, Hagkala.
The Deccan, China, Trop. and S. Africa.
A. Schenanthus is a widely distributed and variable plant throughout
the hotter parts of Asia and Africa, with difficulty distinguished from
A. Nardus, except by the deep groove in the centre of glume I of the
bisexual spikelets, which, however, is sometimes obscure or even absent.
Its var. versicolor, however, differs (in Ceylon) from A. Vardus in the longer
spikelets. The spikelets, however, vary so much in different parts of the
spike as to require the above long description, which does not cover
intermediate forms, which include some with very broad cordate and
amplexicaul bases of the leaves.
Thwaites remarks that the infl. has, when crushed, a rather agreeable
aromatic odour, and that the essential oil (‘Lemon oil,’ see Enum. p. 367)
appears to be situated principally at the base of the spikelets.
According to Watt (Dict. Econom. Prod. of India, 1.249), A. Schenan-
thus,is the Geranium grass, Rusa oil grass, and Oil of Ginger grass of
India, the oil of which bears a number of names. I find no record of its
being cultivated in Ceylon, as is A. Vardus.
17. A. Nardus, ZL. Sf. P/. 1046 (1753). Maana, S.
Herm. Mus. 26. Burm. Thes. 35. Fl. Zeyl. 45. Trim. Cat. Ceyl.
Pl. 107. A. Martini, Thw. Enum. 367, non Roxb. C. P. 2733.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 205. Benth. and Trim. Medic. PI. t. 297.
Stem 2-5 ft. high, or more in cultivated forms, erect from
a stout woody base, which sometimes forms a caudex nearly
an inch in diameter, emitting dense masses of long stout
fibrous roots, simple or branched, smooth, polished, solid,
leafy upwards; |. a foot long and upwards, 4-1 in. broad,
linear, tapering from the middle to a filiform tip and down-
wards to a narrow base, rigidly coriaceous, more or less
scabrid on both surfaces and margins, glaucous beneath,.
midrib broad and white above, slender and green beneath,
sheaths shorter than the internodes, terete, coriaceous, smooth,
mouth with rounded auricles, ligule ovate, scarious, ciliolate;
panicle very variable, elongate, interrupted, leafy, very many-
fid., contracted or effuse, general and proper bracts, }-1 in.,
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, coriaceous, margins
not membranous; spikes binate on a short pedicel, unequal,
longer {—% in. long, often at length deflexed, pedicel not half
the length of the bract; internodes much shorter than the
spikelets and with the compressed pedicels of upper spikelets
laterally copiously, villously ciliate, tip funnel-shaped, deeply
hollowed, mouth irregularly toothed; spikelets few, binate, a
sessile bisexual and a pedicelled male; sessile spikelet $-+ in.
Andropogon.| Graminee. 243
long, oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, callus short, obtuse,
bearded; glume I thin, flat, acute or minutely 2-toothed,
glabrous, obscurely veined, margins inflexed, obscurely
winged and scaberulous above the middle, II obovate-oblong,
acuminate, I—3-veined, keeled, margins ciliate, keel with a
short ciliolate wing above the middle, III oblong, hyaline,
ciliate, veinless, IV hyaline, linear, bifid, ciliate, awned or not
between the acute lobes, awn rarely more than twice the
length of the spikelet, slender, palea o or very minute, ciliate;
lodicules cuneate, retuse with one angle produced into a tooth;
anth. narrow; styles and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelet
oval-oblong or obovoid, obtuse, glabrous, glume I convex,
many-veined, II membranous, not keeled, 3-veined, III and
anth. as in the sessile spikelet, IV o or rudimentary; grain
fusiform.
Central Province, covering considerable areas at elevation of 2—4000 ft:
(Thwaites).
Temp. and Subtrop. Asia, Africa, and Australia.
The best known and one of the most remarkable grasses in Ceylon.
It covers thousands of acres of the patanas of the interior, up to 5000 ft.
(Ferguson).
There are two principal forms of it in Ceylon, a wild and a cultivated.
The wild is the Maana Grass of the patanas, C. P. 2733, of which the
only specimens in the Peradeniya Herbarium are from low elevations, Galle
(Thwaites), Maoya, Peradeniya (Trimen). It sometimes forms a stout,
erect, scarred caudex several inches long and as thick as the thumb, the
infl. is contracted, the spikelets larger than in the cultivated form, and
the glume of the sessile spikelet is sometimes, but rarely, depressed in
the central line as in A. Schenanthus, or presents a shallow pit. It is
the var. mzlagiricus of Hackel. It is not used for the manufacture of
Citronella oil.
The other form, only known in cultivation, is 4. Wardus genuinus of
Hackel, and the A. ardus of the Linnzan Herbarium. It is a tall
robust plant with broader leaves, an effuse panicle with zigzag branches,
divaricate bracts, smaller spikelets, and no well-developed awn. The
only specimen in the Peradeniya Herbarium is from Dr. Trimen, labelled
‘ Pangiri Maana, cult. for Citronella oil, near Deyandera, and Mawendelle,
S. Prov.’ The very long, broad, flat, coriaceous, shining sheath of the
lower 1., 6 in. long and 3-3 in. long, appear to be peculiar to it.
Var. Juridus, F\. B. Ind. vii. 206, differs from var. mz/agiricus chiefly
if not wholly by the dark purplish-brown spikes. The only specimens
are collected by Gardner and Maxwell. Mr. Lewis informs me that
Citronella oil is very useful in combating the attacks of jungle leeches.
18. A. Thwaitesii, Hook. f
A. distans, Thw. Enum. 367, non Nees. C. P. 3784.
Perennial ; stems 2—3 ft., densely tufted, slender, as thick
as a crow-quill below, smooth, polished, internodes much longer
than the |.-sheaths; I. 10-14 in. by 7-4 in. broad about the
middle, narrowed to a capillary tip, and petioled base, flat,
minutely scaberulous on both surfaces and on the margins,
244 Gramunec. (Andropogon.
midrib slender, sheaths smooth, not auricled, ligule + in. long,
broadly oblong, truncate, rigidly coriaceous; panicle of few
shortly peduncled fascicles of spikes; bracts lower and proper
very narrowly lanceolate; spikes 4-1 in., erect, pale chestnut-
brown, pedicel much shorter than the proper bract which is
shorter than the spikes; internodes and pedicels of the upper
spikelet about half as long as the sessile spikelet, slender,
silkily villous, tips funnel-shaped, mouth toothed; sessile
spikelet $-3 in.; glume I narrowly lanceolate, finely acumi-
nate, tip bicuspidate, flat, smooth, glabrous, margins narrowly
incurved, obscurely scaberulous above the middle, veins 3,
2 lateral in each flexure, [I-IV ciliate, II] chartaceous, ovate-
oblong, finely acuminate, keeled, I-veined, margins hyaline,
keel scaberulous, III oblong, acute, hyaline, 3-veined, IV the
narrowly oblong hyaline deeply lobed base of the awn, lobes
lanceolate, ciliate, awn very slender, smooth, up to 4 in. long,
palea minute, broadly ovate, ciliate; lodicules very minute,
quadrate; anth. linear-oblong; styles and stigmas very slender;
pedicelled spikelet as long as the sessile, but narrow, glume I
convex, many-veined, glabrous, II and III as in the sessile
spikelet, but narrower, IV o.
Nuwara Eliya (Thwaites, Aug. 1864).
Endemic.
This is the plant mentioned in FI. B. Ind. (vii. 208) under A. Mardus,
var. /uridus, as a possible form of that plant or of var. zzlagiricus. An
examination of better specimens in Herb. Peradeniya has convinced me
that it cannot be thus disposed of. Its chief characters are the slender
habit, crowded radical |. which are very narrow, terminating above in
capillary tips and below in a naked petiole, the long rigid ligule, the
simpler infl., and very long spikelets. In many respects it resembles
the N. Indian A. Gzdarba, Ham., but the internodes are very slender,
the sessile spikelets much longer and narrower, and glume I is quite flat.
Thwaites’s are the only specimens, and these are from one locality only.
19. A. lividus, 7iw. Enum. 367 (1864).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 615. C. P. 953.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 209.
Perennial ; stems 1-2 ft., tufted, slender, leafy chiefly at
the base, rigid, smooth, nodes naked; |. 4-6 in., strict, erect,
1-1 in. broad at the middle, tapering from thence to the
setiform tip and very narrow almost petioled base, flat,
glabrous, smooth above, scaberulous beneath and on the
margins, sheaths glabrous, mouth not auricled, ligule large,
ovate, scarious; infl. a simple raceme of 2-4 very long-
peduncled spikes in the axils of narrowly lanceolate or linear
glabrous bracts 1-3 in. long, peduncles 1-2 in. long, capillary,
smooth, proper bracts filiform, as long as the spikes or shorter;
Andropogon. Graminec. 245
spikes 14 in. long, pedicel much shorter than the proper
bract, internodes much shorter than the sessile spikelet and
pedicel of the upper, both of which are silkily villous, their tips
funnel-shaped; spikelets 10-15 pairs, sessile bisexual, 4-3 in.
long, lanceolate; glume I flat, thin, smooth, glabrous, broadly
winged from below the middle to the minutely truncate tip,
veins O or obscure, margins inflexed, membranous, wings
serrulate, II as long as I, coriaceous, linear-oblong, concave,
keeled, obtuse, keel narrowly winged above the middle,
margins hyaline, ciliate, III oblong, hyaline, margins and
rounded tip ciliate, IV deeply bifid, hyaline, ciliate, awned
between the lanceolate acuminate ciliate lobes, awn capillary,
geniculate, not twice as long as the spikelet, palea small,
spathulate, ciliate; lodicules broadly obliquely quadrate ;
anth. linear-oblong; styles and stigmas short; pedicelled
spikelet + in., glume I ovate-lanceolate, truncate, many-veined,
II ovate-oblong, acute, 5-7-veined, margins narrowly hyaline,
ciliate, III as in the sessile spikelet, IV 0, or linear; lodicules
cuneate; anth. linear.
Elevated parts of the Central Province, up to 7000 ft. Spikes livid
purplish.
Also in the Nilgiri Hills.
20. A. filipendulus, Hochst. in Flora, xxix. 115 (1846).
Anthistiria fasciculata, Thw. Enum. 366. C. P. 940.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 209.
Perennial ; stems 2-4 ft, tufted, slender, leafy simple or
branching from the base, nodes glabrous; |. 6-12 in., very.
slender, ~;-75 in. broad, linear, setaceously acuminate, flat,
glabrous, nearly smooth or margins scaberulous, base
rounded, sheaths smooth, mouth with rounded auricles,
ligule large, membranous, ciliate. decurrent on the auricles ;
infl. a narrow erect panicle of filiform branches bearing
long-peduncled spikes, bracts erect, 1-2 in. long, linear-
lanceolate, setaceously acuminate, proper bracts filiform,
longer or shorter than the capillary ped. of the two spikes
of which one is generally sessile, the other shortly pedicelled;
internodes and slender pedicel of upper spikelets ciliate,
tips funnel-shaped; spikelets 1-3 pairs in each spike, narrowly
lanceolate, sessile bisexual, $ in. long including the long acute
silkily hairy callus; glume I oblong-lanceolote, tip truncate,
dorsally flat, hairy below the middle, margins narrowly
incurved, smooth, but ciliate with long hairs, veins obscure,
II and III linear-oblong, obtuse, ciliate, II 1—3-veined,
III hyaline, veins 0, IV the narrow sagittiform base of. the’
246 Gramineae. [ Andropogon.
awn, which is 2 in. long, column twisted, hispid, palea 0;
lodicules cuneate; anth. short; styles and stigmas short ;
pedicelled spikelet as long as the sessile, narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, subterete, glumes I and II speckled with rusty red
dots, I convex, many-veined, sparsely hairy, II oblong, obtuse,
apiculate or aristulate, 3-veined, ciliate, III] obovate-oblong,
obtuse, III and IV hyaline, obtuse, 1-veined, ciliate with
deflexed hairs, 11] linear-oblong, IV subspathulate, tip entire
or bifid; anth. slender; besides the above bisexual and male
spikelets there are solitary sessile linear oblong speckled
males.
Badulla district, up to 3000 ft. elevation (Thwaites). Awns golden-
cold.
Trop. Asia, Africa, and Australia.
Hackel, who makes four varieties of this species, describes the Ceylon
plant as var. 7waztesiz, characterised by the proper spathes being from
one-half to twice as long as the peduncle, and having two pairs of homo-
geneous spikelets and one of heterogeneous in the long-pedicelled spike.
These characters I find inconstant. The leaves of the Ceylon plant are
very much narrower than some Khasian.
There is in the Peradeniya Herbarium an indifferent specimen of
what may be a very tall robust form of 4. filipfendu/us, and so named
by Trimen, collected by Ferguson at Uda Pusselawa.
A. CITRATUS, DC.—Ferguson in his Grasses Indigenous to Ceylon,
p- 32, gives No. 116, A. cztratus, DC., Lemon grass, as cultivated for
Lemon-grass oil. This species was founded by De Candolle on a flower-
less plant in the Montpellier Bot. Garden, of which Hackel says that
from the description it may be either 4A. Mardus or A. Schenanthus.
Watt (Dict. of Econ. Prod. of India, i. 242) cites for it A. Schenanthus,
Wall. Cat. Pl. Rar. t. 280, which Hackel refers to A. Nardus, var.
grandis. ‘Natt describes it as a large coarse glaucous grass, largely
cultivated all over India, Ceylon, and the Eastern Archipelago, rarely or
never flowering, and yielding Lemon-grass oil, Verbena oil, or the Indian
Melissa oil. He adds that it is called Penguin in Ceylon, where the
annual produce of its otto is 1500 lbs.; and that its chief use is as a perfume
and for flavouring tea. In a stray note of Dr. Trimen’s which I find
amongst his MSS., is the following:—‘Sera, the Malay name for A.
Schenanthus, A. citratus(?) var. with narrow leaves. This is grown in
native gardens, and the leaves are used only to flavour curries. The
lemon scent is rather faint. Not known to flower.’
There is no specimen named A. citvatus in the Peradeniya Herbarium,
but Thwaites alludes, under 4A. Wariinz, to Lemon oil as derived from
A. Schenanthus, adding that it is considered not to be indigenous, and
that it rarely flowers.
Ferguson says, l.c. of this grass, ‘The centres of the leaf-buds are
sold in every bazaar in Ceylon, and are universally used in curries to give
them a flavour. I have no doubt that this plant was introduced by the
Malays to Ceylon, and I believe it to be that figured and described by
Rumph in his Herb. Amboinense, vi. t. 6, f. 2. About twenty years
ago Mrs. Winter Jun’, of Badegama, near Galle, sent me a specimen in
flower, and informed me that it was the first flower that had been seen
for twenty years. After several years’ careful cultivation “of the Lemon
Anthistiria.| Gramtinece. 247
grass in the Circular walk” (of the Bot. Gard.?), several plants of it
flowered in Jan. 1878, from which I secured good specimens.’
40. PSEUDANTHISTIRIA, Zook. /.
Annual grasses, with the habit and infl. of Axthzstzrza, but
wanting the involucrate spikelets of that genus; spike
usually consisting of a sessile bisexual spikelet, with a solitary
pedicelled male, terminated by a second sessile bisexual with
two male pedicelled spikelets.—Sp. 4; all in FZ B. Ind.
P. umbellata, Hook. f. Fl. B. Ind. 220 (1896).
Andropogon umbellatus, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 401. Anthistivia
heteroclita,iThw. Enum. 366, non Roxb. C. P. 963.
EB e lide
Perennial; stems densely tufted, filiform, flaccid, leafy,
1-2 ft. high, ascending from an extensively creeping rootstock
with filiform root-fibres; 1. $—-2 in. long, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, thin, scaberulous on both surfaces and margin,
base rounded or cuneate, sometimes petiolulate, veins very
slender, sheaths much shorter than the internodes, auricles
small, margins membranous, ciliate, ligule a narrow ciliate
membrane; fascicles of few spikelets, on axillary flexuous
capillary peduncles 4-4 in. long, rarely longer, bracts 4-1 in.
long, narrowly lanceolate, finely acuminate, sparsely setose,
proper bracts hardly longer than the spikes, about } in. long;
bisexual spikelet sessile, % in. long, callus very short;
bearded ; glume I ovate or linear-oblong, truncate, charta-
ceous, 7-veined, margins incurved below the middle, II
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, membranous, glabrous, III
very small, quadrate, IV the very narrow hyaline base of the
capillary awn, which is $—-§ in. long, geniculate above the
middle; lodicules cuneate; anth. linear; styles and stigmas
short; male spikelets 4 in. long, on ciliate pedicels, lanceolate,
acuminate; glume I thin, about 9-veined, margins narrowly
incurved, scaberulous above the middle, II lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 3-veined, glabrous, III very small, oblong.
Common in the more elevated parts of the Island. Patanas of Dambulla
and Hantane districts, forming the entire covering of open ground.
Also in the Western Ghats.
An excellent fodder, green or dry (Ferguson).
41. ANTHISTIRIA, /.
Annual or perennial grasses; 1. long, narrow; infil. elongate,
leafy, formed of racemes or panicles of fascicles of very short
spikes in the axils of spathiform bracts, rhachis of spike
articulate above the four lower spikelets; spikelets 7-09,
dimorphic, 4 whorled or subwhorled, male or neuter, forming
248 Graminee [Anthistiria,
an involucre round either one. sessile bisexual with two pedi-
celled spikelets, or two superposed bisexual, the lower with
one pedicelled, the upper with two; involucrant spikelets
longest, sessile, callus 0, glumes 3, I oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, flattened, base sometimes thickened, margins narrowly
incurved, keels narrowly winged, II membranous, 3-veined,
III hyaline, 1-veined; anth. large; bisexual spikelets much
smaller, narrowly oblong, subterete, obtuse, callus rigidly
bearded; glume I coriaceous, margins strongly incurved, II as
long as I, linear, hyaline, 3-veined, dorsally chartaceous, sides
broadly incurved, membranous, III very small, hyaline, epaleate,
IV the attenuate or flattened base of a long geniculate awn;
lodicules connate; anth. small; styles short, spreading from
the base, stigmas long, slender, variously exserted; pedicelled
spikelets like the involucrant, but narrower, male or neuter,
pedicels glabrous, callus 0, keels of glume I not winged; grain
(of sessile spikelets) narrow, biconvex, embryo long.—Sp.
about 12; 11 in AL B. Ind.
Involucrant spikelets truly whorled . . I. A, IMBERBIS.
Involucrant spikelets in closely superposed hairs.
Infl. a decompound thyrsiform panicle . oe 2 ea CVMBARIIAT
‘Infl. a racemiform panicle : . : : . 3. A. TREMULA.
I. A. imberbis, ReZz. Obs. iii. 11 (1783).
A. ciliata, Retz. var. majus. Thw. Enum. 306. Themeda Forskaliz,
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 659. A. arguens, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108, non
Willd. C. P. 962.
F]. B. Ind. vil. 211. Lamk. Ill. t. 841, f. 2, and Cat. Ic. t. 459 (A. czl/éata).
‘ Perennial, densely tufted; stem 2-8 ft., stout or slender,
subsimple or branched, glabrous, polished ; 1. 6-8 in., narrowly
linear, finely acuminate, coriaceous, keeled, upper surface and
margins scabrid, sheaths compressed, smooth, mouth not
auricled, ligule a narrow ciliolate membrane; panicle racemi-
form, cas of spikelets distant, subflabelliform, 1 in. broad,
ped. 1-2 filiform ; bracts glabrous or sparingly pilose,
hairs not tubercle- based, outer narrow, 14-3 in. long, proper
bracts 4-3 in., or longer : spikes very shortly peduncled ;
involucrant spikelets truly whorled, sparingly hairy, bases
thickened; bisexual spikelet solitary, 1 in. long, callus elon-
gate, pungent, beard coloured; glume I dorsally Ones.
smooth, dark brown, not dorsally channelled, awn 14-24 in.,
column stout, hispid; grain 75 in., oblong, grooved ventrally,
Common up to 4000 ft. elevation, abundant in the patanas of the
Central Province.
Anthistiria.| Graminee. 249
» Warm regions of the old world.
Often 6-8 ft. high on banks of streams and near water (Ferguson),
There are two forms of this species in Herb. Peraden. under the same
number: one smaller, stem more slender, with few nodes, |. chiefly basal
with equitant sheaths; the other with many internodes, the lower of
which as stout as a small goose-quill.
There occur in this and other species copious membranous ovate-
lanceolate acuminate scales amongst the bracts, which represent im-
perfect male spikelets.
2. A. cymbaria, foxb. Hort. Beng. 6 (1814). Kara wata
maana, 5S.
Thw. Enum. 436 and 366. A. cz/zata, Retz. C. P. 3257, 3803.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 215.
Perennial; stems 3-8 ft., stout, erect, branched, smooth,
polished, clothed at the base with broad strongly compressed
equitant |.-sheaths, together 14-2 in. across, internodes long,
nodes glabrous or puberulous; |. 2-4 ft. by g-4 in., tip
filiform, rigidly coriaceous, scaberulous above and on the
margins, upper convolute, filiform, sheaths quite smooth,
lower 4 in. broad at the base, strongly compressed, keels
smooth, upper subterete, mouth not auricled, sides bearded
with long soft hairs, ligule a large stiff erose membrane;
panicle 1-2 ft., supra-decompound, branches loaded with
small shortly peduncled oblong fascicles, }—-? in. long, of
nearly glabrous bracts and spikes; bracts all short and
narrow, hardly exceeding the spikes; involucrant spikelets
4-1 in., contiguous in superposed pairs, glabrous; bisexual
spikelets 1 or 2, subsessile, callus short, bearded with white
hairs; glume I 4 in., narrow, dorsally convex, not channelled,
smooth, polished, dark brown, awn about 3} in., slender,
smooth.
Patanas of Uva and the Central Provinces, &c., very abundant.
Also in the Western Ghats and Nilgiri hills.
A. ciliata, Thw. C. P. 3257, is in Fl. B. Ind. referred to as A. zmberbis,
var. vulgaris, but the solitary Peradeniya specimen is certainly a young
state of A. cymbaria.
Ferguson (Grasses Indig. to Ceylon, 27) says of C. P. 3257, that it is
especially abundant in the patanas of Dambulla, in many of which it is
the principal grass, and is often cut and dried for fodder for cattle, and
that it is perhaps in this respect the best substitute for hay of all the
grasses found in Ceylon. Also that several years ago (dating from 1886)
large quantities used to come from Bombay with batches of horses for
sale.
3. A. tremula, Wees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 401 (1854). Pinibaru=-
tana, 5S.
Thw. Enum. 366. TZhemeda tremula, Hack. Monogr. Androp, 667.
Anthoxanthum avenaceum, Retz.(?); Moon, Cat. 4. C. P. 961.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 211.
Annual or perennial; stems 2-6 ft., stout or slender, erect
250 Graminee. [Anthistivia,
or ascending from a creeping rootstock, simple or branching,
smooth, polished, brown; |. 6-24 in. by §-3 in., finely acuminate,
tips setaceous, scaberulous, sheaths slightly compressed,
smooth, mouth not auricled, ligule a very narrow ciliolate
membrane; panicle elongate, 1-2 ft., racemiform, fascicles of
spikes and bracts rather distant on capillary flexuous peduncles
4-3 in. long, subflabelliform or subglobose, $—-14 in. broad,
sometimes reduced to a few bracts and spikelets, outer bracts
much longer than the fascicles, 1-14 in. long, more or less
hairy, hairs simple or tubercle-based, proper bracts glabrous
or softly hairy, margins membranous; involucrant spikelets in
contiguous superposed pairs, about 4 in. long, rhachis of spike
produced beyond them; glume I linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
covered with long often tubercule-based bristles, many-veined,
male or empty, II oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1—veined,
ciliate above the middle, margins inflexed, III as long, very
narrowly linear, hyaline, 1-veined, glabrous; lodicules cuneate;
anth.-about 4/5 in. long; bisexual spikelets 2, sessile, linear-
oblong, obtuse, callus small with a short coloured beard,
glume I scabrid, deeply channelled dorsally, tip hispid, awn
4-1 in.; pedicelled spikelets like the involucrant but nearly
glabrous, glumes 3, I veinless winged on one margin, II and
III as in the involucrant spikelets.
An examination of the Peradeniya Herbarium specimens of this
Species, together with those in Herb. Kew. shows that there are three
varieties of it in Ceylon.
Var. tremula proper.
Stems 1-3 ft., rarely stouter than a crow-quill ; 1. 6-12 in.;
panicle 1-2 ft. subsimple, fascicles of spikelets subracemi-
form, }-1 in. broad, greenish when dry, on flexuous capillary
ped., outer bracts 4-1 in., proper bracts not twice as long as
the spikes, awn 4—# in. long.
Var. Thwaitesii, 4. Thwaztesiz, Hook. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 215.
Stem tail, probably up to 6 ft., very stout, nodes glaucous;
I. 13-2 ft., fascicles of spikes greenish, 1-1} in. broad, outer
bracts 1-23 in. much longer than the fascicles, awn 1 in. long.
Var. brunnea, (ook. /.
Stem slender 3-4 ft.; 1. 6-10 in.; panicle 12-18 in. long,
narrow subracemiform ; fascicles of spikes crowded, sub-
globose, 4—$ in. diam., hirsute with tubercle-based hairs, pale
brown, ped. long flexuous outer bracts as long or rather
longer than the fascicles, awn ?-1 in. long.
Abundant throughout the Island. Var. drunmnea, near Moragala
(Trimen), Madulsema (Pearson).
India, from the Central Provinces southwards.
Iseilema.] Graminee. 251
There is no specimen of var. Tiwaztesii in Herb. Peradeniya, but
there is one in Herb. Kew. from Thwaites, numbered C. P. 961, without
a habitat. Var. dxunnea is in Herb. Wallich, n. 8765, Herb. Heyne; and
there is a specimen in Herb. Kew. from Herb. Rottler, also collected by
Heyne and named A. arguens, from which it differs in the involucrant
spikelets being in superposed pairs.
42. ISEILEMA, Azdzerss.
Habit and infl. of Anthistzrza, but spikes articulate below
the involucrant spikelets, and bisexual spikelets inarticulate
at the base.—Sp. 5; 4 in FZ. B. Ind.
As observed by Hackel, the dispersal of the spikelets of /sezlema is
by the wind carrying away all the spikelets in a body, whereas in
Anthistiria the bisexual glumes alone disarticulate, and are more
probably carried away by adhesion to the coats of animals.
ZI. laxum, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 682 (1889).
I. prostratum, Anderss. in Nov. Act. Soc. Sc. Upsal. Ser. 3, ii. 251,
excl. syn. Axnthistiria prostrata, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108 (non Willd.).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 218. Anderss. 1. c. t. 3.
Perennial; stem 3 in. to 14 ft. high, ascending from a stout
hard leafy sometimes shortly creeping rootstock, very slender,
simple or sparingly branched, flexuous, root-fibres wiry; 1. all
cauline, or the lower radical and tufted with compressed
equitant sheaths, 3-6 by 34-4 in., linear, acute or obtuse,
glabrous or ciliate, smooth or faintly scaberulous above;
sheaths shorter than the internodes, rather membranous,
smooth, mouth not auricled, ligule of long slender hairs;
panicle racemiform, long, narrow, of distant axillary peduncled
fascicles }~-4 in. long, ped. capillary, $-2 in. long, outer bracts
narrowly lanceolate, 4-1 in. long, glabrous or with a few hairs
toward the margins, proper bracts about as long as the spikes;
pedicel of spikes short, smooth; involucrant spikelets truly
whorled, 4 in. long, pedicelled, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
pedicels short, flattened, bearded at the base; glumes I and II
sparsely ciliate, I 3-5-veined, II oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
3-veined, III linear, glabrous, hyaline; lodicules cuneate,
retuse; anth. long, narrow; 2 upper male spikelets on long
ciliate pedicels, lanceolate, glabrous; bisexual spikelet
narrowly lanceolate, 4 in. long, narrowed into a slender
stipes, glabrous, glume I bifid or truncate at the tip, margins
scaberulous in the upper third, thin, faintly 3-5-veined, II
lanceolate, acuminate, I-veined, tip scaberulous, IV a very
slender geniculate awn about $4 in. long; stigmas long,
exserted at the top of the spikelet; grain oblong, ;’5 in. long,
rounded at both ends, much compressed, pale, embryo more
than half the length of the grain. |
252 Graminee. [ Aristida.
Northern, Eastern, and Western Provinces. Trincomalie, Batal Oya,
Bet Chilan, Punakari, Jaffna District, &c.
Upper Gangetic Plain and southward, Mauritius (introd.).
Hackel gives good reasons for not adopting Andersson’s name of /.
prostratum for this species, which was erroneously supposed to be the
Andropogon prostratus of Linnzeus.
43. ARISTIDA, Linz.
Annual or perennial, tufted grasses; 1. flat or convolute;
spikelets panicled, 1-fid., not articulate on their pedicels,
laterally compressed, rhachilla not produced beyond the fig.
glume; glumes 3, I and II long very narrow, 1-veined, keeled,
persistent, awn terminal or o, JII very narrow, cylindric,
coriaceous, convolute, acuminate, 3-veined, terminated by 3
very long capillary awns, callus long, articulate at the base,
palea minute, convolute round the ov. and grain, keels 0;
lodicules 2, long, narrow, hyaline; stam. 3,anth. long, narrow;
styles free, short stigmas penicillate, laterally exserted ; grain
long, narrow, cylindric, free in the convolute glume.—Sp.
reputed about 100; 11 in FZ. B. Ind.
Empty glumes not awned_ . F j ; . 1. A. ADSCENSIONIS.
Empty glumes awned . : : ; ‘ . 2. A. SETACEA.
1. A. Adscensionis,* Zznn. Sp. Pi. 82 (1753) (excl. syn. Sloane).
A. depressa, Retz.; Thw. Enum. 370. C. P. 3684.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 225. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. vii. t. 6 (A. divaricata). Cav.
Ic. t. 589 (A. elatior). Desf. Fl. Atlant. t. 21, f. 2 (A. cerulescens).
Annual or perennial; stem 1-2 ft., densely tufted, very
slender, erect or ascending, simple or branched, branches erect,
smooth; |. 3-12 in., convolute, filiform, quite smooth, sheath
smooth, auricles rounded, ligule of very fine short hairs;
panicle 3-12 in., contracted, subsecund, rhachis filiform, quite
smooth, branches short and short pedicels capillary; spikelets
erect; glume I ¢ in., oblong-lanceolate, acute, membranous,
keel obscurely scaberulous, II 4 in., very narrow, tip 2-toothed
and apiculate, margins hyaline, keel smooth, fl. glume as long
as II, 3-veined, smooth, awns not articulate on the glume,
callus elongate, villous, palea minute, oblong, hyaline, retuse;
lodicules very minute, lanceolate.
Trincomalie (Glenie), N. and W, coasts, Kalpitiya and Jaffna (Trimen).
Moist warm countries.
eee
* Name from the Island of Ascension in the S, Atlantic Ocean, Tbs
it was collected by Osbeck in 1752.
Garnotia.] Graminee. 253
2. A. setacea, fezz. Obs. iv. 22 (1786). Et-tuttisi, S.
A. cerulescens, Thw. Enum. 370 (non Desf.) A. Adscensionis, 7727.
Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108 (non Linn.). C. P. 915.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 225.
Perennial; stem 1-3 feet, as thick as a crow-quill, erect or
geniculately ascending from a woody base with stout wiry
root-fibres, hard, smooth, polished, simple or branched ; 1.
6-12 in., usually convolute and filiform, rarely flat, up to ¢ in.
broad, coriaceous, smooth, sheath long, smooth, auricles short,
naked, ligule of short hairs; panicle very various, 6-12 in.,
long, inclined, sometimes subsecund, open or contracted,
rhachis slender, smooth, branches rather distant, long or short,
lower sometimes up to 4 in. long, filiform or capillary, naked
towards the base; spikelets erect, pedicels capillary; glumes
I and II keeled, very narrow, terminating in scabrid awns, I
4 in. long, opaque, narrowed into the awn, keel scabrid, II
rather longer, notched at the insertion of the awn, margins
broadly hyaline, keel smooth; flg. glume about as long as the
empty, 3-veined, mid-vein subscabrid, awns 1-1} in. long, not
articulate on the glume, scaberulous, callus longs, silkily
bearded with long hairs, palea 4 in. long, chartaceous, veins
or keels 0; lodicules narrowly obovate-oblong, obtuse, sub-
falcate, many-veined ; stam. 3, anth. very slender; ov. narrow;
grain +-4 in. long, very narrowly fusiform, narrowed to the
acute base.
Common in the hot drier part of the Island.
Plains of Central and Southern India. Mascarene Isld.
44. GARNOTIA, Srongn.
Erect, perennial, rarely annual, stout or slender grasses ;
1. flat or convolute; spikelets panicled, very small, narrow,
terete, 1-fld., solitary or binate, jointed on their pedicels,
rhachilla not produced beyond the palea; glumes 3, I and II
subequal, lanceolate, acute, acuminate or awned, strongly
3-veined, empty, III as long as II, lanceolate, acuminate or
awned, thinly coriaceous or membranous, quite smooth,
faintly 1-veined, paleate, bisexual, tip acute or minutely
2-toothed, awn rarely jointed, sometimes geniculate at the
base or above it, very slender, scaberulous, palea as long
as the glume, linear, flaps minutely auricled at the base;
lodicules 2; stam. 3, anth. linear; styles free, stigmas with
simple hairs, laterally exserted; grain linear or oblong, dorsally
compressed, free within the glume and palea.—Sp. about 20;
i2 in FL. B. Ind.
254 Graminee. [Garnotia.
Stem very stout, tall, basal ].-sheaths equitant.
Spikelets long-awned : : : 2 i eC EW ATPE SUD,
Spikelets awnless . G. TECTORUM.
Stem slender.
Spikelets 3-4 in. long.
Ligule a short membrane . : : eg) Ganusesa Ac
Ligule of long hairs. : : 4 . 4. G. FERGUSONI.
Spikelets =,-;5 in. long.
Annual.
Spikelets long-pedicelled . : ‘ . 5. G. MICRANTHA.
Spikelets hen pede ‘ A . 6. G. COURTALLENSIS.
Perennial . 7. G. PANICOIDES.
G. Thwaitesii, S/affin Fl. B. Ind. vii. 241 (1896).
C. scoparia, Thw. Enum. 363. C. P. 942.
Fl. B. Ind. l.c.
Stem erect, 2-4 ft., rigid, as thick as a goose-quill below,
smooth, polished, solid, internodes 3-5 in., nodes glabrous;
Il. 1-3 ft. by ~5-4 in., narrowly linear, acuminate, rigidly
coriaceous, smooth above, beneath and margins scabrid, lower
very narrow, wiry, striate, base not contracted, sheaths of
lower 3-6 in., flattened, equitant, margins woolly, of upper
cylindric, coriaceous, appressed or inflated, smooth, polished,
margins eciliate, ligule a ridge of minute hairs; panicle
12-18 in., erect, contracted, rhachis smooth, branches in-
numerable, fascicled, filiform, erect, subsimple; spikelets 4 in.
long, rather distant, erect, shortly pedicelled, minutely
bearded at the base; glumes I and II narrowed into short
awns, brown and polished when ripe, veins very sparingly
scabrid, III stipitate, acuminate, awn about ¢ in., inserted in a
minute notch, geniculate; lodicules cuneiform, retuse.
Hotter parts of the Island, not uncommon. Rocks in the Western
Province (Ferguson).
Endemic.
Grows only in the crevices of rocky hills, or in the merest bits of
earth on the faces of rocks (Ferguson).
2. G. tectorum, ook. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 242 (1896). TAB. XCIX.
(stricta).
G. stricta, Thw. Enum. 363 (excl. syn.). (?) Berghansia mutica, IZunro
in Proc. Amer. Acad. iv. (1864), 362. C. P. 2968.
Fl. B. Ind. 1. c.
Stem very tall, stout, as thick as a small goose-quill below,
smooth, polished, solid, internodes glabrous; |. 2-24 ft. by
@-i in., linear, obtuse, rigidly coriaceous, striate, smooth on
both surfaces, margins smooth or scaberulous, base not con-
tracted, lower very narrow, woolly towards the base, upper
broad, glabrous, sheath of lower 6-8 in., subcompressed,
equitant, narrow, woolly in the upper half, of upper loose,
smooth, ligule a ridge of woolly hairs; panicle 12-18 in.,
Garnotia.] Graminee. 255
narrow, rhachis strict, smooth, branches innumerable, fascicled,
erect, at length spreading, lower hardly longer than the upper,
filiform, smooth, branchlets divaricate, distant, spreading,
capillary, bearing distant long or short-pedicelled spreading
narrow spikelets 4 in. long, with bearded bases; pedicels
often much longer than the spikelets, capillary; glumes
narrowly lanceolate, I and II subequal, subaristately acu-
minate, veins sparsely scaberulous, III acuminate, tip entire,
at length dark brown, shining ; lodicules hammer-shaped, erose.
ee parts of the Island, in swampy ground. Dumballa, Nuwara
lya.
MED in China (?).
This and G. 7hwaitesiz cannot be well described from Herbarium
specimens. Much used for thatching.
3. G. fuscata, Zhw. Enum. 363 (1864).
CoP. 2756.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 244.
Perennial, tufted, 10-20 in. high, soboliferous, leafing stems
I—3 in., erect, clothed with compressed sheaths, bearing a long
very slender, smooth, 1-2-leaved ped. terminating in a de-
pauperate raceme or panicle, internodes of leafing portion
very short, of flowering 10-12 in. long; basal |. 1-24 by
4-1 in., linear, or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
subdistichous, spreading, smooth, softly coriaceous, margin
smooth, base very narrow, upper |. 2- 3, small, narrow, very
distant, sheath of basal leaves 4-1 by ¢ in. broad, smooth, of
upper 1. very long, slender, terete, ligule a very short scarious
membrane; raceme or panicle I-2 in., very narrow, few-fid.,
rhachis slender, striate, smooth, branches few, very short or O;
spikelets + in., lanceolate, subsolitary, subsessile or on capillary
smooth pedicels shorter or longer than the spikelets, base
bearded ; glumes I and II lanceolate, aristately acuminate,
veins scaberulous, III stipitate, Rea aners. tip 2-dentate,
narrowed into a capilary awn about ;4% in. long, which is
geniculately deflexed from near the twisted base; lodicules
narrowly cuneate, incurved ; grain narrowly obovoid.
Suffragam district, alt. 4000 ft. (7hwaztes); Sabaragamuwa Province,
alt. 4000 ft. (Ferguson). Spikelets purplish brown.
Endemic.
A remarkable species, differing in habit and in the depauperate infl.
from its Ceylon congeners. Thwaites’s specimens are very poor, and
probably do not represent well-developed plants. I have not seen
Ferguson’s specimens.
4. G. Fergusonii, 777m. in Journ. Bot. xxvii. 170 (1889).
G. patula, Thaw. MSS. (non Munro). Andropogon Beckettit, Thw. in
HHeubPeraden. C. P. 3967.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 242 (sphalm. Fergussoniz).
356 Graminee. [Garnotia,
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., erect or ascending, slender, terete,
tigid, smooth, naked below, much branched and leafy above,
internodes 1-3 in. or more, nodes glabrous; |. 6-8 by 4-4 in.,;
narrowly linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, spreading, flat,
smooth, glabrous, thin, base narrow, rounded, sheaths smooth,
mouth and ligule villous with long hairs; panicle 4-8 in.,
oblong, erect, rhachis smooth, branches suberect, fascicled,
4-14 in. long, many-fid., filiform ; spikelets ¢-4 in., distant or
crowded, erect, shortly pedicelled, base sieve, Bened elumes
T'and II narrowly lanceolate, aristately acuminate, or awned,
awns short or sometimes as long as the glume, veins quite
smooth, I 3-veined, III narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, tip
2-toothed, awn }in. or shorter, obscurely geniculate at about
the lower third; lodicules cuneate, retuse.
Var. fastigiata, Hook. 7.
Stem -naked and unbranched below for a foot or more,
with internodes 3-4 in. long, then suddenly fastigiately
branehed and leafy with copiously divided branches, short
internodes, and flat or involute narrow |. 1-3 in. long , panicle
2-3 in., narrow, with few short erect branches and few purplish
spikelets.
Central Province, alt. 4-6000 ft. Matelle district, Amherst, Uda-
passelana (Ferguson, Beckett). Var. fasézgzata, summit of Knuckles
(Ferguson).
Endemic.
The var. fastigéata is a remarkable form, with a long naked stem,
evidently drawn up amongst other plants. This alone is named
Fergusonit by Trimen in Herb. Peraden.
5. G. micrantha, 7/w. Enum. 363 (1864).
C. P. 944, 945.
Fl. B. Ind. vu. 244.
Annual; stems tufted, erect or ascending from a shortly
creeping base, slender or rather stout, up to the thickness of a
crow-quill, branched from below and penal smooth, inter-
nodes 2-4 in., nodes pubescent; |. 3-8 by }— in. , spreading,
linear- lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, scnscth, thin, very
much narrowed. from below the adie to the base, shea
shorter than the internode, often loose, smooth, auricles
membranous, ligule a ridge of short hairs; panicle 6-12 in.,
rhachis slender, strict, smooth, branches very many, filiform,
fascicled and whorled, at first erect and appressed, branchlets
very long, capillary, distant, divaricate; spikelets 5 in.,
linear-oblong, base naked, pedicels variable, often up to I in.
long, smooth; glumes Land II membranous, acute, veins not
strong, obscurely scaberulous, III substipitate, linear- oblong,
\
Garnotia] Graminee. 257
apiculate, very thin, tip bidenticulate, awn, if present, 4 in.
long, capillary, straight, erect; iodicules cuneate, retuse; grain
linear-oblong.
_ Central Province, alt. 2-4000 ft. Spikelets very pale green.
Endemic.
_ Two forms have been distinguished, one with stouter stems creeping
at the base and awned glume III; the other, var. zaza, Stapf in Fl. B.
Ind., with shorter, more slender stems and awnless glume III. But a
fine series of specimens in Herb. Peraden. shows that these distinctions
do not hold good.
6. G. courtallensis, 7iw. Enum. 363 (1864).
Migquelia courtallensis, Arn. and Nees in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix,
Suppl. i. 1877 (1843). C. P. 454.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 244.
Annual ; stems 6 in.—2 ft., branching from the base and
upwards, as thick as a sparrow’s quill or more slender, erect,
leafy, smooth, shining, internodes long or short, nodes
pubescent; |. 1-3 by %-4 in. long, spreading, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, thin, smooth, glabrous, on both surfaces or sparsely
covered chiefly beneath with long flexuous hairs, margins
scaberulous, base rounded, contracted, sheaths glabrous or
hairy like the 1, ligule a short fringed membrane ; panicle
2-4 in., long-peduncled, oblong, rhachis filiform, smooth,
branches, 4-14 in., distant or in distant fascicles, widely
spreading or deflexed, few-fld., rhachis slender, shining, and
capillary branches smooth ; spikelets “5-3 in., few, distant or
in distant pairs, upper of each pair longer than its pedicel,
lanceolate, base minutely bearded; glumes I and II subequal,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or laxly clothed with
long hairs, veins scabrid, III hardly stipitate, lanceolate,
awned, tip minutely bidentate, awn as long as the glume or
shorter, erect or if deflexed geniculate at about the lower third,
which is purplish ; lodicules cuneate.
Central Province, alt. 4ooo-8000 ft. Adam’s Peak, Ramboda,
Dambulla. Spikelets green or purplish.
Nilgiri and Travancore Hills.
The spikelets with long hairs on glume I and II occur on a branch
of a specimen in which the spikelets on all the other branches are
perfectly glabrous except on the scabrid veins. The column of the awn
is either straight or very slightly twisted in Ceylon specimens.
7. G. panicoides, 77m. 7m Journ. Bot. xxvii. 181 (1889).
Perennial ; stem 1-2 ft., rather stout, creeping and rooting
at the base, then ascending, smooth, branched above, sparingly
leafy, internodes 1-2 in., nodes glabrous; |. 6-8 by 4-3 in.,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, rather thin, scaberulous
above and on the margins, smooth beneath, base narrow,
PART V, S
25 8 Gramtinee. [Spherocaryum.
rounded, sheaths glabrous, except at the sides and sometimes
at the back of the mouth, ligule a very short, scarious,
toothed membrane ; panicle 6-12 in., effuse, rhachis smooth,
branches numerous, in remote fascicles, 3-4 in. long, capillary,
subsimple, erecto-patent; spikelets ~; in., mostly solitary,
distant, sessile, or upper of each pair usually shortly pedi-
celled, narrowly oblong, base naked ; glumes I and II equal,
oblong-ovate, acute, membranous, veins quite smooth, III
shortly stipitate, linear-oblong, apiculate, membranous, awn-
less, palea acute; lodicules cuneate.
Kalutara, Culloden Estate (Ferguson). Spikelets green.
There is only a single specimen of this very distinct species in the
Peradeniya Herbarium. It differs from G. mzcrantha in the ligule and
shortly pedicelled spikelets.
45. SPH: ROCARYUM, Wees.
A dwarf annual; stem creeping and ascending, leafy
throughout, rooting at the lower nodes; |. small, broadly
ovate-cordate, acuminate, amplexicaul, coriaceous, sheaths.
shorter than the internodes, hispid; spikelets very minute,
I-fld., ellipsoid, pedicelled on the close-set capillary branches
of an ovoid, terminal, subsessile panicle, articulate on the
pedicels, rhachilla 0; glumes 3, membranous, cymbiform, I
and II empty, obscurely 1I-veined, II 1-veined, III fig.,
I-veined; palea as long as its glume, 2-veined; lodicules 2,
microscopic; stam. 3, anth. linear; ov. narrow, styles short,
free, stigmas short; grain loose in the glumes, linear-oblong,
—Monotypic.
S. elegans, /Vees ex Steud. Nom. ed. 2, 11. 620 (1841).
Grayia elegans, Nees in Wight, Cat. n. 2033. G. zeylanica, Arn. ex
Steud. Nom. ed. 2, i. 705. Jsachne pulchella, Roth.; Thw. Enum. 362.
Panicum elegans, Wight and Arn. ex Steud. l.c. ii. 256. Andropogon
Grayza, Steud. l.c.i. 91. C. P. 879.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 246.
Stem 6-12 in, as thick as a sparrow’s quill, rarely
branched, glabrous except at the setose nodes; 1. all nearly
alike in size and form, spreading or reflexed, 4-1 in. long,
above veinless, closely striate, beneath with 2-3 pairs of very
slender veins, margins ciliated below the middle with long
rigid tubercle-based bristles; sheaths very short, hispidly
bristly, ligule a brush of white hairs; panicle 1-2 in. long,
quite smooth, branches alt. and fascicled, lower 4—2 in. long,
erecto-patent; spikelets alt. on the branches, ,j—35 in. long,
much shorter than their pedicels; glumes (in Ceylon
Polypogon.] Gramineae. 259
specimens) and palea all pilose with spreading hairs, I and II
separately deciduous.
Damp places in the moist tropical region. Colombo, Hantane, Reigam
Korale.
Also in Bengal, Burma, Singapore, and China.
A very singular little grass, of doubtful affinity, with the habit of a
diminutive state of Panicum ovalstolium, and the foliage and deciduous
empty glumes of /sachne. The spikelets are amongst the most minute
of grasses; they are hairy in Ceylon specimens, but glabrous in some
Indian. aes
46. POLYPOGON, Des/. poe
Annual or perennial, soft grasses, stem erect; 1. flat ;
spikelets minute, 1-fld., articulate on their pedicels, laterally
compressed, densely crowded on the short branches of: a
spiciform silky panicle; rhachilla not produced beyond glume
III, naked; glumes 3,1 and II empty, equal, linear-oblong,
keeled, pubescent and ciliate, terminated by long capillary
awns; III much smaller, articulate at the base, hyaline,
truncate, awned, palea as long as the glume, hyaline, truncate,
2-veined ; stam. I-3, anth. short, styles distant at their bases,
short, stigmas narrowly plumose; grain clavately obovoid,
free within its glume.—Sp. few; 2 in FV. B. Ind.
P. monspeliensis, Desf. Fl. Atlant. i. 66 (1798).
Thw. Enum. 370, 444. P. zeylanicus, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 183,
Agrostis panicea, Willd.; Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 144.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 245. Beauv. Agrost. t. 6.f.7. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. i.
ti 31.
Annual ; stems densely tufted, erect, 1-2 ft. high, rather
stout, smooth; 1. 6-20 by 4-4 in., acuminate, flaccid, scaberu-
lous on both surfaces, narrowed to the base, midrib very
slender, sheaths rather inflated, smooth, upper very long,
ligule variable in length, oblong, scarious; spiciform panicle
erect, 3-6 in. long by 4-1 in. diam., narrowly ovate-oblong or
cylindric, often lobulate, softly crinite, and glistening from
the erect awns; spikelets (excl. awns) 7;-7'5 in. long, sessile
or very shortly pedicelled on the branchlets of the panicle;
glumes I and II oblong, nearly white, tips rounded, terminated
by capillary erect awns about 4 in. long, III not half as
long as I and II, broadly oblong, truncate and toothed at
the tip, 5-veined, awn rather longer than the empty
glumes. i
Uva district. Caltura (Thwaites), Adam’s Peak, Haputale, and Hak-
gala (Trimen). Probably introduced. Infl. pale green or silvery.
All temp. and warm regions.
260 Gramineae. [ Sporobolus.
47. SPOROBOLUS, 27.
Perennial, rarely annual, glabrous grasses, erect or pro-
strate and creeping; 1. narrow, flat or convolute; spikelets
1-fld., small or minute, in effuse or contracted panicles,
articulate on their pedicels, rhachilla not produced beyond
the palea; glumes 3, usually membranous, I-veined or vein-
less, I and II empty, unequal, separately caducous, III not
articulate at the base, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, callus
very short, glabrous, palea as long as the glume and of the
same texture, broadly oblong, often dorsally narrowly inflexed
along the median line, presenting a vein-like ridge ventrally,
along which the palea splits into halves, veins 0 or very
obscure, close together, one on each side of the ventral ridge;
lodicules very minute or 0; stam. I-3, anth. short or long;
styles 2, very short, free, stigmas short, hairs simple; grain
oblong, obovoid or pyriform, free within the glume and
palea, pericarp hyaline, loose; embryo large.—Sp. about 80;
eA in Aas ga,
Glumes I and II shorter than ITI.
Panicle very BoE, branches short.
Spikelets go-as in. long . I. S. DIANDER.
Spikelets 34-45 in. long . : 2S. INDICUS:
Panicle broad, branches very long 3. S. WALLICHII.
Glume I as long as III ornearlyso . 4. S. VIRGINICUS.
Glume I shorter than II and GASH nearly
or quite as long as III.
Panicle contracted.
Glume I lanceolate, acuminate, I-veined 5. S. TREMULUS.
Glume I veinless, obtuse : . 6. S. ORIENTALIS.
Panicle effuse . ‘ : ‘ : . 7. S. COROMANDELIANUS.
1. S. diander, Beauv. Agrost. 25 (1812).
Thw. Enum. 370. Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 3771.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 247. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. t. 28.
Annual or perennial; stems tufted, 1-3 ft. high, slender,
quite smooth, internodes long; 1. 6-12 in., very narrow, tips
filiform, flat or convolute, quite smooth, veins strong, sheaths
smooth, strongly ribbed, lower short, upper very long, auricles
small, not bearded, ligule a ridge of minute hairs; panicle up
to 10 in. long by 2 broad, erect, narrowly pyramidal, rhachis
slender, quite smooth, branches alt., erecto-patent or spreading,
capillary, lowest up to 3 in. long, naked at the base, bearing
above very short racemules of very minute spikelets 4-74 in.
long, on very short pedicels; glumes 3, I and II hyaline, tips
erose, I very short, broadly oblong, veinless, II about half as
Sporobolus.| Graminee. 265
long as III, oval, 1-veined, III broadly ovate-oblong, sub-
acute, I -veined, palea plicate i in the median line; stam. 2, anth.
half as long as the palea; grain pyriformly obovoid, truncate,
obtusely 4-gonous, umbonate by the loose pericarp, red- brown,
rugulose.
Var. nanus, Hook. /.
Whole plant, 3-6 in. high, densely tufted, leafy at the
base chiefly, stems very slender; |. subulate, sheaths Wey,
short; panicle 1-2 in. , interruptedly spiciform, spikelets #5 in.
long, ‘in minute clusters, erect.
Very common throughout the Island. Var. zaza, Jaffna (Trimen).
Trop. Asia and Australia.
Three stamens are said to occur in Indian specimens, and probably do
in Ceylon, but I have found two only. Var. manus was referred to
S. indicus by Dr. Trimen, but, though differing so nee in size and in
the reduced panicle, I think the spikelets (hardly 3 ; in. long) are un-
aoc? those of S. dander.
S. indicus, 27. Prod. 170 (1810).
Thw. Enum. 370.
Fl. Brit. Ind. 11.247. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t.60 (Vzlfa). Jacq. Ic. Rar.
iii. t. 16 (Agrostis tenacissima).
Perennial; stems 2-3 ft. high, densely tufted, stout, some-
times as thick as a small goose-quill, internodes long, base
sometimes clothed with shining sheaths of old leaves; 1. very
slender, 1-2 ft., wiry, flexuous, convolute, rarely flat, tips long,
filiform, quite smooth, sheaths smooth, strongly ribbed, lower
short, upper long, mouth hardly auricied, ligule a ridge of
very minute hairs; panicles 12-18 in. long by 4-2 in. broad,
often interrupted, rhachis slender, smooth, branches very
short, densely crowded, erect, covered to the base with
imbricating green spikelets ~,-75 in. long; glumes I and II
hyaline, broadly obiong, veinless, I about one-fourth as long
as III, half as long as [I, III broadly ovate, acute, 1-veined,
palea plicate in the median line; stam. 3, anth. half as long as
the palea; grain pyriformly obovoid, 4- gonous, truncate, um-
bonate by the loose remains of the pericarp, red- brown,
rugulose.
Very common throughout the Island.
All warm countries.
A much more robust plant than S. dander, with a very different infl.
and larger spikelets; their grains are undistinguishable.
3. S. Wallichii, Munro ex Stapfin Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 248 (1896).
Trimen in Journ. Bot. xxxvii. 171.
EB, ind. lsc:
, Perennial (?); stem 3- A ft3 as thick as a goose-quill, or
more slender, creeks. strict, sparingly leafy, internodes very
long; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-4 in., flat or convolute and almost filiform,
26 2 Graminee. [ Sporobolus.
narrowed into capillary tips, coriaceous, quite smooth, base
narrow, sheaths smooth, mouth truncate, angles hardly bearded,
ligule a ridge of minute hairs; panicle 1218 in. by 4—5) in
broad, most laxly effuse, erect or nodding, rhachis filiform,
smooth, branches capillary, erecto- PEten opp. alt. or fascicled,
sparingly divided ; spikelets minute, ,—75 in., distant, solitary
on very long capillary sparsely scaberulous pedicels, narrowly
ovate; glumes hyaline, veins obscure or o, I about half as
long as II, both ovate-oblong, obtuse, III nearly twice as long
as II, ovate-oblong, subacute, palea as long but broader, acute
or 2-dentate, not inflexed along the median line, veins 0;
stam. 3, anth. linear-oblong, one fourth shorter than the palea,
yellow; grain pyriform, subtruncate, capped by the remains
of the loose pericarp, pale brown, rugulose.
Between Trincomalie and Kantalar (Ferguson).
Also in Behar and Pegu.
In some Indian specimens the grain is obcordate, being retuse at the
broad upper end.
4. S. virginicus, Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. 67 (1835). Mudu
ZEtora, S.
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 249. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 48 (Vélfa). Labill. Pl.
Nov. Holl. t. 23 (Agrostis).
Perennial; stems 6-12 in. long, erect from an elongate
woody sheathed rootstock as thick as a crow-quill, that is
usually buried in the sand, stout or slender, solitary or
fascicled, naked below, copiously leafy above, lower internodes
very short, stout, leafy, terminal long, slender, sheathed to
near the panicle, sheaths of rootstock and bases of stems
scarious; 1. distichous, close-set, erecto-patent, 2-5 in. long,
coriaceous, convolute, hence terete, rarely flat, narrowed from
the base to the very slender, often recurved tip, dorsally
rounded, quite smooth, deeply striate on the upper surface,
sheaths 4 to 4 in., equitant, auricles very short, bearded, ligule
of short fine hairs; panicle 2-3 in., erect, contracted, almost.
spiciform, pale green, branches very short, fascicled, appressed
to the rhachis; spikelets very shortly pedicelled, 35 in. long;
glumes subequal, all 1-veined, rather thick in texture, I and
II rather shorter than ITI, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, I rather
the shortest, III ovate, acute, palea plicate along the median.
line; anth. half as long as the palea; grain obovoid.
Sane shores, not uncommon, but rarely flowering (Trimen). Palace
Trincomalie, &c.
Mediterranean region, Africa, America, Australia.
“It is singular that there is no record of this grass having been found
in India proper. Grain not seen in coe SEEMS, the ae of
which seem to be imperfect. ; in
Sporobolus.) Graminee. 263
5. S. tremulus, Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. 67 (1835).
S. ortentalis, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108 (non Kunth).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 250.
Perennial, glaucous, stoloniferous; stems 2-6 in. long,
very rigid, forming matted patches on a woody knotted root-
stock, or loosely tufted, or more slender and widely spreading
from fibrous roots, stolons up to 18 in. long, filiform, distantly
leafy, sending up short branches; 1. 4-14 in., distichous, subu-
late, or acicular, crowded on the shorter branches, spreading
and recurved, convolute, rarely flat, narrowed from the base
to the acute tip, sheaths very short, equitant on the shorter
branches, smooth, glabrous, auricles obtuse, ciliate, ligule of
short fine hairs; panicle 1-2 in., very narrow, subspiciform,
ped. very slender, smooth, branches very short, erect, densely
panicled; spikelets ;4 in. long, shortly pedicelled, pale green
or white; glumes I and II ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
1-veined, I about one third shorter than ITI, II as long as III,
which is ovate, subacute, palea plicate along the median
line; stam. 3, anth. 4 shorter than the palea; grain broadly
oblong, laterally compressed, rounded at both ends, tipped
by the globose remains of the pericarp, quite smooth, yellow-
brown.
Near the sea; Northern, Central, and Southern Provinces, Kirinde,
. Kalpitya, Jaffna, and Manar districts (Trimen).
Plains of India, Pegu, Tonkin, Cambodia.
6. S. orientalis, Kunth, Enum. P/. i. 211 (1833).
S. humitfusus, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108 (non Kunth).
EIB. Ind. vii. 251.
Very variable in habit, stoloniferous; stolons stout or
slender, rooting at the nodes, and forming hard dense tufts
with short convolute leaves, and slender geniculately ascending
stems 4-8 in. high, or tall erect stems up to 18 in. high with
very long flexuous convolute |. up to 14 in. long, root-fibres
stout or slender, sometimes cylindric and tomentose with root-
hairs; 1. on the short stems I-3 in. long, tapering from the
base to the acute tip, on the tall stems, flat, } in. broad, or
convolute, coriaceous, smooth, or margins scaberulous, sheaths
short or long, mouth hardly auricled, ligule a delicate membrane,
ciliate with long hairs; spikelets 74 in. long; glume I one-
fourth to one-third of III, ovate, obtuse, hyaline, veinless; II
and III firmer in texture, nearly equal in length, 1-veined, II
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, III ovate-oblong, obtuse, palea,
inflexed along the median line; stam. 3, anth. linear, half as
long as the palea ; grain broadly oblong, laterally compressed,
tipped with the globose remains of the Berea, quite smooth,
yellow-brown. ‘
264 Gramuineé. [Calamagrostis,
North Central and North-western Provinces. Kalpitiya, and Islands
(Trimen). Sea-shore, Chilan (Ferguson).
Also in the Deccan.
The specimens are insufficient for a satisfactory description. The
grain is like that of S. fremulus.
7. S. coromandelianus, Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. 681 (1835).
Grim: Cat; CeylPlzos:
FI. B. Ind. vil. 14.
Annual, densely tufted; stems 3-6 in., copiously leafy at
the base, erect, spreading or ascending, lower internodes short;
1. 1-3 by $-g in., narrowed from the subcordate base to the
finely acuminate tip, margins setosely or subspinulosely ciliate
towards the base with deciduous hairs, lower sheaths short,
terete or compressed, upper long, smooth, mouth hardly
auricled, ligule a narrow membrane, fimbriate with rather
long fine hairs; panicle 1-14 in. long, ovate or pyramidal,
erect, rhachis filiform, smooth, branches capillary, in rather
distant whorls of 3-6, horizontally spreading, naked at the
base; sparingly shortly divided upwards, bearing short clusters
of few, minute, red-brown, subsessile, caducous spikelets 5 in.
long; glumes hyaline, I minute, orbicular, veins 0, II as long
as III, ovate-oblong, subacute, III oblong, obtuse, palea as
long as the glume, oblong, acute, splitting between the closely
approximate veins; stam. 2, anth. very short; grain broadly
oblong or oval, laterally compressed, rounded at both ends,
quite smooth, loosely enclosed in the rather fleshy reticulate
pericarp, pale yellow-brown.
Southern Province at Kirinde, and Jaffna district at Punakari (Trimen).
Plains of India, Affghanistan, N. and S. Africa.
Whole plant much larger, and panicle up to 6 in. long in Indian
specimens; and glume I variable in shape, often I-veined.
48. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adazns.
Erect, usually perennial grasses; |. narrow; spikelets in
contracted or effuse panicles, not articulate on their pedicels,
1-fld., rhachilla articulate at the base, not produced beyond
gl. III; glumes 3, I and II empty, acute, keeled, equal or
upper longer, III much shorter, hyaline, truncate, 3-veined,
dorsally awned, paleate, callus bearded, palea much shorter
than the glume, hyaline; stam. 3; styles short, free, stigmas
plumose; grain narrowly oblong, free within the glume.—
dy go (many no doubt synonyms); 12 in 77. B. Ind.
C. pilosula, Flook. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 263 (1896).
_ Agrostis pilosula, Trin. Agrost. ii. 372. A. Royleana, Trin. 1. c. 371:
Thw. Enum. 370. A. zeylanica, Klein ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 83.' Dey-
euxta Royleana, Trim, Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. (?) Cal, Hookertana, Steud,
Avena. Graminec. 265
l.c. 192. Lachnagrostis Hookeri and L. Hookeriana, Nees ex Steud. l. c
173, 192. C. P. 2394.
SPB: Ind). c.
A densely tufted grass, 1-3 ft. high, with fibrous roots;
stems slender, quite smooth ; |. 4-10 in., very narrow, acumi-
nate, glabrous, slightly scaberulous, sheaths smooth, ligule
erect, oblong, scarious, variable in length; panicle 4-6 in. long,
erect, effuse, ovate, lax-fld., rhachis and capillary spreading
branches smooth or faintly scaberulous, lower branches
whorled, upper opposite, Eee longer or shorter than the
spikelets, capillary; spikelets #4, in. long; glumes I and II,
subequal, ovate, acute, keeled, glabrous, midrib strong, veins o,
III 4 shorter than II, tip truncate, erose, ciliate with long
hairs, veins 4 and a very short median terminating in a geni-
culate awn a little above the base, callus hairs short, awn about
twice as long as the spikelet, palea half as long as its glume,
oblong.
Central Province, alt. 6000-8000 ft. Spikelets green or purplish.
Himalaya and Nilgiri Hills.
In FI]. B. Ind. I have selected Azlosul/a as the earliest name which
I could confidently accept for this plant. The Agrostis Royleana of
Trinius (C. Royleana, Stezd.) was founded on a plant with a ‘ bearded
continuation of the rhachilla, which would place it in Deyeuxia; and
Cal. Hookeriana, Steud., is described as having the palea as long as its
glume, which I have not found to be the case in any specimen of the
Ceylon plant, or in any Indian species of the genus.
49. AVENA, J.
Annual or perennial grasses; |. flat; spikelets panicled,
terete or laterally compressed, 2- or more-fld., not articulate
on their pedicels, rhachilla articulate at the base; glumes
dorsaily rounded, I and II empty, unequal, thin, persistent,
awnless, flg. glumes all bisexual or the uppermost male or
neuter, 5-9-veined, dorsally awned, awn geniculate, column
twisted, palea 2-keeled; lodicules 2; stam. 3; ov. hairy at the
tip, styles very short, stigmas penicillate with simple hairs ;
grain fusiform, furrowed.—Sp. over 150 (including 77risetum);
13 in FZ. B. Ind.
A. aspera, Munro ex Thw. Enum. Pl. Ceyl. 372.
Cr Py o16.
F]. B. Ind. vii. 277 (aspera, proper).
Perennial; stems tufted on a short rootstock, 2-4 ft. high,
slender, glabrous, except the sometimes puberulous nodes ;.
1, 6-10 by 7 72-6 in., flaccid, smooth or faintly scaberulous, base
obtuse, sheaths slender, smooth, upper very long, ligule short,
membranous, lacerate:;. panicle 4-8 in. long, inclined, con-:
266 Graminec. [Eriachne.
tracted, subsecund, quite smooth, branches rather distant,
erect, solitary, filiform, few-fld.; spikelets $-% in. long, sub-
erect, oblong, 4—5-fld., upper fl. often imperfect, green, pedicels
Jong or short, capillary, callus short and rhachilla bearded ;
glumes I and II unequal, glabrous, I lanceolate, acuminate,
i—3-veined, II much longer, narrowly oblong, acute, 3-5-
veined, aristulate, fig. glumes narrowly oblong, scaberulous,
about 4 Lin. long, strongly many-veined, tip 2-fid, lobes subu-
late, subaristulate, awn dorsal from about the middle of the
glume, and as long to twice as long as the glume, rarely
longer, column slightly twisted, palea narrow, keels shortly
pectinately ciliate, tip 2-toothed; lodicules cuneately quadrate,
truncate, retuse; grain free within the glume, linear-oblong,
pubescent, top villous. |
Montane region. Nuwara Eliya, Horton Plains, &c. Spikelets pale
Sarasa and Nilgiri Mts.
In seme Indian specimens the leaves are broader, with the sheaths
hairy, the panicles up to 16 in. long, and the glumes smooth or pubescent.
I have not seen ripe grain in the Ceylon specimens; it is sulcate in
Indian.
50. BRIACHNE, 357. :
Slender, erect, tufted, usually perennial grasses, roots
fibrous; 1. very narrow, margins convolute; spikelets panicled,
laterally compressed, 2-fld. (fl. both perfect), not articulate on
the pedicels, rhachilla o; glumes 4, I and II empty, charta-
ceous, lanceolate, many-veined, persistent, bases distant, III
and IV equal and similar, narrowly lanceolate, coriaceous,
villous, ending above (in the Ceylon species) in a long rigid
awn, and below in a long villous acute callus, which is arti-
culate at base of glume II, palea as long as glume, like it
coriaceous and villous, margins strongly incurved ending in.
two rigid diverging awns; lodicules very minute, oblong,
truncate, emarginate; stam. 3, anth. minute, didymous; ov.
narrow, styles short, bases distant, stigmas penicillate, of.
simple hairs; grain linear, narrowed to the acute base, plano-
convex with a keel on the flattened face, firmly enclosed in
the thickened glume and palea.—Sp. 20; 2 in F/. B. Ind.
&. triseta, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 237 (1854). Pini tuttiri, S.
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. Aristida biflora, Moon, Cat. 9. MACS Cl zclinse
seylanica, Thw. Enum. 372, 444. C. P. 3247.
_ FL. B. Ind. vii. 269.
Perennial ; stems erect, 14-2 ft. high, from a hard ao
seek with long stout simple wiry flexuous roots, simple ori
Zenkeria.] Graminee. 267
branched at the very base, rigid, smooth, internodes long,
nodes glabrous; |. shorter than the stem, erect, filiform, quite’
smooth, sheath of lower short, of upper long, terete, smooth,
coriaceous, mouth not auricled, ligule very short with long
hairs; panicle 2-4 in., erect, quite smooth, rhachis filiform,
branches few, distant, subsecund, solitary or the lower 2-3-:
nate, 1-2 in. long, bearing few long- or shortly pedicelled
spikelets towards the tips only; spikelets erect, with the awns
I in. long, narrow; glumes I and II lanceolate, with long
acuminate membranous points, and broad membranous mar-
gins, many-veined, upper longest, as long as the flg. glumes,
rhachilla 0 except the glabrous stout elongation of the pedicel
of the spikelet between the insertions of the empty glumes;
III and IV quite equal and similar, or awn of III longest,
narrowly oblong-lanceolate, about 4 in. long exclusive of the
awns, narrowed at the tips into awns 4-4 in. long, margins
involute, closely embracing the linear palea, which branches
at the top into 2 rigid diverging awns half the length of the
awn of the glume or more, margins of palea involute, closely
embracing the long red-brown grain.
Colombo; in Cinnamon Gardens, abundant. Spikelets green or
purplish.
Also in Tenasserim.
51. ZBENKRERIA, 7777.
Tall, glabrous, perennial grasses; stems tufted, bases
clothed with the fibrous remains of old sheaths; |. long,
narrow; spikelets small, in effuse panicles with capillary.
branches, laterally compressed, 2-fld. (both fl. perfect), not
articulate on the pedicels, rhachilla very short, bearded, not
produced above the uppermost glume; glumes 4, rather
unequal-sided, I and II subequal or upper longer, persistent,
III and IV equal and similar, chartaceous, bearded with long
hairs below the middle, terete, veins many, callus o, palea
shorter than the glumes, oblong, truncate, keels ciliate with
long hairs; lodicules ovate, denticulate; stam. 3, anth. linear;
styles short, free at the base, stigmas short, penicillate, hairs
simple; grain (immature) narrowly oblong, base acute.—Sp.
the following.
Glumes obtuse or subacute . : : : . I. Z. OBTUSIFLORA.
Glumes acute or acuminate . ; : . 2. Z, ELEGANS.
1. Z. obtusifiora, Benth. in ee Linn. Soc. xix. 93 (1881).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. Amphidonax obtusifiora, Thw. Enum. 370.
C. P. 3470.
(Fl. B. Ind: vii. 270.
268 Graminee. [Celachne.
Stems 3-4 ft. or more, as thick as a goose-quill below,
terete, solid, smooth, striate, nodes small, naked, internodes’
long, sheathed; 1. 2 ft. by #-1 in., ensiform or narrowly ob-
lanceolate, narrowed from far above the middle to the
acuminate tip and below into a long, slender, stiff petiole,
coriaceous, quite smooth on both surfaces, midrib vanishing:
upwards, margins nearly smooth; sheath long, terete, smooth,
polished, coriaceous, mouth not auricled, ligule a brush of
short hairs; panicle 6-8 in. long and broad, quite smooth,
erect, branches capillary, much and loosely divided, spread-
ing; spikelets about ,'5 in. long and broad; glume I broadly
obliquely ovate, mid-vein strong, lateral. 2-3, very short, faint,
II one-third longer, ovate, acute, 6-veined, III and IV broadly:
ovate-oblong, obtuse, 5—7-veined.
Western Province, at no great elevation. Ratnapura (Zwaz/es).
Endemic.
Thwaites’s specimens, gathered in 1855, are the only ones known, and.
they do not show the lower part of the stem.
2. Z. elegans, 7rin. in Linnea, xi. 150 (1837).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. Amphidonax Heynit, Nees; Thw. Enum. ,
Sys (Cs 125 ONG.
Ib 159 Ibavel, Wail, B76, - “Abate Ib ee ks
Stems 2-3 ft., densely tufted, very slender, as thick as a
crow-quill at the base, and there clothed with soft, matted,
brown fibres, internodes very long, upper filiform, sheathed,
nodes naked; |. very variable, shorter or longer than the stem,.
from narrowly linear with involute margins to } in. broad
above the middle, flat, tapering above into an acuminate
pungent tip, below into a long very slender stiff channelled
petiole, coriaceous, quite smooth on both surfaces and on the -
margins, midrib indistinct, upper sheaths very long, slender,
smooth, mouth not auricled, ligule a very short brush of hairs;
panicle 5-8 in. long, erect, quite smooth, ovate, lax-fld., rhachis.
filiform, branches alt., capillary, up to 3 in. long; spikelets
4-§ in. long and broad, usually rather longer than their
pedicels; glumes I and II ovate-lanceolate, acute or acu-—
minate, midrib ending in a dorsal mucro, I 3-veined, II longest,
5-veined, III and IV lanceolate, acuminate, about 7-veined, °
villous with long hairs below the middle; grain narrowly:
clavate, base acute. «;
_ Central and Southern Provinces, up to 4000 ft. elevation. Hantane,
Reigam Korale, Wallekelle. .
Also in S. India and Burma.
52. CELACHNE, 27. 4
Very slender, flaccid, leafy, glabrous, marsh grasses; stem
Celachne.) Graminee. 269
erect, ascending, or creeping below; |. linear-lanceolate, flat
or convolute and filiform; spikelets very small, in small
panicles or interrupted spiciform racemes, 2-fld., not articulate
on the pedicels, lower fl. perfect, upper fem., rachilla not
articulate at the base, elongate and slender between the fig.
glumes, not produced beyond the upper; glumes 4, I and II
membranous, orbicular or broadly oblong, empty, persistent,
faintly veined, II largest, III and IV fig., persistent on the
rhachilla, thinly coriaceous, veins faint or o, III cymbiform,
dorsally rounded, margins strongly incurved, palea of the
same texture, ovate, keel or veins 0 or very obscure, margins
strongly incurved below, IV much smaller, flat or concave,
keels of palea hispidly ciliate; lodicules 2, very minute; stam.
2 or 3, styles short, free, stigmas densely penicillate; grains
fusiform or oblong, nearly terete, free within the glumes.—
Sp. 2 or 3; regarded as vars. of one in FZ. B. [nd.
A very anomalous genus, perhaps allied to /sachne, to which a species
was referred by Wight, but differing in the very persistent empty glumes,
in the elongated rhachilla between the flg. glumes, and in the lower
flower alone being always perfect. The species are very variable. After
a re-examination of the Ceylon specimens of C. pulchella and perpusilla
in the Peradeniya Herbarium, I find I was wrong in regarding these as
varieties of one.
Spikelets in interrupted spiciform panicles : tee PUGH Pp EAT
Spikelets in open panicles. : : d : 0 24. G. PERPUSIEEA
1. ©. pulchella, 2r. Prodr. 187 (1810).
Var. simpliciuscula, 7/7. B. /nd. vii. 271 (1896). C. szmple-
ciuscula, Munro in Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 626 (in note). C. pulchella,
Thw. Enum. 273. C. brachiata, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. J/sachne
simpliciuscula, Wight and Arn. in Wight, Cat. n. 2044. C. P. $34.
Stems 8-12 in., erect; 1.4-1 by }-1 in, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, flat, closely striate, above most minutely scaberu-
lous, veinless, beneath glabrous, 5—7-veined, margins smooth,
sheath glabrous, mouth not auricled, ligule a fringe of fine
hairs; panicle 2-4 in., strict, erect, spiciform, 2—4 in. long, of
subglobose clusters of sessile spikelets 4 in. long or less,
rarely the clusters are formed on very short lateral branchlets,
rhachis of spike rather stout, quite smooth; spikelets globosely
ovoid, about ;; in. long, rarely very shortly pedicelled, straw-
col’d., shining, rhachilla about half as long as the lower flg.
glume; empty glumes about half as long as the lower fig.
glume, orbicular, tips rounded, lower very membranous, upper
less so, veins 3 or more, lower flg. glume shortly stipitate,
globosely ovoid, obtuse, sometimes puberulous towards the
270 Gramineae. [Oropetium.
base, callus naked, palea ovate, margins incurved, keels 0 or
very obscure, glabrous; anth. minute, shortly oblong, upper
fl. glume oval, flat, glabrous or pubescent and ciliate, palea
as large as the glume, keels strongly ciliate; grain of both fig.
glumes very minute, fusiform, acute at both ends, pale yellow-
brown.
Marshes in the Central Province, alt. 5000-8000 ft. Spikelets yellow-
green.
Java, Tonkin, China, Madagascar.
The type (Australian) form of this plant is smaller, with very slender
decumbent stems, an almost capillary sparingly branched panicle, and
long-pedicelled spikelets, quite like those of the Ceylon variety.
2. ©. perpusilla, 7iw. Enum. 373 (1864).
C. pulchella, vars. gracillima and Gardner2, F\. B. Ind. vil. 271. C. P.
130 (in part).
Stems 6-18 in., erect, densely tufted; 1. 4-1 by 75-3 in.,
narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, closely striate,
glabrous or puberulous above, veins o or obscure, sheaths.
membranous, hardly auricled, ligule a fringe of fine hairs;
panicle ovate, branches few, filiform, smooth, spreading, bear-
ing few sessile and pedicelled spikelets; spikelets ~)—-7 in.
long, ovate, coloured; empty glumes orbicular-ovate, I
1—5-veined, II 1-9-veined, III and IV ovate-lanceolate, III
glabrous or puberulous, callus naked or bearded, palea oblong,,
faintly 2-veined, anth. half as long as the glume, linear, 1V
concave, dorsally rounded, margins ciliate below, callus.
densely bearded, palea linear, keels ciliate; grain oblong, dark
red-brown, much larger than in C. pulchella.
Var. muscosa, Hook. f, C. pulchella, var. perpusilla, F1. B. Ind.
vil. 271. JLsachne perpusilla, Wight and Arn. in Wight, Cat. n. 2043.
C. P. 130 (in part).
Stems 3-4 in., densely compacted; 1. 4-3 in., filiform, con-
volute, mostly recurved; panicle depauperate, rhachis and
branches capillary, flexuous; spikelets very few, sessile or
pedicelled, coloured.
Marshes, alt. 5000-7000 ft. Var. muscosa, foot of Adam’s Peak
(Gardner), Havamitrya Patana (Trimen). Spikelets pale green or
purplish.
The name Zerpusilla was adopted by Thwaites from Wight, who:
applied it to the dwarf state of the plant (var. mwscosa), which he
referred to /sachne. It is unfortunately misapplied to what is really,
in its typical state, much the largest species of the genus, attaining
18 inches in height.
53. OROPETIUM, 7727.
A dwarf, very densely tufted, erect annual; 1. short, fili-
form; spikelets very minute, 1-fld., semi-immersed in the
Oropetium.] Graminee. 278
alternating cavities of the rhachis of an inarticulate tetragonal
spike, sessile, not articulate on the rhachis, rhachilla articulate
at the base, not produced beyond the fig. glume; glumes 3,
I very minute, orbicular, hyaline, inserted at the base of the
cavity of the spike, its sides partly embracing the base of II,
which is much longer than the fig. glume, erect, herbaceous,
linear, persistent (having the insertion and appearance of the
lowest or outermost glume); fig. glume concealed by glume
II, which closes the cavity in which the flg. glume is immersed,
sessile, oval, hyaline, 1-veined, tip scaberulous, callus very
short, bearded with long silky hairs, palea as long as the
glume, keels close together, slender, smooth; lodicules very
minute, obliquely cuneiform; stam. 3, anth. oblong; styles
short, bases distant, stigmas plumose, laterally exserted ;
grain obovoid, terete, smooth, brown, free in the glume, tip
bimucronate, embryo subbasal, small.Monotypic.
The relative insertions and positions of glumes I and II are as
explained under Lepfurus, but in Oropetium the sides of I embrace the
sides of the base of II. I follow Dr. Stapf (in FI. Capens.) in referring
the genus to Chloridee rather than to Hordeacee, where all other
authors have placed it.
QO. Thomeum,* 771m. Fund. Agrost.98 (1820).
5 Thw. Enum. 363. ottboellia Thom@ea, Koen.; Moon, Cat.9. C. P.
yh
: Hie Beinds vii.'366: Trin. Jc: t. 3.. Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. t. 133 (Rott
boellia).
Whole plant 2-3 in. high, forming hard tufts with capillary
root-fibres; 1. shorter or longer than the stem, erect or curved,
filiform, acute, coriaceous, striate, sparsely ciliate with long
hairs, sheath compressed, membranous, auricles small, bearded
with long hairs, ligule an erect rather long lacerate mem-
brane; spikes longer or shorter than the 1, 1-14 in. long,
erect, straight or slightly curved, about 4, in. diam., internodes
about ,/5 in. long; glume II longer than the internode, linear,
obtuse, recurved.
Northern, N. Central, and Uva Provinces. Mannar, Anuradhapura,
Bintenna tank (Gardner). On old walls (Ferguson).
Plains of India, Burma.
Moon gives Colombo as a habitat for this plant, as to which Ferguson
remarks, ‘I think he must have confounded it with Stenxofaphrum or
some other plant.’
* The name derived from that of the town, St. Thomé (St. Thomas
Mount), near Madras, where the plant was first found.
27D Graminee. [ Tripogon.
54. BENTEROPOGON, JVees.
saralll, perennial grasses ; stem slender, erect, leafy; spikelets
o-fid., narrow, biseriate, secund, imbricate on a solitary, very
long, slender, curved rhachis, not articulate at the base,
rhachilla elongate between the flg. glumes, and produced
beyond them, bearing a very imperfect awned neuter glume;
glumes I and II narrow, membranous, hyaline, persistent,
1-veined, I much the shortest, II notched at the awned tip,
III and IV fig., chartaceous, narrowly lanceolate, bicuspidate,
3-veined, awned below the tip, awn capillary, straight, callus
bearded, articulate at the base, III bisexual or fem., IV male;
palea narrow, bicuspidate; lodicules 2; anth. long, narrow;
styles short, diverging from the base, stigmas short, laterally
exserted; grain narrow, free within the glume and palea.—
SO: 3B Ole AS Ah ay A Ve, JE IGL
E. melicoides, /Vees zn Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. Ed. ii. 449 (1836).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Ctenzum seychellense, Baker, F1. Maurit. 452.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 284.
Stems 1-3 ft., erect, tufted on a short woody rootstock with
stout root-fibres, as thick as a crow-quill, subsimple, smooth,
shining, internodes long; 1. nearly as long as the stem, ¢—+ in.
broad, flat, narrowed into capillary tips, scaberulous on both
surfaces and on the margins, midrib rather broad, pale, veins
4, very slender, sheaths long, ribbed, smooth, mouth auricled,
auricles and ligule villous with very long hairs; spike 6-10 by
% in. broad across the spikelets, rhachis quite smooth, dorsally
rounded; spikelets about 4in. long, erecto-patent; glumes
I and II lanceolate, keels smooth, I aristulate, II twice as
long, linear, awn short, III and IV equal and similar, very
narrow, about 4 in. long, strict, rigid, scaberulous all over,
veins strong, awn 7-5 in., palea as long as the glume, keels
and back most minutely scaberulous; grain not seen.
Southern Province. Kirinde (Trimen).
Southern India and Burma, Seychelle Islds.
55. TRIPOGON, foth.
Densely tufted grasses, stem erect, leafy chiefly at the
base; |. very narrow, rigid, flat or convolute, spikelets few or
many-fld. biseriate, secund, sessile on a slender, solitary,
terminal rhachis, not articulate at the base, rhachilla pro-
duced between all the glumes, but not beyond them, slender,
articulate at the base; glumes few or many, I and II unequal,
Cynodon.| Gramined. 2713
membranous, I-veined, I deeply lobed on one side only, II
longer, notched at the tip with a short awn in the sinus, fig.
glumes 5-8, all but the uppermost perfect, terete, 3-cleft,
3-veined, side lobes awned, mid lobe entire or 2-cleft, awned in
the sinus, awns all straight, callus short, bearded, palea
narrow, complicate, truncate, keels ciliate; lodicules cuneate;
stam. 3, anth. large, linear-oblong ; styles distant at the base,
stigmas short, plumose; grain narrow, free in the glumes.—
Sewizs 10 in 7.5. Jad.
T. bromoides, oth, Nov. Sf. 49 (1821).
T. zeylanicus, Nees ex Wight Cat. n. 2360; Thw. Enum. 374.
T. festucotdes, Jaub. and Sp. Ill. Fl, Orient. iv. 49. C. P. 281.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 287. Jaub. and $p. lc. t. 333.
Perennial; stem 6-12 in., very slender, erect, naked above,
thickened at the base, and with the bases of the 1. clothed
with matted brown fibres; 1. very many, much shorter than
the stem, erect, filiform, finely acuminate, quite smooth,
glabrous or hairy, sheaths very short, mouth not auricled,
ligule a narrow ridge, ciliate with long hairs; spikes 3-5 in.
long by 4-4 in. across the spikelets, erect, rhachis slender,
smooth; spikelets 3%, in. long, distichously spreading, sub-
imbricate or the lower distant, few- or many-fid., rhachilla
elabrous; glume I cuspidate, narrow on one side of the mid-
vein, very broad on the other side below the middle, and
totally wanting above it (appearing as if the upper half of that
side of the glumes was torn away), II oblong-lanceolate, tip
entire or acutely bifid, with a short awn in the sinus, fig.
glumes narrowly oblong, 4-fid, 3-awned, or 3-lobed, with the
lateral lobes a little divergent truncate and awned, the mid
lobe acutely bifid, with erect lobules and an interposed
longer awn, awns all shorter than the glumes, callus villous
with white hairs, keels of narrow palea silkily ciliate.
Elevated parts of the Central Province. Spikes greenish-brown.
Malabar Ghats.
A very variable plant in the Nilgiri and other hills, where the leaves
are often as long as the stem, the flg. glumes more deeply cleft, and the
awns sometimes as long as the glumes. The above description is from
Ceylon specimens only.
56. CYNODON, ers.
Perennial, glabrous, creeping grasses; |. narrow, flat;
spikelets minute, 1-fld., sessile, unilateral, biseriate, and im-
bricate, in slender, strict, digitate spikes, not articulate at
the base, laterally compressed; glumes 3, awnless, I and II
PART V. T
274 Gramunee. [Chloris.
empty, ovate, stoutly i-veined, persistent, or separately
deciduous, III articulate at the base by a minute glabrous
callus, 4-ovate, laterally compressed, subacute, smooth, veins 3,
a median and two marginal, keel obtuse and tip scabrid or
ciliate, margins incurved, ciliate above, palea nearly as long
as the glume, linear-oblong, obtuse, keels 2, approximate,
nearly smooth; lodicules 2, very minute; anth. short; styles
short, bases close together, stigmas laterally exserted, short,
plumose; grain free in the glume, fusiform.—Sp. 4; 1 in
Hs. AHO.
C. Dactylon, Pers. Syn. i. 85 (1805). Arugam-pillu, 7.
Thw. Enum. 371. C. P. 312
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 288. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 26. Rheede, Hort. Mal.
Bah ALY
Stem slender, prostrate, widely creeping, forming matted
tufts, with slender Sree oe ascending flowering branches
3-12 in. high; |. 1-3 by =5-4 in., narrowly linear or lanceolate,
acuminate, soft, smooth, sheath of lower short, of upper long,
ligule of a few hairs; spikes 2-5, radiating fom the top of
a very slender ped., 14-2 in. long, rhachis compressed and
angled, scaberulous; spikelets 7-7; in. long and as broad.
Warmer parts of the Island, common. Spikes pale green.
All warm countries.
Widely known as Bermuda and Doob grass. A most useful tropical
fodder, makes excellent hay, and sometimes a near approach to a
sward.
57. CHLORIS, Sw.
Annual or perennial grasses; stems erect or decumbent
below; 1. flat or sides complicate; spikelets 1-fld., sessile or
subsessile, secund, biseriate, imbricate in slender whorled
digitate spikes, not articulate at the base, rhachilla produced
much beyond the solitary fle. glume, terminated by one or
more very small, imperfect, epaleate neuter glumes; glumes 3,
I and II empty, membranous, I-veined, persistent, III fig.
broad or narrow, awned, concave, 3-veined, lateral veins near
the margins, callus short, bearded, articulate at the base,
palea narrow, 2-veined; lodicules 2, minute; stam. 3, anth.
small; styles free, stigmas laterally exserted; grain linear-
oblong, concavo-convex.—Sp. about 40; 11 in #7. 5. Jnd.
Spikes 4-9 in. . : ; : ; : ; . I. C. INCOMPLETA.
Spikes I-3 in. :
Spikelets 3-awned . : ‘: ; é : 22. Ca RARBAmAY
Spikelets 4-awned . : é ; : 4 - 3. C. MONTANA.
Chloris. | Gramineée. 275
1. ©. incompleta, Roth, Nov. Sp. 60 (1821).
C. digitata, Steud. Syn. Gram. p. 207. Thw. Enum. 371. C. P. 939.
F]. B. Ind. vii. 290. Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. India, t.65 (C. Roxburghiz).
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., erect from a short rootstock,
‘slender or rather stout, sirocth, ending in a very long, slender,
naked ped.; ]. 6-12 by 4-4 in, narrowed into very long points,
flat, nearly or quite oe above, beneath and margins
scaberulous, base contracted, sheaths long, smooth, lower
open, mouth auricled, ligule 0, or of a few hairs; spikes 4-6,
whorled, 4-9 in. long 2) ey slender, flexuous, rhachis filiform,
scabrid; spikelets about 4 4 in. long , imbricating, eVect; closely
appressed, rhachilla capillary, as long as the fig. clume or
longer, scaberulous, slightly swoilen about the middle; glumes
I and II very unequal, midrib very stout, keels smooth, I very
small, ovate, acuminate, II as long as III, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, narrowed into a short, erect awn, III oblong, smooth,
3-veined, tip acute or 2- toothed, awned, awn 4—4 in. ; capillary,
palea as long as the glume, acuminate, keels eee smooth ;
grain nearly as long as the glume, linear- oblong, compressed,
concavo-convex, ease nega
Hot drier parts of the Island. Spikelets green or coloured.
Plains of India, Burma, Andaman Islds., China.
2. ©. barbata, Sw. F/. Ind. Occ. 1.200(1797). Mayura tana, S.
Thw. Enum. 371. Moon, Cat. 72. C. P. 954.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 292. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. t.8. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic.
t. 306. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xu. t. 51.
Perennial; stems tufted, with strong root-fibres, rather
stout, 2-3 ft., ascending from a geniculate base, branching
upwards, leafy, quite smooth, lower internodes 2-3 in., as
thick as a crow-quill, shining, upper very long, slender, nodes
often bearing equitant tufts of 1.; 1. 6-18 in., flat or complicate,
narrowly linear, finely acuminate, nearly smooth, base con-
tracted, sheaths smooth, lower open, upper closed, ligule
obscure; spikes about 12, sessile, crowded in a truncate
fascicle, rhachis very slender, flexuous, minutely scaberulous,
base tomentose; spikelets densely imbricate, about 75 in. long
exclusive of the awns, rhachilla rather stout, shorter “a the
fle. glume, bearing two small, turgid, obcordate, awned, im-
perfect glumes; giumes I and II unequal, acuminate, III +; in.
long, nearly orbicular, margins above the middle hirsutely
bearded, as is a small dorsal area on each side of the midrib,
awn 4-4 in., rufous.
Common, especially near the sea, in the hotter parts of the Island.
Spikes rufous.
All tropical countries.
A very variable grass. Continental Indian specimens have often
276 Graminee. [Eleusine.
much larger spikelets. Ferguson describes it as being remarkable for
its long-awned spikes, which come out in tufts of 12-20, and move with
the least wind.
3. ©. montana, fox. Hort. Beng. 82 (1814), Fl. Ind. i. 329.
C. decora, Thw. Enum. 371 (excl. syn. C. davbata). C. P. 958.
Var. decora, Trim. Cat. 109.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 292.
Annual (?); stems 6-18 in., densely tufted, with slender root-
fibres, erect or ascending from a geniculate base, leafy below,
simple or branching upwards, lower internodes short, upper
long, slender, naked or sheathed up to the spikes; 1. 3-6 in.,
lower short, complicate, keeled, upper longer, very narrow,
flat, smooth, lower sheaths short, open, upper closed, or upper-
most spathiform, mouth sometimes ciliate, ligule obscure ;.
spikes 2-6, connate at the base, erect, 1-24 in. long, rhachis
very slender, scaberulous and pilose, tomentose below,
rhachilla very slender, shorter than the flg. glume, bearing
3 small obcordate turgid long-awned imperfect glumes;
glume I ovate, acuminate, II much longer, linear-oblong, tip:
2-lobed, shortly awned, III 7> in. long, ovate-oblong tip
minutely 2-toothed, margins hirsutely ciliate, dorsally quite
glabrous, awn }-4 in., pale.
