A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad

LIBRARY

.UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

JOSEPH GRINNELL

O^^

A HAND-LIST OF BEITISH BIEDS.

A HAND-LIST OF

BEITISH BIEDS

WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF EACH
SPECIES IN THE BRITISH ISLES AND ABROAD.

BY

ERNST HARTERT
F. C. R. JOURDAIN
N. F. TICEHURST

AND

H. F. WITHERBY.

WITHERBY & CO,

326 HIGH HOLBORN LONDON, W.C,
1912.

nrnnni>

Nomenclature is only *'a means, not an end," but without
uniformity it is a confusion.

INTRODUCTION.

IN preparing this Hand-List our chief aims have been (1) to
give an up-to-date and useful account of the distribution at home
and abroad of all those birds which in our opinion are entitled to
a place on the British list, and (2) to give each bird its correct
scientific name in conformity with the Rules of the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

In drawing up this account of the distribution of each species
in the British Isles we have had in view the necessity of giving such
details as will indicate to the student whether a bird is worthy of
special record on account of its general rarity, its scarcity in any
particular part of the country, or at some particular season of the
year, or because of the want of previous observations. For these
and other such reasons it has been necessary to treat some species
much more fully than others. The distribution abroad has been
given in more general terms, but here again a species of wide range
does not require so much detail as one of more restricted or unequal
distribution. Moreover our knowledge of the distribution of some
species is much more complete than that of others.

The notes on migration refer chiefly to passage-movements or
are given in cases where the known migrations of a species are too
complicated to be treated in the distributional accounts.

For various reasons nearly every bird on our List has been given
at one time or another more than one scientific name, and the
difficulty always has been to know by which name it should be
called. Nomenclature is proverbially a vexed subject, but there
is one necessity which all, however diverse their views, must agree
is of the first importance — the necessity for uniformity ; not a
partial uniformity confined to British ornithologists or to any
other section of the ornithological world, for such a uniformity could

VI INTRODUCTION .

only have a local and transient value, but a world-wide uniformity,
based upon Kules which can be acepted by ornithologists of all
nations. If the scientific names of birds were uniform all over
the world, what an enormous benefit it would be to ornithologists
and science generally. Should we not all unite in striving to reach
this end ? After all, what is nomenclature ? It is little more
than a system of labelling, and yet we have neglected for more than
150 years one of the requisites of greatest importance — that our
labels should everywhere be the same for the same bird.

How has the evil of want of uniformity arisen and continued ?
In early times, with slow and difficult means of communication
there was plenty of excuse for describing as new a bird which had
already been named by someone else in another part of the world,
and since those times many even of the most familiar birds have in
ignorance of previous descriptions and names been redescribed and
renamed, so that there has gradually grown up a long list of synonyms
for one and the same species. The evil has continued for want of
the adoption of a uniform system of nomenclature, based on the
strictest priority, by which the correct names can be fixed. Unfor-
tunately, authorities have hitherto made it very much a matter of
individual choice as to which name should be employed, and we
regret to say that this " method " even now obtains. But such
a proceeding can never lead to uniformity, for so long as the matter
is one of choice ungoverned by rules which can be accepted as
authoritative by all the world, then so long will there be chaos.

Let us take a few examples, out of many which might be cited,
where uniformity in deciding upon the name to be used is an impos-
sibility without the universal adoption of one code of Eules based
on absolute priority.

While Stephens in Shaw's " General Zoology " (1809) used the
name Lanius ruficollis for the Woodchat, MacGillivray, Yarrell,
in the 2nd and 3rd editions, and Harting in the 1st edition of
his " Handbook," called the bird Lanius rutilus. But even at this
period Gray (1863) and Gould (1850-68) preferred to use Lanius
or Enneoctonus rufus. In 1871 Newton adopted the name auri-
culatus in the 4th edition of Yarrell and was followed by Dresser
in the " Birds of Europe." But the committee of the B.O.U. in
their " List " (1883) changed the name to L. pomeranus. Seebohm,
who was a member of this committee, preferred to use the name

INTRODUCTION. vii

L. rufus in his " History of British Birds," and Lord Lilford, the
President of the Union, again changed the name back to L. rutilus
(1890-93). Saunders, in the 2nd edition of his "Manual" (1899)
used L. pomeranus, but Harting in the 2nd edition of his " Hand-
book," changed the name once more to L. rufus. This by no means
exhausts the list of names used even by British writers for this
unfortunate bird, but it is enough to show how impossible it is to
expect agreement without observance of law. Let us hope that
under the name of L. senator L. (1758) it may be allowed to rest.