Var. glauca, Hook. /.
Stems 4-6 in., sheathed up to the spikes; 1. all very short,
complicate, keeled, keel sometimes winged, glaucous; spikes
2-1 in.
Hot drier parts of the Island,common. Var. glauca, Jaffna, abundant.
(Trimen). Spikelets pale straw-coloured.
India from the Gangetic Plain southwards.
A very variable grass in India.
58. ELEUSINE, Gaerin.
Annual or perennial grasses; |. various; spikelets small,
3-10-fld., sessile, inarticulate at the base, 2—8-seriate, secund
and closely imbricate on the under surface of alt., digitate, or
whorled, rarely capitate spikes, strongly laterally compressed,
rhachilla not or very shortly produced between the glumes,
but not beyond them; glumes 5-12, keel muticous, cuspidate
or shortly awned, I and II shorter than the flg., empty, per-
sistent, I 1-veined, II 1-7-veined, flg. glumes gibbously ovate,.
acute, obtuse or shortly awned, tip entire or 2-toothed,.
3-veined, callus 0, palea complicate, keels scabrid or ciliate;
lodicules 2, very minute; anth. short; styles short, free, stigmas
slender, laterally exserted; grain small, pericarp loose or
evanescent, seed rugose.—Sp. few; 4 in FZ. B. Lund.
Eleusine.) Graminee. 277
Spikelets pointing forwards, at an acute angle with the rhachis of the
spike.
Spikes 1-5 in. long, whorled or racemose.
Glumes I and II with entire tips . : ji.) INDICA:
Gismes: I and II with notched tips. : ez VERTICILEATA.
Spikes }1+ in., capitate. . 3. E. BREVIFOLIA.
Spikelets erect, at right angles to the rhachis of
the spike ; : F : : ; . 4. E. ZGYPTIACA.
1. E. indica, Gaertn. Fruct.i. 8 Oe) Wal-mal-kunakan, 5S.
Thw. Enum. 371. Moon, Cat.9. C. P. 937.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 293. Burm. FI. Zeyl. t. 47, f.1. Rheede, Hort. Mal.
xii. t. 69.
Annual; stems 1-2 ft., tufted, short, erect, slightly com-
Eoessec)) gielosolls roots of strong fibres; |. bifarious, as long
as the stem, 3-} in. broad, narrowly linear, flat, rather flaccid,
glabrous or sparsely hairy, margins nearly smooth, base not
contracted, sheath compressed, “mouth not auricled, ligule a
ridge of hairs; spikes 2-7, digitate with sometimes I or 2
detached, 2-5 in. long, suberect or slightly recurved, axils
glandular and hairy, rhachis slender, dorsally flattened,
smooth, margins minutely scaberulous, bearing 2- or
more -seriate spikelets from base to tip; spikelets very
variable in size, ~,-% in., 3-5-fld., sessile, pointing forward;
glumes rather membranous, I oblong-ovate, acute, keel
scabrid, II twice as large, acute or mucronate, keeled, with
I-7 green median veins, keel quite smooth, fle. glumes ovate,
obtuse acute or acuminate, keel hardly scaberulous upwards,
lateral veins very slender, keels of palea faintly scabrid;
grain oblong, obtusely trigonous, pericarp loose, hyaline, seed
tubercled in waved concentric ridges.
Common, especially on road-sides. Spikes pale green.
Tropics of Old World; introduced into the New.
The £. coracana, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 8, t.1; Trim. Cat. 109, the Sinhalese
* Kurrakan, whence the name coracana, is a very stout prolific form of
this, with the spikelets crowded in many series, and a globose rugose
seed. It is extensively cultivated for its grain in Ceylon (as in all parts
of India), up to 2500 ft., and is known as Marua in Bengal, Kaivarii or
Kelvaragu in Tamil, and ‘ Raggi’ in Madras.
Ferguson describes it as the most prolific of cultivated grasses. One
variety, Z. stricta, Roxb., giving the increase of 120-fold; another 500-
fold; whilst on two tufts, the produce of one seed, 56 stems grew; no
less than 8100-fold of grain was carefully calculated to have been the
produce of this plant. Two varieties are cultivated by the Sinhalese.
2. E. verticillata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 8, Fl. Ind. i. 346 (1832).
£. racemosa, Heyne in Roth, Nov. Sp. 80.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 295 (not then known from Ceylon). Duthie, Fodd.
Grass. N. Ind. t. 70.
Annual, glabrous; stems 1-3 ft., tufted, erect, slender,
278 Graminee. [Zleusine...
quite smooth, branching, leafy, branches erect, root-fibres.
wiry; ]. much shorter than the stem, erect, linear-lanceolate,,.
acuminate, up to 4} in. broad, flat, thin, flaccid, surfaces and
margins nearly quite smooth, base rounded, sheaths mostly
shorter than the internodes, slender, smooth, auricles at
mouth small, ligule a ridge of short hairs; spikes few,,
1-24 in., scattered towards the top of a slender peduncle,,
solitary, opposite or terminal and digitate, rhachis very
slender, trigonous, angles minutely scaberulous, bearing 2
rows of sessile, imbricating spikelets from base to tip; spike-
lets ovate or oblong, §-4 in. long, pale green, 6—12-fld.;
glumes membranous, spreading, I and II 1-veined, keels
smooth, tips toothed, I oblong-ovate, cuspidate, II larger,
ovate, awn half as long as the glume, flg. glumes sessile on
a very short glabrous rhachilla, ovate-oblong, }-% in. long,
tip entire or notched, veins slender, median ending in a short.
straight awn, palea shorter than the glume, keels faintly
scabrid ; grain very small, oblong, pericarp evanescent, seed!
rugose.
Uva Province; Ella Pass (Trimen). Spikes green.
Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.
A common plant in the plains of India. It is remarkable that but one
habitat for it should have hitherto been found in Ceylon.
. 3. B. brevifolia, 47. 27 Wall. Cat. n. 3815 (1828).
Eragrostis brevifolia, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xiv. 51 in nota. Trim.
Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Dactylis brevifolia, Koen.; Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 341.
GEN 3250:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 295 (not given from Ceylon). Trin. Fund. Agrost. t. 12:
(£luropus levis).
Annual, glabrous; stems many, spreading from the root
and ascending from a decumbent base, 3-7 in. high, simple
and slender, or sometimes more robust and proliferously
branched, leafy, internodes except the terminal short, root-
fibres capillary; 1. short, $—-2 in., rarely longer, $-j in. broad,
linear, acute, flat, smooth or scaberulous, base rounded or
subcordate; sheaths compressed, mouth hardly auricled,.
ligule a short, hyaline, ciliate membrane; spikes many,
¢-4 in. long, sessile in a dense globose head 4-3 in. diam.,
rarely reduced to two; spikelets 2-seriate, sessile, }-¢ in.
long, ovate or oblong, 4-10-fld.; glumes I and II mem-
branous, glabrous, ovate-oblong, acuminate, shortly awned,.
I 1-veined, keel scabrid, II larger, 3-7-veined, keel smooth,
fig. glumes ovate, acute, cuspidate, veins densely villously
bearded below the middle, palea oblong, truncate, villously
ciliate; seed very small, from broadly oblong or nearly
orbicular to ovate or ovate-cordate, concavo-convex, trans-
Eleusine.] Graminee. 279
versely rugose, red-brown, pericarp hyaline, more or less
persistent.
Northern Province (Moon); near Mantai (Trimen). Southern Pro-
vinee; near Bundala, and Tissa-maha-rama Tank (Trimen). Spikes
green. ;
Sandy shores of Coromandel and the Carnatic.
A single specimen in Herb. Peraden., collected by Moon, bears the
number C. P. 3250, which is omitted in the ‘Index of C. P. numbers’
appended to Thwaites’s Enumeratio, as it is in the body of the work.
It has been referred to seven genera, and received fifteen names. It
resembles, in inflorescence, /uropus villosus.
4. B. egyptiaca, Desf. F/. Atlant. i. 85 (1798).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Dactyloctentum egyptiacum, Willd. Enum.
Hort. Berol. 1029; Thw. Enum. 371. C. P. 941.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 295. Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. t. 35. Rheede,
Hort. Mal. xii. t. 69.
Annual, very variable in habit; stems many, spreading
from the crown, decumbent and rooting below, then ascend-
ing and either slender, subsimple, and 12-18 in. high, or
very short, stout, copiously di-, trichotomously branched,
the branches often prostrate, short, divaricate, leafy, roots
capillary ; |. in tall stems 4—6 in., narrowly linear, acuminate,
flaccid, flat, smooth, in short robust specimens 4-1 in,,
subulate-lanceolate, rigid, glabrous or ciliate towards the
rounded, subcordate, or simple base, margins nearly smooth,
sheaths compressed, long in slender states, very short and
often inflated in short-leaved states, upper sometimes spathi-
form, ligule obscure; ped. long and slender to very short
and stout, sometimes shorter than the upper 1.; spikes 2-5,
digitately radiating from the top of the ped., under 4-1 in.
long, 4-4 in. diam. across the spikelets, rhachis narrow,
trigonous or dorsally flattened, rigid, smooth or puberulous,
sometimes excurrent in a pungent mucro; spikelets innumer-
able, 3—4-fld., many-seriate, ;'9-s in. long and broad, densely
crowded at right angles to the rhachis, 3—4-fld., very strongly
compressed, rigid, base bearded, rhachilla hardly any; glumes
divaricate, I and II i1-veined, I oblong, cymbiform, acute
or obtuse, II broadly oblong, turgidly cymbiform, deeply
2-lobed, awned between the lobes, awn as long as the glume
or shorter, rigid, fle. glumes gibbously ovoid, tip notched with
a pungent often recurved mucro, keel smooth or minutely
scabrid, side -veins 0, palea shorter than the glume, ovate-
oblong, obtuse or 2-toothed, keels scabrid or hispidulous ;
anth. minute ; styles short ; seed orbicular, tubercled, retain-
ing the hyaline pericarp when ripe.
Common in the warmer parts of the Island. Spikes green or coloured.
280 Graminee. [Dichetaria.
Warm regions of the Old World; introduced into the New.
A very common weed, varying greatly with the nature of the soil.
59. *DINEBRA, /acg.
An annual leafy grass; 1. flat; spikelets 2-3-fld., biseriate
secund and imbricating in short spikes which are biseriate
and articulate on the spiciform branches of a pyramidal
racemiform panicle, strongly laterally compressed, rhachilla
slender, articulate at the base and between the fig. glumes ;
glumes 4-5, uppermost often neuter, I and II subequal,
lanceolate, narrowed into slender awns, hyaline, keeled,
empty, persistent, flg. glumes much smaller than the empty,
membranous, ovate-oval, obtuse, keeled, mid-vein slender,
lateral veins very short, near the margins or 0, keel ciliate
with very fine hairs, callus 0, palea shorter than the glume,
linear-oblong, obtuse, keels delicately ciliolate; lodicules 2,
minute; stam. 3, anth. minute, didymous; styles free, short,
stigmas exserted at the top of the glume, shortly penicillate;
grain narrowly ovoid, obscurely trigonous.—Monotypic.
*D. arabica, /Jacg. lragm. 77 (1809).
Trim. Cat. 109. leusine calycina, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 346.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 296. Beauv. Agrost. t. 16.
Stems 1-3 ft., tufted, stout or slender, erect or geniculately
ascending, leafy throughout, nodes glabrous; 1. 3-8 by 4—{in.,
linear, finely acuminate, flaccid, glabrous or sparsely hairy
above, base rounded, contracted at the insertion, sheaths thin,
loose, mouth not auricled, ligule a narrow lacerate membrane;
panicle 4-12 in. long, erect, branches }—24 in. long, alt. or
whorled, slender, strict, spreading or deflexed; spikes of
spikelets very many, 3-3 in. long, rhachis dorsally flattened,
ventrally trigonous, with an acute central ridge, which is
hollowed opposite each spikelet, margins green, scaberulous ;
spikelets alternate, sessile, g-¥ in. long, with the awns closely
appressed to the rhachis, ine somewhat sunk in its hollow ;
awns of the empty glumes slightly recurved, minutely
scaberulous, flg. glumes 75 in. long, white; grain pale
yellow-brown, surface rather rough, embryo narrowly oblong.
Near Colombo, common, but introduced (Ferguson). Panicle pale
green.
All India, Afghanistan, and westward to Senegal.
This common Indian plant is sure to spread widely in Seyler It
may be an overlooked native.
60. DICHZETARIA, Séeud.
A tall, glabrous, slender, perennial grass; 1. long, narrow,
Leptochloa.) Graminee. 281
flat; spikelets 1-fld., distantly scattered along the very long
filiform rhachis and short branches of a contracted panicle,
very narrow, terete, not articulate on the short pedicels,
thachilla filiform, produced much beyond the fig. glume as
a filiform awn bearing a minute glume below the middle;
glumes 3, I and II equal or unequal, lanceolate, acuminate,
3-veined, empty, separately deciduous, II subaristate, fig.
glume much longer than the empty, very narrow, 3-veined,
bifid with a long recurved awn in the sinus, callus elongate,
bearded, palea as long as the glume, very narrow, finely
acuminate, 2-veined, tip quite entire or minutely 2-toothed,
veins approximate; lodicules cuneiform, fleshy; anth. very
long, slender; styles short, meeting at the base, stigmas long,
laterally exserted, penicillate with short simple hairs; grain
very narrow.—Monotypic.
D. Wightii, Wees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 145 (1854).
Gymnopogon rigidus, Thw. Enum. 372, 444. C. P. 914.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 300.
Stems 2-3 ft., erect from a hard creeping rootstock, smooth ;
1. chiefly radical, as long as the stem, {—} in. broad, smooth,
finely acuminate, base narrowed, margins scaberulous, midrib
faint, upper sheaths very long, auricles pubescent, ligule a
minute membrane; panicle 12-18 in. long, quite glabrous,
spiciform in the upper part, rhachis rather stout, terete,
branches few, distant, erect, with few, sessile, erect spikelets,
lower 2-4 in. long; spikelets with the rigid recurved awns
14-14 in. long, green; glumes all rigid, I and II contracted
at the base, quite smooth except the scaberulous keel of I,
which is usually much the shortest, fig. glume about 4 in.
long, minutely scaberulous, veins strong, lateral ending in the
teeth of the glume, awn scaberulous below, rigid, palea as
long as the glume, quite smooth except the very minutely
scabrid strong veins.
Dry region, in the Southern and Western Provinces. Spikelets green.
Southern India.
61. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv.
Tall, usually very slender, annual grasses; |. flat or involute;
spikes very small or minute, 1-8-fid., alternate, secund in two
series on the spiciform very slender branches of a simple
panicle, sessile or pedicelled, not articulate at the base,
thachilla produced between the fig. glumes but not beyond
282 Gramineae. [Leptochloa.
the upper, articulate at the base; glumes membranous, I and
II oblong or lanceolate, 1-veined, keeled, II longest, fig.
glumes 1-6, all perfect or upper neuter, ovate, subacute or
obtuse, 3-veined, not awned, veins often ciliate, lateral sub-
marginal, palea nearly as long as the glume, 2-keeled;
lodicules 2, cuneate; stam. 2-3; styles free to the base,
stigmas short, plumose, laterally exserted; grain loose or
cohering with the palea, oblong-fusiform, compressed or
trigonous, pericarp loose or adnate to the seed.—Sp. uncer-
tain; 5 in FZ, B. Ind.
Spikelets 1-fld.
Empty glumes linear-lanceolate . ; : 2 ie enUINTEORAG
Empty glumes oblong. : , : : 2a POLY S RACH VN.
Spikelets 2-6-fld.
Spikelets 2-3-fld. . : : : : . . 3. L. FILIFORMIS.
Spikelets 4-6-fld. . , 5 ; ‘ : SAS I CEUNEINSIS:
1. &. uniflora, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 409 (1847-51).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Cynodon gracilis, Nees; Thw. Enum. 371.
C. P. 2948.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 297. (?) Burm. FI. Ind. t. xi. f. 1 (Poa chinensis).
Stem 1-2 ft., very slender, simple or branched, ascending,
often geniculately, from a shortly decumbent base, lower inter-
nodes short, upper long; 1. 1-3 by 4-3 in., oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, membranous, flaccid, translucent, smooth on both
surfaces, midrib and 2-3 pairs of veins very slender, base
very narrow, margins scaberulous, sheaths smooth, mouth not
auricled, ligule short, membranous; panicle 6-8 in., rhachis
nliform, smooth, branches 2-3 in., rather distant, spreading,
capillary, flexuous; spikelets 1-fld., rather distant, 35-75 in. long,
sessile; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, subaristately acu-
minate, keel scaberulous flg. glume shorter than the empty,
hyaline, vate, acute, lateral veins marginal, margin and keel
and keels of palea ciliate with long hairs; anth. 2, large,
oblong; grain fusiform, obtusely trigonous, acute, rugulose,
as long as the palea and adherent to it.
Drier parts of the Island; common. F'1. all seasons.
Also in Tinnevelly, Afr. Trop.
This differs from its congeners in the long narrow empty glumes.
2. L. polystachya, Senth. //. Austral. vii. 617 (1878).
L. Neesiz, Benth.; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Cynodon Neesiz, Thw.-
Enum 971-9 Gb. 3740.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 298.
Stem 2-3 ft., rather stout, erect from a short creeping
rootstock with stout root-fibres, nodes glabrous or sparsely
bearded, internodes polished; 1. 12-18 by 4-% in., narrowly
Leptochloa.| Graminee. 283
linear, acuminate, flat or complicate, coriaceous, smooth on
both surfaces and margins, sheaths smooth, keeled, mouth
not auricled, ligule short, membranous, lacerate; panicle
6-10 in., contracted, rhachis filiform, smooth; spikes 3-1} in.,
very slender, internodes of rhachis short, appearing pectinate
from the spreading glumes of the imbricating spikelets;
spikelets 1-fld., so-7's in., subsessile; glumes I and II oblong,
acute, keels scabrid, flg. glume as long as II, ovate, acute,
hyaline, nearly orbicular when spread out, base bearded,
lateral veins marginal, and keels of oblong palea ciliate with
long flexuous hairs; anth. small; grain oblong, concavo-
convex, rugulose, red-brown, pericarp closely adnate to the
seed.
Hot parts of the Island, Trincomalie and Batul Oya (Glenie), Dam-
bulla (Thwaites), Tissa-maha-rama Tank (Trimen). Spikelets red-brown,
The Carnatic, Australia.
3. L. filiformis, Beauv. Agrost. 71 (1812).
hw. Enum. 371. C. P. 3245.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 298. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. t. iv. (E/euszne). Duthie,
Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. t. 71 (Eragrostis chinensis).
Stems many, I-2 ft., very slender, geniculately ascending
from the capillary root-fibres, leafy; 1. 4-6 by 3-4 in., narrowed
from the middle to the finely acuminate tip and to the rounded
base, flat, thin, flaccid, scaberulous on both surfaces and on
the margins, midrib and veins very slender, sheaths smooth,
mouth shortly auricled, ligule a hyaline membrane fringed
with long hairs; panicle 4-6 in., rhachis filiform, flexuous,
smooth; spikes many, 14-2 in., capillary; spikelets loosely
imbricate, 4-7; in. long, 2—3-fld., subsessile or shortly pedi-
celled, rhachilla produced between the fig. glumes, very
slender; glumes I and II shorter than the flg., oblong, mucro-
nate, keels scaberulous, flg. glumes oval, mucronulate at the
obscurely truncate tip, veins naked or ciliate, lateral rather
far from the margins, palea oblong, obtuse, keels ciliate; anth.
minute; grain broadly oblong, dorsally compressed and
obscurely keeled, rugulose, red-brown.
Colombo, formerly in the garden of the Govt. offices, but has dis-
appeared (Ferguson). Spikelets green.
Tropical Asia, Africa, and America.
A plant so common in India as to suggest its having been overlooked
in Ceylon.
4. G. chinensis, (Vees zn Syll. Ratisb. i. 4 (1824).
Thw. Enum. 371. Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 3748.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 299. Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. t. 71.
Stem 2-4 ft., erect or gen’culately ascending from a short
creeping rootstock, with .tout root-fibres, stout or slender,
284 Graminee. [Gracilea.
leafy, internodes rather soft; 1. 6-18 by §-% in., narrowly
linear, finely acuminate, flat or convolute, rather coriaceous,
surfaces and margins nearly smooth, base not contracted,
sheaths long, smooth, lower often broad, open, spathiform,
mouth hardly auricled, ligule a hyaline membrane fringed
with long hairs; panicle 6-18 in., rather contracted, rhachis
flexuous, scaberulous; spikes 2—5 in., capillary, rather crowded,
flexuous; spikelets ;4-% in. (if smaller, imperfect), 4—-8-fld.,
shortly pedicelled, rhachilla produced between the fig. glumes;
glumes I and II oblong, obtuse or apiculate, I much the
smallest, flg. glumes ovate-oblong, obtuse, apiculate, lateral
veins submarginal, and keels of broadly oblong palea
silkily ciliate; anth. very small; grain oblong, concavo-
convex or obtusely trigonous, ventral face concave, rugulose,
red-brown.
Atakalam Korale and Doombera (Thwaites), Uma-oya (Trimen).
Tropical Asia, Australia.
62. GRACILEA, Koz.
Small, tufted grasses; |. short; spikelets 2-fld., collected in
turbinate fascicles, which are secund sessile and articulate on
a slender spike, not articulate at the base, callus o, rhachilla
produced far beyond the upper glume, filiform, scaberulous;
glumes 4, I and II much the longest, empty, elongate-subulate,
rigid, collateral at the base and laterally attached to the base
of the spikelet, persistent, III bisexual, chartaceous, ovate-
oblong, cymbiform, shortly awned, 3-veined, palea as long as
the glume, bicuspidate, keels scaberulous ; lodicules minute,
cuneiform, truncate, anth. large, IV like III but much
smaller, bicuspidate, male, anth. small; styles slender, free at
the base, stigmas slender, laterally exserted, hairs short,
simple; grain linear-oblong, free within the glumes.—Sp. 2;
both in FY. B. [nd.
A very curious genus of two species, the other a native of the Panjab,
mC.
G. nutans, Ken. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schrift. iv. 218 (1803).
Melanocenchris Rothiana, Nees.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 283. Jaub. and Sp. Ill. Pl. Orient. iv. t. 326 (Jel,
Perrottetiz).
Perennial ; stem stout below, shortly creeping, with stout
fibrous roots, then ascending, 4-12 in. long, stout and leafy
below, very slender and naked above; 1. 4-1 by $4 in,
narrowed from the rounded base to the obtuse tip, coriaceous,
striate, margins ciliate below the middle with tubercle-based
Pommereulla.] Graminee. 285
hairs, striate, glaucous, midrib obscure, naked or sparsely
ciliate, sheaths shorter than the blade, coriaceous, open above,
white, ligule a ridge of hairs; spike 1-2 in., of 4-10 distant
sessile obconic fascicles of 4-6 spikes, rhachis of spike
flexuous, smooth, fascicles spreading or drooping, $- in. long,
thachis of fascicles ending in 3 subulate empty glumes;
spikelets closely appressed ; glumes I and II empty, about
zo in. long, rigidly coriaceous, gradually narrowed from a
villous base into an erect scabrid pungent awn, II with broad
hyaline margins towards the base, III articulate at the naked
base, about 75 in. long, scaberulous above the middle, tip
entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base of the short, strict,
scabrid awn, IV not articulate on the short, stout, smooth,
glabrous rhachilla, about half as large as III, more scaberulous,
terminated by 2 strong teeth and a short awn, slender pro-
longation of the rhachilla rather thickened upwards, as long
as the glumes or longer.
Mannar district, on the dry mud of tidal flats (Trimen). Spikelets
pale green.
Mysore and the Carnatic.
63. POMMEREULLA, Linz.
A dwarf stoloniferous grass; stems short, erect or ascending,
clothed to the base with equitant |. sheaths; |. linear; infl. a
terminal simple or forked flattened rhachis, bearing at the
apex a turbinate fascicle of biseriate, sessile, strongly dorsally
compressed, cuneiform, 2—3-fld. spikelets, which are inarticulate
at the base; glumes many, I and II narrow, membranous,
I 1-veined, II 3-veined, III-VII or VIII coriaceous, spirally
inserted by a 4 amplexicaul base round a stout rhachilla
that terminates downwards in a long, subulate, villous callus
with a pungent articulate base, III and IV empty, epaleate,
embracing the upper, flabelliform, 3-lobed to the middle,
dorsally shortly awned, side lobes broadly ovate, spreading
and recurved, mid lobe smaller, entire or bifid, V and VI
more like II and III, but with the mid lobe hooded, bisexual
and paleate, the uppermost imperfect, palea membranous,
ovate, acuminate, keels slender, ciliolate; lodicules 2, cunet-
form; stam. 2~3, anth. minute, short; ov. obcordate, styles
short, bases distant, stigmas very short, laterally exserted;
grain loose in the glume and palea, broadly oblong, biconvex
or concavo-convex, pericarp loose, hyaline, hilum punctiform,
embryo orbicular.—Monotypic.
286 Graminee. [Phragmites.
Pe. Cornucopize, Linn. f. Nov. Gram. 31 (1779).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 30. Roxb. Pl. Corom. t. 131.
Stolons several inches long, as thick as a crow-quill, stiff,
polished, rooting at the nodes; stems 2-6 in., stout, internodes
much shorter than the sheaths; 1. 1-3 by 7;-3 in., truly linear,
erect or recurved, tip rounded, striate, coriaceous, veins ob-
scure, base complicate, margins smooth glabrous or ciliolate,
sheaths equitant, short, strongly compressed, margins hyaline,
mouth not auricled, ligule a pubescent ridge; spikes usually
half sunk in the uppermost spathiform 1|.-sheath, ped. 1-3 in.
long, rhachis narrow, dorsally compressed, margins smooth
or scaberulous; spikelets about 4 in. long; glumes I| and II
glistening, I linear or very narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
II one-third longer, acuminate or aristulate, rhachilla half as
long as the glumes, which are firmly attached to it, silkily
villous, awn about twice as long as the glume, uppermost flg.
glumes with narrow lateral lobes, or reduced to a fg. or neuter
mid lobe; grain red-brown.
Mannar district, between Vedatativu and Mantai (Trimen). Spikes
green.
Also in Mysore and the Carnatic.
One of the most curious of Indian grasses, of doubtful affinity. All
the glumes in the spikelet are sometimes neuter. The glumes are so
firmly attached to the rhachilla as to require force to remove them; the
latter, disarticulating by its pointed base, carries away with it all the
glumes except the persistent I and II.
64. PHRAGMITES, 777.
Tall, perennial, gregarious grasses, with creeping, stolo-
niferous rootstocks; stems stout, hollow, leafy upwards; lL.
long ; infl. a decompound panicle; spikelets 2- or more-fid.,
pedicelled, not articulate at the base, laterally compressed,
fan-shaped when expanded, rhachilla elongate between all
the glumes, disarticulating above glume III, and between the
fle. glumes, penicillate with very long silky hairs, articulate
at the base; glumes all membranous, very narrow, shining,
I and II empty, distant at the base, very unequal, oblong-
lanceolate, persistent, I 1-veined, II 3-veined, III much
longer, narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined, male or
neuter, persistent, IV and following glumes bisexual or
uppermost imperfect, subulate-lanceolate, finely acuminate,
hyaline, 3-veined, disarticulating with the rhachilla, palea
much shorter than its glume, very narrow, 2-keeled; lodi-
cules 2, obliquely cuneate; stam. 1-3, anth. very large;
Llytrophorus.| Graminee. 287
styles very short, free, stigmas short, densely penicillate,
exserted at the sides of the spikelet; grain terete——Sp. (?);
mom HL. b. Ind.
P. Karka, 77in. ex Steud. Nom. Ed. II. ii. 324 (1841). Nala=-
gas, S.
P. Roxburghit, Steud.; Thw. Enum. 370. C. P. 304.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 304 (not given for Ceylon).
Stems 8-12 ft. high, smooth, simple or branched, covered
with the l.-sheaths; 1. close together, bifarious, sword- shaped,
finely acuminate, up to 14 in. broad, coriaceous, quite smooth,
veins indistinct, base contracted, margins smooth, sheath
coriaceous, mouth not auricled, ligule 0; panicle 1-2 ft.,
erect, oblong, branches widely spreading, alt., filiform ; pedicels
capillary, quite smooth; spikelets when fully expanded about
4 in. broad across the glumes; glume II 4 in. long, twice as
long as I, flg. glumes about 4 in. long, gradually tapering
from the base to the apex, palea ,'5 in. long, keels smooth;
_anth. linear-oblong; ov. minute.
Banks of canals and streams; common. Spikelets greyish-green.
Trop. and Subtrop. Asia, Africa, and America.
Ferguson describes the rootstock as 75 ft. long in the Bolgoda lake.
Pipes are made of the stems, of which, when split open, the Durma mats
of Bengal are made.
65. ELYTROPHORUS, Leauv.
An annual, erect, glabrous grass; |. very narrow, flat; inf.
of globose clusters of most minute sessile spikelets, crowded
together in long cylindric continuous or interrupted catkin-
like spikes, or rarely on the short spike-like branches of a very
contracted raceme; spikelets short (many imperfect, or
reduced to empty glumes), strongly laterally compressed,
not articulate at the base, 4-6-fld., rhachilla very short,
articulate at the base and between the flg. glumes, but not
beyond the upper; glumes I and II subequal, lanceolate,
aristately acuminate, empty, hyaline, 1-veined, glabrous. or
ciliate, keeled, fig. glumes rather larger, ovate, long-awned,
strongly 3-veined, margins .ciliate, uppermost neuter, palea
shorter than the glume, very broad, truncately 3-lobed, lobes
ciliate, keels distant, winged, smooth; lodicules 2, obliquely
oblong; stam. 1-3, anth. minute; styles free, long, stigmatic
_ hairs very short; grain minute, Aicioum or narrowly oblong,
_ free, pericarp (pase at both ends——Monotypic.
288 Graminec. [Myriostachya-
E. articulatus, Beauv. A grost. 64 (1812).
Thw. Enum. 374. C. P. 935.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 306. Beauv. lc. t. 14, f. 2. Duthie, Fodd. Grass.
N.W. Ind. t. 72.
Stem 6—30in., erect from the densely fibrous root, as thick
as a crow-quill or less; |]. longer or shorter than the stem,
75-1 in. broad, smooth, flaccid, base narrow, sheaths membra-
nous, loose, mouth not auricled, ligule 0; infl. 6-12 in. long,
often longer than the rest of the plant, rhachis strict, balls of
spikelets 4-1 in. diam., soft, encircling the rhachis; spikelets.
broader than long, }-% in. across the awns.
Warmer parts of the Island; common, especially in paddy fields.
Infl. pale green or white.
Trop. Asia, Africa, and Australia.
66. MYRIOSTACHYA, Hook. 7
A tall, very stout, perennial, glabrous, marsh grass; root-
stock thick, spongy, giving off vermiform roots clothed with
branching capillary root-fibres; stem erect, simple or sparingly
branched; |. chiefly radical, very long, linear, flat, coriaceous,
smooth, basal sheaths compressed, equitant; spikelets innu-
merable, strongly laterally compressed, 6—20-fld., distichously
racemed on the short, crowded, filiform branches of a long,.
narrow, erect, thyrsiform panicle with a stout rhachis, shortly
pedicelled, not articulate on the pedicels which are articulate
on the branches, rhachilla very stout, shortly produced
between the fig. glumes but not beyond the uppermost.
(neuter) glume; glumes all coriaceous and persistent, I and
II empty, subequal, 1-veined, lanceolate, tapering into rigid
awns, fle. glumes quite glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined,.
narrowed into a short, very stout, scabrid awn, keel smooth,
callus very short, palea chartaceous, as long as the glume,
acuminate, 2-toothed, keels ciliate; lodicules very minute,
truncate; stam. 3, anth. linear-oblong; ov. globose, styles
short, distant at the base, stigmas long, penicillate, laterally
exserted ; grain obliquely ovoid, subterete, embryo large.—
Monotypic.
M. Wightiana, ook. f. in Fl. B. Ind. vii. 327 (1896).
Eragrostis Wightiana, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xiv. 62. Trim. in
Journ. Bot. 1889, 171.
FI. B. Ind. Ic. Benth. lec. t. 1381.
Rootstock short, densely covered with roots; stem with
the l.-sheaths as thick as the thumb at the base, and as a
LEragrostis.\ Gramineg. 2 89
swan’s quill without the sheath, internodes long, shining,
slightly compressed, nearly solid; 1. 4-6 ft. by $-}in., lower
third narrowed into a complicate petiole, upper flat, glaucous
beneath, narrowed into a filiform tip, midrib stout below,
evanescent above the middle, margins faintly scaberulous
towards the tip, sheaths very long, compressed, polished,
mouth not auricled, ligule 0; panicle 1-2 ft. by 14-24 in.
broad, rhachis quite smooth, branches 1-14 in. long in
approximate fascicles or whorls, filiform, bearing spikelets to
the base; spikelets up to 4 in. long, $—20-fld., ovate or oblong,
shining, pedicels scabrid, base acute at the insertion, rhachilla
glabrous; limb of glumes I and II shorter than their awns,
flz. glumes about 4in., many neuter or with imperfect f1.,
lateral veins slender, median very stout.
- Kottiar, near Trincomalie, in brackish water (Trimen). Spikes golden
Town.
Sunderbunds of Bengal], Tenasserim, Penang.
The spikelets are longer and with more numerous flowers in the
Penang and Ceylon specimens than in the Bengal, and are hence refer-
able to var. dongispicula, H. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 328.
67. BRAGROSTIS, Aosi.
Annual or perennial, usually slender, glabrous grasses ;
stem erect or ascending; |. narrow; spikelets many-fld. in
open or contracted panicles, rarely spicate on a simple
terminal rhachis, not articulate at the base, strongly laterally
compressed, ovate oblong or linear, rhachilla produced and
articulate or not between the glumes, but not beyond the
terminal one; glumes many, closely distichously imbricate,
thin, dorsally rounded or keeled, awn o, I and II much
shorter than the spikelet, empty, I rarely 3-veined, separately
deciduous, fig. glumes 3-veined, lateral veins not reaching
the mid-vein, callus 0, palea deciduous with the glume or
persistent on the rachilla, keels smooth, scabrid or ciliate;
lodicules 2, very minute or 0; stam. I-3, anth. short or long ;
styles free, stigmas penicillate, laterally exserted; grain very
minute, free in the glume and palea—Sp. about 100; 31 in
£1. B. Ind.
The Indian species of Zvagrostis were worked up by Dr. Stapf for
the Flora of British India. The synonymy of most of them is extremely
intricate, and very difficult, often impossible, to determine satisfactorily.
In revising the Ceylon species with the Peradeniya Herbarium, I have
adopted a few rectifications in the nomenclature adopted in that Flora,
as pointed out to me by Dr. Stapf, who has been so good as to revise
PART V. U
‘2900 Graminee. [Zragrostis.
the descriptions and synonyms of £. gangetica (elegantula, F1. B. Ind.),
E. stenophylla, and E. elongata. Also he has re-examined the forms or
species of the spicate group (Plagiostachya), of which the specimens
are so mixed in the Peradeniya and Kew Herbaria, that until more
materials are procured they cannot be satisfactorily distinguished and
described.
Spikelets panicled.
Rhachilla of spikelets articulate, breaking up
from above downwards (Cavaclastos).
Grain ovoid, stam. 3 : : : . I. E. TENELLA.
Grain obovoid, stam. . E. INTERRUPTA.
Rhachilla of spikelets ee aaneree elumes
falling away from below upwards
(Plerossa).
Glume II 1-veined.
Spikelets ovate, 4-j in. broad. . 3. E. AMABILIS.
Spikelets linear or linear-oblong, z4—+
in. broad.
Ligule very minutely ciliate.
Spikelets mostly shortly pedicelled.
y L. glaucous, spikelets $-% in.,
grain oblong : 4. E. GANGETICA.
L. not glaucous, grain globose
or nee
Spikelets 3 08 in. : . 5. E. STENOPHYLLA.
Spikelets 4 ig ieee. ; . 6. E. ELONGATA.
Spikelets lone pedicelied:
Spikelets +4 10 = broad 2 eK. NIGRA.
Spikelets 3-3) in. broad . O12 PILOSA.
Ligule ciliate with rong hairs g. E. WILLDENOVIANA.
Glume II 3-veined . Io. E. MAJOR.
Spikelets distichously spicate on a 1 long ter-
minal rhachis (Plagzostachya).
Spikelets rather turgid, pale, 1. setaceous . 11. E. COROMANDELIANA.
Spikelets strongly compressed.
L. short, rigid, spikelets olive-green . 12. E. SECUNDA.
L. long, spikelets straw-col’d. . : . 13. E. WALKERI.
I. EB. tenella, Roem. and Sch. Syst. ii. 576 (1817), excl. var. B.
Herm. Mus. 25. Burm. Thes. 105. Fl. Zeyl. n. 46. Poa éenella,
Linn. Sp. Pl. 69. P. amadzlzis, Linn. Syst. Pl. p. 68.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 315. Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. t. 107. Burm. Thes.
Ze altOnty AZ t03.
A very slender annual, with matted root-fibres, and
geniculately ascending stems 6-18 in. high, internodes and
nodes sometimes glandular and especially of the panicle;
l. I-3 in., spreading, narrowly linear-lanceolate, rarely 4 in.
broad, glabrous or margins scaberulous, sheaths glabrous,
mduth bearded with long spreading hairs, ligule a. ciliate
ridge; panicle effuse or contracted and sometimes interrupted,
branches short or long, erect or spreading, axils pene lee
with white hairs or naked, lower whorled; spikelets 44
long by 7; in. broad or less, not strongly compressed, 3-16-fid.,
Eragrostis. Graminee. 291
rhachilla articulate, glabrous, disarticulating from above
downwards; glumes about 3/5 in. long, orbicular-ovate, very
obtuse, membranous, deciduous, mid-vein percurrent (not
excurrent), lateral veins marginal, 4 34-3 as long as the glume,
keels of palea more or less pectinately ciliate, cilia longer or
shorter than the palea is broad ; stam. 3, anth. minute ; “grain
ovoid, > in. long.
A very variable plant. The following forms are more or less dis-
tinguishable amongst the specimens in Herb. Peraden.
Var. 1, tenella proper.
Very slender, eglandular, panicle narrow, branches suberect ; spikelets
few-fid., long-pedicelled, erect, very minute, 7;—/; in. long; palea shortly
and irregularly ciliate.-—C. P. 926 (in part). Exactly resembles Bur-
mann’s, FI. Zeyl. t. 47, f. 3, which is Linnzeus’s authority for Poa amabilis.
Ca Peo:
Var. 2, plumosa, S/affin Fi. B. Ind. vii. 315.
Stem tall and panicle eglandular, panicle 6-8 in., open, branches
capillary, spreading, flexuous, lower up to 3 in.; spikelets 3-9-fld., pedicels
long or short; glumes epunctulate, palea pectinately ciliate with long
hairs.—£. plumosa, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 192. Thw. Enum. 373.
Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 64, tt. 38, 77. Poa plumosa, Retz. Obs. iv.
20. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 337. C. P. 926 (in part).
Var. 3, contracta, /ZZ. jl.
Panicle narrower, ovate-oblong, 3-5 by 1-13 in., rhachis stouter, axils
of branches naked; spikelets longer, more crowded, shortly pedicelled;
fig. glumes punctulate. C. P. 926 (in part).
Var. 4, riparia, S/af/, |.c.
Stem and panicle eglandular, panicle short, :-3 by 4-3 in., very
narrow, subcylindric, branches very short, erect, smooth, axils glabrous ;
spikelets crowded; empty glumes very unequal, T one-third shorter than
II, flg. glumes ‘epunctulate. —E. riparia, Willd.; Steud. Syn. Gram. 265.
E. plumosa, var. maritima, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. ‘t09. C2 P. 927,928.
Var. 5, viscosa, S/aff, |. c.
Stem above and rhachis of panicle more or less viscid at the nodes,
panicle ovoid-oblong, 2-3 by 3-1 in., branches spreading, axils glabrous;
spikelets shortly pedicelled, 5—12-fid.; glumes epunctulate.—Z. vzscosa,
Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. i. 397 (1831). Poa viscosa, Retz.;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 336.
Var. 6, densiflora, Hook. f.
Perennial (?); stem above and rhachis of panicle more or less viscid
at the nodes, panicle 4-3 in., oblong, branches very short, covered with
imbricating 10-16-fld. spikelets ; glumes epunctulate, lateral veins distant
from the margin, keels of palea shortly ciliate.
Common throughout the Island, especially vars. 1 and 2. Var. 3,
Rama-peram (Gardner) ; Manaar district (Trimen) Var. 4, Caltura
(Macrae), Jaffna district (Trimen). Var. 5, Mantai, Jaffna, growing
with Sporobolus orientalis.
A widely spread species in Tropical Asia, Var. 3 from the Panjab
' to Malacca. Var. 4, Lower Bengal and southward. Var. 5, Gangetic
Plain and southward, Burma.
292 Graminee. [Eragrostis
Trop. and S. Africa.
The synonymy of this plant is very complicated. I hav
Dr. Stapf’s determination of the Mamevit Heald bear, Ree a a a
searching investigation of the descriptions of the older authors. The
type of the Linnzean Poa tenella is in Plukenet’s Herbarium (Almagest
176, t. 300, f. 2), of which Dr. Stapf and I have examined the specimens
in the British Museum. It is not the commonest Ceylon form. The
full synonymy of the species (with upwards of 20 names) is given in the
Flora of British India.
2, E. interrupta, Beauv. Agrost. 71 (1812).
£. nutans, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram.; Thw. Enum. 373.
Fl. B. Ind. iii. 316. Kunth, Revis. Gram. 11. t. 188 (Poa).
Perennial ; stems tall, up to 3 ft. high, stout, as thick as a
small goose-quill, or slender; 1. up to Io by §% in. in tall
specimens, very narrow in shorter, flat, sheaths coriaceous, not
auricled, ligule a fringe of short hairs; panicle very various,
up to 12 in. long, branches few or many, alt. or subwhorled,
suberect, long or short, rhachis smooth or scaberulous;
spikelets minute, erect, so-zp in., 3-13-fld., green or colourless,
rachilla articulate between the flg. glumes, glabrous, dis-
articulating from above downward; glumes hyaline, keels
smooth, I and II subequal, ovate-oblong, obtuse, I-veined,
fig. glume a5 in., ovate-oblong, obtuse or tip rounded,
mid-vein very slender, lateral submarginal, palea linear-oblong,
keels smooth or minutely scaberulous; stam. 2, anth. small
% 5 - 3 5)
linear-oblong ; grain very minute, obovoid, yellow- or red-
brown, shining.
Var. diplachnoides, Staffzn F7. B. Ind. iii. 316.
Stem tall, stout, branched ; panicle effuse or contracted, branches
solitary, opposite or 3-nate, 2-5 in. long, ultimate not divaricate ; spikelets
6-12-fid.; fig. glumes rarely sy in. £&. diplachnoides, Steud. Syn. Gram.
268. C. P. 3259, 933 (in part). ;
Var. Koenigii, S7a7j/, |.c.
Stem tall, stout or slender; panicle long, narrow, with short dense
seudo-whorls; spikelets shortly pedicelled, 6- or more-fld. £. Kenzgzz
Link, Hort. Berol. ii. 294 in syn. are,
Var. tenuissima, Szafj,1.c. £. cenuisstma, Schrad. ex Nees, FI.
Afr. Aust. 409, 410. i
Stem 3-8 in., very slender; 1. almost filiform, convolute; panicle strict
erect, of 6-10 very dense fascicles of branches 3-1 in. long placed at the
subequal intervals on a slender rhachis ; spikelets densely crowded, about
6-fid., glume I veinless. ,
Hot drier parts of the Island; common. Var. Kenzgiz, N. Pullam.
Var. diplachnoides Tissa-maha-rama Tank, Abukala Korale, Konegalla
near ee (?) (Gardner). Var. zenudss¢ma, Punakari, Jaffna district
(Trimen).
Trop. and subtrop. Asia and Africa.
The three varieties described above pass directly into one
Eragrostis.| Graminee. 293
another, and, though more or less distinguishable in a large assortment
of Indian specimens, are hardly so in Ceylon. Var. zenuzsszma looks
very distinct, but intermediates occur in Continental India and else-
where. ‘A tall grass, 3-5 ft. high, with beautiful feathery drooping
panicles and purple flowers, growing in large quantities in a clayey
soil’ (Ferguson).
3. BE. amabilis, Wight and Arn. ex Hook. and Arn. Bot. Beech.
Voy. 251, excl. syn. (non Linn.).
E. unioloides, Nees; Thw. Enum. 373. Poa amabvilis, Moon, Cat. 8
(non Linn.). C. P. 930.
Fl. B. Ind. iii. 317. Lamk. Illustr. i. t. 45. f. 2 (Poa rubens).
Annual, glabrous; stem 6-18 in., tufted, slender, erect or
geniculately ascending, leafy chiefly at the base, internodes
long ; |. 3-6 by 75-4 in., narrowed from the broad subcordate
base to the acute tip, quite smooth, rather flaccid, margins
smooth, veins obscure, sheaths smooth, mouth narrower than
the blade, not auricled, glabrous or sparsely hairy, ligule 0 or
of minute hairs; panicle oblong or ovoid, 2-4 in. long, rather
sparingly branched, rhachis and filiform branches quite
smooth ; spikelets +-} in., very shortly pedicelled, ovate to
ovate-oblong, strongly compressed, 20—50-fld., green or red-
purple, rhachilla tough, internodes very short, nodes bearing
the torn bases of the paleas; empty glumes broadly ovate,
cuspidately acuminate, I-veined, fly. glumes about 75 in.,
orbicular-ovate, keels and tips dorsally scaberulous, strongly
punctulate as if scaberulous, lateral veins equidistait from
the margins and median, produced far up towards the latter,
palea broad, rather shorter than the glume and deciduous with
it, keels scabridly ciliate; stam. 3, anth. minute, yellow; grain
shortly oblong obovoid or oval, laterally compressed, about
zo in. long, orange-brown, smooth.
Abundant throughout the warmer regions of the Island.
Trop. and subtrop. Asia.
Ferguson describes this as having two kinds of panicles: one narrow,
compact; the other large, open, spreading, with beautiful flowers of a
whitish-purple tinge, but sometimes white.
4. E. gangetica, Steud. Syn. Gram. 266 (1854). Bla-kooru-
tana, 5S.
£. Browniz, Nees; Thw. Enum. 373. £. elegantula, Stapf in FI. B.
Ind. vii. 318 (non Nees). £. orien‘alzs, Thw.|.c. partim. Poa glaucoides,
Moon, Cat.9. Poa gangetica, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 340. C.P.925 partim, 931.
Fl. B. Ind. 1. c. (elegantulz).
Perennial; stems 2-4 ft., stout, smooth, shining, densely
tufted, simple or branched, erect from a mass of stout root-
fibres, base in large specimens clothed with shining membra-
nous oid |.-sheaths; |. 6-10 in., very narrow, almost filiform,
convolute, rigid, quite smooth, glaucous, glabrous, base
294 Graminec. [Eragrostis.
narrowed, sheaths coriaceous, smooth, mouth hardly auricled,
glabrous or bearded, ligule a ridge of very minute hairs;
panicle 3-6 in., inclined, ovate or oblong, rhachis slender,
quite smooth, ’ branches long, solitary, suberect, filiform,
flexuous, scaberulous, naked below; splselos ale but rather
crowded, mostly shortly pedicelled, 4 4-1 by 7-75 im, ovate-
oblong, grey-green, 30—40-fld., rachilla stout, tough, g elabrous,
internodes very short; glumes closely punctulate, I and IT
ovate-oblong, subacute, I-veined, II one-third longer than I,
flg. glumes broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, subacute, palea
obovate-oblong, truncate, deciduous, keels scaberulous ; stam.
3, anth. almost half as long as the palea, yellow; grain oblong,
about 5 in. long, striolate, yellow-brown.
Very abundant throughout the Island; on dry sand, also in water
(Ferguson).
Throughout India, S. Africa.
The above description is taken from the Herb. Peraden. specimens of
Thwaites, C. P. 931 (Z. Brownz), with which Gardner’s specimens cited
in Fl. B. Ind. (£. elegantula) agree. In that work, C. P. 931 is referred
to £. elongata, and £. zeylanica to E. elegans. These three species,
E. gangetica, stenophylla, and elegantula, are very closely allied, some
specimens of each are with difficulty distinguished in the dried state, and
their synonymy is almost hopelessly entangled. The name elegantula
was proposed by Kunth for Roxburgh’s Poa elegans, which that author
describes as a very elegant delicate grass, with $-12-fld. purplish spikelets,
and globular grains. These characters are foreign to the plant here
described, which is a tall, stiff, wiry grass, easily recognised, according to
Ferguson, by its glaucous metallic hue.
5. &. stenophylla, Hochst. ex Mig. Analect. Bot. Ind. 11. 27 (1851).
E. orientalis, Nees; Thw. Enum. 373 (partim). C. P. 925 (partim), 932
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 318. Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. t. 74 (£. elegantula).
Perennial; stems densely tufted, 12-18 in., slender or rather
stout, erect or geniculately ascending, simple or branched,
upper internodes very long; |. 3-5 in., very narrow, strict,
rather stiff, complicate or convolute, rarely flat, smooth, quite
glabrous, not glaucous, sheaths smooth, auricles glabrous or
bearded, ligule of most minute hairs; panicle suberect or
nodding, 3-8 in. long, effuse or contracted, rhachis very
slender, smooth, branches long, subsolitary, rather distant,
capillary, smooth, naked below, meen dividied upwards, axils
glabrous, eglandular; spikelets ~)-} by s5-; in., ovate to
linear-oblong, 10-30-fld., pale olive- S5ieea. longer or shorter
than their capillary pedicels, rhachilla slender, tough, flexuous;
glumes membranous, punctulate, I and II ovate, subacute,
I-veined, II one half longer than I, flg. glumes broadly ovate,
subacute, keels smooth, palea linear-oblong, caducous with the
glumes, keels ciliolate; stam. 3, anth. about one-third the.
Eragrostis.) Gramineae. 295
length of the glume, orange-yellow; grain globose 4-7, in.
diam., smooth, not striolate, hilum large.
Central Province; not uncommon (Thwaites). Jaffna (Gardner,
‘Trimen). Common in dry sandy soils in cinnamon gardens (Ferguson).
Trop. Asia and Africa.
6. E. elongata, Jacq. Eclog. Gram.3,t.3. Mal-aetora-tana, 5S.
E. zeylanica, Nees and Mey. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. 205 ;
Why. Enum: 373. C. P. 3251.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 319.
Perennial (?); stem 1-2 ft., slender, erect or ascending,
leafy chiefly at the base, upper internodes very long; 1. short,
2-3 in., very narrowly linear, erect, rather rigid, smooth, not
glaucous, upper surface towards the base hirsute, sheaths
smooth, auricles glabrous or bearded, ligule a ridge of most
minute hairs; panicle erect, 2-7 in. long, broadly ovate, very
lax, rhachis slender, smooth, strict, branches few, very short,
I in. long, solitary, distant, filiform, strict, horizontally spread-
ing, rarely again branched, bearing from or near the base
upwards 6-10 or more subsessile usually crowded spikelets,
lower branches often far down the rhachis; spikelets 4-3 by
+ in., all pointing forwards, very shortly pedicelled, linear,
pale or reddish, very many-fid., rhachilla stout, rigid, smooth;
glumes 20-30, coriaceous with hyaline margins, epunctate,
I and II unequal, ovate, acuminate, strongly I-veined, fig.
glumes broadly ovate, acuminate, laterally much compressed,
keel nearly straight, palea linear-oblong, obtuse, persistent,
keels stout, scabrid ; stam. 3, anth. about 4 in. the length of
the glume, dark orange-yellow; grain globose or globosely
oblong, +-75 in. diam., rather rough, orange-brown.
Hotter parts of the Island. Ratnapura (Thwaites), Opatte (Trimen).
S. Europ., Trop. As., Afr., Australia, Pacific Islds.
In the Peradeniya Herbarium, C. P. 3251 is the only number given
to this; the other C. P. number given in Fl. B. Ind. (under elongata),
-931, is &. Browniz of Herb. Perad. (gangetica). As to C. P. 3047, in
Thwaites’s Index of C. P. numbers (Enum. p. 464), pp. 352 and 434 are
referred to for it, but on both these pages Eleocharis fistulosa bears
that number. The hirsute base of the leaves on the upper surface
‘distinguishes this from the very closely allied Z. stenophylla.
7. B. nigra, Wees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 267 (1854).
E. paniculata, Thw. Enum. 373 (non Steud.). C. P. 2626.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 324.
Perennial; stem up to 3 ft., rather stout or slender, leafy;
1. up to.7 by 2 in., flat, flaccid, finely almost aristately acumi-
nate, faintly scaberulous above, beneath and margins smooth,
base narrowed, sheaths smooth, auricles bearded with long
hairs, ligule a ridge of very short hairs; panicle up to 8 in.
long, effuse, rhachis slender and branches smooth, upper
296 Graminec. (Eragrostis.
nodes sparingly bearded, branches spreading, capillary, alt.
or whorled, lower sometimes 6 in. long, sparingly divided
from near the base; spikelets scattered (never fascicled),
4-1 by {5 in., 3-9-fld., ovate, much shorter than their pedicels,
pale olive-grey, rhachilla tough, scaberulous; glumes I and II
subequal or II longest, ovate-lanceolate, subaristately acu-
minate, I-veined, keels scaberulous, flg. glumes orbicular,.
cupular, apiculate, lateral veins long, keels and palea scabrid;
stam. 3, anth. minute; grain short, turgid, subquadrate, trun-
cately rounded at both ends, minutely stipitate, dorsally
depressed, dark brown, rugulose.
Central Provinces. Dambulla and Maturatte districts.
All India.
A very variable grass, of which I have described above only the
Ceylon form. In small Indian specimens the I. are chiefly basal, with.
short sheaths.
8. E. pilosa, Beauv. Agrost. 71 (1812).
Thw. Enum. 209. C. P. 929.
Fl: B. Ind. vil. 323. Host, Gram. Austriac. t. 68 (Poa). Reichb. Ic.
F]. Germ. t. 91, fig. 1659 and fig. 1660 (Z. verttcillata, R. and S.).
Annual; stems 6-24 in., densely tufted, very slender,
flaccid, erect or geniculately ascending; 1. short, very narrow,
usually convolute, filiform, flexuous, quite smooth, sheaths
appressed, glabrous, mouth with short long-bearded auricles,.
ligule a ridge of very short hairs; panicle 2-6 in. long, erect
or inclined, effuse or contracted, rhachis filiform and branches.
smooth, branches alt. fascicled or whorled, all capillary,
much divided, nodes sparsely furnished with very long hairs;
spikelets scattered (never fascicled), 7-+ by sz o-a in,
5-10-fld., erect, ovate- to linear-lanceolate, usually purplish,
pedicels rarely shorter than the spikelets, rhachilla tough,
smooth, flexuous; glumes all hyaline, I and II very unequal,
I ovate, veinless, II much larger, ovate-lanceolate, acutuinate,,.
strongly I-veined, keels smooth, flg. glumes much longer than
the empty, ovate, acute, palea subpersistent, keels smooth or
nearly so; stam. 3, anth. minute, violet; grain about {; in.,
ellipsoid or obovoid, embryo narrow.
Common in the warmer parts of the Island, ascending to 6000 ft.
Generally occurring in large patches (Ferguson).
S. Europe and most warm countries.
The Ceylon specimens have fewer glumes than occur in many Indian
and other forms. A dwarf state is common in the paths of the Peradeniya
Gardens.
9. BE. Willdenoviana, ees zx Wight, Cat. n. 1779 (non in Nov.
Acz.).
£. poaeoides, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109 (non Beauv.). C. P. 3944.
Fl, B. Ind. vii. 322.
Eragrostis.| Graminee. 297
Annual (?), densely tufted; stems 4-18 in., slender, genicu-
lately ascending, leafy at the base chiefly; |. 2-3 in., erect,
very narrow, 75-7 in.,. smooth, margins involute, sometimes
glandular, sheaths smooth or margins ciliate, auricles naked
or bearded with long, soft, white hairs, ligule a ridge of short
hairs; panicle erect, 2-4 in., ovate, open, rhachis slender,
smooth, branches few, solitary, distant, spreading, capillary,
axils clabrous, eglandular, branchlets spreading, spikelets
longer than their pedicels, linear, }-} by = in., 10-20-fld.,
olive-grey or yellowish, rhachilla firm, flexuous, smooth;
glumes hyaline, keels smooth, I and I very unequal, ovate,
obtuse, I veinless, II [-veined, fle. glumes broadly ovate,
obtuse, epunctate, lateral veins near the margins, palea linear-
oblong, persistent, keels minutely scaberulous; stam. I, anth.
very minute, yellow; grain about ;>5 in. long, subquadrate or
subglobose, truncately rounded at both ends, laterally com-
pressed, red- brown.
Trincomalie (Glenie) ; Punakari, Jaffna district (Trimen).
Also in Mysore.
Io. BE. major, Host, Gram. Austriac. iv. 14 (1809).
pe megastachya, Link, Hort. Berol. i. 187; Thw. Enum. 373. C. P.
163.
: ral B. Ind. vii. 320. Host, 1. c. t.24. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 91.
Annual; stems 1-3 ft., usually stout and branched, leafy,
erect or geniculately ascending, smooth, polished; 1. up to
8 by 4 in., narrowed into filiform tips, flaccid, smooth, margins
obscurely scaberulous, base rounded, veins many, sheaths
smooth, auricles villously bearded, ligule of rather long hairs;
panicle up to 8 in., erect, oblong or ovate-oblong, rhachis
strict, rather stout, smooth, branches numerous, fascicled and
whorled, spreading or suberect, again branching from the
base, branchlets short, capillary; spikelets longer than their
pedicels, usually crowded, ovate and %-+ in. long, with 6-8
glumes, to linear-oblong, rather sprowed upwards and 3-4 in.
long, with many up to 60 glumes, olive-grey or yellowish,
rhachilla tough, zigzag, internodes short, smooth; empty
glumes unequal, aristately acuminate, I ovate, 1-veined, II
much larger, orbicular-ovate, 3-veined, lateral veins short,
fig. glumes orbicular, obtuse, cupular, punctulate, lateral veins
long, arched, palea broadly oval, keels ciliate; anth. 3, very
minute; grain globose, minutely tugulose, about 2 go in. diam.,
red-brown.
Hot drier parts of the Island; common.
S. Europe, Trop. and Subtrop. Asia.
A very variable grass in India, both in panicle and foliage. The
298 Gramninee. [Zragrostis.
leaves have sometimes glandular margins, and the axils of the branches
of the panicle are often more or less bearded and glandular.
11. BE. coromandeliana, 7777. tn Mem. Acad. Petersb. V1. i. 415
(1831).
a coromandeliana, Koen. ex Rottb.; Roth, Nov. Pl.Sp. 71. C. P.
60 (partim).
F]. B. Ind. vii. 326 (partim).
Perennial, densely tufted; stems 12-30 in. slender or
rather stout; |. 1-6 in. filiform or setaceous, convolute,
spreading and recurved, smooth, puberulous above, glaucous,
sheaths short, mouth glabrous, auricles 0, ligule a narrow
ridge; spike 4-8 in., sometimes interrupted, rhachis slender,
terete, smooth; spikelets close-set, erecto-patent, }-} by
qa-1s in., 10-30-fld., oblong to linear-oblong, very pale olive-
grey or whitish; glumes rather turgid, I and II subequal,
I acutely keeled, II obtusely keeled, fle. glumes very broadly
ovate, up to 74 in. long, acute or subacute, veins faint, keels
smooth or faintly scabrid, palea almost as long as the glume,
keels very narrowly winged, scabrid; stam. 3, anth. 53; in.;
grain 5-3 in., shortly ellipsoid, obtusely trigonous, epicarp
loosely reticulate.
Central Province, Dambulla (Thwaites), Rata patana, and Kandan
Korale (Nevill).
Behar, Rajpootana, and southward to Burma.
12. BE. secunda, WVees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 264 (1854).
E. bifaria, Thw. Enum. 373 (excl. syn.) (partim). C. P. 60 (partim).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 326 (partim).
Perennial; stems 12—20 in., densely tufted; 1. 6-7 in., more
or less rigid, convolute, filiform, wiry, glabrous, smooth,
sheaths short, glabrous, auricles small, ciliate with long
flexuous hairs; spike 3-5 in., rhachis terete, smooth,
glabrous; spikelets g—-4 in. long, turgid but compressed, ovate,
10-12-fld., dusky olive-green, not shining; glumes I and II
obscurely 3-veined, I ovate-oblong, obtuse, II broadly ovate,
subacute, fle. glumes turgid, rather coriaceous, orbicular-
ovate, acute, palea as long as the glume, narrowly winged,
wing scaberulous; grain oblong-ovoid, striate.
Montane zone, ascending to 5000 ft. Galagama (Gardner), patanas
of the Uva Prov. near Bandarawela (Pearson).
Endemic.
13. &. Walkeri, Siaf/.
£. bifaria, Thw. Enum. 373 (excl. syn.) (partim). C. P. 60 (partim).
Perennial, densely tufted; stems 2-23 ft., as slender as a
sparrow’s quill; 1. 12-18 in., flat, up to § in. broad, or convo-
lute, puberulous above, veins strong, sheaths up to 4 in. long,
Flalopyrum.| Graminec. 299
glabrous, auricles small, glabrous, ligule a narrow ridge;
panicle 8—10 in., rhachis very slender; spikelets rather distant,
%-4 in. long, ovate or shortly oblong, nearly white, 12-30-fid.;
glumes very membranous, turgid, I ovate-oblong, obtuse, II
broadly ovate, fig. glumes orbicular-ovate, obtuse, palea very
shortly winged, wings scabrid; grain oblong, striate, and
loosely reticulate.
Ceylon (Walker). Western Province, Kurunegala (Trimen). Central
Province, Galagama, below Horton Plains (Thwaites).
Endemic.
This, £. secunda and E. coromandeliana are very imperfectly dia-
gnosed, from the material in Herb. Peraden. and Herb. Kew. being
insufficient. They are possibly not all distinct.
68. HALOPYRUM, S/a//
A stout, rigid, perennial, glabrous grass; rootstock stout,
creeping, with vermiform tomentose roots, internodes solid ;
1. almost filiform, convolute, finely acuminate, smooth, inf.
an elongate compressed panicle, with short, alternate, spici-
form branches; spikelets large, ovoid, many-fld., not articulate
at the base, sessile or shortly pedicelled on the short branches
of the panicle, strongly laterally compressed, rhachilla very
short between the fig. glumes, articulate at the base; glumes
coriaceous, I and II unequal, oblong-lanceolate, acute, empty,
persistent, I 1-3-veined, II larger, 5-veined, fly. glumes 6—20,
ovate-oblong, cymbiform, acute, 3-veined, dorsally rounded,
callus short, silkily bearded, palea as long as the glume,
chartaceous, keels scaberulous; lodicules cuneate or obcordate,
truncate top irregularly toothed ; stam. 3, anth. long, slender;
styles short, distant at the base, stigmas not long, laterally
exserted; grain oblong or ellipsoid, compressed, more or less
concavo-convex, free within the glumes, embryo large.—
Monotypic.
#H. mucronatum, S‘af/ in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2448 (1896).
Eragrostis mucronata, Trim. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 109. T7zticum repens,
Thw. Enum. 376. C. P. 924.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 328.
Rootstock sending up hard woody stems 12-18 in. high
and as thick as a crow-quill, smooth, shining, branches often
fascicled and clothed at the base with pale, coriaceous, shining,
mucronate sheaths; |. 8-12 in., rarely flat, glaucous, coriaceous
Striate, quite smooth, as are the usually involute margins, base
300 Graminee. [Diplachne.
not contracted, much narrower than the truncate mouth of the
sheath, which is not auricled, but villous with the long hairs
composing the ligule; panicle 12-16 in., erect or nodding,
rhachis and branches quite smooth, angular, wiry, pedicels.
pubescent below the spikelets or glabrous; spikelets 3-3 in.
long, rarely more, flat; flg. glumes articulate at the base, callus
very short, hairs nearly half as long as the glumes; grain 75 in.
long, red-brown.
Northern Province, Adam’s Bridge. Spikelets pale yellow.
Tinnevelly, Scind, Arabia, E. Trop. Africa.
69. DIPLACHNE, Zeauv.
Tufted, perennial (?) grasses; stems erect or ascending,
stout or slender, simple or sparingly branched; 1. narrow;
spikelets few- or many-fid., sessile, uniseriate on the slender
spiciform branches of a contracted, subsimple, erect panicle,
not-articulate at the base, strongly laterally compressed,
rhachilla articulate between the flg. glumes, not produced
beyond the neuter uppermost; glumes I and II unequal,
membranous, I-veined, oblong, obtuse, persistent, flg. glumes
thin, oval, tip bidentate with a mucro in the sinus, 3-veined,
lateral veins marginal, callus very short, bearded, palea as
long as the glume, keels ciliate; lodicules cuneate; stam. 3,
anth. short; styles short, bases distant, stigmas short, plumose,
laterally exserted; grain oblong, stipitate, concavo-convex,
free in the glumes.—Sp. about 20; 1 in FZ. B. Jnd.
D. fusca, Beauv. Agrost. 163 (1812).
Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Uvalepis fusca, Steud.; Thw. Enum.
eas (Cy IPs ORL.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 328. Del. Fl. AZgypt. t. xi. f. 1 (Festuca fusca). Rheede,
Hort. Mal. xii. t. 45.
Stems tufted, 1-3 ft. high, erect from the fibrous roots, up
to the thickness of a goose-quill, simple or branched, some-
times proliferously, terete, polished, internodes long; |. chiefly
radical, strict, erect, 6-10 by zp-7p in., flat or convolute, finely
acuminate, faintly scaberulous, base not constricted, sheaths
long, smooth, mouth truncate, not auricled, ligule oblong,
membranous, lacerate ; panicle 6—10 in. long, erect, narrowly
oblong, rhachis smooth, spiciform branches filiform, lower
1-4 in. long; spikelets erect, rather distant, 14 in. long, 4-10-
fld., green, rhachilla slender; glumes I and II with smooth or
scaberulous keels, I oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, II about one-
third longer and broader, acute or tip erose, flg. glumes oval,
Streptogyne.| Graminee. 301
tip 2-toothed, or erose and truncate or abruptly acuminate,
midrib ending in a mucro, lateral veins not reaching the tip,
silkily hairy to the middle, as are the keels of the palea,
callus very short; grain half as long as the palea, red-brown.
Elephant Pass (Gardner), Jaffna (Trimen).
Egypt, Trop. Asia, Africa, Australia.
A dwarf, probably seedling form, 2-3 in. high, with a subsimple spike,
was collected at Pallavarayankaddu, in the Jaffna district, by Dr. Trimen.
70. STREPTOGYNE, Zecauv.
A tall, slender, erect, glabrous, perennial grass; 1. linear-
lanceolate, petiolate, veins minutely trabeculate; spikelets very
long, narrow, subterete, 1-4-fld., erect, imbricating on an erect
unilateral spike, sessile, not articulate at the base, rhachilla
very long, slender, articulate at the base; glumes 8-10,
chartaceous, distant, upper gradually smaller, neuter, I and II
empty, persistent, I oblong, tip obliquely truncate, erose,
3-7-veined to the tip, II much longer, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, shortly awned, tip entire or bidentate, veins many,
trabeculate, lower fig. glumes very narrow, convolute, 3-veined,
tip acutely bifid, awned in the sinus, callus acute, villous,
palea as long as the glume, very narrow, tip membranous,
keels close together, smooth; lodicules elongate, subclavate;
stam. 2-3, anth. very slender; ov. linear, narrowed into a long
twisted style, with 3 very long, tortuous, barbellate stigmas;
grain linear, terete, free, but closely embraced by the glume
and palea.—Sp. 2; 1 in 7. B. Lnd.
S. gerontogeza, Hook. f.
S. crintta, Thw. Enum. 374 (non Beauv.). C. P. 922.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 333 (S. cvznz¢a).
Stem 2-3 ft., as thick as a crow-quill, smooth, internodes,
except the lower, very long; 1. 6-10 by 3-3 in., finely acumi-
nate, thinly coriaceous, midrib very slender, shining beneath,
lateral veins few, branching off from above the base, petiole
i-# in., deeply channelled above, sheaths smooth, mouth
auric'ed, ligule short, membranous, ciliate, produced over the
auricles; spikelets green, I-14 in. long; glumes I and II
glabrous, convolute, veins slender, equidistant, flg. glumes
silkily villous below the middle, 1 in. long, awn about half the
length of the glume, strict, neuter glumes glabrous; stigmas
Zin. long, those of two or more spikelets twisted together,
scabrid from the rather distant, spreading and recurved barbs,
tips spirally revolute.
302 Graminee. [Lophatherum-
Central and Western Provinces. Matelle (Gardner), Heneratgoda
(Trimen). Spikes dark green.
Travancore, W. Trop. Africa.
The Ceylon species differs from the American SS. cvzzz¢a in the much
longer glume I with slender equidistant veins, and silkily villous fig.
glumes.
71. LOPHATHERUM., Srongn.
Tall, erect, perennial grasses; |. broad, shortly petioled,
veins trabeculate, petiole articulate on the sheath; spikelets.
I-fld., biseriate, secund, sessile, articulate on the spiciform
branches of a simple elongate panicle, laterally compressed, or
subcylindric, rhachilla long, slender, naked, adnate to the base
of the palea, bearing at the top 3-8 small crowded convolute,,
imperfect awned neuter glumes, the awns of which protrude
at the tip of the spikelets; glumes convolute, margins and tip.
membranous, I and II empty, 3--5-veined, oblong-ovate, I tip
~rounded, II obtuse or apiculate, flg. glume larger than the
empty, base articulate, broadly ovate, obtuse, shortly sub-
dorsally awned below the obscurely notched tip, 5—-9-veined,,
callus very short, naked ; palea narrow, hyaline, keels nearly
smooth ; lodicules 2, cuneate-quadrate ; stam. 2, anth. linear;
styles elongate, bases diverging from the narrow neck of the
ov., stigmatic hairs long, lax; grain fusiform and terete, or
oblong and compressed, free in the glume, embryo long.—.
Sp 30084) tine Bs ina:
Glume I naked. i : : : 3 5 5 ily Ih, @RUACHILE.
Glume I bearded . ‘ 5 ; 3 é . 2. L. ZEYLANICUM..
1. L. gracile, Srongn. in Duperz. Voy. Bot. 50 (1829).
Thw. Enum. 374 (in part). C. P. 921.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 331. Brongn. 1. c. t. 8.
Stem 2-5 ft., erect or shortly ascending from a branching
woody rootstock, soft, smooth, as thick as a small goose-quill,.
internodes very long; |. distant, 6-10 by 1-14 in., ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, membranous, base rounded or cuneate, upper
sparsely minutely hairy above, glabrous beneath, margins
smooth, midrib and 5—6 pairs of veins very slender, petiole t—tin.,
slender, channelled above, sheaths long, membranous, glabrous
or margin ciliate, mouth truncate, ligule 0; panicle 12-16 in.,.
erect or inclined, rhachis smooth, branches very few, sub-
secund, solitary or binate, lower up to 6 in. long, upper short,
rhachis strict, smooth; spikelets 4-} in. long, lanceolate,
rhachilla slender, about one-third shorter than fig. glume,
smooth, terminated by 8-9 minute, convolute, oblong, shortly
Centotheca.] Graminee. 303
awned neuter glumes; glumes coriaceous with narrowly
membranous margins, tightly convolute, all persistent, I and
II ovate-oblong, obtuse, 5-veined, II rather the longest; fig.
glumes 4 longer than II, oval, 5-veined, awn } the length of
the glume, rigid, callus very short, naked, palea shorter than
the glume, linear, bifid, keels minutely scaberulous; grain ? in.
long, fusiform, terete.
Common in the Western Province, ascending to 4oo0 ft. (Thwaites),
Matelle and Hantane (Gardner). Spikelets green.
Eastern Himalaya, Khasia, Burma, Malaya, China, N. Guinea.
2. L. zeylanicum, Hook. 7
L. gracile, Thw. Enum. 374 (in part). C. P. 920.
Habit, &c., of LZ. graczle, but not so tall; 1. 6-9 by 4-4 in,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, puberulous above, margins sca-
berulous, base cuneate, petiole 4-4 in., sheaths pubescent with
spreading hairs, mouth truncate, hairy; panicle 8-10 in.,
spiciform branches many, short, I-14 in. long, erect, lowest
longer; spikelets 4 in. long, laterally compressed, imbricating,
base shortly bearded, rhachilla as in L. gracile, but bearing
only 2-3 neuter awned spikelets; glume I nearly orbicular,
5-veined, margins hirsutely ciliate with long hairs, II nearly
twice as long, broadly ovate, obtuse, 7-veined, glabrous, fig.
glume as in L. gracile but 9-veined.
Ceylon (Walker). Woods of the S. of the Island (Thwaites), Pasdun
Korale (Gardner). Spikelets green.
Endemic.
A very different species from, though in many respects closely re-
sembling, LZ. gracile. It is readily distinguishable by its smaller size,
narrow leaves, hairy sheaths, short spikes, crowded spikelets bearded at
the base, short bearded glume I, and few neuter glumes.
72, CENTOTHECA, Desv.
Tall, leafy, perennial grasses; 1. broadly oblong or lan-
ceolate, veins trabeculate; spikelets 1-3-fld., alt. and secund
on the long spiciform capillary branches of a lax subsimple
panicle, not articulate at the base, laterally compressed, all
perfect or one or more upper neuter, rhachilla slender,
articulate at the base and between the flg. glumes, not
produced beyond the uppermost; glumes I and II distant
at their insertions, ovate-oblong, empty, persistent, 3-veined,
II largest, flg. glumes broadly ovate, obtuse, apiculate,
dorsally rounded, 7-veined, naked or the upper usually
bearing above the middle soft, erect, at length deflexed
tubercle-based spines, palea narrow, keels ciliolate; lodicules
304 Graminee. [Zluropus.
©; stam. 2-3, anth. linear; styles short, free, stigmas narrow,
hairs short; grain ovoid, acute, terete, free within the
glumes.—Sp. 3; 1 in FZ. B. Ind. ‘
C. lappacea, Desv. in Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. ii. 189 (1810).
Thw. Enum. 374. Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. 317. Poa malabarica,
inn: Sp) Pl)'Go: CSP. 923:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 332. Kunth, l.c. t. 70. Beauv. Agrost. t. 14, fi 7.
Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 298 (Uzzo/a).
Stem 1-3 ft., erect from a woody rootstock with very
stout root-fibres; 1. 4-10 by I-1} in., acute or acuminate,
more or less unequal-sided, thin, smooth, glabrous or sparsely
hairy, 9-I1-veined, base narrowed but hardly into a petiole,
sheaths glabrous or hairy, mouth obscurely auricled, ligule
broad, membranous, erose or lacerate; panicle 8-Io in. long
and broad, rhachis slender, strict, smooth, spiciform branches,
suberect, lower up to 5 in. long, sometimes nearly overtopping
the panicle, lower with often a short branch at the base;
spikelets {-¢ in. long, ovate-oblong, rhachiila scaberulous,
palea sometimes decurrent on the rhachilla below the glume.
Warm region; common on margins of woods. Spikelets green.
Trop. Asia, Africa, Australia, and Pacific Islds.
In specimens growing near Colombo the spikelets are metamorphosed
ito leaves (Ferguson). There are no spines on the glumes of the
Peraden. Herb. specimens.
73. HLUROPWS, 7vin.
Low, much branched, very rigid, perennial, leafy grasses;
I, distichous, short, strict, convolute, rarely flat, coriaceous,
pungent; spikelets 6-many-fld.. minute, sessile, densely
crowded in terminal villous heads, laterally compressed, not
articulate at the base, rhachilla obscurely jointed at the base,
not produced above the upper glume, internodes very short;
glumes oblong, apiculate, margins and tips broadly hyaline,
I and II unequal, empty, persistent, I narrowly oblong, 1-3-
veined, II much larger, 5—-7-veined from below the hyaline
tip, flg. glumes, oblong, apiculate, 7-9-veined, palea very
large, broadly cuneate, 3-lobed, lobes erose, flaps broad,
keels nearly smooth or ciliate; lodicules obliquely truncate;
stam. 3, anth. minute; styles short, free, stigmas short,
plumose; grain oblong or obovoid, free within the glumes.—
Sp. few; 1 in 7. B. Ind.
Fé. villosus, 77in. ex L. Mey. Verz. Pfl. Cauc. 18 (1831).
. lagopodioides, Trin. ex Thw. Enum. 374. 4. lagopoides, Trin. ex
@num. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 110.
Poa.] Graminee. 305
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 334. Burm. FI. Ind. t. 12, f. 2 (Dactylis lagopoides).
Desf. FI. Atlant. 1. t. 15 (D. repens).
A rigid, tufted herb; stem 3-6 in., crowded on a woody
rootstock with stout root-fibres, erect, as thick as a crow-quill,
simple or branched, polished, branches sometimes elongate,
divaricate, 6-10 in. long, resembling stolons, giving off
branchlets at the nodes, but not rooting, nodes glabrous,
internodes short or long; 1. 4-1 in., narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, flat or convolute and subulate, erect or spreading,
glabrous or silkily hairy, striate, base contracted, rounded,
margins smooth or sparsely ciliate, sheaths short, terete or
inflated, glabrous or ciliate, mouth hardly auricled, ligule an
obscure hairy ridge; heads of spikelets shortly peduncled,
globosely ovoid or shortly oblong, 4-3 in. diam., tomentose,
white; spikelets 7;—-;4 in.; glumes closely imbricate, persistent
on the rhachilla, callus very short; grain 5 in., obovate-
oblong, dorsally compressed.
Sandysea-shores, from Jaffna southwards. Spikelets pale green or white.
From the Mediterranean and Caspian regions to the Punjab, Scind,
and Southern India.
Dactylis glomerata, Linn. (Cock’s-foot grass), is said to occur at
Nuwara Eliya, but, no doubt, has been introduced there. I found
Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. (sweet-scented vernal grass), also in the
place in 1879 (Ferguson).
74. POA, L.
Annual or perennial grasses; |. flat or convolute; spikelets
2-6-fld., in open or close panicles, laterally compressed, not
articulate on their pedicels; rhachilla articulate at the base,
usually terminated by one or more imperfect neuter glumes;
glumes thinly herbaceous, strongly keeled, I and II empty,
I—3-veined, persistent, flg. glumes 5-7-veined, lateral veins
converging towards the tip, callus very short, and rhachilla
often bearded with woolly or silky hairs; lodicules 2; stam. 3,
anth. short; styles short, free, stigmas plumose, laterally
exserted; grain ovoid-oblong or linear, free in the glume and
palea, hilum punctiform.—Sp. about 80; 17 in FZ. B. Ind.
P. annua, Zinn. Sp. P/. 68 (1753).
Thw. Enum. 372. C. P. 2393.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 345. Host, Gram. Austriac. ii. t. 64.~
__ An annual or perennial, soft, flacid, glabrous, stoloniferous
grass; stems 6-12 in., tufted, or shortly creeping and rooting
below, erect or ascending, leafy, slightly compressed, stolons
slender; |. 2-4 by 35-4 in., linear, acute or obtuse, flat, flaccid,
smooth, or margins, slightly scaberulous; sheaths up to 2 in.
PART V. x
306 Graminec. [Brachypodium.
long, lax, longer or shorter than the blade, mouth glabrous,
ligule ovate or oblong, hyaline; panicle 1-3 in. long, erect,
ovate or oblong, subsecund, loosely branched, rhachis smooth,
branches distant, solitary, or binate, spreading, capillary,
strict, naked below, lowest often deflexed; spikelets crowded
beyond the middle of the branches, 4-{ in. long, sessile or
shortly pedicelled, ovate or ovate-oblong, strongly com-
pressed; glumes I and II oblong-lanceolate, acute, I 1-veined,
or with occasionally 2 short lateral veins, keels minutely
scaberulous, II rather longer, 3-veined, fle. glumes 3-5,
broadly ovate, obtuse, prominently 5-veined, tip and margins
membranous, keel and veins below silkily ciliate, keels of
palea ciliate; grain oblong.
Common by roadsides in the montane zone. Nuwara Eliya, Dam-
bulla, Balangoda, &c. Spikelets green.
Europe, Temp. Asia.
Thwaites says of this, ‘possibly introduced.’ I suspect it is certainly
so, but Trimen does not mark it as such in his Catalogue. Ferguson
describes it as so very plentiful in various parts of Dambulla, and
especially on the banks of streams not near cultivation, that, though it
looks very like a native plant, it may after all be an escape from packets
of English seeds. It is indigenous in the Himalaya, but very doubtfully
so in the Khasia and Nilgiri Hills.
75, BRACHYPODIUM, Beauv.
Slender, perennial grasses ; stems erect, tufted on a small
woody rootstock with filiform root-fibres, leafy, internodes
very long; 1. flat, very narrow, finely acuminate; spikelets
many-fid. elongate, narrow, terete, solitary and distant on a
long filiform flexuous rhachis, not articulate at the base,
rhachilla articulate at the base and between the fig. glumes;
glumes many, tightly imbricating (spreading in fr.), dorsally
rounded, I and II small, narrow, empty, persistent, fle. glumes
oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into terminal straight capillary
awns, 7—9-veined, veins converging upwards, keels of palea
pectinately ciliate; lodicules 2, ciliate; stam. 2-3, anth. linear;
ov. bearded at the top, styles short, distant at the base, stigmas
plumose, laterally exserted; grain linear-oblong, concavo-
convex, adherent to the palea.—Sp. 5 or 6; 2 in FL. B. Ind.
B. sylvaticum, Aeauv. Agrost. 101 (1812).
Thw. Enum. 374. &. scaberrimum, Wight and Arn. Triticum
scaberrimum, Steud. Nom., ed. II. 11. 717. C. P. 3253-
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 362. Host, Gram. Austriac. i. t. 21.
Stem 2-4 ft, extremely slender, inclined or drooping
above, smooth, shining, internodes 2~-4 in.; 1. 3-6 by $—+in.
Lepturus.| Graminee. AO
broad at the middle, thence tapering to a very fine point and
below to the narrow base, flat, flaccid, smooth or slightly
scaberulous, sheaths slender, longer or shorter than the
internodes, glabrous, ligule short, broad, obtuse, membranous;
spike 2-6 in. long, nodding, rhachis compressed or semi-terete,
smooth or subscaberulous; spikelets about 4 in. apart, sessile
or very shortly pedicelled, $-1 in. long, green, scaberulous,
veins strong; glume I subulate, I] one-third or more longer,
oblong-lanceolate, acute acuminate or shortly awned, fig.
glumes 4-4 in. long, 7-veined, awn shorter than the glume.
Montane zone, up to 8000 ft. Elk plains, &c. Spikelets green.
Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya, Nilgiri Hills.
In Indian specimens hairy leaves occur, and sometimes pubescent,
long-pedicelled spikelets.
76, LEPTURUS, 37.
Slender, glabrous grasses; |. flat or convolute, very narrow,
spikelets (in the Ceylon species) 1-fld., semi-immersed in
cavities of the rhachis of a simple articulate terete fragile
spike, sessile, not articulate at the base, rhachilla articulate at
the base, produced beyond the fig. glume, and bearing an
imperfect glume; glumes 3 (and an imperfect terminal), I a
very minute membranous scale concealed at the base of the
cavity, II herbaceous, much longer than the fle. glumes, broad
at the base with narrowly inflexed margins, narrowed above
into a rigid awn longer than the internode, flg. glume concealed
by glumie II (which closes the cavity in the spike), chartaceous,
lanceolate, 1-veined, callus minute, naked, palea chartaceous,
oblong-lanceolate, keels obscure; lodicules 2, cuneiform ;
stam. 3, anth. linear; styles distant at the base, short, stigmas
plumose, laterally exserted ; grain oval-oblong, dorsally com-
pressed, top bicuspidate, hilum small.—Sp. (?); 1 in FZ
ee 17d,
The relative positions of the empty glumes is at first sight deceptive,
the very minute I being apparently inserted higher up than the com-
paratively very large II, which is continuous with the rhachis of the spike
below the spikelet. The true position of I is evidenced by its margins
overlapping the inflexed margins of II, and by its position, which faces
the back of glume III. A study of the development of these two glumes
would be interesting. Ovopetium (p. 271) shows the same deceptive
insertions of glumes I and II.
&. repens, 4&7. Prod. 207 (1810).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 110.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 365. Duperr. Voy. Bot. t. 16.
308 Gramimnec. [Arundinarca.
Perennial; stem widely creeping, diffusely often proli-
ferously branching, woody below, branches ascending, slender,
leafy; 1. 3-6 by 4-4} in., erect or spreading, linear, acuminate,
glaucous, glabrous or minutely scaberulous above, base
narrowed, sheaths glabrous, auricles rounded, ligule a very
narrow erose membrane; spikes 2-6 in. long, erect, strict,
rhachis green, glabrous, margins of the oblong hollows mem-
branous, internodes + in. long, deeply striate, articulating
surfaces flat, oblique; glume I broadly ovate, acuminate, or
reduced to a narrow membrane, II twice as long as the inter-
node of the spike, subulate from an ovate-lanceolate base,
coriaceous, green, III g-% in. long, pale, ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, margins incurved, palea nearly as long as the
glume; grain pale brown.
Sea-shore, three miles south of Colombo (Ferguson). Spikelets
reen.
‘ Australia, Malay and Pacific Islds.
I -have not found a second flg. glume in L. vefens, which occurs in
other species. The spike resembles that of a Rottboellia, from which
the genus differs, amongst other characters, in the spikelets not being
binate.
77, ARUNDINARIA, Mich.
Erect or climbing shrubs; stems slender, nodes usually
prominent, internodes rather short, branches short, fascicled ;
stem-sheaths papery, straw-col’d., blade small, narrow, subu-
late; 1. usually small, articulate on the sheath, mostly net-
veined ; infl. variable, panicled or racemed, terminating the
leafing stems, or |. and fl. branches intermixed; spikelets
I—many-fld., compressed, fl. all bisexual or the terminal
imperfect; glumes I and II unequal, empty, membranous, fig.
glumes longer, concave, obtuse acute mucronate or subaristate,
7-many-veined, palea 2-keeled, usually compressed; lodicules
3, ovate obovate or lanceolate, ciliate; stam. 3, -exserted or
not, anth. acute obtuse or tip bifid; ov. globose or oblong,
smooth or hairy; grain oval or oblong, dorsally furrowed,
enclosed in the glume and palea.—Sp. about 50; 28 in F7.
B. Ind.
Spikelets panicled.
Panicles large, terminal, spikelets many.
L. large, thick, margins cartilaginous’. . I. A. WALKERIANA.
L. small, thin, margins membranous.
Spikelets 3-5-fld., flg. glumes, obtuse . . A. WIGHTIANA.
Spikelets 5-8-fld., fly. glumes acuminate . A, FLORIBUNDA.
Panicles short, spikelets few : soo ae . 4. A. DEBILIS.
Spikelets racemed . 4 : 5. A. DENSIFOLIA.
Go N
Arundinaria. | Gramineg. 309
1. A. Walkeriana, Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 21 (1868).
Beddome, Fl. Sylv. For. Man. ccxxx. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 3.
iain Cat., Ceyl, Pl rioi(part), €) P. 420,
Hib. ind) vil. 377) Gamble, Ic t. 1.
Shrubby; stems tufted, thickly covered above with leafless
|.-sheaths, internodes about 15 in. by 1 in. diam.; stem-sheaths
papery; |. 5-11 by 1-2 in., oval or oval-oblong, or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, base broad, rounded or cordate, gla-
brous, pale beneath, margins cartilaginous, serrulate with
recurved spinules, midrib narrow, shining, veins 6—IO pairs,
intermediates 5-6, cross-venules prominent, regular, raised
beneath, petiole 74-4 in., stout, l.-sheaths glabrous, striate,
mouth truncate, ciliolate below the petiole, margined with
long pale flexuous bristles, ligule short; infl. of fascicles of
red-purple compound erect panicles 6-12 in. long, terminating
leafy branches, branchlets filiform, erect, flexuous, glabrous,
lower axils glandular, upper with a few long hairs; spikelets
4-3 in. when young, older up to-1I in. 3-4-fld., narrow,
glabrous, purple-brown, uppermost glumes usually empty,
rhachilla wiry, flattened, ciliate ventrally, tip vith a ring of
hairs; glumes I and II 74-4 in. subequal, empty, angular,
apiculate, I usually 3-veined, II 5- or more-veined, margins
ciliate, fle. glumes larger, veins 2 prominent, with inter-
mediates finer, palea about as long as the glume, acute or
bifid, keels 2, ciliate; lodicules 3, obtuse, one smallest,
fimbriate, veins 3, flexuous; fil. short, anth. obtuse; ov.
glabrous, styles short, base swollen; grain unknown.
Central Province, montane region, alt. 5000 ft. Adam’s Peak, The
Knuckles, Dumbalagula, Wallakelle Hill, Mattakelle. Spikelets red-brown.
S. India, in the Pulney Hills.
Very closely allied to A. Wightiana, differing conspicuously in the
thickened margins of the leaves. The panicles of spikes are sometimes
so numerous that the infl. resembles a large brush.
On Pidurutalagala, in Aug. 1884, in profuse blossom, covering the
whole upper part of the mountain, and exceeding any other Bamboo.
Leaves of a very dark green for a Bamboo. (Trimen MSS.)
2. A. Wightiana, (Vees in Linnea, ix. 482 (1834).
Thw. Enum. 444. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 4. C. P. 3860.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 377. Rupr. Bamb. t. iii. f. 10. Bedd. Fl. Sylv., Anal.
Gen. t. xxvili. Gamble, l.c. t. 2.
Rootstock short, branched; stems gregarious, 6-10 ft. or
more, slender, dark green, at length yellowish-brown, nodes
swollen, internodes 10-14 in., usually flattened on one side,
and with a ring of fibrous hairs (from bases of fallen sheaths)
below the nodes, .young strongly striate, usually scabrid,
branchlets whorled of 1. or |. and fl. mixed, stem-sheaths
4-8 by 1-3 in., narrowed slightly upwards, straw-col’d., base
BLO Graminece. | Arundinaria.
thickly clothed with stiff golden tubercle-based hairs, blade
1-14 in. by 74-4 in., subulate, flexuous, scabrid, ligule short,
truncate, fimbriate; 1. 1-3 by 4-1 in., ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, from a broad subsessile rounded or cordate base,
acuminate, glabrous above, glaucescent beneath, midrib
usually glandular-pubescent, base rounded or narrowed into
a short petiole, margins not thickened, incurved, scabrid or
ciliolate, midrib glabrous and shining beneath, veins 5—7-
pairs, cross-venules many, regular, l.-sheaths cylindric, often
purple, sometimes hispid or strigose with tubercle-based
hairs, margins ciliate, mouth naked or with 5-8 deciduous
bristles, ligule short, obtuse; infl. of usually densely crowded,
short, leafy branches, bearing terminal loose, open panicles,
2-4 in. long and broad, of long-pedicelled spikelets, rhachis
and distant spreading few-fld. branches wiry, axils glandular,
pedicels filiform ; spikelets $-# in., narrow, 3-5-fld.; glumes
distant on a very stout, compressed, scaberulous rhachilla
with a ciliate top, the internodes of which are nearly half as
long as the glumes; glumes glabrous, shining, I and II
ovate-oblong, acute, 5-7-veined, flg. similar but longer,
mucronate, many-veined and with a few cross-venules, palea -
as long as the glume or longer, oblong, obtuse or bicuspidate,
2-keeled and with several slender veins and cross-venules,
keels ciliate ; lodicules 3, unequal, obovate, fimbriate, usually
obtuse, 3-—7-veined, one smaller, acute; fil. short, anth.
brown, tips bicuspidate; ov. glabrous, style short; grain
ellipsoid, 79-4 1n., acute, deeply furrowed on one side.
Central Province. Pedurutalagala, alt. 8000 ft., very abundant
(Thwaites). Spikelets red-brown. FI]. annually in March.
Nilgiri Hills.
I have described this plant for the suite of specimens in the Pera-
deniya Herbarium, which differ from the figure and description of
Gamble, in the much shorter broader leaves, with cordate bases, and
glabrous midrib beneath, in the sheaths not being keeled, and the
perfectly glabrous glumes.
3. A. floribunda, 7/w. Enum. 375 (1864).
Beddome, FI. Sylv., For. Man. p. cexxx. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 5.
C. P. 2624, 4023.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 377. Gamble, I. c. t. 3.
Shrubby; stems 2-5 ft., erect, internodes 2-4 in., tip
retrorsely hirsute below the nodes; 1. 5-8 by 3-3 in., dis-
tichous, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, base more or
less narrowed into a very short 2-glandular petiole, margins
scaberulous, midrib slender, veins 3-4 pairs with 5-6 inter-
mediate, cross venules regular, conspicuous, |.-sheaths striate,
sometimes hispid with long tubercle-based hairs, auricles cf
Arundinaria. | Graminee. 311
mouth short, with 5-8 long twisted bristles, ligule short,often fim-
briate; infl. of terminal erect panicled long-pedicelled spikelets,
panicles 3-5 in. long, rhachis and branches filiform, smooth,
branches erect, afterwards spreading, axils glandular; spikelets
distant, about 3 in. long, 5—8-fld., very narrow, rhachilla
slender, compressed, ciliate, upper internodes half as long as
the. glumes, tips clavate; glumes thin, silkily puberulous,
uppermost empty, I ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tip ciliate,
3-veined, II longer, narrower, 5~-9-veined, flg. glumes ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, 7—-9-veined, palea as long as the glumes
or longer, bicuspidate, keels 2, subciliate, veins several,
very slender; lodicules 3, fimbriate, two broadly ovate, one
smaller, narrower; stam. not exserted, fil. very short, anth.
obtuse; ov. glabrous, style short, stigmas flattened, fimbriate;
grain + in. long, linear-oblong, crowned by the bifid style
base, red.
Montane district, alt. 5000 ft. Spikelets pale brown.
Endemic.
Specimens collected on Adam’s Peak, numbered C. P. 4023, Aug.
1869, by Dr. Thwaites, in leaf only, may belong to this species.
4. A. debilis, 7iw. Enum. 375 (1864).
- ore Fl. Sylv., For. Man. p. ccxxx. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 7.
ce deo le
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 378. Gamble, l.c. t. 8.
Shrubby, apparently gregarious; stems elongated, much
branched, nodes rather enlarged, internodes 2-6 by 4—} in.
diam., glabrous or hispid at the top, upper smooth, yellow,
shining; |. small, erect, imbricating, 14-3 by 4-4 in., acumi-
nate, tip setiform, scabrid, glaucous, glabrous on both
surfaces or hairy above, base acute or subtruncate, scabrous
on one or both margins, midrib stout, veins 2-3 pairs, faint,
with 5 intermediates, cross-venules distant or 0, petiole
go-io in., L-sheaths glabrous, striate, tipped by a ciliate
callus, auricles of mouth short, with a few long pale bristles,
ligule short; infl. of short panicles of spikelets terminating
slender leafy branchlets that are half whorled at the nodes of
the stem, panicles racemiform, about as long as the leaves,
erect or drooping, glabrous or nearly so, rhachis very slender,
axils glandular, pedicels shorter than the spikelets, tips
clavate; spikelets 4-4 in., 3-fld., narrowly lanceolate, terete,
red-brown, glabrous or puberulous, internodes of rhachilla
with scabrid tips; glumes I and-II ovate, mucronate, 5-7-
veined, I smallest, flg. glumes similar but smaller, palea
minute, bicuspidate, tip ciliate, keels smooth; lodicules 3,
ovate, acute, ciliate, 3-veined ; fil. short, anth. tips bifid; ov.
Bie Gramince. [Bambusa.
ovoid, glabrous, style very short, stigmatic hairs secund ;
grain unknown.
Montane region, alt. 6000-8000 ft. Spikelets red-brown. Flowers
annually (?).
Endemic.
Mr. Gamble adds to above description, ‘ Characterised by the small
pointed leaves, short spikelets, long glumes, and slightly ciliate palea.’
Thwaites remarks that it is used as horse-fodder at Nuwara Eliya.
5. A. densifolia, Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 32 (1868).
Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 8. C. P. 3956.
1alk 18), Mel sail, S70, (Galamolls, Ike tt 7
A densely gregarious shrub; rootstock stoloniferous,
clothed with imbricating scales, stolons giving off stout,
strong, densely leafy stems 6 in—3 ft. high, with fastigiate
short branchlets, internodes 14-3 in. by 4 in. diam., rather
thick-walled, nodes not prominent, stem-sheaths I in. or
more, striate, hirsute, tip rather narrowed, truncate, minutely
2-auticled, blade short, ovate,-base rounded; 1. I-14 by
4-1 in., densely imbricate, subsessile, erect, lanceolate,
tapering into a setaceously acuminate, glabrous, pungent
point, margins broadly cartilaginous, finely spinulose-cilio-
late, midrib stout, shining, veins I-2 pairs, inconspicuous,
with 4-5 intermediates and many regular cross-venules,
l.-sheaths striate, strigose with white hairs above, margins
ciliate, liguie short, rounded, hairy; infl. of short erect
racemes I-14 in. long, of 6-12 spikelets, terminating leafy
branchlets, bracteate by the uppermost leaf, rhachis of raceme
and short pedicels rather stout, angular, scabrid ; spikelets
subsecund, erect, 4-4 in. long, laterally compressed, 1-fld.,
rhachilla short and stout below the fig. glume, very slender
and naked above it, with sometimes a rudimentary; glumes
3-4, scaberulous, I subulate-lanceolate, finely acuminate,
3-veined, II much longer, aristately acuminate, 5—7-veined,
flg. glume rather longer, 5—7-veined, acuminate, keel strong,
palea as long as the glume, 2-toothed, keels scabrous, sides
faintly veined ; lodicules obovate, obtuse, shortly fimbriate,
faintly 3-5-veined; fil. short, anth. included, linear, obtuse,
apiculate; ov. oblong, glabrous, styles very short, free; grain
unknown.
Montane region. Horton Plains and Pedurutalagala, alt. 7000 ft.
Fl. Sept.
Also on the Anamalai Hills.
78. BAWMBUSA, Scihred.
Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing, sometimes thorny ;
rootstock stout, stem-sheaths usually broad, triangular; 1.
Bambusa.] Graminee. 313
linear- or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, petiole short, 1.-
sheaths auricled ; infl. of leafy or leafless panicled rhachides
bearing clusters of 1- or more-fld. spikelets; empty glumes
1-3, flg. ovate-lanceolate, usually mucronate, palea 2-keeled ;
lodicules 2-3, membranous, usually ciliate; stam. 6, fil. free,
anth. narrow, obtuse apiculate or penicillate; ov. oblong or
obovoid, top hairy, style short or long, stigmas 1-3; grain
oblong or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, furrowed on one
surface, pericarp thin, adherent to the seed, embryo large.—
Sp. about 50; 24 in FZ. B. Ind.
Stems thorny . : : : : 2 ; . I. B. ARUNDINACEA.
Stems unarmed.
Arboreous, spikelets compressed 2) 24 Bo VULGARIS:
Shrubby, spikelets cylindric . 2 : . 3. B. NANA.
1. B. arundinacea, Wl/d. Sf. P/.ii.245 (1799). Kata-una, S.
Noongil, 7.
Thw. Enum. 375. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 51. &. sfzzosa, Roxb.;
fim. Cat.Ceyl. Pl. 110, C. P.-3520.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 395. Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.79. Gamble, |. c. t. 48. Rheede,
Hort. Mal. i. t. 16.
Stems many, tufted on a stout rootstock, branching from
the base, up to 80 or 100 ft. high by 6-7 in. diam., graceful,
curving, nodes prominent, lowest rooting, lower emitting
horizontal almost naked shoots armed at the nodes with
2-3 stout recurved spines sometimes an inch and more long,
internodes up to 18 in. walls 1-2 in. thick, stem-sheaths
coriaceous, variable in shape, up to 12-15 by 9-12 in., striate,
tip rounded, margins plaited, young orange-yellow streaked
with green or red and thickly ciliate with golden hairs, blade
up to 4in., triangular, acuminate, glabrous without, densely
hirsute within, margins decurrent, thickly ciliate, ligule
narrow, entire or fringed with pale hairs; 1. up to 7-8 by
I in., linear or linear-lanceolate, tip stiff, glabrous, or
puberulous beneath, one or both margins scabrous, base
rounded, ciliate, midrib narrow, veins 4-6 with 7-9 inter-
mediate and a few transverse pellucid glands, 1.-sheath ending
in a thick callus and short bristly auricle, ligule short; inf.
an enormous panicle often occupying the whole stem,
branchlets bearing loose clusters of pale, suberect, $-1 by
= in. lanceolate, acute, glabrous, spikelets; glumes 4-4 in.
long, ovate-lanceolate, acute or mucronate, many-veined,
empty, 2 or 0, fle. 3-7, uppermost 1-3 male or neuter,
palea subacute, keels 2, ciliate; lodicules ovate or obovate,
hyaline, ciliate, 1-3-veined; fil. slender, anth. obtuse, yellow;
314 Graminee. [Bambusa.
ov. oval-oblong, tip hairy, style short; grain 4-4 in., oblong,
beaked by the style-base, smooth, grooved on one face.
Warmer parts of the Island; common on river banks. Flowers at
about thirty years of age (Brandis in ‘Indian Forester,’ January 1899).
Plains and lower hills of India and Burma, indigenous or cultivated.
Cult. in most tropical countries.
One of the most useful Bamboos for constructive purposes. The
seeds are eaten by the Sinhalese.
2. B. vulgaris, Schrad. in Wendl. Collect. Pl. 11.26. Una, S.
Trim. Syst. Cat. 110. &. Thouarsiz, Kunth; Thw. Enum. 375.
B. arundinacea, Moon, Cat. 26. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 43. C. P
2
BEB inds-viis- 361 Wendla Wert. a7. Gamble e770;
Stems rather distant, 20-50 ft. by 2-4 in. diam., polished,
green or striped with yellow, early branching, nodes hardly
raised, girt with a ring of hairs, internodes 10-18 in., walls
rather thin, stem-sheaths 6-10 by 7-9 in., top rounded, retuse,
thickly appressed-hairy, margins ciliate, often streaked like
the stem, blade 2-6 by 3-4 in., subtriangular, acute, appressed-
hairy on both surfaces, base decurrent, ending in 2 rounded
falcate auricles fringed with flexuous bristles, margins revo-
lute, ligule $4 in. broad, toothed or fimbriate; 1. 6-10 by
3-1% in., linear-lanceolate, tip slender, twisted, scabrid,
glabrous or young hairy beneath, pale green, base rounded
or narrowed, margin and adjacent veins scabrid, midrib
narrow, pale, veins 6-8 with 8-9 intermediates connected
by pellucid gland, |.-sheaths striate, laxly hairy, ending in a
smooth ciliate callus and rounded auricle with a few bristles,
ligule short, ciliolate; infl.a leafy compound panicle bearing
numerous slender rhachides with bracteate clusters of 3-10
suberect spikelets, rhachis terete or sub-furrowed, scurfy, tip
hairy ; spikelets 75-75 in. long, oblong, acute, compressed, bifid,
6—-10-fld.,and a terminal imperfect, rhachilla cuneate, glabrous;
empty glumes I or 2, ovate, acute, tip ciliate, many-veined,
flg. glumes larger, palea obtusely acute, faintly 3-veined,
keels 2, white, ciliate; lodicules 3, ciliate, two ovate-oblong,
elongate, 3-veined, one longer, acute; stam. exserted, anth.
narrow, obtuse, purple, apiculate, tip hairy; ov. narrowly
oblong, hairy, narrowed into the long slender hairy style,
stigmas 3, short, plumose; grain unknown.
Southern and Central Provinces, up to 2000 ft. elevation (Thwaites).
Fl. rarely produced.
Most warm countries, cultivated or naturalised.
Thwaites treats 2. vulgaris as a native of Ceylon, and Kurz regarded
it as indigenous in Java; but Gamble, the highest authority, describes it
as not indigenous in India (including Ceylon) or elsewhere, so far as is
known. ‘The stems are extensively used for constructive purposes.
Oxytenanthera. | Graminee. 305
3. *B. nana, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 25 (1814).
Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 110. Moon, Cat. 29. C. P. 4022. Gamble,
Bamb. Brit. Ind. 41.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 390. Gamble, |. c. t. 38.
An evergreen shrub; stems tufted 6-10 ft. by $—1 in. diam.,
much branched from the base, smooth, green, at length yellow,
internodes 8-15 in. nodes thickened, stem-sheaths 4-6 by
2-3 in., slightly narrowed to the rounded top, stiff, striate,
glabrous, green, then yellow, blade 2-3 in., linear, acuminate,
base decurrent on the sheath, glabrous or appressed hairy
above, hairy beneath, margins ciliate with deciduous hairs,
ligule narrow, entire; |. distichous, 2-4 by 3} in., linear-
lanceolate, tip subulate, twisted, smooth above, whitish or
glaucous and puberulous beneath, base rounded or narrowed
into the very short petiole, midrib faint, pale beneath, veins 3-6
with 7-8 intermediate, crossed by pellucid glands, |.-sheaths
smooth, striate, tipped with a callus, auricles of mouth fringed
with a few long stiff bristles, ligule short ; infl. a diffuse leafy
panicle of slender short rhachides bearing solitary or fascicled
spikelets 4-14 in. long by $ in. broad; spikelets 5- or more-fid.,
terminal fl. alone imperfect, glabrous, straw-col’d., rhachilla
io4 in., flattened; empty glumes o, rarely 1, fle. glumes
about 4-2 in., ovate, acute, glabrous, many-veined, palea
shorter, many-veined, keels 2, with ciliolate tips; lodicules 3,
unequal, ~5-} in., linear-lanceolate, usually 2-veined ; anth.
exserted, linear, pendulous, obtuse or apiculate, yellow; ov.
obovoid, rough, pubescent above, style very short, stigmas 3,
rather long, penicillate to the base; grain ellipsoid, shortly
beaked, furrowed, hirsute above.
Naturalised only (Ferguson). The Dwarf or Chinese Bamboo.
China; cult. throughout India.
Cultivated extensively for close fences. Thwaites observes that the
fl. are usually imperfect.
79. OX YTENANTHERA, J/unro.
Small or medium-sized arborescent or scandent unarmed
bamboos; rootstock stout, usually creeping and stoloniferous;
stem-sheaths various; |. variable, shortly petioled; infl. of
clustered, elongate, slender, simple or branched rachides, bear-
ing heads of sessile, elongate, narrowly conical, 1—3-fld.
spikelets; giumes I-III empty, flg. glumes ovate, acute, or
cuspidate, palea keeled or dorsally rounded; lodicules 0;
stam. 6, fil. confluent in a long tube, anth. narrow, exserted ;
ov. ovoid, style slender, stigmas 1-3; grain elongate, beaked by
the style-base, grooved, embryo large.—Sp. 9; 8 in FZ. B. Ind.
2110 Graminee. [ Zeinostachyum.
O. Thwaitesii, Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 129 (1868).
Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 73. Dendrocalamus monadelphus, Thw.
Enum. 376. C. P. 3359.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 402. Beddome, FI. Sylv. t. 322. Gamble, 1. c. t. 64.
Gregarious, subscandent; stems 10-12 ft. by about I in.
diam., with whip-like curved tips, bearing. whorls of small-
leaved branchlets, smooth, nodes prominent, internodes
12-18 in., rough, young hirsute, walls 4-4 in. thick; stem-
sheaths about 6 by 3-4 in., of old stems covered with appressed
light brown hairs, of young thinner, glabrous, shining, base
leaving a coriaceous ring on the nodes, mouth truncate,
margins ciliate, blade 3-5 in., ovate, acuminate, base rounded
and decurrent on the top of the sheath, and ending in large
rounded auricles with bristly tips, bristles very long and
flexuous on the |. of young, shoots, ligule of old sheaths very
long, fimbriate, of younger narrow, erose; |. variable, of old
stems up to 12 by 1-14 in., lanceolate, acuminate, tip seta-
ceaus, twisted, glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath, base
narrowed or rounded, margins scabrous, midrib yellow, veins
8-10 pairs, with 7 intermediates, and many transverse venules
in the larger leaves, few or 0 in the smaller, petiole 7-4 in.,
l.-sheaths keeled, ending in a rounded callus, and below, in
young plants, in 2 auricles, bearing very long flexuous bristles,
ligule variable; infl. very large, panicled, leafy, heads of
spikelets globose, up to 2 in. diam., bracts small, ovate;
spikelets often binate, sessile, stellately spreading, 7-345 in.
long, densely packed, pale, usually 1-fld.; glumes I-III, empty,
ovate, mucronate, many-veined, fle. glumes ovate, acute,
mucronate, tip often pubescent, margins ciliate, palea convo-
lute, obtuse, tip ciliate; stam.-tube at first short, thick, then
elongate, membranous, anth. subsessile on the tube, narrow,
tip long, hairy; ov. ovoid, pubescent, style long, slender, hairy,
stigmas 3, stigmatic hairs short; grain oval-oblong, glabrous,
except the style-base.
Central Province, alt. 4-6000 ft.; common. Flowers frequently in_
March.
Also in Nilgiri and Anamalai Hills.
80. TEINOSTACHYUM, Munro.
Shrubby or arborescent Bamboos; stems rather slender,
drooping from an erect base, stem-sheaths slender, blade
recurved; |. variable; infl. a slender terminal rhachis, bearing
sessile bracteate fascicles of long, narrow, subterete, many-
fld., suberect spikelets, upper and lower fl. imperfect; glumes
distichous, I and II empty, ovate, acuminate or mucronate,
Ochlandra.] Graminee. B07)
fig. glumes similar, but longer, mucronate, palea oblong,
convolute, keels 2, ciliate; lodicules 3, persistent, 3-9-veined ;
stam. 6, fil. slender, free, anth. exserted; ov. ovoid or depressed-
globose, pericarp produced upwards into a tube enclosing the
slender style, stigmas 2-3; grain ovoid, acuminate, beaked,
pericarp crustaceous.—Sp. 5; all in FZ. 5. Lnd.
T. attenuatum, Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 143 (1868).
Beddome, Fl]. Sylv., For. Man. p. ccxxxiv. Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 110.
Bambusa attenuata, Thw. Enum. 375. C. P. 3255. Gamble, Bamb. Brit.
Ind. 100.
Fl. B. Ind vii. 410. Gamble, 1. c. t. 88.
Stems tufted, 12-25 ft. high, 4-1 in. diam., tips very
slender, nodes with many whorled leafy branches; stem-
sheaths pale, appressedly hairy; |. thin, 3-6 by 4-1 in., lanceo-
late, acuminate, tip subulate, twisted, scabrous, smooth or
rather rough above, smooth and pale beneath, midrib not
prominent, base rounded or cordate, veins 3-5 pairs, with
5-7 close-set intermediates crossed by pellucid glands,
margins ciliate, petiole 74-3 in. |-sheaths sparingly ap-
pressed hairy or glabrous, mouth truncate, fringed with
short deciduous hairs, margins scaberulous, ligule short, entire,
glabrous; infl. terminal, and from the ends of the whorled
branches, elongate, very slender, falcate or drooping at the
tip, spikelets in whorled clusters of fertile and sterile bracts,
1-14 in. long, lafceolate, finely acuminate, rhachis smooth;
spikelets narrow, I by 4in., rhachilla terete, smooth, thickened
above; glumes 5-6, I 4 in., ovate, mucronate, ciliate, empty,
7-veined, flg. glumes 2-3, with I-2 upper imperfect, longer
than I, 9-11-veined, palea smaller than the glume, keels 2,
ciliolate; lodicules lanceolate, 3-veined, tips ciliate; fil. long,
twisted, anth. } in. long, obtusely mucronate; ov. ovoid, acu-
minate, glabrous, style long, stigmas 3, long, purple, stigmatic
hairs, short, simple; grain narrowed at both ends, beaked,
glabrous.
Central Province, alt. 4000-6000 ft. Ramboda, Hakgalla, &c.
(Thwaites). Upper Abbotsford, in fl. and fr. May 1879, and January and
February 1880 (Ferguson).
Endemic.
Extensively used for basket-making and other purposes in Dambulla
(Ferguson).
81. OCHLANDRA, Zw.
Shrubby, gregarious, slender bamboos; stems erect, inter-
nodes thin-walled, stem-sheaths persistent, auricles small; 1.
lanceolate, many-veined, margins sometimes cartilaginous, L.
sheaths striate, fringed, ligule short or long; infl. of elongate,
318 Gramineae. [ Ochlandra.
naked, solitary or fascicled rhachides terminating leafy
branchlets; spikelets whorled, stellately spreading, lanceolate,
terete, rigid, sterile and fertile intermixed, 1-fld.; glumes
many, convolute, mucronate, lower I-V empty, lowest very
short, cupular, succeeding gradually longer, all rigidly cori-
aceous, obscurely very many-veined, smooth, polished, fig.
glume longest, solitary, palea membranous, many - veined,
not keeled; lodicules 1 or more; stam. 6-120, fil. free or
connate, exserted at the, top of the spikelet, anth. long,
narrow; Ov. narrow, style elongate, stigmas 4-6, short,
stigmatic hairs short; grain very large, ovoid or lanceolate,
long-beaked by the rigid exserted style, embraced by the
persistent glumes, pericarp very thick, fleshy.—Sp. 7; all in
Til, ba nd.
@. stridula, 7iw. Enum. 376 (1864). Bata-li, S.
Beddome, Fl. Sylv., For. Man. p. ccxxxiv. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind.
123. Seesha stridula, Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 145. LBambusa
stridula, Moon, Cat. 26. C. P. 241.
IML I, lial; vit, ALO, “Garonloley Il, es i 1).
Gregarious ; stems crowded, 6-18 ft. by +? in. diam., pale
green, nodes geniculate, internodes 12-20 in. long, scabrous,
stem-sheaths glabrous, top rounded, auricles falcate, bristly,
blade subulate, recurved, ligule short; 1. 8-12 by 14-24 in,
oblong-lanceolate, tip long, setaceous, scabrid, smooth above,
margins subcartilaginous, reflexed, one scabrous, midrib
slender, veins 10-12 pairs, with about 7 intermediates crossed
obliquely by pellucid glands, petiole short, stout, concave, 1.-
sheaths ‘ending in a narrow callus fringed with deciduous
bristles sometimes 4 in. long, young hirsute, old glabrous,
ligule narrow, glabrous; rhachides elongate, rough at the
articulations, glaucous above them; spikelets up to I in. long
by 4 in. diam., cylindric-conical, glabrous or sparsly hirsute;
glumes persistent in fr., I and II 4-4 in. long and broad,
margins naked or ciliate, fle. glume similar but longer, palea
as long as the flg. glume, membranous, oblong, truncate,
veins many, trabeculate; lodicules 6-12 or more, lanceolate,
one-, few-, or many-veined, convolute, appressed to the fr.
and persistent; stam. up to 30, fil. free, flat, anth 4 in,
2-toothed, mucronate in the sinus; ov. narrow, smooth, style
enclosed in the produced trigonous tip of the pericarp,
stigmas 4-5, at first twisted; grain about 1 in. long, beak
as long, subtended by the persistent glumes, palea, lodicules,
and filaments.
Ochlandra.] Graminee. 319
Var. maculata, Gamdle, /. c. 124.
Stem greyish-green, banded and blotched with dark purple FI. B.
Ind. l.c. TZeznostachyum (2) maculatum, Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii.
(1885), 273.
Southern Provinces, in the low country; common. Covering hundreds
of square miles. Flowers annually. Var. maculata, Ambagamuwa,
Rewanwette, and districts S. of Adam’s Peak (Ferguson).
Endemic.
Moon’s specific name is derived from the stems when trodden on
breaking with a crackling noise, warning game of the hunter’s approach.
Stems extensively used for fences, roofs of huts, and leaves for thatching
(Ferguson). According to Thwaites, var. szacuw/ata loses its purple colour
under cultivation, and does not flower.
eek ee NOX
A.
Key to the Orders, Genera, and Aberrant Species of
Ceylon Flowering Plants.
IT is assumed that those for whose aid in identifying the
flowering plants of Ceylon the following Key is intended
are so far instructed in the elements of botany as to be
familiar with the principles of classification, with the
characters of the classes Dicotyledons, Monocotyledons, and
Gymnosperms, with the principal organs of flowering plants,
and with the technical terms ordinarily used in describing
ehem.*
These acquirements would not, however, suffice to enable
any one ignorant of Indian botany to make much use of
this Hand-book, from the absence in it of subdivisions of the
dicotyledons and monocotyledons, and from the fact that
many of the genera present some characters foreign to the
orders in which they are placed, but to which they, not-
withstanding, belong by right of affinity. Added to this is
the fact that the Ceylon Flora is, for its extent, a fragmentary
one, certain orders represented in India by many genera, and
certain genera by many species in India, being represented
in Ceylon by single or very few genera and species, and
these often being aberrant in one or more characters.. In
evidence of the above I find that, out of the total of 149
orders, 49 are represented by single genera, and 23 by only
two genera; and that, of the remaining 77 orders, 65 include
one or more genera with aberrant species. One instance of
the latter may suffice; it is the order Ranunculacee, which is
normally polypetalous. It is represented in Ceylon by five
* Those who have not these acquirements are recommended to pro-
cure and study ‘Oliver’s First Book of Indian Botany,’ with numerous
illustrations. (Macmillan & Co.)
PART V. We
320 Key to the Orders, Genera, Se.
genera, of which three are apetalous. These five genera
together contain seven species, of which three only have
petals. This, for the purpose of the Key, necessitates
Ranunculacee finding a place both in the polypetalous series
of Thalamifloral and the apetalous of Monochlamyds. So it
is with various others of the Ceylon orders, genera, and
species; owing to their aberrant characters their natural
affinities are masked, and, except by an artificial key, it is
difficult—in some cases even impossible—for one ignorant of
Indian botany to identify them, and to find their places in the
natural system which is followed in the body of the Hand-
book.
The following table shows the limits of the Series, and
the Parts of the Hand-book in which they are to be found :——
1. Dicotyledons.
Series I. Thalamifloral, Part i, Orders 1, Ranunculacez, to
XxIV, Tiliaceze.
5 Li Discifloral, Part -1, Orders’ xxv, lamaceze,\to xin,
Anacardiacez.
» III. Calycifloral, Part 11, Orders Lv1, Connaracez, to
Lxv, Cornaceze.
» LV. Gamopetalous, Part ii, Orders Lxv11, Rubiacez, to
Part iii, cl, Plantagineee.
Part ui, Orders ci1, Nycta-
» ¥. Monochlamydeous, ginez, to Part iv, Orders
» WI. Achlamydeous, cil, Euphorbiacez, to
cxxul, Ceratophyllacez.
Il. Gymnosperms. Part iv, Orders cxxiu, Cycadacee.
III. Monocotyledons.
Part iv, Orders cLxxIv, Hydrocharidez,
to cxLvi, Naiadez, Part v, Order
CxLvil, Eriocaulonez.
», L1I. Glumal, Part v, Orders cxLvi1, Cyperaceze, and
CXLIx, Graminez. ;
CLass I—DICOTYLEDONS.
SERIES I.—Thalamifioral. Fl. usually bisexual and regular;
cal. inferior, except Azcistrocladee, of distinct or connate sepals ;
cor. of distinct pet., sometimes united at the very base; stam.
hypogynous, rarely inserted on a hypogynous disk or torus.
Series I. Petaloid
» LI. Apetaloid
Key to the Orders, Genera, &c. 223
Fl. unisexual in Menispermacee, irregular in Viola, Impatiens, and
Polygala; pet. o in some Ranunculaceea, Cruciferae, Violacee, Bixacee,
and rarely in a few other orders.
A. Ov. apocarpous, of 2 or more free carpels, rarely carpel solitary.
Fl. bisexual.
Sep. 5 or fewer, pet. I-seriate.
Sep. deciduous : : : I. RANUNCULUS, vol. i. p. 4.
Sep. persistent : : : II. DILLENIACEA, i. 5.
Sep. and pet. 2-3 seriate, or sep. I-seriate and pet. 2- or more-seriate.
Shrubs or trees.
L. stipulate, sep. 5 or more . Ill. MAGNOLIACEA”, i. 14.
L. exstipulate, sep.3 . : Iv. ANONACEA, i. 16.
Aquatic herbs : : : Vil. NYMPHAACEA, 1. 49.
Fl]. unisexual, dicecious . ; 2 Vv. MENISPERMACEA, i. 37.
B. Ov. syncarpous.
Ov. i-celled, spuriously 2-celled in Crucifere.
Placentas parietal.
Endosperm o.
Ov. spuriously 2-celled : VIII. CRUCIFERA, i. 52.
Ov. 1-celled, usually on a
gynophore . . : IX. CAPPARIDEA, 1. 54.
Endosperm copious.
Fl. irregular.
Stam. 5, anth.spurred . X. VIOLACEA, 1. 65.
Stam. 8, anth. not spurred XIII. POLYGALACEA, 1. 78.
Fl. regular.
Herbs with glandular hairs XLVIII. DROSERACEA, il. 145.
Trees or shrubs.
Stam. many, in I or §
bundles. . XVIII. HYPERICACEA, 1. 93.
Stam. 5 or more, not in bundles.
Fr.capsular placent.2 XII. PITTOSPORACEA, i. 77.
Fr. berried, placent. 3
or more. : XI. BIXACEA, i. 69.
Placenta free central or basal.
Sep. and pet. and stam. 6 each,
shrub : VI. BERBERIDEA, i. 48.
Sep. 5 or cal. 5- fid.
Ov. inferior, scandent shrub XXI. bis. ANCISTROCLADEA, i. 338.
Ov. superior.
Herbs, 1. opp. : XIV. CARYOPHYLLACEA,, 1.84.
Trees Or shrubs, l.scale-like XVI. TAMARISCINE, i. QI.
Shrubs, 1. alt., broad . LXXVIII. MYRSINEA, iii. 67.
Ov. 2-many-celled.
Sep. imbricate in bud.
Ov. cells many-ovuled.
Fl. irregular : : : IMPATIENS, i. 200.
Fl. regular
L. opp.
Stam. 3-1o free. . XVII. ELATINEA, i. 92.
Stam. many, in I or
bundles . : . XVIII, HYPERICACEA, i. 93.
L, alt., trees or shrubs. :
Sep. unchanged in fr. . XX. TERNSTREMIACEA, 1. 107.
Sep. accrescent in fr. . XXI. DIPTEROCARPACE4, i. 112.
324
L. radical or whorled, herbs
Ov. cells 1-4-ovuled.
Trees or shrubs.
L. alt., pet. connate at base XXXVI.
L. opp., fl. usually unisexual.
Cal. campanulate, aay
shrub
Cal. of distinct sepals .
Cal. 5-partite, pet. laciniate
Herbs, |. simple or comp. . XXVIII.
Sep. valvate in bud.
Anth. 1-celled XXII.
Anth. 2-celled.
Fil. free XXIV.
Pil: monadelphous hap.0-4008
SERIES 1I].—Discifloral.
calyx inferior ;
perigynous or hypogynous disk or row
insertion and the ov.;
XIX.
Key to the Orders, Genera, &c.
MOLLUGO, ii. 270.
ILICINEA, 1. 264.
AZIMA, lil. 121.
GUTTIFERA, 1. 94.
WEIHEA, li. 156.
GERANIACEA, 1. 195.
MALVACE&, i. 140.
TILIACEA, 1. 171.
STERCULIACEA, 1. 163.
Fl. usually bisexual and regular;
pet. distinct or connate at the very base, with usually a
of glands between their
stamens inserted on or at the inner or outer
base of the disk, or between the glands, or on the pet.
Disk glands very minute in Chazlletiacee. Cal. superior, and disk
epigynous in S¢vombosia (Olacinee).
A. Fl. regular.
Fr. of separate carpels.
L. gland-dotted
L. not gland-dotted.
L. opp.
L. simple.
Sep. pet. and stam. ey
MeO, CXIL.
Sep. 5, pet. 5-6, stam. 3.
L. pinnate . XXVII.
L. alt. stipulate
L. alt. exstipulate.
L. compound.
Stam. inserted chiefly
outside the disk
Stam. inserted chiefly
inside the disk
L. simple
Fr. syncarpous.
Herbs.
Terrestrial.
L. stipulate, stam. many .
L. stipulate, disk of glands
L. exstipulate, disk of
glands or scales
Aquatic herbs, disk adnate to ov.
Whole plant floating, fl. small
L. and fl. only floating, fl. large
Trees or shrubs.
Euphorbiacee.)
Stam. 5 or fewer opp. or on the pets.
L. simple.
XXIX.
XXXI.
XXX.
XL.
XXIV.
RUTACEA, i. 213.
MONIMIACEA, ili. 436.
HIPPOCRATEA, 1. 275.
ZYGOPHYLLACEA!, 1. 194.
OCHNACEA, i. 232.
SIMARUBACEA, 1. 229.
SAPINDACEA, 1. 298.
BUCHANANIA, 1. 316.
TILIACEA, i. I71.
GERANIUM, i. 195.
LINUM, i. 188.
TRAPA, ll. 235.
NYMPHA, i. 49.
(See also some discifloral petaliferous gen. of
Key to the Orders, Genera, Ge.
Pet. valvate.
Undershrubs with tendrils
Shrubs, no tendrils XXXV.
Pet. minute, imbricate,
or involute iap:0:0:4'4 508
L. compound, no tendrils .
325
VITIS, i. 287.
OLACINEA, 1. 254.
RHAMNACEA,, i. 278.
LEEA, i. 297.
Stam. alt., or opp. and alt. with the pets., or many.
L. alt. exstipulate.
L. gland-dotted
L. not gland-dotted.
Ov. 1-celled, ovules
many, on ~
parietal placentas
XXIX.
XI.
RUTACEA, i. 213.
BIXACEA,, i. 69.
Ov. I or more celled, placentas basal or axile.
L. simple.
Pet. valvate. XXXV.
Pet. imbricate.
Disk of glands,
styles 3-5. XXV.
Ov. 2-5-celled,
style 2-3-fid. XXXVII.
Ov. 1 - celled,
style simple . XLII.
Ov. 2-5-celled,
style simple . ME
L. compound.
Fil. confluent, form-
ing a tube OOK
Fil. distinct.
Ovules pendulous.
Ov. 1I-celled,
t-ovuled XLII.
Ov. 2-3-cell-
ed, cells 1-
2-ovuled OO
Ovules erect.
Ov. cells many-
ovuled
Ov. cells
ovuled.
L. alt., stipulate.
Anth. appendaged, ov. 1-celled
I-2-
XL
OLACINEA, 1. 254.
LINACEA, i. 188.
CELASTRACEA, i. 266.
ANACARDIACEA, i. 316,
SAPINDACEA, i. 298.
MELIACEA, 1. 241.
ANACARDIACEA!, 1. 316.
BURSERACEA,, i. 235.
CHLOROXYLON, i. 252.
SAPINDACEA, i. 298.
ALSODEIA, 1. 68.
Anth. not appendaged, trees or shrubs, except Lzzacec.
Stam. many XXIV.
Stam. 3-5.
Ov. 3-5-celled. XXV.
Ov. 2-celled.
Ov. pendulous XXXIV.
Ov. erect XXXV.
L. opp., trees or shrubs..
L. gland-dotted, simple.
L. exstipulate, stam. 8
L. stipulate, stam. 5
L. not gland-dotted.
L. stipulate, compound
TILIACEA, 1. 171.
LINACEA, i. 188.
CHAILLETIACEA, 1. 253.
CELASTRACE4, i. 266.
ACRONYCHIA, 1. 216.
KOKOONA, 1. 269.
TURPINIA, t. 313.
326
L. exstipulate.
Key to the Orders, Genera, ©c.
L. simple XXXVI. CELASTRACEA, 1. 266.
L. compound . XL. SAPINDACEA, 1. 298.
B. FI. irregular, trees or shrubs.
L. opp., simple, exstipulate . XXVI. MALPIGHIACEA, i. 192.
L. alt., simple and coronene
Stam. 5-10 : 5 : XL. SAPINDACEA, i. 298.
Stam. (perfect) 2, opp. 2 of 5 petals XLI. SABIACEA, i. 314.
SeriEs III] —Calycifioral.
Fl. regular, mostly bisexual; calyx
inferior or superior; pet. distinct, or connate at the very base only;
disk 0, or very obscure; stam. inserted in the limb of the calyx.
In the genera and orders with inferior ov., the limb of the calyx is
often undeveloped, which should refer them
technically to the Mono-
chlamydeous division, where also most such will be found.
A. FI. bisexual.
Ov. superior (or half superior in Zvapa and Ficozadee).
Herbs.
Fr. a solitary follicle, 1. alt.
usually comp.
Fr. of small achenes, 1. comp.
Fr. capsular.
Sep. 2, embryo annular
Sep. 3-5, embryo straight .
Fr. an indehiscent 2-horned
nut, aquatic
Trees or shrubs.
Fr. of many small ae
prickly shrubs :
Fr. of 3-5 follicles, 1. imp.-
pinnate .
Fr. of 1 follicle, 1- seeded, 1. of
I leaflet .
Fr. various.
XLIII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XV.
LEGUMINOSA,, ii. 4.
ROSACEA, ll. 134.
PORTULACACEA, 1. 88.
AMMANNIA, li. 223.
TRAPA, il. 235.
RUBUS, 11. 135.
CONNARACEA, il. I.
ELLIPANTHUS, il. 3.
Ov. 1-celled, style single, |. alt., stipulate.
L. usually comp., fr. folli-
cular or indehiscent
L. simple, fr. a berry
XLIV.
LEGUMINOSA, ii. 4.
PYGEUM, ll. 134.
Ov. 2- or more-celled, style single, 1. opp.
Anth. opening by slits.
Style long, stigma capi-
tate, 1. exstipulate LIV.
Stigma 2-lobed, or styles 2,
l. exstipulate BEKO RO XCM
Stigma simple, |. stipulate 1b
Anth. opening by pores .
Ov. 1-celled, styles 4 or more.
Sep. 5, placent. parietal .
Sep. 2, placent. basal XV.
Ov. inferior.
Stam. inserted on the calyx-limb.
Anth. opening by pores. Sy) seibile,
Anth. opening by slits.
Leafless shrubs . LXI.
LYTHRACEA, il. 222.
OLEACES, ili. 112.
RHIZOPHORACEA, ll. 150.
MELASTOMA, 11. 199.
HOMALIUM, ii. 239.
PORTULACACEA,, i. 88.
MELASTOMACEA, il. 192.
CACTACEA, ii. 266.
Key to the Orders, Genera, Sc.
Leafy shrubs or trees.
Pet. valvate i ;
Pet. imbricate, distinct.
L. stipulate.
Ov. 1-celled
Ov. 2-4-celled .
Pet. connate in a cap
Stam. epipetalous, shrubs or trees.
Pet.imbricate, stam. very many LXXXI
Pet. valvate, stam. opp. pet. or
adnate to them
Stam. epigynous.
Pet. valvate.
L. compound, ov. 4-9 celled
L. simple.
Ov. 1-celled, shrubs
Ov. 2-celled, herbs .
Pet. imbricate.
Fl. umbelled, styles 2.
Fl. not umbelled.
L. stipulate. } : ib
L. exstipulate.
Pet. entire, 1. opp.
Pet. laciniate, 1. alt. di
morphic : :
B. FI. unisexual (see also various petaliferous
Euphorbiacee).
Scandent herbs or shrubs with tendrils.
Fl. moneecious, fr. baccate. LVIII.
Fl. dicecious, fr.capsular . NATE
Erect herbs.
Ov. 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled
Ov. 3-celled, cells many-ovuled. LXIXx.
Parasitic shrub, anth. opening by
many pores . ; : :
CXVII.
LXIV.
LXV.
. LII.
327
STROMBOSIA, 1. 257.
PHOTINIA, li. 142.
: L. RHIZOPHORACEA, il. 150.
L. exstipulate, ov. I-celled Lx.
COMBRETACEA, il. 158.
AXINANDRA, li. 231.
. STYRACEA,, ill. 103.
LORANTHACEA,, iii. 462.
ARALIACEA, li. 281.
CORNACEZ&, il. 285.
HYDROCOTYLE, Ii. 274.
. UMBELLIFERA,, il. 274.
RHIZOPHORACEA, il. 150.
MYRTACEA, li. 165.
ANISOPHYLLEA, il. 157.
CUCURBITACEA,, li. 242.
PASSIFLORACEA,, il. 239.
SERPICULA, li. 147.
BEGONIACEA, ii. 262.
VISCUM, iil. 470.
SERIES IV.—Gamopetalous.—F. usually bisexual, regular or
irregular ; cal. superior or inferior; pet. connate, forming an entire
or cleft corolla, rarely free to a little above the base; stam. epipeta-
lous, rarely hypogynous or epigynous.
A. Ov. inferior, $ inferior in Sphenoclea (see below) and in Gaertnera (see
Loganiacee@).
Stam. epipetalous.
Anth. free.
Stam. opp. or upon the
cor.-lobes . 3
Stam. alt. with cor.-lobes.
L. opp. exstipulate.
CXVII. LORANTHACEA, iii. 462.
Stam. 3, herb. LXVIII. VALERIANACEA, iii. I.
Stam. 4, ov. 1-celled,
herb LXIX. DIPSACEAZ, 111. 2.
Stam. 5, ov. 1-3-cell-
ed, shrub LXVi. CAPRIFOLIACEA, ii. 288.
328
L. opp. stipulate, or
whorled . 6
ievalt.
Stam. very many, shrubs
_or trees a
Stam. 5, fil. free, ov. 4.
inferior, herb . :
Stam. 5, fil. united, fl. uni-
sexual, coarse herb
Anth. connate.
Anth. cohering by their tips only
Anth. cohering in a tube.
Herbs or shrubs with
tendrils .
Herbs, 1. stipulate
L. exstipulate, ov. I-
celled, 1-ovuled
‘L. exstipulate, ov. 2-3-
celled,many-ovuled
Stam. epigynous.
Stam. 2, fil. confluent with
style
Stam. 3-5.
Ov. t-celled, 1-ovuled,
stam. opp. cor.-lobes
Ov. 2-celled, cells 1-ovuled
Ov. 2-3-celled, cells many-
ovuled ;
Stam. 10, anth.-cells spurred
B. Ov. superior.
Fl. regular.
Stam. hypogynous.
Ov. 1-celled, ovule, 1 pen-
dulous, herbs
Ov. 1-celled, 2-ovuled, herb
Key to the Orders, Genera, Se.
LXVII. RUBIACEA;, il. 289.
LXXX. STYRACEAZ, ili. 103.
SPHENOCLEA, iii. 59.
XANTHIUM, iii. 35.
ACRANTHERA, il. 324.
LVIII. CUCURBITACEA, ii. 242.
NEUROCALYX, il. 299.
LXX. COMPOSITA,, Ili. 3.
LXXIII. CAMPANULACEA, iil. 55.
LXXI. STYLIDIACEA, iil. 53.
CXVII.
LXXII.
LORANTHACEA!,, iil. 462.
GOODENIACEA, ili. 54.
LXXIII.
LXXIV.
CAMPANULACEA, Ili. 55.
VACCINIACEA, iii. 61.
LXXVI. PLUMBAGINEA, ili. 64.
WALTHERIA, i. 170.
Ov. 1-celled, 1-ovuled, woody unisexual climbers.
Sep. of male distinct
Sep. of male connate
CISSAMPELOS, i. 46.
CYCLEA, 1. 47.
Ov. 5-10-celled, cells
many-ovuled, shrubs
or trees LXXV. ERICACEA, iii. 62.
Stam. epipetalous.
Ov. of 2 free carpels with connate styles or stigmas.
L. opp
Pollen granular, grains
free . LXXXIV. APOCYNACEA, ili. 123.
Pollen in waxy or
granular masses LXXXV. ASCLEPIADEA, ili. 142.
L. alt., carpels each 2-lobed. CERBERA, lii. 128.
Ov. of 2 or more confluent carpels.
Ov. 1-celled, placenta free central, stam. opp. cor. .-lobes.
Herbs, fr. ‘capsular LXXVII. PRIMULACEA, iil. 65.
Trees or shrubs, fr.
baccate . LXXVIII. MYRSINEA, iii. 67.
Tree or shrub, fr. a follicle ZEGICERAS, ill. 74
ria
Key to the Orders, Genera, &c. 329
Ov. I or more celled, placenta not free central.
L. opp., rarely ternate.
Trees or shrubs.
Stam. 2, ov. 2-
celled, cells
I-ovuled . LXXXII. OLEACEA, Iii. 112.
Stam. 4-5.
Anth.connivent,
adnate to
stigmas . LXXXIV. APOCYNACEA, iil. 123.
Anth. free.
Ov. 1-celled, pla-
cent. 2, parietal WILLUGHBEIA, ili. 123.
Ov. 1-4-celled, placent. axile or sub-basal.
Stam. didy-
namous XCIX. VERBENACEA, ili. 345.
Stam. equal.
Spinous shrubs CARISSA, iii. 124.
Unarmed shrubs.
Cor.-lobes
imbricate SALVADORA, iii. 120.
Cor.-lobes valvate
or contorted
LXXXVI. LOGANIACEA, iil. 169.
Stam. 6-8, ov. 2-4-
celled, ovules 4 SYMPHOREMA, ili. 362.
Herbs.
Ov. 1-celled, placent. parietal, ovules very many.
Corolla-lobes con-
torted, stigmas 2 GENTIANACEA, lil. 179.
Corolla-lobes imbri-
cate, stigma I CHAMPIONIA, iii. 276.
Ov. 2-celled.
Stam. 2, ov. cells
2-ovuled STACHYTARPHETA, ili. 348.
Stam. 4-5, ov. cells many-ovuled.
Styles 2, very short | MITRASACME, ili. 170.
Style 1, long EXACUM, iil. 180.
Ov. 4-celled, ovules 4,
anth. 5, connate TRICHODESMA, ili. 201.
L. alt.
Aquatic herb, |. floating,
ov. I-celled . LIMNANTHEMUM, iii. 188.
Terrestrial caulescent herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Ov. 1-celled, ovules 4, erect,
scandent shrubs ERYCIBE, ili. 204.
Ov. 1-celled, ovules many,
parietal, undershrub ISANTHERA, ili. 280.
Ov. 2- or 4-celled, ovules 4.
Corolla plaited
in bud i XC. CONVOLVULACEA, Iii. 204.
Corolla - lobes’
imbricate in
bud . . LXXXIX. BORAGINEA, Ill. 192.
Ov. 2-celled, cells many-ovuled.
330 Key to the Orders, Geneva, &c.
Annual, stam. 4,style 1 CELSIA, ill. 240.
Annual, stam. 5, styles2 HYDROPHYLLACEA, ili, 191.
Herbs or shrubs,
stam. 5, style I XCI. SOLANACEA, ili. 230.
Ov. 3-16-celled, cells 1-2-ovuled, shrubs or trees.
Fl]. bisexual.
L. simple . LXXIX. SAPOTACEA, ili. 75.
L. compound LEEA, 1. 297.
FI. unisexual.
Styles 3, 2-fid. GIVOTIA, iv. 50.
Style single, or bifid.
Pet. contorted, sep.
accrescent LXXX. EBENACEA, iil. 87.
Pet. imbricate,
stam. 2 LXXXII. OLEACEA, ill. 112.
L. all radical, peren-
nial herb . : CI. PLANTAGINEA, ill. 388.
Fl. irregular (corolla-lobes, or stamens, or both unsymmetrical).
Leafiess herbs.
Stam. 4, didynamous, anth. 1-celled.
Ov. 1-celled, placent. 2,
parietal . : . XCIII. OROBANCHACEA!,, ili. 260.
; Ov. 2-celled, placent. 2, axile STRIGA, ili. 255.
Stam. 2, anth.-cells confluent XCIV. LENTIBULARIACEA!,, ili. 266.
Leafy herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Anth. 1-celled.
Ov. 4-lobed . ‘ : c. LABIATA, ili. 364.
Ov. entire, 2-celled, stam. 2, annuals.
Capsule many-seeded, stigma
tongue-shaped . PEPLIDIUM, ili. 254.
Capsule 4-seeded, stigma
simple ‘ : MONOTHECIUM, ili. 333.
Anth.-cells 2, confluent.
Ov. 1-celled.
Stam. 2 or 4, placent.
2, parietal . : XCV. GESNERACEA, ill. 271.
Stam. 2, placent. basal XCIV. LENTIBULARIACEA, iil. 266.
Ov. 2-celled, 1. opp., herbs.
Fl]. minute, axillary . MICROCARPA, ill. 254.
Fl. large, racemose . ARTANEMA, ili. 248.
Anth.-cells 2, distinct.
Ov. 1-celled, placent. 2, parietal, stam. 1, herbs.
Corolla unequally 4-lobed HOPPEA, iii. 183.
Corolla 2-lipped 3 CANSCORA, lil. 183.
Ov. 1-celled, or 2-celled by confluence of placent. stam.
didynamous.
Shrubs or trees, I. 1-2-
pinnate. : XCVI. BIGNONIACEA,, iii. 280.
Ov. 2-celled, |. usually opp., simple lobed or pinnatifid, stam.
usually didynamous.
Ov. cells many-ovuled, fr. usually capsular.
[eOpp:.. alts, 0%
whorled, en-
dosp. fleshy . XCII. SCROPHULARIACEA, iii. 239.
L. opp. or alt., endosp.o SESAMUM, iii. 285.
Key to the Orders, Genera, ec. 331
L. all opp., endosp.
o (except £Zy-
trarvia) . . XCVII. ACANTHACEA, iii. 286.
Ov. cells 1-few-ovuled.
L. opp. or whorled,
fics GNA lee
drupey XCIX. VERBENACEA,, lll. 345.
L. all opp., capsule
2-valved . XCIIIl. ACANTHACEA, ili. 286.
L. all opp., fr. inde-
hiscent, spinous PEDALIUM, iii. 284.
Ov. 4-celled, ].opp., stam.
didynamous.
Ov. entire, style terminal XCIX. VERBENACEA, ili. 345.
Ov. 4-lobed, style from
between the lobes . Cc. LABIATA, ill. 364.
SERIES V.—Monochlamyds.— Fl. usually regular, often uni-
sexual; perianth single, present in bisexual fls., and usually in both
sexes of unisexual fls., superior or inferior, gamo- or polypetalous;
stam. hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous.
Under this series are included some orders and genera with inferior
ovaries, in which the calyx-limb is not or hardly produced, though, the
calyx-tube being present in these and adnate to the ovary, they are
really dichlamydeous.
A. Ov. inferior.
Stam. confluent with the style ARISTOLOCHIA, ili. 422.
Stam. free from the style.
Anth. connate ina tube, fil.
free, ov. I-celled, 1-
ovuled d 2 : LX. COMPOSITA, ili. 3.
Anith. free.
Aquatic unisexual herb,
ov. 4-celled, 4 ovuled MYRIOPHYLLUM, li. 148.
Terrestrial plants.
Ov. 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Anth. opening by
slits or pores.
L. large, peltate . HERNANDIA, ill. 455.
L. not peltate,
parasites . . CXVII. LORANTHACEA, il. 462.
Anth. opening by
valves. GYROCARPUS, ii. 165.
Ov. 1-celled, 2-5- -ovuled.
Stam. 3- 5, style1 . SANTALACEA, ili. 474.
Stam. 8-10, style 1. LI. COMBRETACEA, ll. 158.
Stam. 4, styles 4,
stigmas plumose SERPICULA, 11. 148.
Ov. 1-celled, paw
ovuled . LX. DATISCACEA, Ii. 265.
Ov. 2-celled, 2- ovuled. LXIII. UMBELLIFERA, li. 274.
Ov. 4-9- -celled, cells
I-ovuled : 5 LXIV. ARALIACEA, ii. 281.
Ov. 4-celled, cells 4
many-ovuled : BRAGANTIA, Ill. 421.
Bee Key to the Orders, Genera, Gc.
B. Ov. superior.
Fl. bisexual.
Aquatic herbs, with frond-
like stem . LAWIA, iii. 416.
Leafless, fleshy, jointed herbs CIV. CHENOPODIACEA!, ill. 406.
Leafless twining parasite . CASSYTHA, lil. 455.
Leafy herbs, shrubs, or trees. |
Perianth-tube elongate, base enclosing the ov.
Tube of perianth entire, limb 4—5-lobed.
Stam. 4-5, inserted on the perianth tube.
L. glabrous or
pubescent Cxv. THYMELAACEA, iil. 457.
L. covered with
lepidote scales . CXVI. ELZAGNACEA,, ill. 461.
Stam. 2-10, hypo-
- gynous . -Cll. NYCTAGINEA, ili, 389.
Tubeof menen (calyx)
entire or cee
lobed ; CULLENIA, i. 162.
Tube of perianth of 4
linear, cohering
> segments CXIV. PROTEACEA, iii. 456.
Perianth-tube short or o.
Ov. of 2 or more free carpels.
Carpels 1-ovuled.
Stam. hypogynous.
Carpels coriaceous I.
Carpels membranous
Stam. perigynous,
|. pinnate.
Carpels many-ovuled
Ov. 1-celled, ovules many,
parietal.
Stam. hypogynous .
Stam. perigynous
Ov. 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
L. simple.
Stam. opp. perianth lobes.
Embryoannularin
floury endosp.
Embryostraight in
fleshy endosp.
Stam. not opp. peneay
lobes.
L. exstipulate.
Stam. I-5, embryo
annular
Stam. many, coty-
led. plano-convex
L. stipulate.
Styles 2 or 3.
Style 1
L. pinnate
Ov. 1-5-celled, cells few-
or many- -ovuled.
XI.
LVI.
CIII.
CIV.
CV.
RANUNCULACEA,, i. I.
GISEKIA, il. 273.
POTERIUM, Ii. 140.
STERCULIA, 1. 163.
BIXACEA, 1. 69.
SAMYDACEA!,, il. 236.
AMARANTHACEA,, ill. 392.
CANSJERA, i. 259.
CHENOPODIACEA, ill. 406.
CALOPHYLLUM, 1. 98.
POLYGONACEA,, ill. 410.
ALCHEMILLA, it. 140.
POTERIUM, 11. 140.
Key to the Orders, Genera, Se.
L. pinnate, ov. I-
celled, trees . XLIV.
L. pinnatifid, ov. 2-
celled, herbs . VIII.
L. simple.
Ov, I-celled, few-
ovuled . : CIII.
Ov. 1-celled, many-
ovuled . ;
Ov. 2-5-celled . LXIl.
Ov. 3-celled, cells 1-
ovuled.
L. simple : > SOOT
L. pinnate ; 3
Ov. many-celled, cells
many-ovuled
FI. unisexual.
Leafless fleshy root-para-
sites 3 : : CXIX.
Stem. leafy.
Submerged aquatic, 1.
dissected ‘ te FCXXIT
Terrestrial herbs, shrubs
or trees.
Ov. of 3-5 separate carpels.
Climbing shrub, sep. 6
Trees, perianth 5-
lobed é Fy 2Osae
Ov. a 1-celled 1-ovuled
carpel.
Anth. dehiscing by
valves. ; CXIII.
Anth, dehiscing by
slits.
L. stipulate . ‘ CXXI.
L. exstipulate.
eavalt ety 2-
valved, trees Seite
L. opp., fr. in-
dehisc.,herb
Ov. 1-celled, ovules few
or many, parietal sare
Ov. 1-celled, 2-ovuled,
scandent shrub
Ov.2-more-celled, cells
onl
[—3-ovuled.
Seeds with endosp.. CXXV.
Seeds without endosp. XE
Oo
ioe)
&
LEGUMINOSA, il. 4,
CRUCIFERA, 1. 52.
AMARANTHACEA, lil. 392.
AMMANNIA, ii, 223.
FICOIDEA, 11. 267.
RHAMNACEA,, i. 278.
SCHLEICHERA, 1. 304.
SONNERATIA, 11. 229.
BALANOPHORACEA,, ill. 476.
CERATOPHYLLACEA, iv. 120.
ANAMIRTA, 1. 40.
STERCULIACEZ, 1.. 163.
LAURACEA!,, lll. 437.
URTICACEA, iv. 78.
MYRISTICACEA, iil. 433.
ATRIPLEX, ili. 406.
BIXACEZ, i. 60.
PYRENACANTHA, i. 263.
EUPHORBIACEA, iv. I.
SAPINDACEA!,, i. 298.
SERIES VI.—Achlamydez. Perianth o in the male fl. or
fem. fi., or in both.
Perianth o in fl. of both sexes.
Infl. of many-pedicelled stam. and 1-pedicelled 3-celled ov., all sur-
rounded by a perianth-like cam-
panulate involucre :
EUPHORBIA, iv. 3.
334 Key to the Orders, Genera, Sc.
Fl. solitary, bisexual, stam. I or2, aquatic
herbea ; : PODOSTEMON, iii. 416.
Fl. solitary, unisexual, stam. I, aquatic
herb ‘ ; ‘ i ‘ CALLITRICHE, li. 149.
Fl. minute spicate.
Fl. bisexual, styles 2-4 _ . é . CIX. PIPERACEA, ili. 209.
Fl. binate,a male and afem. connate CX. CHLORANTHACEA, ili. 432.
Perianth o in fem. fl. only of the following genera :—
HALORAGE#; Serpicula, ii, 147; Myriophyllum, ii. 148.
CoMPOSIT#; Xanthium, iil. 35.
BALANOPHORACEA, ill. 476,
URTICACE#; Ficus, iv. 83; Antiaris, iv. 96; obscure in Dorstenia, iv. 10,
Cuass Il—GYMNOSPERMS.
CXXIIIl. CYCADEA, L. iv. 121.
Ciass IIIL.—MONOCOTYLEDONS.
SERIES I.—Petaloid. Perianth usually double, of 6 segments
in-two rows, rarely single.
A. Perianth superior.
Submerged herbs, fresh water
and marine. : : CXXIV. HYDROCHARIDEA, iv. 122.
Terrestrial herbs.
Stam. 6.
Fl. regular.
L. undivided.
Anth. with the connective appendaged.
Cells of ov. many-ovuled cCxxXv. BURMANNIACEA!, iv. 129.
Cells of ov. 2-ovuled . TRICHOPUS, iv. 279.
Anth. with connective not appendaged.
Cells of ov. 2-ovuled . CXXVIII. HAMODORACEA, iv. 266.
Cells of ov. many-ovuled CxXXIxX. AMARYLLIDEA, iv. 268.
Ie ey pec ueHiS agilate CXXX. TACCACEZ, Iv. 273.
SUT, Ze : ; APOSTASIA, iv. 238.
Fl. irregular.
Stam. adnate to the style. CXXVI. ORCHIDEA!, iv. 132.
Stam free from the style . CXXVII. SCITAMINEA, iv. 238.
B. Perianth inferior.
Fl. very minute in dense invo-
lucrate heads . ; . CLXVII. ERIOCAULONEA, Vv. I.
Fl]. on a spadix.
Spadix at first enclosed in one or more spathes.
Spadix branched, shrubs
or trees . . CXXXIX. PALMEA, iv. 319.
Spadix simple, perianth single.
Spathe open.
Herbs, fl. unisexual . ORONTIEAZ. iv. 344.
Climbing shrub, fl. bisexual POTHOS, iv. 363.
Spathe calyptriform, ca-
ducous, aquatics . APONOGETON, iv. 372.
Spathe o, or very imperfect, aquatics.
Key to the Orders, Genera, Gc. 335
Fl. bisexual.
Perianth segm. 4, carpels 4 POTAMOGETON, iv. 373.
Perianth segm, 6, ov. 2-3 celled ACORUS, iv. 365.
Fl. moncecious, per. (?) of
fine hairs . 4 5 CXLI. TYPHACEA, iv. 342.
Fl. not on a spadix.
Ov. of many separate carpels.
Leafy aquatics, cal. green,
cor. white . 3 CXLV. ALISMACEA, iv. 369.
Leafless saprophytes, peri-
anth 4-8-partite 5 CXLIV. TRIURIDEA, iv. 367.
Ov. syncarpous, perianth 6-partite, except Dracena.
Stam. 4, stem twining
l.broad , . CXXXII. ROXBURGHIACEA, iv. 280.
Stam. 3-2.
Rush-like plants, fl. in
cone-like spikes . CXXXV. XYRIDEA, iv. 296.
Stam. alternating with
staminodes . . CXXXVI. COMMELINACEA, iv. 298.
Stam. 6.
Fl. unisexual, fr. baccate.
Climbing shrubs, 1. 3-9-
veined : SMILAX, iv. 282.
Erect, tall herbs, L
closely veined . SUSUM, Iv. 317.
Fl. bisexual.
Fr. capsular.
Fl. irregular . : FLOSCOPA, iv. 315.
Fl. regular.
Fil. naked.
Perianth mem-
branous . CXXXIII. LILIACEAZ, iv. 281.
Perianth coria-
ceous . . CXXXVIII. JUNCACEA, iv. 318.
Fil. long-bearded CYANOTIS, iv. 311.
Fr. baccate.
L. tipped by a spiral tendril . FLAGELLARIA, iv. 317.
L. replaced by eladodes . . ASPARAGUS, iv. 284.
Stem erect, woody, fl. panicled DRACANA, iv. 287.
L. ovate, fl. subumbellate . DISPORUM, iv. 288.
L. linear, fil. swollen in the
middle. ‘ : . DIANELLA, iv. 288.
SeRtEs I].—Apetaloid. Perianth o or very obscure; fl. not in
spikes of imbricating bracts.
Small or minute, floating, gregarious
disks é . CXLIII LEMNACEA, iv. 366.
Stemless floating herb, If arranged i in
a cup ; PISTIA, iv. 344.
Fl.in a spadix, usually crowded, 2
only in Ruppia.
Spadix enclosed at first in a spathe
or spathes.
Spathe solitary.
226 Characters of the Orders.
Erect, unisexual herbs . . CLXII ARACEA, iv. 343.
Scandent, bisexual shrubs. RHAPHIDOPHORA, iv. 361.
Submergedaquatic herb, spathe
hyaline. RUPPIA, iv. 374.
Spathes several, scandent shr ubs,
fl. unisexual . : 4 CXL. PANDANACEA!, iy. 338.
Spadices naked, moncecious, fl. im-
mersed in hairs. . CXLI, TYPHACEA, iv. 342.
Submerged aquatics, fl. axillary, uni-
sexual.
Fl. solitary, carpel 1, fresh or
brackish water ; NAIAS, Iv. 375.
Fl. solitary or cymose, carpels 2,
salt water ; . : CYMODOCEA, iv. 376.
Series II].—G@lumal. FI. small or minute, solitary, sessile in
the bracts (glumes) of spikes; perianth o, or of usually very minute
scales or of bristles; stam. 1-3, very rarely more; ov. 1-celled,
t-ovuled. Sedges and grasses.
Stem trigonous or terete, |.-sheaths
_usually closed, anth. basifixed,
embryo in the base of floury
endosperm . . CXLVIII. CYPERACEA, v. 12.
Stem terete or compressed, |,-sheaths
usually split to the base, anth.
dorsifixed versatile, embryo on
the side offloury endosperm . CXLIX. GRAMINEA, v. I13.
B.
Diagnostic Characters of the Orders to which the
Flowering Plants of Ceylon belong, tn the sequence™
adopted by Dr. Trimen tn this Hand-book.
Cuiass I—DICOTYLEDONS.
A. POLYPETALOUS (Orders I-LXV.)
_ SERIES I.—Thalamifloral.—Fl. mostly regular and bisexual;
cal. inf., of distinct sep. or partite. Pet. distinct or united at the very
base only, hypog. Torus rarely expanded into a disk. Stam.
hypog. Ov. sup. (inf. in Azcistrocladee), immersed in the torus in
Nympheacee.
* The sequence is that of Bentham and Hooker’s ‘Genera Plantarum.’
As stated by Dr. Trimen in Part I., Introd. p. 1, ‘only such characters are
given as are shown by the species found in Ceylon. .
Characters of the Orders. 337)
_ §1. Ov. apocarp. FI. regular, bisexual, except in Ilenishermacec.
See also Malvacee.
I. RANUNCULACES%. — Sep. deciduous, often coloured. Pet. 5, or
Many, or o. Stam. indef. Carp. many, 1-ovuled. Seeds without an
aril; endosp. copious.—Climbing shrubs, with opp. 1., or herbs with alt. L.;
Stipa: i. I.
IJ. DILLENIACEZ.—Sep. 5, deciduous, imbric. Pet. 4-5. Stam.
indef., distinct or in bundles. Carp. few or many, few- or many-ovuled.
Seeds arillate (except Dz//enza); endosp. fleshy.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs;
1, alt. or radical, simple or pinnatisect. i. 5.
III]. MAGNOLIACE%.—Sep. and pet. not distinguished, 9-12, imbricate
in several series. Stam. indef., distinct or combined. Carp. indef,
imbricate, each 2-4-ovuled. Fr. of follicles ; endosp. copious.—Trees or
climbiug shrubs; 1. alt., simple, entire, stipulate. 1. 14.
IV. ANONACE#.—Sep. 3, sometimes connate, usually valvate. Pet. 6.
biseriate, distinct, or inner connate. Stam. def. or indef., connective
prolonged. Carp. many, few, or 1, I-many-ovuled. Seeds large; endosp.
tuminate.—Trees or shrubs; | alt., simple, entire; stip. o. 1. 16.
V. MENISPERMACE#.—FI. dicecious. Sep. and pet. 6 each, rarely
5,4, 1. Male fl.:—Stam. 6, biseriate, opp. pet.; fem. fl.:—staminodes 6
oro. Carp. 3-6 (or 12 or 1), 1-ovuled; style lat. or basal. Fr. of drupes.
Seed hooked; cotyled. narrow, flat—Twining shrubs or herbs; 1. alt.,
simple, entire; stip. o. i. 37.
VI. BERBERIDE&.—Sep. and pet. 6 each, biseriate, imbricate. Stam.
6, opp. pet., anth. opening by valves. Carp. 1, few-ovuled. Fr. fleshy ;
endosp. copious, cotyled. flat.—Shrubs; 1]. simple, or represented by
3-partite spines. i. 48.
VII. NYMPH#ACE#.—Sep. 4-5, distinct. Pet. many, many-seriate,
imbricate. Stam. very many. Carp. many, in pits of the torus, or con-
fluent with the torusina many-celled ov., cells 1- or more-ovuled. Fr. a
spongy berry, or of nuts in the pits of a turbinate torus.—Aquatic herbs;
1. large, simple, peltate. i. 49.
§ 2. Ov. syncarp., 1-celled or 2-celled in Polygalacee, placent. pariet.,
sometimes meeting and forming a 2- or more-celled fr. See also
Ternstremtiacee.
VIII. CRUCIFER@.—Sep. 4,imbricate. Pet. 4 oro. Stam. 6, 4, 2, if
6, 4inner longest, in pairs. Ov. 2-celled bya membrane from the placent. ;
ovules few or many. Fr. a2-valved pod. Endosp. 0; cotyled. flattened,
radical up-curved.—Herbs ; |. alt.; stip.o. 1. 52.
IX.—CAPPARIDE#.—Sep. 4, pet. 4 or 2. Stam. 4, 6, or indef., on the
base or sides of the torus. Disk hornlike in Cadaba. Ov. 1-celled,
‘usually elevated on the torus, placent. 4-6. Fr. capsular or indehisc.
Embryo curved ; endosperm o.—Trees, herbs, or shrubs; l. alt., simple
“or compound. i. 54.
X. VIOLACE#.—Fl. regular or not. Sep. 5, imbricate, persistent.
Pet. 5, equal or unequal. Stam. 5, anth. of 2 spurred. Disk in A/sodeza.
Ov. 1-celled; placent. 3, few- or many-ovuled. Caps. 3-valved.—Herbs,
shrubs, or trees; 1. alt., stipulate. 1. 65.
XI. Brxace#.—Fl]. uni- or bi-sexual. Sep. 4-8. Pet. 4-6 or 0,
imbric. or contort. Ov. I-celled, placent. 3-7, sometimes meeting, I- or
PART V. Z
338 Characters of the Orders.
more-ovuled. Fr. a berry, rarely 3-valved; cotyled. foliaceous; endosp:.
oily. i. 69.
XII. PITTOSPORACEH.—Sep. and pet. 5 each, imbricate. Pet. connate
at very base. Stam. 5, distinct. Ov. 1-celled, placent. 2, often meeting,.
few- or many-ovuled. Caps. 2-valved; embryo small; endosp, copious.—
Trees or shrub; |. alt.; stip.o. i. 77.
XIII. POLYGALACE2.—FI. irreg. Sep. 5, unequal, imbric. Pet. 3
or 5, free or connate below with fil. Stam. 4, 5, 8, distinct or connate;
anth. opening by pores. Ov. 1-2-celled; cells 1-few-ovuled. Fr.
indehisc., 1-seeded, or a 2-celled, 2-seeded caps.—Herbs, shrubs, or
trees; 1. alt., simple, entire; stip. o. i. 78.
§ 3. Ov. syncarpous, 1-celled, ovules on a free central or basal
placent.
XIV. CARYOPHYLLACEZ.—Sep. 5, persist. Pet.5. Stam. 2-5 or Io..
Styles 3-5. Caps. 3-5-valved; embryo curved round mealy endosp.—
Herbs, |. opp.; simple; stip.o. i. 84.
XV. PORTULACACE#.—Sep. 2, connate below. Pet. 4 or 5, perigyn..
Stam. 4-16, perigyn. Ov. 3-inf. Caps. circumsciss.; embryo curved
round mealy endosp.—Herbs or undershrubs; |. alt. or opp.; stip. o.
1.°88.
XVI. TAMARISCINEZ. — Sep. and pet. 5, imbric. Stam. 5. Ov.
1-celled, ovules many, on 3 basal placent.; styles 3. Caps. 3-valved..
Seeds with a pencil of long hairs.—Trees; 1. scale-like; stip. o. i. 9I.
§ 4. Ov. syncarpous, I-many-celled; placent. axile or basal.
XVII. ELATINEZ.—Sep. and pet. 3-5 each, distinct, imbric. Stam.
3 or 10. Ov. 3-5-celled; cells many-ovuled; placent. axile. Caps.
septicidally 3-5-valved.—Annual herbs; |. opp., stipulate. 1. 92.
XVIII. HYPERICACE.—Sep. and pet. 5 each, distinct. Stam. indef.
in I or in 5 bundles. Ov. 1-celled, placent. 3, pariet., or 3-celled, placent.
axile. Caps. septicidal, many-seeded.—Herbs or shrubs; |. opp., entire;
stip. 0. i. 93.
XIX. GUTTIFER#.—FI. uni- or bi-sexual. Sep. 4-5, imbric., persist.
Pet. 4-8, much imbric., oro. Stam. indef.. distinct or fil. connate. Ov.
I-many-celled; ovules in each cell 1-4, axile. Fr. indehisc., rarely
2-valved. Seed large, fleshy.—Trees; 1. opp., entire; stip.o. 1. 94.
XX. TERNSTREMIACEZ.—FI. bisex. or dicec. Sep. 3-5, distinct,
often unequal. Pet. 5, free or bases connate. Stam. few or many, free
or adnate to base of pet. Ov. 2-5-celled; cells few- or many-ovuled, or
1-celled and placent. pariet., styles 2-5, or stigma sessile.—Trees or
shrubs; 1. alt., simple; stip. o. i. 107.
XXI. DIPTEROCARPACEZ.—Sep. 5, free or connate, persist., often
accrescent and winged. Pet. 5, free or bases connate, contort. Stam.
5, 10, 15, or indef.; fil. very short; connective often elongate. Ov. 2-3-
celled, cells with 2 pendulous ovules. Fr. enclosed in the often accrescent
and winged cal. Seed large; endosp. o.—Trees; 1. alt., simple, entire,
stipulate. i. 112.
XXI. bis. ANCISTROCLADE#.—Cal. sup., limb unequally 5-fid, accres-
cent. Pet. 5, bases connate. Stam. 5, adnate to bases of pet. Ov..
1-celled, ovule 1, erect; style 3-fid. Fr. indehisc.; endosp. ruminate.—
Climbing shrub; 1. alt., entire; stip.o. i. 138.
Characters of the Orders. 339
XXII. MALVACE#.—Cal. valvate. Pet. 5, usually connate at base
and with fil., rarely o. Stam. indef., fil. usually connate in a long tube,
anth. 1-celled. Ov. 2-many-celled, ovules axile in the cells. Fr. syn-
or apo-carp.; embryo curved.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; I. alt., stipulate
(except Cullenia). 1. 140.
XXIII. STERCULIACEZ.—FI. uni- or bi-sex., regular or not. Cal.
5-lobed or -partite. Pet. 5, connate below, or o. Stam. 5-20; fil. more
or less connate; anth. 2-celled. Carp. 2-5, free or connate in a 1-5-
celled ov., cells 1-many-ovuled; styles free or connate. Fr. of follicles,
or a loculicidal caps., or indehisc.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1. alt., simple
or comp., stipulate. i. 163.
XXIV. TILIACEZ.—Sep. 5, distinct or connate. Pet. 5, distinct.
Stam. many, free. Disk fleshy or 0. Ov. 2-5-celled; cells 2—-many-
ovuled, style simple. Fr. a loculicidal caps., or a drupe. Cotyled. flat;
endosp. fleshy.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1. alt., simple, stipulate. i. 171.
SERIES II. Discifloral.—Sep. distinct or connate, very rarely
sup. Pet. distinct or connate at the very base. Torus generally
expanded into a pulvinate or cupular disk between the pet. and ov.,
rarely of glands, or o.
§ 1. Ovules pendulous, raphe ventral.
XXV. LINACEZ.—Sep. and pet. 5 each, distinct or connate. Pet.
imbric. or contort. Disk of glands, or obscure. Stam. 5 or 10; fil. more
or less connate. Ov. 3- or 5-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled ; styles 3 or 5. Fr.
a caps. or drupe. Embryo flat, endosp. scanty.—Herbs, shrubs, or
trees; 1. alt., simple. 1. 188.
XXVI. MALPIGHIACEH.—FI. irreg. Sep. 5, bases connate; one with
a large gland externally. Pet. 5, distinct, clawed, imbric. Disk obscure.
Stam. 10, declinate, 1 longest. Ov. 3-celled; cells 1-ovuled. Fr. of
I-3 winged nuts.—Climbing shrubs; |. opp., entire; stip. 0. 1. 192.
XXVII. ZYGOPHYLLACE%.—Sep. and pet. 5 each, distinct, imbric.
Stam. 10, 5 opp. pet. longest. Disk 10-lobed. Ov. 5-celled; ceils several-
ovuled; style 1. Fr. of indehisc. cocci. Embryo green, endosp. 0.—
Herbs ; |. opp., pinnate, stipulate. i. 194.
XXVIII. GERANIACEZ. — FI. regular or not. Sep. 5 or 3, distinct,
imbric., one often spurred or saccate. Pet. 5, often very unequal. Disk
of 5 glands or 0. Stam. 5 or 10. Ov. 5-celled; cells few- or many-
ovuled. Fr. of 5 1-seeded cocci, or a caps. or drupe.—Herbs, rarely
shrubby ; 1. alt. or opp., simple or compound. i. 195.
XXIX. RUTACE#.—FI. rarely unisex. Sep. 4-5, imbric. Pet. 4-5,
distinct, imbric., or valvate. Disk large or small. Stam. 4-12. Ov.
2-7-celled; cells 1- 2- or many-ovuled; styles free or connate. Fr.
various.—Trees or shrubs; 1. simple or comp., punctate with pellucid
glands. i. 213.
XXX. SIMARUBACEZ.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Sep. and pet. 4 or 5
each, imbric. or valvate. Stam. 5, 8, 10, distinct. Disk annular or in-
conspicuous. Ov. 2-5-lobed or apocarp., 1-2-ovuled. Fr. of 1-5 free,
1-seeded, indehisc. carpels.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., simple or pinnate;
SHPO; 1, 220,
XXXI. OCHNACE#.—Sep. 5, persist. Pet. 5, imbricate. Stam. Io
340 Characters of the Orders.
or indef. Disk tumid. Carp. 3-10, free, 1-ovuled. Fr. of 3-8, indehisc.
carp.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., simple, stipulate. 1. 232.
XXXII. BURSERACE#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Cal. 3-5-fid, or of 3-5
pet., valvate or imbric. Stam. 4-10. Disk fleshy, annular, lining cal.-tube
oro. Ov. 2-3-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled. Fr. a t-3-celled drupe, epicarp
sometimes 2-valved. Cotyled. crumpled or folded, endosp. o.—Trees; 1.
alt., compound. i. 235.
XXXIII. MELIACEZ.—FI]. uni- or ibi-sex. Cal. 4-5-fid, or sep. 5
distinct. Pet. 3-5, imbric. or valvate. Stam. 6-10; fil. usually connate
in a tube, rarely free. Disk annular, obscure, oro. Ov. 2—5-celled, cells
2- or more-ovuled; style simple. Fr. a caps., drupe, berry, or mem-
branous.—Trees, rarely shrubs; 1. alt., comp. i. 241.
XXXIV. CHAILLETIACE2.—FI1. polygam. Sep. 5, unequal, imbric.
Pet. 5, distinct, 2-lobed. Disk of scales at base of pet. Stam. 5. Ov.
2-celled; styles 5. Fr. a 2-valved drupe with 2-seeded stone. Cotyled.
thick; endosp. o.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., simple; stip. persist. i. 253.
§ 2. Ovules pendulous, raphe dorsal.
XXXV. OLACINE#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Cal. inf. or sup., 4-5-lobed
oro. Pet. 4-5, distinct or cohering in a tube, valvate or imbric. Disk
afinular or cupular, perig. or epig. Stam. 3-10. Ov. 1-5-celled; cells
1-2-ovuled. Drupe i-celled, 1-seeded. Endosp. copious.—Trees or
shrubs; 1. alt., simple; stip.o. 1. 254.
XXXVI. ILICINE#.—FI. dicecious. Cal. 4-5-fid, imbric. Cor. 4-5-
lobed or -partite. Stam. 4-5, hypog. or on base of corolla. Disko. Ov.
3-6-celled; cells 1-ovuled; stigma large, sessile. Drupe with 4-6 stones.
Endosp. fleshy.—Trees; |. alt., simple; stip. o. 1. 264.
§ 3. Ovules erect, raphe ventral.
XXXVII. CELASTRACEZ.—FI. rarely unisex. Cal. 4-5-lobed, persist.
Pet. 4-6, imbric. or contort. Disk large. Stam. 2-5. Ov. free or
immersed in disk, 2-5-celled; cells 1- or 2-ovuled; style 2-3-fid. Fr.a
loculicidal caps. or a drupe or berry, or apocarp. Cotyled. flat.—Trees
or shrubs; |. simple. i. 266.
XXXVIIT. RHAMNACEZ.—Cal. rarely sup., 5-fid, lobes valvate. Pet.
small, 5, or o. Disk lining the cal.-tube. Stam. 5, opp. the pet. Ov.
2-4-celled; cells 1-ovuled; style 2-4-fid. Fr. a caps., or of 3 distinct
carp.—sShrubs or trees; |. stipulate. 1. 278.
XXXIX. AMPELIDEZ.—Cal. cupular, entire or 3-5-lobed. Pet. 4-5,
distinct or connate, valvate. Disk large, cupular or annular. Ov. 2-
celled, cells 2-ovuled, or 6-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Fr. a berry.—Shrubs
or herbs; usually climbing; 1. alt., stipulate. 1. 286.
§ 4. Ovules ascending, or pendulous from an erect funicle, raphe
ventral or reversed.
XL. SAPINDACEZ.—FI. usually unisex. and irregular. Sep. 4-5, ora
4-6-lobed valvate calyx. Pet. 4-5, distinct. Disk annular or unilat.
Stam. 5, 8, 10, fil. distinct. Ov. 2- or 3-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled. Fr.
indehisc. or capsular, or of 1-3 indehisc. carp.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs;
1, alt. or opp., simple or compound. i. 298.
XLI. SABIACEZ.—FI. irreg. Sep. and bracteoles together 5-13.
Pet. 5, unequal, 3 orbicular, concave, 2 much smaller, bifid. Disk
cupular, 3-8-toothed. Stam. 5, 2 fertile, opp. and adnate to smaller pet.,
Characters of the Orders. 341
3 imperfect. Ov. 2-celled; cells with 2 superposed ovules; style short,
conical. Drupe oblique, 1-celled, 1-seeded.—L. alt., simple or pinnate;
stip. 0. 1. 314.
* XLII. ANACARDIACE#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Cal. 3-5-fid or -partites
Pet. 3-5, imbric. or valvate. Stam. 4-10. Disk annular. Ov. 1- or 5-
celled, or of 5 distinct 1-ovuled carpels; style 2-3-fid. Drupe with a
1—5-celled stone. Embryo large; endosp. o.—Trees or shrubs; l. alt.,
simple or compound; stip.o. i. 316.
SERIES III. Calycifloral. — Fl. regular or irregular, uni- or
bi-sex. Cal. sup. or inf. Pet. distinct or united at the base, perig.
Disk rarely present Stam. perig. or epig. (hypog. in Dvoseracee).
$1. Ov. superior, of one or more free or connate carpels; inferior in
some Rosacee and Haloragee,; styles usually as many as carpels.
XLIII. CONNARACE#.—Cal. 5-fid or -partite, imbric. or valvate.
Pet. 5, narrow. Stam. 5 or Io. Carp. 1-5; cells 2-ovuled; ovules col-
lateral. Fr. of 1 or 2 follicles. Seed large, erect, arillate; endosp. o.—
Shrubs or trees, often scandent ; |. alt., imparipinnate or unifoliolate. ii. 1.
XLIV. LEGUMINOS#.—FI. regular or not, rarely unisex. Cal. 5-lobed
or -partite or 5-sepalous, often 2-lipped. Pet. 5 or fewer, rarely 0 or con-
nate, usually very unequal (papilionaceous). Stam. Io, diadelph. and
declinate, or numerous, rarely all distinct. Ov. 1-celled; ovules I or
more, on the ventral suture. Fr.a dehisc. or indehisc. 1-many-seeded
pod, rarely a drupe. Cotyled. large ; endosp. o.—Herbs, trees, or shrubs,
often climbing; 1. alt., usually comp., stipulate; lflts. entire. ii. 4.
XLV. ROSACEZ.—Cal. inf. or sup., 4-6-cleft. Pet. 4-6 oro. Stam.
def. or indef., distinct. Ov. of 1, few, or many, I-2-ovuled, carps. (2-celled
in Photinia). Fr. various. Cotyled. plano-convex; endosp. o.—Herbs,
shrubs, or trees; |. alt., simple or comp., stipulate. ii. 134.
XLVI. SAXIFRAGACEH.—Cal. sup., limb 5-partite. Pet. 5. Disk
epig. Ov. 1-celled; ovules many, on 2 pendulous placent.; styles 2-3.
Seeds very minute.—Herb; l. opp.; stip.o. ii. 143.
XLVII. CRASSULACEZ.—Sep. 4. Cor.-tube inflated, lobes 4, spreading.
Stam. 8, biseriate on the cor.-tube. Disk-glands 4, hypog. Ov. of 4 dis-
tinct, many-ovuled carp. Fr. of 4 many-seeded follicles.—Herb; 1. opp.,
succulent; stip. o. il. 143.
XLVIII. DROSERACE#.—Sep. and pet. 5 each, both persist. Stam. 5,
hypog. Ov. 1-celled, ovules many on 3-5 pariet. placent.; styles 3 or 5.
Caps. loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds minute, reticulate-—Herbs clothed
with glandular hairs. 11. 145.
XLIX. HALORAGE#.— FI. unisex.; male fl.:—cal. 4-fid or 0; stam.
I, 4, 8; fem. fl.:—cal. sup., limb 4-cleft or 0; pet. 0; ov. I-2- or 4-celled,
ovules solitary, pendulous; styles or stigmas 2 or 4. Fr. 4-lobed or of
2 or 4 carp.—Herbs, usually aquatic or marsh; 1. opp., alt., or whorled,
simple or pinnatifid. ii. 147.
§ 2. Ov. inf., or included in the cal.-tube, syncarpous, style un-
divided; cells 2- or more-ovuled.
' L. RHIZOPHORACE®.—Cal. sup. or $-sup., rarely inf.. segm. 4-5 or
8-14, valvate. Pet. as many as cal.-segm., often cleft. Stam. twice as
many as pet. Disk annular oro. Ov. 2-4-celled, ovules 1-2, pendulous
342 Characters of the Orders.
in each cell. Fr. indehisc., 1-seeded, or dehisc., 4-6-seeded.—Trees or
shrubs; 1. opp., stipulate, rarely alt. and exstip. il. 150.
LI. COMBRETAC#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Cal. sup., limb tubular, 2- or
4+7-lobed. Pet. 4,5, oro. Stam. 4-10; staminodes as many, oro. Ov.
1-celled; ovules 1-5, pendulous. Fr. indehisc., 1-seeded. Cotyled. large,
plaited or convolute.—Trees or shrubs; |. exstip. ii. 158.
LIT. MyrtacE#.—Cal. sup.; limb short, 2-5-lobed. Pet. 4 or 5,
distinct, or bases connate, or united ina cap. Stam. indef., epig. Ov.
2-4-celled; cells many-ovuled; style simple. Fr. indehisc., 1—many-
seeded. Endosp. o.—Trees or shrubs; 1. simple, often gland-dotted ;
stip. 0, or minute. ii. 165.
LIII. MELASTOMACE.—Cal. sup. or inf., tube more or less elongate,
3-5-lobed. Pet. 3-5, contort. in bud. Stam. 3, 8, 10, on cal.-tube; anth.
opening by 1 or 2 pores or slits, base often spurred. Ov. I- or
3-5-celled, placent. axile or free central; style simple. Fr.a caps. or
indehisc., I- or many-seeded.—Trees, herbs, or shrubs; 1. opp. exstip.
ii. 192.
LIV. LYTHRACE#.—Cal. inf., rarely sup., 3-6-lobed, valvate, persist.
Pet. 3-6 or o, crumpled. Stam. 3, 6, 12, or indef., on the cal.-tube.
Ov. 1-6-celled; cells 1- or many-ovuled; style simple. Caps. many-
seeded.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1. opp., entire, exstip. 1. 222.
LV. ONAGRACE#.—Cal. sup. or 3-sup., segm. 4-5, valvate. Pet. 4-5,
contort. Stam. 8 or 10, epig. Ov. 4-5-celled; cells many-ovuled; style
short. Caps. irregularly dehisc., very many-seeded.—Herbs; 1. alt., entire
(except submerged of 7vapa). 11. 232.
§ 3. Ov. inf. or sup., syncarpous, t-celled, or 3-celled by fusion of
placentas; styles distinct, or connate below.
LVI. SAMYDACE#.—Cal. inf. or 3-inf., segm. 4-5. Pet. 4, 5, oro.
Stam. 4-10, perig., free or connate with staminodes. Disk annular, or of
glands. Ov. 1-celled; ovules few, pariet.; styles 1-4. Caps. soft, loculi-
cidally 2-3-valved. Seeds arillate, endospermous.—Trees or shrubs; 1.
alt., simple; stip. minute. 11. 236.
LVII. PASSIFLORACEH. — Fl. dicecious; male:—cal. campanulate,
5-toothed or cleft, imbric.; pet. 5, distant; disk of cilia and 5 glands opp.
cal.-lobes; stam. 5, perig., distinct or connate; fem. fl.:—perianth of
male; ov. sup., stipitate; placent. pariet.; stigmas 3, papillose. Caps.
loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds flat, arillate-—Herbs with tendrils. 11. 239.
LVIII. CucURBITACE#.—FI. unisex.; male:—cal.-tube short, 5-fid ;
pet. 5, usually connate; stam. 3 (rarely 5) on cal.-tube; anth. distinct
or connate, cells usually conduplicate ; fem. fl.:—cal. sup., limb 5-fid.
staminodes 3 or 5; ov. I-celled, placent. 3, fleshy, often confluent in the
centre; stigmas 3; ovules few or many. Fr. fleshy, rarely dehisc.—
Herbs, with spiral tendrils; 1. alt., simple, lobed, or compound. ii. 242.
I.IX. BEGONIACE®.—FI. unisex.; male :—sep. 2, valvate; pet. smaller
or o; stam. indef., usually monadelph; fem. fl.:—sep. and pet. 2-5, sup. ;
ov. 3-celled; ovules very many on axile placent.; styles 3. Fr. a
trigonous thin-walled caps., winged at the angles; seeds many, minute.—
Succulent herbs; 1. alt., stipulate. ii. 262.
LX. DATISCACE®.—F1. dicecious; male :—sep. 4; pet. 0; stam. 4
Opp. sep., inserted on a flat disk; fem. fl. :—cal. sup., limb shortly 4-lobed ;
pet. 0; ov. 1-celled, placent. 4, pariet., many-ovuled ; styles 4, persist.
Characters of the Orders. 343
Caps. small, dehisc. at top; seeds minute.—Tree; I. alt., simple; stip. o.—
Ui. 265.
Ov. inf. or sup., syncarpous, 3-4-celled, with subbasilar placent.,
-or I-celled with pariet. placent.; styles distinct or connate below; embryo
cyclical or excentric.
LXI. CacTacE&.—Cal. sup., segm. of limb 4 or 5. Pet. 5 or 6,
imbric. Stam. indef., free, inserted at mouth of cal. Ov. I- or im-
perfectly 3-4-celled, placent. parietal; style simple, stigma 3-4-lobed.
Berry few-seeded.—A succulent, leafless perennial, with cylindric stem
and branches. ii. 266. ;
LXII. FICOIDEZ.—Sep. 5, inf. or $-inf. Pet.o, or 5. Stam. def. or
indef., perig. or hypog. Ov. 2-5-celled, or of 5 free 1-ovuled carpels ;
‘cells few- or many-ovuled. Caps. or carp. thin-walled, loculicidal or
circumsciss.; seeds reniform, embryo curved round mealy endosp. —
Herbs; 1. simple; stip. 0. ii. 267.
§ 5. Ov. inf., syncarpous, or of one carpel; ovules 1 in each carp:
4S » SY pous, P Pp
pendulo1ss.
LXIII.—UMBELLIFER#Z.—Cal. sup., limb 5-fid or o. Pet. 5, often
inflexed, free, valvate or imbricate. Stam. 5, and large disk epig. Ov.
2-celled ; cells with 1 pendulous ovule; styles 2. Fr. of 2 indehisc. carpels,
at length pendulous from an axis, each with 5 ridges, and often with
definite oil-canals.—Herbs ; 1. alt., simple or compound; fl. umbellate.
li. 274.
LXIV. ARALIACEZ.—Cal. sup. or $-sup.; limb small oro. Pet. 5-9,
valvate. Stam. 5-9, and diskepig. Ov. 4-9-celled ; cells with 1 pendu-
lous ovule; styles 4-9 or stigmas sessile. Fr. a drupe, with compressed
pyrenes.—Trees or climbing shrubs ; 1. alt., compound; stip. adnate to
petiole. ii. 281.
LXV. CORNACE.— Cal. sup.; limb 4-5-fid. Pet. 4-10, valvate,
Stam. def. or indef., and disk epig. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous ;
style simple. Fr. a drupe.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt.; stip. 0. 11. 285.