The Whitethroat used to be called Sylvia cinerea, until Newton,
Dresser, and others introduced the name rufa, while several Con-
tinental ornithologists began to call it Sylvia sylvia. A careful
perusal of the original description, however, shows that the names
rufa and sylvia are quite doubtful, and cannot be adopted, while
Latham clearly described the species under the name communis.

The specific names of the Arctic and Long-tailed Skuas have been
transposed many times, the Arctic Skua having been called para-
siticus by Fleming, Gray, Harting (1872) and others, cepphus by
Leach, Richardsoni by MacGillivray, Yarrell (2nd and 3rd editions),
Lilford, and Seebohm, crepidatus by Dresser, Harting (1901), Yarrell
(4th edition), Saunders, and in the B.O.U. "List." The Long-
tailed Skua has been called parasiticus by MacGillivray, Dresser,
Yarrell (4th edition), Harting (1901), Saunders, and in the B.O.U.
" List," cepphus by Gray, buffoni by Yarrell (2nd and 3rd edition)
and Seebohm, crepidatus by Brehm and Naumann, longicaudus by
Gould and Harting (1872).

Many other instances of great confusion of names for one and
the same bird might be given, but enough has been said to show
that only by the adoption of one code of Rules and by strict
adherence to those rules, can uniformity be attained. If our decision
upon the name to be used rests on a set of Rules, and is not in any
way governed by individual choice or taste, then there must needs
be but one correct name and that name must be universally
employed. It has been said that uniformity would never be
attained. This is, however, not logical, because one name only
is the oldest, and the few doubtful cases, and they are few, are
being decided upon and cleared up by careful nomenclators, with the
help of the International Commission, which discusses doubtful
cases, and brings them finally before the International Zoological
Congresses for decision.

Vlll INTRODUCTION.

For these reasons we have adopted the " International Rules
of Zoological Nomenclature," and have been strictly obedient to
those Rules in deciding upon the correct name to be used for the
birds on the British list. Although this has involved a good many
changes from the names that British ornithologists are accustomed
to, and will thus cause some temporary inconvenience, we are sure
that the principle upon which we have acted is the only scientific
one possible, and we firmly believe that this principle will very soon
be universally conceded.

These Rules have the highest international authority, and only
international authority can be universally accepted. But the
Rules must be followed implicitly, and no exceptions to them must
be made, for once an exception is allowed, then the old evil of
individual choice must enter, and uniformity be lost again. There
may be, in certain cases, some dissension in the interpretation of the
Rules, but when once these difficulties are overcome uniformity
will be accomplished, and following uniformity will come stability.

Let everyone help towards this most desirable end by studying
and upholding the strict letter of the law, rather than his own con-
venience, likes, and dislikes.

The more important Rules affecting specific and subspecific names
are given below, and of these if may be remarked that numbers
26 and 27 are the most important, and have the greatest effect
upon the British list, because most British authors have, since
1846, adopted the 12th edition of Linne as the starting point, instead
of the 10th, and have had scant regard for the strict law of priority : —

" ARTICLE 2. — The scientific designation of animals is
uninominal for subgenera and all higher groups, binominal
for species, and trinominal for subspecies.

" ARTICLE 11. — Specific and subspecific names are subject
to the same rules and recommendations, and from a nomen-
clatural standpoint they are co-ordinate, that is, they are of
the same value.

" ARTICLE 12. — A specific name becomes a subspecific
name when the species so named becomes a subspecies, and
vice versa.