B. GAMOPETALOUS (Orders LXVI.-CI.)
§ 1. Fl. regular or irregular. Cal. sup., rarely 1$ sup. Stam. as
many as the cor.-lobes, rarely fewer, epipet. or epig. (See also Vac-
ciniacee in § 2.)
LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACEZ. — Cal. sup.; limb 5-lobed. Cor.-lobes 5,
equal, imbric. Stam. 5, on the cor.-tube. Ov. 1-3-celled; cells with 1
pendulous ovule; style short. Drupe 1-seeded.—Shrubs or small trees ;
1. opp.; stip. o. ii. 288.
LXVII. RuBIACE#.—Cal. sup., limb usually 4-5-cleft. Cor. from
tubular to rotate, 4-9-lobed. Stam. 4-9, on the tube of cor., alt. with
its lobes. Ov. 1-10- usually 2-celled; cells 1-2- or many-ovuled ;
style simple. Disk epig. Fr. a capsule, drupe, or berry, or of distinct
cocci, 2-many-seeded ; endosp. horny —Herbs, shrubs, or trees; 1. opp.,
stipulate, whorled and exstip. in Galeg. ii. 289.
LXVIII. VALERIANACE#.—Cal. sup.; segm. minute, becoming fili-
form and plumose in fr. Cor. infundib.; lobes 5, imbricate. Stam. 3, on
‘base of cor.-tube; anth. distinct. Ov. 3-celled; one cell alone fertile;
344 Characters of the Orders.
ovule pendulous. Fr. dry, indehisc., crowned with feathery cal.-lobes.—
Herbs; 1. opp., pinnate; stip. o. iii. 1.
LXIX. DIpSACE&.—Fl]. in dense heads, each involucellate. Cal.
sup.; limb cupular, 4-fid. Cor. infundibular; lobes 4, imbric. Stam. 4,
on the cor.-tube. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous. Fr. an achene
adnate to the spinescent involucel—Herbs; |. opp., upper pinnatisect ;
stip. O. 111. 2.
LXX. ComposiT#.—Fl. packed in a head on a recept. surrounded:
by bracts, all subsimilar, or dimorphous, the outer (ray fl.) with ligulate,
the inner (disk-fl.) with tubular corol. Cal. sup.: limb of hairs (pappus),
or scales, or 0. Cor. of ray-fl. with the lobes connate in a strap; of disk-
fl. with 4 or 5 valvate spreading lobes. Stam. 5, on cor.-tube; fil. free,
anth. connate (fil. connate, anth. free in Xamzfhium). Ov. 1-celled, disk
epig.; ovule 1, erect. Fr. an achene with or without a pappus.—Herbs.
or shrubs, rarely trees; 1. rarely opp.; stip. 0. iil. 3.
LXXI. STYLIDIACE#.—FI. irregular. Cal. sup.; limb 5-partite.
Cor. unequally 5-lobed. Stam. 2, epig., fil. confluent with the style in a.
geniculately decurved, elastically recurving column; anth. distinct, sessile
on the column. Ov. 2-celled; cells many-ovuled; stigma minute, sessile
between the anth. Caps. linear, 2-valved, many-seeded.—Herb; 1.
radical. iii. 53.
LXXII. GOODENOVIE.—F1. irregular. Cal. sup.; limb 5-partite or o.
Cor. tubular, cleft dorsally to the base and 5-lobed, induplicate-valvate..
Stam. 5, epig.; anth. free. Ov. 2-celled, ovule 1 erect in each cell; style
simple, stigma girt by a membranous cup. Drupe with a 2-celled stone.
—Shrubs; J. alt; stip. 0: i. 54.
LXXIII. CAMPANULACEZ.—FI. regular or not. Cal. sup. or $-sup.;.
limb 5-partite. Cor. 5-lobed or 2-lipped and dorsally cleft to the base,
lobes valvate. Stam. 5, epig. or on the base of the cor.-tube; anth.
distinct or connate. Ov. 2-3-celled, many-ovuled; stigma 2-3-lobed...
Caps. many-seeded.—Herbs; l. alt.; stip. 0. iii. 55.
§ 2. Fl. regular, bisex. Cal. inf. (sup. in Vaccinéacee, 3 inf. in
Sphenoclea). Stam. hypog., perig., epig., or epipet., as many or twice:
as many as the cor.-lobes, or indef. Ov. 1- or more-celled.
LXXIV. VACCINIACE&.—Cal. sup.; limb 5-partite. Cor. urceolate,.
shortly 5-lobed. Stam. 10, epig.; anth.-cells tubular above, opening by
a pore, also spurred dorsally. Ov. 5-celled, disk epig.; cells few- or
many-ovuled. Berry crowned by the cal. limb, falsely 1o-celled—A
small tree; 1. alt.; stip. o. iii. 61.
LXXV. ERICACE&.—Cal. inf., 5-partite, sometimes accrescent. Cor.
urceolate or campanulate, 5-lobed. Stam. 10, hypog.; anth. opening by
pores or slits. Ov. 5- or 1o-celled; cells many-ovuled; stigma lobulate..
nau 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.—Shrubs or trees; 1. alt.; stip. o.
lil. 62.
LXXVI. PLUMBAGINE&.—Cal. inf., persist., tubular, 5-partite. Cor..
persist., tube long, lobes 5, twisted in bud. Stam. 5, hypog. Ov. I-
celled; ovule pendulous from a basal funicle; style simple, stigmas 5.
Caps. circumsciss. at base.—Herbs; I. alt.; stip. o. iii. 64.
LXXVII. PRIMULACE.— Cal. inf., persist., 5-cleft. Cor.-lobes 5,.
contort. in bud. Stam. 5, on base of cor., opp. its lobes; anth. bases.
Characters of the Orders. 34:5)
sagittate. Ov. 1-celled; ovules many on free central placent. Caps.
5-valved.—Herbs; 1. opp. or alt.; stip. 0. iii. 65.
LXXVIII. MyRsINE#.—FI. often unisex. Cal. inf. or 3-inf., persist.,
4-5-partite. Cor. 4-5-cleft or -partite; segm. imbric. or contort. Stam. 5,
on and opp. the cor.-segm. Ov. I-celled; ovules I or more on a
free central placent.; style simple. Fr. a berry or follicle, 1- or more-
seeded.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., simple; stip. o. iii. 67.
LXXIX. SAPOTACEZ.—Cal. inf., persist., 4-8-partite, imbric., or segm..
biseriate, outer series valvate. Cor.-lobes 4-6, or 12, imbric. or twisted,
or 18-24 in 2 or 3 series. Stam. 5, 6, 8, 12, on the cor.-tube and opp. its
lobes, or twice as many; staminodes, if present, alt. with the stam. Ov.
4-8-celled; cells 1-ovuled; style simple. Berry 1-8-seeded. Testa of
seed shining, hilum very large.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., entire; stip. o.
lll. 75.
LXXX. EBENACE#.—FI. unisex. Cal. inf., 3-5-lobed, imbric. or
contort., accrescent. Cor. tubular or campanulate; lobes 3-5, contort. ;
male fl. :—stam. 4-64, on base of cor., fil. distinct or connate in pairs;
fem. fl.:—staminodes 4-16 or 0; ov. 3-16-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled. Fr.
indehisc.; seeds 2-10, large; cotyled. foliaceous; endosp. copious.—
Trees; 1. alt., or opp., entire; stip. o. iii. 87.
LXXXI. STYRACE#.—Cal. sup., limb small, 5-lobed, imbric. -Cor.
5-partite, rarely tubular below, segm. imbric. Stam. many, in severa
series on the base of cor.; fil. unequal. Ov. 2—3-celled; ovules 2, pen-
dulous in each cell; style simple. Drupe 1-3-seeded. Endosp. copious.
—Trees or shrubs; 1. opp.; stip. 0. ili. 103.
§ 3. Ov. sup., rarely inf. Stam. as many as, and alt. with cor.-lobes,
or fewer. Carp. 2, rarely 1 or 3 (see also CI. Plantaginec).
* Fl. regular, l. usually opp.
LXXXII. OLEACE#.—F1. rarely unisex. Cal. inf., 4-5-partite. Cor.-
tube long or short, limb 4—11-lobed or-partite, imbric. or valvate. Stam. 2, :
on base of cor. Ov. 2-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled; styles 1 or 2. Fr. of 2
soft carpels or a drupe, 1-2-seeded.—Trees or shrubs; |. opp., simple or
pinnate; stip. o. ili. 112.
LXXXIII. SALVADORACE#.—FI. regular or subregular, bi- or uni-sex.
Cal. inf., 4-partite. Cor. 4-partite or of 4 pet.,imbric. Stam. 4, epipet.
or hypog. Ov. 1-2-celled; ovules 1-2, erect in each cell. Drupe I-2-
seeded, endosp. 0.—Trees or shrubs; |. opp., entire; stip. 0. ill. 120.
LXXXIV. APOCYNACE#.—Cal. inf., 5-partite, often with scales or
glands within. Cor. rotate, infundib. or salver-shaped; lobes 5-6, con-
tort. Stam. 5, on tube or throat of cor., free or adnate to stigma, pollen
granular. Disk annular or o. Carp. 2, distinct, 1- or 2-celled, few- or
many-ovuled; style 1, stigma 2-fid. Fr. of 2 dehisc. or indehisc. follicles.
Seeds with often a long pencil of hairs at one or both ends.—Trees,
shrubs, or herbs; |. opp. or whorled, very rarely alt., entire; stip. o.
Tie, 122.
LXXXV. ASCLEPIADE#.—Cal. inf., 5, imbric. Cor.-tube, with often.
a ring of scales in the throat; lobes 5, valvate or contort. Stam. 5, on
base of cor.; fil. usually connate in a fleshy tube; anth. adnate by a broad
connective to the stigma, 2-celled; pollen in 1 or 2 erect or pendulous.
granular masses in each cell, the masses of contiguous cells of different
anth. attached to glands at the angles of the stigma. Carp. 2, distinct,
346 Characters of the Orders.
enclosed in the stam. tube, many-ovuled ; styles 2, short, stigma 1, usually
5-angled, adnate to the anth. Follicles 2. Seeds many, crowned witha
long pencil of hairs ; endosp. copious.—Herbs or undershrubs, often
twining; |. opp., entire, rarely 0; stip. 0. iii. 142.
LXXXVI. LoGANIACE#.—Cal. inf., or 3-inf.; segm. 4 or 5. Cor.-
lobes 4 or 5, valvate or imbric. Stam. 4 or 5, on the cor.-tube; fil.
distinct. Ov. 1-2-celled; cells 1-many-ovuled. Fr. indehisc., rarely a
caps. Seeds I, 2, or many; endosp. copious.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs;
1. opp. or ternate, entire. ili. 169.
LXXXVII. GENTIANACEZ.— Cal. inf., persist., 4-7-partite. Cor.
rotate, tubular, or campanulate; lobes 4-7, contort., rarely valvate.
Stam. 4-7, on the cor.-tube or throat; fil. distinct. Ov. 1-celled with
pariet. placent., rarely 2-celled, many-ovuled; style simple, stigmas 2.
Fr. a caps., rarely a berry, many-seeded.—Herbs, one gen. aquatic;
l. opp., rarely alt., entire; stip. 0. ili. 179.
** FY, regular, l. usually alt.
LXXXVIII. HyDROPHYLLACE#.—Cal. inf., 5-partite. Cor. rotate,
5-cleft; lobes imbric. Stam. 5, on the cor.-tube; fil. distinct. Ov.
2-celled ; cells many-ovuled; styles 2. Caps. septicidally 2-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds minute.—Herb; 1. alt.; stip.o; fl. racemose. iii. 191.
LXXXIX. BORAGINEZ,—FI. rarely unisex. Cal. inf., 5—8-cleft, per-
sist. Cor. tubular, funnel-shaped or rotate; lobes 5-8, imbric. Stam.
5-8, on the cor.-tube; fil. distinct. Ov. 2-celled; cells 2-ovuled, or
4-celled, cells 1-ovuled; styles 1 or 2. Fr. a drupe, or of 4 separable
achenes.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1. rarely opp.; stip. 0; infl. corymbose,
often of scorpioid cymes. ill. 192.
XC. CONVOLVULACE#.—Cal. inf., persist., 5-partite, or sep. 5, imbri-
cate. Cor. campanulate, infundib. or rotate; lobes 5, plaited and contort.
in bud. Stam. 5, on the cor.-tube; fil. free. Disk annular oro. Ov.
2-celled; cells 2-ovuled, or 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled, or 1-celled and
4-ovuled; style simple or bifid, stigmas usually 2. Fr. dry or fleshy,
indehisc. or 2-valved, or circumsciss., 1-4-seeded. Endosp. 0, cotyled.
plaited (endosp. and cotyled. o in Cwzscutaz).—Herbs or shrubs, often
twining ; 1. alt. (0 in Cuscuza), fl. usually cymose. 11. 204.
XCI. SOLANACEZ.—Cal. inf., often persist. and accresc., 5-cleft.
‘Cor. rotate or funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, plaited or valvate in bud. Stam.
5, on the cor.-tube; anth.-cells with pores or slits. Ov. 2-celled, very
many-ovuled, placents. large; style and stigma simple. Fr. a berry or
caps., many-seeded; embryo curved round fleshy endosp.—Herbs or
shrubs; 1. alt. or binate; stip. 0; fl. solitary, or in axill. or term. cymes.
ili. 230.
*** FY, mostly irregular or obligue, dorsal stam. often imperfect
or o, ov.-cells many- rarely \-ovuled.
XCII. SCROPHULARIACEZ.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 5-lobed, or -partite.
Cor. 5- or 4-lobed, usually 2-lipped, lobes imbric. Stam. 4, didynamous,
or 2 only perfect. Ov. 2-celled; cells many-ovuled ; style simple, stigmas
2. Caps. 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, endosp. fleshy.—Herbs ;
1. usually opp.; stip. 0; fl. racemose or spicate. iii. 239.
XCIII. OROBANCHACE#.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 5-partite or spatha-
ceous. Cor.-tube funnel-shaped; lobes 5, imbric., 2 upper exterior.
Stam. 4, didynam.; anth. connate in pairs or free, 1-celled, opening by
Characters of the Orders. 347
pores. Ov. I-celled; placent. 2, large, many-ovuled. Caps. 2-valved;
-seeds minute.—Herbaceous, scapigerous, root-parasites ; l. 0; fl. racemose.
iii. 260.
XCIV. LENTIBULARIACEA. — FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 2-partite. Cor.
2-lipped, spurred. Stam. 2, on base of cor.; anth.-cells confluent. Ov.
1-celled; ovules many, on free central placent.; style short, stigma bilobed.
Caps. I-2- or 4-valved.mAnnual marsh or aquatic herbs; 1. whorled or
-alt. ii. 266.
XCV. GESNERIACE#.—FI. usually irreg. Cal. inf., 5-partite or sep. 5,
valvate. Cor. often 2-lipped; lobes 4-5, imbric. Stam. 4, didynam. or
-equal, or 2, anth. connate or not, cells sometimes confluent. Ov. 1-celled;
-placent. 2, pariet. many-ovuled., Caps. 2-4-valved, or circumsciss., or
indehisc., many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs; 1. alt., opp., or whorled;
stip. O. ili. 271.
XCVI. BIGNONIACE#.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., campanulate or spatha-
ceous. Cor.-tube campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Stam. 4, didynam.,
-or 5. Wisk annular. Ov. 2-celled by coalescence of 2 pariet. many-
ovuled placents. Caps. large, 2-celled, 2-valved, septum thick. Seeds
large, winged. Endosp. o.— Trees; 1. opp., comp.; fl. racemed or
panicled. iii. 280.
XCVII. PEDALIACEZ.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 5-partite. Cor. ventri-
cose, sub-2-lipped; lobes 5, imbric. in bud. Stam. 4, didynam., or 5.
‘Ov. 1-celled, placent. parietal, or 2—4-celled by confluence of the placents. ;
-ovules 2 or more, superposed; stigmas 2. Fr. indehisc., spinous, or a
-caps.—Herbs; 1. opp. or alt.; fl. axillary, large. iii. 284.
XCVIII. ACANTHACE#.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 4-5- or many-partite.
Cor. 2-lipped, or upper lip 0; lobes imbric. or contort. Stam. 4 or 2;
-anth. 1-2-celled. Ov. 2-celled; ovules 2-many, superposed in each cell;
style usually bifid. Caps. loculicidal; seeds usually compressed and
-often hairy.—Herbs or shrubs; 1. opp., simple; stip. 0; infl. various.
ili. 286.
4*k* Fl, mostly trregular and 2-lipped; dorsal stam. often imperfect
oro. Ov.-cells \-ovuled, or ovules 2, collateral, fr. indehisc.
XCIX. VERBENACE&.—FI. regular or not. Cal. inf. 2- or 4-5-partite,
2-lipped or not, persist. Cor. 4-5-lobed, 2-lipped or not. Stam. 4,
-didynam., or 2. Disk present. Ov. 2-4-celled, cells 1-2-ovuled. Fr. a
drupe or 2-4-valved caps.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; 1. opp. or 3-nate,
simple or comp.; stip. 0; fl. capitate, spicate, or cymose. li. 345.
C. LABIAT#.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 2-lipped, 5- or 8—10-cleft, persist.
Cor. 2-lipped, or upper lip o, rarely regular, 4—5-lobed. Stam. 4, didynam.;
anth. 1- or 2-celled. Disk present. Ov. 4-lobed, of two 2-celled carp.;
-ovules solitary, erect in each cell; style slender, usually bifid. Fr. of 4
small indehisc. nutlets at the base of the cal—Herbs or undershrubs,
often aromatic; stam. usually 4-gonous; 1. opp. or whorled; stip. 0; infl.
-cymose, fascicled, or whorled. 11. 364.
Gamofpetalous Order of doubtful affinity.
CI. PLANTAGINE.—FI. regular. Cal. inf.; sep. 4, imbric., persist.
Cor. scarious, tubular, lobes 4, imbric. Stam. 4, on cor.-tube; fil. long,
flexuous. Oy. 2-celled, cells several-ovuled. Caps. circumsciss.; seeds
-peltate.—Scapigerous perennial herb; |. radical; fl. spicate. iti. 388.
348 Characters of the Orders.
C. MONOCHLAMYDEOUS (Orders CII.-CXXI1.)
Perianth single, lobes or segments t-seriate, or if 2-seriate both
usually calycine, rarely perianth o.
§ 1. Embryo annular, curved, or folded; endosp. mealy or soft.
CII. NycraGINE#.—FI. dicecious or bisex. Perianth inf.; segm. 5,
coloured, imbric., plaited in bud, tube persist. Stam. 2-10, hypog.,
exserted. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, erect; style slender. Fr. membranous.
Cotyled. large, folded round soft endosp.—Herbs or shrubs; 1. subopp.,
entire; stip. 0; fl. cymose or umbellate. iii. 389.
CIII. AMARANTACE#.—FI. rarely unisex. Sep. inf., 5, scarious or
subherbaceous, imbric., persist. Stam. I-5, opp. sep.; fil. distinct or
connate with interposed staminodes. Ov. 1-celled, ovules I or more,
funicles basal. Fr. a utricle; seed erect.—Herbs or undershrubs; 1. opp.
or alt.; stip. o; fl. bracteate and 2-bracteolate. ili. 392.
CIV. CHENOPODIACE2.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Perianth inf.; segm.
4-5, or Oo in fem., distinct or connate, imbric., persist. Stam. I or 5,
hypog. or perig. Ov. 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 2-3. Fr. a membra-
nous utricle. Seed vertical or horizontal, endosp. mealy, or scanty,
or o.—Herbs or undershrubs; |. alt. or opp., or 0; fl. small, axillary.
ill. 406.
CV. POLYGONACE&.—Fl. rarely unisex. Perianth inf., 4-5-cleft,
often col’d., imbric. persist. Stam. 4, 5, 8, perig. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1,
basal; styles 2 or 3. Fr. a trigonous or biconvex nutlet; embryo
lateral, endosp. floury—Herbs or undershrubs; 1. alt.; stip. sheathing;
fl. axillary, spicate, capitulate, or cymose, bracteate. ili. 410.
§ 2. Submerged aquatics.
CVI. PODOSTEMONACE#.—Perianth small or o. Stam. I, 2, 3,
hypog.; fil. connate below. Ov. 2-3-celled; ovules many; styles 2 or 3..
Caps. septicidally 2-3-valved. Endosp. o.—Herbs attached to rocks in
rapid streams; stem fleshy, flattened or broadly dilated and thalloid; #1.
solitary, minute. ili. 415.
§ 3. Terrestrial herbs or shrubs; ov. simple or syncarp., many-ovuled.
CVII. NEPENTHACE#.—FI. dicecious. Perianth inf, deeply 4-cleft.
Stam. 8, monadelph.; anth. opening extrorsely. Ov. 4-celled; placent.
on the septa, many-ovuled; stigma sessile, lobed. Caps. loculicidally
4-valved. Seeds tailed at both ends.—Shrub, climbing by pitcher-bear-
ing tendrils at the tips of the 1.; 1. alt.; stip. 0; fl. panicled. iii. 4109.
CVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACEZ—F1. regular or not. Perianth sup., 3-cleft,
or tubular and 1-2-lipped. Stam. 6-9; anth. sessile round the very short
style. Ov. 4—6-celled, many-ovuled. Caps. 4- or 6-valved. Seeds trigonous,
furrowed.—Herbs or shrubs; 1. alt.; stip. 0; fl. axillary. ili. 421.
§ 4. Ov. various, carpels 1-ovuled, solitary, or several apocarp.
CIX. PIPERACE&.—F1. uni- or bi-sex. Periantho. Stam. I-3, anth.-
cells distinct or confluent. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, erect; styles 2-6. Fr.
small, globose or subglobose, dry or epicarp succulent. Embryo minute,
endosp. hard.—Herbs or shrubs, often climbing ; 1. alt., opp., or whorled
fl. minute, spicate. iii. 423.
Characters of the Orders. 349
. CX. CHLORANTHACE.—FI. unisex. Periantho. Stam. 1; anth. large,
2-celled. Ov. 1-celled; ovule pendulous; stigma sessile. Fr. fleshy.
Seed pendulous; embryo minute; endosp. fleshy.—Shrubs; 1. opp., ser-
rate, petioles connate in a sheath; fl. minute, in connate pairs of a male
and fem., spicate. iil. 432.
CXI. MyRIsTICACE#.—F1. dicecious. Perianth inf.; lobes 2-3, val-
vate. Stam. 6-14; fil. connate, anth. distinct or connate. Ov. 1-celled;
ovule basal, eréct; style very short. Fr. of 2 fleshy or coriaceous valves.
Seed large, aril lacerate; embryo minute, in base of hard ruminate
endosp.—Trees; |. alt., distichous, entire; stip. 0. ill. 433.
CXII. MoNIMIACE#.—FI. bisex. Perianth inf.; sep. many, many-
seriate, petaloid, imbricate, persist. Stam. 5-9, hypog., 2-seriate, fil. with
lat. appendages. Carp. about 9, distinct, 1-ovuled; ovule pendulous; style
short. Fr. of fleshy 1-seeded carp. on a tumid torus. Embryo minute;
endosp. fleshy.—Shrubs; 1. opp., entire; stip. 0; fl. racemed or panicled.
lil. 436.
§ 5. Ov. sup., I-celled, 1-2-ovuled. Stam. perig. or epipet. Seeds
with distinct testa.
CXIII. LAURACE#.— FI. uni- or bi-sex. Perianth inf. (except
Flernandia), 6 (3-8), cleft or partite, often persist. Stam. 9 (6-20), (3 in
flernandia), 3-seriate, with sometimes a 4th (inner) row of staminodes;
fil. flattened, bi-glandular at the base; anth. 2- or 4-celled, opening by
valves. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous. Fr.indehisc. Seed pendulous;
cotyled. plano-convex, endosp. o.—Trees or shrubs (Cassytha a leafless
climber); 1. opp., alt., or whorled, entire; stip. 0; infl. usually panicled.
iil. 437.
CXIV. PROTEACE#.—Perianth inf.; sep. 4, at first coherent, linear,
valvate, deciduous. Stam. 4, on sep.; fil. very short, anth. 2-celled, con-
nective produced. Ov. small, 1-celled; ovules 2, collateral; style very
long, stigma clavate. Fr.dry,indehisc. Cotyled. plano-convex, endosp. o.
—Trees; l. alt., stip. 0; fl. racemed. iil. 456.
CXV. THYMEL#ACE#.—Perianth inf., tubular ; limb 4—5-lobed, throat
with usually a ring of scales or hairs. Stam. on the perianth mouth, 5,
uniseriate, or 8-10, biseriate. Ov. 1-2-celled; ovule 1, pendulous in each
cell. Fr. indehisc., rarely 2-valved. Embryo straight; endosp. present
or o.—Shrubs or trees; |. opp. or alt., entire; stip. 0; infl. fascicled,
capitate, or racemed. ili. 457.
CXVI. ELZAGNACE#.—Perianth inf., lepidote; tube narrow, limb
globose, of 4 short triangular valvate segm. Stam. 4, on mouth of peri-
anth. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, basal, erect; style long, stigma lateral. Fr.
enclosed in thickened base of perianth tube, indehisc. Cotyled. thick,
endosp. o.—Lepidote shrubs; 1. alt., entire; stip. 0; fl. axillary, solitary,
or clustered. iii. 461.
§ 6. Ov. inf. (or perianth o in fem. of Balanophoracee), 1-3-ovuled,
ovules without apparent coats. Seeds adnate to the walls of the peri-
carp.
CXVII. LORANTHACE2.—F1. uni- or bi-sex. Cal. sup., limb truncate,
toothed, oro. Pet. 3-5, usually long, distinct or connate, valvate. Stam.
3-5, opp. pet., or on them. Ov. I-celled; ovule 1, erect, adherent to
walls of ov. Fr. a 1-seeded berry. Seed adherent to the pericarp,
350 Characters of the Orders.
embryo straight, in fleshy endosp.—Tree parasites, branches sometimes:
articulate; |. opp. or alt., entire, or 0; stip. 0; infl. various. ili. 462.
CXVIII. SANTALACEZ.—FI1. small, polygam. Cal. sup., segm. of
limb 3, with a tuft of hairs on the face, valvate. Stam. 3 or 5, opp.
perianth-segm. Ov. 1-celled’; ovules 2 or 3, on free central placent.
Fr, indehisc. Embryo axile in fleshy endosp.—Trees or shrubs; |. alt.,
entire; stip. 0; fl. axillary. ili. 474.
CXIX. BALANOPHORACE#.—F1. unisex.; male :—perianth-tube solid ;
segm. 3-5, valvate; stam. 3-5, connate; fem. fl. minute; perianth o>:
ov. 1-celled, narrowed into a long simple style; ovule 1, adherent to
pericarp. Fr. a minute achene. Embryo of 2-3 cells immersed in
endosperm.—Stout, fleshy, leafless, brown root-parasites; infl. a cone-
like moncecious spadix with the male fl. below, or dicecious; fl. mixed.
with densely crowded clavate bodies. ili. 477.
§7. Fl. unisex., very rarely polygam. Ov. of 1 carp. or syncarp.,
cells 1- or 2-ovuled; ovules if 2 collateral; styles as many as carpels.
CXX. EUPHORBIACE#.—Perianth inf., rarely o in one or both sexes,
single or rarely of cal. and pet. Disk often present. Stam. 1, few, or
many. Ov. I-2- or 3-celled, cells 1-2-ovuled; ovules pendulous. Fr. of
2-3 loculicidal cocci, or a drupe or berry; cotyled. flat or folded, endosp.
fleshy, very rarely o.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; juice often milky; 1. alt.,.
simple, rarely opp. or compound, usually stipulate; infl. various. iv. I.
CXXI. URTICACEZ.—FIl. unisex. Perianth inf., lobed or partite.
Stam. as many and opp. perianth divisions or fewer, fil. erect or incurved
in bud. Ov. 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style simple or bifid, or stigma sessile,
plumose. Fr. a samara, drupe, or achene, or a syncarp of confluent peri-
carps and perianths. Seed erect or pendulous; endosp. scanty or o.—
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, juice sometimes milky; 1. often oblique, rarely
Opp. or compound, stipulate; infl. various; fl. small or minute, often
sunk in a fleshy disk, or enclosed in a fleshy receptacle. iv. 78.
Order of doubtful affinity.
CXXII. CERATOPHYLLACE.—F1. monecec.; male :—sep. 6-12, narrow,
bifid, subvalvate in bud; stam. 10-20; anth. oblong, cells opening
extrorsely, connective bicuspidate; fem. fl.:—sep. of male; ov. ovoid,
1-celled, style subulate, persist.; ovule 1, pendulous. Fr. a compressed,
coriaceous achene, margins with 1 or 2 slender spines; cotyled. thick,
radicle short, plumule many-leaved.—Submerged fresh-water herbs;
stem very slender, much branched, fragile; 1. whorled, cleft into filiform
toothed segments. iv. 120.
CLass IIL—GYMNOSPERMS (Order Cxxm1.)
CXXIII. CycADE@.—Infl. dicecious, male a peduncled woolly cone
of imbricate cuneate scales with many groups of globose anth. on its
lower face; fem. a whorl of long spreading woolly toothed carpophylls,
bearing naked orthotropous ovules. Seeds large, testa thinly fleshy,
crustaceous within; endosp. copious; embryo small, axile.—Small trees,
trunk stout, cylindric, clothed with compacted bases of petioles; 1. in a
terminal crown, dimorphic, of woolly lanceolate prophylla, and long
petioled, pinnate true 1., with alternate coriaceous narrow pinnules,
circinnate 1n vernation. iv. 121.
Characters of the Orders. 35r
Cuass II] .—MONOCOTYLEDONS (Order CxxIVv.
TO END).
SERIES I. Microspermous.—F1. uni- or bi-sex. Perianth sup.,
segm. usually biseriate, inner or both series corolline. Ov. 1-celled,
placent. pariet., rarely 3-celled placent. axile. Seeds many, minute.
CXXIV. HyDROCHARIDE#.—FI. unisex., enclosed in spathes. Sep. 3.
Pet. 3 oro. Stam. 3-15, anth. erect. Ov. 1I- or sub- 3-celled; styles or
stigmas 3-12. Fr. fleshy or membranous.—Aquatic, fresh- or salt-water
plants; 1. undivided. iv. 122.
CXXV. BURMANNIACEZ.—FI. bisex. Perianth subpersist., lobes or
segm. biseriate, short, valvate. Stam. 3 or 6; anth. sessile on the peri-
anth-tube. Ov. 3-celled with axile, or 1-celled with pariet. placent.
Caps. loculicidal.—Annual herbs; |. narrow or 0; fl. spicate, racemed, or
secund on the branches of a forked cyme. iy. 129.
CXXVI. ORCHIDE#.—F1. irregular (except Afostasza), bisex. Peri-
anth 6-partite; segm. biseriate, inner or both corolline. Stam. 1, con-
fluent with the style in a column (2 in Afostasza); anth. 2-celled; pollen
grains cohering in waxy or powdery masses. Ov. I-celled with 3 pariet.
placent. (3-celled in Afostasza), usually twisted. Caps. loculicidal._—
Herbs or shrubs, often epiphytic, of various habit. v. 132.
SERIES II. Epigynous. — Fl. bisexual (except Déoscoreacee).
Perianth sup. (except Ophzopogon), biseriate, one or both series
corolline. Ov. 1-3-celled. Endosp. copious.
CXXVII. ScITAMINE#.—FI. irregular, uni- or bi-sex. Perianth bi-
seriate, inner or both series petaloid, limb spreading (inner of 1 short
pet. in (/usa). Stam. 1 antherif. (5 in MZusa). Ov. 1-3-celled; style long,
stigma with a usually ciliate mouth.—Perennial herbs; |. penniveined;
infl. usually spicate. iv. 238.
CXXVIII. H&MODORACE#.—Perianth sup. (4 inf. in Ophzopogon),
petaloid; limb 6-lobed or -partite in 2 series. Stam. 6, opp., perianth-
lobes ; anth. erect or versatile. Ov. 3-celled, cells 1-2. ovuled; style
columnar, stigma simple or 3-toothed. Fr. bursting irregularly before
the seeds ripen.—Perennial herbs; 1. radical, narrow; fl. spicate or
racemed. iv. 266.
CXXIX. AMARYLLIDE@.—Perianth sup., petaloid; limb tubular or
not below, 6-lobed or -partite in 2 series. Stam. 6, on the bases of the
segm., fil. distinct or connate; anth. erect or versatile. Ov. 3-celled,
cells many-ovuled ; style short or long, stigma 3-lobed or -partite. Caps.
loculicidal, or bursting irregularly.—Rootstock bulbous or tuberous;
I. linear or lanceolate ; scape few- or many-fild. iv. 268.
CXXX. TaccAcE#.—Perianth sup.; subglobose, 6-lobed in 2 series,
mouth contracted. Stam. 6, on the bases of the lobes; fil. very short,
hooded, anth. sessile in the hood, 2-celled. Ov. 1-celled; placent. 3,
parietal, many-ovuled; styles 3, very short, stigmas broad reflexed._ Fr.
baccate, many-seeded.—Scapigerous herb; rootstock tuberous ; 1. radical,
limb 3-partite, segm. pinnatifid; fl. umbellate, with broad outer bracts,
and very long filiform pendulous inner. iv. 273.
CXXXI. DioscoREacE#.—FI. unisex. (bisex. in 77ichopus). Peri-
anth sup.; limb rotate, 6-cleft in 2 series. Male fi.:—stam. 3 or 6, on the
352 Characters of the Orders.
base of the segm., surrounding a pistillode; anth. oblong or globose.
Fem. fl.:—staminodes 3 or 6; ov. 3-gonous, 3-celled; cells 2-ovuled,
stigmas 3, entire or bifid. Fr. a coriaceous 3-winged loculicidal capsule,
dehiscing through the wings, with flat broadly winged seeds, or (in
Trichopus) a berry with oblong seeds.—Twining herbs or shrubs, some-
times prickly (stem of 77zchofus erect); 1. opp. or alt., simple or 3-5-
foliolate; infl. spicate or racemed. iv. 274.
Series III. GCoronariz.—F. bi- rarely uni-sex. Perianth inf.,
4- or 6-partite in 2 series, one or both series corolline. Ov. sup.,
1~3-celled. Endosp. copious.
CXXXII. ROXBURGHIACE#.—Perianth 4-partite in 2 series, segm.
elongate, lanceolate. Stam. 4, on the bases of the segm.; anth. linear,
erect, connective appendaged. Ov. ovoid, 1-celled; ovules few, basal.
Fr. coriaceous, 2-valved. Seeds few, beaked, funicle fleshy, lacerate;
endosp. hard, fleshy ; embryo small.—A slender twining perennial ; root-
stock tuberous ; 1. alt. or whorled; fl. few, axillary, large. iv. 280.
CXXXIII. LILIACEZ.—FI. bi- rarely uni-sex. Perianth petaloid,
6-merous, lobes or segm. free or connate below. Stam. 6, on the perianth-
tube or lobes, rarely hypog.; fil. distinct or connate. Ov. 3-celled, cells
2- or more-ovuled. Fr. a 3-celled berry or capsule. Seeds globose or
flattened ; endosp. horny or fleshy; embryo terete.— Herbs, rarely shrubs,
with bulbs, or fibrous, tuberous, or creeping roots; |. various. iv. 281.
CXXXIV. PONTEDERIACE®.—FI. bisex., irregular. Sep. 3, oblong.
Pet. large, corolline, obovate, marcescent. Stam. 6, on the base of the
segm., one longest, with the fil. laterally toothed. Ov. 3-celled; cells
many-ovuled; style slender. Caps. membranous, loculicidally 3-valved.
Seeds small; endosp. floury; embryo cylindric.— Fresh-water, erect,
creeping or floating herbs; |. with often tumid spongy petioles; scape
erect from the sheaths of the 1.; fl. spicate or racemed, blue. iv. 295.
CXXXV. XYRIDE#.—F1. sessile in the axils of the persist. rigid
bracts of a cone-like spike. Perianth inf., 6-merous in 2 series; outer
series (bracteoles?) of 3 scarious linear segm., the dorsal of which is
petaloid, inner series petaloid, long-clawed. Stam. 3, fil. opp. and adnate
to pet. Ov. 1-celled, placent. 3, pariet., many-ovuled; style short, deeply
3-fid. Caps. compressed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds many, minute,
ribbed; endosp. floury; embryo minute.—Rush-like scapigerous herbs;
1. radical, very narrow, rigid; fl. yellow. iv. 296.
CXXXVI. COMMELINACE/.—FI. regular or not. Perianth marces-
cent, 6-partite in 2 series, sep. 3, pet. 3, clawed, claws distinct or connate.
Stam. 6, on the bases of the segm., perfect or anth. of 2-4 imperfect; fil.
often bearded. Ov. 3-celled, cells 1-few-ovuled; style often bearded and
enlarged below the tip. Capsule loculicidal (indehisc. in Po//za); endosp.
floury ; embryo minute.—Herbs or undershrubs; I. alt., base or petiole
sheathing ; infl. cymose or panicled. iv. 208.
Series IV. Calycineze.—Perianth inf, rigid or herbaceous, lobes
or segm. biseriate, inner series rarely subcorolline. Ov. sup.,
1-3-celled; endosp. copious.
CXXXVII. FLAGELLARIACEA.—FI. small, uni- or bi-sex. Perianth
rotate, 6-partite, persist, segm. subequal. Stam. 6, hypog. or on the
Characters of the Orders. 353
‘bases of the segm.; fil. filiform, anth. erect. Ov. 3-celled; cells 1-ovuled;
style short, 3-cleft, or stigmas sessile. Fr. small, globose, indehisc., 3-
celled or with 1-2 pyrenes. Seeds various; endosp. floury; embryo
minute.—Tall, erect, or climbing (by leaf-tendrils), leafy perennials; |.
-alt., base or petiole sheathing; infl. panicled. iv. 316.
CXXXVIII. JUNCACE#.—Perianth inf., 6-partite in 2 series, persist.;
segm. narrow, thin or coriaceous. Stam. 3 or 6, on the bases of the
segm. ; anth. erect, basifixed. Ov. I- or 3-celled, many-ovuled; stigmas 3.
Caps. 1~3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds many, erect; endosp.
hard; embryo small.—Stems tufted, erect; 1. terete or compressed,
sheathing or reduced to sheaths; fl. in axillary or terminal cymes, green
-or brown. iv. 318.
CXXXIX. PALME#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Perianth. inf., 6-partite or
lobed in 2 series, coriaceous, rarely herbaceous, inner series usually
valvate. Stam. 3 or 6, rarely more, on the base of the perianth;
-anth. versatile. Ov. 1-3-celled, or of 3 distinct or connate carps., cells
I—2-ovuled. Fr. various, never capsular.—Shrubs or trees, armed or not.
Stem erect, scandent, or decumbent; |. alt., variously compound, very
rarely simple, often pinnate or palmatisect; infl. various, at first enclosed
in a woody or coriaceous spathe; fl. usually small or minute, green or
yellowish, rarely red. iv. 319.
SERIES V. Nudiflorze.—Perianth o, or of scales or bristles.
‘Oy. sup., 1-celled, or syncarp. Seeds usually endospermous.
* Infl. enclosed in a (sometimes imperfect) spathe; trees, shrubs, or herbs.
CXL. PANDANACE#.—FI. dicecious. Perianth o. Male fl.:—stam.
many, fascicled or spicate on the spadix; fil. distinct or connate; anth.
erect, basifixed; pistillode o or minute. Fem. fl.:—staminodes minute
or O; Carp. sessile, distinct or connate in bundles ; ovules solitary, or many
pariet., stigmas sessile or subsessile. Fr.an oblong or globose dry or
flesHy syncarp.—Trees or shrubs, erect or scandent; 1. usually trifarious,
margins and keel spinous; spadix globose or cylindric; spathes im-
bricating. iv. 338.
CXLI. TYPHACE#.—Perianth o. FI. moncecious, crowded in uni-
sexual dense catkin-like cylindric spikes, mixed with capillary hairs;
Male fl. :—stam. solitary or fascicled, fil. capillary, anth. basifixed, erect,
2-celled. Fem. fl.:—a capillary fil. bearing a minute narrow I-ovuled
Ov. narrowed into a capillary style with a linear stigma. Fr. a minute
-achene. Seed pendulous; endosp. floury; embryo cylindric.—Marsh- or
‘water-herbs ; rootstock perennial, stout; |. linear, erect, biconvex; spathe
‘imperfect. iv. 342.
CXLII. ARACE#&.—F1. small or minute, unisexual, usually on bisexual
-spadix with the fem. fl. below, rarely bisexual. Perianth o or of scales.
Male fl.:—anth. 2-4-celled, distinct or connate. Fem. fl.:—oy. sessile,
1-3-celled, cells 1- or more-ovuled. Fr.a 1- or few-seeded berry; embryo
small, in copious endosp. or macropodous, and endosp. o.—Terrestrial or
aquatic herbs with radical 1., or suffruticose climbers; |. various; spathe
herbaceous, convolute.
* Fl. solitary or binate, sunk in the sides or surface of small or
minute floating lenticular or globose fronds.
CXLIII. LEMNACE#.—Small or minute, gregarious, floating, monce-
-clous, scale-like, green fronds. Fl. few, most minute, in fissures of the
PART V. AA
354 Characters of the Orders.
frond, naked or ina sheath. Periantho. Male fl.:—stam. 1 or 2; anth,
I- or 2-celled. Fem. fl.:—ov. 1-celled; style short, stigma truncate o
infundibular, ovules 1-7, basal. Fr.a membranous utricle. Seeds ribbed;
endosp. 0; embryo cylindric. iv. 366.
SERIES VI. Apocarpous.—Perianth 1-2-seriate, oro. Ov. sup.,.
of one or more distinct 1- or more-ovuled carpels. Endosperm o.
CXLIV. TRIURIDEZ.—FI. unisex. Perianth inf., 4-8-partite; segm.
valvate in bud, persist. Stam. 3-8; anth. subsessile, cells confluent.
Ov. of many, distinct, 1-ovuled carpels; styles ventral or basal, persist.
Fr. a head of minute 1-seeded carp., pericarp hard or soft. Embryo.
minute, globose, endosp. hard.—Leafless, subsimple, wiry saprophytes;.
infl. racemose or corymbose. iv. 367.
CXLV. ALISMACE#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Perianth. inf., 6-partite in
2 series; sep. 3, herbaceous, persist.; pet. 3, involute in bud, deciduous.
Stam. 6-9, perig.; anth. versatile. Ov. of few or many, distinct, 1-ovuled
carp.; styles short. Fr.of many achenes. Endosp.o. Embryo hooked.
—Perennial, marsh or aquatic plants; |. radical, entire; fl. whorled or
umbelled. iv. 369.
_CXLVI. NAIADE&.—F1. uni- or bi-sex., often inconspicuous, naked’
or inasheath. Perianth inf., tubular or of I or more segm., oro. Stam.
1-4 or 6, hypog. or perig.; anth. 1-2-celled. Ov. of 1-4, 1-ovuled, free
carp. Fr.apocarp. Seed erect or pendulous; endosp.o; embryo macro-
podous.—Fresh- or salt-water herbs, of various habit, foliage, and infl..
iv. 371.
Series VII. Glumaceze.— Fl. in the imbricating bracts of
heads or spikelets, uni- or bi-sexual. Perianth o, or of minute
scales, or of bristles, rarely with sheathing bracteoles (biseriate in
LEriocaulonee). Ov. sup., 1-celled, 1-ovuled, or in Zriocaulonee of
3 1-ovuled cells. Endosp. copious.
CXLVII. ERIOCAULONE#.—FI. minute, in involucrate heads, uni-
sex. Perianth of usually 6 membranous sep. in 2 series. Stam. 6 or
fewer. Ov. sup., 3-lobed, 3-celled. Fr. a membranous, loculicidally
3-valved caps.—Scapigerous herbs; |. narrow. v. I.
CXLVIII. CyYPERACE®.—FI. in spikelets of imbric. bracts (glumes),
uni- or bi-sex. Perianth o, or of hypog. scales or bristles. Stam. 1-3,
anth. basifixed. Ov. sup. (enclosed in a utricle in Carex); style 1, stigmas
2-3; ovule erect. Fr.indehisc. Embryo in base of copious endosp.—
Grass-like herbs ; stem terete or 3-angled; 1]. narrow, sheath entire. v. 12.
CXLIX. GRAMINE&.—FI. in spikelets of imbric. bracts (glumes),
uni- or bi-sex. Perianth of 2 or more minute, hypog. scales, or o.
Stam. 3, rarely 1, 2, or many; anth. versatile. Ov. sup.; styles 2
(rarely 1), distinct or united below, stigmas penicillate or feathery ;.
ovule erect. Fr. indehisc. Seed usually adherent to the membranous
or coriaceous pericarp. Embryo towards the base and outside of copious
floury endosp.—Grasses; stem terete or compressed; |. usually narrow,
sheath split to the base. v. 113.
APPENDIX TI,
ON THE FORESTS AND WASTE LANDS OF
CEYLON.
With a Map showing the Forest areas.*
By A. F. Broun, Esq., Conservator of Forests.
THE area of uncultivated lands in Ceylon exceeds 20,000 of the
25,365 square miles of country contained within the Colony. The
proportion of good forest in these 20,o00 square miles is unfor-
tunately small, the largest portion being taken up by scrub and
by grass-covered stretches of country called jatanas, which find
their greatest development in the hills of the Province of Uva.
The scrub is partly natural, especially so on the sea-coast and in
the arid subzone, and partly the result of a destructive method of
cultivation known as chena, and which consists in clearing and
burning jungle and in raising crops for two or three years on the
area cleared. Now that a careful control is exercised over this
cultivation, nothing but small forest is felled; but not many years
ago valuable forests were ruthlessly felled, and their: ashes were
utilised as manure for the crops which were raised. Where such a
system of cultivation has been in force, it takes years for the forest
to take again a useful character. Usually a thorny scrub grows up;
or, as is the case in the Eastern Province, a dense growth of Iluk
grass (Jmperata arundinacea) springs up; or again, as in the moist
districts, the ground gets covered with Zazfana, or, worse, because
they are not soil-improvers, by Aedyotts, Ochlandra stridula, or
Gleichenia linearis.
The patanas were probably at one time covered with trees, such
as will be described later on for the Park country, but fires and
grazing have destroyed the majority of these, except in sheltered
places such as gullies or ravines. The trees which are to be found
on the patanas are, at higher elevations, Rhododendron arboreum,
and, from 4000 feet downwards, Careya arborea, known in Ceylon as
‘Patana Oak,’ Phyllanthus Emblica, Terminalia Beterica, T. Chebula,
and Prerocarpus Marsupium. These are, with few exceptions, the
only trees which can stand the heavy grass fires; but in the gullies,
* My cordial thanks are due to F. H. Grinlinton, Esq., Surveyor-
General of Ceylon, for permission to reproduce this Map and that of the
Forest Areas; and to P. D. Warren, Esq., Assistant Surveyor-General,
for his kindness in supervising their reproduction.—J. D. HOOKER.}
356 The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon.
where they are more sheltered, other species, which are less robust
and which are the same as those found in forests at the same eleva-
tion, are able to live and to reproduce themselves.
In the backward state of the survey of the island it is not yet
possible to state the area of the real forests, but they cannot much
exceed 5000 square miles, although a larger area is, for the present,
set aside for reservation, which includes stretches of scrub and
patana englobed within the forests. The most important belt of
forest stretches from the Northern Province, mostly between the
centre line of the island and the east coast down to the Hambantota
District, but important blocks are also found scattered over the rest
of the island, chiefly in the Puttalam District of the North-western
Province and in the upper hills, but also in the Kurunegala District
of the North-western Province, in the Western, Southern, and
Sabaragamuwa Provinces, where are still to be found, in isolated
blocks, the remains of what was at one time the extensive Sinha
Raja Forest.
The vegetation of the forests varies especially according to rain-
fall and elevation, and the forests can be classified according to
the following zones and subzones :—
Dry zones. + zone. Rainfall 35 to 50 inches.
sa es te a9 Dry zone proper. Rainfall 50 to 70 inches.
Intermediate zone. Rainfall 70 to 80 inches,
a ee pore h U Low country zone from sea-level to 4000 feet.
CIMINO) MOCISS ( Mountain zone above 4000 feet.
and more.
The Dry Zone.— this includes about three-fifths of the island,
viz., the whole of the Northern, North Central, and Eastern
Provinces, the Puttalam District and portion of the Kurunegala
and Chilam Districts, the North-western Province, the northern part
of the Central Province, about two-thirds of the Province of Uva, the
Hambantota District of the Southern Province, and the Kolonna
Korale of the Province of Sabaragamuwa. The Western Province
is therefore the only one of which no portion enters in the dry zone.
The Arid Zone occupies the North-western end of the island in
the Puttalam, Mannar, and Jaffna Districts, and the South-eastern
in the Hambantota District. The characteristic trees and shrubs of
this subzone are Salvadora persica, Azima tetracantha, and Acacia
eburnea near the coast, and Acacia planifrons on the island of
Mannar.* The woody vegetation is usually shrubby and thorny,
being represented by Carissa spinosum, Zizyphus Jujuba, Z.
Gnoplia, Z. rugosa, Randia dumetorum, Flacourtia Ramontchi, &c.
* Acacia Sundra is also found in the Puttalam and Hambantota
Districts, Alb¢zzia amara in the Mannar District, and S¢trychnos
potatorum not far from the sea.
The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon. 357
Further from the coast the forest vegetation is composed of the
same species as of the forests of the dry zone proper, but the trees
are usually smaller and the undergrowth is composed mainly of
Memecylon and of Stenosiphontum Rulyselianum. The Palmyra palm
(Borassus flabelliformis) is found on sandy soil both in this sub-
zone and in the dry zone proper. It is most abundant in the littoral
districts, especially in the Jaffna Peninsula.
The forests of the Dry Zone proper are the most important
to the forester, not only because they are the most extensive, but also
because they contain most of the valuable timber trees. The most
important of these are Satinwood (Chloroxylon Swietenta), found
on sandy soils, and attaining its best dimensions in the Puttalam
and Batticaloa Districts; Ebony (Dzospyros Ebenum), which prefers
rocky, undulating ground, and which, although found occasionally
in the wet, low country, is most abundant in the Northern, North
Central, and North-western Provinces, and in the Trincomalie and
Matale Districts; Palu (MZimusops hexandra), which is found on
more clayey soils from the north to the south of the island. It
attains an enormous size, and grows best, if anywhere, in the
Northern Province. It is one of the ironwoods of commerce.
Trincomalie wood (Berrya Ammonzlla) is found in moist but well-
drained places. It extends into part of the wet zone, but the
trees are usually of small size. The finest trees are found in the
eastern portion of the Province of Uva. Milla (Vitex altissima),
one of the strongest of Ceylon timbers, extends also into the wet
zone, where it is not uncommon; but, like the Bervrya, it is a much
finer tree in the dry zone, especially in the Eastern Province. The
same may be said of Ranai (A/seodaphne semecarpifolia), although it
is not so common in the wet zone as Milla. The Ebenacez are
(apart from Ebony) represented in this zone chiefly by D. ovalifolia,
while D. crumenata, D. oocarpa, D. Embryopteris, and D. montana
are also found abundant in certain localities; and Maba buxifolia is
a small tree which is by no means uncommon even in the arid zone.
Of the Guttiferee we have chiefly Garcinia spicata, Calophyllum
Burmani, and, near streams or in groves, planted before the memory
of man, Mesua ferrea. The Dipterocarps, which are so characteristic
of the Low Country wet zone, are almost absent, being only repre-
sented by Vatica obscura in moist soils in the Eastern Province,
and by Hopea cordifolia along streams in Southern Uva and Saba-
ragamuwa. Among trees which are characteristic of this zone
the most common are Polyalthia longifolia, P. coffeoides, Crateeva
Roxburghit, Pterospermum suberifolium, Sterculia fetida, Azadirachta
indica, Walsura Piscidia, Pleurostylia Wightit, Sehleichera trijuga,
-LNephelium Longana, Odina Wodier, Cassia Fistula, C. marginata,
Bauhinia tomentosa, Acacia leucophlea, Acacia ferruginea, Gyrocarpus
Jacquini, Eugenia Jambolana, Barringtonia acutangula, Adina cordt-
folia, Canthium didymum, Bassia longifolia, Terminalia glabra (near
streams and tanks), Strychnos Nux vomica, Cordia Rothit, Sivreo-
358 The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon.
spermum chelonioides, Euphorbia antiguorum, Saptum insigne, Hemi-
cyclia sepiaria, Mischodon zeylanicus, Holoptelea tntegrifolia, &c.
The most common shrubs are Polyalthia Korint:, Allophyllus
Cobbe, Ochna squarrosa, Cassia auriculata, Alangium Lamarckit,
Webera corymbosa, Randia dumetorum, Gmelina astatica, Memecylon,
Glycosmis pentaphylia, and Dimorphocalx glabellus. Creepers and
climbers are not so well represented as in the moister zones, the
most abundant being Hugonia Mystax, Ventilago maderaspatana,
some species of Vitis, Derris scandens, D. stnuata, &c. ‘The most
beautiful orchids found in this zone are, without doubt, Saccolabium
guttatum, which is found in the Eastern Province, and Vanda Rox-
burghit and V. spathulata, which are found chiefly not far from the
sea. Vanda parviflora and Saccolabium Wighttanum are not un-
common, while a pretty little white-ground orchid, Habenaria ptero-
carpa, is found in rocky places. The ferns of this zone are not
abundant, the Adiantum caudatum penetrating farther into the dry
districts than any other, while Hemzonitis arifolia and Gymnopterts
quercifolia are found in dark and moist places, while on rocks grow
Cheilanthes mysorensis, C. axa, and the tiny Ophioglossum lusitanicum.
In the Intermediate Zone trees of both the dry and the low-
country moist zone are to be found, such as Berrya Ammonilla,
Nephelium Longana, Mesua ferrea, Artocarpus integrifolia, Xylopia
parvifiora, Albizzia stipulata, A. odoratissima, A. Lebbek, &c.; and
there are a few species which, although they are found elsewhere,
can be said to be characteristic ; these are /zdiccum decipiens, Chick-
vassia tabularis, and Mela dubia. Terminalia Belerica attains an
extraordinary size in this zone, in which are other gigantic trees,
like Zetrameles nudiflora and Ailanthus malabarica.* Among the
shrubs, Vétex Megundo is probably the most characteristic. Another
characteristic feature of this zone is the great abundance of creepers,
which cover the tallest trees and render forest operations extremely
difficult. Some very handsome ferns grow in this zone, the most
noticeable being Aspidium decurrens, A. subtriphyllum, A. cicutarium,
and Adiantum lunulatum.
The Park country of Uva can be included in this zone. It
comprises the low lands on the eastern boundary of that province ;
and it has a quite characteristic flora, very similar to that of the
Sub-Himalayan forests. The trees which are found here are found
only on the patanas and occasionally elsewhere, the most noteworthy
being Axogeissus latifolia, Butea frondosa, Terminalia Chebula,
T. Lelerica, Zizyphus xylopyra, Pterocarpus Marsupium, Miliusa
indica, Sterculia colorata, Gmelina arborea, and Diospyros melanoxylon.
The undergrowth is, as in the sub-Himalayan forests, mostly grass
* Although Dipilerocarpus zeylanicus and Stemonoporus acuminatus
extend into this zone, the only characteristic Dipterocarp known, so far,
in this zone is the Balanocarpus zeylanicus, which has been found only
in the Kurunegala District.
a
The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon. 359
(Imperata arundinacea), Near water-courses the flora is that of the
ordinary dry zone type.
The Wet Zone includes the Western Province, the Province of
Sabaragamuwa excluding the Kolonna Korale, the Galle and Matara
Districts of the Southern Province, the Hill Districts of the Central
and Uva Provinces and about one-half of the Kurunegala and Chilaw
Districts of the North-western Province, or, in a few words, the
South-western and South Central portions of the island. It is the
portion which receives the full force of the South-west monsoon, and
includes the higher lands affected by the North-east monsoon, The
rainfall usually ranges from 80 to 200 inches, but it exceeds even
this in some places, and rumour has it that in Eratne, to the South-
‘west of Adam’s Peak, it actually does not fall far short of 400 inches.
The Low-country Wet Zone is the country par excellence of
the Dipterocarps. In the Chilaw and Kurunegala Districts, and in
the Northern portion of the Colombo District, they are represented
‘only Ey Dipterocarpus zeylanicus, but further South and East they
increase in number and species until, in many cases, they form
almost the entire forest. No doubt, several new species will have to
ibe added, and even since the first volume of Trimen’s Flora has
been published fresh discoveries have been made, a case in point
being the Stemonoporus (? Vatica) Lewist, which was found by Mr. F.
Lewis of the Forest Department at about 1000’ altitude above
Pelmadulla. The curious almost wingless fruit of Shorea lissophylla
was also found near the Bentote river in the Western Province. The
forests of this zone, where they have been saved, are to the eye the
most magnificent of the whole island, the trees often reaching a
height of too feet to the first branch. On this account the trees
are often difficult to identify, and it is probable that many are still
ainnamed, especially as it is not always possible to hit on new species
at the time when they are in flower or fruit. The most beautiful of
these forests is probably the forest of the Hinidun Pattu, in the
Southern Province; in it the most important Dipterocarps are
Dipterocarpus hispidus, which in the South almost replaces D. zey-
lanicus, D. glandulosus, Shorea oblongifolia, Doona trapezifolia, which
extends up to about 3000’ above sea level, D. cordifolia, D. macro-
phylla, D. congestiflora, which produces a valuable timber, Hofea
discolor and Vatica affints.
Vatica Roxburghiana is found near streams and in lands subject
to inundation in the Western Province and in Sabaragamuwa, while
Vateria acuminata, which also loves the neighbourhood of water, is
found on more rocky ground. ‘The Dipterocarps which are able to
ascend to an elevation of 4000’ are Doona zeylanica and D. Gardnert,
and Stemonoporus Gardneri, which has been found up to nearly
5000 feet.
Among the natural orders, which are also widely represented, are
the Guttifere, the Ebenacee, and the Sapotacee. ‘The first-named is
®epresented chiefly by the ironwood Mesua ferrea and M. Thwaitesi,
360 The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon.
by Calophyllum spectabile, C. Burmannt, which extends into the dry
country, C. bracteatum, C. tomentosum, Garcinia Cambogia, G. Morella.
(the gamboge tree), G. derpuophylla, and G. echinocarpa, which latter
grows up to 6000’ elevation. The denacece are particularly abundant
in the forests of the Adam’s Peak Range, and in the Pasdun and
Hinidun Korales.
Ebony, as has already been mentioned, is found in small quan-
tities in this zone, but the most important tree of this family, which is.
unfortunately almost extinct, the Coromandel or Calamander wood
of commerce, Drospyros questa, is still found here and there in the
Pasdun Korale and in the Hinidun Pattu. Attempts have been
made for several years to obtain the fruit in order to propagate the
species artificially, but, although rewards have been offered, none has-
been obtained.
The other most noticeable trees of this family are described by
Mr. F. Lewis, who has made a special study of them.
In the wet forests, extending from the mountain known as the
Haycock into the Sabaragamuwa Province, the most noticeable
examples of the Ldenacee are Diospyros Toposia, D. Gardnert,
D. insignis, and D. Thwaitesiz. The first of these is found up to
3000 feet altitude, while the last, though endemic, is restricted to-
the areas of high rainfall. D. prurdens is found very sparingly in the
wet forests towards Adam’s Peak, and in one place in the Western.
Province. A remarkable species, possibly a form of D. Ebenum,
locally known as ‘ Kallu kiria,’ occurs at the foot of the Rakwana
hills, and is conspicuous by its black lace-like heart-wood, but little:
is known of its flowers or fruit. One of the most common, but
valueless, of the order is D. zwsignis, which extends up to 2000 feet
altitude in the West of Ceylon.
The Sapfotacee are also well represented, especially in parts of
the Matara District. The most importaut are Chrysophyllum Rox-
burghit, Isonandra lanceolata, Bassia fulva, B. neritfolia, which.
lines the banks of rivers, Palaguium petiolare, P. grande, which
extends into the mountain zone, and AZmusops Elengi, which is
also found in the dry zone. Among the more noteworthy trees.
belonging to other natural orders, the following are characteristic
of this zone:—Dzllenia retusa, Wormia triquetra, Cullenia excelsa,.
Eleocarpus serratus, Kokoona zeylanica, Canarium zeylanicum,.
C. brunneum, Lastanthera apicalis, Pometia eximia, Campnosperma
zeylanicum, which in places forms almost pure forest, Perzcopsis
Moontana, near water-courses, Adenanthera pavonina, A. bicolor,
Pygeum zeylanicum, Carallia integerrima, C. calycina, especially in
the Galle District, Anisophyllea zeylanica, Homalium zeylanicum,
Symplocos spicata, the three Myristicas (M. laurifolia, M. Hors-
fiedia, and M. Iriya). Various species of Czanamomum and Litsea
are also abundant; and, among the Euphorbiacee, Bridelia retusa,
B. Moonti, Aporosa latifolia, A. Lindleyana, Ostodes zeylanica,
Chetocarpus castanocarpus, and Macaranga tomentosa are the most
Lhe Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon. 361
common ; while among Urticacee there are numerous figs, Artocarpus
integrifolia, A. nobilis, and Trema orientalts.
Among the shrubs which characterise this zone may be men-
tioned Humboldtia laurifolia, Mesa indica, Agrostistachys longifolia,
A. Hookeri, Ixora coccinea, Ardisia Maen oe
Most of the palms of Ceylon are found in this zone. The most
important by far is Cavyota urens, the toddy and sugar of which
provide many jungle people with means of existence. The Talipot
palm (Corypha umbraculifera) is found in several forests, especially
in the Kurunegala District, and is noteworthy for the enormous.
panicle of flowers which the male tree produces, and for its leaves,
which are used for umbrellas, fans, mats, &c. The Misa fruticans
is characteristic of brackish waters, while several species of Calamus,
with the help of their hooked tendrils, climb to the summits of the
highest trees.
Among the characteristic climbers may be mentioned Coscinium
Jenestracum, Ancistrocladus Vahlii, Entada scandens, Acacia concinna,
Strychnos cinnamomifolia.
The most beautiful orchid of this zone is the Dendrobium
Macarte; and among the most interesting ferns may be men-
tioned Gleichenia linearis, which covers large extents of country,
Blechnum orientale and Nephrolepis exaltata, which, after the first-
named, are the most common, Cyathea sinuata, which is only found
in the Southern Province, C. Walkerii, the tree fern of the low
country, Zhammnopterts Nidus, the so-called Bird’s-nest fern found
growing generally on trees, Asplenium rutefolium, Diplazium
lanceum, D. Schkuhrit, Aspidium Thwaztesiz, Lastrea deparioides,
Niphobolus Gardnerit, FPleopeltis pteropus (var. minor), Tenites
blechnoides (in the Matara District), Drymoglossum heterophyllum,
Stenochlena palustris, Polybotrya appendiculata, Gymnopteris vart-
abilis, G. contaminans, G. subcrenata, G. quercifolia, Acrostichum
aureum (generally not far from the sea in swampy places), Schiz@a
digitata, Angiopteris evecta, Ophioglossum pendulum, and HHelmin-
thostachys zeylanica. Botrychium daucifolium and Oleandra muse-
jolia extend into the mountain zone.
The forests of this zone are of by no means so large in extent as
those of the dry zone; they usually occur in isolated blocks, covering
ridges and separated by stretches of chena or by paddy fields. The
most important blocks are the forests that in former days formed
part of the extensive Sinharaja Forest; they are situated in the
Galle District of the Southern Province, the Pasdun Korale of the
Western Province, and the Kukulu Korala of the Province of
Sabaragamuwa. The lower forests of the Adam’s Peak range also
belong to this zone.
The Mountain Zone.—The forests of this zone form the cap
of the island. It is from them that all the most important rivers take
their rise, and for the preservation of water supply it is therefore
necessary that they be preserved. The highest summits of the
362 The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon.
island, unless they are too rocky for tree growth, are covered with
trees, which form a continuous sheet from Pedro Peak to Hakgalla,
from thence to Totapella, and in a curved line to Kirigalpota and
Adam’s Peak. The forests are found on both sides of the ridges,
but the tea estates of Bagawantalawa and Maskeliya have encroached
far up the slopes. It is not improbable that to these clearings is
due the silting up of the lower reaches of the Kelaniganga, and the
consequent frequent inundations which are a plague in the low
country. A wise rule now prevails to allow no sale of Crown lands
above 5000 feet, and there are not many of these left between 4000
and 5000 feet. ‘The general character of the forests of the mountain
zone is the same as that of the dry country; the trees are flat
topped, not generally very tall, and the undergrowth is not unlike
in general appearance; the most characteristic are several species
of Eugenia, Calophyllum Walkerit, Michelia nilagirica, Gordonia
seylanica, Elieocarpus obovatus, E. glandulifer, Meliosma pungens,
Litsea (5 species), Rhododendron arboreum, &c.
The undergrowth consists, especially above 5000 feet, mostly of
the numerous species of Szvobzlanthes, which flower and die down every
twelve years, and some of which reach a height of 20 feet and a girth
of trunk of 12 inches. During the flowering time the forest is a blaze
of colour, and swarms of bees, attracted to the flowers, produce
abundance of honey, which has a peculiar flavour. When the seed
ripens, thousands of jungle fowl suddenly appear wandering up from
the low country for the food, which they obtain abundantly.
Besides these plants, there are also large quantities of the little
hill Bamboo (Avundinarta), species of Coleus, Hedyotts, and ferns, of
which the most noticeable and characteristic is the handsome tree-
fern Alsophila crinita, which is found in moist places, in gullies, or
on the face of moist rocky precipices. The stem of this occasionally
attains a length of 40 feet. Among others, the most interesting are
Lomaria Patersoni, Lastrea Beddomit, Leptogramme Totta, Osmunda
javanica (in sunny places near streams), Déacalpe aspidiotdes, Doodtia
dives, and Maranta fraxinea, the last being only found in the lower
portion of this zone, replacing Angiopteris evecta, which it closely
resembles.
The moisture in the atmosphere causes the branches and trunks
of trees to be covered with epiphytic plants, such as numerous
mosses, ferns, of which some Hymenophyllums closely resemble the
mosses, and orchids, the most beautiful of which latter are Dendrobium
aureum, Celogyne odoratissima, and Evia bicolor, and creeping plants
such as Paper, Medinilla fuchsiotdes, &c. In this zone are found the
strange Balanaphoras, which are found at higher elevations only
within the Tropics.
European genera are found mostly in this zone, but, on the
whole, they occur chiefly in well-lit localities, or in patanas, and,
excepting Rhododendron arboreum, the majority are shrubs or
herbaceous plants, such are Berberis, Cardamime, Viola, Hypericum,
The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon. 363
Rubus, Viburnum, Anaphalis, Lobelia, Campanula, Gentiana, Pedt-
cularis, Drosera, &c. Exceptions to this rule are /mpatzens, of which
there are numerous species, some extremely handsome, Vaccinium
and //ex, which all grow under shade.
This concludes my sketch of the forest flora of Ceylon. It is
.a very incomplete one, but with a wealth of species to choose from it
is difficult not to omit a number of characteristic ones. To this
may be attributed any glaring omissions, as well as to the fact that
the writer of this notice can in no way lay any claim to being
considered anything botanically but an amateur.
A. F. Broun,
Conservator of Forests, Ceylon.
Colombo, 27 January, 1899.
NE Eye ND TG ale
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RAINFALL
IN CEYLON.
With a Map showing the Average Annual Rainfall.
Ly ¥. Lewis, Esq., of the Forest Department.
THE island of Ceylon lies to the South-east of the Southern
extremity of the great peninsula of India, and is situated between
North Latitude 5°53’ and 9°51, and East Longitude 79° 42’ and
81° 55. Its total area is about 25,360 square miles, or, roughly,
one sixth less than the area of Ireland. ‘The greatest length and
extreme breadth of Ceylon are 271 and 137 miles, respectively.
From the Indian coast the island is divided only by a narrow strip
of water too shallow for our large ocean steamers to cross, so that
vessels bound for the Eastern ports of India are obliged to pass to
the South of Ceylon.
Although Ceylon has not been entirely free from those great
convulsions of the earth which have so strikingly affected Java and
neighbouring islands, it must, nevertheless, be regarded as practically
outside volcanic action, and beyond the limits of hurricanes.
Cyclonic storms have at long intervals visited the country, but none
of such destructive severity as to affect the prosperity of the island.
The prevailing monsoons are the N.E. and S.W., during which
the vegetation of the country passes from rest to activity.
The rainfall is heaviest in the immediate neighbourhood of
Adam’s Peak, and, speaking generally, diminishes towards the North-
west and South-east. Dividing the island into zones, according to
the average amount of precipitation, these may be conveniently
classified as follows :—
(1) The driest zone—under 50 inches of rain per annum—
pee of two rather narrow strips; one, starting from the extreme
hern point of the island, runs for about 100 miles along the
Sous west coast; the other starts from near the Southern extremity
and runs along the South-east coast to near Batticaloa Lake.
(2) The zone of 50-75 inches is enclosed between the two
above-mentioned strips, and includes also the whole North-eastern
sea-board (from Batticaloa Lake). This zone comprises the largest
area of the country.
(3) Enclosed within the crescent formed by the last district is
the zone of 75-100 inches, lying roughly along the outside limit of
the hill country, this zone forming a sort of elongated horse-shoe
band of which the two horns are situated at Colombo and Galle.
The Distribution of Rainfall in Ceylon. 365
‘The inner limit between this zone and the next presents, however,
an extremely irregular outline. In this region is found much of
the mixed flora of the country, separating the wet from the dry
Tegions.
(4) The 1oo—-150 inch zone, within the last, comprises most of
the mountainous part of Ceylon, including its highest peak.
(5) The 150-200 inch zone is a nearly oval region, wholly
surrounded by the last, and nowhere quite reaching the sea-coast.
At its northern end lies
(6) the zone of over 200 inches, a small area within the influence
of Adam’s Peak. Here the greater portion of the rainfall occurs
during the south-west monsoon, at which period a fall exceeding
Io inches in the twenty four hours is by no means uncommon.
It will be seen, therefore, that the area of greatest rainfall
‘corresponds with the mountainous country, and is marked by the
path of the South-west monsoon, Negombo, 19 miles north of
Colombo, with a fall of about 62 ‘inches, being its northern edge,
and Galle, with a 91 inch average, being the southern edge of the
Maximum monsoon path. Following the tract of maximum fall
towards«the great central mass of mountains, the increase is very
pronounced, culminating with an average of over 230 inches at
Padupola, on the confines of the Central Province.
The average temperature of Ceylon varies both with the time of
year and the rainfall; but, taking the hottest and coolest stations, it
ranges from 81°7’ at Mannar and Jaffna (both on the coast), to
57 9 at Nuwara Eliya (6188 feet above sea-level). The changes in
temperature, according to the time of year, may be succinctly
illustrated by a statement of the highest and lowest average monthly
mean temperature at Jaffna and Nuwara Eliya. At the former the
highest monthly average is 85°5’ in April, and the lowest 77°3’
in December; while, at the latter, the extreme averages are 60°4’
in May, and 56°5’ in January.
The barometer (uncorrected for sea-level) shows an absolute
range from 30°157 inches, the highest recorded in 1887, at Jaffna,
to 23°800 inches, in 1886, at Nuwara Eliya. The range at particular
localities is small, as will be seen from the appended table, taken
from the statistics issued from the Surveyor General’s-Office, which is
confined to the sixteen stations possessing umbroken records, in
most cases for nearly thirty years.
The movement of the atmosphere is much influenced by the
distance from the sea. Thus at Kandy, roughly in the centre of
Ceylon, the average diurnal velocity of the wind ranges from 28 miles
in April to 84 in August. At Hambantota, on the sea-coast, the corre-
sponding figures are 149 miles in March, and 268 miles in August.
Again, the average diurnal velocity at Vavuniya, which is situated -
about midway between the East and West coasts, ranges from 31
miles to 165 miles, while, at Ratnapura, with its high rainfall, it only
varies from 18 to 69 miles.
366 The Distribution of Rainfall in Ceylon.
METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.
The following Table ts compiled from the Ceylon Administration Reports
for 1897 (Part IT., Scientific) by Mr. F. H. Grinlinton, Surveyor-
General, and is confined to 16 Stations, from which unbroken records
have been preserved.
Name of Station.
Altitude of Station.
COLOMBO ... ... 40
RATNAPURA ... 84
PUTTREAM:... ...| 27
ANURADHAPURA | 295
MANNAR ... ... 12
JAFFNA
TRINCOMALEE ...
BATTICALOA
HAMBANTOTA ...
GALLE
KANDY
HAKGALA ...
BADULLA ...
VAVUNIYA ...
KURUNEGALA ...
Nuwara ELIYA.
Annual Rainfall in
Inches
Barometer
(reduced to 32° F.).
Highest
recorded,
30°072
30°003
30°106
29°840
30°103
30°157
30°062
30°108
30°034
30°081
28°426
24°725
27°905
29'850
24°228
Lowest e E E & 3 é a
recorded. 3 2 E Ze 5"
29°607 | 80°7 II‘90
29°314| 79°! ‘ I1"42
29°535 2 12°06
29°264 9°32
29°588 : 11°00:
29°552 Dios
29°402 8:21
29°565 ; 10°46
29°583 506
29°621 7°66
27°975 8°95
24°205 7°40
27°396 9°46
29°271 5°40
6°97
gil
F. Lewis.
APPENDIX IV.
HISTORY OF CEYLON BOTANY.
By G. 8. Bouucer, F.L.S., F.G.8., Professor of Botany, City of
London College.
THE first serious student of the botany of Ceylon was Paul
Hermann, born at Halle, in Saxony, June 30th, 1646.* It is.
related of him that, when a boy of ten, he fell into the water when
he was collecting plants and was nearly drowned. He was
educated at Wittenberg, Leipsic, and Jena, but graduated in
medicine in Padua, in 1670. Through the good offices of Arnold
Syen, Professor of Medicine and Botany at Leyden, and annotator
of the first volume of Rheede’s ‘Hortus Malabaricus,’ he was
introduced to the Governor of the Dutch East India Company,
by whom he was appointed ‘Ordinary and First Physician’ in
Ceylon, where he resided from 1672 to 1679. On his voyage out
he botanised at the Cape of Good Hope, making large collections,
some results of which were embodied in a catalogue published by
J. Burmann in his ‘ Thesaurus Zeylanicus’ (1647). :
At this period the Dutch held most of the coast towns of
Ceylon, having wrested Colombo from the Portuguese only so
recently as 1655; but the whole interior still remained under the
rule of the native Emperor of Kandy, at this time the powerful
Raja Singha, and it is interesting to note that our countryman,
Robert Knox,t} was undergoing his long captivity in the interior at
the very period of Hermann’s sojourn at Colombo.t Dr. Trimen
infers from Hermann’s chief herbarium, which is, he says, ‘a
representative one of the environs of Colombo, that Hermann
neither travelled far from the coast nor had the opportunity of
penetrating into any tract of untouched forest.’ In addition to an
herbarium sent to Commelin, Hermann sent specimens from Ceylon
to other botanists; but certainly not, as Dr. Trimen imagines (af.
cit., pp. 132, 134), to Gronovius, since that botanist was not born
until 1690, and was, therefore, only five years old at Hermann’s
death. Hermann’s plants in the Banksian herbarium received from
Gronovius must, therefore, have come to the latter indirectly.
Hermann’s own herbarium of plants, collected either wild or
growing in the gardens of the natives, was pasted into three
* Not 1640, as stated in Pritzel’s. + Vide infra, p. 372.
+ ‘Journ. Linn. Soc.’ (Bot.), xxiv. p, 131.
368 flistory of Ceylon Botany.
volumes ‘in forma atlantica... . sine ullo plane ordine, prout
forte ad manus venerant.’* Hermann also had about four hundred
drawings of plants executed in Ceylon.t On the death of Syen in
1678, Hermann was elected to the Leyden chair, Peter Hotton {
acting as docum tenens until his return to Europe in August, 1680.
Hermann introduced into the Leyden Botanical Garden more
than twice as many plants as his predecessors, Bontius, Clutins,
Pavius, Clusins, Vorstins, Schuylins, and Syen, had done in a
century, rendering it the richest of the age.§ He built hot-houses,
established a museum, and visited Germany, France, and England
for plants. Possibly while in England he made the acquaintance
of that ‘Meecenas of his day,’ Dr. Richard Richardson, a letter to
whom from him, dated Leyden, 14 December, 1690, is printed in
Dawson ‘Turner’s privately printed ‘Correspondence of Richard
Richardson’ (Yarmouth, 1835).
Hermann arranged the Leyden garden systematically according
to Morison’s system, with modifications ‘which can scarcely be
called an improvement upon it,’|| including, for instance, JZa/va
and fumaria in his primary division of ‘Gymnosperms.’ ‘This
system he propounded in ‘Flora Lugduno-Batavz flores, sive
enumeratio stirpium horti Lugduno-Batavi methodo naturze vestigiis
Insistente dispositarum,’ Leyden, 1690, pp. 267, published under
the name of Lothar. Zumbach, but undoubtedly Hermann’s work,
as is testified by Sherard,{] Linnzeus,** Haller, Sprengel, Pritzel, &c.
Hermann’s classification was defended by his pupil Olans Rudbeck
the younger.tt ‘The only work published by Hermann under his
own name during his lifetime was ‘Horti academici Lugduno-
Batavi catalogus .. . . quibus ab anno 1681 ad 1686 hortus fuit
instructus, ....a nemine hucusque editarum,’ Leyden, 1687,
pp. 699, 8vo, with copperplate illustrations. A few brief descrip-
tions in this work, with reduced copies of some of the drawings
made in Ceylon, is all that he himself printed on Ceylon botany.
In 1689 William Sherard {{ published at Amsterdam his ‘Schola
Botanica,’ pp. 390, 12mo, which the British Museum authorities
catalogue under Pitton de Tournefort, and Pulteney and Pritzel
attribute to a mythical Samuel Wharton or Warton. Its title runs:
* ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ pref., p. 17, and ‘ Museeum Zeylanicum,’ pref.
+ ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ pref.
~ Born at Amsterdam in 1648, this botanist, one of the correspondents of John
Ray, succeeded Hermann in 1695, and died in 1709.
S.C Sprengel, ‘Historia Rei Herbariee,’ vol. ii. p. 42.
| J. Sachs, ‘ History of Botany ’ (Eng. ed. ), p. 68.
q ‘ Paradisus Batavus,’ 1698, preface.
** ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ eo saa
at C. Sprengel, op. czt., p. 4
+ WILLIAM SHERARD, styled by Boerhaave ‘ vir scientia preestantissimus,’ and by
Sibthorp, ‘botanicorum istius eevi facile princeps,’ the pupil of Tournefort, friend of
Vaillant, Hermann, Ray, and Sloane, patron of Catesby and Dillenius, and founder of
the chair that bears his name at Oxford, was born at Bushby, Leicestershire, and died
in London in 1728. A full account of his life, by Mr. B, D. Jackson, appears in the
‘Journal of Botany’ for 1894, p. 129.
fiistory of Ceylon Botany. 369
‘Schola Botanica; sive Catalogus Plantarum quas ab aliquot Annis
in Horto Regio Parisiensi Studiosis indigitavit Jos. Pitton de
Tournefort ut et Pauli Hermanri P. P. Paradisi Batavi Prodromus :’
it is signed ‘S. W. A.’ (Sherardus Wilhelmus, Anglus), and the
preface is dated London, 1688. ‘The ‘ Prodromus,’ which Linnzeus,
in the list of authorities prefixed to the ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ styles
‘supposititius,’ occupies pp. 301-386, with 4 pp. of addenda. In
the last yan of his life, Hermann began to print a flora of Leyden.
Linneus* styles this ‘Flora Lugduno-Batava, Lugd. 1695, 8vo,
seml impressa moritur cum Autore,’ but it has no title, consisting
of 128 pp. dealing with ‘ Plantes Gymnosperme.’
Hermann died of pneumonia at Leyden in January, 1695.
After his death his widow t seems to have intrusted most of his
MSS. to Sherard. The first result of this was ‘ Paradisus Batavus,
continens Plus centum Plantas affabre sere incisis & Descriptionibus
illustratis . . . . cui accessit Catalogus Plantarum, quas pro Tomis
nondum editis, delineandas curaverat Paulus Hermannus, M.D.
; . Opus Posthumum edidit William Sherard,’ Leyden, 1698,
4to, pp. 262, with «rr plates. Sherard’s preface, dated from
Geneva, April, 1697, relates the difficulties he met with in reducing
the author’s papers into order, and gives an account of Hermann’s
other works. The ‘Paradisus’ is dedicated to Bishop Compton,
and a critical notice of it, sent by Ray to Sloane, is printed in
‘The Correspondence of John Ray’ (Ray Society, 1848, p. 349).
The ‘Paradisus’ contains desenptions and drawings of Sinhalese
plants in addition to those in the ‘Horti Lugduno-Batavi Cata-
logus,’ but the drawings being in quarto are reduced from the
originals. In 1710 Hermann’s ‘ Materia Medica’t was published
under the editorship of J. S. Henniger (Argentor. 4to), subsequent
editions by J. Boecler appearing in 1726 and 1729, and one by
Strother, London, 1736. In 1711 there appeared ‘ Muszei Indici
catalogus, continens varia exotica animalia, insecta, vegetabilia,
mineralia, quze collegerat,’ 8vo, a catalogue of his museum in the
Leyden garden; and in 1717 the important little ‘Museum
Zeylanicum, sive catalogus plantarum in Zeylana sponte nascentium
observatarum et descriptarum a viro celeberrimo, Paulo Her-
manno.,.. , Leyden, 1717, 8vo, pp. 71.- In this pamphlet, to
which the term ‘anonymous,’ used by Dr. Trimen (vc. czt. p. 129),
seems scarcely applicable, the plants appear under their Sinhalese
names, but references to Boccone, Acosta, C. Bauhin, the ‘ Para-
disus Batavus,’ and ‘Hortus Lugd.-Bat.,’ are added. In the
prefaee the editor, who is well known to have been Sherard, states
that, in addition to the three volumes of the herbarium, a fourth
would be made up, and pp. 39-71 are occupied by a list of ‘alice
* ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ ‘‘ Autores,” and ‘ Bibliotheca’ Botanica,’ ed. 2, p. 58.
y+ Anna Gertrude Stomphius, daughter of a pastor of Colombo. Hermann’s first
wife, Isabella Borman, died within a year of their marriage.
+ *Cynosura materize medicze.’
PART V. BB
370 Flistory of Ceylon Botany.
plante chartis non agglutinate.’ A reprint of the ‘Muszeum’
appeared in 1726.
Meanwhile Sherard, anxious to continue Hermann’s work in
Ceylon, recommended John Hartog, who was born and trained in
the Leyden garden, to proceed thither. At the Cape Hartog
collected many rarities, but was only saved from being torn in
pieces by a lion by the timely bullet (‘globus missilis’) of his
servant’s gun. His Cape plants, with those of Oldenland, form
the second of the two catalogues bound up with Burmann’s
‘Thesaurus.’ Though after being some time in Ceylon he sent
to Voss the ‘complete’ herbarium which Burmann used for his
‘Thesaurus,’ Hartog seems not to have long survived. Meanwhile
Hermann’s own herbarium, upon which the ‘Muszeum’ had been
based, appears to have been completely lost sight of till the year
1744, when August Giinther, Apothecary-Royal at Copenhagen,*
sent to Linnzus at Upsala to be named a collection of Indian
plants in five volumes, one being a volume of drawings.
From Ginther, Hermann’s herbarium ‘passed into the posses-
sion of Count A. G. Moltke,t at whose death it was purchased by
Prof. Treschow, of Copenhagen. The latter sold it to Sir Joseph
Banks for 75/7,{ and it passed, with the rest of the Banksian
collection, into the keeping of the Trustees of the British Museum
in 1827. Since it came into the hands of Sir J. Banks, it has been
frequently the object of examination. Especially it was very
thoroughly gone over by Dryander, who, in a copy of the “ Flora
Zeylanica” (now in the Botanical Department of the British
Museum), entered against each species references to the volumes
and folios of the herbarium where the corresponding specimens
ate toube founds. ghee Robert Brown, Dryander’s successor in the
charge of the Banksian collections, was also in the habit of con-
sulting the herbarium, and frequently quotes its specimens. Dr.
Wight was unfortunately able to consult it only to a limited
extent.§ ... . W. Ferguson, F.L.S., of Colombo, when on a visit
to England .... carefully examined the whole collection.’ ||
The results of Dr. Trimen’s own detailed work in 1886 are
embodied in the paper from the introduction to which this passage
is taken. He says of the herbarium (oc. ct, p. 132), ‘The
specimens, considering their age and the vicissitudes the collection
has sustained, are in very fair condition; and, in the few cases
where identification is uncertain, this arises more from the material
being originally scanty or imperfect than from any deterioration
* There are five letters from Giinther to Linnzeus in the corre§$pondence of the
great naturalist preserved in the library of the Linnean Society. The dates of these
are from 1744 to 1749. ‘Two are written in Swedish and three in Latin.
+ Rottboll, ‘Descriptiones et Icones rar. pl.’ (1786), p. 49.
+ MS. note by Dryander in the Herbarium.
§ Preface to ‘ Prodromus Florze Indize Orientalis,’ p. x.
|| Trimen, Joc. czt., pp. 130, 131.
fiistory of Ceylon Botany. B71
“since its collection. A considerable proportion of the plants (about
fifty) are exotics, and gathered, doubtless, from gardens. It is of
interest to see at what an early date many of these were already
common in Ceylon. Most are, of course, Old World plants, but
-a dozen or more are of American origin, as the Custard Apple,
Guava, Cashew-nut, Capsicum, and Cotton. But, besides these
cultivated exotics, the list will be found to contain two or three
species from the Cape.’ Of these errors, arising from Sherard’s
fourth volume, those originally ‘non-agglutinatee,’ he specifies
Linneus’s 4obartia indica, which is SB. spathacea, Ker, and
Gnaphalium indicum, L., which is Amphidoxa gnaphalodes, DC.
Carl von Linné. As stated under the notice of Hermann’s life
and labours (ante, p. 370), the herbarium and collections of drawings
of the latter were sent to Linnzeus to be named. ‘The great botanist
was not long in discovering what a treasure he had in his hands.*
In his own words, ‘ Hanc dum evolvo, examino et inquiro, observo
plantas hasce per tres primos tomos, in singulis paginis totidem,
easdem, eodemque ordini esse dispositas, quo in Hermanni ‘ Museo
Zeylanico’ continentur a p. 1 ad 39; accedebat quod /cones, quas
quintus tomus continet, essent ipsius Hermanni.... ut dubium
nullum sit, quin heec collectio fuerit ipsissima Hermanni. Quartus
tomus continebat plantas Capenses et Zeylanicas mixtas ’ |—Sherard’s
‘non agglutinate’ in fact. The delight with which Linnzus at once
set to work at the examination of his treasure is well expressed in
the following passage from his dedication of the ‘ Flora Zeylanica’
to Ginther: ‘Gratulor orbi erudito, quod hic Thesaurus, qui per
50 annos fuerat suppressus, indignorum manibus versatus, & in
Barbarorum hominum scriniis sepultus, rerum vicissitudine iterum
emerserit & ab interitu fuerit vindicatus. Est hoc opus Herbarium
Zeylanicum, quondam a Principe Botanicorum, Paulo Hermanno,
lectum in Zeylona multis itineribus, periculis, laboribus, curis, nec
sine Foederati Belgii maximis sumtibus.’ t
The ‘ Flora’ was publishea at Stockholm,§ in 1747, its full title
being ‘Flora Zeylanica sistens plantas indicas Zeylone insule que
olim 1670-1677 lectz fuere a Paulo Hermanno, Prof. Bot. Leydensi;
demum post 70 annos ab Augusto Gunthero, Pharmacop. Haffniensi,
orbi reddite,’ Holmiz, 1747, 8vo, pp. 28, 240, and 20 pp. of index,
with 4 folding plates. In it ‘ Linnzus has classified all the plants in
the herbarium which he could determine (429 in number) under
their genera; and these are duly arranged in accordance with his
sexual system. Under each species he refers to the names in the
“Muszeum,” and at the end he gives lists of those names (228 in
number) which he was unable (in nearly all cases from the absence
* Trimen, ‘Journ. Linn. Soc.’ (Bot.), xxiv. p. 129.
+ ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ preface, pp. 17, 18.
+ Id., dedication,
§ Not at Amsterdam, as stated by Mr. Jackson, ‘Guide to the Literature of
Botany,’ p. 395.
372 Flistory of Ceylon Botany.
of specimens) to refer to any genus. The whole number of plants:
enumerated is thus 657. In the herbarium itself he has added to
Hermann’s labels a reference to the number of the species in his
own copy of the “ Flora Zeylanica ;”’ and in his own copy of the
‘Museum Zeylanicum,’ now in the Linnean Society’s library, ‘he has
entered in the margin against each name the genus to which he
referred it.’* ‘At this period of Linnzeus’s career he had not yet
initiated his binomial system of nomenclature; thus no species in
the “‘ Flora Zeylanica” are zamed in the modern sense, but are only
referred to their Linnean genera. When, however, in 1753, that
really epoch-making book, the ‘‘ Species Plantarum,” was published,.
in which specific names were systematically employed, Linnzeus was
careful to quote under them the numbers of the “Fl. Zeylan.,” and
thus the specimens of Hermann’s herbarium become types for many
of Linneeus’s species. It is this, of course, which gives to this in-
teresting collection its great scientific value, and renders it an
important supplement to the herbarium of Linnzeus himself... .;
especially as the large majority of the species in Hermann’s her-
barium are unrepresented in the latter.’ {
A second edition of the ‘ Flora’ appeared in 1748, to some copies.
of which is appended ‘ Nova genera plantarum zeylanicarum nuper
edita .... per C. M. Dassow, pp. 1-14, with an index.’ This is.
taken from the ‘Amoenitates Academice,’ vol. i1., No. 13, and is, no
doubt, Linnzeus’s own work. ‘The forty-three new genera here
described were afterwards incorporated into the fifth edition of the
‘Genera Plantarum,’ published in 1754;{ but Dr. Trimen does not
refer to them in the paper from which we have been quoting.
Robert Knox, the first Englishman to publish an account of
Ceylon, was born in 1640 or 1641, being the son of Robert Knox,
a Scotsman, a commander in the East India Company’s navy, and a
cousin to John Strype, the antiquary. Knox was brought up at
Wimbledon, Surrey, where his mother died about 1655, and in
January, 1657, he sailed with his father to Madras. On the home-
ward voyage, in November, 1659, they were driven by stress of
weather into Cottier (Kottiyar) Bay, Ceylon, where Knox, his father,
and fourteen others were made prisoners. The father died in
captivity in 1660; but Knox remained a prisoner at large for nearly
twenty years, making several unsuccessful attempts to escape, and
supporting himself by knitting caps, lending out corn and rice,
and hawking goods. In September, 1679, with his faithful comrade,
Stephen Rutland, he escaped to the Dutch settlement of Aripo, on
the north-west coast, whence he was sent to Batavia, and so to
England. The East India Company took him into their service as.
mate: he rose to be commander, and died in London, July, 1720.
His narrative. written with the help of Robert Hooke, is entitled
* Trimen, Joc. czt., p. 130.
+ Lbid.
+ Pulteney, ‘General View of the Writings of Linnzeus’ (1781), p. 232.
fiistory of Ceylon Botany. 373
“An Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon in the East Indies ;
‘together with an Account of the detaining in Captivity the Author
-and divers other Englishmen now living there, and of the Author’s
Miraculous Escape. Illustrated with figures and a map of the
island.’ London, 1681, fol. It is both trustworthy and entertaining,
and has been translated into French, Dutch, and German. It con-
tains an intelligent account of the trees of the island. Linnzeus
‘named the Rubiaceous genus Avoxza in his honour.