" ARTICLE 17. — If it is desired to cite the subspecific name,
such name is written immediately following the specific name,
without the interposition of any mark of punctuation.

INTRODUCTION. IX

Example : Rana esculenta marmorata Hallo well, but not Rana
esculenta (marmorata) or Rana marmorata Hallo well.

" ARTICLE 19. — The original orthography of a name is to be
preserved, unless an error of transcription, a lapsus calami,
or a typographical error is evident.

" ARTICLE 25. — The valid name of a genus or species can
be only that name under which it was first designated in the
condition :

(a) That this name was published and accompanied by
an indication, or a definition, or a description ; and

(b) That the author has applied the principles of binary
nomenclature.

"ARTICLE 26.— The 10th edition of Linne's " Systema
Naturse," 1758, is the work which inaugurated the consistent
general application of the binary nomenclature in zoology.
The date 1758, therefore, is accepted as the starting-point of
zoological nomenclature and of the Law of Priority.

" ARTICLE 27. — The Law of Priority obtains and conse-
quently the oldest available name is retained :

(a) When any part of an animal is named before the animal)
itself ;

(b) When the larva is named before the adult ;

(c) When the two sexes of an animal have been considered
as distinct species or even as belonging to a distinct
genera ;

(d) When an animal represents a regular succession of
dissimilar generations which have been considered as.
belonging to different species or even to different
genera.

" ARTICLE 32. — A generic or a specific name, once published,,
cannot be rejected even by its author, because of inappro-
priateness. Examples : Names like Polyodon, Apus, albus,
etc., when once published, are not to be rejected because of
a claim that they indicate characters contradictory to those
possessed by the animals in question.

" Article 33. — A name is not to be rejected because of
tautonymy, that is, because the specific or the specific and
subspecific names are identical with the generic name. Ex-
amples : Trutta trutta, Apus apus apus."

As the use of trinomials for subspecies — or, better, geographical
or local races — does not seem to be generally understood, it may
here be explained that when a species is divided into two or more
races, or when two or more species are grouped as races of one

X INTRODUCTION.

species, then each of these races must have a trinomial appellation.
It is impossible to say which is the oldest or parent form, therefore
the first named race of all those grouped under one species is
arbitrarily taken as the typical race, and its name becomes that
of the species.

Thus Parus major is t/he species of the Great Tit, and includes
all the Great Tits just as the genus Parus includes all the Tits. As
the form of Great Tit inhabiting northern Europe was the first
to be named it must be called Parus major major, and all other races
of Great Tits must have as their first two names Parus major. Simi-
larly the typical race of Wren must be called Troglodytes troglodytes
troglodytes if it is to be distinguished from Troglodytes troglodytes
hirtensis or any other race of Wren. It must be understood that
the binomial Parus major or Troglodytes troglodytes refers to the
species, i.e. the whole group of subspecies, and cannot be used to
differentiate one of those subspecies. It cannot be gainsaid that
the trinomial system is of the greatest possible use scientifically as
demonstrating the close relationship of geographical forms of the
same species, just as the binomial system demonstrates the rela-
tionship of species of the same genus.

Where we have used in this Hand-List a different name to that
adopted by Howard Saunders in his " Manual," an explanatory note
has been given, except in those cases where Saunders rejected a
specific name on account of tautonymy (e.g. Crex pratensis for
Crex crex), or when we have transferred a species to a different, but
well-known, genus.

We have made the Synonymy as brief as possible, but have in
every case given as the first reference the earliest name and the
typical locality for the bird described under that name. We have
also given in each case the reference to Yarrell's " History of British
Birds," 4th edition, edited by A. Newton and H. Saunders, which,
for the sake of brevity, has been quoted as " Yarrell," and to "An
Illustrated Manual of British Birds " by Howard Saunders, 2nd
edition, which we have quoted as " Saunders " When a bird has
been added to the British list since the publication of the latter
work, we have given a reference in the Synonymy to the first
record. References have also been given to names given specially
to British birds, whether distinct or not. " British Birds " (maga-
zine) has been quoted throughout as " Brit. B."