Johann Gerhard Konig, a pupil of the illustrious author
-of the ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ collected in the island in 1777, 1780,
and 1781. Konig was born at Courland about 1728. He visited
Iceland in 1765; but from 1768 was in the East Indies until his
death at Jagannathpur in 1785. He was at first physician to the
Danish settlement in the Carnatic, and subsequently naturalist to
the Nabob of Arcot, and, in 1778, joined the Madras establishment
of the East India Company. He also collected in Siam and
Malacca, and bequeathed his plants and MSS. to Banks; but his
Ceylon journal was unfortunately lost.* There is a short account
of Konig’s visits to Ceylon in August Hennings’s ‘Geschichte
‘des Carnatiks,’ Hamburg and Kiel, 1785, pp. 289-311. Konig’s
name has been twice commemorated ; by Tournefort for a genus of
Malvacee prenamed Dombeya, and by Linnzus for an arctic plant
now merged in Polygonum.
Carl Peter Thunberg, the pupil and successor of Linnzeus,
‘was in Ceylon from August, 1777, to February, 1778. He was
born in 1743, graduated as M.D. at Upsala in 1770, visited the
Cape in 1771, Java and Japan (1774-1777), his visit to Ceylon
being on his return journey. He became professor at Upsala in
1784, and died in 1828.
From the British seizure of the Dutch possessions in 1796, when
they were annexed to the presidency of Madras, until 1801, when
Ceylon became a Crown colony, nothing seems to have been done
for botany; but, before the deposition of the King of Kandy in
1815, William Kerr, a Kew gardener and collector, who had
previously been in Java, Canton, and the Philippines, was appointed,
by Sir Joseph Banks, Superintendent of the Botanical Garden at
Slave Island, Colombo. He was, in fact, appointed in 1812, but
-died in 1814.
In 1817, Alexander Moon, a Scotsman, was appointed, by
Sir Joseph Banks, Superintendent of the Gardens. He collected at
Gibraltar and on the Barbary coast on the way out, and formed
-an extensive herbarium at Peradeniya. In 1824, he published
“Indigenous and Exotic Plants growing in Ceylon,’ Colombo, 4to,
= Britten and eae: ‘ Biogr. Index of Brit. and Irish ns. Supplement,’
0p. Git., Pp. 97-
374 Flistory of Ceylon Botany.
a somewhat unsatisfactory performance.* Moon died inmno2 ge
There are plants collected by him in the Kew herbarium, and some
of his drawings are in the Botanical Department of the British
Museum. Arnott dedicated to him the genus d/oonza, now sunk
in Chrysogonum, L.
James Iiacrae, who had been employed in the garden at
St. Vincent in 1823, and had subsequently collected for the Horti-
cultural Society in the Pacific, in Chili, and Bengal, was appointed
Superintendent in 1827, but at his death, in 1830,¢ had not, appa-
rently, much advanced the cause of botany in Ceylon; nor, in fact,
was much likely to be done until a more highly educated type of
man was appointed to the post.
Meanwhile, amateur work was doing something. Colonel, after-
wards General, James Thomas Walker and his wife, Mrs.
A.W. Walker 7é Paton, collected in the island from 1830 to 1840.
A description of their ascent of Adam’s Peak appears in the ‘Com-
panion to the Botanical Magazine,’ vol. i. (1835), p. 3; and a ‘Tour
in Ceylon,’ by Mrs Walker, in Hooker’s ‘ Journal of Botany,’ 1840,
p- 223. General and Mrs. Walker’s plants formed part of Sir W. J.
Hooker’s herbarium, now at Kew, and also did those of his friend,
Dr. Charles Millett, who, about 1834, collected in Southern
China, in Ceylon, and on the Malabar coast,{ and those of Major,
afterwards Lieut.-Colonel, Champion.
Dr. Robert Wight, F.R.S., born in East Lothian, :796,.
graduated M.D. in Edinburgh in 1818. Entering the East India
Company’s service as Assistant-Surgeon in the army, he was from
1826 to 1828 stationed at Madras, and from 1836-1850 was.
Superintendent of the efforts of the Government for the improve-
ment of cotton cultivation in the peninsula. During three years’
furlough in England (1831-1834), he began, in conjunction with
Dr. Walker-Arnott, the publication of his botanical materials,
especially in the ‘Prodromus Flore Peninsule Indiz Orientalis.”
In 1836 a severe attack of fever, caught in Tinnevelly, obliged him
to pay a short visit to Ceylon to recruit, and whilst there he collected.
extensively in company with Colonel and Mrs. Walker, in compli-
ment te the latter of whom he named the genus /afonza, now
merged in Xylopia, L. It was during this furlough above
mentioned, that Dr. Wight, when staying with his friend, Sir W.
Hooker, at Glasgow, acquired the art of lithography, and providing:
himself, at his own expense, with printing-press stones and all
necessary materials; he on his return to India introduced the art
into the Madras Presidency, and commenced his ‘Illustrations of
Indian Botany,’ with 182 plates, which was followed by the ‘ Icones.
* Sir J. Emerson Tennent, ‘Ceylon,’ 3rd ed., vol. i. p. 84.
++ There seems to have been a fate against any commemoration of Macrae’s names.
Macrea, Lindl., is Viviania, Cav. ; Macrea, Wight, Phyllanthus, L.; and Macrea,,
Hook. fil, Lipocheta, DC.
ete The genus J7@z/lettca, Wight and Arnott, was named after him.
FTistory of Ceylon Botany. 375
Plantarum Indiz Orientalis.’ This last great work, commenced in
1840 and concluded in six volumes in 1853, containing 2100
excellent quarto plates, has done more for the illustration of the
Flora of Ceylon than all others hitherto published. In 1853, after
a residence of upwards of thirty years in India, during which he
had published in the above-mentioned and other works nearly
3000 species of Indian (including Ceylon) plants, he retired from
the service, returned to England, and took up his abode at
Grazeley Lodge, near Reading, where he died, May 26th, 1872.
His collection he presented to the herbarium of the Royal
Gardens, Kew. Wghtia gigantea, a remarkable Nepalese scandent
tree, of the Order Scrophularinee, was dedicated to his services by
Wallich.
John George Champion, F.L.S., was born about 1815,
and in 1831 was gazetted as ensign in the g5th. He embarked
for active service as captain in 1838, was stationed for some time
in the Ionian Islands, where he collected insects diligently, and
subsequently in Ceylon, where he took up botany under Gardner,
remaining there until 1848. He then proceeded to Hongkong,
whence he returned to England in 1850, bringing with him
a fine collection of plants from that island, which were described
by Bentham, and afterwards incorporated in the ‘Flora Hong-
kongensis.’ In 1853 Champion went with his regiment to the
Crimea. Having been wounded at the battle of Inkermann, and
taken to the hospital at Scutari, he was gazetted lieutenant-colonel,
but died November 3oth, 1854. He is commemorated by the
Sinhalese genus Champzonia, Gardner.
Almost coincident with Colonel Champion’s arrival in the island
in a military capacity was that of another energetic amateur, who
came as a civilian, William Ferguson, who, born in 1820,
entered the Ceylon Civil Service in 1839, and, with the exception
of short furloughs, remained there until his death, which took place
at Colombo on July 31st, 1887. He devoted his leisure to botany
and entomology, and his knowledge of the plants and insects of
Ceylon became most intimate. Many of his papers appeared in
the ‘Ceylon Observer’ and in the ‘Tropical Agriculturist.’ He
published, at Colombo, ‘The Scripture Botany of Ceylon, nd;
‘Description of the Palmyra Palm (Gorassus flabelliformis, L.),’
1850; ‘The Timber Trees of Ceylon,’ 1863; ‘Notes on Ceylon
Ferns,’ 1880; and, in the ‘Journal’ of the Ceylon branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society, an ‘Enumeration of Ceylon Grasses, with
notes,’ 1880. He is commemorated by the monotypic genus
Pergusonia, Hook. fil., in the Order Rudzacee.
A new era seemed about to dawn for Ceylon botany when, in
1843, Dr. George Gardner was, on the recommendation of Sir
William Hooker, appointed Superintendent of the Botanical Garden
of Peradeniya. Born in Glasgow in 1812, he had studied medicine
in the university of that city, graduating M.D. in 1835. Having
376 fTistory of Ceylon Botany.
conceived a strong desire for botanical travel, with the assistance of
his teacher, Sir W. J. Hooker, he started on a collecting expedition
to Brazil, from which country he sent home 60,000 specimens,
representing 3000 species, while his own collection comprised 6000
species of flowering plants alone, and he brought back with him to
England, in 1841, a large number of living plants. His journal
appeared in the ‘Companion to the Botanical Magazine’ and in
the ‘Annals of Natural History,’ and the descriptions of his new
genera in the ‘Journal of Botany’ A more detailed account of this
journey, having been prepared by him on the voyage out to Ceylon,
was published in 1846 as ‘Travels in the interior of Brazil.’
Gardner showed his energy by issuing, four months after his arrival
in Ceylon, the first of those reports on the Garden which have since
then been continued annually. In 1845 he visited Madras, and
botanised in the Neilgherry Hills with Wight, in conjunction with
whom and Dr. M‘Clelland he became editor of the ‘Calcutta
Journal of Natural History.’ In this journal he was writing
“Contributions towards a Flora of Ceylon’ during the last year
of his life, and he also drew up, in 1848, ‘Some Remarks on the
Flora-of Ceylon,’ which were printed in the appendix to Lee’s
translation of Ribeyro; but his premature death from apoplexy,
at Nuwara Eliya, on March roth, 1849, destroyed the hopes that had
been built upon his great capacity. Gardner’s herbarium, com-
prising 14,000 specimens, was mostly purchased by the British
Museum. His name is commemorated by the Leguminous genus
Gardneria, Wallich.
On Gardner's death his place was taken, also on the recom-
mendation of Sir William Hooker, by a botanist who had already
achieved a singular reputation, George Henry Kendrick
Thwaites, F.R.S., who probably has done more for our
scientific and practical knowledge of the vegetable products of
(eylon than any one man. ‘Thwaites was born at Bristol in 1811,
and began life as an accountant, devoting his leisure impartially
to entomology and microscopical botany, chiefly that of the
cryptogams. His earliest paper was ‘Notes on a Species of
Stylops’ (an insect parasitic on the bee), written in 1838, though
not published till 1846 (‘Trans. Entomol. Soc.,’ vol. i.), and he
never abandoned entomology. He was so recognised as a com-
petent biologist as to be engaged by his fellow townsman, Dr.
W. B. Carpenter, to revise the second edition of his ‘General
Physiology’ in 1841. In conjunction with Christopher Edmund
Broome, he investigated the structure of truffles: his earliest
botanical note, contributed to the ‘ Phytologist’ in 1841, was on the
occurrence of Asplentum lanceolatum near Bristol; and his first
paper of importance was one ‘On the Occurrence of Tetraspores
in Alge’ in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for
1846, which was followed by others, mostly phycological, in the
same magazine. An acute observer and expert microscopist,
fistory of Ceylon Botany. 377
sspecially skilful in preparing microscopic objects, at a time when
students of the structure of cryptogams were so few in England
that many of his discoveries were overlooked and subsequently.
_attributed to later Continental workers, his most important obser-
vations at this period were those on the conjugation and algal
nature of diatoms—organisms which had till then been generally
regarded as animals. This discovery led Montagne to dedicate to
him in 1845 the algal genus Zhzwaztesca. He worked also at
-desmids and lichens; but that he did not confine his attention to
cryptogams is shown by his communicating a list of the flowering
plants within a ten-mile radius of Bristol to Hewett Watson for his
‘Topographical Botany.’ He was also one of the early contributors
to the ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle,’ one of his first discoveries with a
direct bearing upon horticulture being the raising of two distinct
varieties of /uchsia from the two embryos in a single seed. In
1846 he became lecturer on botany at the British School of
Pharmacy and Medical School, and in the following year was, like
Watson, an unsuccessful candidate for a natural history chair in
-one of the new Queen’s Colleges in Ireland.
Directly he reached Ceylon, which he never left till his death,
he devoted himself to the investigation of the flora of the island,
-and for fifteen years he almost ignored his favourite Cryptogamia.
Until 1857 his duties were mainly scientific, and between 1852 and
1856 he contributed numerous descriptions, with drawings and
-analyses, of Sinhalese phanerogams to Hookers ‘Journal of
Botany,’ including twenty-five new genera. In 1857 the title of
his office was changed from Superintendent to Director, and he
became yearly more and more engrossed by the less congenial duties
-of investigating the application of botany to tropical agriculture.
It is hardly surprising that the lay mind, becoming aware of the
absence of any adequate enumeration of Ceylon plants, and unable
to appreciate the thoroughness of Thwaites’s method, should
grumble. ‘Thus we find Sir J. Emerson Tennent writing in 1858:
‘Up to the present time the botany of Ceylon has been imperfectly
submitted to scientific scrutiny. ... . It may be mentioned as a
fact which is much to be regretted, that, although botanists have
‘been appointed to the superintendence of the Botanic Gardens at
Kandy, information regarding the vegetation of the island is scarcely
obtainable without extreme trouble and reference to papers scattered
through innumerable periodicals. That the majority of Ceylon
plants are already known to science is owing to the coincidence of
their being also natives of India, whence they have been described ;
but there has been no recent attempt on the part of colonial or
European botanists even to throw into a useful form the already
published descriptions of the commoner plants of the island. Such
a work would be the first step to a Sinhalese flora. The prepara-
tion of such a compendium would seem to belong to the duties of
‘the colonial botanist, and as such it was an object of especial
378 Ffistory of Ceylon Botany.
solicitude to the late Superintendent, Dr. Gardner. But the
heterogeneous duties imposed upon the person holding his office
. ... have hitherto been insuperable obstacles to the attainment
Giethis object. 2. h.
‘P.S.—Since the foregoing passage was written, Mr. Thwaites
has announced the early publication of a new work on Ceylon
plants, to be entitled “Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniz; with
Descriptions of the New and Littleknown Genera and Species ;”
and observations on their habits, uses, &c. In the identification of
the species, Mr. Thwaites is to be assisted by Dr. Hooker, F.R.S.,
and from their conjoint labours we may at last hope for a production
worthy of the subject.’*
Thwaites, in fact, began the printing of the ‘Enumeratio,’ his.
only independent book, in the very year, 1858, in which Tennent
wrote, the work being issued in five fasciculi, between 1859 and
1864, and containing in all 483 pages, 8vo. It contains descriptions
in Latin of many new species, and Thwaites acknowledges the assist-
ance he had received in the identification of the species, and in the
synonymy, from Dr. (now Sir Joseph) Hooker. On the completion
ot the work, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and
received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Imperial
Leopoldo-Carolinian Academy, whilst, in 1867, the beautiful genus
of Sinhalese climbing plants, Kenxdrickia, Hook. fil., was dedicated
to him; but he never himself considered his work as more than a
prodromus to a complete flora, or a catalogue to the extensive sets.
of exsiccatee which he distributed. It is worthy of note that in the
preface to the ‘Enumeratio,’ dated 1864, Thwaites announces his.
adhesion to the Darwinian view of the nature of species. In 1860,
Thwaites had established the cinchona nurseries at Hakgala, the
subsequent success of the cultivation of these plants in Ceylon being
largely due to his efforts. His successive annual official reports deal
also with the cultivation of vanilla, tea, cardamoms, cacao, and
Liberian coffee. In 1869, he sent to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley the
first specimens of the coffee-leaf fungus (Hemileca vastatrix); and
his reports from 1871 to 1880 —in some of which he was assisted by
Dr. Morris, C.M.G., F.L.S.,7 and Dr. H. Marshall Ward, F.R.S.f
—deal with it and the suggested preventives, repudiating, in face of
much adverse popular opinion, any hope of external cures. After
the completion of the ‘Enumeratio,’ ‘Thwaites returned to the study
of cryptogams, sending home more than 1200 fungi, which were
described by Messrs. Berkeley and Broome,§ besides mosses, which
were published by Mr. Mitten in 1872, and lichens, some of which
were described by the Rev. W. A. Leighton in 1870. Thwaites’s.
health began to fail in 1867; and, Dr. Trimen having arrived in
* Sir J. Emerson Tennent, ‘ Ceylon,’ 3rd edition (1859), vol. i. pp. 84, 85.
++ Now Commissioner of Agriculture in the West Indies.
+ Now Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge.
§ Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xi., 1871, pp. 494 et seg.
Fistory of Ceylon Botany. 379
1879 to take his place, he in the following year retired on a well-
earned pension, and purchased the pretty bungalow named ‘ Fairie-
land,’ above Kandy. While in Kandy, on his way to the seaside,
Thwaites died, September 11th, 1882. He had been an F.LS.
since 1854, and a C.M.G. from 1878. A portrait of him accom-
panies a brief memoir in the ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle’ for 1874,
vol. 1. p. 438.
Among those who assisted Thwaites, we can only mention three
other names, those of Harmanis De Alwis, George Wall, and the
Rey. S. Owen Glenie. Harmanis de Alwis Seneviratne
_ joined the staff of the Ceylon Garden in 1818 as a writer under
Moon (the second Superintendent) at the old Gardens in Slave
Island, Colombo, and at Kalutara, assisting him in the preparation
of the ‘ Catalogue of Ceylon Plants’ (1824). Perceiving De Alwis’s
aptitude for drawing, Moon had him taught at his own expense.
‘In 1821, the Gardens were moved to Peradeniya, and two years
after, in 1823, De Alwis was appointed draftsman, a post he con-
tinued to hold for thirty-eight years. He at once commenced,
under Moon’s direction, the coloured drawings of Ceylon plants
which have now become so large and valuable a series. So well
did he do his work, that Governor Barnes, in 1831, conferred on
him the native rank of Muhandiram.’ When, in 1836, Wight visited
Ceylon, he was so interested in De Alwis’s drawings, that, in 1839,
he had him for three months at Madras, to learn floral dissection
and draw some of the plates of the ‘Icones Plantarum Indize
Orientalis.. ‘When Gardner arrived as Superintendent of the
Gardens, he found already a good series of drawings, which, under
his auspices, rapidly increased in number and aceuracy, it being
Gardner’s practice for the artist to accompany him in all his
botanical tours. Dr. Thwaites followed the same plan, and, in the
preface to his “ Enumeratio,” acknowledges De Alwis’s “intelligent
and hearty co-operation” in the work. In 1854, an assistant drafts-
man was also at work in the person of one of the sons of De Alwis,
and, in this year, the rank of Mudaliyar was bestowed on him by
Governor Anderson. In 1861 he retired on full pension, which he
lived to enjoy for thirty-three years in the complete possession of his
memory and his senses, with the exception of failing eyesight. De
Alwis died at Peradeniya, June roth, 1894, at a very advanced age.
His name is commemorated in a very curious and minute leafless
orchid, which he was the first to discover, and which was named
after him in 1859, by Dr. Lindley, Zeniophyllum Alwisii. Dr.
Lindley also named another little orchid A/wisia tenuis.*
George Wall, F.L.S., born about 1821, went to Ceylon
in 1846, where, as a leading merchant, planter, newspaper
editor, and member of the legislative Council, he occupied a pro-
minent position. He was an intimate friend of Thwaites, and took
* H. Trimen, ‘Journ, Bot.,’ 1894, pp. 255-6.
380 fiistory of Ceylon Botany.
up the study of ferns with an enthusiasm that characterised all his
actions. He formed an extensive herbarium of the ferns of the
world; and, in 1874, he arranged the large collection of exotic
species in the Peradeniya herbarium, to which he added from his
own collection. He was the author of two privately printed
pamphlets on the ferns of Ceylon, ‘A Catalogue of the Ferns
indigenous to Ceylon, with Notes by G. W.,’ London, 1873, 4to,
and a Check List, printed in 1879. He became a Fellow of the
Linnean Society in 1872. He died at St. Thomas’s Home, London,
December 18th, 1894, a few days after his arrival in England from
Ceylon. His name is commemorated in Zrichomanes Waltz, Thw.,
described in the ‘Journal of Botany’ for 1885, p. 274, and dis-
tributed as C. P. 3989.*
The Rev. S. Owen Glenie was Colonial Chaplain at Trin-
comalee, and collected for Thwaites. He became a Fellow of the
Linnean Society in 1863, and the monotypic Sinhalese genus of
Sapindacee Gleniea, Hook. fil., is dedicated to him.t
Mention should perhaps here be made of a German descriptive
work by Baron Eugen von Ransonnet-Villez, entitled ‘ Ceylon.
Skizzen.... seines.... Pflanzenlebens,’ &c., Brunswick, 1868,
folio, of which an English version appeared in the same year with the
titles Sketchesmourthe. «es. veeetation amen. Oln Cevloniam dias
is a narrative of travel, including a visit to Thwaites at Peradeniya,
illustrated by twenty-six large drawings lithographed by the author,
about half of which represent the vegetation of the island.
Henry Trimen was born in Paddington, October 26th, 1843.
While still at King’s College School he began to form an herbarium,
and in 1860 entered the medical school of the College. After
spending one winter at Edinburgh University, he graduated as
M.B. with honours, at the University of London in 1865. Shortly
afterwards he acted as medical officer in the Strand district, London,
during an epidemic of cholera, but his inclinations were obviously
towards botany rather than medicine. He had become a member
of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh in 1864, and in London
took an active part in the Society of Amateur Botanists and the
Botanical Exchange Club. From 1866 to 1869 he was engaged, in
conjunction with Mr. (now Sir William) Thiselton Dyer, in the
preparation of the ‘Flora of Middlesex,’ a work which ever since
its publication in the latter year has been regarded in England as
the model for county floras. Devoted from the first to the study
of critical groups of plants, such as Rumex and Polygonum, he, in
the year in which the ‘ Flora’ was published, added to the British
list Wolfia arrhiza, the smallest of flowering plants, which happens
to be also a native of Ceylon. In the same year he became an
assistant in the Botanical Department of the British Museum,
-* ‘Journ. Bot.,’ 1895, p. 63.
++ Thwaites’s ‘ Enumeratio,’ p. vil.
fiistory of Ceylon Botany. 381
and, after having for some time aided Dr. Seemann with the
‘Journal of Botany,’ became its assistant editor in 1870, and on
Seemann’s death, in the following year, succeeded him as editor.
From 1875 to 1880 he issued, in conjunction with the late Prof.
Robert Bentley, his second important work, ‘Medicinal Plants,’
which appeared in forty-two parts, and contains coloured figures
of most of the species in the Pharmacopceia. For some years
Trimen also acted as lecturer on botany at St. Mary’s Hospital.
The zeal with which, on his appointment as Director at Pera-
deniya in 1879, he took up Thwaites’s work was seen in the
thorough rearrangement of the plants in the Gardens in scientific
order, in much work at economic botany, especially quinology,
recorded in his annual official reports, and in a diligent exploration
of the island for materials for the present work. He published
eitomus. Zeylanicus: A... . List of the Plants .... in the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya,’ in 1888, a ‘Catalogue of the
ipisiye.)..-, in rds9, and -a. “Hand-Guide to the... .
Gardens,’ in 1890, of which the last-named reached a fourth edition
in 1894, whilst reference has also been made to his careful work
upon Hermann’s herbarium whilst in England in 1886. The
climate of Ceylon, however, seems to have proved fatal to him.
He aged prematurely, became totally deaf, and was partially
paralysed; but, after being again in England during 1895, he
insisted on returning to Ceylon, hoping to finish the ‘ Hand-book,’
the publication of which had begun in 1893. ‘Trimen died at
Kandy, October 16th, 1896, and was buried near his predecessor
in the Mahaiyawa Cemetery. His name was given by Dr. King,
of Calcutta, to the magnificent Sinhalese banyan, Fzcus Triment.
The memoir by Mr. James Britten in the ‘Journal of Botany’ for
1896 (pp. 489-494), from which most of the above is taken, is
accompanied by a portrait from a photograph, but his best
memorial in the history of botany in Ceylon is undoubtedly the
present work, though he did not live to compiete it.
G. S. BouLcEr.
x
el,
lee
oO Di LIONS AND CORKEECRIONS:
PARTS keV.
Lor further corrections to Parts I.and LI. see at commencement of Part I.
and conclusion of Part III.
PARE:
Page 47, after description of Cyclea Burmanni, read, ‘The pulped
leaves render water ropy and gelatinous, hence the plant is used as a
remedy for cough, kési, = phlegm.’—J. C. W.*
Page 55, line 3, read ‘ Capparis Mooniz extends into the Montane zone.’—
aG. NV.
Page 71, line 22, for ‘.S. Arnottianus, read ‘ Phoberos Arnottianus,
Page 87, line 9, delete ‘erect’ before ‘annual,’ amd znsert ‘ or procumbent ’
before ‘very slender’ ; line 15, after ‘obtuse’ vead ‘ or acute.’—J. C. W.
Page 126, Sunaptea scabriuscula, Trim.; Brandis (Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxxi. 114) refers this to the genus Cotylelobium, Pierre, as C.
scabriusculum, adding as a synonym Dyerella scabriuscula, Heim,
Recherch. Dipterocarp. 123.
Page 127 S. (2) disticha, 772m.; Brandis, |. c. 53 refers this to Doona,
_ as D. distzcha, Pierre Fl. For. Cochin. fasc. 15 (1890) t. 237 in obs.
Page 128, Vatica Roxburghiana, 34/.; Brandis, |.c. 119, identifies
this as V. chinenszs Linn. Mant. (1771) 242, Smith Pl. Ic. (1789) t. 36.
Page 133, Stemonoporus acumiuvatus, fedd.,; Brandis, l.c. 139,
adds to the synonymy of this Vesguella acuminata, Heim, Recherch.
Dipterocarp. 90, and Sunapteopsis jncunda, Heim, l.c. 92.
Page 136, S. reticulatus, 7/w.,; Brandis, |.c., adds as a synonym
Kunckelia reticulata, Heim, |. c. 92
Page 136, S. nitidus, 7/w.,; Brandis, ].c. adds as a synonym Doona
nittda, Heim, |. c. 72.
Page 137, at end of genus add :—
14. Stemonoporus Lewisianus, 77imen MSs.
Branches slender, bark dark brown ; branchlets, petioles, and infl.
minutely furfuraceously pubescent; 1. rather scattered, 2-3 in.
long by 1-14 in. broad, ovate or oblong, subacute or obtusely
acuminate, quite entire, base rounded, rigidly coriaceous and
reddish or yellowish-brown when dry, smooth, somewhat shining
above, with depressed midrib and obscure venation, beneath pale
* The initials, J. C. W., follow notes kindly sent me by J. C. Willis, Esq., M.A.,
F.L,S., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya.
384 Additions and Corrections to Parts 1-V.
ashy, obscurely puberulous, midrib slender, veins very many,.
spreading, close-set, reticulate interspaces; racemes axillary
and terminal, 2-4 in. long, erect, lax.-fld. ; fl. subsecund, nodding,.
pedicels 4-} in. long, buds (near expansion) % in. long, ovoid ;
cal.-tube short, lobes ovate, obtuse ; petals orbicular, thick ; stam.
25, fil. very short, united at the very base, anth. linear, rather
broader downwards, connective terminating in a subulate point
half as long as the cells; ov. hemispheric, rough, style very
slender, flexuous; very young, fr. globose, roughly minutely
tubercled, seated in the rather unequal spreading cal.-lobes.
Hunawal Kande, near Pelmadulla (F. C. Lewis, January, 1893).
From the above description it is evident that, if this species is to be
retained in the genus Stemonoporus, the generic character of the
latter must be modified to include a plant with a long subulate.
process terminating the anther.
I5. Stemonoporus (?) revolutus, 772men MSS.
Branches very robust, covered with iron-grey bark ; 1. crowded, im-
bricating towards the ends of the branchlets, $-2 in. long by 1-13
"in. broad, obovate or obovate-oblong, tip rounded, emarginate
or retuse, base rounded, rigidly coriaceous, sides revolute when dry,
quite entire, smooth above with obscure midrib and veins, beneath
pale, with a prominent midrib, and 7-10 pairs of spreading, arched,
slender veins, venules minutely reticulate, petiole 4-4 in. long, stout ;
stipules o.
Kukule Korale, at about 3000 ft. elevation (F. C. Lewis, January, 1893).
The specimens having neither fl. nor fr, the genus is doubtful.
Page 174, in key, transpose the leaf characters of G. ORIENTALIS and.
G. POLYGAMA; the latter has the leaves pubescent, the former glabrous.
—J.C.W. :
Page 215, line 20, for 3000 7¢ad 1800.
Page 254, line 3, for ‘ Bot’ read ‘ Bat.’
Page 254, in character of Olacinee delete ‘or imbricate. The petals are
valvate in all the Ceylon genera.
Page 308, S. THWAITESII, vead ‘fr. usually of a single carpel, with two
abortive ones like warts at its base, about 1 in. long, ovoid, obtuse,.
densely puberulous, pale ochre-yellow ; pericarp thin, tough; seed
enveloped in the fleshy aril.’—J. C. W.
Deve NBL.
Page 32, line 16, after children, zzsevt ‘Largely used in Jaffna as a
manure for tobacco, a moderately sized bundle selling for 25 cents ;
also used as a manure for paddy fields (Captain Walker).
Page 74, under V. vexillata, for ‘V. pulnezensis’ read Phaseolus
pulnecensis.
Additions and Corrections to Parts I.-V. 385
Page 88, Dalbergia Championii; Dr. Prain, who has been study.
ing the Indian Da/ver gia, informs me that this is D. rostrata, Grah. in
Wall. Cat. n. 5867 A (not B, except a few leaves); also that it is
D. Sissoo, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. I. 128 (not of Roxb.), and D. Pseudo-
Szssoo, Miq. 1. c., the latter being the earliest published name.
Page 107, line 20, after ‘Colombo’ vead, ‘In 1893 the export from the
Manaar district was 288 tons, entirely to Colombo, where it fetches
60-100 rupees per ton. The collectors receive from 1°12 to 1°78 rupees
per cent. There is a royalty of 2 rupees per ton.—J.C. W.
Page 162, in character of genus Lumnitzera, for ‘stam. Io, read ‘stam.
5-10, and add after ‘ axillary,’ ‘ or terminal spikes or racemes.’
After description of genus insert key :—
Flowers white, stam. as long as the pet. 1. L. RACEMOSA.
Flowers red, stam. twice as long as the pet. . . 2. L. COCCINEA.
Page 163, after . racemosa add :—
2. G. coccinea, Wight and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. Ind. Or. 316
(1834).
Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 503. ZL. “ttorea, Voigt; Kurz, For. Fl. Brit.
Burm. 1. 469. JL. pentandra, Griff. Notul. iv. 684.
BY B. Ind. i. 452. Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 644 A.
A small glabrous tree; 1. subsessile, 2-3 by 2? in. long and broad,
cuneate or cuneately obovate, bright green and shining, tip rounded
emarginate or obtuse, quite entire, thinly fleshy ; fl. in axillary and
terminal, spiciform, shortly peduncled racemes, shorter than the
leaves, rhachis thickened, scarred after the fall of the fl. or fr.; fl.
shortly pedicelled, about ? in. long, bright rose-red; cal.-tube
cylindric, lobes short, orbicular-ovate ; petals lanceolate ; stamens
5—I0, often 7, twice as long as the petals, fil. elongate subulate, and
style scarlet.
Southern Province. Bentotte river (W. Ferguson, 1894).
Tenasserim, Nicobar Islds., Malaya, Queensland, Polynesia.
Page 203, Sonerilarhombifolia. Under this species Dr. Stapfis men-
tioned as considering it to be a variety of S. zey/anica, W. and A., and
var. angustata to be a distinct species. Dr. Stapfs views are given
in a review of the whole genus published in the Annals of Botany,
vi. (1892). Inthat review S. A*nottzana is referred to S. Wightiana,
Arn. ; S. Gardneri, Thw. var. y, Harveyz, is considered a distinct
species ; the name Gumersatnez, Trim., published in 1885, is adopted
as superseding that of /zearzs Hk. f. (1871).
Page 215, 219, under sp. 18 and 20, in citations of ‘Fl. B. Ind.,’ for 362,
read 562.
Page 231, line 17 from bottom, for ‘Ic.’ read ‘1. c’
Page 232, in character of Onagraceze, delete after |. ‘opp. or,’ the 1.
being alt. in all the Ceylon Genera.
Page 274, line 17, after ‘ bluish-green,’ read ‘ dull red when ripe.’—J.C. W.
PART V. Ge
386 Additions and Corrections to Parts LV.
Page 278, in citation of Fl. B. Ind. after ©. stictocarpum, for ‘688,’ vead
POS.
Page 348, last line but one, for ‘ Bot. Mag.,’ read ‘ Bot. Reg.’
JANI IE JU
Page 146, line 11, for ‘36, vead ‘13;’ line 26, zmsert ‘inflated’ before
‘tube.’—J. C. W.
Page 161, line 14, after dull yellow, zzser¢ ‘at first covered with orange
yellow meal.’—J. C. W.
Page 263, line 17, after 222, zzser¢ ‘in part.’—J.C. W.
Page 268, under U. exoleta, after line 11, zzser¢ in separate line,
Tropical Asia generally.’—J. C. W.
Page 269, between lines 4 and 5 from bottom, zzser¢ in separate line,
‘Endemic.’
Page, 415, Podostemonacee, ‘ The descriptions given are very inac-
curate as regards the vegetative organs of many of the species.’—
J.C. W.—The Indian and Ceylon forms of these remarkable plants
are now being monographed by Mr. J. C. Willis, whose rearrange-
ment and descriptions of them will shortly be published. That
botanist informs me that Podost. Gardnert, Harv., proves to be only
the primary axis of P. olcvaceus, Gard.; also that P. metzgertozdes,
Trim., is the type of a new genus, Farmeria, Willis, with one stamen,
a sessile fr. and 2 seeds ; also that a new form, allied to P. acumz-
natus, Wedd., provisionally named P. kelenszs, Willis, has been found
in the Kehel Ganga, in Dikoya. Its thallus is like that of Farmeria,
but it has the fl. of Podostemon; its fr. splits into two unequal
valves.
Page 463, in key, for ‘ LONGIFOLIUS,’ vead ‘ LONGIFLORUS.’
IARI IDWS
Page 16, in key for ‘RETROVERSA,’ vead ‘ RETROVERSUS.’
Page 51, line 17, for ‘ 398,’ vead ‘ 395.’
Page 8o, before integrifolia, for ‘F1.,’ vead ‘ H.’
Page 82, under Trema orientalis, de/eze ‘ Moon, Cat. 73.’
Page 100, line 15, for ‘zeylanica,’ read ‘zeylanicus.’
Page 179, bottom line, for ‘Z. alozdes, read ‘Epidendrum aloides, L.
Page 246, line 17 from bottom, for ‘ Harv.,’ vead ‘ Ham.’
Page 270, in key to Crinum, for ‘ ZEYLANICUM,’ vead ‘ LATIFOLIUM.’
Page 299, line 9 from bottom, for ‘ Acinia, read ‘ Aclista’
Additions and Corrections to Parts 1—-V. 387
Page 326, in key to Phoenix, for ‘FARINIFERA, 7¢ad ‘PUSILLA,’ and
after line 3 from bottom, zzser¢ [‘ Plate xcv.’].
Page 331, line 24, for ‘ fasczcularis, read ‘ fasciculatus.
Page 372, line 8 from bottom, for ‘ouvérandra, read ‘ Ouvirandra,
Ira leone Wie
Page 133, under P. Isachne, for ‘cruciforme, read ‘ eruciforme.,’
Page 151, under P. czesium, add in second line, ‘ Trimen in Journ. Bot.
xxill. (1845) 271,’ and in description, for ‘stem 2-3 ft.,’ ead ‘stem
3-6 ft. or more.’
Page 177, under A. setosa, 7727., insert ‘A. striata, Nees ex Trim.
»in Journ. Bot. xxvii. (1889) 170.’
Page 257, under G. panicoides, for ‘ 181,’ read ‘170.
[IN DEX TOTP ARS ve
BOTANICAL NAMES.
[Natural Orders are printed in small capitals; synonyms and species incidentally
mentioned tn ttalic type. |
Abelmoschus angulosus, Thw. 1. 156
Jiculneus, W. & A. 155
moschatus, Moench. 156
Aberia Gardneri, Clos [Plate vii.] i. 74
Abildgaardia cinnamometorum, 'Thw.
Sulvescens, Thw. 62 [v. 61
monostachya, Vahl, 59
tristachya, Vahl, 59
Abrus precatorius, Z. il. 57
pulchellus, Wall. 57
Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don, i. 144
Avicenne, Gaertn. 145
crispum, G. Doz, 146
graveolens, W. & A. 145
indicum, G. Don, 145
Leschenaultianum, G. Don, 147
muticum, G. Don, 145
polyandrum, W. & A. 144
Acacia arabica, Wid/d. ii. 122
cesia, Walld. 127
Catechu, Thw. 125
concimna, DC. 127
dealbata, Link, 122
decurrens, Willd. 122
eburnea, Wii/d. 114
Farnesiana, Willd. 122
ferruginea, DC. 126
Intsia, Willd. 127
leucophloea, W2l/d. 125
melanoxylon, Br. 122
pennata, Weld. 127
planifrons, W. & A.[Plate xxxv.]123
scandens, Willd. 119
Suma, Kurz. 126
Sundra, DC. 125
tomentosa, W2l/d. 124
Acalypha betulina, Retz. iv. 58
Acalypha brachystachys, Horm. iv. 59
ciliata, Forsk. 59
fallax, Muell. 59
fruticosa, Horsk. 58
hispida, Thw. 59
indica, Z. 58
lanceolata, Wzlld. 59
paniculata, AZig. 57
virginica, L. 59
Wallichtz, Thw. 57
Acampe Wightiana, Lindl. iv. 198
Wightiana, Thw. 198, 199
ACANTHACEA, ili. 286
Acanthonotus echinatus, Benth. il. 21
Acanthophippium bicolor, Lzzd/. iv. 164
Acanthus ilicifolius, Z. iii. 317
maderaspatensis, L. 16
Achyranthes aquatica, Br. ili. 403
argentea, Thw. 404
aspera, Z. 404
bidentata, BZ. 404
corymbosa, Li. i. 88
diandra, Roxd. ill. 405
lappacea, Li. 399
muricata, L. 395
prostrata, Lu. 398
Achras elengoides, Bedd. ii. 77
Aclisia indica, Wight, iv. 299
Aclinia, iv. 299 (err. for Aclisza.)
Acmena lanceolata, Thw. ii. 172
zeylanica, Thw. 171
Acorus Calamus, Z. iv. 365
Acranthera zeylanica, Avz. ll. 324
Acronychia laurifolia, BZ. i. 216
pedunculata, Walp. 216
Acrotrema appendiculatum, Thw. i. 8
bullatum, Thw. 7
Index to Botanical Names.
Acrotrema coloratum, Thw. i. 7
dentatum, Thw. 8
dissectum, 7hiw. 8
Gardneri, 7hw. 8
intermedium, 7hzw. 8
lanceolatum, ZZ. 8
lyratum [Plate 1.] 7hw. 9
menrbranaceum, Thw. 8
minus, Thw. 7
rotundatum, Thw. 7
rugatum, Thw. 8
sylvaticum, Thw. 8
Thwaitesii, Hk. f. & Th. 9
uniflorum, Hook. [Plate i.] 7
villosulum, Thw. 8
Walkerz, Wight, 8
Actephila exce/sa, Muell. iv. 14
neilgherrensis, Wight, 14
zeylanica, Muell. 14
Actinodaphne ambigua, /&. 7. ili. 447
Candolleana, Meissn. 448
elegans, Zhw. 446
glauca, /Vees, 446
glauca, Thw. 447
Hookerz, Meissn. 447
lanata, Meissn. 447
molochina, /Vees, 445
molochina, y, Meissn. 447
Mooniz, Thw. 445
pisifera, He. f. 447
salicina, Meissn. 447
speciosa, WVees, 448
stenophylla, 7zw. 446
Thwaztesiz, Meissn. 446
Actinoschcenus filiformis, Bezth. v. 82
Adansonia digitata, L. i. 159
Adelia neriifolia, Wight, iv. 72
Adenanthera bicolor, J/oon[ Plate xxxiv.]
li. 120
pavonina, Z. 120
Adenema hyssopifolium, Wight, iii. 185
Adenochlena zeylanica, 7iw. [Plate
Ixxxv. ] iv. 60
Adenosma balsamea, Spr. ili. 291
camphoratum, 2. f. 241
capitatum, Benth. 242
subrepens, Benth. 241
Thwaitesiz, Anders. 292
uliginosa, Nees, 291
vertecillata, Nees, 291
389
Adenostemma angustifolium, Arn. iii. 13
latifolium, Wight, 13
reticulatum, DC. 13
viscosum, Forst. 13
Adhatoda Betonzca, Nees, iil. 334
Hookeriana, Nees, 336
Vasica, WVees, 338
seylanica, Nees, 334
| Adina cordifolia, Zk f. li. 293
Adinandra lasiopetala, Chozs. [Plate ix.]
i. 108
Adrorhizon purpurascens, ZA. 7. iv. 161
Eceoclades tenera, Lindl. iv. 201
Echmandra deltotdea, Arn. ii. 257
epigea, Arn. 258
seylanica, Thw. 259
fégiceras majus, Gaertn. iii. 74
minus, Gaertn. ii. I
féginetia acaulis, Thw. iii. 261, 262
indica, Z. 261
pedunculata, Wall. 261
figle Marmelos, Corr. i. 229
fEluropus /evzs, Trin. v. 278
lagopodvoides, Trin. 304
lagopotdes, Trin. 304
villosus, Trin. 304
Aerides cylindricum, Zzzdl. iv. 189
lineare, Hz. f. 189
latifolium, Thw. 188
tessellatum, Thw. 193
testaceum, Lindl. 192
viridipjlorum, Thw. 184
Wightianum, Lindl. 192, 198
Airua floribunda, Wight, ili. 401, 402
javanica, /wss. 402
lanata, Juss 402
Monsoniz, Mart. 403
féschynanthus zeylanica, Gardn.
fEschynomene aspera, Z. il. 39
indica, Z. 38
procumbens, Roxb. 34
pumila, L. 38
Sesban, L. 34
uligenosa, Roxb. 34
Etheilema reniforme, Nees, iil. 296
Aganosma cymosa, G. Don, ill. 139
elegans, G. Don, 139
iil.
[271
| Agapetes. salicifolia, Gardn. ili. 61
Agasta indica, Miers, ii. 189
Agati grandifiora, Desv. ii. 35
390
Agave americana, L. iv. 268
vivipara, L. 268
Ageratum conyzoides, L. ii. 13
Aglaia apiocarpa, Wzerm, 1. 245
odorata, Lour. 247
Roxburghiana, JZzg. 246
Agrimonia Lxpatorium, Thw. il. 141
zeylanica, Joon, 141
Agrostis panicea, Willd. v. 259
pilosula, Trin. 264
Royleana, Trin. 264
tenacisstma, Jacq. 261
virginica, L. 262
zeylanica, Klein, 264
Agrostistachys Hookeri, Benth. iv. 55
indica, Dalz. 55
longifolia, Benth. 56
Agrostophyllum callosum, Rchb. f.iv.171
zeylanicum, //k. 7. 171
Agyneia bacciformis, A. Juss. iv. 15
latifolia, Moon, 39
multelocularzs, Moon, 40
Ailantus excelsa, Roxb. i. 230
malabarica, DC. 230
Alangium decapetalum, Lam. ii. 285
glandulosum, 7hiw. 286
hexapetalum, Lam. 285
Lamarckii, Zh. 285
Albizzia amara, Bozv. ii. 130
Lebbek, Benth. 128
moluccana, Miq. 131
odoratissima, Benth. 129
stipulata, Bozv. 129
Alchemilla indica, Gardz 11 140
vulgaris, Arn. 140
zeylanica, Moon, 140
Aleurites moluccana, Willd. iv. 46
trtloba, Forst. 46
Alisma glandulosum, Thw. iv. 370
obtustfolium, Thw. 370
oligococcum, / AZzuell. 370
ALISMACEZ:, iv. 369
Allzeanthus zeylanicus, Zw. iv. 103
Allamanda cathartica, L. ii. 124
Allceophania Arnotiiz, Hk. f. ii. 301
decipiens, 7Aw. [Plate xlviii.] 301
Allium Hookeri, 7hzw. iv. 291
Wallichtz, Kunth, 291
Allmania aspera, Wight, ili. 394
dichotoma, Wight, 394.
Index to Botanical Names.
Allmania nodiflora, By. ii. 394
Allophylus Cobbe, 7. i. 303
hispidus, 77277. 303
zeylanicus, Z. 302
Alocasia a/ba, Schott, iv. 360
cucullata, Schott, 360
fornicata, Schott, 361
tndica, Schott, 360
macrorrhiza, Schott, 360
Aloe hyacinthoides, L. iv. 267
indica, Royle, 281
vera, L. 28%
Alphonsea lutea, Zk. f. S& Th. i. 36
sclerocarpa, 7hw. 37
zeylanica, Hk. 7. & Th. 36
Alpinia Allughas, osc. iv. 247
calcarata, Rosc. 249
Galanga, Sw. 249
Granum-Paradist, Moon, 261
nutans, Rosc. 248
Rheedu, Wight, 247
Alseodaphnesemecarpifolia, WVees,i11.444
Alsine nervosum, Moon, i. 87
Alsodeia decora, 77277. 1. 69
virgata, Wk. f. & Th. [Plate v.] 69
zeylanica, 7hw. 68
Alstonia scholaris, By. iil. 133
Alternanthera sessz/zs, Br. iii. 405
triandra, Lam. 405
Alvisia tenuis, Zzzd/. iv. 168
Alyssicarpus bupleurifolius, DC. ii. 44
fleyneanus, Wight, 45
longifolius, W. & A. 45
monilifer, DC. 43
nummularifolius, DC. 22, 44
rugosus, DC. 45
scariosus, Grah. 45
vaginalis, DC. 44
Alyxia M@ooniz, Wall. iti. 128
zeylanica, Wight, 127
AMARANTACEA, ili. 392
Amarantus Bltum, L. iii. 397
caudatus, L. 396
cruentus, L. 396
Jrumentaceus, Ham. 396
gangeticus, Z. 396
gracilis, Desf. 397
hypochondriacus, L. 396
mangostanus, Z. 397
oleraceus, Roxb. 396, 398
Index to Botanical Names. 391
Amarantus fanzculatus, L. (?) iii. 396 Ampelocissus Arnottiana, Planch.i. 289
polygimus, Thw. 397 ertoclada, Planch. 289
polygonoides, Z. 397 . tomentosa, Planch. 288
spinosus, Z. 396 Amphidonax Heyniz, Nees, v. 268
viridis, Z. 397 obtusiflora, Thw. 267
Amanoa acuminata, Thw. iv. 12 Amphidoxa gnaphalodes, DC. iii. 32
collina, Baill. 12 Amyris zeylanica, Retz. 1, 239
Serruginea, Thw. 14 ANACARDIACEA, i. 316
indica, Thw. 13 Anacardium occidentale, L. 1. 317
pallida, Thw. 13 Anagallis cerulea, Lam. iii. 66
AMARYLLIDEA&, iv. 268 esculenta, Moon, i. 53
Amaryllis tnsignis, Ker, iv. 272 Anamirta Cocculus, W. & A. i. 40
ornata, Ker, 272 paniculata, Co/eb. 40
Ameletia indica, DC. ii. 223 toxifera, Miers, 40
Ammannia baccifera, Z. ii. 224 Anaphalis adzata, DC. iii. 29
cordata, W. & A. 225 Beddomu, 7%. 7. 29
debzlis, Ait. 224 brevifolia, DC. 31
zndica, DC. 224 cinnamomea, Clarke, 28
lanceolata, Heyme, 225 elliptica, DC. 30
octandra, LZ. f. 225 fruticosa, Hk. f. 29
pentandra, Roxb. 224 marcescens, Clarke, 31
peploides, Spreng. 223 oblonga, DC. 30
Rotala /. AZuell. 224 pelliculata, 77272. [Plate lvii.] 28
salictfolia, Thw. 225 Thwaitesii, Clarke, 29
salicifolia, 3, Thw. 225 Wightiana, Clarke, 30
Amomum acuminatum, 7iw iv. 251 Wightiana, DC. 31
Benthamianum, 772m. 255 zeylanica, Clarke, 30
Cardamomum, L. 261 Anaxagorea luzonensis, Gray, i. 27
ciliatum, Baker, 253 zeylanica, Hk. f. & Th. 27
echinatum, W2//d. 255 ANCISTROCLADEA, 1. 138
floribundum, 772. 250 Ancistrocladus Vahlii, Avz. [Plate xvi. ]
fulviceps, Zhw. 252, 253 1. 138
graminifolium, Zhw. 253 Andrographis alata, /Vees, il. 327
hypoleucum, 7zw. 254 echioides, JVees, 327
involucratum, 7727. 250 ‘ macrobotrys, Wees, 327
masticatorium, 7hw. 252 paniculata, ees, 326
nemorale, Z7zm. 251 wescosula, Nees, 327
pterocarpum, Zhw. 254 Wigzhtiana, Nees, 327
pulchellum, Thw. 260 seylanica, Nees, 327
rufescens, 77272. 256 seylanica, Wight, 327
witellinum, Lindl. 256 Andromeda flexuosa, Moon, iil. 62
_ Lerumbet, L. 259 Andropogon aciculatus, Aefz. v. 234
Amoora (?) Champzonzz, B. & Hk. f.1.248 Beckettiz, Thw. 255
Rohituka, W. & A. 249 caricosus, LZ. 237
Amorphophallus campanulatus, BZ. iv. cutratus, DC. 246
dubius, B/. 356 [355 contortus, Z. 238
giganteus, Bl. 357 crinitus, Thunb. 222
Rex, Prain, 357 distans, Thw. 243
virosus, N. E. Br. 357 Jascicularis, Thw. 230
zeylanicus, Bl. 357 filipendulus, Hochst. 245
392
Andropogon, Gzdarba, Ham. v. 244
Grayta, Steud. 258
halepensis, Brot. 231
hirtiflorus, Azzth, 240
intermedius, 4r. 230
lancifolius, Trin. 224
lividus, Zw. 244
Macrez, Steud. 216
Martini, Thw. 242
monticola, Sch. 236
muricatus, Retz. 233
Nardus, Z. 242
nodulibarbis, Hochst. 235
oryzetorum, Hack. 229
pertusus, W2//d. 230
polyptichos, Steud. 237
Pseudischzeemum, /Vees, 229
Pseudograya, Steud. 240
punctatus, Trin. 231
rudis, Thw. 224
scandens, Thw. 229
Schoenanthus, Z. 241
serratus, Zhumb. 232
serratus, Retz. 237
squarrosus, Z. 7. 233
Sorghum, Brot. 232
Thwaitesu, Zz. 7. 243
triticeus, Br. 239
umbellatus, Hack. 247
venustus, Zw. 233
versicolor, Nees, 241
seylanicus, Arn. 240
zeylanicus, /Vees, 235
Aneilema dimorphum, Da/z. iv. 307
adimorphum, Thw. 306
ensifolium, Night, 308
esculentum, Wall. 306
giganteum, Gr. 308
glaucum, Zw. 305
montanum, Wight, 309
nanum, Kunth, 307
nudiflorum, 47. 308
paniculatum, Wight, 307
protensum, Wall. 307, 310
scaberrimum, Kunth, 310
scapiflorum, Wight, 307, 310
secundum, Wight, 310
stnicum, Lindl. 310
spiratum, Br. 307
terminale, Wight, 308
Index to Botanical Names.
Aneilema vaginatum, 47. iv. 309
zeylanicum, Clarke, 306
Anemone rivularis, Ham. i. 3
Wightiana, Wall. 3
Angrecum zeylanicum, Lindl. iv. 202
| Anguillaria indica, Br. iv. 293
seylanica, Gaertn. il. 72
Ania blcornis, Lindl. iv. 169
latifolia, Lindl. 169
maculata, Thw. 163, 170
Aniseia uniflora, Chois. ii. 215
Anisochilus carnosus, Wall. u1. 376
paniculatus, Benth. 377
suffruticosus, Thw. 377
velutinus, 77272. 377
Anisomeles z7fermedia, Benth. i. 384
malabarica, Br. 384
ovata, Br. 384
Anisonema multifiorum, iv. 19
Anisophyllea zeylanica, Benth. ti 157
Anoda hastata, Cay. i. E41
Anodendron paniculatum, 4. DC. iii. 141
rhinosporum, 7iw. 141
Aneectochilus regalis, BZ. iv. 213
setaceus, Lindl. 213
Anogeissus latifolia, Wall. ii. 162
Anona asiatica, L. 1. 32
muricata, Dun. 32
reticulata, Li. 32
squanosa, LL. 32
ANONACEA, i. 16
Anotis #onosperma, W. & A. it. 319
nummularia, Hz. f. 318
nummulariformis, 77277. 319
quadrilocularis, Zz. f, 318
Richardiana, Hk. 7. 319
Anstrutheria zeylanica, Gardn. ii. 156
Anthericum tuberosum, Moon, iv. 289
| Anthistiria avgwens, Trim. v. 248
ciliata, Retz. 249
ciliata, var. Retz. 248
Cymbaria, Roxb. 249
fasciculata, Thw. 245
heterochita, Thw. 247
imberbis, Retz. 248
prostrata, Trim. 251°
Thwaitesiz, Hk. f. 250
tremula, /Vees, 249
Anthocephalus Cadamba, J/g. ii. 293
| Anthocometes aristatus, Nees, 11. 333
Index to Botanical Names.
Retz. v.
[249
Anthoxanthum avenaceum,
indicum, L. 176, 189
odoratum, L. 305
Antiaris acuminata, Gardn. iv. 97
tmnoxta, Bl. 97
saccidora, Dalz. 97
toxicaria, Lesch. 97
seylanica, Seem. 97
Antidesma Alexiteria, L. iv. 43, 44
Bunius, Sr. 43
brunneum, Hk. f. 45
diandrum, Roth, 44
Ghesaembilla, Garti. 43
lanceolartum, Wight, 44
lanceolatum, Tul. 44.
montanum, Thw. 45
panzculatum, Roxb. 43
pubescens, Moon, 43
pyrifolium, AZue/l. 45
Thwaitestanum, Muell. 43
zeylanicum, Zam. 44
Apaturia Lindleyana, Wight, iv. 172
montana, Lindl. iv. 172, 224
Aphananthe cuspidata, Planch. iv. 83
Aphania bifoliata, Radl. 1. 307
Aphylleia erubescens, Champ. iv. 368
Aphyllorchis montana, 2chd. f. iv. 172,
Apluda aristata, L. v. 226 [224
Gryllus, Beauv. 226
varia, Hack. 226
Apocopis Beckettiz, Thw. v. 223
Wight, (Vees, 223
APOCYNACE, ili. 122
Apocynum frutescens, L. Wl. 142
Apodytes Benthamiana, Wight, 1. 262
Gardneriana, Jers, 262
Afpollonias zeylanica, Thw. iil. 440
Aponogeton crispum, Zhu7b. iv. 372
monostachyum, LZ. f. 372
Aporosa acuminata, 7hw. iv. 41
fusiformis, 7hw. 41
lanceolata, 7hzw. 40
latifolia, Thzw. 39
Lindleyana, Bazil. 40
Thwaztesiz, Baill. 41
Apostasia Wallichii, Br. iv. 238
Appendicula longifolia, Bl. iv. 171
Aquilicia Otzllis, Gaertn. i. 297
ARACEA, iv. 343
Arachis fruticosa, Retz. ii. 36
ARALIACEA, il. 281
Ardisia courtallensis, Thw. iii. 71
courtallensis, Wight, 71
divergens, Thw. 72
elliptica, Thunb. 73
Gardneri, Clarke, 72
humilis, Vah/, 72
humilis, Trim. 73
humilis, Wight, 74
longifolia, Moon, 71
Missionis, Wall. 71
Moonii, Clarke, 72, 73
paniculata, Thw. 71
pauciflora, Heyne, 74
polycephala, Wight, 73
solanacea, Moon, 73
solanacea, Roxb. 74
Wallichiz, Thw. 73
seylanica, Clarke, 72
Areca Catechu, Z. iv. 321
concinna, Zw. 322
Dicksont, Roxb. 322
Argemone mexicana, L. i. 52
393
Argyrela ageregata, Chois. iil. 209
Choisyana, Wight, 208
elliptica, Chois. 209
hancorniefolia, Gardn. 210
hirsuta, Arn. 208
Leschenaultiz, Thw. 208
malabarica, Chois. 228
pomacea, Chozs. 208
populifolia, Chozs. 207
speciosa, Sweet, 207
splendens, Sweet, 207
tilizefolia, Wight, 206
Ariszema curvatum, Thw, iv. 351
filicaudatum, WV. &. Br. 351
filtiforme, Thw. 351
Leschenaultu, B/. 352
neglectum, Schott, 351
papillosum, Steud. 352
Wightiz, Hk. f. 351
Aristida Adscensionis, Z. v. 252
Adscensionis, Trim. 253
bifiora, Moon, 266
cerulescens, Desyv. 252
cerulescens, Thw. 253
depressa, Retz. 252
divaricata, Jacq. 252
elatior, Cav. 252
Bt
Aristida setacea, Redz. v. 253
Aristolochia bracteata, Retz. ili. 422
indica, ZL. 423
Thwaitesiz, Hook. 423
ARISTOLOCHIACE&, lll. 421
Artabotrys odoratissimus, By. i. 21
hamatus, Bl. 21
zeylanicus, Hk. f. & Th. 22
Artanema sesamoides, Benth. iii. 248
Artemisia zzdica, L. ill. 43
maderaspatana, L. 14
vulgaris, Z. 43
Arthraxon ciliaris, Feawv. v 225
microphyllus Hochst. 224
rudis, Hochst. 224
Arthrocnemum g/azcum, Ung.-St.ill 408
indicum, J7Zog. 407
Arthromischus armatus, Thw. 1. 225
Arthrostylis filiformis, Thw. v. 82
Artocarpus Gomezzana, Wall. iv. 99
integrifolia, L f. 99
Lakoocha, Roxb. 99
nobilis, Zhzw. 98
pubescens, Moon, 98
Arum campanulatum, Roxb. iv. 356
Colocasia, L. 359
crenatum, Wight, 355
divaricatum, L. 354
divaricatum, Moon, 353
divaricatum, Thw, 355
macrorrhizunt, L. 360
minutum, Willd. 348
odovum, Roxb. 360
orixense, Roxb. 353
pentaphyllum, Moon, 351
Roxburghit, Thw. 353
Spirale, Retz. 346
sylvaticunm, Roxb. 357
trilobatum, Bot. Mag. 353
trilobatum, L. 353
viviparum, Roxb. 358
Arundina minor, Zz7d/. iv. 170
Arundinaria debilis, 7Zw. v. 311
densifolia, AZo [Plate c.] 312
floribunda, Zhw. 310
Walkeriana, M2770, 309
Wightiana, /Vees, 309
Arundinella agrostoides, Trim. v. 180
avenacea, Munro, 176
blephariphylla, 7727. 180
Index to Botanical Names.
Arundinella drastlensts, Radd. v. 182
laxiflora, Ak. f- 179
Lawii, Hk. 7. 180
leptochloa, Hk. 7. 178
nervosa, Thw. 179
nervosa, var. Thw. 181
setosa, 7727. 177, 387
striata, Nees, 387
Thwaitesii, Hook. f. 181
villosa, Avz. 178
| ASCLEPIADEA, lil. 142
Asclepias alexiaca, Willd. ili. 152
asthmatica, L. f. 158
curassavica, L. 149
dichotoma, Rottl. 158
gigantea, L. 148
lacti fera, L. 154
volubilis, L. f. 161
vomeutorza, Koen. 159
Aspalathus indicus, L. i. 23
Asparagus ethiopicus, L. iv. 286
falcatus, Z. 285
gonoclados, Baker, 286
racemosus, Willd. 285
sarmentosus, Thw. 285, 286
zeylanicus, Hk. f, 285
Asystasia chelonioides, /Vees, ill. 324
chelonioides, Thw. 324
coromandeliana, Mees, 323
coromandeliana, Y, 324
gangetica, T. Anders. 323
nemorunt, Nees, var. 324
quadrangularis, Heyne, 324
variabilis, 772. 324
Atalantia florzbunda, Wight, i. 226
Missionis, Olzv. 227
monophylla, Corr. 226
racemosa, W. & A. 226
zeylanica, Oliv. 227
Ate acuminata, Thw. iv. 227
wires, Lindl. 226
Atragene zeylanica, L. i. 2
Atriplex corzacea, Moon, ili. 406
repens, Roth, 406
Atylosia albicans, Berth. ii. 78
Candollei, W. & A. 78
rugosa, W. & A. 79
scarabzeoides, Leth. 79
Avena aspera, JZunzo0, v. 265
Averrhoa acida, L. iv.) 26
Lndex to Botantcal Names. 395
Averrhoa Bilimbi, L. i. 200
Carambola, L. 200
Avicennia officinalis, Z ili. 363
tomentosa, L. 363
Axanthes elliptica, Wight, ii. 326
zeylanica, Wight, 326
Axinandra zeylanica, Thw. ii. 231
Axonopus cimicinus, Beauv. v. 166
semialatus, Hk. f. v. 167
Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. i. 244
Azima tetracantha, Zam. iii. 121
Baissea acuminata, (2. 7. iii. 140
Balanocarpus zeylanicus, 7727. [Plate
xiv. | i. 130
BALANOPHORACE4, iii. 476
Balanophora indica. Wall. iui. 476
Thwaitesu, Azch/, [Plate lxxxi.] 477
Balanopteris Tothila, Gaertn. 1. 167
Ballota disticha, L. iii. 384
Balsamodendrum Berryi, 477. 1. 237
caudatum, March. 236
Bambusa arundinacea, Weld. v. 313
arundinacea, Moor, 314
attenuata, Thw. 317
nana, Roxb. 315
Spinosa, Roxb. 313
Thouarsiz, Kunth, 314
stridula, Moon, 318
vulgaris, Schrad. 314
Banzasteria bengalensis, L. i. 193
Barleria Arnottiana, /Vees [Plate lxxi.]
bispinosa, Nees, 319 [iii. 321
buxtfolia, L. 319
buxtfolia, Moon, 319
cristata, L. 321
involucrata, ees, 320
longifolia, L. 293
mysorensis, Roth, 319
nitida, Mees, 322
noctiflora, Z. f. 319
nutans, ees, 321
pentandra, Nees, 320
pentandra, Arn. 321
Prionitis, Z. 318
Spina-zeylanica, Nees, 319
vestita, 7. Anders. 320
Barnardia indica, Wight, iv. 293
Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertz. ii. 191
racemosa, 4/. 189
o
Barringtonia speciosa, Forst. ii. 189
zeylanica, Gardi. 190
Basella a/éa, Wight, iii. 410
rubra, Z. 410
Bassia fulva, Bedd. iii. 81
grandis, Bedd. 82
latifolia, Roxb. 79
longifolia, Z. 79
microphylla, Hook. 80
Moonii, Bedd. 79
neriifolia, JZcoz [Plate lix.] 80
parvifolia, A. DC. 80
petiolaris, Bedd. 82
Batatas Choisyana, Wight, ii. 208
paniculata, Chois. 212
Bauhinia acuminata, L. ii. 116
anguina, Roxb. 117
parviflora, Vahl, 116
purpurea, L. 117
racemosa, Laz 116
tomentosa, Z. 116
Baumea crassa, Thw. v. 87
Beesha stridula, Munro, v. 318
_ Begonia cordifolia, hw. ii. 262
dipetala, Grah. 264
malabarica, Lam. 264
rupestris, Moon, 263
subpeltata, Wzght, 264
tenera, Dryand. 263
Thwaitesii, Hook. 264
BEGONIACEA, il. 262
Beilschmiedia oppositifolia, Bezth. i.
Wightit, Ak. f. 440 [440
zeylanica, 77772. 440
Bellis perennts, L. iii. 16
Benincasa cerifera, Savi, i. 252
BERBERIDEA, i. 48
Berberis aristata, DC. i. 48
tinctoria, Lesch. 48
Berchemia parviflora, Thw. 1. 284
Bergera Koenigiz, L. i. 220
nitida, Thw. 221
Berghausia mutica, Munro, v. 254
Bergia ammanioides, Roxb. i. 92
aquatica, Roxb. 92
tremera, Fisch. & Mey. 92
verticillata, W2z//d. 92
Berrya Ammonilla, Roxé. i. 173
Bidaria pergularioides, Thw. ii. 154
_ Bidens chinensis, Willd. iti. 40
396
Bidens decomposita, Wall. ili. 41
pilosa, Z. 40
Bigamea, Koen. i. 138
Bignonia indica, L. iii. 281
salina, Moon, 283
spathacea, L. f. 282
BIGNONIACE4&, iii. 280
Biophytum Candolleanum, Wight, i. 198
intermedium, W2zght [Plate xxi.] 199
nervifolium, 7hw. 198
nudum, Wight, 198
proliferum, Wight, 199
Reinwardtiz, Hk. f. 198
sensitivum, DC. 197
Bixa Orellana, L. 1. 70
BIXACEA, 1. 69
Blachia calyctna, Benth. iv. 53
umbellata, Bazl/. 53
Blackwellia tetrandra, Wight, i. 239
seylanica, Gardn. 239
Blainvillea latifolia, DC. 111. 37
Blastania Garcint, Cogn. ii. 260
Blepharis boerhaavieefolia, evs. ii. 316
molluginifolia, Pers. 316
Blepharospermum petiolare, DC. iil. 27
subsessile, DC. 27
Blumea alata, DC. 11. 23
amplectens, DC. 19
angustifolia, ZZ. [Plate lvi.] 23
arenaria, DC. 19
balsamifera, DC. 23
balsamifera, Thw. 24
barbata, DC. 20
bifoliata, DC. 19
crinita, Avz. 20
flexuosa, Clarke, 20
glandulosa, Thw. 22
hieractifolia, DC. 21
hieracizfolta, 3, Thw. 20
lacera, DC. 19
Leschenaultiana, DC. 19
membranacea, DC. 22
myrtiocephala, Thw. 22
spectabilis, DC. 22
virens, DC. var. 22
Wallichit, Clarke, 22
Wightiana, DC. 19
Blyxa ceylanica, Hk. f. iv. 125
octandra, Planch. 125
oryzetorum, Hk. f. 125
Index to Botanical Names.
{ Blyxa Roxburghiz, Rich. iv. 125
zeylanica, Hk. f. 124
Bobartia indica, L. v. 24
Bobua laurina, DC. iii. 104
Bocagea coriacea, Hk. f. & Th. i. 34
obliqua, Az. f. & Th. 33
Thwaitesii, Zk. f. & Th. 33
Boehmeria zxterrupta, Willd. iv. 104
malabarica, Wedd. 113
nivea, H. & A. 119
platyphylla, Doz, 114
ramifiora, Bedd. 113
Boerhaavia diffusa, Z. iil. 390
glutinosa, Moon, 390
procumbens, Wight, 390
repanda, W2l/d. 390
repens, L. 390
Bombax Cezba, L. i. 160
gossypinum, LL. 70
malabaricum, DC. 160
pentandrum, L. 161
Bonnaya brachiata, Lzzk & Ofto, ii. 253
tenuifolia, Spreng, 254
verbenefolia, Spreng, 253
veroniczefolia, Spreng, 253
Borago indica, L. ii. 201
seylanica, Burm. 202
BORAGINE&, ili. 192
Borassus flabellifer, Z. iv. 336
fiabelliformis, L. 336
Borreria ocymotdes, DC. ii. 371
tetracocca, Thw. 302
Boswellia glabra, Roxb. i. 238
Myrrha, Nees, 238
Opobalsamum, Kunth, 238
Boucerosia campanulata, Wight, iii. 168
unbellata, Thw. 168
Bouchea hyderabadensis, Wa/p. iti. 348
Brachypodium scaberrzmum, W. & A. v.
sylvaticum, Beauv. 306 [306
Brachyramphus sonchifolius, Thw. ii. 52
Brachyspatha zeylanica, Schott, iv. 357
Brachypterum Benthamit, Thw. ii. 93
elegans, Thw. 92
scandens, W. & A. OI
Bradleia truncata, Wight, iv. 33
zeylanica, Gaertn. 28
Bragantia Wallichii, Br. iii. 421
Brassica juncea, Hk. f. & Th. i. 54
Breweria cordata, BZ, ii. 227
Index to Botanical Names.
Breweria Roxburghiz, Chois. iii, 227
Breynia patens, . f. iv. 33
rhamnoides, J/uell. 34
Bridelia Moonii, Zw. iv. II
retusa, SZ7. 10
scandens, W2l/d. 11
stipularts, Bl. 11
Broussonetia, Vent. iv. 80
Brucea sumatrana, Roxb. i. 231
Brugmansia suaveolens, G. Don, iii. 239
Bruguiera caryophylloides, BZ. ii. 154
gymnorhiza, Lam. 153
Bryonia cordifolia, L. ii. 248
deltordea, Arn. 257
grandis, Willd. 247
laciniosa, Z. 241, 254, v. 385
palmata, L. i. 241
palmata, Moon, 244
tubiflora, W. & A. 246
umbellata, Moon, 256
Bryophyllum calyctnum, Salisb. ii. 145
Buchanania angustifolia, Roxb. i. 316
(2?) zeylanica, Bl. 317
Buchnera asiatica, L. iii. 256
euphrastordes, Vahl, 256
hispida, Ham. 257
Bulbophyllum crassifolium, Zw. iv. 155
elegans, Gard. [Plate Ixxxviii.] 156
Lillie, Rchb. f. 157
petiolare, Zhw. 155
purpureum, Zw. 155
Wrghtiz, Rchb. f. 157
Budleta asiatica, Lour. iii. 170
Bulbostylis barbata, Auzth, v. 64
capillaris, Aznth, 65
puberula, Aznzth, 64
Bupleurum falcatum, L. ii. 277
mucronatum, W. & A. 277
nervosum, Moon, 277
ramosisstmum, W. & A. 277
virgatum, W. & A. 277
Burmannia azurea, Griff. iv. 131
candida, Griff. 131
Championii, 7 Zw. [Plate lxxxvii.] 131
ceelestis, Doz, 131
distachya, Br. 130
disticha, Z. 130
pusilla, Taw. 131
triflora, Roxb. 131
tuberosa, Becc. 131
Sey:
BURSERACEA, 1. 235
Bursinopetalum arboreum, Wight, ii. 287
tetrandrum, Wight, 287
Butea frondosa, Avex. ii. 66
superba, Roxb. 67
Buterea rhamnifolia, Nees, iii. 304
Butonica racemosa, Juss. ii. 189
zeylanica, Miers, 190
Byrsophyllum ellipticum, Bedd. i. 329
Cacalia cathartica, Moon, ili. 45
sonchifolia, L. 45
CACTACEA, ii. 266
Cactus pendulus, Willd. ii. 266
Cadaba indica, Zam. i. 60
trifoliata, W. S A. 59
Cesalpinia Bonduc, Aoxd. ii. 98
Bonducella, Flem. 99
cortavia, Thunb. Io!
Crista, L. 99
digyna, Rot¢/. 100
Glenzez, Thw. iol
mimosordes, Lam. 100
Nuga, Azz. 99
paniculata, Roxb. 99
pulcherrima, Sw. 99
Sappan, I. 99
sepiaria, Roxb. 100
Cajanus indicus, Spreng. ii. 80
Caladium esculentum, Vent. iv. 359
nympherfolium, Vent. 359
ovatum, Vent. 349
Calamagrostis Hookeriana (?), Steud. v.
pilosula, Hz. f. 264 [264
Calamintha Clnopodium, var. Hk. f. iii,
umbrosa, Benth. 381 [382
Calamus delicatulus, Zhw. iv. 332
digitatus, Becc. 334
Jasciculatus, Roxb. 331
longisetus, Thw. 330
ovoideus, Zhw. 335
pachystemonus, Zw. 333
pachystemonus, Thw. 334
Pseudo-tenuis, Becc. 330
radiatus, Zhw. 333
rivalis, Zhw. 332
Rotang, Z. 331
Roxburghiz, Griff. 331
tenuis, Thw. 330
Thwaitesii, Becc. 330
zeylanicus, Becc. 335
398 Index to Botanical Names.
Calanchoe pinnata, Moon, ii. 145 Campanula rotundifolia, L. il. 59
Calanthe AZaszuca, Thw. iv. 174 seylanica, Moon, 59
Perrottetii, A. Rich. 174 | CAMPANULACEA, iii. 55
purpurea, Lz72d/. 174 Campbellia a/ézda, Benth. ili. 265
veratrifolia, Br. 174 cytinoides, Wight, 265
Calceolarta chelidoniotdes, Wall. iii. 241 | Campnosperma zeylanicum, Zw. i. 326
Calliandra (?) geminata, Benth. il. 131 | Cananga odorata, Wk. f. & Th. 1. 22
Callicarpa lanata, Z. ili. 350 Canarium balsamiferum, Moon, i. 239
tomentosa, L. 350 brunneum, edd. [Plate xxiii.] 238
Wallichtana, Walp. 350 | commune, L. 240
Callitriche stagnalis, Scop. il. 149 | zeylanicum, BZ. 131, 239
Wightiana, Wall. 149 _ Canavalia ensiformis, DC. ii. 67
verna, Thw. 149 | gladiata, DC. 67
Calonyction comospermum, Boj. iil. 214
spectosum, Chois. 213
Calophanes depressa, T. Anders. 111. 294
littoralis, 7. Azders. 295
Nagchana, /Vees, 294
Calophyllum aczznatwm, Moon, 1. 102
obtusifolia, DC. 6&
virosa, W. & A. 67
Canna indica, Z. iv. 264
ortentalis, Rosc. 265
Canscora decussata, RX. & S. iii. 185
diffusa, Br. 184
angustifoltum, Roxb. 102 | perfoliata, Wight, 185
bracteatum, Zw. 102 | Roxburgh, Avzz. 185
Burmanni, Wzght, 99 | sessiliflora, R. GS. 184
Calaba, L. 99 | Wallichdi, Clarke, 185
cordato-oblongum, Zz. 103 Cansjera Rheedii, Gyzel. i. 259
cuneifolium, Zhzw. 102 | scandens, Roxb. 259
decipiens, Thw. 102 Canthium campanulatum, 7hw. i. 345
elatum, Bedd. 101 didymum, Gaertn. f. 343
floribundum, Uk. f. 100 lanceolatum, Arn. 343
Inophyllum, Z. 100 macrocarpum, Zw. 345
Moonzz, Wight, 99 montanum, 7iw. 343
pulcherrimum, Wad//. 100 parviflorum, Zam. 346
spectabile, Wzd/d. 99 puberulum, Zw. 344
Thwaitesi, P/. S Trian. 102 Rheedii, DC. 344
tomentosum, WVzghz, 101 umobellatum, Wight, 343
trapezifolium, Zhw. 103 CAPPARIDEA, 1. 54.
Walkerii, Wight, 104 Capparis érevespina, Thw. i. 61
Calosanthes indica, Bl. ii. 281 divaricata, Lam. 61
Calotropis gigantea, By. ili. 148 floribunda, Wight, 64
Calyptranthes caryophyllata, Pers. ii. 174 grandis, L. f. 63
caryophyllifolia, Moon, 179 Hleyneana, Wall, 61
cordifolia, Moon, 176 horrida, Z. 7, 64
Cumint, Moon, 179 Moonii, Wight, 62, v. 383.
Jambolana, Moon, 175 myrtifolia, Br. Mus. 1. 63
Cambogia Gutta, L. 1. 96 pedunculosa, Wall. 63
Camellia Thea, Link, i. 112 retusella, Thw. 64
Cameraria oppositifolia, Moon, ili. 128 Roxburghi, DC. 62
zeylanica, Moon, 460 sepiaria, Z. 64
seylanica, Retz. 128 stylosa, DC. 61
Campanula canescens, Wal/. iii. 60 tenera, Dalz. 65
fulgens, Wall. 60 tetrasperma, Thw. 65
I[udex to Botanical Names. 399
Capparis zeylanica, Z.i. 61
CAPRIFOLIACE, ii. 288
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. 1. 54
Capsicum minimum, Roxb. ili. 238
Carallia calycina, Berth. [Plate xxxvi.]
integerrima, DC. 155 [1l. 155
zeylanica, Arn. 155
Caralluma attenuata, Thw. iii. 168
campanulata, VV. #. Br. 168
fimbriata, Wad/. 168
Caranda pedunculata, Gaertn. ii. 343
Carapa moluccensis, Zamz. i. 251
Cardamine africana, Z. i. 53
hirsuta, L. 53
subumbellata, Zz. f. 53
Cardanthera balsamica, Clare, ili. 291
Thwaitesii, Beth. 292
uliginosa, Ham. 291
verticillata, Clarke, 291
Cardiospermum canescens, Wall. i. 300
Corindum, Z. 300
Halicacabum, Z. 299
microcarpum, H.B. K. 300
Carex Arnottiana, /Vees, v. 105
Arnottiana, Boott, 113
baccans, /Vees, 107
bengalensis, Thw. 108
breviculmis, Thw. 111
breviscapa, Clarke, 111
brunnea, Zhw76. 103
cructata, Thw. 109
cructata, Vahl, 110
exigua, Boeck. 107
filicina, /Vees, 110
filicina, var. (?), 109
gracilis, Br. 103
indica, Z. 108
Jackiana, Boott, 112
Jackiana, vax. 3, 111
leucantha, A7vz. 107
ligulata, (Vees, 111
Lindleyana, /Vees, 109
lobulirostris, Dre7. 113
longicruris, ees, 104
longipes, D. Doz, 103
longipes, Thw. 104
maculata, Boott, 110
nubigena, D. Doz, 102
phacota, Sfr. 104
rara, Boott, 105
Carex v2bella, Boott, v. 10
socta, Boott, 105
spicigera, /Vees, 106
Thwaitesit, Hance, 111
thyrstfiora, Boott, 109
Walkeri, Azz. 106
zeylanica, Boeck. 109
Careya arborea, Roxd. il. 191
Carissa Carandas, Z. il. 124
diffusa, Roxb. 125
mutes, Vahl, 131
spinarum, Z. 125
Carpestum cernuum, L. il. 34
nepalense, Wight, 34
Carum zothum, Clarke, 1. 278
Roxburghianum, Benth. 278
stictocarpum, Clarke, 278
Caryolobis indica, Gaertn. 1. 119
CARYOPHYLLACEA, 1. 84
Caryota horrida, Moon, iv. 323
mutis (2?) Moon, 323
urens, Z. 324
Carria spectosa, Chois. i. 111
Casearia Chkamepionzz, Thw. il. 237
coriacea, 7iw. 237
esculenta, Roxb. 237
ovata, Moon, 237
tomentosa, Roxb. 238
varians, Thw. 237
seylanica, Thw. 237
Cassia Absus, Z. ii. 109
alata, L. 108
angustisstma, Lam. 110
auriculata, Z. [Plate xxxiii.] 106, v.
Fistula, Z. 103 [385
florida, Vahl. 108
glauca, Lam. 109
hirsuta, La. 106
Kleinii, W. & A. t10
levigata, Willd. 106
marginata, Roxb. 104
mimosoides, Z. 110
obovata, Coll. 107
obtusa, Roxb. 107
occidentalis, Z. 105
pumila, Li. 110
Roxburghiz, DC. 104
siamea, Lam. 108
Sophera, Z. 105
Suffruticosa, Koen. 109
400
Cassia swmatrana, Roxb. ii. 108
Tagera, Moon, 105
timoriensis, DC. 108
tomentosa, L.. 106
Tora, Z. 106
Wallichiana, DC. 110
Cassytha capillaris, (ezssz. ili. 455
filiformis, Z. 455
Castilloa elastica, Cerv. iv. 1
Casuarina equtsetifolia, Forst. iv. 120
Catenaria laburnifolia, Benth. 11. 48
Catha emarginata, G. Don, i. 273
fruticosa, Thw. 273
Cathartocarpus Fistula, Pers. il. 103
vosea, Moon, 104
Caulinia indica, Willd. iv. 376
Ceanothus astaticus, L. 1. 285
seylanicus, Heyne, 284
Cedrela serrata, Royle, i. 252
Toona, Roxb. 252
CELASTRACEA, 1. 266
€elastrus e/aucus, Vahl, i. 271
paniculatus, W2l/d. 272
Celosia albzda, Willd. ili. 393
argentea, Z. 393
lanata, LL. 402
nodifiora, LL. 394
polygonoides, Retz. 394
pulchella, Mog. 393
pyramidalis, Burm. 395
Celsia coromandeliana, Vah/, iii. 240
Celtis cinnamomea, JZzzd/. [Plate
Ixxxvi.] iv. 81
adysodoxylon, Thw. 81
ortentalis, L. 82
Wightii, Planch. 81
orientalis, Moon, 81
Centipeda orbicularis, Zozr. ili. 42
Centotheca lappacea, Desv. v. 304
‘Centranthera Brunonzana, Thw. iii. 258
hispida, Br. 259
humifusa, Wall. 259
procumbens, Gerzh. [Plate lxviii.]258
Centrantherum scartosum, DC. iii. 8
Centrosema Plumiert, Benth. ii. 75
Centostachys aquatica, Wight, iii. 403
diandra, Wall. 405
Centrostylis zeylanica, Baill. iv. 60
‘Cephalandra indica, Vaud. ii. 247
Cephalocroton zeylanicus, Baill. iv. 60
Index to Botanical Names.
Cephaloschenus zeylanicus, Nees, v. 4
Cephalostigma Schimpert, Hochst. iii.
spathulatum, Thw. 60 [58
Cerasiocarpum Zennettiz, Cogn. ii. 259
zeylanicum, Clarke [Plate xliv.] 259
Cerastium indicum, W. & A. i. 85
vulgatum, Z. 35
Ceratophyllum demersum, L. iv. 121
tuberculatum, Cham. 120
verticillatum, Roxd. 120
Cerbera AZanghas, L. iii. 128, 132
Odollam, Gaertn. 128
parviflora, Forst. 129
Ceriops Candolleana, Arm. il. 152
Roxburghiana, Arz. 153
Ceropegia biflora, Z. ii. 167
Candelabrum, Moon, 167
Decaisneana, Wzght, 166
elegans, Wall. 165
Gardneri, 7hw. 165
intermedia, Wight, 167
parviflora, Z7zmz. [Plate Ixiii.] 167
Thwaitesii, H&. 166
Walkere, Wight, 165
Cheetocarpus castanocarpus, Zhz. iv.
coriaceus, Zhw. 75 [74
pubescens, Hk. 7. 74
pungens, Thw. iv. 74, 75
Chetocyperus Limnocharis, Nees, v. 71
setaceus, Nees, 71
Chailletia selontoides, Hk. f. 1. 254
sumatrana, J7zg. 254
CHAILI ETIACEA, i. 253
Chamabainia cuspidata, /Vzght, iv. 114
squamigera, Wedd. 114
Chameeraphis aspera, Nees, v. 165
depauperata, Nees, 165
spinescens, Pozr. 165
Chamissoa nodifiora, iil. 394
Championia reticulata, Gardm. il. 277
Chasalia curviflora, Zz. 1i. 362
Chavica Betle, Miq. ill. 425
Roxburghiz, Miq. 424
Striboa, Miq. 425
CHENOPODIACEA, iii. 406
Chenopodina indica, Wight, iil. 409
Chenopodium ambrosiordes, Li. iii. 407
murale, L. 407
opulifolium, Schrad. 407
Cheirostylis flabellata, Wzght, iv. 211
lndex to Botanical Names.
Cheirostylis parvifolia, Zzzad/. iv. 211
Chickrassia tabularis, A. Juss. i. 252
velutina, Roem. 252
Chilocarpus zeylanicus, Wight, iil. 123
Chiloschista usneordes, Wight, iv. 184
Chionachne barbata, Benn. v. 194
Kenigit, Thw. 194
Chionanthus albidifiora, Thw. iii. 117
dichotoma, Roxb. 117
Ghaerz, Gaertn. il. 117, v. 92
leprocarpa, Thw. 117
purpurea, Lam. 116
rostrata, Thw. 117
zeylanica, L. 116
zeylanica, Lam. 117
Chirita communis, Gardn. i. 277
Moonii, Gardn. 275
Walkeri, Gard. 275
zeylanica, Hk. 276
Chironia trinervia, L. ili. 181
CHLORANTHACEA, ill. 432
Chloranthus brachystachys, AZ. iii. 433
zeylanicus, Mig. 433
Chloris barbata, Sw. v. 275
decora, Thw. 276
digitata, Steud. 275
incompleta, Roth. 275
montana, Roxb. 276
Chlorophytum drevzscapum, Thw. iv. 289
Heyneanum, Wail. 289
Heynet, Baker, 289
laxiflorum, Baker, 290
laxum, Sr. 290
paroiyorun, Dalz. 200
Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC. i. 253
Chonemorpha macrophylla, G. Doz, ii.
138
Choripetalum aurantiacum, Wight, iii1.70
Christisonia, albida, 7iw. ili. 265
bicolor, Gardz. 264
grandiflora, Gardn. 264
neilgherrica, Uk. f. 263, 265
pallida, Gardn. 264.
subacaulis, Gard. 262
Thwaitesii, 7727. [Plate lxix.] 263
tricolor, Gardn. 263
unicolor, Thw. 263
umnticolor, Gardn. 265, 266
Chrozophora plicata, 4. /zss. iv. 56
Rottlert, A. Juss. 56
PART VY.
AOI
Chrysoglossum maculatum, ZW. f. iv. 163
Chrysogonum heterophyllum, Clarke,
lll. 34
Chrysophyllum <Arnottianum, Wight,
WW. 35
Roxburghii, G. Doz, 76
sumatranum, Mig. 76
Chrysopogon acicularis, Moon, v. 234
aciculatus, Trin. 234
montanus, Trin. 236
Wightianus, Vhw. 235, 236
zeylanicus, Thw. 235
Cicca disticha, L. iv. 20, 26
Crcendia fastigiata, Griseb. iii. 183
hyssopifolia, NW. & A. 185
Cinnamomum Cassza, Nees, iii. 441
citriodorum, 7hzw. 443
dubium, Wight, 441
zmers, Reinw. 441
litsezefolium, Zz. 442
multiflorum, Wight, 441
ovalifolium, Wight, 442
perpetuo-florens, Night, 441
villosum, Night, 441
Wightiz, Meissn. 440
zeylanicum, B/. 440
seylanicunt, y, Thw. 442
Cipadessa fruticosa, B/. 1. 245
Cirrhopetalum, A//z@, Trim. iv. 157
grandiflorum, Wight, 157
Macreei, Lzzdl. 158
Macret, Wight, 157
Thwaitesii, Rchd. 7. 159
Trimeni, Hk. 7, 158
Walkerianum, Wight, 158
Wightii, ZZ. 157
Wightic, Thw. 159
Cissampelos aurea, Heyne, i. 41
convolvulacea, 3, Moon, 41
delicatula, Miers, 47
erallatoria, Miers, 47
hernandifolia, Willd. 45
Pareira, ZL. 46
subpeltata, Miers, 47
Cissus acuminata, Thw. 1. 292
adnata, Roxb. 290
angulata, Lam. 291
carnosa, Lam. 294.
edulis, Dalz. 289
Gardnert, Thw. 293
DD
402
Cissus Heyneana, Thw. i. 290
glauca, Thw. 292
elycosmotdes, Planch. 297
glyptocarpa, Thw. 289
lanceolaria, Roxb. 296
latifolia, Moon, 292
lonchiphylla, Thw. 290
muricata, var. Thw. 297
pallida, Planch. 291
pedata, Lam. 295
guadrangularis, Li. 289
repens, Thw. 291, 292
reticulata, Thw. 294
retiventa, Planch. 294
setosa, Roxb. 296
tenuifolia, Heyne, 295
Thwartestz, Planch. 290
trilobata, Lam. 293
verrucosa, Moon, 297
vitigined, Li. 291, 292
Cistus lobatus, Moon, i. 70
Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrad. li. 253
vulgaris, Schrad. 253
Citrus Hystrix, DC. i. 228
Limonellus, Hassk. 228
Papeda, Mig. 228
tuberoides, Benn. 228
Cladium riparium, Benth. v. 87
undulatum, Zhw. 86
Claoxylon longifolium, Baill. iv. 64
Mercurialis, Zw. 63
oligandrum, /Zzel/. 64
digynum, Wight, 71
Clausena indica, O/zv. i. 221
Willdenoviil, W. & A. 222
Cleghornia acuminata, Wight, iii. 140
cymosa, Wight, 140
Cleidion digynum, Wight, iv. 71
javanicum, 5/7. 69
nitidum, 7w. 69
Cleisostoma acazle, Lindl. iv. 198
decipiens, Lzzadl. 201
galeatum, Thw. 200
maculosum, Zzzd/. 200
maculosum, Benth 197
maculosum, Thw. 201
tenerum, {2&. 7. 201
Thwattestanum, Trim. 201
leistanthus acuminatus, J/zed/. iv. 12
collinus, Benth. 12
Index to Botanical Names.
Cleistanthus ferrugineus, J/wel/. iv. 14
pallidus, Wuel/. 13
patulus, AZuell. 13
robustus, AZuell. 13
Clematis Gouriana, Roxd. i. 2
Munroana, Wight, 1
smilacifolia, Wa//. 1
Vitalba, L. 2
Cleome aspera, Kez. i. 56
Burmanni, WV. & A. 56
Chelidonii, Z. 7 56
dodecandra, L. 56
Selina, L. f. 56
Sruticosa, L. 60
gynandra, Lu. 57
zcosandra, L. 57
monophylla, Z. 55
pentaphylla, Li. 57
tenella, Z. 7. 55
viscosa, L. 57
Clerodendron inerme, Gaertn. iii. 359
infortunatum, Z. 361
Linnei, Thw. 362
Phlomidis, Z. f, 360
serratum, Sp7ve7g. 360
Siphonanthus, Br. 361
Cleyera emarginata, Gardn. 1. 108
gymnanthera, W. & A. 107
lasiopetala, Wight, 108
Clinogyne virgata, Benth. iv. 262
Clitoria ternatea, Z. ii. 75
Cluytia retusa, L. iv. 10, 11
retusa, Moon, 11
Clypea Arnottit, Miers, 1. 47
hernandifolia, Wight, i. 45
Cnemidia bambustfolia, Thw. iv. 220
Coccinia cordifolia, Cogn. ii. 248
indica, W. & A. 247
Cocculus Burnzannz, DC. i. 47
macrocarpus, W. & A. 43
orbiculatus, Moon, 46
Plukenetiz, Wight, 45
villosus, DC. 44
Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC. i. 70
Cocos maldivica, Gmel. iv. 338
nana, Griff. 338
nucifera, Z. 337
Codieum umbellatunr, Wight, iv. 53
variegatun, Bl. 52
Ceelachne évachiata, Trim. v. 269
Index to Botanical Names.