INTRODUCTION. Xi

In preparing the accounts of the British distribution, we have
made free use of Howard Saunders's well-known "Manual," especially
for the earlier records of rarer species. We have also consulted
the numerous county avifaunas, and the series of Scottish faunas,
as well as the various journals devoted, or partly devoted, to British
ornithology. We are also indebted to Messrs. Ussher and Warren's
excellent book on the " Birds of Ireland," and to the former author's
recently published " List of Irish Birds " ; we have further to thank
Mr. Ussher for his great kindness in checking the proofs of the Irish
distribution. There is still much to be learnt about the exact
distribution of the birds in the British Isles, and we hope that the
publication of this Hand-List, in which the distribution is given
in concise form, will lead to some of the gaps in our knowledge
being filled, and to misstatements being corrected.

Unfortunately, up to a few years ago, British ornithologists
failed to see the importance of separating definitely, nearly allied
forms of the same species. Consequently, the older records of the
occurrences of two or more forms of one species were " lumped "
under one heading, and little trouble was taken to ascertain to which
form any particular bird belonged. It has been impossible to
examine more than a very few of the specimens in question, but we
hope now that the great importance of subspecific distinctions is
fully realized, to have more of these older specimens sent for
examination, so that the subspecies to which they belong may be
determined, and thus their place of origin be more exactly ascertained.

There are some who think that a distinction should be made
between " vagrants " which have occurred a good many times,
and those which have occurred only once or twice, but no distinction
save a purely arbitrary one can be so made. It is certainly of far
greater interest to know that such a bird has occurred in one area
several times than once, for one occurrence might be due to a pure
accident. On the other hand, the experience of the last few years
during which certain circumscribed areas such as Fair Isle, the Isle
of May, and the south-east corner of England, have been very closely
watched, proves that many of these " vagrants " or " stragglers "
occur much more often than was formerly supposed. Indeed, so
convincing is the proof that it must be obvious to everyone who
has studied the question at all, that for every " straggler " which is
identified and recorded, at least ten, let us say, go past unidentified

Xll INTRODUCTION.

and unrecorded. It is, therefore, impossible to exclude any bird
from a full place on the list so long as it has been once satisfactorily
recorded as having occurred in this country in a wild state.

The British Distribution includes the information published
in the February issue of " British Birds " (i.e. down to page 260
of Vol. V.), while the Distribution Abroad has been brought down
to the end of the year 1911.

The various sections of the work have been apportioned amongst
us as follows : —

Nomenclature : Hartert.

British Distribution : Witherby, assisted by Ticehurst and
Jourdain.

Distribution Abroad : Hartert, assisted by Jourdain.

Migrations : Ticehurst.

But each of us has revised the other's work, and we hope that
our Hand-List will make a step towards uniformity in nomenclature
and a more exact knowledge of the distribution of our birds. We
need hardly add that any information as to errors of omission or
commission will be sincerely appreciated by

THE AUTHORS.

326, HIGH HOLBORN,
April, 1912.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

CORVUS CORAX

1. Corvus corax corax L. — THE RAVEN.

CORVUS CORAX Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 105 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Corvus corax Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 259 ; Saunders, p. 241.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident. Breeds here
and there on coast from Isle of Wight to Cornwall and north
Devon, and in Cumbrian and Pennine Hills and Wales. Rare
visitor eastern counties and midlands (bred Essex, 1889).
Breeds Isle of Man. Scotland. — Resident. Breeds fairly commonly,
especially in west and higher districts and on islands, especially
Hebrides and Shetlands; scarcer Orkneys. More common from
late autumn to spring. Ireland. — Resident. Breeds wilder sea-
cliffs and some mountains, especially in west.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — In Scotland seems regular autumn-
to spring-immigrant, sometimes in considerable numbers ; in
Ireland small flocks occasionally noted, but elsewhere only
vagrant-movements of a bird here and there.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally. Represented by
allied forms in Faeroes, Iceland, Spain, some Mediterranean islands,
Greece, and Palestine to north-west India ; in Canary Islands and
north Africa ; also in north Asia, Greenland, and North America.