Ccelachne perpusilla, Zw. v. 270
pulchella, Br. 269
simpliciuscula, Munro, 269
Celodiscus Thunbergianus, Muell. iv. 68
Coelogyne angustifolia, Wight, iv. 160
breviscapa, Zz7d/. 160
odoratissima, Zz7zd/.[ Plate lxxxix.]160
(2?) purpurascens, Hk. f. 161
zeylanica, Hk. f. 161
Coffea, arabica, L. ii. 353
travancorensis, W7. & A. [Plate liii.]
trifiora, Moon, 352 [352
Wightiana, Wall. 353
Coix darbata, Roxb. v. 194
gigantea, Koen. 192
Kenigiz, Spr. 194
Lachryma-Jobi, Z. 192
Coldenia procumbens, Z. iii. 197
Colens arvomaticus, Benth. iii. 374
barbatus, Bezth. 373
Benthamianus, Arn. 375
elongatus, 777. [Plate lxxiv.] 375
inflatus, Benth. 375
leptostachys, Benth. 375
Macrei, Benth. 374
malabaricus, Benth. 374
mollis, Benth. 374
parviflorus, Benth. 374
Wealkerz, Benth. 374
Wightiz, Benth. 372
Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, iv. 359
cucullata, Schott, 360
macrorrhiza, Schott, 360
viwipara, Thw. 358
Columbrina asiatica, Brongn. i. 285
COMBRETACEA, ii. 158
Combretum acuminatum, Roxb. i. 163
extensum, Aoxs. 164
Heyneanum, Wall. 163
ovalifolium, Roxb. 163
platyphyllum, Van Heurck, 164
sarcopterum, Thw. 163
Thwattestanum, Van Heurck, 163
Wightianum, Wall. 164
Wightianum, Thw. 163, 164
Commelina appendiculata, Clarke, iv.
attenuata, Vahl, 303 [304
benghalensis, Z. 301
clavata, Clarke, 301
communis, Walt. 369
403
Commelina cristata, L. iv. 311
cucullata, Moon, 301
diffusa, Burm. 300
enstfolta, Br. 304
Kurzii, Clarke, 304
longifolia, Thw. 304
nudiflora, Z. 300
nudtfiora, L. Mant. 308
obliqua, Ham. 303
(?) paludosa, Moon, 301, 302
persicarizfolia, Wight, 302
polyspatha, Wight, 303
rajmahalensis, Clarke, 303
salictfolia, Thw. 300, 302
salictfolia, Thw. var. 302
Thwaitesii, Hk. f. 302
COMMELINACEA, iv. 298
Commiphora caudata, Engl. i. 236
COMPOSITA, ill. 3 -
CONNARACEA, ii. I
Connarus aszaticus, Willd. ii. 2
Championii, Ziw. 3
monocarpus, LZ. 2
pinnatus, Lam. 2
santaloides, Vahl, I
untfoliatus, Thw. 3
Conocarpus latifolia, Roxb. ii. 162
Conocephalus niveus, Wight, iv. 119
Convolvulus anceps, L. iii. 222
bifidus, Vahl, 219, 228
catricus, Li. 225
fiavus, Moon, 219
grandiflorus, Moon, 213
malabaricus, Moon, 227
marginatus, Moon, 215
maximus, Lf. 220
medium, Moon, 217
Nate Ven 22
obscurus, Li. 220
parviflorus, Vahl, 226
Pes-Capre, L. 224
repens, Moon, 222.
tridentatus, 1. 218
Turpethum, L. 222
zeylanicus, Wall. 220
Conyza egyptiaca, Thw. iii. 16
balsamtifera, Li. 23
cinerea, Li. 7
viscidula, Wall. 18
Corallocarpus epigzeus, Clarke, ii. 258
404
Corchorus acutangulus, Zam. i. 183
capsularis, Z. 181
fascicularis, Zavz. 183
olitorius, Z. 182, 183
tridens, Z. 183
trilocularzs, Burm. 183
urticzefolius, W. & A. 182
Cordia diversa, Thw. ill. 193
monoica, Loxb. 193
Myxa, ZL. 193
obligua, Willd. 193
oblongifolia, Zw. 194
Rothii, #. S&S. 194
Roxburghit, Clarke, 195
saluctfolia, Cham. 195
subcordata, Lam. 195
Cordyline terminalis, Kunth, iv. 287
CORNACEA, li. 285
Cornutia corymbosa, Burm. f. iii. 352
corymbosa, Lam. 353
Corymbis astzcha, Thw. iv. 218
veratrifolia, BZ. iv. 218
Corypha umbraculifera, Z. iv. 328
Coscinium fenestratum, Coledr. i. 41
Cosmos bipinnatus, Cav. iii. 40
sulfureus, Cav. 40
Cosmostigma acuminatum, Wight, iii.
racemosum, Wight, 160 [160
Costus speciosus, S7z. iv. 246
arabicus, L. 249
Cottonia Champzonzz, Lindl. iv. 204
macrostachya, Wight, 203
peduncularis, Thw. 203
Cotula australis, Hk.f. iii. 42
minima, W. 42
becolor, Willd. 14
Cotylelobium scabriusculum, Brand. v.
Covellia slomerata, Miq. iv. 96. [383
oppositifolia, Gasp. 94
Cracea maxima, L. ii. 32
purpurea, L. 31
senticosa, L. 30
tenctoria, L. 31
villosa, L. 33
CRASSULACEA, li. 143
Cratzeva Roxburghii, Br. i. 59
Crawfurdia fasciculata, var. Thw. iii. 187
Japonica, S. & Z, var. [Plate lxv.] 187
Crepis fuscipappa Clarke, iii. 51
japonica, Benth. 51
Index to Botanical Names.
Cressa cretica, Z. ili. 228
Crinum asiaticum, Z. iv. 270
astaticum, Roxb. 271
defixum, Ker, 271
latifolium, Z. 271
ornatum, Herb. 271
strictum, Herb. 271
toxicarium, Roxb. 270
seylanicum, L. 272, v. 386
Crossandra axzllaris, Nees, iii. 323
infundibuliformis, Nees, 322
unduizfolia, Salish. 322
Crotalaria albida, Heyze, ii. 12
anthylloides, W. & A. 14
bifaria, L. f. 11
biflora, Z. 9
calycina, Shrank, 14
capensis, Moon, 18
clavata, W. & A. 19
evolvuloides, Wight, 10
ferruginea, Grah. 10
Julva, Roxb. 17
globosa, W. & A. 8
humifusa, Moon, 8
tncana, L.. 18
juncea, Z. 16
laburnifolia, Z. 19
linifolia, Z. f. 13
lunulata, Heyze, 17
medicaginea, Lamz. 18
multiflora, Benth. 11
mysorensis, Roth, 12
nana, Burn. 13
nummularia, Willd. 9
prostrata, 7oxb. 9
quinquefolia, Z. 19
retusa, Z. 15
rubiginosa, W2l/d. 11
semperfilorens, Vent. 16
striata, DC. 18
tecta, Heyne, 14
triquetra, Dalz. 12
umbellata, Wight, 13
verrucosa, Z. 15
Walkeri, 4vz. [Plate xxvi ] 16
Wrghtiana, Grah. 11
Wrilldenowiana, DC. 18
Croton aromaticus, Z. iv. 47
caudatus, Gezs. 48
coccineus, Vahl, 68
ludex to Botanical Names.
Croton cyanospermus, Gaertn. iv. 27
distans, Rottl. 67
hypoleucus, Dalz. 47
Klotzschianus, 7zw. 49
lacctferus, L. 48
moluccanus, L. 50, 65
moluccanus, Moon, 64
moluccanus, Muell. 65
Moonii, 7hw. 49
nigro-viridis, Zw. 49
oblongifolius, Roxb. 47
punctatus, Moon, 49
punctatus, Retz. 68
reticulatus, Heyne, 47
veticulatus, Willd. 66
rhombifolius, Willd. 67
Thwaitesianus, Muell. 49
Tiglium, Li. 49
umbellatus, Wight, 53
zeylanicus, Mueil. 47
CRUCIFERA, i. 52
Crudia zeylanica, Benth. ii. 113
Cryptocarya florzbunda, Wight, iii. 439
membranacea, 7iw. 439
Wightiana, 7hw. 439
Cryptocoryne Beckettii, ZZw. iv. 347
Kenigit, Schott, 349
Nevillii, 772. 346
spiralis, Fzsch. 346
spiralis, Thw. 347
Thwaitesii, Schott, 346
Walkeri, Schott, 347
Cryptolepis Buchanani, &. & S. ili. 145
Cryptophragmium axillare, Nees, iii. 330
sanguinolentum, Nees, 330
Cryptostegia grandiflora, Br. ii. 145
Cryptostylis Arachnitis, B/. iv. 209
Ctentum seychellense, Baker, v. 272
Ctenolepis Garcini, Clarke, ii. 260
Cucumis Zuffa, L. ii. 252
Hardwickiz, Royle, 250
maderaspatanus, L. 254
maderaspatanus, Moon, 250
Melo, Li. 251
pubescens, W2//d. 250
sativus, L. 250
trigonus, Roxb. 250
CUCURBITACEA, ii. 242
Cudrania javanensis, 7réc. iv. 98
Cudranus Rumphit, Thw. iv. 98
405
Cullenia excelsa, Wight, i. 162
Curculigo angustifolia, Moon, iv. 269
brevifolia, Wight, 269
Finlaysoniana, Wall. 269
latifolia, Moon, 269
orchioides, Gaertn. 269
paucifiora, Moon, 269
recurvata, Dryand. 269
Curcuma albiflora, 7hw. iv. 242
Amada, Roxb. 244
aromatica, Sa/zsb. 241
longa, Li. 242
longa, Moon, 241
oligantha, 772m. [Plate xcii.] 242
Zedoaria, Rosc. 241
Zedoaria, Roxb. 241
Zerumbet, Roxb. 241
Cuscuta chinensis, Lam. iii. 229
reflexa, Roxb. 229
refiexa, Moon, 229
Cyanospermum tomentosum, W. & A. ii.
84
Cyanotis avachnoidea, Clarke, iv. 312
axillaris, Sch. f. 315
cristata, Sch. 7. 311
fasciculata, Sch. f. 314
lanceolata, Wight, 313
obtusa, 772m. [Plate xciv.] 312
pilosa, Sch. f. 314
sarmentosa, Wight, 312
Thwaztesiz, Hassk. 314
tuberosa, Sch. f. 312
villosa, Sch. 7. 313
zeylanica, Hassk. 313
Cyathocalyx zeylanicus, Chamzp. i. 20
Cyathula capztata, Thw. iii. 398
gentculata, Lour. 399
prostrata, AZ. 398
zeylanica, He. f. 398
CYCADE4&, iv. 121
Cycas circinalis, Z. iv. 121
Rumphu, J/g. 122
Cyclamen indicum, L. i. 66
Cyclea Burmanni, A@ers, i. 47, v. 333
peltata, Hk. f. & Th. 47
Cyclostemon macrophylla, BZ. iv. 38
zeylanicus, Baill. 38
Cylicodaphne rigida, Meissn. ili. 453
Thwaztesiz, Meissn. 451, 452
Walkeri, Meissn. 452
406 Index to Botanical Names.
Cylicodaphne zeylanica, Meissn. iii. 453
Cylindrochilus pulchellus, Thw. iv. 185
Cylindropus junciformis, Nees, v. 95
Cylista tomentosa, Roxb. ii. 84
Cymbidium alocfolium, Sw. iv. 181
aloides (see Epzdendrunz)
alotfolium, Wight, 179
bicolor, Lzzd/. 179
cyperifolium, Wall. 180
ensifolium, Sz. [Plate xc.] 180
hematodes, Lindl. 180
minimifolium, Thw. 184
pendulum, Roxb. 181
spathulatum, Moon, 193
tenuzfolium, Lindl. 191
zenutfolium, Wight, 190
Cyminosma Ankenda, Gaertn. i. 216
pedunculata, DC. 216
Cymodocea eguorea, Thw. iv. 377
australis, 7727. 377
ciliata, Ehrb. 377
isoetifolia, Asch. 377
serrulata, Asch. & Magn. 128, 376
Cynanchum acuminatum, Thunb. iii. 149
bracteatum, Thunb. 159, 160
cuspidatune, Thunb. 154
echinatum, Thunb. 150
flavens, Thunb. 159
mucranthum, Thunb. 157
ovatum, Thunb. 164
pauciflorum, Br. 151
pedunculatum, Thunb. 151
Cynoctonum pauciflorum, Dene. ili. 151
Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. v. 274
gracilis, Nees, 282
Neesiz, Thw. 282
Cynoglossum decurrens, Moon, iii. 203
denticulatum, A.DC. 203
Surcatum, Thw. 203
lanceolatum, Forsk. 203
micranthum, Desf. 203
ovatum, Moon, 203
vacemosunt, Roxb. 203
_ seylanicum, Thunb. 203
Cynometra mzmosoides, Wall. ii, 112
ramiflora, Z. III, 113
caulzflora, I. 112
CYPERACEA, v. 12
Cyperus alopecuroides, Pott. v. 38
amanus, Koen. 33
Cyperus arenarius, Retz. v. 23
aristatus, Roxb. 24
articulatus, Z. 29
auricomus, Clarke, 36
biglumts, Clarke, 42
bulbosus, Vai [Plate xcvi.] 22
castaneus, Willd. 25
Cephalotes, Vak/, 17
compressus, Z. 33
compressus, Var. Thw. 35
conglomeratus, Rottb. 23
corymbosus, Rottb. 29
cuspidatus, H. B. & K. 26, 43
dehiscens, /Vees, 30 .
difformis, Z. 25
diffusus, Vah/, 28
diffusus, Clarke, 28
digitatus, Roxb. 36
dilutus, Vahl, 40
distans, Z. f, 30
distams, var. Thw. 31
dubius, Thw. 39
elatus, Roxb. 30
elegans, Clarke, 28
eleusinoides, Auth, 37, 39
Eragrostis, Vahl, 20
exaltatus, Refs. 32
flavescens, Thw. 21
flavidus, Retz. 27
geminatus, Moon, 22
globosus, AZ/. 21
Haspan, Z. 26
Haspan, Rottb. 27
hexastachyos, Rottb. 35
hexastachyus, 8, Wight, 22
Hlookeri, Boeck. 37
Hookerianus, Thw. 17
hyalinus, Vah/, 19
Iria, Z. 18
jeminicus, Retz. 22
jeminicus, Rottb. 23
_ lucidulus, Clarke, 35
monostachyus, Rottb. 59
Leesiz, Thw. 37
nilagiricus, Hochst. & Steud. 22
nigro-viridis, Thw. 28
nutans, Vahl, 31
odoratus, Burm. 32
pachyrhizus, Nees, 23
pallidus, Heyne, 24
Index to Botanical Names.
Cyperus Zennatus, Lam, v. 40
pilosus, Vahl, 32
platyphyllus, 2. & S. 38
platystylis, By. 24
polystachyus, Rottb. 20
procerus, Rottb. 34
pubisquama, Steud. 28
pulcherrimus, Willd. 27
pulvinatus, Nees & Mey. 19
pumilus, Z. 19
pumilus, Nees, 19, 20
puncticulatus, Vahl, 21
pygmeus, Rottb. 18
rotundus, Z. 35
yvotundus, Kunth, 22
rotundus, var. Clarke, 33
Roxburghiz, Nees, 38
sanguinolentus, Vahl, 20
Santonicz, Rottb. 18
stlletensis, Thw. 27
squarrosus, Trim. 26
stoloniferus, Rezz. 36
stramineus, /Vees, 19
tegetum, Rottb. 30
tenuzculmis, Boeck. 35
tenuzfiorus, Rottb. 33
tuberosus, Rott. 33, 36
umbellatus, Benth. 41, 43
umbellatus, var. Thw. 42
venustus, Thw. 33
xanthopus, Steud. 37
Zollingeri, Stezd. 35
Cyrilla aquatica, Roxb, iii. 245
Cyphostigma pulchellum, Sezth. 260
Cyrtopera fusca, Wight, iv. 177
Gardnert, Thw. 177
rufa, Thw. 177
sanguinea, Lindl. 177
Cyrtopodium fuscum, Trim. 177
rufum, Trim. 177
Cyrtosia javanica, Bl. iv. 223
Dactylis brevifolia, Koen. v. 278
glomerata, L. 305
lagopoides, Burm. 305
repens, Desf. 305 [279
Dactyloctenium egyptiacum, Willd. v.
Deedalacanthus montanus, 7. Azxders.
Deemia extensa, 87. iii. 150 _—([iil. 297
reticulata, Moon, 164
407
Dalbergia arborea, Willd. ii. 91, v. 385
Championii, Zw. 88
Srondosa, Roxb. 88
Kromer, Roxb. 92
lanceolaria, Z. f. 88
lanceolaria, Moon, 97
latifolia, Roxb. 88
monosperma, Dalz. 89
Moontana, Thw. 97
Pseudo-Sissoo, Miq. 88, v. 385
rostrata, Grah. v. 385
volubilis, Roxb. 89
zeylanica, Roxb. 88
Dalechampia ézdentata, Thw. iv. 72
indica, Wight, 72
ternata, Muell. 72
Dalzellia zeylanica, Wight, iii. 416
Damasonium indicum, Willd. iv. 125
Daphne inamena, Gardn. iii. 458
Daphnidium lancifolium, Thw. iii. 454
Daphniphyllum glaucescens, S/. iv. 42
newlgherrense, Thw. 42
Roxburghiz, Baill. 42
Dasyaulus fulvus, Thw. iii. 81
microphyllus, Thw. 80
Moonii, Thw. 79
neritfolius, Thw. 80
DATISCACEA, li. 265
Datura fastuosa, LZ. iii. 238
Metel, L. 238
Stramonium, L. 239
suaveolens, H. & B. 239
Debregeasia longifolia, Wedd. iv. 119
velutina, Gawd. 119
Wallichiana, Wedd. 119
zeylanica, Hk. 7. 119
Decaneurum. scartosum, DC. iii. 8
Delima sarmentosa, Z. i. 5
Dendrobium a/ézdulum, Thw. iv. 151
aureum, Lindl. 154
bicolor, Lindl. 167
braccatum, Lindl. 165
compressum, Lindl. 154
criniferum, Lindl. 154
crumenatum, Sw. 151
diodon, Rché. f. 151
fiabellatum, Rchb. 150
hzemoglossum, 7iw. 152
heterocarpum, Wall. 154
JSerdonianum, Wight, 152
408
Dendrobium lamellatum, Lindl. iv. 154
Macarthiaz, Zw. 153
Macreei, Zznd/. 150
macrostachyum, Lzzd/. 152
nutans, Lznd/. 152
panduratum, Zzzd/. 150
purpurascens, Thw. 161 [316
Dendrocalamus monadelphus, Thw. v.
Dendrocolla pulchella, Thw. iv. 185
serreformis, Thw. 186
Dendrolobium Cephalotes, Benth. ii. 47
umbellatum, Benth. 47
Dentella repens, /orst. ii. 298
Derris Bexthamiz, Thw. ii. 93
oblonga, Gezzth. [Plate xxix.] 93
ovalifolia, Benth. 93
paniculata, Benth. 93
parviflora, Benth. 92
robusta, Benth. 92
scandens, Benth. 91
sinuata, Bezth. 94
uliginosa, Benth. 92
Desmanthus cinereus, Willd. ii. 121
virgatus, Willd. 122
Desmochete atropurpurea, Moq. iil. 399
muricata, Wight, 395
prostrata, Wight, 398
Desmodium biarticulatum, Berth. ii. 48
cajanefolium, DC. 52
capitatum, DC. 53
catentferum, Arn. 48
Cephalotes, Wall. 47
congestum, Wall. 47
diffusum, DC. 52
Jerrugineum, Nall. 52
gangeticum, DC. 51
Gardneri, Benth. 50
gyrans, DC. 56
gyroides, DC. 56
heterocarpum, DC. 53
heterophyllum, DC. 55
jucundum, 7/w. [Plate xxviii.] 54
laburnifolium, DC. 48
latifolium, DC. 51
lecocarpunt, Don, 52
ormocarpoides, DC. 49
parviflorum, DC. 55
podocarpum, Thw. 50
polycarpum DC. 53
pulchellum, Benth. 48
Index to Botanical Names.
Desmodium rufescens, DC. ii. 52
Scalpe, DC. 50
strangulatum, W. & A. 50, 51
Thwaitesii, Baker, 51
triflorum, DC. 54
triquetrum, DC. 49
umbellatum, DC. 47
Walkert, Arn. 52
Wightii, Grah. 52
Desmostemon zeylanicus, Thw. iw. 52
Detarium zeylanicum, Thw. ii. 113
Dialium ovoideum, 7hw. ii. 112
Dianella ensifolia, Red. iv. 288
graminifolia, Moon, 267
Dianthera dichotoma, Clarke, iil. 340
Dicellostyles axillaris, Gerth. i. 150
Dicerma biarticulatum, DC. ii. 48
Diceros aguaticus, Moon, iii. 245
longifolius, Pers. 248 -
Dicheetaria Wightii, WVees, v. 281
Dichilanthe zeylanica, Ziw. ii. 339
Dichopsts canaliculata, Trim. iii. 84
grandis, Trim. $2
levifolia, Trim. 84
lanceolata, Trim. 84
paucifiora, Trim. 85
petiolaris, Thw. 83
rubiginosa, Trim. 83
Dichrocephala latifolia, DC. ii. 14
Schmidiz, Wight, 42
Dichrostachys cinerea, W. & A. il. 121
Dicliptera d¢valvzs, Thw. ili. 344
zeylanica, /Vees, 344
Dicrea algeformis, Bedd. iii. 417
apicata, Tul. 419
elongata, Tul. 417
Dictyospermum montanum, Wight, iv.
protensum, Wight, 310 [309
Didymocarpus floccosus, 7iw. iii. 274
Humboldtianus, Gardn. 272
longepetiolata, Gardn. 274
primulefolia, Gardn. 273
primulefolia, Hook. 274
zeylanicus, Gr. 274
Dienia fusca, Lindl. iv. 141
Digera arvensis, /orsk. ili. 395
Digitaria distachya, Moon, v. 122
longifiora, Pers. 124
sanguinalis, Scop. 123
Dilivaria ilicifolia, Juss. iil. 317
Index to Botanical Names. 409
Dillenia agzatzca, Moon, i. 11
dentata, Thunb. 11
indica, Z. 12
tntegi a, Thunb. 13
retusa, Zhunb. 13
speciosa, Thunb, 12
DILLENIACEA, i. 5
Dimeria fuscescens, 77zm. v. 198
gracilis, /Vees, 199
laxtuscula, Thw. 199
Lehmanni, Hack. 196
leptorhachis, Hack. 199
mutica, Thw. 197
ornithopoda, Thw. 196
ornithopoda, var. 3, Thw. 198
ornithopoda, var. y, Thw. 196, 198
ornithopoda, vax. mutica, 197
pilostssima, Thw. 199
pubescens, Hack. 196
pusilla, Ziw. 195
pusilla, var. pallida, Thw. 197
Thwaitesii, Hack. 197
Trimeni, Zz. 7. 198
Dimorphocalyx glabellus, Zw. [Plate
Ixxxiv.] iv. 54
Dimocarpus Pupilla, Moon, i. 309
Dinebra arabica, Jacg. v. 280
Dioclea Fergusonzz, Thw. il. 69
reflexa, Hk. f. 69
Dioscorea alata, L. iv. 279
bulbifera, L. 279
bulbifera, Br. 278
intermedia, Zw. 277
obcuneata, Uk. f. 279
oppositifolia, Z. 276
pentaphylla, Z. 276
purpurea, Roxb. 279
sativa, Z. 278, 279
spicata, Roth [Plate xciii.] 277
spinosa, Roxb. 279
tomentosa, Heyne, 275
DIOSCOREACEA, iv. 274
Diospyros acuta, 7zw. iii. 96
affinis, Zw. 102
assinwilis, Bedd. 95
attenuata, Zw. 96
Candolleana, Thw. 101
cordifolia, Roxb. 92
crumenata, 7hw. 102
_Lbenaster, Roxb. 94
Diospyros Aéezaster, Moon (?), ili. 97
Ebenum, Ken. 94
Embryopteris, Pers. 93
Gardneri, 7izw. 96
hirsuta, Z. 7, 99, 101
hirsuta, Moon, 97
insignis, Zw. 100
melanoxylon, Roxb. 99
montana, Roxb. 92
Moonii, 7iZw. 101
opaca, Clarke, 102
ovicarpa, Ziw. 97
oppositifolia, Zw. 100
ovalifolia, Wight, 91
pruriens, Dalz. 95
quesita, Zhw. 97
racemosa, Wight, 94
sylvatica, Roxb. 98
Thwaitesii, Bedd. 101
Toposia, Ham. 94
Wighttana, Bedd. 99
Dipcadi montanum, Baker, iv. 291
Diperium cylindricum, Desv. v, 210
Diplachne fusca, Beauv. v. 300
Diplacrum caricinum, By. v. 101
zeylanicum, Nees, v. 101
Diplocentrum /ongifolium, Wight, iv.
recurvum, Zzzd/. 194 [194
Diploclisia inclyta, Miers, i. 43
Diplocos zeylanica, Thw. iv. 100
Diploprora Champonii, Hz. f iv. 204
Diplospora Dalzelli, Z%. 7 [Plate 1 ] i.
erythrospora, Bedd. 336 [336
DIPSACACE&, iil. 2
Dipsacus Leschenaultiz, Thw. iii. 2
Walkeri, Arn. 2
Dipteracanthus patulus, Wight, ii. 296
DIPTEROCARPACEA, 1. 112
Dipterocarpus glandulosus, 7Zw. 1. 115
hispidus, Ziw. 114
insignis, Zw. 116
oblongifolius, Thw. 114
oblongus, A. DC. 114
scabridus, Zkw. 115
turbinatus, Gaertn. f. 115
turbinatus, Moon, 114
zeylanicus, Zhw. [Plate x.] 114
Dischidia Nummularia, 47. iii. 161
Discospermum Dalzellit, Thw. ii. 336
erythrosporum, Thw. 336
410
Discospermumspherocarpa, Bedd. ii. 336
Discostigma acuminatum, Pl. & Tri.i. 98
zeylanicum, Pl. & Tri. 97
Disperis ¢r7zfetalozdea, Lindl. iv. 236
zeylanica, 7772. 236
Disporum ceylanicum, Wight, iv. 289
Leschenaultianum, D. Don, 289
mysorense, Wight, 289
seylanicum, Trim. 289
Dithyrocarpus petiolatus, Wight, iv. 316
undulatus, Wight, 316
Rothiz, Wight, 316
Dittelasma Rarak, Ak. f. i. 300
Dodonea Burmanniana, DC. i. 312°
viscosa, Z. 312
Dolichandrone crzspa, Seem. iti. 283
Rheedii, Seem. 282
Dolichos a/ézs, Moon, ii. 77
axillaris, E. Mey. 77
bifforus, L. 77
ciliatus, A/ezz, 77
falcatus, A/ezx, 77
gladiatus, Jacq. 67
Lablab, Z. 76
luteus, Moon, 73
medicagineus, Lam. 84
pruriens, L. 62
purpureus, Moon, 76
rotundifolius, Moon, 67
scarabeordes, L. 79
uniflorus, Zam. 76
virosus, Roxb. 67
Doona affinis, Zw. i. 120
congestiflora, 7Zw. [Plate xi.] 22
cordifolia, 7hw. 122
disticha, Pierre, v. 383
Gardneri, 7iw. i. 121
macrophylla, Zhw. 124
nervosa, Zhw. 121
nitida, Heim, v. 383
oblonga, Zhw. i. 123
ovalifolia, Zw. 123
trapezifolia, Zhw. 121
venulosa, Zhw. 123
zeylanica, Zhw. 119
Dopatrium junceum, Ham. iii. 247
lobelioides, Benth. 247
nudicaule, Ham. 247
Doritis /a¢zfolia, Trim. iv. 188
Wightii, Benth. 188
Index to Botanical Names.
Doronicum Gardneri, Thw. iii. 48
Walkeri, Arn. 49
Dorstenia indica, Wall. iv. 102
radiata, Moon, 102
Draczena e//iptica, Thunb. iv. 287
terminalis, Moon, 287
ternifiora, Roxb. 287
Thwaitesii, Rege/, 287
Dracontium pertusum, Willd. iv. 361
pinnatifidum, Moon, 362
polyphyllum, Willd. 355
spinosum, L. 363
Dregea volubilis, Genth. iii. 161
Drosera Burmanni, Va, ii. 145
indica, Z. 146
lunata, Ham. 146
peltata, Z. 146
rotundifolia, L. 145
DROSERACEA, li. 145
Drymaria cordata, Wid. i. 87, v. 383
Drymispermum caulifiorum, Thw. iii.
Dumasia congesta, Grah. ii. 58 [459
pubescens, DC. 58
villosa, DC. 58
Dunbaria ferruginea, WV. & A. ii. 80
Heynei, W. & A. 80
oblonga, Arn. 80
Durio zeylanicus, Gaxdn. i. 162
zibethinus, Moon, 160
Dyerella scabriuscula, Heim, v. 383
Dyschoriste littoralis, Wight, ili. 295
Dysodidendron zeylanicum, Thw. ii. 369
Dysophylla auricularia, 47. iii. 380
verticillata, Benth. 380
Dysoxylum binectariferum, 2. f. i. 247
Champion, Hk. f. & Th. 248
macrocarpum, Thw. 247
EBENACEA, ili. 37
Ebermayera g/auca, T. Anders. ill. 290
zeylanica, /Vees, 290
Ecbolium Linneanum, Awrz, iii. 341
Eccremanthus eximius, Thw. i. 310
Echinolena polystachya, H. B. & K, v.
160
Echinolytrum dipsaceum, Desv. v. 65
Echites fragrans, Moon, iii. 138
lanceolata, Moon, 131
scholaris, Li. 133
Eclipta alba, Hassk. iii. 37
Index to Botanical Names.
Eclipta evecta, L. ili. 37
prostrata, L. 37
Edokke, Gaertn. iv. 74;
Ehretia buxifolia, Roxd. iii. 196
cuneata, Wight, 197
levis, Roxb. 195
ovalifolia, Wight, 196
EL#AGNACE4, ili. 461
Elzagnus latifolia, Z. ii. 461
Thwazteszz, Schlecht. 461
Elzocarpus amcenus, 7hw. i. 185
copalliferus, Retz. 131
coriaceus, Hook. 186
cuneatus, Willd. 185
glandulifer, JZast. 187
integrifolius, Lam. 185
integrifolius, Moon, ii. 156
montanus, 7iw. i. 186
obovatus, Arz. 186
pubescens, Hook. 186
robustus, Roxb. 185
serratus, Z. [Plate xx.] 184
subvillosus, Avz. 186
zeylanicus, AZast. 187
Elzodendron glaucum, ers. i. 271
Roxburghit, W. & A. 271
ELATINEA, 1. 92
Elatostema acuminatum, Grorg. iv. 110
diversifolium, Wedd. 111
lineolatum, Wight, 110
ovatum, Wight, 108
sessile, Thw. 110
surculosum, Wzght, 111
Walker, Hz. 7. 110
Eleiotis sororia, DC. 1. 40
Eleocharis atropurpurea, Azmnth, v. 71
capitata, Br. 72
Chetaria, R. & S. 71
congesta, D. Don, 72
equisetina, Pres/, 69
fistulosa, Schult. 70
gracilis, Br. 72
ovata, Thw. 72
plantaginea, Gr. 68
spiralis, bv. 70
tetraquetra, /Vees, 72
variegata, Kznth, 69
Lleogeton curvulus, Nees, v. 73
Elephantopus scaber, Z. iii. 12
Elettaria Cardamomum, Zaz. iv. 261
AII
Elettaria floribunda, Thw. iv. 250
involucrata, Thw. 250
nemoralis, Thw. 251
rufescens, Thw. 256
Eleusine zgyptiaca, Desf. v. 279
brevifolia, Br. 278
calycina, Roxb. 280
filiformis, Jacq. 283
indica, Gaertn. 277
racemosa, Heyne, 277
stricta, Roxb. 277
verticillata, Roxb. 277
Ellipanthus Thwaitesii, WZ. 7. ii. 3
untfoliatus, Hk. f. 3
Elytraria crenata, Vah/, iii. 289
Elytrophorus articulatus, Beauv. v. 288
Embelia slandulifera, Wight, iii. 69
paniculata, Moon, 69
Ribes, Bur. 7. 69, iv. 43
robusta, Roxb. 70
Tsjeritam-cottam, Wight, 70
viridiflora, Scheff. 70
Emblica officinalis, Gaertn. iv. 19
Embryopterts glutinifera, Roxb. iii. 93
Emilia prenanthoidea, Thw. iii. 46
sonchifolia, DC. 45
zeylanica, Clarke, 46
Walkert, Hk. f. 46
Empusa paradoxa, Lindl. iv. 145
Endopogon consanguineus, Nees, iil. 301
Gardnerianus, Nees, 310
rhammnifolius, Wight, 304
wiscosus, Nees, 301
Enhalus Keenigii, Rzch. iv. 126
marinus, Griff. 126
Enicostema littorale, AZ. iii. 185
Entada scandens, Bevzth. ii. 119
Enteropogon melicoides, Mees, v. 272
Epaltes divaricata, Cass. ili. 24
Epicarpurus orientalis, Bl. iv. 101
spinosus, Wight, 101
zeylanicus, Thw. 100
Epidendrum aloides, Curt ( oe ) iv.
complanatum, Retz. iv. 186 [179
Epiphanes javanica, Bl. iv. 221
Epipogum nutans, Lzzd/. iv. 222
Epistylium cordifolium, Baill. iv. 23
floribundum, Thw. 26
latifolium, Thw. 23
montanum, Thw. 24
412 Index to Botanical Names.
Epistylium polyphyllum, Thw. iv. 24
zeylanicum, Baill. 24
Epithema carnosum, Gerth. i. 279
aeylanicum, Gardn. 279
Epithinia malayana, Jack, il. 337
Eragrostis amabilis, W. & A. v. 293
brevifolia, Benth. 278
bifaria, Thw. 298
Brownit, Nees, 293
Brown, Herb. Perad. 295
chinensis, Duthie, 283
coromandeliana, 77272. 298
diplachnoides, Steud. 292
elegantula, Duthie, 294
elegantula, Stapf, 293
elongata, Jacg. 295
gangetica, Steud. 293
interrupta, Geauv. 291
Kaenigiz, Link, 292
major, Host, 207
megastachya, Link, 297
mucronata, Trim. 299
nigra, /Vees, 295
nutans, Nees, 291
ortentalis, Thw. 293
ortentalis, Nees, 294
paniculata, Thw. 295
pilosa, Beauv. 296
plumosa, Link, 291
pogoides, Trim. 296
riparia, Willd. 291
secunda, /Vees, 298
stenophylla, Hochst. 294
tenella, 2. GS. 290
tenurtssima, Schrad, 292
untolordes, Nees, 293
verticillata, R. & S. 296
viscosa, Trin. 291
Walkeri, Stapf, 298
Wightiana, Benth. 288
Willdenoviana, /Vees, 296
seylanica, Nees & Mey. 295
Eranthemum cafense, ili. 297
crenulatum, Thw. 325
Echolium, T. Anders. 341
malabaricum, Clarke, 325
Eremochloa muricata, Hack. v. 220
zeylanica, Hack. 221
Eria artzculata, Lindl. iv. 168
bicolor, Zz7d/. 166
Eria dzcolor, Lindl. iv. 167
bicornis, Rchb. f. 169
braccata, Lindl. 165
Ephemera, Rchb. f. 167
Lindleyi, Zw. 167
muscicola, Lzzd/. 165
profusa, Lindl. 168
reticosa, Wight, 165
Thwaitesi, 7727. 167
tricolor, 7Zhiw. 166
velutina, Thw. 167
Eriachne triseta, /Vees, v. 266
ERICACEZ, iil. 62
Ericybe paniculata, Roxb. iii. 205
Erigeron asteroides, (oxé. iil. 16, 19
lintfolius, Willd. 17
Eriocaulon atratum, A077. v. 4
atratum, Thw. 3
Brownianum, JZart. 6
Capillus-naiadis, Zk. f. 2
caulescens, Hk. f. & T. 3
collinum, 4. 7. 10
cristatum, Thw. 4
Dalzellit, Korn. 11
fluviatile, 772m. 11
longicuspis, Hz. f. 4.
luzulaefolium, AZart. 7
luzulaefolium, Thw. 10
Neestanum, Korn. 6
quinquangulare, Z. 9
quinguangulare, var. Thw. 9
setaceum, Z. 2
sexangulare, Z. 5
sexangulare, Burm. 10
Sieboldianum, zed. SG Zucc. 10
subcaulescens, Hk. f. 3
Thwaitesii, Aor7. 6
Trimeni, 2. 7. 8
truncatum, Ham. 7
truncatum, Thw. 6
Walkeri, Zk. f. 9
Wallichianum, Mart. 5
Wightianum, JZar?t. 8
zeylanicum, Korn. 3
ERIOCAULON EA, Vv. I
Eriochloa azzzlata, Kunth, v. 126
polystachya, H. 5. & K. 126
Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC. i. 161
orzentale, Steud. 161
Eriosema chinense, Vog. ii. 81
Index to Botanical Names.
Al
Erythroxylon lanceolatum, %. f. 1.191 { Eugenia Michelii, Zam. ii. 188
lucidum, Joon, 1091
monogynum, Roxb. 190
obtusifolium, Hz. f 192
Erythrina Corallodendrum, L. 1. 63
indica, Lam. 63
lithosperma, Bl. 64.
ovalifolia, Roxb. 64
picta, Moon, 64
suberosa, Roxb. 64
umbrosa, H.B. K. 64
velutina, W2l/d. 64
Erythrospermum-phytolaccoides, Gardz.
[Plate vi.] 1. 72
Ethulia divaricata, L. ii. 24
Lucalyptus, Sp. ii. 166
Eugenia acutangula, L. ii. 191
amoena, 7Zhw. 186
amend, var. Thw. 185
androsemovdes, Bedd. 176
aprica, Zrzm. 186
aquea, Burn. 169
assimilis, Duth. 176
bracteata, Roxb. 182
calophyllifolia, Wight, 173
capitellata, Arn. 211
caryophyllea, Wight, 174
concinna, Thw. 188
cordifolia, Weght, 176, 215
corymbosa, Law. 174
cyclophylla, Zzw. 177
cylindrica, Wight, 171
decora, Thw. 185
Fergusoni, 772m. [Plate xxxviii.] 172
floccifera, Zw. 183
fulva, Zhw. 184
grandis, Wight, 170
Gardneri, Duth. 174
Heckeliana, 772m. 181
hemispheerica, Wight, 170
hypoleuca, Thw. 180
insignis, Zzw. 185
Jambolana, Zam. 179
JSambos, L. 170
lanceolata, Lam. 172
laurina, Willd. iii. 104
lissophylla, Dzth, ii. 173
lucida, Zam. [Plate xxxvii.] 180
mabzeoides, Wight, 186
malaccensis, LL. 170
micrantha, Duth. 175
Moontana, Gardn. 187
Mooniana, Wzght, 187
Moontana, var. Thw. 185
Neesiana, Wight, 177
obtustfolia, Roxb. 180
oligantha, Duth. 178
olivifolia, Duth. 178
operculata, Roxb, 179
pedunculata, 772m. 187
phillyreeoides, 77272, 183
racenwosa, L.. 189
revoluta, Wight, 175
rivulorum, Zw. 184
Rottleriana, W. & A. 183
rotundata, Z7zm. 185
rotundifolia, Wight, 177
rufofulva, 7hw. 183
sclerophylla, Duth. 178
spicata, Laz. 171
subavenis, Dzzth. 172
sylvestris, Moon, 169
sylvestris, Wight, 175
terpnophylla, Zw. 181
uniflora, L. 188
Thwaitesii, Duth. 188
Wightiana, Wight, 172
Walldenoviz, Wight, 182
xanthocarpa, Zhw. 182
seylanica, Wight, 171
seylanica, Willd. 188
zeylanica, Roxb. 182
Eulophia dvacteosa, Lindl. iv. 178
explanata, Lindl. 178
graminea, Lizd/. 176
grandiflora, Lindl. 178
herbacea, Lindl. 178
macrostachya, Zzzd/. 176
nuda, Lzzdl. 177
sanguinea, AR. f. 177
Sp. Trim. 176
virens, Br. 175
Eunonymus dichotomus, Thw. 1. 267
revolutus, Wight, 267
Thwaitesii, Laws. 267
Walkeri, Wight, 267
zeylanicus, Moon, 267
Etuodia, see Evodia, i. 214
Lupatorium zeylanicum, L. iii. 10
414 Index to Botanical Names.
Euphorbia antiquorum, Z. iv. 4
Atoto, Horst. 6
bifida, Thw. 6
Burmanniana, Gay, §
Chamesyce, Thw. 8
cristata, eye, 6
adendroides, L. 9
jfimbriata, Heyne, 6
hirta, Z. 7
hypericifolia, Z. 7
leta, Heyne, 9
maritinia, Moon, 6
microphylla, Li. 5
nertifolia, L. 5
oveophila, Miq. 8
parviflora, Li. 7
pululifera, Li. 7
Rothiana, sf. 8
rosea, (ezz. 6
Tirucalli, L. 5
thymifolia, Z. $
tortilis, otto. 5
EUPHORBIACEA, iv. I
Euphoria Gardner, Thw. i. 309
Longana, Lam. 309
Eupyrena glabra, W. and A. ii. 338
Eurya acuminata, DC. i, 110
chinensis, 47. 109
elliptica, Gardn. 109
japonica, Zhunb. 109
lasiopetala, Gardn. 108
parvifolia, Gardn. 109
membranacea, Gardn. 110
zeylanica, Wight, 109
Euxolus caudatus, Moq. ili, 397
polygonoides, Thw. 397
Evia amara, Comm. i. 327
Evodia Roxburghiana, Gerth. i. 214
triphylla, Thw. 214
Evolvulus alsinoides, Z. iii. 227
capitatus, Moon, 228
hirsutus, Lam. 227
Exacum axillare, 7. ii. 180
carinatum, Roxb. 182
connatum, Moon, 185
diffusum, Willd. 184
heteroclitum, Willd. 184
macranthum, A7vz. 131
ovale, Griseb, 182
pedunculatum, Z. 182
Exacum Ze¢zolare, Griseb. iii. 182
sessile, Z. 183
Walkeri, Arz. 180, 181
zeylanicum, Roxb. 181
Exceecaria Agallocha, Z. iv. 77
Camettia, Willd. 77
cochinchinensis, Muell. 77
crenulata, Wight, 77
insignis, Bedd, 76
oppositifolia, Thw. 77
sebifera, Muell. 1
Fagara Lunu-ankenda, Gaertn. 1. 214
triphylla, Roxb. 214
Fagreea coromandeliana, Wight, ii. 171
Gardnert, Thw. 171
malabarica, Wight, 171
obovata, Wall. 171
zeylanica, Zh22b. 170
Falconeria insignis, Royle, iv. 76
malabarica, Wight, 76
Farmeria, Will. v. 386
Fergusonia Zhwazteszz, Hk. f. li. 302
zeylanica, L/h. f. 302
Feronia elephantum, Covv. i. 228
Festuca fusca, L. v. 300
FICOIDEA, il. 267
Ficus altissima, G7. iv. 87
angustifolia, Koxb. 89
Arnottiana, AZ/zg. 90
asperrima, ox. 94
benghalensis, Z. 86
Benjamina, Willd. 89
callosa, Willd. 93
caudiculata, 7727. 88
ceylanica, Miq. 95
ctnerascens, Thw. 93
cotoneefolza, Vahl, $6
demonun, Koen. 94.
disticha, Thw. 95
diverstformes, Mig. 95
gibbosa, Bl. 85
glomerata, Roxb. 96
heterophylla, Z. 7. 93
hispida, Z. f. 94
zmdica, Moon, 91
infectoria, Roxb. 92
Lacox, Ham. 92
levis, BZ. 95
Mooniana, A772, 91
mysorensis, Heyze, 86
Index to Botanical Names. Al5
Ficus nervosa, Heyne, iv. 89
nitida, 7hzmnzb. 89
oppositifolia, Willd. 94
parasitica, Ken. 85
politortia, Moon, 94
religiosa, L. 90
retusa, Z. 89
stipulata, Moon, 95
Thwaitesii, JZzg. 95
tomentosa, Aoxb. 87
Trimeni, Azzg, 88
Tsiela, Roxb. 92
Tsjakela, Burm. 91
tuberculata, Roxb. 85
Wightiana, King, 93
Filicium decipiens, Zw. i. 240
Finmbristylis abbreviata, Boeck. v. 64.
Actinoschenus, Clarke, 82
acuminata, Vahl, 48
estivalis, Vahl, 51
@stivalis, var. Trim. 52
argentea, Vah/, 52
Arnotti, Thw. 45
asperrima, Boeck. 58
asperrima, Boeck. 65
barbata, Benth. 66
bispicata, Nees, 50
chetorhiza, Kunth, 64
chetorhiza, Thw. 58
complanata, Lzzk, 63
complanata, Var. Clarke, 63
compressa, Boeck. 55
connectens, Thw. 63
cyperordes, Br. 61
dichotoma, Vahl, 50
diphylla, Vahl, 53
dipsacea, Benth. 65
ferruginea, Vahl, 53
fulvescens, Ziw. 62
fusca, Trim. 62
globulosa, Awzth, 57
gracilis, Trim. 66
Griffithtana, Steud. 51, 52
Grifithiz, Boeck. 51
insignis, Zw. 57
junciformis, Kunth, 64.
Kraussiana, Hochst. 63
latifolia, Kunth, 65
leptoclada, Benth. 58
miliacea, Vahl, 56
Fimbristylis monostachya, Hassk. v. 59
monticola, Szezd. 60
nigrobrunnea, Zw. 62
nutans, Vahl, 48
ovalis, Nees, 54
pallescens, Nees, 50
pentaptera, Awzth, 60
polytrichoides, Vah/, 49
quinquangularis, Kunth, 55
retusa, Thw. 58
rigidula, Thw. 54
salbundia, Thw. 60
schoenoides, Vahl, 49
spathacea, Roth, 54
tenuzfolia, Thw. 60
tetragona, Br. 48
Thwaitestz, Boeck. 57
trichotdes, Miq. 51
trijida, Trim. 67
Trimeni, Zz. f. 51
tristachya, Zw. 59
torta, Kunth, 65
Wiughtiana, Nees, 54
Firmiana colorata, Br. i. 166
Fissilia psittacorum, Lam. i. 257
Flacourtia Cataphracta, Roxb. 1. 73
inerms, Roxb. 73
Jangomas, Miq. 73
nivea, Moon, iv. 33
Ramontchi, Sher. 1. 73
sepiaria, Roxb. 73
Flagellaria indica, Z. iv. 317
FLAGELLARIACEA, iv. 316
Flemingia z/ora, Moon, ii. 83
congesta, Roxb. 87
lineata, Roxb. 87
polysperma, Moon, 41
semtalata, Roxb. 87
strobilifera, Br. 86
viscosa, Moon, 85
Wightiana, Grah. 88
Fleurya interrupta, Gaud. iv. 104
Floscopa panzculata, Roxb. iv. 316
' scandens, Zour. 316
Flueggea leucopyrus, W2//d. iv. 33
mucrocarpa, Bl. 33
Foullioya racemosa, iv. 341
Fragaria elatior, Wight, ii. 138
nilgerrensis, Schl. 138
vesca, L. 138
416 Lidex to Botanical Names.
Freycinetia angustifolia, Thw. iv. 341
pycnophylla, Solms, 341
Walkeri, Sol/ms, 342
Fuirena ci/zaris, Nees, v. 79
glomerata, Lam. 79
pentagona, Nees, 80
umbellata, Rottb. 80
uncinata, Kunth, 79
uncinata, Thw. 80
Gaertnera divarécata, Thw. ili. 177
Keenigii, Wight, 177
racemosa, Roxb. i. 193
rosea, 7Z/iw. lil. 177
ternifolia, Zw. [Plate Ixiv.] 178
thyrsiflora, Gaertn. 177
Walkeri, Wight, 178
Walkert, Benth. 178
Galactia tenuiflora, W. & A. ii. 65
Galega maxima, L. ii. 32
purpurea, VL. 31
tinctoria, L. 31
villosa, L. 33
Galeola javanica, Benth. iv. 223
Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. i. 42
Galium asperifolium, Wail. ii. 373
Mollugo, L. 373
Garcinia Cambogia, Desv. i. 95
echinocarpa, Zw. 96
Gutta, L. 96
Morella, Desv. 96
ovalifolia, Hk. f. 98
Papella, Wight, 95
quesita, Pierre, 95
spicata, Hk. f. 98
terpnophylla, Zw. 97
Thwattesiz, Pierre, 98
seylanica, Roxb. 95, 96
Gardenia carznata, Thw. ii. 333
coronaria, Ham. 333
dumetorunt, Roxb. 330
Jragrans, Moon, 331
heteroclita, Koen. iii. 171
latifolia, Azz. li. 332
turgida, Roxb. 333
uliginosa, Retz. 330
Garnotia courtallensis, Zi. v. 257
Fergusonii, 772772. 255
fuscata, Zhw. 255
micrantha, Zhw. 256
panicoides, 772. 257
Garnotia patula, Thw. v. 255
scoparia, Thw. 254
stricta, Thw. 254
tectorum, /72. f. [Plate xcix.] 254
Thwaitesii, Stapf, 254
Garuga brunnea, March. i. 238
Gastrodia javanica, Lzzd/. iv. 221
Gaultheria fragrantissima, Wall. iii. 62
Leschenaultit, Wight, 62
Gessaspis cristata, W. & A. ii. 35
Gelonium angustifolium, Muell. iv. 73
lanceolatum, W2d/d. 73
Gendarussa vulgaris, Wight, ili. 335
Geniosporum elongatum, Genzh. iii. 368
gracile, Benth. 368
prostratum, Benth. 368
Gentiana quadrifaria, AZ. iii. 186
pedicellata, Wall. 186
seylanica, Griseb. 186
GENTIANACEA, ili. 179
Geodorum dilatatum, 47. iv. 178
fucatum, Lindl. 179
purpureum, Br. 179
Geophila reniformis, D. Doz, 363
GERANIACEA, 1, 195
Geranium afine, W. & A. i. 195
nepalense, Sweet, v. 195
Gerardia delphinifolia, L. iii. 257
GESNERACEA, ili. 271
Ginalloa spathulifolia, O/zv. iti. 47
Girardinia heterophylla, Deze. iv. 106
Leschenaultiana, Decne. 106
palmata, Gaud. 106
seylanica, Dene. 106
Gironniera parvifolia, Planch. iv. 83
reticulata, Zw. 83
subzequalis, Planch. 83
Gisekia pharnaceoides, Z. i. 273
Givotia rottlerzeformis, Grzf. iv. 50
Gleniea zeylanica, Hk. f. [Plate xxv.]
1. 305
Glinus dictamnoides, L. i. 270
lotocdes, Burm. 270
Globba bulbifera, Roxd. iv. 240
marantina, Wight, 240
marantinoides, Trim. 240
Glochidion brachylobum,. A/ze//. iv. 29
coriaceum, Zhw. 30
corzaceum, Thw. 29
Gardneri, Zw. 31
Lndex to Botanical Names. 417
{Glochidion /usszeuanum, Thw. iv. 30
leptogynum, Bedd. 31
littorale, Bl. 29
montanum, Zhw. 31
Moonu, 7iw. 32
nemorale, Zhw. 31
pycnocarpum, 4edd. 29
rigidum, JZxell. 30
symplocozdes, Bedd. 31
Thwaitestz, Muell. 30
zeylanicum, A. /uss. 28
Gloriosa superba, Z. iv. 294
Glossocarya Liznez, Benth. iii. 362
scandens, 77im. [Plate Ixxili.] 362
Glossogyne pinnatifida, DC. il. 41
Glossostigma spathulatum, Axn. i. 255
Glycicarpus racemosa, Dalz. i. 325
“Glycine javanica, Z. ll. 59
labialis, L.f. 60
mollis, W. & A. 60
monophylla, Burm. 40
parviflora, Lam. 60
tenuzflora, Willd. 65
villosa, Moon, 77
visceda, Willd. 41
“Glycosmis arborea, DC. i. 217
bilocularis, 7hw. 218
pentaphylla, Corr. 217
triphylla, Wight, 217
-Glyptopetalum zeylanicum, Zw. i. 268
“Gmelina arborea, Roxd. ili. 355
asiatica, Z. 355
Rheedez, Hk. 355
‘Gnaphalium adnatum, Thw. iil. 28, 29
brevifolium, Thw. 31
fookertanum, Thw. 32
indicum, L. 32
indicum, Thw. 30
marcescens, Wight, 31
multicaule, \Nilld. 32
oblongum, Thw. 30
Wightianum, Thw. 30
Gnidia ertocephala, Gardn. iii. 459
znsulares, Gardn. 459
Goldfussia Myrtinia, Nees, iii. 305
‘Gomphandra axillaris, Wall. i. 261
coriacea, Wight, 261
polymorpha, Miers, 261
‘Gomphia angustifolia, Vahl, i. 235
zeylanica, DC. 235
PART V.
Gomphocarpus volubtlis, Moon, iii. 150
Goniothalamus Gardneri, ZA. 7. & Th
Hookeri, 7iw. 30 [i. 30
reticulatus, Ziw. 31
salicinus, Hk. f. & Th. 31
Thomsoni, Zw. 31
Thwaitesii, Zk. f./ & Th. 29
Walkeri, Zk. 7, & Th. 30
GOODENOVIACEA, ili. 54
Goodyera fumata, Zw. iv. 214
procera, Hook. 214
Gordonia e//zptica, Gardn, 1. 111
speciosa, Chozs. 111
zeylanica, Wight, 110
Gossypium barbadense, L. i. 159
herbaceun, Li. 159
obtustfoliun, Roxb. 159
religiosum, L. 159
Gouania microcarpa, DC. i. 286
Goughia nilgherrensis, Wight, iv. 42
Gracilea nutans, Kez. v. 284
GRAMINEA, Vv. 113
Grangea maderaspatana, Pozr. ill. 14
Graptophyllum hortense, Nees, iii. 341
Gratiola cordifolia, Vahl, iii. 251
hyssopiozdes, L. 252
juncea, Roxb. 247
lobelioides, Retz. 247
luceda, Vahl, 250
Monniera, L. 246
rotundifolia, L. 252
tenutfolia, Vahl, 254
trifida, Willd. 245
veronicifolia, Retz. 253
Grayia elegans, Nees, v. 258
zeylanica, Arn. 258
Grevillea robusta, A. Cunn. iil. 457
Grewia asiatica, Z. i. 174
bracteata, Heyze, 175
columnaris, S7z. 174
diplocarpa, Zw. 175
helicterifolia, Thw. 177
hirsuta, Vahl, 176
microcos, LZ. 177
orbiculata, Rottb. 175
orientalis, Z. 176
polygama, Roxb. 177
populifolia, Vah/ [Plate xviii.] 178
rotundifolia, Thw. 174
tilizefoiia, Vahl, 175
-EE
418
Griffithia fragrans, W.& A. ii. 331
Gardneri, Thw. 331
rugulosa, Thw. 331
spectosa, Bedd. 331
Grislea tomentosa, Willd. ii. 226
Grumilea affinis, Thw. ii. 359
elongata, Wight, 359
Gardnert, Thw. 358
Mooniz, Thw. 360
nigra, Gaertn. 358
nudtfiora, Thw. 358
stenophylia, Thw. 357
Weghtiana, Hk. f. 358
Guatteria coffeoides, Thw. i. 24
Korint?, Dun, 25
longifolia, Thw. 24
montana, Moon, 34
persicifolia, Hk. f. & Th. 26
suberosa, Dun, 25
Guazuna tonentosa, Kunth, i. 171
Guettarda speciosa, ZL. ii. 338
Gutlandina Bondiuc, L. ii. 98
Bonducella, Flem. 99
GUTTIFERZ, i. 94
Gymnema Decaisneanune, Wight, iti. 153
hirsutum, W.& A. 153
lactiferum, 57. 154
pergularioides, W. & Gardn. 154
rotundatum, Zz. 153
sylvestre, 57. 153
zeylanicum, Dene. 154
Gymnopetalum ¢zb2/lorum, Cogn. ii. 247
Wightii, Avz. [Plate xliii.] 246
Gymnopogon rigtdus, Thw. v. 281
Gymnosporia emarginata, Ak. f..i. 273
fruticosa, Hz. 7. 273
Gymnostachyum hirsutum, 7. Anders.
ill. 330
paniculatum, Z: Azders. 329
sanguinolentum, 7. Azders. 330
Thwaitesii, 7. Anders. 329
zeylanicum, Avz. & Nees, 328
Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DC. i. 157
spectosa, DC. 58
Gynoon hirsutum, Wight, iv. 32
Jussieutanum, Wight, 30
rigidum, A. Juss, 30
Thwaitesiz, Muell. 30
triandrum, Wight, 30
Gynostemma laxa, Cogz. ii. 260
Index to Botanical Names.
Gynostemma Zedata, Trim. [Plate xlv.]
Gynura azgulosa, DC. ili. 44 [ii. 260
auriculata, Cass, 45
hispida, 7hw. 45
lycopersicifolia, DC. 43
nepalensis, Thw. 44
Pseudo-china, 44, 45
Walkerz, Wight, 47
zeylanica, 772m. [Plate lviii.] 44
Gyrinops Walla, Gaertn. iii. 460
Gyrocarpus americanus, Jacq. il. 165.
astaticus, Willd. 165
Jacquini, Roxb. 165
Haasia oppositifolia, Meissn. ili. 440:
Habenaria acuminata, 7777. iv. 227°
aristata, 7272. 233
barbata, Wight, 226
breviloba, 7727. 232
constricta, Hk. f. 234
crinifera, Lzzdl. 229
cubitalis, Br. 235
dichopetala, Ziw. 228
dolichostachya, Ziw. 228
Gardneri, Hk. f. 234
goodyeroides, Don, 232
goodyeroides, Herb. Perad. 233.
latifolza, Lindl. 229
Lindleyana, Steud. 229
macrostachya, Lzzad/. 227
plantaginea, Lzzzdl. 229
pterocarpa, Ziw. 230
rhynchocarpa, 77272. 230
stenopetala, Lindl. 230
Trimeni, Zk. f. 233
spiralis, Trim. 234
torta, Hk. f. 234.
viridiflora, 47. 231
Wightii, 77272. 232
H4&MODORACEA, iv. 266
fHalicacabum peregrinum, Antiq. i. 299:
Halophila Beccarii, Asch. iv. 129
ovalts, Ak. f. iv. 128
ovata, Gaud. 128
stipulacea, Asch. 129
Halopyrum mucronatum, S/apf, v. 299:
HALORAGEA, il. 147
fTaloragts oligantha, Arn. ii. 147
oligantha, Wight, 149
Harpalosia Leflingiea, Wall. i. 87
Index to Botanical Names. AI9Q
Harpullia cupanioides, Roxb. i. 311
imbricata, Zw. 311
Hebradendron cambogioides, Grah. i. 96
fledera acuminata, Wight, ii. 282
emarginata, Moon, 284
exaltata, Thw. 284
obovata, Wight, 283
racenwosa, Wight, 283
terebinthacea, Vahl, 283
Vahl, Thw. 283
Hedychium azgustzfolzum, Wall. iv. 246
coccineum, Ha7z. 246
coronarium, Aw. 245
flavescens, Carey, 245
flavum, Roxb. 245
squarrosum, Ham. 246
Hedyotis Auricularia, Z. ii. 313
Burmaniniana, Br. 314, 315
cerulea, W. & A. 312
cinereo-viridis, Zw. 308
coprosmoides, 77272. 306
cyanescens, Ziw. 313
cymosa, Zhw. 305
evenia, Zhw. 304
fruticosa, Z. 304
Gardneri, 7hw. 310
glabella, Bedd. 312
herbacea, L. 315
fleynti, Br. 315
inameena, Zhw. 313
Lawsoniz, W. & A. 310
Lessertiana, Avz. [Plate xlix.] 309
Macrzei, Hk. 7. 305
macrophylla, Thw..307
maritima, Moon, 316
membranacea, Thw. 306
monosperma, W. & A. 319
Weesiana, Arn. 312
nitida, W. & A. 312
nodulosa, Av. 301, 307
nummularea, Arn. li. 318
nummulareformes, Arn. 319
obscura, Zw. 305
obscura, 3, Thw. 306
plantaginifolia, Arn. 311
quadrilocularis, Thw. 318
quinquenervia, Zw. 310
racemosa, Lam. 317
rhinophylla, Ziw. 308
Richardiana, Hk. f. 319
Hedyotis Thwaitesii, 2. 7. ii. 307
Thwazteszz, Hance, 307
trinervia, R. & S. 316
umbellata, Lam. 316
verticillaris, W. GA. 311
Watkeri, Arn. 307
Fedysarune biarticulatum, L. ii. 48
conjugatunt, Willd. 35
diphyllum, Li. 35
gangeticum, 1. 53
eyrans, L. f. 56
hamatum, L. 36
heterocarpum, L. 53
heterophyllum, Willd. 55
montliferum, L. il. 43
mucronatum, Bl. 52
nummularefolium, L. 21, 44
pulchellum, L. 48
sennoides, Willd. 39
strobiliferum, L. 86
triguetrum, Li. 49
trtflorum, L. 54
umbellatunr, Li. 47
vaginale, L. 44
wescidumt, La. 41
fleleochares multicaulis, Trim. v. 71
Helichrysum dracteatum, Willd. iii. 38
buddleoides, DC. 32
fookertanum, W. & A. 32
Helicia zeylanica, Gardn. [Plate lxxix.]
Helicteres Isora, Z. i. 168 [ili. 457
Heligme sptralis, Thw. iii. 134
Rheediz, Wight, 134
Heliophytum indicum, DC. iii. 200
Heliotropium, dracteatum, Br. iii. 200
curassavicum, (38, Burm. 199
indicum, Z. 200
lintfoli2m, Lehm. 200
marifolium, Retz. 200
paniculatum, 57. 200
scabrum, /eefz. 200
supinum, Z. 199
zeylanicum, Lam. 199
seylanicun, Wall. 200
Helminthospermum scabridum, Thw.
iv. 83
Helosciadium Heyneanum, DC. ii. 279
Hemarthria compressa, Kunth, v. 206
Hemicyclia Gardneri, Zw. [Plate
Ixxxui.] iv. 37
420
Hemicyclia lanceolata, 7hw. iv. 37
scpiaria, W, & A. 36
Hemidesmus indicus, B”, ili. 144
Hemigraphis flava, Kurz, iii. 297
Hemigyrosa canescens, 7/w, i. 301
deficiens, Bedd. 302
trichocarpa, Thw. 301
Heptapleurum emarginatum, See.
[Plate xlvi.] ii. 284
exaltatum, Seem. 284
racemosum, Ledd. 283
stellatum, Gaertn, 283
Wallichtanum, Seem. 284
Heracleum zepalense, Don, ii. 280
rigens, Wall. 281
Sprengelianum, Thw. 280
zeylanicum, Gardn. 280
Heritiera Allughas, Retz. iv. 247
littoralis, Dryand. i. 167
Herminium plantagineum, Lindl. iv.232
Hernandia peltata, AZezssx. iii. 456
Sonora, 1s. 456
Herpestis floribunda, Br. ili. 246
Monnieria, H. B. K. 246
Fesperethusa acidissima, Roem. 1. 223
Heteeria elongata, Zizd/. iv. 210
Gardneri, Benth. 209
Heteropogon Allioniz, R. & S. v. 238
concimmus, Thw. 237
hirtus, Pers. 238
insignis, Thw. 239
Heterostemma tanjorense, W. & A. iii.
Hevea brasiliensis, Muell. iv. 1 [163
Hewittia bicolor, W. & A. ili. 226
Heylandia hebecarpa, DC. ii. 8
latebrosa, DC. ii. §
Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Z. i. 156
angulosus, JZasz. [Plate xvii.] 156
cannabinus, L. 154
collinus, Roxb. 152
ertocarpus, DC. 152
ficulneus, Z. 155
furcatus, Aoxd. 152
Lampas, Cav. 158
lunariifolius, W27/d. 153
micranthus, Z. 7, 153
pandureeformis, Bz77. 154
popuilneus, L. 158
rigidus, L. f. 153
Sabdarifja, L. 154.
Index to Botanical Names.
Hibiscus Solandra, Z’ eri. i. 155
surattensis, Z. 152
tiliaceus, LZ. 157
vitifolius, Z. 154
seylanicus, L. 149
Hippocratea Arnottiana, Wzght, i. 275
indica, Wild. 276
obtusifolia, Roxb. 275
viridiflora, Moon, 275
Hiptage Madablota, Gaertz. 1. 193
parvifolia, W. & A. 193
Holarrhena mitis, 47. ili. 131
FLolboellia ornithocephala, Wall. v. 189
Flolcus halepensis, L. v. 231
HHolopeiva villosa, Miers, 1. 44
Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch. iv. 80
Holostemma Rheedei, Va//. ii. 150
Homalium zeylanicum, Genzzth. ii. 239
Homonoia riparia, Lowr. iv. 72
Hopea cordifolia, 77272. i. 126
discolor, Zw. 125
jucunda, Zhw. 125
malabarica, Bedd. 125
racophlea, Dyer, 125
Hoppea fastigiata, Clarke, iil. 183
Horsfieldia odorata, Willd. iii. 435
Hortonia acuminata, Wight, ili. 436
acuminata, A. DC. 437
angustifolia, Z7zmz. [Plate Ixxxviii.]
floribunda, Wzght, 436 [437
floribunda, var. Thw. 437
ovalifolia, Wight, 437
Hottonia indica, L. iil. 245
Hoya alextaca, Moon, iii. 151
hirsuta, Moon, 158
ovalifolia, W. & A. 162
pauciflora, Wzght, 162
viridifiora, Br. 161
Wighttana, Thw. 162
Hugonia ferruginea, WV. & A. i. 190
Mystax, Z. 189
villosa, Moon, 190
Humboldtia laurifolia, Vahd, i. 115
Huntera corymbosa, Aoxé. ili. 128
Roxburghiana, Wight, 128
zeylanica, Gardn. 128
Hyalisma janthina, Champ. iv. 369
Hydnocarpus alpina, Wzghi, i. 76
znebrians, Vahl, 75
octandra, Zz. 76
Index to Botanical Names.
Hydrilla venenata, Gaertn. 75
ovalifolia, Rich. iv. 123
verticillata, Casp. 123
Wightiz, Planch. 123
Aydrobryum olivaceum, Tul. iii. 418
Hydrocera angustifolia, 4/7. i. 212
triflora, W. & A. 212
HYDROCHARIDEA, Iv. 122
Hydrocotyle asiatica, Z. ii. 276
capitata, Moon, 275
nepalensis, Hook. 275
nittdula, Hook. 275
javanica, Thumb. 275
polycephala, W. & A. 275
rotundifolia, Roxb. 275
zeylanica, DC. 275
Hydrolea zeylanica, Vahi, iii. 191
Hydrophylax maritima, Z. f. iil. 370
HYDROPHYLLACEA, iil. 191 [245
Hydropityon zeylanicum, Gaertn. f. ii.
Hygrophila quadrivalvis, /Vees, ili. 293
salicifolia, (ees, 293
spinosa, 7. Anders. 293
Hymenocallis tenuiflora, Herb. iv. 273
HYPERICACEA, i. 93
Hypericum aurztum, Moon, i. 93
campestre, Moon, 93
humtfusum, L. 94
japonicum, 72726. 93
mysorense, Heyie, 93
Hypelyptum ceylanicum, Nees, v. 81
Hypolytrum costatum, Thw. v. 92
giganteun, Wall. 89
latifolium, Rzch. 89
longirostre, Zw. 90
turgidum, Clarke, 90
Hypoporum capitatum, Nees, v. 94
HAypoxis aurea, L. iv. 268
brachystachya, Wight, 269
latifolia, Wight, 269
trichocarpa, Wight, 269
Hypserpa cuspidata, Miers, i. 42
paucifiora, Miers, 43
uniflora, Miers, 43
Hyptianthera macrocarpa, Thw. ii. 334
Hyrianandra hirta, Thw. iv. 117
triandra, Miq. 117
Walkeriana, Thw. 116
Ichnanthus pallens, AfZuzro0, v. 161
A421
Ichnocarpus frutescens, 477. ili. 142
paniculata, Moon, 141
Ilex denticulata, Wall. i. 265
Aquifolium, L. 265
Walkeri, Wight & Gardn. 264
Wightiana, Wall, 265
ILICINEA, i. 264
Lllecebrum javanicunt, Ait. iil. 402
lanatunz, L. 402
sessile, L. 405
Lllipe fulva, Engl. iii. 81
neritfolia, Eng. iii. 80
Ilysanthes hyssopioides, Gez7¢h. ili. 252
rotundifolia, Benth. 252
Impatiens acaulis, dvz. i. 201
albida, Wight, 207
appendiculata, dv. 209
Arnottii, Zw. 211
Balsamina, Z. 203
biglandulosa, Moon, 208
bipartita, Arn. 203
brevicornu, Arn. 205
bulbosa, Moon, 201
cornigera, Avz. 210
cornisera, Hook. 203
cornuta, L. 203
cuspidata, W. & A. 202, 206
elongata, Avz. 210
fasciculata, Lam. 201
flaccida, A7vz. 206
gtbbosa, Arn. 205
glandulifera, Ar. 203
grandis, Heyne, 208
Henslowiana, A477. 207
Hookeriana, Av7z. 208
janthina, Zw. 207
latifolia, L. 202, 203, 207
latifolia, Moon, 206
leptopoda, 477. 205
Leschenaultiz, Wall. 206
leucantha, Zw. 209
linearis, Av. 209
macrophylla, Gard. 204
oppositifolia, Z. 202
platypetala-alba, Koen. 207
repens, J/o07, 205
rosmarintfolia, Retz. 202
serrata, Moon, 202
subcordata, Avz. 208
tenella, Heyne, 202
422 Index to Botanical Names.
Impatiens zrzflora, L. i. 211
truncata, Zw. 206
Walkeri, Hook, 211
Imperata arundinacea, Cyrz//. vy. 200
Indigofera Azz/. L. ii. 27
aspalathoides, Vahl, 23
constricta, 7727. 27
echinata, W2l/d. 21
enneaphylla, Z. 22
flaccida, Keen. 25
flaccida, 3, Thw. 27
galegoides, DC. 28
glabra, ZL. 23
hirsuta, Z. 26
tnamena, Thw. 27
linifolia, Retz. 22
parviflora, Heyne, 26
paucifolia, De/. 25
pentaphylla, LL. 23
subulata, Pozr. 25
tenuifolia, Rotth. 24
tinctoria, Z. 26
trifoliata, Z. 24
tritasw/ew/e25
vestita, Baker, 25
viscosa, Lam. 24
Wightii, Grah. 27
Inula indica, L. ii. 33
TIonidium ramosissimum, Zw. 1. 68
suffruticosum, Gzzg. 67
Iphigenia indica, A. Gray, iv. 293
Ipomea anceps, R. & S. iii. 223
angustifolia, Jacg. 217
aquatica, Forsk. 221
Batatas, Lam. 212
Beladamboe, R. & S. 222
biloba, Forsk. 224
Bona-nox, Z. 213
bracteata, Wzeht, 216
cerulea, Bello, 212
campanulata, Z. 221
campanulata, Moon, 206
chryseides, Ker, 219
cissoides, Griseb. 212
coccinea, Li. 215
coptica, Roth, 213
cymosa, 2. & S. 219
dasysperma, /acg. 225
denticulata, Chozs. 223
digitata, Z. 212
Ipomeea dissecta, Wild. iii. 213
eriocarpa, Br. 217
Glenzez, Thw. 221
grandiflora, Law. 214
hederacea, Jacg. 212
hepaticifolia, L. 217
jucunda, Zw. [Plate lxvi.] 214
kentrocaulos, Clarke, 224
Learit, Paxt. 213
littoralis, Thw. 223
muricata, Jacq. 214
obscura, Aer, 220
palmata, Forsk. 225
pendula, Br. 225
Pes-tigridis, Z. 216
pileata, Roxb. 215
pulchella, Wight, 225
Quamoclit, L. 215
racemosa, Wight, 219
reniformis, Chozs. 218
repens, Lazz. 222
veptans, Poir. 221
rugosa, Chois. 222
sepiaria, Kaz. 220
sesstliftora, Roth, 217
stdefolia, Chois. 220
speciosa, Sweet, 207
splendens, Sz7zs, 207
staphylina, &. G S. 219
tridentata, Roth, 218
tyzdentata (3, Thw. 217
tuberculata, Ker, 225
tuberosa, L. 224
Turpethum, 4r. 222
uniflora, 2. & S. 215
vitifolia, Sweet, 224
Wightii, Chozs. 216
zeylanica, Gaertn. 207
Ipsea speciosa, Lzzzdl. iv. 171
Isanthera florzbunda, Gardn. ili. 280
permollis, Ves, 280
Lsauxis Roxburghiana, Thw. i. 128
Isachne australis, By. v. 128
australis, var. Thw. 127
elatior, Hk. f. 127
Gardneri, Benth. 130
Kunthiana, W. & A. 127
Meneritana, Poir. 128
miliacea, Roth, 128
minutula, Kunth, 129
Index to Botanical Names. 423
Isachne multiflora, 7772. v. 127
nilagivica, Trim. 129
perpusilla, Wight, 270
pulchella, Roth, 258
simpliciuscula, W. & A. 269
Walkeri, W. & A. 129
Aschzeemum aristatum, Z. v. 211
barbatum, Retz. 211
ciliare, Retz. 216
commutatum, Hack. 214
compugatum, Roxb. 213
falcatum, Thw. 221
hirtum, Hack. 217
laxum, 4r. 219
muticum, Z. 215
nervosum, Thw. 219
pectinatum, Trin. 220
pilosum, Nees, 217
rivale, Hack. 217
rugosum, Sa/zsb. 212
semisagittatum, Roxb. 213
Semisagittatum, Thw. 214
timorense, Kunth, 218
zeylanicum, Hack. 221
‘Aseilema laxum, Hack. v. 251
prostratum, Anderss. 251
Asolepis articulata, Nees, v. 75
barbata, Br. 66
dipsacea, R. & S. 63
Jiuitans, Br. 73
gracilis, Nees, 66
pulchella, Thw. 67
squarrosa, R. & S. 74
supina, Br. 74
trofida, Nees, 67
Asonandra canaliculata, Thw. iii. 84
Candolleana, Wight, 77
grandis, Thw. 82
levifolia, Thw. 84
lanceolata, Wight, 77
lanceolata, Thw. 84
paucifiora, Thw. 85
Perrottetiana, Wight, 77
rubrginosa, Thw. 83
Wightiana, A. DC. 77
Lsotoma longifiora, Presl. iii. 58
Ixora acuminata, Thw. ii. 347
alba, L. 348
calycina, Zw. 347
coccinea, LZ. 348
Ixora grandifiora, Ker, it. 348
jucunda, 7zw. [Plate lii.] 348
parviflora, Vahl, 348
Thwaitesii, Hk. 7. 347
JSambolifera pedunculata, L. i. 216
pedunculata, Gaertn. ii. 180
Sambosa aguea, DC. ii. 169
cylindrica, Thw. 171
Jasminum affine, Wight, ili. 115
angustifolium, Vah/, 114
arborescens, Roxb. 114
auriculatum, Vah/, 115
azoruum, 1. 115
Burmannianum, Blume, 115
flexile, Vahl, 115
glabriusculum, 57. 114
humile, Z. 115
laurifolium, Roxb. 114
ovalifolium, \Night, 115
pubescens, Willd. 113
revolutum, Wight, 115
rigidum, Thw. 113
rigidum, Zenk. 114
Ritchiez, Clarke, 114
Rottlerianum, Clarke, 113
Sambac, Ait. 113
sessiliflorum, Vahl, 114
Wallichianum, Link, 115
Jatropha Curcas, L. iv. 46
glandulifera, Roxb. 45
glauca, Thw. 45
gossyprfolia, Li. 46
moluccana, Willd. 46
Jonesia Asoka, Rox. ii. 114
pinnata, Willd. 114
Josephia lanceolata, Wight, iv. 182
latifolia, Wight, 182
Julostylis angustifolia, Zw. i. 150
JUNCACEA, iv. 318
Juncellus alopecuroides, v. 38
pygmaeus, Clarke, 18
Juncus effusus, Z. iv. 318
glaucus, Thw. 318
Leschenaultiz, J. Gay, 319
prismatocarpus, Sr. 319
Jussizea angustifolia, Lam. ii. 233
erecta, L. 233
parviflora, Moon, 234
repens, LZ. 233
suffruticosa, Z. 233
424
Jussizea vzl/osa, Lam. il. 233
Justicia acaulis, Roxb. ii. 289
Adhatoda, L. 338
Betonica, Z. 334
dichotoma, Bl. 340
diffusa, W2lld. 338
Ecbolium, L. 341
echiordes, L. 327
Gendarussa, Burm. f. 335
glabra, Ken. 336
Hookeriana, Arn. 336
montana, Roxb. 297
Moretiana, Vahl, 335
nasuta, L. 339
paniculata, Burm. f. 326
pectinata, L. 343
picta, Li. 341
procumbens, Z. 337
repens, Li. 343
Royeniana, Clarke, 337
sanguinolenta, Vahl, 330
tranquebarensis, L. f, 335
viscosa, Moon, 301
zeylanica, 7. Anders. 334
Kadsura Wightiana, 477. i. 16
Keempferia Galanga, L. iv. 244
pandurata, Roxb. 243
rotunda, LZ. 244
Kalanchoe floribunda, Wi”. & A. ii. 144
laciniata, DC. 144
Kandelia Rheedet, W.& A. ii. 153
Kanilia caryophylloides, Bl. it. 154.
Kayea cuspidata, Pl. & Trian. i. 104
stylosa, Zhw. 104
Kendrickia Walkeri, A. f. ii. 200
Kirganelia multiflora, Baill. iv. 19
Kleinhovia Hospita, L, i. 167
Klugia glabra, Gardn. iii. 278
Notoniana, 4. DC. 277
Notoniana, Hook. 278
zeylanica, Gardn. 278
Knoxia corymbosa, Thw. ii. 340
corymbosa, W2d/d. 340
hirsuta, Arn. 342
mollis, W. & A. 340
platycarpa, Av. [Plate li.] 341
stricta, Gaertn. 340, 341
zeylanica, Z. 341
Koon, Gaertn. 1. 304
Index to Botanical Names.
Kokoona zeylanica, Zw. i. 270
Kunckelia reticulata, Heim, v. 383.
Kurrimia zeylanica, Av. 1. 274
Kydia angustifolia, Arn. i. 150
axillaris, Thw. 150
Kyllinga brevifolia, Roztd. v. 45
cylindrica, JVees, 44
intermedia, Br. 45
melanosperma, /Vees, 45
monocephala, (ottb. 44
panicea, Rottb. 41
triceps, Lam. 81
triceps, Rottb. 45
LABIATA, iii. 364
Lablab vulgaris, Savi, ii. 76
Lachnagrostis Hookeri, Nees, v. 265
Hookeriana, Nees, 265
Lactuca Heyneana, DC. iil. 52
Lagarosiphon Roxburghii, Bezzh. iv. 124.
Lagascea mollis, Cav. iil. 34
Lagenandra insignis, 77272. iv. 350
Keenigii, Zw. 349
lancifolia, Zw. 348
ovata, Thw. 349
toxicaria, Dalz. 349
Thwaitesii, Z7g/. 348
Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. il. 247
Lagenophora Billardieri, Cass. [Plate
lv.] iii. 16
Harveyi, Thw. 16
Lagerstroemia Flos-reginze, Re?z. il. 228:
Laggera alata, Sch.-Bzp. ili. 23
aurita, Benth. 23, 24
Lagunea lobata, Willd. 1. 155
Langsdorffia indica, W. & A. iti. 476
Lantana aczleata, ili. 347
alba, Thw. 346
Camara, L. 347
indica, Roxb. 346
mixta, L. 346
trifolia, L. 346
Laportea crenulata, Gazd. iv. 105.
evittata, Wedd. 105
terminalis, Wight, 105
Lappago biflora, Roxb. v. 187
Lasia aculeata, Lows. iv. 363
Hermannt, Schott, 363
heterophylla, Schott, 363
spinosa, Thw. 363
Index to Botanical Names.
Lasianthera apicalis, Zw. i. 260
Lasianthus (?) dzbzus, Wight, ii. 358
Gardneri, Zz. 7. 366
Moonii, Wight, 364
obliquus, Zhw. 367
oliganthus, Zw. 366
protractus, Thw. 365, 367
rhinophyllus, Zw. 365
strigosus, Thw. 365, 366
strigosus, Wight, 367
Thwaitesii, Zk. 7. 365
varians, Zhw. 368
Walkerianus, Wight, 365
Walkerianus, Thw. 367
Lasiosiphon eriocephalus, Deme. ili. 459
imsularts, Meissn. 459
Launeea pinnatifida, Cass. il. 52
LAURACEA,, iil. 437
Laurus Cassia, Li. il. 441, 442, 454
Cinnamomum, L. 440
Culilawan, Moon, 441
multifiora, Roxb. 441
Lavallea zeylanica, Baill. i. 257
Lavandula carnosa, L. f. iii. 376
Lavenia erecta, Willd. iii. 13
Lawia zeylanica, 77. il. 416
Lawsonia alba, Zam. ii. 228
tnermis, Li. 228
spinosa, L. 228
Lebidieropsis orbicularis, Muell. iv. 12
Lebretonia procumbens, Wall. i. 148
Lecanthus peduncularis, Wedd. iv. 108
Wightii, Wedd. 108
Ledebouria hyacinthina, Roth, iv. 293
Leea Ozzllis, DC. i. 297
sambucina, W2//d. 297
Staphylea, Roxb. 297
Leersia aristata, Nees, v. 185
ciliata, Roxb. 184
hexandra, Sw. 184
LEGUMINOSA, ii. 4
LEMNACE4, iv. 366
Lemna 7zzor, Moon, iv. 366
paucicostata, Hes. 366
polyrhiza, Z. 367
Lemmopsis minor, Zoll. iv. 129
LENTIBULARIACEZ, iii. 266
Leonotis nepeteefolia, Br. iti. 387
Lepidadenia ovalifolia, Wight, iii. 451
Lepidagathis fasciculata, Ves, iii. 332
425
Lepidagathis hyalina, /Vees, iil. 331
nervosa, Wight, 331
Walkeriana, ees, 332
zeylanica, /Vees, 331
Lepidosperma zeylanicum, Boeck. v- 86
Lepidostachys lanceolata, Tul. iv. 40
Lepironia mucronata, Azch. v. 88
seylanica, Mig. 91
Leptacanthus helicordes, T. Anders. iil.
Watkerz, Nees, 315 [314
Leptadenia reticulata, W. & A. ili. 164.
Leptaspis cochleata, 7Zzw. v. 191
urceolata, Br. 190
zeylanica, Nees, 190
Leptochloa chinensis, /Vees, v. 283
filiformis, Beauv. 283
polystachya, Benth. 282
Neestz, Benth. 282
uniflora, Hochst. 282
Leptostachya zeylanica, Nees, iii. 336
Lepturus repens, 47. v. 307
Lespedeza indica, Spreng. ii. 32
Lettsomia aggregata, oxé. iil. 209
elliptica, Wight, 209
hancornizefolia, Clarke, 210
setosa, Roxb. 210
Leucena glauca, Benth. ii. 122
Leucas angularis, Benth. ii. 385
biflora, 7. 386
indica, Moon, 385
longifolia, Benth. 386
marrubioides, Desf. 385
mollissima, Wall. 385
procumbens, Thw. 386
pubescens, Thw. 385
stelligera, Wall. 386
Walkerz, Benth. 387
zeylanica, Br. 387
Leucocodon reticulatum, Gardn. ii. 325
Ligustrum vobustum, Thw. iii. 119
Walkeri, Deze. 119
zeylanicum, Dene. 119
LILIACEA, iv. 281
Limacia cuspidata, Az. f. & Th.
[Plate iv.] i. 42
Limnanthemum aurantiacum, Dalz. iii.
biflorum, Thw. 190 [190
cristatum, G7zseb. 189
Forbesianum, Griseb. 190
indicum, 7/w. 188
426 Index to Botanical Names.
Limnanthemum JZoon27, Thw. iii. 189
parviflorum, Grzseb. 189
Wightianum, Griseb. 188
Limnochloa media, Nees, v. 70
Limnophila conferta, Berth. iii. 243
gratioloides, Br. 245
gratiolordes, var. Benth. 244
gratissima, 5/7. 243
heterophylla, Benth. 244
hirsuta, Benth. 244
laxa, Benth. 244
myriophyllordes, Roth, 245
punctata, Bl. 243
racemosa, Genth. 245
repens, Benth, 243
sessiliflora, Bl. 244
serrata, Thw. 243 [370
Limnophytum obtusifolium, dZg. iv.
Limodorum purpureum, Roxb. iv. 179
recurvum, Roxb. iv. 178
virens, Sw. 175, 179
Limonia aczdisstma, Auct. i. 223
actdtssima, lL. 228
alata, W. & A. 223
arborea, Roxb. 217
Cinnamomum, Moon, 223
citrifolia, Moon, 227
crenulata, Roxb. 223
Misstonis, Wall. 227
monophylla, L. 22'7
pentaphylla, Roxb. 217
pusilla, Gaertn. 71
LINACEA, i. 188
Linaria ramosissima, Wall. ii. 241
Lindenbergia urticefolia, Thw. iii. 241
Lindera lancifolia, 7hz726. iii. 454
Linociera albidiflora, Clarke, iii. 117
cotinifolia, Willd. 117
courtallensis, Bedd. 118
leprocarpa, Clarke, 117
purpurea, Vah/, 116
Linum mysorense, Heyne, i. 188
Liparis angustifolia, Thw. iv. 147
atropurpurea, Zzzd/. 146
atropurpurea, Wight, 144
barbata, Zznud/. 145
brachyglottis, Ach. f. 147
cespitosa, Ridl. 147
disticha, Zzzd/. 148
elliptica, Wight, 148
Liparis gregaria, Lindl. iv. 148
longipes, Zzzd/. 147
nervosa, Lindl. 145
obscura, Hk. f. 147
odorata, Lindl. 145
olivacea, Wight, 146
paradoxa, Rchb. f. 145
serreformis, Lindl. 186
Thwaitesii, AZ. f. 145
Trimeni, Azd/. 144
trastis, Lodd. 149
viridiflora, Zzzd/. 148
Walkeriz, Grah. 146
Wightiana, Zw. 143, 144
Lipocarpha argentea, Gr. v. 81
levigata, Nees, 81
triceps, /Vees, 81
sphacelata, Kunth, 81
Lippia nodiflora, Rzch. ili. 347
Lirtiodendrum liliifera, Moon, 1. 15
Litsea ambigua, Meissn. ili. 447
apetala, Roxb. 449
cauliflora, 77272. 450
chinensis, Lam. 449
fuscata, Zhw. 453
Gardneri, 7iw. 453
glaberrima, 7hw. 452
Hookeriana, V/ezssz. 451
iteodaphne, Zw. 452
longifolia, Hk. f. 450
nemoralis, Zw. 451
orbicularis, Thw. 447
ovalifolia, Zhw. 451
polyantha, Juss. 450
sebifera, Roxb. 449
tomentosa, Heyie, 449
undulata, Az. 7. 450
Wightiana, Wall. 453
zeylanica, ees, 441, 442, 454
seylanica, 3, Thw. 447
Lobelia affinis, Wad/. iii. 57
aromatica, Moon, 57
excelsa, Lesch. 58
hirta, Wight, 57
nicotianzefolia, Heyze, 57
Sebe, A. DC. 56
Taccada, Gaertn. 54
trichandra, Wight, 57
trigona, Roxb. 56
trigona, Thw. 57
Index to Botanical Names.
Lobelia zeylanica, Z. iil. 56
Lodoicea Seychellarum, Lab. 338
LOGANIACEA, ili. 169
Lontarus domestica, Gaertn. iv. 336
Lophatherum gracile, Brongn. v. 302
gracile, Thw. 303
zeylanicum, “2. 7. 304
Lopholepis ornithocephala, Deve. v. 189
LORANTHACEA, iii. 462
Loranthus amplexifolius, Wight, ii. 468
buddleoides, Desr. 465
capitellatus, W. & A. 479
cordifolius, Wall. 465
cuneatus, Hzyze, 466
ensifolius, Zhw. 464
falcatus, L. 468
Gardneri, 7izw. 469
Hookerianus, WV. & A. 464
tmcanus, Moon, 466
ligulatus, Zzw. 467
lonchiphyllus, Ziw. 468
longiflorus, Desv. 468
loniceroides, Z. 469
mabzeoides, 77277. 463
neelgherrensis, WW. & A. 468
nodiflorus, Zw. 463
sclerophyllus, Zw. 466
Scurrula, Z. 465
suborbicularis, Zw. 467
tomentosus, Aeyne, 465, 466
Loxococcus rupicola, W. & D. iv. 322
Ludvigia oppositifolia, L ii. 234
parviflora, Roxb. 234
perennis, L 234
prostrata, Roxb. 234
zeylanica, Pers. 234
Luffa acutangula, Roxé. ii. 252
zegyptiaca, AZz//, 251
amara, Roxb. 252
cylindrica, Roem. 251
pentandra, Roxb. 251
Luisia d2caudata, Thw. iv. 204
Jjiliformis, Hk. f. iv. 191
tenuifolia, B/. 191
teretifolia, Gawd. 190
zeylanica, Lindl. 190
Lumnitzera coccinea, W. & A. v. 385
littorea, Voigt. 385
pentandra, Griff. 385
racemosa, Wild. i. 162
427
Luvunga eleutherandra, Dalz. 1. 224
scandens, Thw. 224
Lysimachia deltoidea, Wight, ii. 66
japonica, Thw. 66
ramosa, Wall. 66
LYTHRACEA, il. 222
Lythrum Pemphis, L. f. i. 227
Maba acuminata, Azerm, iii. 88
buxifolia, Pers. 89
Ebenus, Wight, 90
oblongifolia, Azern, 89
ovalifolia, Azer, 88
Macaranga depressa, Muell. iv. 71
digyna, AZuell. 71
indica, Wight, 70
Roxburghiz, Wight, 70
tomentosa, Wzght, 70
Machilus g/aucescens, var. Meissn. ili.
macrantha, (Ves, 443 [443
Mackenziea sessilis, Nees, ii. 313
Maclellandia Griffithiana, Wight, ii. 227
Macrea Gardneriana, Wight, iv. 22
myrtifolia, Night, 22
oblongifolia, Wight, 22
Macreightia acuminata, Thw. iii. 88
oblongifolia, Thw. 89
ovalifolia, Thw. 88
Meerua arenaria, Wk. f. & Th. i. 58
oblongifolia, Thw. 58
Meesa indica, A. DC. iil. 67
MAGNOLIACEA, 1. 14
Malaxis disticha, Thou. iv. 148
Rheediz, Moon, 141
Mallea Rothit, A. Juss. i. 245
Mallotus albus, JZwe//. iv. 64
distans, J7zell. 67
erlocarpus, JZwell. 65
fuscescens, JZuell. 67
micranthus, Muell. 66
moluccanus, Muell. 51
muricatus, Muell. 66
nitidus, Muell. 69
philippinensis, AZze//. 68
repandus, JZuell. 67
rhamnifolius, JZze//. 66
Walker, Hz. 7. 66
zeylanicus, Muell. 66
MALPIGHIACEA, 1. 192
Malva tomentosa, Li. 143
428 Index to Botanical Names.
MALVACE&, i. 140
Malvastrum carpintfolium, A. Gray, i.
coromandelianum, Garcke, 141 [140
tricusprdatum, A. Gray, 140
Mangifera zzdica, L. i. 318
tndica, Thw. 317
zeylanica, Hk. f. 317
Mangostana Cambogia, Gaertn. i. 95
Morella, Gaertn. 96
Manthot Glazioviz, Muell. iv. I
utilissimza, Pohl, 1
Manisuris granularis, Z. v. 209
Mapania immersa, Gerth. v. 91
zeylanica, Benth. 91
Mappa peltata, Wight, iv. 70
Mappia Championzana, Miers, i. 263
Jetida, Thw. 262
Gardneriana, Miers, 262
oblonga, Miers, 263
ovata, Mzers, 262
Maranta paniculata, Moon, iv. 262
spicata, Moon, 263
virgata, Dietr. 262
Mariscus albescens, Gazd v. 39, 40
cypertnus, Vahl, 42
Dregeanus, Aznth, 39
microcephalus, Pres/. 39, 40
paniceus, Vahl, 41
Sieberianus, WVees, 42
squarrosus, Clarke, 26, 43
tenuifolius, Schrad. 43
Marsdenia tenacissima, Zoom, ill. 155
Martynia diandra, Glox. iii. 285
lanceolata, Moon, 275
nervosa, Moon, 276
Marumia zeylanica, Bl. ii. 208
Mastixia arborea, Clarke, ii. 287
tetrandra, Clarke [Plate xlvii.] 287
Mavelia metzgerioides, Trim. iii. 419
Medinilla fuchsioides, Gard. ii. 208
maculata Gardz. [Plate xl.] 209
(?) Walkeriz, Wight, 200
Meesia serrata, Gaertn. i. 235
Megalachne zeylanica, Thw. v. 266
Melanocenchris Rothiana, Nees, v. 284
Perrottetit, Jaub. & Sp. 284
Melanthesa rhamnoides, Muell. iv. 34
turbinata, Wight, 33
Melanthesopsis patens, Muell. 33
Melastoma asperwm, L. il. 195
Melastoma éuxzfolia, Moon, ii. 197
ellipticum, Naud, 200
malabathricum, Z. 199
octandra, L. 199
repens, Moon, 198
Royeniz, Bl. 200
MELASTOMACEA!, ii. 192
Melia Azadirachta, L. 1. 244
Azedarach, L. 244
Azedarach, Moon, 243
composita, Willd. 243
dubia, Cav. 243
parviflora, Moon, 245
pumila, Moon, 242
sempervirens, Sw. i. 244
MELIACEA, i. 241
Melilotus parvifiora, Desf. ii. 21
Meliosma Arnottiana, Walp, i. 315.
pungens, Thw. 314
simplicifolia, Walp. 315
Wightii, Plauch. 314
Melissa umbrosa, Wight, iii. 381
Melochia cocatenata, L. i. 170
corchorifolia, Z. 170
pyramidata, L. 170
Melothria deltozdea, Thw. ii. 257
perpusilla, Cogn. 256
zeylanica, Clarke, 257
Memecylon amplexicaule, Roxb. il. 213:
angustifolium, Wight, 219
Arnottianum, Wight, 211
capitellatum, Z. [Plate xli.] 222
Clarkeanum, Cogz. 217
cuneatum, Zhw. 216
depressum, Benth. 212
discolor, Cogz. 218
edule, Roxb. 216, 217, 220, 221, 222:
elegantulum, 7iw. 214
ellipticum, Zw. 214
fuscescens, Zhw. 218
Gardneri, Zw. 211
grande, Retz. 221
Heyneanum, Benth. 217, 218
Hookeri, 7hzw. 212
jambosoides, Thw. 217, 218
levigatum, 57. 200
leucanthum, Zw. 220
macrocarpum, Zhzw. 215, 220
macrophyllum, Zw. 215
orbiculare, Zw. 216
L[ndex to Botanical Names.