CORVUS CORNIX

2. Corvus cornix cornix L.— THE HOODED CROW.

CORVUS CORNIX Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 105 (1758— Europe

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Corvus cornix Linnaeus, Yarrell, u, p. 275 ; Saunders, p. 245.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Regular autumn- and
winter- visitor east coast, south coast to Hants., Trent Valley, and
east midlands ; occasional further inland and western counties ;
rare Wales. Has bred occasionally, mostly eastern counties, and
seldom inland. Has also interbred with C. c. cor one. Resident
Isle of Man. Scotland. — Resident. Abundant north and west
and islands. Overlaps breeding-range of G. c. corone, and often

B

2 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

interbreeds with it, especially in Clyde area in west, and Tay
area in east. Very occasionally breeds in south-east, where chiefly
known as migrant. Ireland. — Resident in every county.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Great numbers arrive east coast
Great Britain from central Europe and Scandinavia, from mid-
Sept, to mid-Nov., and depart from mid-Feb. to mid- April. No
evidence of migration in Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Scandinavia, Denmark, Russia, east
Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, also Faeroes. Represented
by other forms in Corsica and Sardinia, Balkan Peninsula,
Cyprus, Egypt, and west Asia. Interbreeds with C. corone where
ranges overlap.

CORVUS CORONE

3. Corvus corone corone L. — THE CARRION-CROW.

CORVUS CORONE Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 105 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : England).

Corvus corone Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 274 ; Saunders, p. 243.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident and common,
but somewhat local. Scotland. — Resident. On east side common
as far north as Perth, not rare in north of Moray area, and
occasionally nests east Sutherland ; on west side common parts of
Clyde district, but scarce resident Skye and very scarce north-west
Highlands ; occasional visitor Orkneys, Shetlands, and Fair Isle.
Where overlapping range of C. c. comix frequently interbreeds.
Ireland. — Very rare. Said to have bred Mayo, 1890.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Arrives east coast Great Britain
from central Europe between mid-Sept, and mid-Nov., and returns
between mid-Feb. and mid- April.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Western Europe generally, in Germany
roughly to the Elbe, and throughout the Alps to Bohemia. An
allied form in north-east Asia. Interbreeds with C. comix in
Germany and Siberia where ranges overlap.

CORVUS FRUGILEGUS

4. Corvus frugilegus frugilegus L. — THE ROOK.

CORVUS FBUGILEGUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 105 (1758 —

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus, Yarrell, u, p. 289 ; Saunders, p. 247.

DISTRIBUTION.— British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed.
Increasing and spreading north in Scotland, and now breeds
Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, and Cromarty, O.Hebrides and Orkneys,
but only visitor Shetlands. Now breeds western isles of Ireland.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 6

MIGRATIONS — British Isles. — After nesting our residents are
subject to partial and irregular movements — some probably
emigrating to Continent. Great numbers arrive east coast Great
Britain between mid-Sept, and mid-Nov. from central Europe and
Scandinavia, and return between February and April. Winter-
movements also noted in Hebrides ; in Ireland apparently a cross-
channel movement autumn and spring.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally from Finland and
60° north in Sweden, but rare or absent in south Europe.
Represented by allied forms in parts of west and east Asia.

COLCEUS MONEDULA

5. Coloeus monedula spermologus (Vieill.)*— THE JACKDAW.

CORVUS SPERMOLOGUS Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vm, p. 40

(1817 — Typical locality : south of France).

Corvus monedula Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 305 ; Saunders, p. 239.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Common except north-
west Scotland, wrhere scarce, O. Hebrides, where appears on
migration and has recently nested, and Shetlands, where only
rather rare visitor, although now abundant Orkneys. Does not.
breed western isles of Ireland.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Some of our residents appear to-
depart autumn and return spring. Numbers arrive east coast
Great Britain Sept. and Oct., and depart Feb. or March. Arrivals
have been noted April and Oct. Fair Isle.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — West and central Europe, also parts of
south Europe, but exact limits not yet ascertained. Replaced by
closely-allied forms in Scandinavia, east Europe, parts of north and
west Asia, and Algeria.