Memecylon ovozdewm, Cogn. il. 220
ovoideum, Zw. 215
parvifolium, Zw. 213
phyllanthifolium, Zw. 219
procerum, 7iw. 216
ramiflorum, Lam. 216, 217
revolutum, Ziw. 215
rhinophyllum, Zw. 219
rostratum, Zhw. 218
rotundatum, Cogn. 214
Royeniz, Bl. 222
rubro-ceruleum. Thw. 217
sylvaticum, Thw. 220
Thomsonz, Thw. 213
Thwaitestz, Cogn. 211
tinctorium, Koen. 222
umbellatum, Burm.f. 216
urceolatum, Cogn. 217
varians, 7iw. 213
vartans, var. Thw. 213
Wightii, Zzw. 212
Memorialis aquatica, Wedd. iv. 116
hirta, Wedd. 117
hispida, Wedd. 117
parvifolia, Wedd. 117
MENISPERMACEA, I. 37
Menispermum fenestratum, Gaertn. i. 41
Mentha arvensis, Thw. iii. 381
Auricularia, L. 380
javanica, B/. 381
lanceolata, Benth. 381
perilloides, L. 378
sativa, L. 381
sylvestris, L. 381
Menyanthes biflora, Moon, iii. 190
campestris, Moon, 189
cristata, Roxb. 189
indica, L. 188
Mephitidia Gardnert, Thw. ii. 366
Mooniz, Thw. 364
oligantha, Thw. 366
oligantha, var. Thw. 367
protracta, Thw. 367
rhinophylla, Thw. 365
rhizophyllus, err. typ. 365
strigosa, Thw. 367
tomentosa, Thw. 365
varians, Thw. 368
Walkeriana, Wight, 365
Mesua coromandelina, Thw. i. 106
429
Mesua ferrea, Z. i. 105
Nagaha, Gardn. 105
pulchella, P\. & Tri. 106
Salicina, Pl. & Tri. 105
sclerophylla, Thw. 106
speciosa, Thw. 106
Thwaitesii, P/. & Trz. 106
Walkeriana, Pl. & Tri. 105
Mezoneurum enneaphyllum, W.& A. ii.
Michelia Champaca, L. i. 15 [101
glauca, Wight, 14
nilagirica, Zewk. 14
ovalifolia, Wight, 15
pulneyensts, Wight, 15
Walkeri, Wight, 14
Microcarpea cochlearifolia, Hk. iti. 255
muscosa, Gr. 254
Micrococca Mercurzalis, Benth. iv. 63
Mucrocos paniculata, L. i. 177
Miucrodesmis casearviefolia, Planch. iv. 45
Micromelum pubescens, 47. i. 218
zeylanium, Wight, 219
Microrhynchus sarmentosus, DC. iii. 52
Microstachys Chamelea, iv. 78
Microstylis congesta, Achd. iv. 141
discolor, Lzzd/. 141
lancifolia, Tw. 142
luteola, Wight, 142
purpurea, Zzzd/. 140
Rheedu, Wight, 141
Rheediz, Thw. 142
versicolor, Wight, 142
versicolor, Lindl. 141
Microtropis ramiflora, Wight, i. 269
Wallichiana, Wight, 269
Milium ramosum, Roxb. v. 126
Miliusa indica, Lesch. i. 34
montana, Gardn. 34
zeylanica, Gard. 35
Millingtonia Arnottiana, Wight, i. 315
hortensis, L. f. ili. 282
pungens, Thw. i. 314
stmplicifolia, Roxb. 315
Milnea apiocarpa, Thw. i. 245
Roxburghiana, W. & A. 246
Mimosa bigemina, L. ii. 132
cesta, L. 127
cinerea, L:. 121
Entada, L. 119
natans, Roxb. 118
430
Mimosa odoratissima, L. ii. 129
pennata, L. 127
pudica, L. 122
umbellata, Vahl, 132
virgata, L. 122
Mimusops Elengi, Z. iii. 86
hexandra, Roxb. 86
tnadica, A. DC. 86
Kauki, L. 87
Miquelia courtallensis, Arn. & Nees, v.
257
Mirabilis Jalapa, L. iii. 391
Mirasolia diversifolia, Hemsl. iii. 39
Mischodon zeylanicus, 7hw. iv. 38
Mitrasacme alsinoides, 47. iii. 170
indica, Wight, 170
Mitrephora Heyneana, 7zw. i. 32
Mnesithea levis, Kunth, v. 210
Moacurra gelonioides, Roxb. 1. 254
Modecca palmata, Zavz. ii. 241
tuberosa, Roxb. 241
Wightiana, Wad/. 240
Mohlana nemoralis, Mart. ii. 410
Moliniera Finlaysoniana, Baker, iv.
Mollugo Cerviana, Sev. ii. 272 [269
disticha, Sev. 272
hirta, Zhunb. 270
nudicaulis, Zam. 272
oppositifolia, Z. 271
pentaphylla, Z. 271
Spergula, L. 271%
stricta, L. 271%
Momordica Charantia, Z. ii. 248
cylindrica, L. 252
denudata, Clarke, 249
dioica, Roxb. 249
diotca, var. Thw. 249
Luffa, L. 252
seylanica, Mill. 249
Monetia barlerioides, 17 Her. iii. 21
MONIMIACEA, ili. 436
Monocera glandulifera, Hook. i. 187
Walkerit, Wight, 187
zeylanica, Arn. 187
Monochilus flabellatum, Wight, iv. 211
flavum, Lindl. 217
longilabre, Lindl. 216
regium, Lindl. 216
Monochoria hasteefolia, Pres/, iv. 295
plantaginea, Kunth, 296
Index to Botanical Names.
Monochoria vaginalis, Pres/, iv 295
Monosis Wightiana, DC. iii. 11
Monoporanda cordifolia, Zw. i. 137
elegans, Ziw. 138
lancifolia, Thw. 136
Monosis Wightiana, DC. iii. 11
Monothecium aristatum, 7. Azders. iii.
Moonta heterophylla, Arn. iii. 34 [333
Morea spathacea, Willd. v. 24
More, Gaertn. i. 309
Morinda éracteata, Roxb. ii. 354
citrifolia, Z. 354
exserta, Roxb. 354
scandens, Roxb. 355
tinctoria, Roxb. 354
umbellata, Z. 355
Moringa plerygosperma, Gaertn. i. 327
zeylanica, Pers. 327
Morocarpus longifolius, Bl. iv. 119
Wallichianus, Bl. 119
Moschosma polystachyum, ezth. iii.
369
Mucuna atropurpurea, DC. ii. 61
gigantea, DC. 62
monosperma, DC. 61
pruriens, DC. 62
prurita, Hook. 62
Mukia leiosperma, Wzght, ii. 255
scabrella, Arm. 254
Muldera diandra, Thw. iii. 428
Mundulea suberosa, Benth. i. 29
Munronia pumila, Wight, i. 242
Murraya exotica, Z. i. 219, 220
Gleniei, Zw. [Plate xxii. ] 220
Keenigii, Spreng. 220
Musa paradisiaca, Z. iv. 265
sapientum, L. 265
troglodytarum, Moon, 265
Musszenda corymbosa, Roxb. i. 324
frondosa, ZL. 323
seylanica, Burm. 324
Myriactis Wightii, DC. iii. 15
Myriogyne minuta, Less. iil. 42
Myriophyllum indicum, W7//d. i. 149
entermedium, DC. 149
Myriostachya Wightiana, 7%. 7. v. 288
Myristica dactylozdes, Gaertn. il. 434
diospyrifolia, A. DC. 434
Horsfieldia, 6/7. 435
Irya, Gaerti. 435
Index to Botanical Names.
Myristica Zryaghedhz, Gaertn. ill. 435
laurifolia, Zk. f. 434
malabarica, Lam. 434
salicifolza, Moon, 436
tomentosa, Moon, 434
zeylanica, 4. DC. 434
MYRISTICACEA, lil. 433
Myrobalanus belerica, Gaertn. ii. 159
Myrsine capitellata, Wal/. 368
MYRSINEA, iii. 67
MYRTACEA, ii. 165
Myrtus androsemoides, L. ii. 176
brasiliana, L. 188
caryophyllata, 1. 174
Cumini, L. 179
laurina, Retz. ii. 104
tomentosa, Ait. il. 166
seylanica, L. 171
Mystacidium zeylanicum, 772m. iv. 202
NAIADEA, iv. 371
Naias graminea, De/. iv. 375
Sucoides, Griff. 375
major, Al. 375
minor, 4/7. 376
seminuda, Griff. 375
(?) cernata, Griff. 376
Nama zeylanica, L. iii. 191
Naravelia zeylanica, DC. i. 2
Nargedia macrocarpa, Bedd. ii. 334
Nasturtium indicum, DC. i. 52
madagascariense, 52
officenale, Br. 53
Nauclea coadunta, Roxb. ii. 292
cordata, Roxb. 292
cordifolia, Moon, 293
macrophylla, Moon, 292
ortentalis, L. 292
orzentalis, Moon, 293
parvifolia, Moon, 295
parvifolia, Roxb. 294
peduncularis, Thw. 296
tubulosa, Arn. 295
triflora, Moon, 296
zeylanica, Hk. f. 296
Nechamandra alternifolia, Thw. iv. 124
Roxburghiz, Planch. iv. 124
Nelitris Jambosella, Gaertn. ii. 338
Nelsonia campestris, Br. iii. 290
tomentosa, Nees, 290
431
Nelumbium speciosum, W2//d. i. 51
Neottia procera, Ker, iv. 214
NEPENTHACEA, ili. 419
Nepenthes distillatoria, Z. iii. 420
indica, Poir. 420
Nephelium, d2zfolzatum, Thw. i. 307
erectum, Thw. 308
eximium, Thw. 310
Suscatum, Thw. 305
Gardneri, Tiw. 309
Longana, Camb. 309
pupillum, Wight, 309
simplicifolium, Thw. 308
Neptunia oleracea, Zour. ii. 118
plana, Benth, 119
Nerium antidysentericum, L. iii. 137°
divaricatum, L. 133
seylanicum, L. 137
Nesea triflora, Kunth, ii. 227
Neurocalyx capztata, Benth. ii. 300
Championii, Gerth. 300
Gardneri, Tw. 300
Hlookeriana, Wight, 299
Wightii, 477. 299
zeylanica, Hook. 299
Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn. ii. 238-
Nipa fruticans, Wurm. iv. 325
Nomismia capitata, W. & A. ii. 83
nummularia, W. & A. 82
Norysca mysorensis, Wzght, i. 93
Nothopegia Colebrookiana, 47. ii. 325
Nothoszerua briachata, W2zght, iii. 401
Notonia corymbosa, Wight, iii. 47
grandiflora, DC. 47
Walkeri, Clarke, 47
Notothixos floccosus, O/v. [Plate Ixxx.]'
NYCTAGINEA&, ill. 380 [iii. 473
Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, L. iii. 116
Sambac, L. 113
Nympheea Lotus, Z. i. 49
Nelumbo, WL. 51
pubescens, Willd. 50
rubra, Roxb. 50
stellata, Wild. 50
NYMPH4ACEA, i. 49
Oberonia, Arnottiana, Wight, iv. 139
Brunoniana, Trim. 138
forcipata, Lzzd/. 129
Gardneriana, Thw. 137
432
Oberonia longibracteata, Zzzd/. iv. 138
recurva, Lzzdl. 137
Scyllee, Zzzdl. 139
setifera, Lindl. 137
tenuis, Zzzd/. 138
Thwaitesii, Wk. 7. 137
truncata, Lzzdl. 136
verticillata, var. Lindl. 137
Wightiana, Zzzd/. 139
zeylanica, Hk. f. 138
Ochlandra stridula, 7zw. 318
Ochna /uczda, Lam. i. 233) .
Moonzz, Thw. 234
nitida, Thunb. 234
rufescens, Zw. 234
squarrosa, ZL. 233
sguarrosa, Moon, 234
Walkeriz, Planch. 233
Wightiana, Wall. 233
zeylanica, Lam. 235
OCHNACEA, 1. 232
Ochrosia borbonica, Gvze/. [Platelx. ] iii.
Ocimum adscendens, Wid. iii. 366
basilicum, LL. 366
canum, L777. 365
Jrutescens, L. 378
gratissimum, ZL. 367
znodorum, Burm. 366
menthordes, L. 368
minimum, Moon, 365
polystachyon, L. 369
sanctum, Z. 366
suave, Willd. 367
tenutplorum, L. 368
thyrsifiorum, L. 366
Octarrhena parvula, Zw. iv. 208 [129
Odina Wodier, Roxb. i. 318
Gnothera fruticosa, L. ii. 235
odorata, Jacq. 235
OLACINEA, i. 254
Olax pszttacorum, Vahl, i. 256
scandens, Roxb. 256
Wightiana, Vall. 257
zeylanica, Z. 257
Oldenlandia biflora, Z. ii. 317
biflora, Moon, 314
corymbosa, Z. 314
crystallina, Roxb. 315
diffusa, Roxb. 315
herbacea, Roxd. 315
Lndex to Botanical Names.
Oldenlandia Heyzz7, Br. ii. 315
stricta, Z. 316
trinervia, Aefz. 316
umbellata, Z. 316
Olea Gardnert, Thw. iii. 118
glandulifera, Wall. 118
polygama, Wight, 118
OLEACEA, iii. 112
Oligolepis amaranthoides, Wight, ii. 25
Oligopholis neilgherrica, Trim. iii. 263
Omalanthus populifolius, Grah. iv. 73
Omphalobium indicum, Gaertn. ii. 2
ONAGRACEA, ii. 232
Oncosperma fasciculatum, Zw. iv. 323
Ophelia Chirata, Ham. ii. 188
seylanica, Griseb. 187
Ophiopogon zzdicas, Wight, iv. 289
intermedius, Dov, 267
Ophiorrhiza angustifolia, Thw. ii. 321
decumbens, Gardn. 321
glechomifolia, Tiw. 323
Harrisiana, Heyre, 321
Harrisoniz (2), Wight, 321
imbricata, Gardn. 322
Mungos, Z. 320
nemorosa, Thw. 321
pallida, Zhw, 322
pectinata, Ar. 322
radicans, Gardi. 321
Ophioxylon arboreum, DC. ili. 177
densiflorum, Thw. ill. 126
netlgherrense, Wight, 126
serpentinum, L. 126
trifoliatum, Gaertn. 126
seylanicum Wight, 126
Ophiurus perforatus, Trin. v. 210
Opilia amentacea, Roxd. i. 258
Oplismenus Burmannii, Geazv, v. 169
compositus, Beauv. 168
Thwaitesii, Zz. 7. 168
undulatifolius, Beauv. 169
Opuntia Dillentt, Haw. ii. 267, iv. 281
ORCHIDEA, iv. 132
Orchts cubttalis, Lindl. iv. 235
strateumatica, L. 215
viridifiora, Sw. 231
Oreocnide sylvatica, Mig. iv. 118
Ormocarpum sennoides, DC. ii. 39
Ornitrophe allophylus, Pers. 1. 302
Cobbe, Willd. 303
Index to Botanical Names.
Ornitrophe serrata, Roxb. i. 303
Ovobanche acaulis, Roxb. iii. 262
OROBANCHACEA, iii. 260
‘Oropetium Thomzeum, 7777. v. 271
Orophea corzacea, Thw. i. 34
Heyneana, Hk. f. & Th. 32
obliqua, Hk. f. & Th. 33
zeylanica, Hk. f. & Th. 35
Oroxylum indicum, Vevz. iii. 281
Orthosiphon diffisus, Benth. iii. 373
glabratus, Benth. 369
‘tomentosus, Benth. 370
Oryza granulata, Mees [Plate xcviii.]
183
latifolia, Desv. 184
sativa, Z. v. 182
sativa, Thw. 184
sativa, var. Trim. 184
Osbeckia aspera, B/. il. 195
buxifolia, Ar. 197
cupularis, Don, 195
elliptica, Naud. 198
erythrocephala, azd. 194
glauca, Benth. 196
Kleiniz, Arn. 196
Leschenaultiana, Thw. 194
minor, Trian. 196
Moonii, 7iw. 198
octandra, DC. 198
parvifolia, Arn. 194
polycephala, Naud. 198
Rheedii, Gard. 194
rubicunda, Arz. 197
truncata, Arm. 194
virgata, Don, 198
Walkeri, Avz. 196
zeylanica, L. f. 195
Osmelia Gardneri, Thw. ii. 238
seylanica, Thw. 238
Ostodes 72207, Muell. iv. 53
zeylanica, Muell. 52
Osyris arborea, Wail. iii. 474
Wichtiana, Wall. 474
Otillis zeylanica, Gaertn. i. 297
Otonychium imbricatum, Bl. i. 312
Ottelia alismoides, Pers. iv. 125
Ouvirandra undulata, Edgew. iv. 372
Oxalis corniculata, Z. i. 196
nuda, Arn. 198
prolifera, Arn. 199
PART V.
433
Oxalis repens, Thunb. 196
sensitiva, Li. 197
violacea, L. i. 197
Oxystelma esculentum, 47. iii. 147
Oxytenanthera Thwaitesii, 1/70,v. 316
Pachycentria Walkeri, Thw. ii. 200
Pachygone adversa, Miers, i. 45
ovata, Miers, 45
Plukeneti, Miers, 45
Pachystoma senile, Rehb. f. iv. 172, 224
speciosa, Rehb. f. 171
Palaquium canaliculatum, Zzg/. iii. 84
grande, Zgl. 82
Gutta, Burck, 81
levifolium, Axel. 84
pauciflorum, Zzg/. 85
petiolare, Zzg/. 82
rubiginosum, Zzg/. 83
Thwaitesii, A7ze/. 84
Palenga zeylanica, Thw. iv. 35
Palimbia ramosissima, Thw. ii. 280
PALMEZ, iv. 319
Panax fruticosum, L. ii. 282
Pancratium salabaricum, Herd. iv. 273
triflorum, Roxb. 273
verecundum, Sol. 273
zeylanicum, L. 272
PANDANACEA, iv. 338
Pandanophyllum tmmersum, Thw. v.91
seylanicum, Thw. 91
Pandanus affinzs, Kurz (?) iv. 340
ceylanicus, Solms, 339
fascicularis, Lam. 339
foetidus, Roxb. 340
furcatus, Thw. 339
humilis, Moon, 340
Kaida, Kurz, 341
odoratissimus, Z. 7. 339
polycephalus, Lam. 340
pumilus, Moon, v. 92
racemosus, Kurz, iv. 341
vadicans, Thw. 342
scandens, Moon, 341
zeylanicus, Sols, 339
Panicum accrescens, Trin. v. 159
ambiguum, 7727. 137
angustum, Trin. 147
antidotale, Retz. 156
aristatum, Moon, 135
EF
434 Index to Botanical Names.
Panicum aristatum, Retz. v. 168 ©
Arnottianum, Nees, 145
asperum, Koen. 165
auritum, Pres/. 145
barbinode, Trim. 140
blephariphyllum, Trim. 180
brevifolium, Roxb. 149
brizovdes, Jacq. 133
Brunonianum, Griff. 165
Burmanni, Thw. 169
Burnanni, Retz. 169
ceesium, /Vées, 151, 387
canaliculatum, /Vees, 144
caucasicum, Trim. 133
ciliare, Retz. 124
cimictnum, Retz. 166
coccospermum, Steud. 139
colonum, Z. 136
compositum, L. 168
corynbosum, Roxb. 124
coryophorum, Kunth, 148
cructforme, err. fox eruceforme, Sibth.
Crus-corut, Moon, 135 [133
Crus-galli, Z. 135 .
Crus-gallt, B, Thw. 136
curvatum, Z. 148
curvatun, Roxb. 148
deconpositum, Br. 155
distachyum, Z. 142
distans, Trim. 133
elegans, W. & A. 258
elatius, L. f. 168
eructforme, Sibth. 133
flavescens, Sw. 121
flavidum, Rezz. 133
fluitans, Retz. 135
jiuitans, Roxb. 134
Jrumentaceum, Roxb. 136
Gardnert, Thw. 130
glaucum, L. 162
gongylodes, Jacq. 153
grossarium, Roxb. 139
Helopus, Trin. 142
Helopus, Thw. 140
Helopus, vax. Trim. 138
helvolum, L. f. 162
hermaphroditum, Steud. 158
hirsutum, Koen. 142
hirtellum, Burm. 169
humile, (Vees, 152
Panicum indicum, Z. v. 147
mpdum, Trim. 137
tntermedium, Roth, 163
interruptum, W2l/d. 147
Isachne, Aoth, 133
zschemotdes, Heyne, 165
wschemotdes, Retz. 154
javanicum, Pow. 142
javanicum, Thw. 137
Jumentorum, Pers. 153
latifolium, F\. B. Ind. 138
leptochloa, Nees, 178
maximum, /acg. 153
Menierz, Koen, 150
miliaceum, Z. 150
miltaceum, Thw. 152
miliare, Lamk. 150
montanum, fo.x.b. 155
mucronatum, Roth, 134
muticum, Forsk, 140
myosuroides, By. 148
Myurus, 7 B. K. 146
nodosum, Kunth, 145
nodosum, Rottl. 171
obliquum, Roth, 159
ortentale, Willd. 171
oryzoides, Sw. 138
ovalifolium, Foz. 149
paludosum, Roxb. 155
paspaloides, Pers. 135
pallens, Sw. 161
patens, Z. 159
Petiverit, Trim. 140, 144
Petiveriz, Thw. 143
pilipes, ees & Arn. 158
plicatum, Zam. 157
polygamum, Sw. 153
proliferum, Zam. 155
prostratum, Zamk. 138
prostratum, var. Trim. 141
pstlopodiun, Trin. 150
puberulum, Kunth, 125
punctatum, Burm. 134
radicans, Retz. 159
ramosum, Z. 140
remotum, Aefz. 144
repens, Z. 154
reticulatum, Thw. 151
sanguinale, L. 122
sanguinale, Burm. 137
Index to Botanical Names. 435
Panicum semialatum, Br. v. 167
semiverticillatum, /ot¢/. 143
setigerum, Rezz. 141
setigerum, Retz. 139
sordidum, Thw. 165
sparsicomum, /Vees, 159
spicatum, Roxb. 170
squarrosum, Retz. 186
Stagninum, Retz. 136
stenostachyum, Thw. 144
subalbidum, Kunth, 156
subquadréparum, Trin. 142
trigonum, Aefz. 157, 158, 159
truncatum, Trin. 135
trypheron, Sch. 150, 152
uncinatum, add. 160
verticillatum, L. 163
viaticum, Griff. 167
villosum, Zamzk. 139
Wallichianum, W. & A. 125
Walkeri, Steud. 129
seylanicum, Arn. 178
zizanioides, H. B. K. 138
Papeda Rumphit, Hassk. i. 228
Paramignya armata, O/zv. i. 225
monophylla, Wight, 224
Paratropia terebinthacea, Arn. ii. 283
Parietaria debilis, Forst. iv. 119
indica, L. 115
veclinata, Moon, 119
seylanica, L. 116
Paritium tiliaceum, Juss. i. 157
Farkinsonia aculeata, L. ii. 102
Parochetus communis, Ham. ii. 20
major, D. Don, 20
Parsonsia spiralis, Wa//. iii. 134
Paspalum conjugatum, Berg. v. 122
jiliculme, Nees, 124
JSrumentaceum, Rottb. 122
Kora, Willd. 122
longiflorum, Retz. 124
Perrottetii, Hook. 7. 124
punctatun, Fluegge. 126
Royleanum, (ees, 125
sanguinale, Lamk. 123
scrobiculatum, Z. 121
Passijfiora edulis, Sims, ii. 242
Setida, L. 242
glauca, Ait. 242
Stipulata, Aubl. 242
Passiflora subervosa, L. ii. 241
Walkerze, Wight, 241
PASSIFLORACEA, li. 239
Pastinaca lizusticifolia, Wight, ii. 281
Patonia Walkeriz, Wight, iii. 96
parvifolia, Wight, i. 28
Paullinia asiatica, L. i. 215
Pavetta angustifolia, Zw. ii. 350
Gleniei, Ziw. 351
hispidula, W. G A. 350
indica, Z. 349
involucrata, Zw. 351
tomentosa, Thw. 351
Pavonia glechomifolia, 4. Rich. 1. 148
odorata, W2l/d. 149
zeylanica, Cav. 149
Pectinea zeylanica, Gaertn. i. 72
PEDALIACEA, iii. 284
Pedalium Murex, Z. iil. 285
Pedicularis zeylanica, Bezzh. iii. 260
Pegia (2) Colebrookiana, Wight, i. 325
Pella ribestoides, Gaertn. iv. 91
Pellionia Heyneana, Wedd. iv. 109
Peliandra flexuosa, Thw, iv. 18
parvifolia, Thw. 18
Peltophorum ferrugineum, eth. [Plate
XXXil.] ii, IOT
Pemphis acidula, Forst. ii. 227
Pennisetum orientale, 2c. v. 171
typhoideum, Ach. 170
Pentaloba zeylanica, Arn, i. 68
Pentapanax Leschenaultiz, Seem. ii, 282
Pentapetes phcenicea, Z. i, 169
subertfolia, L. 167
Pentatropis microphylla W. & A. iii.
149
Peperomia confusa, HZ. 7. iii. 431
courtallenses, Thw. 430, 431
dindigulensis, M7. 431
frasert, Cas. DC. 431
Heyneana, Miq. 431
Heyneana, Thw. 431
pseudo-rhombea, Cas. DC. 430
reflexa, A. Dzetr. 432
Thomsonz, Hk. f. 431
Thwaztesiz, Cas. DC. 431
Wightiana, 4Zzg. 431
seylanica, Miq. 431
Peplidium humifusum, De/. iii. 255
Periandra Berteriana, Benth. ii. 75
436
Pericopsis Mooniana, 7zw. [Plate xxxi.]
il. 97
Periploca esculenta, L. f. iii. 14:7
wmdica, L. 144
sylvestris, Retz. 153
Peristrophe montana, Nees, ili. 345
zemctorta, Nees, 345
Peristylus aristatus, Lindl. iv. 233
aristatus, Thw. 234
brevilobus, Thw. 232
extlis, Wight, 233
plantagineus, Lindl. 232
spiralis, A. Rich. 234
Perotis latifolia, Azz. v. 189
Persea semecarpifolia, Trim. iii. 444
Pestalozzia laxa, Thw. ii. 260
Peucedanum zeylanicum, Gardin. ii. 280
Phajus dzcolor, Thw. iv. 172
luridus, Zw. 173
Wallichii, Zzzd/. 172
Phalenopsis Wightiz, Rchb. f. iv. 188
Phalangium (?) parviflorum, Wight, iv.
290
Phaleria cauliflora, Bedd. iii. 459
Phantis, Linn. i. 227
Pharbitis Nil, Chois. iii. 212
Pharus urceolatus, Roxb. v. 190
Pharnaceum distichum, L, ii. 272
Mollugo, L. 271
triflorum, Moon, 272
Phaseolus aconitifolius, Jacg. ii. 71
adenanthus, JZey. 70
calearatus, Roxb. 73
Grahamianus, W. & A. 70
lunatus, L. 69
Max, LZ. 72
Mungo, L. 72
radtatus, L. 72
vostratus, Wall. 70
semierectns, Z. 70
trilobus, Azt. 71
trinervius, Heyze, 72
truxillensis, H. B. K. 70
vulguris, L. 69
Phaylopsis parviflora, W2dld. iii. 296
Phelipea subacaults, Benth. iii. 263
Phlomis biflora, Vahl, iii. 386
seylanica, L. 387
Phoberos Arnottianus, Thw. i. 71
Gaertnerz, Thw. 71
L[udex to Botanical Names.
Phoberos Hookerianus, Wight, i. 71
Phoenix farinifera, Roxb. iv. 327
pusilla, Caertz. 327
pusilla, Becc. 326
sylvestris, Thw. 326
zeylanica, Z7zm. [Plate xlv.] 326
Pholidota imbricata, Zzzd/. iv. 162
Photinia Notoniana, W. & A. ii. 141
Phragmites Karka, 77727. v. 287
hoxburghit, Steud. 287
Phreatia elegans, Zzzzd/. iv. 207
parvula, Benth. 208
nana, Hk. f. 208
Phrynium capitatum, W7//d. iv. 263
zeylanicum, Benth. 263
Phyllanthus affinis, A7Zze//. iv. 26
anabaptizatus, JZuel/. 24
Baillonianus, JZze//. 23
cinereus, Z. 26
coriaceus, Muell. 30
cyanospermus, /Zuel/. 27
Emblica, Z. 19
emblicozdes, Muell. 20
fiaccidus, Thw. 21
Gardneri, Thw. 22
glaucogynus, Muell, 32
hakgalensis, Zw. 25
indicus, JZzel/. 27
Jussieutanus, Muell. 30
leprocarpus, Wight, 21
leptogynus, Muell. 31
longiflorus, Heyze, 25
longifolius, Jacq. 26
maderaspatensis, Z. 20
microcarpus, Muell. 19
Mooniz, Muell. 22
multeflorus, Willd. 19
myrtifolius, AZoon, 22
nenioralzts, Muell. 31
Niruri, Z. 23
oreophilus, (Zued/. 24
polyphyllus, Wzi/d. 20
pomacea, Moon, 33
pubescens, Moon, 32
pulcher, Wall. 25
pycnocarpus, Muell. 29
reticulatus, Pozr. 19
rhamnoides, Willd. 34
Rheedii, Wzght, 21
rotundifolius, A7ez7, 23
L[ndex to Botanical Names. 437
Phyllanthus simplex, 7ezz. iv. 22
stellatus, Retz. 30
symplococdes, Muell. 31
Thwaitesianus, JZze//. 18
uakgalensis, Thw. 25 (err. for hak-
galensis)
urinaria, Z. 21
Phyllochlamys spinosa, Bzreaz, iv. 101
Phyllodium pulchellum, Desv. ii. 48
Physalis azgzlata, L. iti. 237
flexuosa, Li. 237
Hermanni, Dun, 236
minima, Z. 236
peruviana, L. 237
somnifera, L. 237
Physurus Blumei, Zzzd/. iv. 212
Phytolacca octandra, Moa. iii. 410
Pilea angulata, Bl iv. 107
microphylla, Liebm. 108
muscosa, Lindl. 108
vadicans, Wight, 107
stipulosa, 172g. 107
trinervia, Wight, 108
Wightii, Wedd. 107
Piliostigma racemosum, Benth. ii. 116
Pimpinella Heyneana, Wail. ii. 279
Leschenaultii, DC. 279
PrPERACES, lil. 423
Piper arborescens, Thw. iii. 429
arcuatum, Thw. 426, 427
argyrophyllum, J/g. 428
bantamense, Cas. DC. 426
Bebe 2-425
caninum, Bl. var. 426
Chawya, Ham. 426
adiffusum, Vahl, 429
flymenophyllum, Miq. 429
imsulare, Cas. DC. 428
longum, Z. 424
Malamaris, L. 425
nigrum, Z. 427, 429
Stiriboa, L. 425
Schuudti, Hk. f. 426
subpeltatum, W2l/d. 429
sylvestre, Zam. 429
Thwaitesii, Cas. DC. [Plate Ixxvii.]
trineuron, J/g. 428 [426
triozcum, Wight, 427
venustum, Wall. iv. 364
Walkerz, Mig. iii. 429
Piper zeylanicum, Cas. DC. iii. 428
zeylanicum, J/g. 427
Piptostylis indica, Dalz. i. 221
Pisonia aculeata, Z. iii. 391
alba, Span. 392
morindefolia, Br. 392
Pistacto-vitex, Wi. 358
Pistia Stratiotes, Z. iv. 345
Pithecolobium azamallayanum, Bedd.
bigeminum, Benth. 132 fii. 133
dulce, Benth. 131
geminatum, Benth. 131
Saman, Benth. 132
subcoriaceum, Zhw. 133
umbellatum, Benth. 132
PITTOSPORACEA, i. 77
Pittosporum xeeleherrense, W. & A. i. 78
tetraspermum, W. & A. 77
zeylanicum, Wight, 78
Pityranthe verrucosa, Zw. i. 172
Pladera decussata, Roxb. ili. 185
Jastigiata, Clarke, 183
pusilla, Thw. 183
PLANTAGINEA, ili. 388
Plantago a@szatica, L. ili. 389
lanceolata, L. 389
major, Z. 389
Platanthera cubitalzs, Lindl. iv. 235
rhynchocarpa, Thw. 230
Platea axillaris, Thw. i. 261
corzacea, Thw. 261
Platynema laurifolium, Wight, i. 194
Plecospermum cunezfolium, Thw. iv. 98
spinosum, 77éc. 103
Plectranthus australis, Br. iii. 372
capillipes, Bexth. 372
Coetsa, Thw. 372
coleoides, Benth. 372
comosus, Sims, 373
elongata, Moon, 373
Gardneri, 7hw. 371
hians, Benth. 370
Macrei, Benth. 372
menthoides, Benth. 372
nigrescens, Benth. 370
nigrescens, Thw. 371
parvyforus, Willd. 372
scabrellus, Benth. 370
subimcisus, Benth. 371
tuberosus, Bl. 374
438
Plectranthus Walkeri, Avz. ili. 371
zeylanicus, Benth. 371
Plectronia macrocarpa, Bedd. ii. 345
Pleurostylia Wightii, W%. & A. i. 271
PLUMBAGINACEA, lili. 64
Plumbago europea, L. 64
rosea, I. 65
zeylanica, Z. 65
Plumeria acutifolia, Poir. iii 130
Polyalthia acuminata, Zhw. i. 25
coffceoides, B. & Hk. f. 24
Korinti, B. & Hk. f. 25
longifolia, B. & Hk. f. 24
Moonii, Zw. 26
persicifolia, B. &° Hk. f. 26
suberosa, B. & Hk. f. 25
Polycarpzea corymbosa, Zaz. i. 88
Polycarpon Leeflingie, B. & HE. 7. i.
Polygala arillata, Ham. i. 79 [87
aruensis, Willd. 80, 81
chinensis, Z. 81
ciliata, L. 83
elongata, , Klein, 81
glaucoides, Z. 80
glomerata, Lour. 82
hirsutula, Arn. 81
javana, DC. 80
leptalea, DC. 80
rosmarinifolia, W. & A. 80
sibirica, Z. 82
telephioides, W2d/d. 82
Thea, Burm. f. 68
theezans, L. 68
triflora, L. 81
POLYGALACEA, i. 78
POLYGONACEA:, ili. 410
Polygonum, a/atum, Ham. iii. 413
barbatum, Z. 412
chinense, Z. 412
Doni, Wight, 413
fiaccidum, Meisn. 413
glabrum, W2l/d. 412
minus, Auds. 412
nepalense, Wight, 413
pedunculare, Wall. 415
pedunculare, Thw. 414
perforatum, Meisn. 413
Persicaria, L. 412
Posumbu, Thw. 412
pretermissum, Ak. 7. 414
Index to Botanical Names.
Polygonum punctatum, Ham. iii. 413
serrulatum, Lag. 413
strigosum, Br. 414
strigosum, Thw. 414
tomentosum, W2l/d. 411
Poa amabilis, Moon, v. 293
amabilis, L. 290
annua, Z. 305
chinensis, Burm. (?) 282
coromandeliana, Koen. 298
gangetica, Roxb. 293
glaucoides, Moon, 293
malabarica, L. 304
plumosa, Retz. 291
rubens, Lamk. 293
tenella, LL. 290
viscosa, Retz. 291
Podadenia sapida, Zw. iv. 62
Thwaitestz, Muell. 62
Podanthera pallida, Wight, iv. 222
Podocarpus latifolia, Wall. iv. 121
Podochilus falcatus, Zzzd/. iv. 205, 206
malabaricus, Wight, 206
saxatilis, Zz7zd/. 206
Podostemon algzeformis, 7722. ili. 417
dichotomus, Gardn. 419
elongatus, Gard. 417
Gardnerz, Harv. 419, v. 386
kelensis, Will. v. 386
metzgerioides, Z7zm. [Plate Ixxvi.]
lil. 419, v. 386
olivaceus, Gardn. iii. 418
subulatus, Gard. 418
PODOSTEMONACEA, ili. 415, v. 386
Pogonatherum crinitum, Azzth, v. 222
monandrum, Hack. 222
refractum, Nees, 222
saccharoideum, Beauv. 222
saccharoideum, Thw. 223
Pogonia juliana, Wall. iv. 225
FPogonotrophe ceylanica, Mig. iv. 95
dasyphylla, Miq. 95
Pogostemon Heyneanus, Benth. ili. 378
hirsutus, Benth. 379
Paichoulz, Pell. 378
reflexus, Benth. 379
rupestris, Gerth. 379
Poinsettia pulcherrima, Grah. iv. 1
Polanisia viscosa, Thw. i. 57
Polianthes tuberosa, L. iv. 282
Index to Botanical Names.
Pollia zzdzca, Thw. iv. 299
sorzogonensis, Axd/. 299
Pollinia argentea, 772. v. 204
ciliata, Z7zm. 205
Cumingiz, Thw. 204
pheeothrix, Hack. 204
Thwaitesii, Hack. 203
tristaohya, Thw. 203, 204
Wallichiana, Nees, 205
Polyodontia Walkerit, Wight, ii. 135
zeylanica, Wight, 134
Polypogon monspeliensis, Des/. v. 259
zeylanicus, Nees, v. 259
Polyscias acuminata, See. ii. 282
Polystachya, /zzeola, Lindl. iv. 183
Wightiz, Rchb. f. 183
zeylanica, Lizd/. 183
Polytoca barbata, Stapf, v. 194
Pometia eximia, 2%. 7. i. 310
pinnata, Forst. 311
tomentosa, Kurz, 310
Pommereulla Cornucopize, Z. 7 v. 286
Pongamia glabra, Vevz?. ii. 91
triphylla, Wight, 92
Pontederia hastata, L. iv. 295
PONTEDERIACEA, iv. 295
Porana paniculata, Roxb. iii. 227
Portulaca oleracea, Z. i. 89
quadrifida, Z. 90
suffruticosa, Wight, 90
tuberosa, Roxb. 90
_ Wightiana, Wail. 89
PORTULACE#, i. 88
Posidonia serrulata, Spr. iv. 376
Potamochloa Retzit, Griff. v. 185
Potamogeton indicus, Aoxd. iv. 373
lateralis, Moon, 373
pectinatus, Z. 374
Potentilla Kleiniana, W. & A. ii. 139
Mooniana, Wight, 139
Poterium indicum, Gardn. ii. 141
Pothomorphe subpeltata, Migq. iii. 429
Pothos ed/zptica, Moon, iv. 364
flookerz, Schott, 364
remotiflorus, Hook. 364
scandens, L. 364
Pouzolzia auriculata, Wight, iv. 116
Bennettiana, Wight, 117
bicuspidata, Wight, 116
‘ Gardnertana, Wight, 117
439
Pouzolzia glabra, Wight, iv. 116
indica, Gaud. 115
parvifolia, Wight, 117
pentandra, Benn. 116
procumbens, Wight, 115
Walkeriana, Wight, 116
zeylanica, Benn. 116
Premna cordifolia, Thw. iii. 351
corymbosa, Roztb. 351
wmtegrifolia, L. 352
latifolia, Roxb. 353
micrantha, Thw. 353
procumbens, A7Zoon, 354
‘ purpurascens, Zhw. [Plate Ixxii.]
serratifolia, Z. 352 [351
Thwaitesii, Clarke, 353
tomentosa, W2lld. 352
Prenanthes sarmentosa, Willd. iii. 52
sonchifolia, Willd. 52
PRIMULACEA, iii. 65
Prismatomeris albidiflora, TZw. ii. 355
Fergusonit, Thw. 356
Pristidia divaricata, Thw. iii. 177
Priva leptostachya, /zss. iii. 349
Procris levigata, B/. iv. 112
Prosorus cyanosperma, Thw. iv. 27
Gaertnerz, Thw. 27
tnaica, Dalz. 27
PROTEACEA, Iii. 457
Protium caudatum, W. & A. i. 236
Pseudanthistiria umbellata, Hz. 7. v. 247
Pseudanthus brachiatus, Wight, iii. 401
Pseudarthria viscida, W. & A. ii. 41
Pseudocarapa Championii Hemsi,
[Plate xxiv.] i. 248
Psidium Guyava, L. ii. 167
pumilum, Vahl, 167
Psilotrichum calceolatum, Jog. iii. 400
scleranthum, 7iw. 400
Psoralea corylifolia, Z. ii, 28
Psychotria aszatéca, Moon, ii. 362
bisulcata, W. & A. [Plate liv.] oo
bisulcata, B, Thw. 361
elongata, Hk. f. 361
congesta, W. & A. 358
filipes, Hh. f. 361
Gardneri, Ze. 7. 358
glandulifera, Tiw. 357
herbacea, L. 363
longepetiolata, 7Zw. 361
440
Psychotria Moonii, “2%. f. ii. 360
plurivenia, 7Zw. 361
sarmentosa, 6/7. 359
scandens, Moon, 359
sordida, Zw. 360
stenophylla, 2%. 7, 360
Thwaitesii, Zé. f 358
vaginans, DC. 362, ill. 177
Wightiana, A. f ii. 358
Psydrax dicoccos, Gaertn. il. 343
Pteridophyllum decipiens, Thw. i. 240
Pterocarpus 42/obus, Roxb. ii. 90
Draco, L. 93
Marsupium, ox. 90
uliginosus, Li 93
Pteroloma triguetrum, Benth. ii. 49
Pterospermum suberifolium, Zavz. i. 169
Pterygota alata, Thw. i. 166
Pierostigma capitatum, Benth. iti. 242
subrepens, Thw. 241
villosum, Benth. 241
Pitlotus ovatus, Mog. iii. 400
Ptychosperma rupicola, Thw. iv. 323
Ptychotis Roxburghiana, DC. ii. 278
Ptyssiglottis radicosa, 7. Azders. iii. 340
Pupalia atropurpurea, Jog. iii. 399
orbiculata, Wight, 400
Putranjiva Roxburghii, Wad. iv. 35
Spherocarpa, Muell. 35
zeylanica, JZuell. 35
Pycnospora hedysaroides, 47. ii. 41
Pycreus capillaris, Clarke, v. 21
nitens, Clarke, 19
polystachyus, Clarke, 20
sanguinolentus, Clarke, 20
stramineus, Clarke, 19
Pygeum Walkerit, Bl. ii. 135
Wightianum, 4/7. 134
zeylanicum, Gaertx. 135
seylanicum, Bedd. 134
Pyrenacantha volubilis, Hook. i. 263
Pyrrhosia Horsfieldiz, Gaertn. iii. 435
Pyrularia zeylanica, A. DC. iii. 475
Wallichtana, A. DC. 475
Ramphidia elongata, Thw. iv. 210
Gardnerz, Benth. 209
Randia dumetorum, Zaz. ii. 330
Gardneri, Hk. 7. 331
malabarica, Zam. 331
L[ndex to Botanical Names.
Randia rugulosa, Hz. f. ii. 331
uliginosa, DC. 330
RANUNCULACE4, 1. I
Ranunculus astatus, Walk. i. 4
pinnatus, Arn. 4
sagittifolius, Hook. 4
Wallichianus, WY. & A. 4
seylanicus, Moon, 4
Raphistemma ciliatum, Ak.f. ii. 150
Rauvolfia densifolia, A. 7. ili. 26
serpentina, Ak. 7, 126
Reichenheimia Thwattestz, Kl. ii 264
Reidia latifolia, Wight, iv. 24
polyphylla, Wight, 24
Remirea maritima, Awd/. v. 87
pedunculata, Br. 87
Remusatia vivipara, Schott, iv. 358
Rhabdia lycioides, AZarv. iii. 197
viminea, Thw. 197
RHAMNACEA, i. 278
Rhamnus Arnottianus, Gaerzz. i. 283
circumscissus, L.f. 284
Frangula, L. 283
Jujuba, L. 280
Napeca, L. 281
noplia, L. 280
Wightii, W. & A. 283
Rhaphidophora decursiva, Scho¢t, iv..
pertusa, Schott, 361 [362
Rhapis trivalvis, Trin. iv. 234
zeylanica, Nees, 235
Rhinacanthus communis, /Vees, iii. 33
Rhinanthus indica, Burm. iii. 368
wnaica, L. 258
Rhipsalis Cassytha, Gaertn. ii. 266
Rhizophora Candelaria, DC. ii. 151
Candel, Moon, 151
conjugata, Arm. 151
conjugata, L. 153
corniculata, L. iil. 75
eymmnorhiza, L. i. 153
Mangle, Moon, 151
mucronata, Z. 151, 152
Rheediz, Mig. 153
RHIZOPHORACEA, li. 150
Rhododendron arboreum, $7. iii. 63
nilagerecum, Zenk. 63
nobile, Hall, 63
Rollisonzz, Lindl. 64
| Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, W2ghz, ii. 166
L[ndex to Botanical Names.
Rhus Cobbe, L. i. 303
decipiens, Wight, 240
Rhynchocarpa fetida, Schrad. 258
rostrata, (Vaud. ii. 258
Rhynchoglossum od/iguum, DC iii. 279
zeylanicum, Hook. 279
Rhynchosia acutissima, Zw. ii. 85
aurea, DC. 83
cana, DC. 83
cyanosperma, enth. 14
densiflora, DC. 85
minima, DC. 84
nummularia, DC. 82
rufescens, DC. 82
suaveolens, DC. 83
villosula, Thw. 85
viscosa, DC. 85
Rhynchospora, aurea, Vahl, v. 83
glauca, Vahl, 85
gracillima, Zhzw. 85
laxa, var. Thw. 85
laxa, Thw. 86
rupproides, Benth. 78
triflora, Vahl, 84
Wallichiana, Kuzth, 83
seylanica, Kunth, 84
Rhynchostylis retusa, B/. iv. 187
Rhyncoglossum zeylanicum, Hook. 279
Rhytiglossa radicosa, Nees, iii. 340
RRibes serratum, Moon, iii. 67
Ricinus communis, L. iv. 72
Mappa, Moon, 70
Rissoa zeylanica, Arn. i. 227
Rivea hypocrateriformis, Chois. iii. 206,
ornata, Chozs. 205 [214
teliefolia, Chois. 206
seylanica, Thw. 207
Rina humilis, L. iii. 410
levis, L. 410
orzentalis, Moq. 410
Rondeletia asiatica, L. ii. 328
ROSACEA, ii. 134
Rostellularia diffusa, Nees, ili. 338
procumbens, Nees, 337
Royeniana, Nees, 337
Rotala verticillaris, L. ii. 224
Rothia trifoliata, Pers. ii. 7
Rottboellia compressa, Z. v. 206
exaltata, Z. 207
glabra, Roxb. 206
AAI
Rottboellia nigrescens, Zw. v. 207
perforata, Roxb. 210
Thomea, Koen. 271
Rottlera digyna, Thw. iv. 71
ertocarpa, Muell. 64
Juscescens, Thw. 67
muricata, Thw. 66
oppositifolza, Thw. 66
peltata. Wight, 65
rhombifolia, Thw. 67
tetracocca, Roxb. 64
timctoria, Roxb. 68
Thwaitesiz, Baill. 62
Roumea hebecarpa, Gardn. 1. 74
Rourea santaloides, W. & A. ii. I
ROXBURGHIACEA, iv. 280
Roxburghia gloriosoides, Jones, iv. 284
Rubia cordifolia, Z. ii. 372
secunda, Moon, 372
RUBIACEA, ii. 289
Rubus ellipticus, S7z. ii. 137
Fairholmianus, Gardn. 137
flavus, Ham. 137
glomeratus, B7. 136
Gowreephul, Roxb. 137
lasiocarpus, Sw. 138
leucocarpus, Arn. 138
macrocarpus, Gardn. 137
mucropetalus, Gaxdn. 136
moluccanus, Z. 136
parvifolius, Moon, 138
rugosus, Sm. 136
rugosus, Thw. 136, 137
Ruellia antipoda, L. iii. 253
erecta, Burm. 294
fasciculata, Retz. 332
patula, /acg. 296
prostrata, Lam. 295
repens, L. 296
ringens, Z. 295
undulata, Vahl, 293
variabtlis, Moon, 324
zeylanica, Koen. 323
Rumex Acetosella, L. ili. 415
obtustfolius, Li. 415
Rungia apiculata, Bedd. ili. 343
latior, ees, 342
longifolza, Thw. 342
parviflora, Mees, 342
pectinata, Nees, 343
442
Rungia repens, /Vées, ill. 343
Ruppia rostellata, Koch, iv. 374
subsessilis, Thw. 374
RUTACEA, i. 213
SABIACE, i. 314
Saccharum arundinaceum, /ezz. v. 202
arundinaceum, Moon, 200
offictnarum, L. 202
spontaneum, ZL, 201
procerum, Roxb. 202
Saccolabium acaule, Hf. f. iv. 198
acuminatun, Thw. 200
brevifolium, Zzza/. 196
congestum, Hk. f. 199
curvifolium, Lindl. 199
filiforme, Zzzd/. 196
gracile, Lzzd/. 196
guttatum, Lindl. 195
lineolatum, Thw. 197
longifolium, A%.f. 198
niveum, Lzzd/. 195
ochraceum, Lzzd/. 197
paniculatum, Wight, 189
papillosum, Wight, 199
roseum, Lzzd/, 197
tenerum, Trin. 201
virescens, Gard. 197
viridiflorum, Lindl. 199
Walkertanum, Rehb. f. 197
Wightianum, 2. 7, 199
Sagened, i. 33, err. for seq.
Sagerea Thwaitesiz, Hk. f. & Th. i. 33
Sageretia afinzs, Thw. i. 284
costata, Afzg. 284
Sagina procumbens, I. i. 85
Sagittaria obtusifolia, L. iv. 370
Saira zeylanica, Baill. iv. 14
Salacia déandra, Thw. i. 277
oblonga, Wall. 277
prinoides, DC. 276
reticulata, Wight, 277
terminalis, Thw. 275
Salicornia brachiata, Roxd. iii. 408
tdica, Willd. 407
Salmalia malabarica, Schott, i. 160
Salomonia cordata, Avz, i. 83
ciliata, DC. 83
oblongifolia, DC. 83
obovata, Wight, 83
Index to Botanical Names.
Salsola indica, Willd. iii. 408
nudiflora, Willd. 409
SALVADORACE4;, ili. 20
Salvadora zzdica, Wight, iii. 120
persica, Z. 120
Wightiana, Planch. 120
Samadera indica, Gaertz. 1. 231
Samara leta, L. ii. 216
Rheedit, Wight, iii. 70
viridifiora, Thw. 70
SAMYDACEA, ii. 236
Sanicula e/ata, Ham. ii. 276
europea, L. 276
Sansevieria /anxuginosa, Willd. iv. 268
Roxburghiana, Schult. 267
zeylanica, W2l/d. 267
SANTALACEA, ili. 474
Santalum album, L. iii. 475
SAPINDACEZ, i. 298
Sapindus bifoliatus, Azerz, i. 307
deficiens, Wight, 302
emarginatus, Vahl, 307
erectus, Hzerz, 308
Gleniez, Thw. 305
laurifolius, Vahl, 306
tetraphylla, Vahl, 301
Thwaitesii, Wzern, 308, v. 384
trifoliatus, L. 305, 307
uniyusus, Thw. 305
Sapium indicum, Willd. iv. 75
insigne, 7727. 76
sebiferum, Roxb. 73, 76
Sapota elengoides, A. DC. iil. 77
SAPOTACEA, iii. 75
Saprosma indicum, Dalz. ii. 368
scabridum, edd. 369
zeylanicum, Beda. 369
Saraca indica, Z. ii. 114
Sarcandra chloranthotdes, Gardn. ili. 433
Sarcanthus f/zformzs, Wight, iv. 191
guttatus, Lindl. 187
peninsularis, Da/z. 200
Walkerianus, Rchb. f. 197
Sarcocephalus cordatus, A7Zzq. ii. 292
Sarcochilus Avachnites, Rchb. f. iv. 187
complanatus, 42. f, 186
minimifolius, Hk. f. 184
pugioniformis, Zz. f. 185
pulchellus, 7727. 185
serreformis, Trim. 186
Index to Botanical Names. tae
Sarcochilus viridifiorus, Hs. 7. iv. 184
Wightii, Hz. f. 184
Sarcoclinium Hookeri, Thw. iv. 55
longifolium, Wight, 56
Sarcococca pruniformis, Zzzd/. lv. 9
Saligna, Muell. 9
trinervia, Wight, 9
seylanica, Baill. 9
Sarcostemma Brunonianum, W. & A.
viminale, Moon, 152 [ill. 152
Sarissus anceps, Gaertn. ii. 370
Sarosanthera lasiopetala, Thw. i. 108
Satyrium nepalense, Doz, iv. 237
Sauropus albicans, B/. iv. 16
assimilis, Zw. 17
Gardnerianus, Wight, 16
indicus, Night, 16
retroversus, Wight, 16
rigidus, Zkw. 17
zeylanicus, Wight, 16
SAXIFRAGACEA, ii. 143
Sczevola Koenigii, Vah/, iii. 54
Lobelia, L. 54, 55
Macret, De Vriese, 55
Plumieri, Vahl, 55
Taccada, Wight, 54
uvifera, Wight, 55
Scepa Lindleyana, Wight, iv. 40 [240
Schizachyrium zeylanicum, W.& A. v.
Schizostigma hirsutum, Arz. ii. 327
Schleichera trijuga, W2/d. i. 304
Schmidelia acuminata, 'Thw. i. 302
allophylla, DC. 302
Cobbe, DC. 303
hispida, Thw. 303
Rheedit, Wight, 304
vartans, Thw. 302
villosa, Wight, 304
Schenorchis juncifolia, Thw. iv. 196
Schenus cyperorides, Retz. v. 59
nemorum, Vahl, 89, 90
Surimamensts, 83
Schrebera albens, Retz. i, 271
Schumacheria alnifolia, HAf, & Th.
i. IO
angustifolia, Wk. 7. & Th. [Plate ii.]
castanezefolia, Vahl, 10 {11
Sciaphila erubescens, A/zers, iv. 368
janthina, 7Zw. 369
secundiflora, Zz. 368
SCITAMINEA, iv. 238
Scleria a/ata, Moon, v. 99
Scilla indica, Baker, 293
Scindapsus decursivus, Schott, iv. 362
Peepla, Thw. 361
pertusus, Schott, 361
Scirpodendron, costatum Awrz [Plate
XCVill. ] v. 92
pandaniforme, Zipp. 92
sulcatum, Miq. 92
Scirpus estivalis, Retz. v. 51
argenteus, Rottb. 52
articulatus, Z. 75
autummnalis, Rottb. 26
capillarts, L. 66
capitatus, L. 72
cartbeus, Rottb. 72
ciliarzs, Rottb. 79
Chetarta, Thw. 71
connamometorum, Vahl, 61
debtlis, Pursh, 75
dichotomus, Li. 53
aichotomus, L. var. 50
aichotomus, Herm. 54
dipsaceus, Rottb. 63
distachyus, Herb. Rottl. 50
echinatus, L. 41
erectus, Pozr. 75
fluitans, Z. 73
&lobosus, Moon, 57
grossus, Z. f. 77
juncoides. Roxb, 75
lateralis, Retz. (?) 75
laxiflorus, Thw. 69
littoralis, Schrad. 77
multaceus, Burn. 56
monander, Roth, 52
mucronatus, Z. 76
pectinatus, Roxb. 77
Pplantagineus, L. 69
Plantagineus, 3, Thw. 69
Plantaginoides, Rottb. 68
polytrichoides, Retz. 49
spiralis, Rottb. 70
squarrosus, Z. 74
subcapitatus, Zhw. 76
submersus, Sauv. 78
supinus, Z. 74
Thwaitesiz, Boeck. 67
triangulatus, Roxb. 76
444
Scleria azdrogyna, Nees, v. 95
axillaris, Moon, 101
biflora, Roxb. 99
caricina, Benth. 101
chinensis, Ath, var. 98
corymbosa, Roxb. 95
elata, Zhw. 97
elata, Thw. 98
exaltata, Boeck. 98
hebecarpa, /Vées, 99
hirsuta, Moon, 95
junciformis, ZZw. 95
latertfiora, Boeck. 97
latifolia, Moon, 99
levis, Retz. 100
lithosperma, Zw. 96
majus, Moon, 95
Neesii, Azzth, 94
oryzoides, Pres/, 99
pergracilis, Kunth, 94
pilosa, Boeck. 95
stricta, Moon, 94
Steudelzana, Miq. 99
sumatrensis, Retz. 96
tessellata, Welld. 98
tessellata, Thw. 99
Thwattestana, Boeck. 97
zeylanica, Moon, 100
zeylanica, Foz. 97
Scleropyrum Wallichianum, 477. ili.475
Sclerostylis Arnottiana, Wight, i. 227
atalantioides, W. & A. 226
zeylanica, Wight, 227
Scolopia acuminata, Clos, i. 70
Arnottianus,* Thw. 71
chinensis, Clos, 71
crenata, Clos, 71
crassipes, Clos, 71
Gaertneri, Zhw. 71
pusilla, Willd. 71
Scoparia dulcis, L. iii. 255
Scopolia aculeata, Sm. i. 215
SCROPHULARIACEA, iii. 239
Scutellaria zzadzca, Moon, iii. 382
floribunda, Benth. 382
oblonga, Benth. 383
robusta, Benth. 383
spicata, Trim. 383
Index to Botanical Names.
Scutellaria violacea, Heyzze, ili. 382
Scutia indica, Brongn. i. 284
Scutinanthe brunnea, Thw. i. 238
Scyphellandra virgata, Thw. i. 69
Scyphiphora hydrophylacea, Gaertn. f.
ii. 337
Scyphostachys coffzeoides, Zhz. ii. 335.
pedunculatus, Zzw. 335
Sebastiania Chameelea, (Zue//. iv. 78
Sebestena officinalis, Gaertn. iil. 193
Secamone emetica, #7. ili. 146
Semecarpus acuminata, Zw. i. 323
coriacea, 7hw. 321
cuneata, Engl 324
Gardneri, 7iw. 322
levigata, Thw. 325
marginata, Zhw. 319
Moonii, 7%. 321
nigro-viridis, Zhw. 323
oblongifolia, Thw. 323, 324
obovata, Moon, 321
obscura, 7h. 320, 324
parvifolia, Zzw. 324
pubescens, Zw. 320
subpeltata, Zzw. 320
Thwaitesiz, Uk. f. 321
Walkeri, Hz. f. 322
Senecio avaneosus, Arn. iii. 49
araieosus, var. Thw. 50
campylodes, DC. 50
corymbosus, Wall. 50
coryntbosus, var. Thw. 49
Gardneri, Clarke, 48
gracilis, Avz. 48
ludens, Clarke, 49
scandens, D. Dow, 50
Walkeri, 477. 49
Walkeri, Thw. 47
Wightianus, DC. 50
zeylanicus, DC. 48
Serissa Gardnert, Thw. ii. 368
glomerata, Bedd. 368
scabvida, Thw. 369
Wighti, Bedd. 369
zeylanica, Thw. 369
Serpicula dvevzpes, W. & A. 11. 148
hirsuta, WW. G& A. 148
indica, Thw. 147, 148
* Error for Phoberos Arnottianus.
Index to Botanical Names.
Serpicula verticcllata, L, f. iv. 3
zeylanica, Arz. il. 147
Sesamum indicum, Z. iii. 285
orientale, L. 285
occedentale, Heer & Reg. 286
Sesbania aculeata, Pers. ii. 34
zgyptiaca, Pers. 34
erandifiora, Pers. 35
‘Sesuvium peduzceulatum, Pers, ii. 268
Portulacastrum, Z. 268
repens, Rottl. 268
Setaria glauca, Beauv. v. 162
gracillima, Hf. 164
intermedia, 2. & S. 163
ttalzca, Beauv. 164
verticillata, Beanv. 163
Sethia acuminata, Arn, i. 191
indica, DC. 190
lanceolata, Arn. 191
obtustfolia, Thw. 192
Shorea dreuzfetzolaris, Thw. i, 118
Dyerii, Zw. 117
lissophylla, Zw. 117
oblongifolia, Zw. 116
reticulata, Zw. 117
stipularis, 7iw. 118
Shutereia bicolor, Chois. iii, 226
Shuteria vestita, W. & A. ii, 58
Sicyos Garcint, Burm. f, ii. 260
*periplocefolia, L. 147
Sida, Abutilon, L. 145
acuta, Burzi. 1. 142
alba, La. 142
alnifolia, L. 142
astatica, L. 144
carpinifolia, L. f. 142
cordifolia, Z. 143
humilis, Cav. 141
mysorensis, W. & A. 142
pertplocifolia, L. 146
persica, Burm. 144
retusa, L. 143
rhombifolia, Z. 143
spinosa, Z. 142
veronicifolta, Lam. 141
Sideroxylon tomentosum, Roxé. iii. 77
Sigesbeckia orientalis, Z. iii. 36
445
SIMARUBACEA, 1. 229
Sitodium caulifiorum, Gaertn. iv. 99
Stunt lobatum, Moon, ii. 280
triternatum, Moon, 279
Slevogtia orientalis, Griseb. iil. 185
Smilax aspera, ZL. iv. 283
latifolia, Moon, 283
maculata, Roxb. 283
ovalifolia, Thw. 283
prolifera, Roxd. 283
Wightiz, A.DC. 283
zeylanica, Z. 283
Smithia blanda, Wall. ii. 37
conferta, S7. 37
geminifiora, Roth. 37
paniculata, Arn. 37
sensitiva, Azz. 37
SOLANACEA, ill. 231
Solandra oppositifola, Moon, ili. 170
Solanum azriculatum, Ait. iii. 232
bigeminatum, var. 231
ciliatum, Lam. 234
denticulatum, Thw. 232
ferox, Z. 233
giganteum, Jacg. 233
Gonakaz, Dun. 232
indicum, Z. 234
tmsanunt, Ls. 235
JSacquini, Willd. 235
leve, Dz. [Plate lxvii.] 231
Melongena, L. 235
membranaceum, Wall. 231
nigrum, Z. 231
nodiflorum, Jacq. 231
pubescens, W2l/d. 232
rubrum, Mill. 231
sodomeumnt, L. 235
torvum, Sw. 234
trilobatum, Z. 236
verbascifolium, Z. 232
xanthocarpum, Schrad. & Wendl. 235
Sonchus asper, Vill. iii. 52
cilzatus, Wight, 52
oleraceus, Li. 52
Sonerila affizzs, Arn. li. 202, 204
angustata, Triana, ll. 203
Arnottiana, 7hw. 204, v. 385
* This name appears in the index to Part II.; it is, doubtless, in error for Szda
periplocifolia, L. i. 146, which is not indexed,
446 Index to Botantcal Names.
Sonerila Brunonis, W. & A. ii. 203, 204
cordifolia, Cogn. 202
firma, Thw. 205
Gardneri, Zi. 205
elaberrima, Arn. 203
Guneratnez, Trim. 207
Harvey, Thw. 206, v. 385
Hartweyi, Trian. (err. typ.) 206
hirsutula, Avz. [Plate xxxix.] ii. 205
Hookevtana, Arn. 204, 206
lanceolata, Zw. 206
linearis, H%. 7. 207, v. 385
pedunculosa, Zzw. ii. 208
pilosula, Zizw. 207
pumila, Thw. 202
rhombifolia, Zz. 203, v. 385
robusta, Avz. ii..206
rostrata, Thw. 203
tomentella, Thw. 204
Wightiana, dvz. 201, 204
zeylanica, W. SA. 201, 202, 204
Sonneratia acida, Z. f ii. 230
alba, Smzth, 230
apetala, Ham. 229
Sophora hepitaphylla, Arn. ii. 94, 96
heptaphylla, L. 94.
heptaphylla, Wight, 96
tomentosa, Z. 95
violacea, Zhw. 95
Wightiz, Baker, 96
zeylanica, Zrzm. [Plate xxx.] 96
Sopubia delphinifolia, G. Doz, iii. 257
trifida, Ham. 257
Sorghunt halepense, Hort. v. 231
fuloum, Beauv. 232
Soya Weghtit, Grah. ii. 59
Soymida febrifuga, A. Juss. i. 251
Sparganium ensiforme, Koen. v. 93
Spathiostemon javense, Thw. iv. 72
Spathodea campanulata, Beauv. iii. 282
indica, Pers. 281
longifiora, Benth. 282
Rheediz, Wall. 282
Spatholobus Roxburghi2z, Benth. ii. 65
Spergula arvensis, L. i. 85
Spermacoce hispida, Z. ii. 371
ocymoides, Burm. f. 371
stricta, Z. 7. 371
Spheeranthus africanus, Z. ili. 26
amaranthoides, Burm. f. 25
Spheranthus Azrtus, Willd. tii. 26
indicus, Z. 26
microcephalus, Willd. 26
Spheerocaryum elegans, Wes, v. 258
Sphenoclea zeylanica, Gaertn. iii. 59
Pongatium, A. DC. 59
Sphragidia zeylanica, Thw. iv. 38
Spilanthes Acmella, Z. iii. 38, 40
oleracea, Jacg. 40
Pseudo-acmella, L. 40
Spinifex squarrosus, Z. v. 174
Spiranthes australis, Zzzd/. iv. 217
autummnalis, Rich. iv. 218
Spirodela, polyrrhiza, Schl. iv. 367
Splitgerberamacrostachya, Wight, iv. 114
Spondias mangifera, W2d/d. i. 327
Sponia orzentalis, Planch. iv. 82
Wightiz, Planch. 82
Sporobolus diander, Beauv. v. 260
coromandelianus, Awzth, 264
humifusus, Trim. 263
indicus, 47. 261
orientalis, Kunth, 263
orientalis, Trim. 263
tremulus, Kuzth, 263
virginicus, Kunth, 262
Wallichii, 1Zzro, 261
Stachytarpheta indica, Vahl, iii. 348
jamaicensis, Vahl, 348
mutabilzs, Vahl, 349
Stalagmites gambogioides, Murr. 1. 96
Stapelia adscendens, Moon, iii. 168
umbellata, Moon, 168
Stellaria drymarioides, 7Zzw. i. 85
media, With, 85
Stemodia camphorata, Moon, iii. 242
camphorata, Vahl, 241
lutea, Moon, 241
parviflora, Ait. 242
Stemona minor, ZH. 7. iv. 281
tuberosa, Lour. 281
Stemonoporus acuminatus, Beda. i. 123,
affinis, 7iw. [Plate xv.] 134 [v. 383 -
canaliculatus, Ziw. 135
Gardneri, Tiw. 133
lanceolatus, Tw. 134
Lewisii, 772m. v. 383
Moonii, Zw. i. 137
nervosus, Zw. 136
nitidus, 7iw. 136, v. 383
Index to Botanical Names.
Stemonoporus oblongifolius, 7Zw. i. 135
petiolaris, Thw. 135
reticulatus, 7Ziw. 136, v. 383
revolutus, 7727. v. 384
rigidus, Ziw. i. 134
Wightii, Zw. 132
Stemonurus apicalis, Thw. i. 260
Heyneanus, Miers, 261
polymorpha (2) Wight, 261
Walkert, Miers, 261
zeylanicus, Miers, 261
Stenosiphonium @azdrum, Nees, iii. 303
Russellianum, /Vees, 298, 302
zeylanicum T. Anders. 309
Stenotaphrum complanatum, Schr. v.
glabrum, Trin. 172 [172
madagascarzense, Kunth, 172
Stephania hernandifolia, Walp. i. 45
tntertexta, Miers, 45
Stephegyne parvifolia, Kusth, ii. 294
tubulosa, Hz. 7. 295
Sterculia Balanghas, Z. i. 165
colorata, Roxb. 166
foetida, Z. 164
guttata, Roxb. 165
Thwaitesii, W/ast. 166
urens, Roxb, 164
STERCULIACEA, i. 163
Stereospermum chelonioides, DC. iii.
suaveolens, DC. 284 [283
Stilago lanceolaria, Roxb. iv. 44
Stipa Spinifex, L. v. 174
littorea, Burm. 174
Stizolobium giganteum, Pers. ii. 62
pruriens, Pers. 62
rugosum, Moon, 61
Stratiotes acoroides, L. f. iv. 126
alismotdes, L. 125
Stravadia integrifolia, Moon, ii. 190
rubra, Moon, 189
Stravadium obtusangulum, Bl. ii. 191
acutangulum, Bl. 291
Streblus asper, Zour. iv. 101
Streptogyne gerontogea, HZ. f. v. 301
crinita, Thw. 301
Streptostigma viridifiorum, Thw. i. 311
Striga euphrasioides, Beth. iii. 256
hirsuta, Benth. 256
lutea, Zour. 256
orobanchoides, Berth. 255
447
Strobilanthes adexophorus, Nees, iii. 305
amabilis, Clarke, 315
anceps, JVées, 307
argutus, Nees, 313
Arnottianus, WVees, 308
asperrimus, WVees, 308
auriculatus, Nees, 314
callosus, Nees, 312
calycinus, /Vees, 311
caudatus, 7. Anders. 306
cerinthordes, Nees, 313
coloratus, Nees, 311
consanguineus, T. Anders. 303
deflexus, 7: Anders. 304
exareolatus, Clarke, 303
exsertus, Clarke, 309
Gardnerianus, 7. Azders. 310
helicoides, Z. Azders. 314
hirsutisstmus, T. Anders. 313
Hookeri, Mees, 311
hypoleucus, T. Anders. 303
laxus, 7. Anders. 312
lanceolatus, Hook. 305
lupulinus, T. Anders. 308, 309
nigrescens, 7. Azders. 303
Nockii, 7727. [Plate lxx.] 301
paniculatus, 7. Azders. 314
paniculatus, Bedd. 315
pulcherrimus, 7. Anders. 315
punctatus, WVees, 307
rhamnifolius, 7. Anders. 304.
rhytispermus, Clarke, 303
rubicundus, Thw. 314
scaber, T. Anders. 297
scaber, Nees, 310
sexennis, /Vees, 313
stenodon, Clarke, 302
Thwaitesii, 7. Anders. 306
trifidus, /Vées, 309
vestitus, JVees, 310
viscosus, 7. Anders. 301
Walkeri, 7. Anders. 305
zeylanicus, 7. Azders. 312
Strombosia javanica, Thw. i. 257
zeylanica, Gardn. 257
Strongylocalyx hemisphericus, Bl. ii. 17
Strongylodon ruber, Vog. ii. 65
Strychnos Beddomei, Clarke, ili. 173
Benthami, Clarke, 174
cinnamomifolia, 7zw. 174
448
‘Strychnos colubrina, Z. iii. 173
coriacea, Thw. 173
inermis, Moon, 174
laurina, Thw. 173
micrantha, Zw. 172, 173
minor, Benth. 174
minor, Bl. 173
Nux-vomica, Z. 175
potatorum, Z. 176
vecurva, Moon, 174
Rheedez, Clarke, 173
STYLIDIACEA, iii. 53
Stylidium uliginosum, Sz. ili. 53
Stylocoryne elliptica, Thw. ii. 329
Webera, A. Rich. 328
Stylosanthus mucronata, W7d/d. ii. 36
STYRACEA, iii. 103
‘Sueeda zzdica, Thw. ili. 408
maritima, Dzm. 409
m6noica, Forsk, 408
nudiflora, AZog. 409
‘Sunaptea disticha, 772m. i. 127
scabriuscula, 7727. [Plate xii.] 126
Sunapteopsis jucunda, Heim, v. 383
Suregada angusttfolza, Baill. iv. 73
Suriana maritima, Z. i. 232
Susum anthelminticum, 42. iv. 317
Swertia zeylanica, Wak. iii. 187
Swietenia Chloroxylon, Roxb. 1. 253
Sykesia Kenigi, Arn. iii. 177
thyrsiflora, Arn. 177
Walkerz, Arn. 178
‘Symphorema involucratum oxd. iii.
363
‘Symplocos acuta, Zw. iii. 106
angustata, Clarke, 108, 109
apicalis, Zw. 110
bractealis, ZZw. 106
cordifolia, Zw. 110
coronata, 7zw. 111i
cuneata, Zw. 107
elegans, Zw. 108
hebantha, Zw. 109
hirsuta, Wight & Gardn. 108
hirsuta, 3, Thw. 109
hispidula, 7%. 107
jucunda, Zw. 107
leta, Zhw. 105
latiflora, Clarke, 108
marginalis, 7hw. 111
Index to Botanical Names.
Symplocos minor, Clarke, iii. 109
obtusa, Wall. 104
pauciflora, Wight, 111
pendula, Thw. 111
rufescens, Thw. 106
spicata, Roxb. 104
versicolor, Clarke, 106
Synantherias sylvatica, Schot¢, iv. 357
Synedrella nodiflora, Gaertn. iii. 40
Syzygium assimile, Thw. ti. 174
calophylhfolium, Thw. 173
caryophylleum, Gaertn. 173
cordifolium, Thw. 176
firmum, Thw. 170
Gardneri, Thw. 174
JSambolanum, DC. 179
lissophyllum, Thw. 173
mecranthun, Thw. 175
montanum, Thw. 170
Neesianum, Arn. 177
nervosum, DC. 179
oliganthum, Thw. 178
revolutum, Thw. 175
rotundifoliune, Arn. 177
sclerophyllum, Thw. 178
spathulatum, Thw. 178
sylvestre, Thw. 175
umobrosuim, Thw. 173
Tabernzeemontana coronaria, Br. iii.
133
densiflora, Wight, 126
dichotoma, /oxd. 132
Tacca pinnatifida, Forsz. iv. 274
TACCACE4, iv. 273
Tzeniophyllum Alwisii, Zz7d/. iv. 203
Tagetes erecta, L. ili. 42
patula, L. 42
Tainia bicornis, 7727. iv. 169
maculata, Hk. f. 163, 170
Tamarindus indica, L. ii. 114
TAMARISCINEA, i. OI
Tamarix e7zcovdes, Rottb. i. 91
gallica, Z. 91
zndica, Willd. 91
Taraxacum officinale, Wigg. iii. 51
Tarenna zeylanica, Gaertn. ii. 328
Taxitrophis Roxdurghiz, Bl. iv. 101
zeylanica, Zw. 100
Tectona grandis, L. f. iii. 350
Index to Botanical Names.
Teinostachyum attenuatum, AZuzvo,
Vv. 317
‘Tephrosia Azrta, Thw. ii. 32
Hookeriana, W. & A. 32
intermedia, Grah. 31
maxima, Pers. [Tab. xxvii.] 32
purpurea, ers. 31, v- 384
senticosa, Pers. il. 30
spinosa, Pers. 30
suberosa, DC. 29
tinctoria, Pers. 31
villosa, Pers. 33
‘Teramnus labialis, Séreng. ii. 60
mollis, Benth. 60
“Terminalia @/ata, Moon, ii. 160
Arjuna, Bedd. 161
belerica, Roxb. 159
Catappa, L. 159
Chebula, Retz. 159
glabra, W. & A. 160
parviflora, Zw. 160
tomentosa, W. & A. 161
zeylanica, Van H. & Miill. 160
Terniola zeylanica, Tul. iii. 416
“Ternstreemia emarginata, Chozs. i. 108
japonica, Zhznb. 107
"TERNSTREMIACEA, i. 107
Terpnophyllum seylanicunt, Thw. i. 97
Tetracera levis, Vahl, i. 6
Rheedez, Wight, 6
Tetracrypta cinnamomotdes, Gardn. &
Champ. il. 157
Tetradenia zeylanica, Nees, ili. 454
‘Tetrameles Grahamzana, Wight, ii. 265
nudiflora, Br. ii. 265
Tetranthera apetala, Roxb. iii. 449
cauliflora, Moon, 450
iteodaphne, Nees, 453
leta, y, Meissn. 452
laurifolia, Jacq. 449
ligustrina, Thw. 450
longifolia, Nees, 450
longifolia, var. y, Thw. 452
nemorals, Thw. 451
nervosa, Meissn. 452
Roxburghtz, Nees, 449
tomentosa, Roxb. 449
Tetrastigma lanceolariunt, Blanch. i. 296
Teucrium tomentosum, Heyxe, iii. 388
Thalassia Hemprichii, Asch. iv. 127
PART V.
449
| Thalassia s¢¢pulacea, Thw. iv. 128
reptans, Koen. 377
Thalictrum glyptocarpum, W.& A. i. 3
javanicum, BZ. 3
Thelasts elegans, Bl. iv. 207
Themeda Forskalit, Hack. v. 248
tremula, Hack. 249
Theriophonum crenatum, BZ. iv. 355
seylanicum, N.E. Br. 355
Thespesia Lampas, Dalz, & Gids. i. 158
populnea, So/. 158
Thismia Srzxoniana, Miers, iv. 132
Gardneriana, Hk. f. 132
Thouarea sarmentosa, Kunth, v. 173
Thounia nutans, L. f. ii. 116
Thuarea sarmentosa, Fres. v. 175
THYMELZACES®, ill. 457
Thunbergia alata, Boj. iii. 289
coccinea, Wall. 289
fragrans, Roxb. 288
Hawtayneana, Wall. 289
Thyridostachyum leve, Nees, v. 210
Tiaridium tndicune, Wight, iii. 200
TILIACEA, 1, 171
Tiliacora acuminata, Thw. i. 42
cusprdiformis, Miers, 42
Jraternaria, Miers, 42
racemosa, Colebr. 42
Timonius Jambosella, Zw. ii. 338
Tinospora cordifolia, Miers, i. 39
crispa, Mzers, 39
malabarica, Mzers, 38
tomentosa, Miers, 39
Tithonta diverstfolta, A. Gray, iil. 39
Toddalia aculeata, Pers. 1. 215
Tomex tomentosa, L. ili. 350
Torenia asiatica, Z. iii. 249
hirtella, Ak. 7. 249
rubens, Thw. 249
Tournefortia argentea, Z. f. iii. 198
Walkerz, Clarke, 198
Wallichiz, Thw. 198
seylanica, Wight, 199
Toxicodendron Kobbe, Gaertn. 1. 303
Toxocarpus Kleinii, W. & A. iii. 146
Trachys mucronata, Pers. v. 186
Tradescantia axillaris, Moon, iv. 315
cristata, Willd. 311
paniculata, Roxb. 316
Tragia cannabina, L, f. iv. 62
GG
450
Tragia Chamelea, L. iv. 78
involucrata, Z. 61
Mercurialis, L. 63
montana, Muell. 62
Tragus racemosus, Scop. v. 187
Trapa bicornis, L. ii. 236
_bispinosa, Roxb. 235
Trema orientalis, B/. iv. 82
Trewia nudiflora, Z. iv. 61
Trianthema crystallina, Thw. ii. 269
decandra, Z. 270
monogyna, Z. 269
obcordata, Roxb. 269
triquetra, Rott. & Willd. 269
Tribulus daxugenosus, L. i. 194
terrestris, Z. 194
Trichadenia zeylanica, 7%zw. [Plate viii. |
i. 75
Trichelostylis miliacea, Nees, v. 56
globulosa, Nees, 57
pentaptera, Nees, 60
Trichodesma indicum, 47. ili. 202
zeylanicum, Br. 202
Trichopodium angustifoium, Lindl. iv.
cordatum, Lindl. 280 [280
zntermedium, Lindl. 280
zeylanicum, Thw. 280
Trichopus zeylanicus, Gaevtz. iv. 280
Trichosanthes azguzna, L. i. 245
bracteata, Voight, 244
caudata, Willd. 244
cucumerina, Z. 245
integrifolia, Zzw. [Plate xlii.] 245
nervifolia, Z. 244
palmata, Roxb. 244
Thwaitesi, Cogn. 245
Tricostularta zeylanica, Benth. v. 86
Tridax procumbens, L. iil. 42
Trifolium arvense, Li. i. 20
minus, L. 20
repens, L. 20
Trigonella indica, L. il. 7
Trigonostemon diplopetalus, Zhw.
[Plate lxxxiii.] iv. 51
glabellus, Bedd. 54
Lawianus, Muell. 54
nemoralis, Zhw. 51
seylanicus, Muell. 53
Trimeriza pipermma, Lindl. iii. 421
Tripogon bromoides, Roth, v. 273
Index to Botanical Names.
Tripogon festucozdes, Jaub. & Sp. v. 273
zeylanicus, Nees, 273
Tripterospermum Championiz, Gardn-.
ili. 187
Tristicha zeylanica, Gard. iii. 416
Tristillateta australasica, A. Rich. i.
Triticum repens, Thw. v. 299 [194.
scaberrimum, Steud. 306
Triumfetta angulata, Lam. i. 179
Bartramia, L. 179
conspicua, Trim. 180
glabra, Ao¢¢/. [Plate xix.] 180
neglecta, W. & A. 181
pilosa, Roth, 179
pilosula, Thw. 181
rhomboidea, /acg. 179
tomentosa, Boj. 179
TRIURIDEZ, lv. 367
Trophis aspera, Retz. iv. 101
spinosa, Heyne, 103
Tropidia curculigotdes, Lindl. iv. 219
bambusifolia, 7727. 220
Thwaitesii, Az. 7. 219
Tulasnea zeylanica, Wight, iii. 416
Turnera ulmifolia, L. i. 239
Turpinia zepalensis, Wall. 1. 313
pomifera, DC. 313
Turrea villosa, Benn. 243
Tylophora asthmatica, W. & A. ii. 158
asthmatica, Thw. 157, 159
carnosa, Wall. 158
cordifolia, Zw. 158
fasciculata, Ham. 156
fasciculata, Thw. 157
flava, Z7zm. [Plate lxii.] 159
Iphisia, Deze. 157
membranifolia, Zw. 157
paucifiora, W. & A. 157
micrantha, Thw. 157
tenuis, B/. 149, 158
zeylanica, Dewe. 157
Typha angustifolia, Thw. iv. 343
javanica, Schnztz. 343
latifolca, Moon, 343
TYPHACEA, iv. 342
Typhonium cuspidatum, Deve. iv. 354
divaricatum, Dene. 354
trilobatum, Schott, 353
Roxburghii, Schott, 353
Ulex europeus, L. i. 7
Index to Botanical Names.
Olmus integrifolia, Roxb. iv. 80
UMBELLIFERA, ii. 274
Uncaria dasyoneura, Korth. ii. 296
Gambier, Roxb. 297
Gambier, Thw. 206 -
Oniola lappacea, Trin. v. 304
Unona discolor, Vahl, i. 23
elegans, 7iw. 23
tripetalotdea, Moon, 28
uncimata, Dun. 21
zeylanica, Hk. f. & T. 23
Oralepis fusca, Steud. v. 300
Orandra apicalis, Thw. i. 260
Uraria crvznzta, Desv. ii. 42
hamosa, Wall. 43
picta, Desv. 42
Urena lobata, Z. i. 147
sinuata, Z. 148
Urginea congesta, Wight, iv. 292
rupicola, 77m. 292
Urochloa cimicina, Kunth, v. 166
Oropetalum montanum, Dalz. iv. 291
Urophylium ellipticum, 7zw. i. 326
zeylanicum, 7hw. 326
Orostigma Arnottianum, Mig. iv. 90
benghalense, Gasp. 86
ceylonense, Miq. 91
tnjectorium, Thw. 91
lacciferum, Miq. 87
Lambertianumt, 92
modestun, Mig. 89
mysorense, Thw. 86
retusum, Mig. 89
Tjiela, Mig. 92
Tjtela, Thw. 88
tomentosum, Miq. 87
Wightianum, Mig. 91, 92
Urtica alienata, L. iv. 116
aquatica, Moon, 113
crenulata, Roxb. 105
heterophylla, Vahl, 106
tnterrupta, L. 104
stimulans, Moon, 105 ©
verrucosa, Moon, 119
URTICACEA, iv. 78
Utricularia affinis, Wzght, iii. 269
bifida, Z. 270
brachypoda, Wight, 269
ceerulea, LZ. 268
cerulea, B, Thw. 269
451
Utricularia capillacea, Wail. iii. 270
conferta, Wight, 268
diantha, R. & S. 268
exoleta, Br. 268
flexuosa, Vahl, 267
glochidiata, Wight, 271
humilis, Wight, 270
nivea, Vahl, 270
orbiculata, Wall. 271
pedicellata, Wight, 268
racemosa, Wall. 270
reticulata, S7z. 269
rosea, Oliv. 270
scandens, Benj. 270
stellaris, Z. f. 267
uligenozdes, Wight, 268, 269
vulgaris, L. 267
Wallichiana, Wight, 270
Uvaria macrophylla, Rox. i. 18
macropoda, Hz. f. & JT. 19
Narum, Wail. 19
purpurea, Bi. 18
semecarpifolia, Hk. fi & T. 19
sphenocarpa, Hk. f. & T. 18
zeylanica, Z. 20
Vacciniacex, ili. 61
Vaccinium Leschenaultii, Wight, iii. 64
rotundtfolium, Bedd. 62
Vahlia oldenlandioides, Roxd. ii. 143
wiscosa, Roxb. 143
Valeriana Hardwickiz, Thw. iil. 1
Moonii, Avz. I
officinalis, Li. 2
villosa, Moon, 1
VALERIANACEA, iil. I
Vallaris dichotona, Wall. ii. 135
Heynei, Spreng. 135
Pergulana, Burm. 135
Vallisneria alternifolia, Roxb. iv. 104
octandra (?), Moon, 125
spiralis, Li. iv. 124
Vanda dzcaudata, Thw. iv. 204
multifiora, Lindl. 198
parviflora, Lzzd/. 192
peduncularés, Lindl. 203
Roxburghii, By. iv. 192
spathulata, SA7. 193
Thwaitesii, Zk. 7. 193
Vandellia angustifolia, Berth. ill. 251
452 Index to Botanical Names.
Vandellia crustacea, Genzh. iii. 250
hirsuta, Han. 250
pedunculata, Benth, 251
multiflora, Thw. 250
scabra, Benth. 251
Vanilla aromatica (?) Moon, iv. 221
Moonii, Zw. [Plate xci.] 221
planifolia, Andrews, 221
Walkerize, Weght, 220
Vareca zeylanica, Gaertn. ii. 237
Vateria acuminata, Hayne, i. 131
acuminata, Thw. 133
afinis, Thw. 134
canaliculata, Thw. 135
ceylanica, Wight, 133
cordifolia, Thw. 137
disticha, Thw. 127
elegans, Thw. 138
Gardnert, Thw. 133
indica, Bl. 131
indica, L. 132
jucunda, Thw. 133
lanceolata, Thw. 134
lancifolia, Thw. 136
malabarica, Bl. 132
Moonit, Thw. 137
nervosa, Thw. 136
nitida, Thw. 136
oblongifolia, Thw. 135
petiolaris, Thw. 135
reticulata, Thw. 136
vigida, Thw. 134
scabriuscula, Thw. 126
Vatica affinis, 7h. i. 128
chinensis, L. v. 383
cordifolia, Thw. 126
disticha, A. DC. [Plate xiii.] 127
obscura, 7272. 129
Roxburghiana, B/. 128, v. 383
scabriuscula, A. DC. i. 126
Thwattesiz, A. DC. 134
Ventilago maderaspatana, Gaertz. i. 279
Verbascum Thapsus, L. iii. 241
Verbena indica, L. ii. 348
nodifiora, L. 347
venosa, Gill. & Hook. 349
VERBENACEA, ill. 345
Verbesina biflora, L. ii. 37
Verbesina calendulacea, L. iii. 38
dichotoma, Willd. 37
Lavenia, L. 13
Vernonia albicans, DC. iii. 7
anceps, Clarke, 6
anthelmintica, W2l/d. 9
arborea, Ham. 11
cinerea, Less. 7
conyzoides, Thw. 8
Gardneri, Thw. 6
Hookeriana, Arn. 8
javanica, DC. iI
Monosis, Clarke, 11 ®
netlgherryensis, Thw. 7
nemoralis, Zhw. 9
pectiniformis, DC. to
puncticulata, J)C. to
scariosa, Arz. 8
setigera, Arz. 7
Thwaitesil, Clarke, 6
Wightiana, Arz. 9
Wishtiana, B, Thw. 6
zeylanica, Less. 10
Veronica polita, Fr. iii. 255
Viburnum capitellatum, Wight, ii. 288
coriaceum, &/. 288
erubescens, Wall. 289
hebanthum, Thw. 288
Wishtianum, Wall. 289
seylanicum, Gardn. 288
Vicoa auriculata, Cass. iil. 33
tnadica, DC. 33
Vigna Catizang, Endl. ii. 74
luteola, Benth. 73
pulneiensis,* 74
sinensis, Endl. 74
vexillata, Benth. 74
Vilfa virginica, Beauv. v. 262
Villarsia indica, Vent. iii. 188
Villebrunea integrifolia, Gaud. iv. 118
sylvatica, Bl. 118
Vinca pusilla, Murr. iti. 130
rosea, L. 130
Viola crenata, Moon, i. 67
distans, Wall. 66
enneasperma, L. 67
hastata, Moon, 66
Patrinii, DC. 66
* Error for Phaseolus pulniensis, Wight.
Lndex to Botanical Names. 453
Viola serpens, Wall. i. 67
suffruticosa, L. 67
Walkeriz, Wight, 66
Wishitana, Thw. 66, 67
VIOLACEA, i. 65
- Viscum angulatum, Heyne, iii. 472
aphyllum, Griff. 472
articulatum, Burn. 472
attenuatum, DC. 472
capitellatum, Si. 471
conwpressum, Woon, 472
floccosunt, Thw. 473
japonicum, Zhuz6. 472
montliforme, Thw. 472
monoicum, Roxb. 471
orientale, W2l/d. 47%
ramosissimum, Wall. 472
sSpathulifolium, Thw. 473
verruculosum, WW. & A. 471
Vitex alata, Heyne, iii. 358
altissima, Z.f. 357
appendiculata, Rottb. 358
Leucoxylon, Z. 7. 358
Negundo, Z. 357
pinnata, L. 358
pubescens, Vahl, 358
trifolia, Z. 356
trifolia, Moon, 357
zeylanica, Turcz. 358
Vitis acuminata, 77277. i. 292
adnata, Wall. 290
carnosa, Wall. 294
ertoclada, W. & A. 288
Gardneri, Laws. 293
glauca, W. & A. 292
glyptocarpa, Laws. 289
Heyneana, Wall. 292
indica, Z. 288
lanceolaria, Wall. 296
Linnei, Wall. 291
lonchiphylla, Laws. 290
muricata, WV. & A. 296
pallida, W. & A. 291
pallida (?), Trim. 292
pedata, Vah/, 295
quadrangularis, Wall. 289
repanda, W. & A. 292
reticulata, Laws. 294
Rheedii, W. & A. 293
setosa, Wall. 296
Vitis tenuifolia, W. & A. 295
tomentosa, Heyzze, 288
trifolia, L. 294
vinifera, L. 289
Vitmannia elliptica, Vahl, i. 231.
Volkameria inermiis, L. ili. 359
scandens, L. f. 362
Wahlenbergia gracilis, 4. DC, iii. 58
agrestts, A.DC. 58
Walkera serrata, Moon, i. 235
Wallrothia Leucoxylon, Roth, iti. 358
Walsura Gardneri, Zw. i. 250
Piscidia, Roxb. 250
Thwattesiz, Cas. DC. 250
Waltheria indica, Z. i. 171
Webera cerifera, Moon, ii. 328
corymbosa, W2d/d. 328
lanceolata, Moon, 343
Websteria limnophila, S. A. Wright,
v. 78
Wedelia biflora, DC. il. 39
calendulacea, Less. 38
Weihea zeylanica, Bazil. ii. 156
Wendlandia dzcuspidata, W. & A. ii. 207
Notoniana, Wall. 207
Wikstrcemia canescens, JZe7sszz. iii. 458
znamena, Meissn. 458
virgata, Meissn. 458
Willughbeia zeylanica, 7iw. ii. 123
Wissadula Leschenaultiana, Mast. i. 147
periploccfolia, Thw. 146
zeylanica, Medik. 146
Withania somnifera, Dz. iii. 237
Wolffia arrhiza, We. iv. 367
Wollastonta biftora, DC. iii. 39
Woodfordia floribunda, Sa/. 11. 226
Wormia hamata, Vahl, i. 139
retusa, Hk. f. & T. 12
triquetra, Rott] [Plate iii.] 11
Wrightia angustifolia, Zw. ili. 136
antidysenterica, Br. 137
flavido-rosea, 7727. [Plate lxi.] 136
mollisstma, Wight, 137
Rothit, var. Thw. 136
Zénctorza, Br. 136
tomentosa, . & S. 137
zeylanica, By. 137
Xanthium orzentale, L. ili. 35
Strumarium, Z. 35 -
454 L[ndex to Sinhalese Names.
Aanthochymus ovalifolius, Roxb. i. 98
Xanthophyllum flavescens, Hox6.i. 84
virens, Roxb. 84
Aimenesta enceliordes, Thw. iii. 40
Ximenia americana, Wild. i. 255
Aylocarpus Granatum, Koen. 1. 251
Xylopia Championii, 4%. f. & TJ. i. 28
nigricans, Hk f. & T, 28
Zeuxine bracteata, Wight, iv. 215
brevifolia, Wight, 215
flava, Benth. 217
longilabris, Bexth. 216
regia, Benth. 216
robusta, Wight, 215
sulcata, Lzzd/. 215
Zingiber Cassumunar, Roxb. iv. 258
parvifolia, Hk f. & T. 28
XYRIDE, iv. 296
Xyris anceps, Lam. iv. 297
capensis, var. Thunb.,297
indica, Z. 297
pauciflora, W2lld. 298
schcenoides, Mart. 297
Walkeri, Arn. 297
VYoungia fuscipappa, Thw. iii. 51
lyrata, Cass. 51
napifolia, Wight, 51
Zanonia indica, Z. ii. 261%
Wightiana, Arn. 260
cylindricum, J7Zoon, 257
migrun, Gaertn. 247
officinale, Li. 259
squarrosum, Wight, 257
azanthorhiza, Moon, 243
Zerumbet, S72. 259
Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam. i. 280
lineatus, Willd. iv. 19
Linnet, Laws. 281
lucida, Moon, 281
Napeca, Willd. 281
Nummularia, WV. & A. 280
(noplia, AZ/7. 280
rugosa, Lam. 282
xylopyra, Willd. 282
Zanthoxylum Rhetsa, DC. i. 215
tetraspermum, W. & A. 215
triphyllum, Juss. 214
seylanicum, DC. 214
Zehneria Garcinz, Stocks, ii. 260
hastata, AZzg. 256
Hookeriana, Arn. 256
umbellata, Thw. 256
Zenkeria obtusiflora, Benth. v. 267
elegans, Zrinz. 268
Zornia angustifolia, Sm. il. 35
conjugata, Sm. 35
diphylla, Pers. 35
Walkerz, Arn. 35
zeylanensis, Pers. 35
Zosterostylis Walkere, Wight, iv. 209
zeylanica, Lindl. 209
Zoysia pungens, W2l/d. v. 188
ZYGOPHYVLLACEA, 1. 194
Zygospermum zeylanicum, Thw. iv. 27
II.
SINHALESE NAMES.
Aba, i. 54
Achariya-pala, ii. 62
Adakka, iv. 321
/Embilla; iii. 69
fEtora-tawa, v. 154 Alan, iv. 247
Agada, iii. 38 Alandu, iv. 103
Aga-mula-néti-wil,iii.229 | Alanga, iii. 213
Agu-karni, li. 363 Alu, iv. 247
Agaladara, iii. 338 / Alubo, ii. 175
Ahu, ii. 354 | Alu-gas, iv. 247
Akkapana, ii. 145 Alu-pila, ii. 31
Ak-médiya, iv. 83
Akmella, iii. 40
Ala-bet, iii. 45
Alariya, ili. 131
Alu-puhul, ii. 252
Amba, i. 318
Ambakaha, iv. 243
Amba-wila, ili. 243
Ammonilla, i. 173
Amu, v. I21
Amukkara, ili. 237
Andara, ii. 121
Andun-wenna, i. 265
Angana, ii. 338
Anitta, iil. 339
Lndex to Sinhalese Names.
Ankenda, i. 216
Anoda, i. 144, 145
Apas, iii. 218
Apathuzetha, v. 121
Aralu, ii. 159
Aramana, ii. 108
Aridda, i. 326
Arugan pilla, v. 274
As-wel, ili. 141
. Aswanna, ll. 372
Aswenna, ii. 44
Ati-udayan, iv. 348
Attana, iii. 238
Attika, iv. 96
Attora, v. 154
Atukétiya, i. 28
Badulla, i. 321, 322, 324
Bakamuna-miris, ill. 427
Bakamunu-tana, v. 94
Bakmi, ii. 292
Bala, i. 325
Bala-nakuta, il. 348
Balan, i. 165
Balan-gas, i. 165
Baloliya, ii. 49
Balu-dan, iii. 73, 174
Balu-nakuta, i. 254 (see
errata)
Bambara-wel, ii. 88
Bandura-wel, iii. 420
Basuagilli, u. 254
Bata-kirilla, i. 191
Batala, iii. 212
Bata-li, iv. 318
Batu-damba, ii. 179
Batu-karivila, ii. 248
Bawara-embilla, iv. 40
Bayarbatu (nuts), iv. 328
Bedi-del, iv. 98
Be-hunukirilla, iv. 32
Beli, i. 229
Béli-patta, i. 157
Belloo-labba, ii. 89
Beralie, i. 119
Beraliya, i. 122, 123
Beraliya- Yakahalu, i. 122
Bériya, ii, 162
Béru, iv. 56
Beru-diyanilla, ii. 233
Bévila, i. 141
Bilin, i. 200
Bim-pol, iv. 280
Bin-béru, i. 7
Bin-dadzekiriya, iv. 8
Bindara, iii. 181
Bin-karal-héba, ili. 398
Bin-kohomba, i. 242
Bin-mé, ii. 71
Bin-nuga, iii. 158, 160
Bin-olu, iii. 189
Bin-sawan, ili. 247
Bin-siyambala, ii. 110
Bin-tamburu, ili. 222
Bo, iv. 90
Bodi, ii. 28
Bol-hinda, iv. 311
Bolita, iii. 377
Bolila, iii. 377
Bo-kéra, i. 233, 235
Bolvila, ili. 377
Bombu, iii. 104
Bombi, iii. 449
Bomi, ii. 449
Bonchi, ii. 69
Boo Anoda, W. &A.i. 144
Bora daminiya, i. 177
Boralu, iii. 61
Boru-pun, v. 68
Bowitiya, ii. 195
Budadakiriya, iv. 7
Buembilla, iv. 43
Bu-gétiya, i. 189
Bu-hora, i, 114
Bu-katuhenda, iii. 203
Bukenda, iv. 64
Bu-kinda, i. 38
Bu-kobbé, i. 303
Bulat, iil. 425
Bulat-wel, iii. 425
Bulu, ul. 159
Bulu-mora, i. 310
Bu-mé, i. 72
Bu-nelu, iii. 298
Bunuga, iv. 36
Bu-pila, ii. 33
Burulla, i. 297
Buruta, i. 15, 253
Bu-séru, iii. 352
Bu-tora, ii. 109
455
Butsarana, iv. 264
Bu-wal-anguna, iii. 138
Caju, 1. 317
Cansjankora, iii. 183
Chanchala, li. 56
Conghas, i. 305, 306
Dadakaha, iv. 241
Dada-kehel, iv. 362
Daluk, iv. 4
Dambala, ii. 69, 76
Dambu or Damba, ii.
174, 176
Daminiya, i. 175
Dan, il. 174
Dara-wéta-kolu, ii. 252
Dat-kétiya, i. 28 ; ii. 320
Dawata, ii. 155, 156
Dawu, li. 162
Dawul-kurundu, ili. 454
Dedi-kaha, ii. 221
Del, iv. 98
Demata, ill. 355
Désa-ala, iv. 360
Devadaram, i. 190 (error
for Tévataram)
Diamenériya, iv. 301
Dik-wenna, i. 172
Diwul, i. 228
Divi-adiya, iii. 216
Divi-kaduru, ill. 132
Divi-pahuru, iii. 216
| Diya-hawari, iv. 125
Diya-kirilla, iii. 191
Diya-kirindiwel, i. 275
Diya-kudalu, i. 212
Diya-labu, il. 247
Diya-manel, iv. 273
Diya-menériya, iv. 301
Diya-midella, ii. 189
Diya-mitta, i. 46
Diya-na, 1. 106
Diya-nidi-kumba, ii. 118
Diyanilla, iii. 277
Diya-panshi, iv. 366
Diya-para, 1. II _
Diya-pasi, iii. 267
Diya-ratambala, ii. 114
Diya-ratmal, ii. 114
Diya-siyambala, ii. 38
456
Diya-taleya, ii. 287
Diya-wawul-étiya, ii. 99
Dodan-kaha, 1. 222
Dodan-pana, i. 217
Dodham-pana, i. 73
Dodan-wenna, i.73, ii. 221
Domba, i. 100
Domba-kina, i. 99
Dorana, i. 115
Dotalu, iv. 322
Drya-danga, iii. 282
Drya-parandella, iv. 345
Duhudu, i. 272
Duja-béru, iv. 55
Dujahabarala, iv. 295
Dul, ii. 141
Dummella, ii. 245
Dumu-keyiya, iv. 340
Dun, i. 117, 119, 125, 129
Dunu-madale, ii. 283
Dutu-satutu, ii. 258
Ehéla, ii. 103
Ehétu, iv. 92
Eka-wériya, iii. 126
Ela-batu, iii. 235
Ela-dada-kiniya, iv. 7
Ela-erabadu, ii. 64
Ela-gokatu, i. 98
Ela-imbul, i. 70
Ela-kadol, ii. 151
Ela-kooru-tana, v. 293
Elamal, iv. 245
Ela-midella, ii. 191
Ela-nétul, iii. 65
Ela-nuga, iv. 92
Ela-palol, iii. 284
Ela- ratmul, ii. 341
Ela-wel, iv. 332
Elbedda, i. 315
Embarella, i. 327
Embul-bakmi, ii. 293
Endaru, iv. 72
nsal, iv. 261
Ensalu, i. 237
Epala, i. 179
Erabadu, ii. 63
Et-adi, iii. 12
Et-bémikiriya, iv. 363
Eta-hirilla, 1. 313
Eta-kirindiwel, iii. 174
Eta-miriya, iii. 205
Etambiriya, iii. 205
Etambura, iii. 170
Eta-mura, i. 2 59
Etapan, v. 88
Eta-wira, iv. 37
Eta-werella, i. 312
Et-amba, i. 317
Et-bémi-kiriya, iv. 263
Et-demata, ili. 355
Et-heraliya, i. 245
Et-hdnda, iii. 200
Etkara-bembiya, i. 222
Et-korasa-wel, i. 6
Et-kukuruman, li. 330
Et-nerenchi, iti. 285
Et-olu, i. 49
Etora, v. 154
Et-pilawakka, iv. 15
Et-sétiya, li. 200
Ettériya, i. 219°
Et-tora, i. 78
Et-tuttisi, v. 253
Etuna, 1, 167
Et-undu-piyali, ii. 53
Gahala, iv. 359
Gal-ambala, ii. 262
Gal-demata, i. 205
Gal-éhi, v. 29
Galis, il. 332
Gal-kapura-walliya, ili.
376
Galkaranda, li. 115, 343
Gal-kehel, iv. 265
Gal-kura, i. 170
Gal-mendora, ii. 111
Gal-mora, i. 310
Gal-mora, iii. 439
Gal-ota, iv. 71
Gal-pinibaru, i. 219
Gal-séru, ii. 343
Gal-siyambala, ii. 112
Gal-weralu, i. 186
Galwira, iv. 37
Gam-miris-wel, ili. 427
Gammalu, ii. 90
Gandapana, iil. 347
Gan-kollan-kola, iii. 378
Index to Sinhalese Names.
Gan-mi, iii. 80
Garandi-kidaran, iv. 274:
Gas-bévila, i. 142
Gas-dul, iv. 119
Gas-gonika, li. 41
Gas-kahambiliya, iv. 106-
Gas-karal-héba, ili. 404
Gas-kayila, iv. 34
Gas-kéla, ii. 66
Gas-keppetiya, iv. 48
Gas-kollu, ii. 83
Gas-kotala, iii. 248
Gas-nétul, iv. 85
Gas-nidikumba, i. 197
Gas-pinna, iil. 361
Gas-pitcha, il. 353
Gas-tala, iii. 367
Gas-undupiyali, li. 26:
Gédumba, iv. 82
Genda-kola, i. 89
Geriata, iii. 116
Géta-kaha, ii. 188.
Géta-kola, 1. 313
Géta-netul, iv. 101
Géta-oluwa, iv. 262
Géta-pichcha, ili. 113
Géta-tumba, iii. 386, 387
Ghasundupjali, ii. 26
Gini-hiriya, iii. 181
Ginpol, iv. 325
Girapala, iv. 300, 301
Giripala, iv. 301
Giri-tilla, iii. 182, 207
Giriwadi-bévila, i. 142
Goda-hinguru, ii. 127
Goda-kaduru, iil. 175
Goda-karawu, v. 99
Goda-kirilla, iv. 80
Goda-midella, ii. 190
Godapara, i. 13
Goda-wawulétiya, ii. 102.
Go-hiri, v. 19
Gojabba, v. 185
Gokatu, i. 96
Golu mora, ii. 135
Gomma, i. 76
Gona, iii. 100
Gon-ala, iv. 277
Gonapana, i. 98, 248
Gona-wel, i. 139
L[ndex to Sinhalese Names.
Gongotu, iv. 101
Gon-kaduru, iii. 128
Gon-kékiri, ii. 250
Gopalanga, ii. 258
Goradiya, ii. 59
Goraka, i. 95
Goyi-wel, iv. 317
Gurulla, i. 297
Gurukina, i. 99
Guvénda, iv. 81
Gurwal, v. 123
Habara, ili. 91
Hab-ambala, ii. 264
Habarala, iv. 36:
Hakan, iii. 327
Hal, i 131
Hal-bembiya, i. 245
Hal-mendora, i. 128, 132
Hal-milla, i. 173
Halpan, v. 26
Halu-hulla, i. 15
Hambu-pan, iv. 343
Hamdamanias, i. 175
Hamparila, iv. 68
Hampilla, ii. 48
Hampinna, il. 86
Hana, ii. 16
Hanpalanda, ii. 160
Hapu, i. 15
Hapughaha, i. 15
Harankaha, iv. 241
Hatawariya, iv. 285
Hawari-madu, iii. 218
Heédawaka, iv. 74, 75
Hédoka, iv. 74, 75
Hékarilla, iii. 232
Hélamba, ii. 293, 295
Hemanilla, iii. 380
Herimena-detta, iii. 347
Hewan-pan, v. 30
Highulhzenda, iii. 90
Hik, i. 318
Hima, ii. 165
Himbutu-wel, i. 277
Hin-ambala, iii. 189
Hin-anoda, i. 143
Hin-bin-kohomba, iii.326
Hin-biutal, iv. 269
Hindamini, ii. 76
Hin-damba, ii. 174
Hin-dan, il. 174
Hin-embella, iv. 44
Hin - embul - embiliya, i.
196
Hin-épala, i. 148
Hin-eraminiya, i. 280
Hin-garadiya, ii. $4
Hin-genda-kola, i. 90
Hin-geriata, ill. 117
Hin-getakola, il. 371
Hin-gotukola, ii. 276
Hingul, 1. 249
Hingum-pujali, iv. 244
Hinguru, ii. 127
Hin-himbutuwel, i. 276
Hin-kabarasa, iv. 283
Hin-kadol, iii. 74
Hin-karamba, iii. 125
Hin-katupila, iv. 33
Hin-kebella, iv. 40
Hin-kékiri, ii. 254
Hin-keyia, v. 92
Hin-kimbru, iii. 42
Hin-kina, i. 99
Hin-kokmota, v. 9
Hin-kurétiya, ii. 218
Hin-madu, il. 217
Hin-mottu, iii. 236
Hin-muda-mahana, iii. 24
Hin-napiritta, i. 152
Hin-pala, ii. 271
Hin-sarana, ii. 269
Hin-takkada, ii. 370, iii. 55
Hin-tala, iii. 365
Hin-tambala, iii. 196
Hin-undupiyali, ii. 54
Hiramana, iii. 254
Hiressa, i. 289
Hiritala, iv. 276
Ho-méderiya, i. 167
Ho-médiriya, iii. 89
Honda-beraliya, i. 124
Hondala, ii. 241
Hondapara, i. 12
Hora, i. 114
Hulanhik, i. 252
Hunv-kirilla, iv. 28
Hulan-kiriya, iv. 263
Hulan-mara, ii. 129
457°
Hulunajikola, iii. 337
Hulan-tala, i. 13
Hunukirilla, iv. 28
Huriyi, ii. 129
Ikili, ili. 317
Tkiliya, ii. 235
‘Tila, iti. 350
Iluk, v. 200
Imbul, i. 161
Indi, iv. 326
Induru, iv. 317
Ingini, ili. 176
Innala, iii. 374
Ipetta, i. 20; 1. 286
Iramusu, lil. 144
Iri-wériya, ill. 371
Iriya, ili. 435
Tru-raja, iv. 216
I’-tana, v. 238
Itta, li. 283
Itta-wel, ii. 283
Jacberija, i. 15
Jaladara, i. 184
Jambu, ii. 170
Jatamakuta, iv. 150
Jatamansi, ili. 476
Jayapala, iv. 49
Jean-pala, ii. 271
Jurighas, 1. 241
Kabal-mara, il. 129
Kabarasa, iv. 283
Kaddukoddi, i. 42
Kadol, i. 251, il. 151
Kadumbériya, ili. 96
Kadupara, ill. 45
Kaduruketiya-wel, ii. 163-
Keekuriaghaha, i. 240
Kaha, i. 70, iv. 242
Kaha-andana-hiriya, ii. 15.
Kaha-gonakola, il. 241
Kahakala, ili 94
Kahata-kundol, iv. 279
Kaha-penela, i. 306
Kaha-petan, li. 116
Kahata, i. 191
Kaha-tel-kola, ili. 219
Kaju, 1. 317
458
Kakkuta-pala, i. 53
Kaktumba, iii. 328
Kakuru, i. 282
Kalaha, iv. 92
Kalakiriya, iv. 249
Kalanduru, v. 35
Kalati, i. 25
Kalatiya, i. 132
Kala-wel, i. 91, 92
Kalinda, i. 132
Kallu, iii. 96, iv. 96
Kallu kiria, v. 360
Kalu-alanga, ill. 213
Kalu-badulla, i. 321
Kalu-habaraliya, ili. 89
Kalu-kadumbeériya, iii. 97
Kalu-kan-weriya, iii. 231
Kalu-kéra, i. 29
Kalumaduwa, iv. 89
Kalumediriya, iii. 89, 97,
100
Kaluwala, iv. 249
Kaluwara, ui. 94
Kalu-waraniya, i. 335
Kaluwella, ili. 94
Kamaranga, 1. 200
Kampotta, iv. 39
Kana-bakmi, il. 292
Kanagona, iv. 99
Kana-goraka, i. 96
Kandala, iv. 359
Kandul-essa, 11. 146
Kankumbala, 1. 313; iii.
151
Kankumbal - kétiya, ii.
135
Kankun, iu. 221
Kaooloo, v. 162
Kapukinissa, i. 156
Kapura, iil. 243
Kapura-Walliya, iil. 374
Kapuru, i. 30
Kaputobo, iv. 90
Kara, il. 346
Karai-iringu, v. 232
Karan, ili. 198
Karapincha, i. 220
Karawala Kebella, iv. 43
Kara-wata-maana, v. 249
Karawu, iv. 27
Karivila, ii. 248
Karon-damba, ii. 175
Karumbadikambu, ii. 188
Karutamuru-tukambu, il.
188
Kasa, iv. 120
Katakiya, iv. 249
Katapetta, ii. 288
Katarodu-wel, ii. 75
Kata-una, v. 313
Katawala, iv. 276
Kathukaramba, iv. 20
Kattoo - kookoolala, iv.
279
Katu-andara, ii. 125
Katu-boda, i. 162
Katu-embilla, iii. 461
Katu ikili, iil. 317
Katu-ikiri, ili. 293
Katu-imbul, i. 160
Katu-karandu, ii. 318
Katukenda, i. 70
Katu-kina, i. 215
Katukirindi, iii, 174
Katu-Kitul, iv. 323
Katu-kukalala, iv. 279
Katukurundu, i. 71
Katu-nelu, ili. 319
Katu-niyada, iii. 121
Katu-patuk, ii. 267
Katuru-murunga, li. 35
Katu-tampala, iii. 396
Katu-timbol, iv. 103
Katu-wel-batu, iii. 235
Kawa-tumba, ili. 328
Kawudu-kekiri, ii. 256
Kebella, iv. 40
Kee kirrindee, v. 192
Kehel, iv. 265
Kehi-pittan, i. 47
Keipsian, i. 47
Kékala, i. 20
Kékatiya, iv. 372
Kekili-meessa, i. 35
Kékini, ii. 250
Kékirinda, ii. 234
Kekiri-wara, i. 10; li, 231
Keku, 1. 34
Kékuna, i, 239
| Kelenuja, iv. 247
Index to Sinhalese Names.
Kéliya, i. 177
Kénawila, i. 166
Kenda, iv. 70
Ken-henda, ili. 360
Keppetiya, iv. 48
Kési-pissan, i. 47
Keta-kala, iv. Io
Kétambilla, i. 74
Kétiya, i. 78
Kevitiya-kera, i. 212
Kidaran, iv. 355
Koikirindi, iii. 37
Kina, i. 101, 104
Kinihiriya, i. 70
Kiri-anghuna, iii. 154
Kiri-anguna, ii. 286, iii.
161
Kiribadu, ili. 212
Kirihembiliya, ii. $2
Kiri-henda, i. 88; ill. 393
Korthiriya, iii. $2
Kiri-kaju, i. 146
Kiri-kanul, iv. 279
Kiri-kon, i. 246, 250
Kirilla, ii. 230
Kirimadu, iii. 219
Kiri-makulu, iv. 75
Kiri-mawara, ili. 131
Karimisastru, v. 156
Kirindi-wel, i. 1
Kiri-nuga, iii. 84
Kiripella, iv. 91
Kiri-walla, iii. 131
Kiri-warala, iii. 77
Kiri-wel, ii. 355; iii. 124,
142
Kitul, iv. 324
Karipella, iv. 91
Kobbé, i. 303
Kobo-mal, ii. 179
Kobomella, iii. 11
Kog-dala, ii. 358
Kohila, iv. 363
Kohomba, i. 244
Kohukirilla, i. 177
Kokatiya, i. 96, 97
Kok-mota, v. 5
Kokun, i. 251, 270
Kola-wakka, i. 279
| Kolikara-mal, iii. 261
[udex to Sinhalese Names.
Kollu, ii. 77
Kolon, ii. 203
Komadu, ii. 253
Kon, i. 304
Korasa-wel, 1. 5
Kora-kaha, ii. 216
Kos, iv. 99
Kosatta, iv. 53
Kosbada, iii. 449
Kosgona, iv. 87
Kospana, 1. 260
Kota-dimbula, iv. 94
Kotala-wel, ii. 249
Kotikan-beraliya, i. 121
Kotikan-bévila, 1. 143
Kottala-himbutu, i. 277
Kottamba, li. 159
Koturu-bedda, ii. 363
Kowakka, ii. 247
Kudalu-dehi, i. 228
Kudalu-kola, i. 203
Kudalu-mal, i. 206
Kuda-dawula, ii. 454
Kudu-kurunduy, iii. 442
Kudu-miris, i. 215
Kukula-wel, iv. 333, 334
Kukulu-pala, i. 87
Kukuruman, ii. 330
Kulu-niyan, iv. 27
Kumbula, i. 230
Kumbuk, ii. 160
Kumburu-wel, ii. 98
Kumatiya, i. 394
Kunumella, i. 91
Kuppamiénya, iv. 58
Kura-tampala, ii. 397
Kurinnan, ili. 154
Kurétiya, ii. 218
Kurrakan, v. 277
Kurundu, iii. 440
Landesi, iii. 396
Landittan, i. 449
Lankenda, iv. 244
Lawulu, ili. 76
Layon, v. 184
Lén-teri, iv. 322
Lima-dehi, i. 228, ii. 120
Li-mé, ii. 74
Liniya, i. 168
Liyan, i. 258, ii. 239
Liyangu, il. 239
Lolu, iii. 193
Lovi-lovi, 1. 73
Lunu-ankenda, 1. 214
Lunu-dan, ii. 72
Lunukétiya-wel, i. 45
Lunu-madala, iii. 283
Lunu-midella, i. 243
Lunu-warana, 1. 59
Lunu-wila, iii. 246
Maana, v. 192, 242, 243
Ma-biutal, iv. 269
Ma-banda, iii. 206
Madan, ii. 179
Madaru, iv. 12
Madatiya, ii. 120
Mad-éta, ii. 120
Ma-diya-jawala, iv. 130
Madol, i. 96
Madu, iv. 121
Maduru-tala, i. 366
Magul-karanda, u. 91
Maha-ambala, iii. 188
Maha-andara, li. 125
Maha-aswenna, li. 35
Maha-badulla, i. 320
Mahaberu, iv. 55
Maha-bowitlya, ii. 199
Maha-bulumora, i. 238
Maha-dan, il. 179
Maha-debara, i. 280
Maha-diyadul, iv. 113
Maha-diya-siyambala, ii.
39
Maha: dumudu, iii. 207
Maha-epale, i. 154
Maha-eraminiya, i. 282
Maha-géta-Kulu, i. 331
Maha-geta-pan, v. 75
Maha-gétiya, i. 189
Maha gotukola, 1. 275
Mahakabarasa, iv. 283
Maha-karamba, iti. 124
Maha-kiri-wel, i. 355
Maha-kurétiya, ii. 173
Maha-madu, iil. 219, iv.
122
Maha-midi, ili. 353
459
Maha-muda-mahana, iii.
Maha-nuga, iv. 86 [59
Maha-nuga-wel ili. 159
Maha-ratambala, ii. 348
Maha-rawana rewula, v.
175
Maha-sarana, il. 268, 270
Maha-tawara, ll. 287
Maha-undupiyali, ii. 55
Maha-wal-kollu, ti. 84
Maha - yak- wanassa, iil.
387
Mainairee, v. 152
Makulu, i. 75
Malabatu, il. 233, 235
Malaboda, iii, 434
Mal-zetora-tanna, v. 295
Mala-labu, i. 429
Malamiris, iil. 426
Malamiris-wel, iii. 429
Malitta, ii. 226
Mal-kékatiya, iv. 373
Mal-kéra, i. 233
Malmora, i. 118, 125
Manda - mandini - wel, ii.
372
Manel, 1. 50
Maniglia, i. 241
Manughaweel, i. 159
Maput-kebella, iv. 39
Mara, ii. 128
Maran, li. 171
Maranda, ii. 171
Ma-ratmal, iii. 63
Masbedde, i. 237, ill. 153
Mas-mora, il. 120
Mat amu, v. 122
Mata-bimbiya, iil. 67
Mataratea, il. 107
Ma-ussa, iv. 105
Ma-wéwel, iv. 335
Mayani, iil. 337
Mayila, ii. 116, 177
Mayura-tanna, v- 275
Méda-hangu, ili. 150
Meditella, iv. 81
Médiya, iii. 128
Médiya-wel, i. 295
Méhiwal, v. 94.
Mé-karal, ii. 74
460
Mélla, i. 257
Mella-dum kola, iv. 16
Mendora, i. 126, 128
Meneri, v. 150
Meneritana, v. 229
Méni-damba, ii. 180
Mi, ili. 79
Midi, iii. 352
Migon-karapincha, i. 221
Mihirlya, i. 111, iii. 82
Milla, in. 357
Mimini-mara, ii. 133
Miris, iti. 427
Mi-hiriya, ii. 82
Mi-wenna, i. 25
Miyan-milla, iii. 357
Moipedda, iii. 77
Molpetta, i. 250
Monara-kudimbiya, iii. 7
Monara-petan, iv. 288
Mora, i. 309
Mottu, iil. 236
Mottu-tana, v. 44
Muda-mahana, iil. 27
Mudilla, ii. 189
Mudu-etora, v. 262
Mudu-awara, ii. 68
Mudu binnuga, iii. 159
Mudu bintamburu, ili.224
Mudu-dada:kiniya, iv. 6
Mudu-gétakola, ii. 370
Mudu-halpan, v. 56
Mudu kéyia, iv. 339
Mudu-kaduru, iii. 129
Mudu-kalanduru, v. 23
Mudu-mahana, iii. 26
Mudu-murunga, ii. 95
Mudu-nelun, i. 251
Mugunu, ii. 265
Mukunu-wenna, iii. 405
Mun, ii. 72
Muna-mal, iii. 86
Mun-éta, ti. 72
Murunga, i. 327
Muruta, ii. 228
Muruva-dul, ii. 155
Mussenda, ii. 323
Muwa-kiriya, iii. 152
Na, i. 105
Naghawalli, 1. 321
Naha, li. 459
Na-imbul, i. 311, 312
Nala-gas, v. 287
Na-mendora, i. 126
Napat Yakahalu, i. 124
Napiritta, i. 152
Nara -wel, i. I, 2, iv-
332
Nava, i. 165
Nawaghas, i. 165
Nawahandi, iv. 5
Nayi-miris, ili. 238
Nébedda, iii. 358
Nédun, ii. 97
Nelli, iv. 19, 26
Nelu, iii. 299
Nelughas, iv. 67
Nelumbo, i. 51
Nelun, i. 51
Neralu, i. 271
Netawu, i. 28
Neya-dasse, 1. 109
Nidikumba, ii. 122
Nigunu, il. 265
Nika, ili. 357
Nika-dawulu, i. 315
Nil-andana-hiriya, ii. 15
Nil-awari, ii. 26
Nil-gona-kola, ui. 242
Nil-katarodu, i. 75
Nil-mé, ii. 74
Nil-nika, ili. 357
Nil-monaressa, iil.
269
Nil-pitcha, i. 338
Nil-puruk, iti. 295
Nilweella, iv. 362
Niriti, 1. 410
Niri-wel, i. 42
Niyanda, iv. 267
Niyangala, iv. 294
Niyan-wétakolu, ii. 251
Nuga, iv. 87
268,
Odu-talan, iii. 381
O-keyiya, iv. 339
Okuru, iv. 69
Olinda-wel, ii. 57
Olu, i.'49, iii. 188
lndex to Sinhalese Names.
Olupetta, iv. 52.
Omara, i. 24
Ota, iv. 71
O-tala, iti. 367
Palzeghas, 11. 48:
Palala, i. 84
Palanga, i. 20
Palatu, ii. 456
Pal-avarai, ii. 76
Palen, i. 274
Palol, ii. 284
Palu, ii. 86
Palu-kan, i. 20
Pamburu, 1. 227
Pana, il. 156
Panaka, i. 271, il. 172
Pana-karawu, il, 343
Pandaru, li. 343
Pangirl maana, v. 243
Panu-ala, iv. 353
Panu-habarala, iv- 360-
Panukéra, ii. 177
Panu-kondol, iv. 278
Panu-nuga, iv. 89
Patabambara, i. 279
Patak, iv. 5
Patiriya, iii. 285
Pat-kala, iv. 11
Patkenda, iv. 70
Patola, il. 245
Patta-épala, i. 147
Pattangi, li. 99
Patta-walla, iii. 460
Pawatta, ii. 349
Peddimella, i1. 338
Pehimbiya, i. 240
Pelan, iv. 35
Pena-mihiriya, i. 108
Penda, v. 2
Penela, i. 300, 307, 312:
Penela-wel, i. 299
Pengiri-kurundu, iil. 443
Penguin, v. 246
Peni-tora, 11. 105
Pépiliya, iv. 39
Péra, ii. 167
Pera-tambala, iii. 177°
Petan, ii. 116
Petika-wel, i. 22
Index to Sinhalese Ni ames.
Peti-dambala, 1. 76
Péti-tora, ii. 106
Pichcha, iii. 113
Pila, ti. 31
Pilila, iti. 462
Pinari, iv. 31
Pinibaru, ii. 187
Pinibaru tana, v. 249
Pini-beraliya, 1. 123, 125
Pinnakola, ii. 361
Pita-sudu-pala, il. 312, ili.
390
Pitawakka, iv. 23
Piyari, i. 271
Pol, iv. 337
Pol-kudu-pala, i. 402
Polon-ala, iv. 353
Poruwamara, ili. 100
Pota-wel, iv. 364
Potu-bonchi, 11. 70
Potu-honda, ii. 241
Potu-kola, v. 99
Potupala, iii. 215
Potu-pan, v. 99
Pub-bériya, i. 258
Pulima, iii. 102
Pulun, i. 161
Pulun-imbal, i. 161
Pundalu, i. 311
Pupula, iii. 10
Puruk, iii. 323
Puswel, ii. 119
Puwak, iv. 321
Puwak-gédiya-wel, i. 193
Radaliya, ii. 2, 94
Ramba, v. 40
Rambuk, v. 202
Ranatampala, ii. 396
Ranawara, ii. 106
Ran-hirlya, ii. 33
Ran-kiriya, iv. 248
Ran manissa, i. 57
Ran-wan- kikirindi, iii. 38
Rasa-kinda, i. 39
Rasamora, i. 309
Rasa-telkola, ili. 220
Rasni, iii. 57
Rata-ala, iv. 360
Rata-attana, ill. 239
Rata-balat-wel, i. 288 (see
Rata-bulat-wel, iii. 425)
Rata-endaru, iv. 46
Rata ensal, iv. 261
Rata-gowa, il. 145
Rata-hinguru, iii. 347
Rata-jambu, i. 188
Rata-jana, v. 153
Rata-kékini, 1. 250
Rata-kekuna, i. 240, iv. 46
Ratambala, ii. 348
Rata-nelli, iv. 126
Rata-pamba, ili. 215
Rata-sapu, i. 22
Rata-tala, ili. 366
Ratatiya, i. 108
Rata-tora, ii. 80, 108
Rata-uguressa, 1. 73
Rat-beraliya, 1. 125
Rat-ékaweriya, iii. 126
Rat-kéliya, iii. 450
Rat-kihiri, ii. 125
Rat-kohomba, il. 23
Rat-nétul, iii. 655
Rat-pitawakka, iv. 21, 78
Rat-tana, v. 216
Rattota, i. 108
Ratu-bulatwel (see correc-
tion to Part I.)
Ratu-kimbul-wenna, ili.
412
Ratu-mihiriya, i. 109
Ratu-wa, li. 104
Rawan-idala, ii. 297
Riti, iv. 97
Rob, iil. 72
Ruk, iii. 435
Ruk-attana, ili. 133
Szewandara, v. 233
Samadara, i. 231
Sanni-nayan, ili. 9
Sap-sanda, ili. 423
Sapu, i. 15
Sapu-milla, i. 357
Saya, ll. 316
Sembu-nerinchi, i. 194
Sendrikka, ili. 391
Sepala, iii. 116
Sépalika, iii. 116
461
Sewana-médiya, iv. 94
Sinuk, iv. 5
Siribo, iii. 425
Siri-nelli, iv. 26
Siviya, i. 237
Siwiya-wel, ili. 426
Siyambala, ii. 114
Sudu-idda, iii. 137
Sudu-kadumbériya, iii. 98
Sudu-kimbul-wenna, iii.
All
Sudu-kotala, ii. 167
Sudu-nijan, iv. 27
Sudu-nika, ill. 357
Sudupareyi-mal, iv. 151
Sudu-puruk, iii. 334
Sudu-tampala, iii. 396
Sudu-tumba, iii. 385
Suga-Seeveney, ii. 107
Sulu-nayi, iil. 343
Suriya, i. 158
Suriya-mara, ii. 129
Suvanda-tala, ili. 366
Suwanda i. 104
Tadala, iv. 359
Takkada, iil. 54
Tal, iv. 336
Tala, ii. 106, iv. 328
Talakiriya, iv. 77
Tala-kola, iii. 366
Tambutu-wel, iv. 335
Tammanua, iv. 38
Tampala, ili. 401
Tanna-Hal, v. 164
Tarana, ii. 328
Tawenna, iii. 439
Tébu, iv. 246
Telaberiya, il. 257
Telamandukola, ii. 109
Telambu, i. 164
Tel-domba, i. 100
Tel-hiriya, i. 285
Tel-kadura, iv. 76
Tel-kékuna, iv. 46
Tel-kola, iii. 220
Tel-tala, iii. 285
Tembili, iv. 338
Tembiliya, ii 182
Tembul-woenna, iii. 59
462
Tévataram, i. 190 (corr.
Part I.)
Tibbatu, iii. 234
Tilo-guru, i. 80
Timbiri, ii. 93
Tiniya, i. 122
Tippili, 1. 424
Titta, i. 75
Titta-hondala, il. 244
Titta-kinda, i. 39
Titta-wel, 1. 40
Titta-weralu, i. 185
Tolabo, iv. 270, 271
Tolol, 1.75
Tombu-Kata, i. 101
Tora,: ii. 106
Tothila, i. 167
Totila, m1. 281
To-wel, i. 288
Trastawalu, ill. 222
Tumba-karivila, i. 249
Tumpat-kurundu, i. 223
Tuttari, v. 234
Ubbériya, ii. 155
Uguressa, i. 73
Ulhanda, il. 133
Ululu, iti. 443
Ulundu, i. 72
Uma-oya, il. 93
Umkiri, v. 42
Una, v. 314
Uragenda, i. 90
Uru-éta, i. 260
Uru-hiri, v. 66
Uruhonda, i. 260, 274
Urukanu, 1. 260
Urukossa, iii. 35
Uru-tora, ti. 105
Uru-wi, v. 182
Usepale, ii. 148
Uyala, iv. 275
Vareca, il. 237
Vasabu, iv. 365
Vazumbo, iv. 365
Vétala, iv. 349 [227
Visnukiranti, ii. 272; ii.
Wa, ii. 108
Wada-kaha, iv. 365
Wadiga, ii. 330
Weel-Mindi, i. 285
Waga-pul, iv. 347
Wal-aba, i. 57
Wal-amba, i. 317
Wal-asamodagan, 11. 279
Wal-awara, il. 67
Wal-awari, ll. 25
Wal-bévila, i. 143
Wal-bilin, i. 230
Walbomba, iii. 104
Wal-buruta, 1. 15
Wal-burutu, 1. 344
Wal-dambala, ii. 77
Wal-diyalabu, i. 292
_Wal-éhétu, iv. 93
Wal-ékaweriya, ii. 320
Wal-enduru, ii. 277, 280
Wal-grammiris-wel, iti.
428, 429
Walgona, iv. 93
Wal-gonika, ii. 359
Wal-handun, ii. 327
Wal-idda, iii. 137
Walinga-sal, iii. 70
Wal-inguru, iv. 259
Wal-jambu, ii. 169
Wal-kaduru, ii. 127
Walkaha iv. 241
Wal-kahambiliya, iv. 104
Wal-kapura-walliya, i.
373 :
Wal-karapincha, i. 218
Wal-kékuna, iv. 52
Walkidaran, iv. 351, 352
Wal-kinda, i. 38
Wal-kobbe, i. 302
Wal-kollu, ii. 79
Wal-kolondu, iil. 43
Wal-kopi, ii. 335, 367
Wal-kudalu, i. 212
Wal kurundu, iii. 441
Wal-lunu, iv. 272
Walla, iti. 460
Wal-mal kunakan, v.
277
Wal-mé, ii. 70
Wal-médiriya, iii. 100
Wal-meneri, v. 150
Index to Sinhalese Names.
Wal-mora, i. 305
Wal-nmunamal, ii. 237, iv.
83
Walmurunga, iv. 33
Wal-nanu, ii. 36
Wal-nawahandi, ii. 266
Wal-niviti, i. 291
Wal-patpadagam, il. 314
Wal-pitcha, ili. 114
Wal-gurenda, iii. 359
Wal-rasakinda, ii. 261
Wal-rat-diyalabu, i. 294.
Wal-Ruk-aitana, ili, 124
Wal-sapu, i. 14
Wal-te-kola, iii. 40
Wal-tibbatu, ii. 236
Wal-tiedde, i. 47
Wal-trasta-walu, iii. 226.
Walu. kina, 1. 102
Wal-urdu, 1. 88
Wal-waraka, il. 237
Wam-batu, i. 235
Wampara, i. 12
Wam.-bodiya-wel, i. 279
Wana-mi, ili. 81
Wana-potu, 1. 270
Wana-raja, iv. 213
Wana-sapu, 1. 22
Wanduru-meé, ii. 74
Wanderu-wel, iv. 335,
Wanepala, iii. 338
Wara, ili. 148
Wata-essa, il. 145
Wawiya, iil. 436
Wéda-pana, i. 222
Weel-tree, i. 130
Jéla, 1. 57
Wel-alala, iv. 359
Welanga, i. 169
Welangiriya, i. 64
Wel-aralu, iv. 87
Wel-beli, iii. 174
Wel-buté, ii. 136
Wel-butsarana, ii. 323
Wel-damaniya, ii. 63
Wel-dehi, iii. 121
Wel-éhétu, iv. 85
Wel-embilla, iii. 69, 465
Wel-hiri, v. 18
Wel-kayila, iv. 19
I[udex to Tamtl Names.
Weli-damba, ii. 174
Weélipenna, ii. 157
Weliwenna, iv. 54
Weéli-kaha, ii. 222
Well-penna, ii. 156
Weli-piyana, ii. 156
Wel-kahambiliya, iv. 61
Wel-kapuru, ili. 62
Wel-karal-héba, iii. 399
Wel-kayila, iv. 19
Wel-kéla. ii. 67
Wel-kéliya, i. 176
Wel-keppetiya, iv. 47
Wellangiriya, i. 224
Wel-mediya, i. 176
Wel-mendiya, i. 276
Achchu, i. 178
Adampu, ii. 191
Adatddai, iii. 338
Adutintappalai, ili. 422
Addula, ii. 195
Aglai, i. 252
Akatti, ti. 35
Al, iv. 86
Allai, iv. 276
Amarai, i. 303
Ampallai, i. 327
Amukkiray, ili. 237
Anaikuntumani, i. 120
Anaimulli, ii. 124
Anainerinchi, ili. 285
Anaittadichchal, i. 296
Anichovadi, iii. 12
Arachu, iv. 90
Araikkarai, ii. 397
Arikirai, iii. 396
Atalai, iv. 45
Athalangi, 1. 241
Atti, 1. 116
Attika, iv. 96
Wel-mottu, iii. 167
Wel-radaliya, 11. 3
Wel-rukattana, iii. 145
Weni-wel, i. 41
Weralu, i. 184
Weraniya, ii. 304
Wesak-mal, iv. 153
Weétakolu, ii. 252
Wetta-kaiya, iv. 341
Wewarani, ili. 444
Wewel, iv. 331
Wil-mudumagane, i. 83
Wisa-duli, i. 146, iii. 42,
iv. 180
Wila, ili. 253
Wira, iv. 36
1H
TAMIL* NAMES.
Attuchankulai, i. 76
Attukaddupuli, i. 111
Attuneddi, ii. 39
Avarai, ii. 106
Ayil, iv. 80
Chadachchi, i. 175
Chaddavakku, i. 250
Chamai, v. 150
Chandi, iii. 392
Charanai, ii. 270
Chatelai, iv. 127
Chattavari, iv. 285
Chatura-kalli, iv. 4
Chavandalai, i. 173
Chavukku, iv. 120
Chaya, il. 316
Chélampai, ii. 294.
Cheppunerinchi, ii. 22
Chemmanatti, i. 190
Chettupulukodi, ii. 2
Chevakanpudu, i. 143
Chilanti, i. 233
Chilanti-arichi, v. 22
463
Wisnagarandi, ii, 272
Wissaduli, ii. 341
Weel-undu, ii. 80
Weel-undu-wel, ii. 80
Yakada-wel, i. 22, 279
Yakahalu, i. 121, 123
Yak-bériya, ii. 15, 19
Yak-erabadu, il. 64
Yak-eraminiya, 1. 281
Yakinaran, i. 227
Yak-komadu, ii. 253
Yakulala, iv. 359
Yak-wanassa, iii. 384
Yawakenda, iv. 244
Yogana-wel, ii. 372
Chintil, i. 39
Chiruchemmanatti, i. 191
Chiru-illantai, i. 255
Chirukandal, ii. 152
Chirukila, iii. 125
Chirukirai, iii. 396
Chirunerinchi, i. 194
Chirupaddi, iii. 197
Chirupilai, ili. 401
Chiru-piyari, i, 271
Chiruppadikkirai, ii. 269
Chiruppayaru, il. 72
Chirupulichchul, ii. 195
Chirupunnai, i. 99
Chittakatti, ii. 34
Chittamaddi, i. 143
Chittamanakku, iv. 72
Chitiviyarchenkalainir,
ili. 7
Chittirapalavi, iv. 8
Chivacharantai, ili. 25
Chivanarvempu, ii. 23
Chomuntiri, i. 167
Chundan, i. 277
* “Tam ignorant of the correct spelling of many of these names, and have been
unable to give the proper English transliteration in such cases,’’—Trimen, foot-note to
Index, Part II. p. 301.
464
Churai, i. 280, 282; ii.
247
Dimibiya, ii. 200
Dommakottai, 1. 100
Eddi, ii. 175
Elichchevi, iii. 406
Elilaippalai, iu. 133
Ella, iii. 285
Elumpurukki, ii. 449
Errukalai, ii. 148
Erumaimullai, ii. 352
Ichanku, mi. 121
Ichavalai, li. 132
Tkkini, iii. 319
Tlantai, i. 280
Tluppai, ili. 79
Incha, iv. 327
_Trampai, v. 40
Irumpalai, ui. 89
Itti, iv. 89
Tyamali, 1. 132
Tyanku, ii. 121
Tya-vakai, ii. IOI
_ Juvarai, iii. 89
Kachaddai, ii. 191
Kachchalkodi, ii. 172
Kachchantiray, ii. 271
Kadalranchi, i. 256
Kadai-kannai, v. 150
Kaddamanakku, ii. 357,
iv. 46
Kadduchchirakam, iii. 9
Kaddukkodi, i. 45
Kadduma, 1. 317
Kaddumallikai, ii. 352
Kaddumuntiri, i. 291
Kaddu-nocchi, iii. 358
Kaddupuli, ii. 112
Kadukkay, li. 159
Kaivarii, v. 277
Kakaipalai, i. 218, 11. 237
Kakkaipalai, 11. 237, iv. 73
Kalatti, iv. 92
Kalhi, iv. 5
Kaloti, i, 252
Kaludai, ii. 124
Kamukai, iv. 321
Kandai, i. 215
Kandal, ii. 151
Kamukai, iv. 321
Kanchankorai, ii. 365
Kanchurai, iil. 175
Kandal, ii. 151
Kandankattari, iil. 235
Kanna, ili. 363
Kannakompu, 1. 246
Kannu, i. 156
Kapila, iv. 68
Karai, il. 330, 346
Karanai, ii. 328
Karankutti, ii. 348
Karichcharanai, ili. 390
Karippalai, iv. 35
Karippan, iii. 37
Karivempu, i. 220
Karttikaikilanku, iv. 294
Karukku-vaychchi, i. 272
Karunchurai, i. 64
Karunkali, ii. 94
Karunochchi, iii. 335
Karuntali, iti. 92
Karuttappu, ii. 75
Karuva, ili. 440
Karuvel, ii. 122
Kasitumpai, iii. 387
Katchalkodi, iii. 172
Katkarai i. 233
Kattalai, iv. 281
Kattikaya, ii. 222
Kattimuruchan, ii. 116
Kattoddi, i. 61
Katukali, 1. 73
Katukanni, iii. 92
Katuperatti, i. 178
Katichia, iv. 80
Kavali, 1. 164
Kayani, i. 103
Kavarachu, 1. 158
Kaviltumpai, ili. 201
Kaya, il. 216, 282
Kelvaragu, v. 277
Kikkiri, ui. 319
Kilatti, 11. 125
Kilivai, i. 236
Kilkaynelli, iv. 23
Index to Tamtl Names.
Kilukiluppai, ii. 15
Kinnai, 11. 230
Kiri, i. 91
Kirimulla, iii. 319
Kodalimurunkai, ii. 125
Koddi, iv. 372
Kodippayam
seq.), li. 78
Kodippavaru, ii. 78
Koditaviddai, 1. 174
Kokottai, i. 98
Koliavarai, il. 67
Kolinchi, i. 31
Kolukkutti, ii. 352
Kona, ii. 128
(error for
Kongu, 1. 70
Konnai, i. 274
Korai, v. 35
Korakkaipuli, i. 95
Kotanai, ui. 407
Kovvai, il. 247
Kula, i. 304
| Kulapannai, i. 217
Kulappalai, iii. 147
Kuma, i. 305
Kumiddil, iii. 440
Kumil, ii. 355
Kuntumani, i. 57
Kuppameni, iv. 58
Kuppilay, i. 10
Kurincha, iii. 161
Kurinnan, ili. 154
Kuruntu, 1. 227
Kurrekaya, ii. 216
Kuruvichchai, lil. 462
Kutiraivali, il. 44
Lechdai kedda, ii. 392
Makal, 1. 75
Makil, ii. 36
Malaiparutti, 1. 166
Malaivempu, i. 243
Manakkovi, ii. 148
Manali, ii. 273
Mankalli, iti. 168
Manaltakalli, iii. 231
Manchalkadampa, ii. 293
Manchavanna, ll. 354
Manipulnati, iv. 34
Inilex to Famil Names.
Mara-illupai, i. 24
Marai-tium, iv. 66
Maral, iv. 267
Marungi, ii. 171
Marutoni, ii. 228
Marutu, il. 160
Mayirmanikan, i. 285
Mayladikkuruntu, i. 228
Metukku, ii. 250
Millakunari, iv. 47
Milaku, ii, 427
Minni, ii. 76
Mipullanti, iv. 19
Mochumochukkai, ii.254,
260
Montirikay, i. 317
Moongil, v. 313
Motirakanni, 1. 189
Muchuddai, iii. 205
Muditumpai, iii. 387
Mudiyakuntal, iii. 218
Mudkirai, iii. 396 ©
Mudkondai, i. 63
Mudpulanti, iv. 33
Mukalai, iii. 86
Mukavaliveér, ii. 30
Mukkaraichchi, iii. 390
Mulkarunkali, iii. 92
Mulanninchil, i. 73, ii.
285 .
Mulkilivai, i. 237
Mullai, iii. 354
Mullu-murukku, ii. 63
Mulmakil, iii. 77
Mul-venkai, iv. 10
Mutirai, i. 253
Nagamulli, iii. 339
Nai-oringi, iii. 348
Naka, i. 105
Nakakalli, ii. 267
Nakatali, iii. 285
Nancharapanchan, iii. 158
Nannari, iti. 144
Nanti, ii. 25
Narakaramba, iii. 16
Nari-lantai, i. 282
Narippayaru, ii. 71
Naruvili, iii. 193
Nattaichchuti, ii. 371
- PART V.
Naval, ii. 179°
Navala, i. 59 |
| Navilankai, i. 59.
Nayuruvi, iii, 404
Nedunaria, i. 24
Nelu, ili. 298, 299
Nervalam, iv.:49 | :
Netavil, iv. 97
Neykkoddan, i. 307
Nilappanai, iv. 269 * |"
Nilavakai, ‘11. ,107:
Nilavempu, iii. 326°
Nirkadampa, ii. 294 ©
Nirmulli, iii. 293:'
Nirnaval, i. 174
Nirnochchi, iti. 358
Nochchi, iii. 356. a ;
Nurai, i. 309
Nutipakal, ii. 248, 3
Odai, ii. 123 -
Odi, i. 318
Oritadtamarai, i. 67 ° ;
Pachumullai, iii. 353
Padri, iii. 283.
Paduvan, iii. 294
Painkuray, ii. 348 ©
Pakal, ii. 248
Pakkilipal, i. 239
Pakkuvetti, iii. 196
Palai, iii. 86, 164 -
Palampadu, i. 141
Palavi, iv. 7
Palmadankai, iii. 137
Palmanikam, iii. 434
Paluppakal, ii. 249
Panai, iv. 336
Panalai, i. 307
Pandikaya, ii. 216
Panichchai, iii. 93
Panir, ii. 338
Pannai, i. 221
Pannittankai, ii. 228
Papparappuli, i. 159
Paraddai, iii. 295
Parasu, ii. 66
Parutti, i. 160
Pasalai, ili. 410
Patpadakam, ii. 272
465
Patpitay, iv. 101
Pavaddai, ii. 349
Pavaddaikaya, ii. 222
Pavettal, iii. 338
Perilantai, i. 280
Perukka, i. -T59' |
| Perumaddi,-i. ‘153 ;
| Perumaruntu, iit. 423°
| Peru-naval, ii. 179 |
| Perunerinchi; iii. 285:
i Perunkila, iii/#24° |!
Perunkuruntu, i. 226
| Perunpiyari,'#. 271.000"
Peruntutti, i. 145
Pey-karumu,' v.'202'
: Peykkomaddi, ii. 253
Péykuruntu, i. 227°
Peymaruddi, iii. 584
| Peypalai, iii, 158° |
Péyppatchottiy iii.323,
Peyppichukku, ti, 252. |
Peyppadal, ii: 256
| Peyttumpai, iii. 386 |
; Phandatullai, ii. 61 |
Pichchuvilatti, i.:63
_ Pichukku, ii. 251°
' Pichukodiya, iii. 400
| Pikku, ii. 251°
' Pila, iv. 99
' Pinari, iii. 359
. Pinchil, iii. 359
' Pirandai, i. 289 °
: Pirasu, iv. 101
' Piyari, i. 271
: Podivilangu, ii: 245
Podu-talai, iii. 347
, Ponnaimurankai, ii. 129
: Ponnantakari, ii. Io5 2°
Ponnaruvili, iii. 193
Potpattai, iv. 73
Priampu, iv. 331
Puchini, ii. 252
Pudal, ti. 245
Pudan, ii. 331
Pula, iv. 19
Puli, ii. 114
Pulichchankirai, i. 89
Pulikkirai, i. 89
Pullanti, iv. 19
Pumpullu, iii. 13
HH
466
Punaikkalaichchi, ii. 61,
98
Punairananki, iv. 58
Punai-verandi, i, 62:
Punku, ik. 91
Punnai, i, 100
Punnikki, i. 171
Purankainari,, i. 221
Puttalai, iv. 50
Puvarachu, i. 158
Puvu, i. 304
Ranai, iit, 444
‘Takarai, ii.. 105
Talai, iv. 339
Tali, iit. 212, 220
Tamarai, 1.51
‘Tampanai, iv. 38
Tanakku, 11, 165
Tanti, i. 159
Tatta-payaru, ii. 76
Taviddai, i. 176
Tayirvalai, i. 57
Tedkodukku, iii. 200
Tekil, ii. or
Tennai, iv. 337, v. 164.
Téntukki, iv, 54
Teppaddi, iv. 47
Tetta, iii. 176
Tévataram, i. 190
Thavarai, ii. 80
Tilai, iv. 76
Tippili, iii. 424
‘Tippilipana, iv. 324
Tirukkontai, ii, 103
Tiruvatti, ii. 116
Toggil, iii; 395
. Poppinelli, iv. 19
: Tumpai, ii. 249
' Tumpalai, i.
13
Tutuvalai, ili. 236
| Tuvadi, i. 284
' Udai, i. 123
| Udaivel, ii. 124
, Uluntu, ii. 72
E Uluvintai, i. 25
| Umiri, iii. 409
Urkkovi, iii. 148
i Uttamakam, iii. 150
i Uvay, iii. 120
t Uyil, ii. 130
| Vaddattutti, i. 145, 154
: Vaddu, iti. 235
' Vaddutakarai, ii. 106
' Vakai, ii. 104, 108, 128
- Vakkana, iii. 92
' Vallarai, ii. 276
| Vallampuri, i. 168
; Vammi, ii. 292
| Vandakkay, 1. 156
| Vanni, 1. IOL
, Vankiruvalai, ii. 268
' Varittula, iv. 73
| Vatamadakki, iii. 360
Vatchikuran, il. 343
Vattakanni, iv. 70
Vedchi, ii. 348
'Veddukkanari, iii. 91
Vekkali, ii. 162
' Velayil, iv. 80
' Veliparatti, iii. 150
r Vella, ii. 336
Vellaikadampa, ii. 293
129, iil.
Lndex to Tamil Names.
Vellai-karunkali, ii. 97
Vellaruku, iii. 185
| Veluruvai, ii. 38
Velvel, ii. 125
Vempadam, i. 279
| Vempu, i. 244
Venachchi, i. 61
' Venkai, ii. 90
Venkalikaya, ii. 182, 222
Vennachchi, iii 357
Ventonti, iv. 294
| Ventmattai, iii. 238
Vetpavaddai, ii. 351
Véttilai, iii. 425
Vichamunkil, iv. 270
Vichnukiranti, iii. 227
Vidattal, ii. 121
Vidi, iii. 193
Vidpani, i. 172
Vila, i. 228
Vilatti, i. 228
Vili, i. 60
Vilpadri, iii. 282
| Vilvam, i. 229
Vilva-pattiri, 11. 86
Vinanku, i. 169
Virali, i. 312
Virai, iv. 36
Visa, iv. 13
Vishamungil, iv. 271
Vitchurunai, iv. 35
Vitlikanna, iv. 74
Viyay, ili. 120
Yar, ll. 371
Yavaranal, iti. 444
Yerkoli, ti. 343
Index to English Names. 467
TV:
ENGLISH NAMES.
[Considering the number of beautiful, interesting, and useful trees, shrubs,
and herbs common in Ceylon, it is remarkable that so few of them should have
-acquired English names. Of those contained in the following index, by far the
larger number are of cultivated plants, introduced from Europe or India, whose
English or Anglo-Indian names have come with them or been applied to them.
A very few are the inventions of English residents, such as ‘ Lily of the Valley
Orchid,’ which is Anglican, and ‘ Patana Oak’ and ‘Calamander Wood,’ which
are hybrid words. In a few cases I have introduced into this index English
names that are not to be found in the text, with references to plants which
-certainly should bear them, as ‘ Water-starwort’ for ‘ Ca/ltriche stagnalis,’ Scop.,
-and ‘ Barberry’ for the Ceylon ‘ Beréeris,’ &.—J. D. H.]
Ala-bet, Gynura pseudo-China, DC. iii. | Betel-nut Palm, Aveca Catechu, L. iv.
45
Annatto, dye, Bixa Orellana, L. i. 70
Arum, Egyptian, Colocasia Antiquorum,
Schott, iv. 359
Ash-Pumpkin, Benzncasa cerifera, Savi,
li. 252
Babul, Acacta arabica, Willd. ii. 122
Bael, fr., 2gle Marmelos, Corr. i. 229
Balsams, /7patiens, 1. 200
Banana, Musa paradisiaca, L. iv. 265
Banyan tree, Ficus benghalensis, L.iv.86
Baobab tree, Adansonza digitata, L.
1. 159
Barberry, of Ceylon, Berberzs xristata,
DEF. 438
Basil, Sweet, Octmum Basztlicum, L.
ili. 366
Batticaloa Orchid, Rhynchostylis retusa,
Bl. iv. 187
Bead tree, Melia Azedarach, L. i. 244
Bean, French, or Haricot, Phaseolus
vulgaris, L. ii. 69
Bean, Sacred, of Egypt, Welemb:um
speciosum, Willd. i. 51
Bedstraw, Galium aspertfolium, Wall.
li. 373
Bermuda grass, Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.
Vv. 274
Betel, foreign, Pi~er Betle, var. Szrzboa,
ili. 425
‘Betel leaf, Pzper Betle, L. iii. 425
321
Bird-Pepper, Capstcurn
Roxb. ii. 238
Bitter-cress, hairy, Cardamine hirsuta,
L. i. 54
Blackberry, Abus moluccanus, L. var.
Y, li. 137
Black strawberry tree, MWe/lastoma mela-
bathricum, L. ii. 199
Blinding tree, Axcecaria Agallocha, L.
hie 99)
Borage, indian,
Benth. iii. 374
Bo tree, Ficzs religiosa, L. iv. 90
Bottle-Gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser.
ii. 247
Box wood, Ceylon, Canthium didy-
mum, Gaertn. f. ii. 343
Brazil Cherry, Eugenia Micheliz, Lam.
li. 188
Bringal, fr., Solanum Melongena, L.. iii.
235
Bullock’s- heart, Avona reticulata, L.1.32
Bull-rush Millet, Pennisetum typhoc-
deum, Rich. v. 170
Butter-cup, Ranunculus sagztiifolcus,
Hook. i. 4
minimune,
Coleus aromaticus,
Cactus, Opuntia Dilleniz, Haw. ii. 267,
and Euphorbia Antiquorum, L. iv. 4
Calamander wood, Duospyros quesita,
Thw. iii. 97
468
Calumba, false, Cosczzzum fenestratum,
Coleb. i. 41
Candle-nut, Aleurztes triloba, Forst. iv.
46
Cannon-ball tree, Carapa moluccensis,
©) fam. 1250
Cape Gooseberry, Physalis peruviana,
L. ili. 237
Cardamomum plant, E/ettaria Carda-
momum, Mat. iv. 261
Caricature plant, Graptophyllum hor-
tense, Nees, ili. 341
Cashew-nut, Axacardium occidentale,
I ho B04)
Cassava, Manihot utilisscma, Pohl, iv. 1
Castor-oil plant, Rzcznes communis, L.
iv. 72
Cedar, White, of Madras, Chickrassia
tebularis, A. Juss. i. 252
Champak tree, Méchelia Champaca, L.
i. 15
Charcoal tree, Zvemza ortentalts, Bl.iv.82
Chay-root, Oldenlandia umbellata, L.
ii. 316
Chick-pea, Cajanus zndicus, Spr. ii. 80
Chickweed, Svellaria media, L. 1. 86
Chickweed, Mouse-ear, Cerastzum viul-
gatum, L. i. 85
China-root, Gyxura pseudo-China, DC.
iii. 45
Chiretta, Swertza Chirata, Ham. ui. 188
Chittagong wood, Chickrassza tabulars,
A. Juss. i. 252
Cinnamon, Czmnzamomum xeylanicum,
Bl. iii. 440
Cinnamon, wild, Lztsea zeylanica, Nees,
iil. 454
Citronella oil, Andropogon Nardus, L.
Vv. 242
Clover, Zrzfolium repens, L. ii. 20
Cocculus indicus, Azamzrta Cocculus,
Coleb. i. 40
Cock’s:foot grass, Dactylis glomerata,
L. v. 305
Cockspur thorn, Acacza eburnea, Willd.
Coco-nut, Maldive, iv. 338 {ii. 124
Coco-nut, King, Cocos nana, Griff. iv.
338
Coco-nut, Water,
Nipa - fruticans,
Wurmb. iv. 325
Index to Enghsh Names.
Coco-nut palm, Cocos nucifera, L. iv. 337°
Coffee, Arabian, Coffea arabica, L. ii.
353
Coffee, wild, Scyphostachys coffotdes,.
Thw. ii. 335
Colocynth, Cztrzllus
Schrad. ii, 253
Cork tree, Indian, AZ/ingtonia hor-
tensts, L. f. iii. 282
Cotton plant, Gossypium herbaceum, L..
i. 159
Cotton, sea island, Gossypeum barba--
dense, L. i. 159 ;
Cotton-tree, Bombax malabaricum, DC.
i. 160
Cowage or cowitch plant, Mzucuna
prurvens, DC. ii. 62
Crab’s-eye seeds, Abrus precatorius,.
Ty ls 99/
Croton of gardens, Codieum variega-
tum, BI. iv. 52
Croton-oil plant, Croton Tighum, L.
iv. 49
Cucumber, Cucumis sativus, L. ti. 251
Custard apple, <Avzona sguamosa, L.
thy BH
Curry-leaf, MZurraya Koenzgiz, Spr.
i, 220
Cutch, Acacza Catechu, Willd. ii. 126,
and A. Suma, Kurz, ii. 126
Colocynthis,
Daffodil Orchid, /psea speciosa, Lindl..
iv. 171
Dammar, white, Vaterza znzdica, L. i.
132
Dandelion, Zavaxacum officinale, Wigg,.
lil. 51
Devil-nettle, Lafortea crenulata, Gaud..
iv. 105
Divi-divi tree,
Thunb. ii. ror
Dock, broad leaved, Rzmex obtuszfolius,
L. iii. 415.
Dock, curled, Remex crispus, iil. 415
Doob grass, Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.
Vv. 274
Doon, red, Doona nervosa, Thw. i. 121
Dun, Vatica obscura, Trim. i. 129
Durian, wild, Cullenza excelsa, Wight,
i. 162
Cesalpinia coriaria,
Index to Enghsh Names.
Ebony, Bastard, Dzospyros Gardner,
Thw. iii. 96
Ebony, Diospyros Ebenum, Keen. iii. 94
Ebony tree, of S. India, Dvzospyros
Melanoxylon, Roxb. ii. 99
Eddoes, Colocasia Autiguorum, Schott,
iv. 359
Egg-plant, Solanwm Melongena, L. iil.
235
‘Elephant apple, fervonza elephantum,
Correa, i, 228
Elephant grass, Saccharum arundina-
ceum, Retz. v. 202
Elephant’s ears, Actinodaphne speciosa,
Nees, ili. 448
Elephant thorn,
Willd. ii. 124
Elm, Indian, oloptelea integrifolia,
Planch. iv. $0
Eve’s apple, Zabernemontana dicho-
toma, Roxb. ill. 132
Fever-nettle, Laportea crenulata, Gaud.
iv. 105
Forbidden fruit, Zabernemontana
adichotoma, Roxb. iti. 132
Forget-me-not, Cyxoglossum micran-
thum, Desf. ili. 203
Fox-tail Orchid, Rhynchostylis retusa,
Bl. iv. 187
Furze, Ulex europeus, L. i. 7
Furniture-leaf, /zcuws asperrima, Roxb.
iv. 94
Acacia tomentosa,
‘Gall-nuts, Zermznalia Chebula, Retz.
ll. 159
“Gamboge tree, Garcinia Morella, Desr.
1. 96
Geranium grass, Andropogon Schen-
anthus, L. v. 241
Gingelly oil, Sesamum indicum, L. iii.
285
Ginger, Zingiber officinale, L. iv. 258
‘Goat-weed, Ageratum conyzoides, L.
iii. 13
Gorse, Ulex europaeus, L. i. 7
Gram, green or black, Phaseolus Max,
ily ie 93
“Gram, Madras, Dolichos unzflorus, Lam.
77,
‘Guava, Psidium Guyava, L. ii. 167
469
Guava, wild, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa,
Wight, ii. 166
Guinea grass, Panicum maximum, Jacq.
v. 153
Gunpowder plant, Pzlea muscosad, Lindl.
iv. 108
Gurjun-oil tree, Dzpterocarpus turbé-
natus, Gaertn. f. i. I15
Harebell, Wahlenbergia gracilis, A. DC.
iii. 58
Hare’s-foot Trefoil, Zrzfoliam arvense,
L. ii. 20
Haricot bean, Phaseolus lunatus, L. ii.
69
Hemp, Crotalaria juncea, L. i. 16
Henna, Lawsonza alba, Lam. ii. 228
Hill Gooseberry, Rhodomyrtus tomen-
tosa, Wight, li. 166
Hog-Plum, Spondias mangifera, Willd.
1, Be)
Holly, Z/ex, i. 265
Horse-radish tree, Moringa pterygo-
Sperma, Gaertn. i. 327
Hyacinth Orchis, Sa¢yriam nepalense,
Don, iv. 237
Imphee, Andropogon Sorghum, Brot. v.
232
Indian Liquorice, Adrus precatorius, L.
il. 57
Indian Shot, Canna indica, L. iv. 264
Indigo plant, /xdigofera tinctoria, L.,
and /. Avzz/, L. ii. 27
Ink-nuts, Zermzinalia Chebula, Retz. ii.
159
Ipecacuanha, wild, Calotropis curassa-
vied, L. iii. 149, and TZylophora
asthmatica, W. & A. ili. 158
Tron-wood, Mesua ferrea, L. 105
Jack tree, Artocarpus integrifolza, L.f.
iv. 99
Jambu, Zugenza Jambos, L. ii. 170
Jasmine, Arabian, Jasminum Sambac,
Ait. ili. 113
Job’s tears, Coéx Lachryma-jobt, L. v.
192
Towar, Axdropogon Sorghum, Brot. v.
232
470
Juda’s bag, Adansonia digitata, L. f.
i. 159
Jujube, Zzyphus jujuba, Lam. i. 280
Jungle nail, Acacia tomentosa, Willd.
li. 124
Jute, Corchorus capsularis, L. i. 181,
and C. olztorius, L. i. 182
Keppitiya resin, Cvofon aromatzcus, L.
lv. 47
Khus-khus grass, Azdropogon squar-
rosus, Li. f. ve 233
Kina tree, Calopiyllum
Wight, i. 104
Kino, Bengal, Bztea frondosa, Koen.
ii. 66, and Croton aromaticus, L. iv. 47
Walkerit,
Lac, Gyrocarpus Jacguinz, Roxb. ii. 165
Lemon-oil grass, Andropogon Schanan-
thus, L. v. 241, and A. cétratus,
DC. v. 246
Lettuce tree, Pesonza morindafolia, Br.
lil. 392
Lettuce, Water, Pzstza Stratiotes, L. iv.
345
Lilac, Indian or Persian, A/elia Azeda-
rach, L. 1. 244
Lily-of-the-valley Orchid, Zvza bzcolor,
Lindl. iv. 166
Lime, fr. Cetras Hystrix, DC. i. 228
Liquorice, Indian, Ad;us precatorzus,
L. il. 57
Longan, Wephelium Longana, Camb.
i. 309
Lotus, Egyptian, Vymphea Lotus, L.
i. 49
Lotus of Europeans in the East, Ve/z72-
bium speciosum, Willd. i. 51
Love lies bleeding,
caudatus, L. iii. 396
Amaranthus
Macassar kernels, Brucea sumatrana,
Roxb. i. 231
Madras Thorn, Pithecolobium duce,
Benth. ii. 131
Mahwa tree, Bassa latifolia, Roxb.
lll. 79
Malabar-nut, Adhatoda Vasica, Nees,
ili. 338
Mango, Mangifera indica, L. i. 318
Index to English Names.
Mangrove, see Rhzzophora, L. and
Bruguiera, L. ii. 150, 153; also-
Agiceras minus, Gaertn. and Avz-
cennia officinalis, L. iil. 74 and 363
Mangrove, White, Avicennza officinalis,
L. iii. 363
Malay apple, Augenza malacceszs, L.
li. 170
Margosa tree,
Juss. i. 244
Marigold, African or French, Zagezes
erecta, L., and patula, L. iil. 42
Marvel of Peru, A@vabelis Jalapa, L.
ill. 391
Masan, Zzzyphus Jujuba, Lam. i. 280
Matara tea, Cassta auriculata, L. ii. 106
Mauritius grass, MUUELCH IL.
Forsk. v. 140
Melilot, AZelilotus parviflora, Desf. 11. 21
Melon, Czcumds Alelo, L. ii. 251
Mendora, Hofea (?) cordifolia, Trim. 1.
126
Mendora, swamp, Vatica Roxburghiana,.
Bl. i. 128
Mignonette, wild, Graphalium multi
caule, Willd. iii. 32
Melissa oil, Indian, Azzdropogon cetratus,.
DC. (?), v. 246
Milk hedge, Euphorbia Tirucalli, L..
iv. I
Millet, Parezcum meliaceunr, Lv. 150
Millet, Bulrush, Peze27setum typhoideum,
Rich. v. 170
Millet, Indian, Axdropogon Sorghum,
Brot. v. 232
Millet, Italian, Setarza ztalica, Beauv..
v. 164
Mistletoe, AAzpsalzs Cassytha, Gaertn..
ii. 266
Moon-flower, Zfomea Bona-nox, L. ii.
213
Mugwort, Artemesta vulgarés, L. ill. 43
Mullein, Ver-bascum Thapsus, L. iii. 241
Mustard-tree, Sa/vadora persica, L. iii..
120
Myrobalans, Zermzzalza belerzca, Roxb.,
and 7. Chebula, Retz. il. 159
sadtrachta indica, A.
Panicunt
Nettle, Nilgiri, Gzvardinza heterophylla,,
Dene. iv. 106
Lhndex to English Names:
Nettle, Devil or Fever, Laporta crenu-
lata, Gaud. iv. 105
Nim tree, Azadirachta indica, A. Juss.
1. 244
Nilgiri Nettle, Gzvardinza heterophylla,
Dene. iv. 106
Nux-vomica, Strychnos Nux-vomeca, L.
iii. 175
Oak, Ceylon, Schletchera trijuga, Willd.
1. 304
Oak, Patana, Careya arborea, Roxb.
ii. 191
Oil, Citronella, Azdropogox Nardus, L.
Vv. 242
Oil, Geranium grass, Andropogon Schen-
anthus, \.. v. 241
Oil, Gingelly, Sesamum tndicun, L.
iii, 285
Oil, Ginger-grass, Andropogon Schen-
anthus, L. v. 241
Oil, Gurjun, Dipterocarpus turbinatus,
Gaertn. f. 1. 115
Oil, Kohomba-tal, Azadirachta tndica,
_ A. Juss. 1. 244
Oil, Lemon grass, Andropogon Schain-
anthus, L. v. 241, 246
Oil, Melissa, Indian, Axdropogon ci-
tratus, DC. v. 246
Oil-nuts, Aleurztes triloba, Forst. iv. 46
Oil, Rusa-grass, Azdropogon Schai-
anthus, L. Vv. 241
Oil, Verbena, Andropogon cztratus, DC.
v. 246
Olive, Wild, Z/eocarpus serratus, L. i.
184
Paddy, Hill, Oryza /atéfolza, Desv. v.
184
Palmyra Palm, Borassus flabellifer, L
iv. 330
Patchouli, Pogonostemon suavis, Pell.
ii. 379
Pa&ana Oak, Careya arborea, Roxb. ii.
191
Peacock-flower, Pownciana pulcherrima,
L, ii. 99
Pepper, black, Prger nigrum, L. iii.
427
Pepper, iene Piper longum, L. iit. . 424
‘Potato,
A7u
Periwinkle, Madagascar, Verca rosea,
L. ili. 130
Persian Lilac, Melea Azedarach, L.1. 244
Pimpernel, blue, Azagallés arvensis, '
Lam. iii. 66 3
Piney varnish, Vaterza indica, L. i. 132.
Physic-nut, Jatropha Curcas, L. iv. 46
Pitcher-plant, MWepenthes distillatoria, '
L. in. 420
Plantain (or Banana), Musa paradisatca,
L. iv. 265
Plantain (English weed), Plantago
major, L. itt. 389
country, Coleus parvifiorus,
Benth. ili. 374 Sa
Primrose Orchid, Dendrobium hetero-
carpurt, Wall. iv. 154
Prince of Wales’s feathers, Azzaranthus
hypochondriacus, L. iii. 396
Purslane, Portulaca oleracea, L. i. 89
Pumpkin, Ash, Berincasa certfera, Savi,
ii. 252
Punnai nuts, Calophyllum Inoph eee
L. 1. 100
Rain-tree, Pethecolobeum zwmbellatum,,
Benth. i. 132
Raspberry, wild, Rzbus laszocarpus,
Sm. ii. 138
Rati seeds, Abrus precatorius, L. il. 57
Red Doon, Doona Gardner, i. 121
Rhea, wild, Debregeasta velutena, Gaud.
iv. 119
Rice, Oryza satzva, L. v. 182
Rose apple, Zzgenze Jambos, L. i. 170
‘Roselle, Azbzscus Sabdariffa, L. i. 154
Rubber, Ceara, MJanthot Glaziovz2,
iv. I
Rubber, Mexican, Castzlloa elastica,.
Cerv. iv. I
Rubber, Para, Hevea braszlienszs, iv. I
Rusa-oil grass, Andropogon Schenan-
thus, L. v. 241
St. John’s wort, Hyper UUM. MyYSOVENSE
Heyne, 1. 93
Sabre-bean, Canavalia enstformis, DC.
il. 67
Sacred bean of Egypt,
Nelumbiu mL
speciosum, Willd. i. 52 .
472
Sandal wood, Santalum album, L. iii.
475
San-Hemp, Crotalaria juncea, L. ii. 16
Sappan wood, Ce Ge Sappan, L
ii, 99
Sarsaparilla, Womidevmas: tndicus, Br.
iii. 144
‘Satin-wood, Chloroxylon Swietenta, DC.
i. 253
Sebestens, Cordia Myzxa, L. iii. 193
Semaphore plant, Desmodium gyrans,
DC. i. 56
Sensitive plants, sp. of es 1 _ 196,
Biophytum, i. 197, Smithia, i. 36,
and Mimosa pudica, L. i. 122
Sheep’s sorrel, Rumex Acetosella, L. ii.
415
Shepherd’s Purse, Capsella Bursa-pas-
toris, L. i. 54.
Shola pith, A schynomene aspera, L
ii. 39
Silk-cotton tree, Eriodendron anfrac-
tuoswum, DC. i. 161
Snail - flower, Phaseolus adenanthus,
Mey. ii. 70
Snake-gourd, Z7échosanthes anguina,
L. il. 245
Snake-wood, Ophiocylon SCENT,
L. iii. 126
Sorgho, Axdropogon Sorghum, Brot.
Vv. 232
Sour grass, Panicum conjugatum, Berg,
v. 122 ;
Sour sop, Axona muricata, Dun. i. 32
Sow-thistles, Sonchus asper, Vahl, S.
oleraceus, L. ii. 52
Spanish needle, Bzdens pilosa, L. iii. 40
Spear grass, Andropogon contortus, L.
e238
Spinach, Basella rubra, L. and alba, L
lil. 410
Spurrey, i. 86
Strawberry, /ragarza vesca, L. ii. 138
Sugar-cane, Chinese, Andropogon Sor-
ghum, Brot. v. 32
Sugar-cane, Saccharum officinale, L. v.
202
Sundews, Drosere, sp. ii. 146 ©
Sun-Hemp, Cvrotolaria juncea, L. ii.
16
L[ndex to Enghsh Names.
Swamp Mendora, Vatica Roxburghiana,
Bl. i. 128
‘Sweet-cup, Passiflora edulis, Sims, ii.
242
‘Sweet-flag, <Acorus Calamus, L, iv,
365
‘Sweet - potato, ZZomea Batatas, Lam.
lil, 212
Tallow-tree, 2xcacaria sebifera (Sapium
sebiferum, Roxb.) iv. 1, 76
Tamarind tree, Zamarindus indica, L.
ii, 114
Tamarind, wild or velvet,
ovoideum, Thw. ii. 113
Tamarisk, Zamarzx gallica, Li. 9%
Tapioca, Manthot utilissima, Pohl, iv. I
Taro, Colocasia Antiquorum, Schott,
iv. 359
Tea-plant, Camellia Thea, Lindl. i. 112
Tea, Ceylon, Zleodendron glaucum,
Jacq. f. i. 271
Tea, Ceylon or Matara, Cassza aure-
culata, L. ll. 107
Tea, Wild, Zurya acuminata, DC.i, 110
Tea, Wild, of East Coast, Cassta auricu-
lata, L. i. 112, ii. 106
Teak tree, Zectona grandis, L. f. iii. 350
Telegraph plant, Desmodium gyrans,
DC. ii. 56
Temple-tree, Plumeria acutifolia, Poir.
lll. 130
Thorn-apple, Datura Stramonium, L.
lil, 239
Tiger’s claws, Martynia diandra, Glox.
iii. 285
Tobacco, Wild, Lotekia nicotianefolia,
Heyne, iii. 57
Toddy-palm, Caryota urens, L. iv. 324
Toon, Red, Cedrella serrata, Royle, i.
252
Tooth ache plant, Spz/anthus Acmella,
L. iii. 40
Tree Mignonette, Zawsonza alba, Lam.
li. 228
Trefoil, 7r¢folium arvense, L.. ii. 20
Trincomalie-wood, Berrya Ammonilla,
Roxb. i. 173
Trumpet-flower, Datura suaveolens, H.
& B. iii. 239
Dialium
Ludex to English Names.
‘Tulip tree, Thespesta populnea, Sol. i.
158
Turmeric plant, Curcuma longa, L. iv.
242
Umbrella tree, Acacza planifrons, W. &
PAR II. 6023
Upas tree, Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch.
lv. 97
Vanilla, Vanzlla planzfolia, Andy. iv.221
Velam bark, Acacia leucophiwa, Willd.
li. 125
Verbena-oil, Andropogon citratus, DC.(?)
v. 246
anthum odoratum, L. v. 305
Violet, hill, of Ceylon, Viola serpens,
Wall. i. 67
‘Water Coco-nut, Ma fruticans,
Wurmb. iv. 325
“Watercress, Wasturtzum officinale, Br.
i. 53
473
Water grass, Panicum muticum, Forsk.
v. 440
Water Lettuce, Pestia stratiotes, L. iv. -
345
Water Lilies, Mymphee, sp. i. 49,
50
Water- Melon, Citrullus vulgaris,
Schrad. ii. 253
Water Pink, Spznifex squarrosis, L. v.
174
Water Starwort, Callitriche stagnalis,
Scop. ii. 149
White-dove Orchid, Dendrobium cru-
menatunt, SW. iV. 151
| White-weed, Averatum conyzotdes, L.
Vernal Grass, Sweet-scented, Athox- |
ill. 13
Wild Coffee, Scyphostachys coffeoides,
Thw. ii. 335
Wild Raspberry, Azéus lasiocarpus,
Sm. ii. 138
Wild Tobacco, Lodelza nicotianefolia,
Heyne, ii. 57
Wood-apple, Feronza elephantum, Corr.
1. 228
pike
ae
aS
'
PLATES AND MAPS
(in QUARTO PORTFOLIO).
PLATE PAGE
I. Acrotrema lyratum, 7iw. & 7, A. uniflorum, Aook.,
var. bullatum, 7p. 7 . . ; : 3 PartI. 9g
II. Schumacheria angustifolia, Hé.f. & Ti ee i IL
III. Wormia triquetra, oft. . : : : : py II
IV. Limacia cuspidata, Zé. ff. & 7 Tee E r Ap 42
V. Alsodeia virgata, Ah. f, S Thoms. . : : j os 69
VI. Erythrospermum phytolaccoides, Gardz. . : ny 72
VII. Aberia Gardneri, Clos. F : j z F ae 74.
VIII. Trichadenia zeylanica, 7hw. a 75
IX. Adinandra lasiopetala, Chozs. 5 se 108)
X. Dipterocarpus zeylanicus, Thw. : : i é oe elle
XI. Doona congestiflora, 7hw.
aL 22
XII. Sunaptea scabriuscula, 777. : . 5 i 20)
XIII. Vatica obscura, 7yz7z. . 5 3 : : Ee E20
XIV. Balanocarpus (?) zeylanicus, Trim. 3 i r Fy < 130
XV. Stemonoporus affinis, 7iw., and S. rigidus, Zhw. . Ape y AEaYEL,
XVI. Ancistrocladus Vahhi, Avz. . i : er 239
XVII. Hibiscus angulosus, Mast. var. aieacinonus T) hav. : » 156
XVIII. Grewia populifolia, Vah/. : ‘ ; ; : TS
XIX. Triumfetta glabra, Ro/#/. . ; ; ; Fi 1 ~=—« 180
XX. Elzeocarpus serratus, Z. . ; 5 § 3 6 hg 184
XXI. Biophytum intermedium, Wzghz »» 199
XXII. Murraya Gleniei, 7Zw. e220
XXIII. Canarium brunneum, edd. ? . : z : 3 by on eet)
XXIV. Pseudocarapa Championi, Hezzs/. eaten 245
XXV. Gleniea zeylanica, HA. 7. . : 3 : F 17 305
_XXVI. Crotalaria Walkeri, Arn. : : : : - ? Parti. 16
XXVII. Tephrosia maxima, Pes. . 5 ; : : fe he Bo
XXVIII. Desmodium jucundum, Zhw. . : 5 F ; 9 54
XXIX. Derris oblonga, 4enth. o 93
XXX. Sophora zeylanica, 7772. : : é :
XXXI. Pericopsis Mooniana, 7hw. . ‘ : : Site 29 97
XXXII. Peltophorum ferrugineum, Benth.
XXXIII. Cassia auriculata, Z.
ee IOI
= 100 -
476
PLATE
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
XLIX.
LXI.
LXII.
LXIII.
LXIV.
LXV.
LXVI.
LXVII.
LXVIII.
LXIX.
LXX.
LXXI.
‘LXXII.
LXXIII.
LXXIV.
LXXV.
LXXVI.
Plates and Maps.
Adenanthera bicolor, JZoon
Acacia planifrons, W. & A.
Carallia calycina, Benth.
Eugenia lucida, Zam.
Eugenia Fergusoni, 772.
Sonerila hirsutula, Arz.
Medinilla maculata, Gardz.
Memecylon capitellatum, Z.
Trichosanthes integrifolia, Zw.
Gymnopetalum Wightii, 47x.
Cerasiocarpum zeylanicum, Clarke
Gymnostemma pedata, B/. (axa, Cogn.)
Heptapleurum emarginatum, Seevz.
Mastixia tetrandra, Clarke
Allzeophania decipiens, 7iw.
Hedyotis Lessertiana, drz. .
Diplospora Dalzellii, Hk. 7. .
Knoxia platycarpa, Avz.
Ixora jucunda, Ziw.
Coffea travancorensis, W. & A. .
SA
Lagenophora Billardieri, Cass.
Psychotria bisulcata, W. &
Blumea angustifolia, Zw.
Anaphalis pelliculata, Z7zvz.
Gynura zeylanica, 77272.
Bassia neriifolia, (Zoo E j 4 5
Ochrosia borbonica, G7zel.
Wrightia flavido-rosea, 77272.
Tylophora flava, 77.
Ceropegia parviflora, 7772.
Gaertnera ternifolia, Zw.
Crawfurdia japonica, S. &°Z. var. Ghanpiens as
Ipomeea jucunda, 7hw.
Solanum lzeve, Dzz72.
Centranthera procumbens, Zech.
Christisonia Thwaitesi, 77277. .
Strobilanthes (Endopogon) Nockii, 7722.
Barleria Arnottiana, ees, var. glabra .
Premna purpurascens, 7iw. : : : :
Glossocarya scandens, 772772.
Coleus elongatus, 77272.
Anisochilus paniculatus, Benth. -
Posdostemon (Maveelia) metzgerioides, 772772. 6
Part IT.
35
Part III.
PAGE
120
123
155
180
172
205
209
222
245
246
259
260
284
287
301
309
336
MAP
oF
oF
=YLON
Q showing
Seer ROUGH SKETCH OF FOREST AREAS
ChUREEF, OF ( PN iin. N : BY
Qe ANNAR “caso _ Conservator of Forests
RAM ES WA RAM
ki eactbia ee
Scale-30 Mules to aw Inch.
/P RO
Qyons Tae
\\ :
We AT 17
MINE)
Teale wey Y
a
N
Fast and West Section
“Pedro! 4296
HH
rd
MAP
of
erl= yf 1 © WN!
Showing the
Average Annual Rainfall
Under 0 ins.
$0ins.and more
South Section
=
75ins.and more
150ins.and move
200 1ns. and more
© Observatories
e Rain Gauge Stations
with fall vv unches
per year
Northe and
Oars madutal |
2 | PRitedara
1 Sexe van
iN esi tla iar
Se
SS
6296 fect
Sil
Lith Surveyor Generals Oftice, Colembo, N* 97/9
PLATE
LXXVII.
LXXVIII.
LXXIX.
LXXxX.
LXxXxXI.
LXXXII.
LXXXIIl.
LXXXIV.
LXXXV.
LXXXVI.
LXXXVII.
LXXXVIII.
LXXXIX.
— 2468
XCI.
XCII.
XCIII.
XCIV.
XCV.
XCVI.
XCVII.
XCVIII.
XCIX.
Cc.
Map I.
Plates and Maps.
Piper Thwaitesii, Cas. DC. .
Hortonia angustifolia, 7h. .
Helicia zeylanica, Gardn.
Notothixos floccosus, Olzv. .
Balanophora Thwaitesii, Zzch/.
Hemicyclia Gardneri, Zw.
Trigonostemon diplopetalus, Zzw.
Dimorphocalyx glabellus, 7zw.
Adenochleena zeylanica, Z/iw.
Celtis cinnamomea, Lzzzd/.
Burmannia Championii, Zz.
Bulbophyllum elegans, Gard.
Ccelogyne odoratissima, Zzzzd/.
Cymbidium ensifolium, Sw. var. heematodes, 7+z2.
Vanilla, Moonii, 7iw.
Curcuma oligantha, 7727.
Dioscorea spicata, Roth
Cyanotis obtusa, 77272.
Phoenix zeylanica, 77277.
Cyperus bulbosus, Vah/
Scirpodendron costatum, A772
Oryza granulata, /Vees .
Garnotia tectorum, HZ. 7.
Arundinaria densifolia, M2770
Showing the Forest Areas of Ceylon.
set Ale
LONDON:
Showing the average Rainfall in Ceylon.
477
PAGE
Part III. 426
» 437
Se ANT
”? 473
3° 477
Part IV. 37
” 5I
3° 54
AD 60
” 81
; 131
- 156
AA 160
a5 180
= 221
” 242
” 277
53 312
3) 326
Bartavirn 22:
b> 92
PA 183
3? 254
o 312
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