PICA PICA

6. Pica pica pica (L.)— THE MAGPIE.

CORVUS PICA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 106 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Pica rustica (Scopoli), Yarrell, 11, p. 312 ; Saunders, p. 237.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident. Generally dis-
tributed, but much diminished in numbers in some parts by game-
preserving and probably now exterminated East Anglia. Some
evidence of migration on east coast England. Scotland. — Resident.

* The Scandinavian Jackdaw, Coloeus monedula monedula (L.), is possibly
an immigrant to the east coast of Great Britain in autumn, but none of the,
specimens of migrants which we have so far examined have been of this form..

B 2

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Very scarce north and north-west, and rather local elsewhere on
mainland, being in some places plentiful and in others very scarce.
Unknown 0. Hebrides and very rare vagrant Orkneys and Shet lands.
Ireland. — Resident since 17th century. Numerous ; scarcer in
extreme west.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Nearly whole of Europe. Replaced by
other forms in Spain and north-west Africa, and in parts of Asia
and North America.

NUCIFRAGA CARYOCATACTES

7. Nucifraga caryocatactes caryocatactes (L.) — THE THICK-
BILLED NUTCRACKER.

CORVUS CARYOCATACTES Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 106 (1758 —
Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Nucifraga caryocatactes (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 330 (part) ; Saunders,
p. 233 (part).

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Rare vagrant. Some occurrences
recorded under N. c. macrorhynchus may have been of this form,
but only the following have been satisfactorily identified : Sussex —
one near Chichester, Dec. 21, 1900, male near Brede, Feb. 12,
1907, one Penhurst, Nov. 7, 1908, female near Hastings, March 4,
1909 ; Kent — male, Benenden, Jan. 14, 1905 ; Cheshire — male near
Northwich, 1860.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Scandinavia, Bornholm, northern Russia,
East Prussia, and principal mountain-systems of Europe (Harz,
Bohmerwald, Alps. Carpathians, Tatra, Balkans, etc.)

8. Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynchus Brehm — THE
SLENDER-BILLED NUTCRACKER.

NUCIFBAGA MACRORHYNCHOS Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. eur. Vogel, i,
p. 103 (1823 — Mountain forests mid N. Europe and Asia. Restricted
typical locality : Germany — winter. Type, a migrant.
Nucifraga caryocatactes (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 330 (part) ; Saunders,
p. 233 (part).

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Vagrant. About forty authentic
records of Nutcrackers in England, chiefly in southern and eastern
counties, one Wales, three Scotland, but none Ireland. Probably
most were of the Slender-billed form, but few have been properly
identified (c/. supra). Five in autumn, 1911, were of this form.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeding in Siberia ; in winter frequently
all over Europe, as far westwards as France and central Pyrenees.
Common in certain years, rare or absent in others. Represented
by allied forms in Japan, Formosa, north China, Kamtschatka,
Turkestan, Himalayas, etc.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 5

GARRULUS GLANDARIUS

9. Garrulus glandarius glandarius (L.)— THE CONTINENTAL
JAY.

CORVUS GLANDARIUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 106 (1758 —

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Garrulus glandarius (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 323 (part) ; Saunders,

p. 235 (part).

Garrulus g. glandarius, N. F. Ticehurst, Brit. B., iv, p. 213.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Migrant. Jays arriving on east
coast England in autumn have fairly often been recorded (cf.
Saunders, p. 235 ; Birds Yorks., i, pp. 226-7 ; Hist. Birds Kent,
p. 196, etc.), but no specimens of immigrants had been examined
until recorded by Ticehurst, Kent, and Sussex, Oct., 1910 (Brit. B.,
TV, p. 213). More records of ContinentalJays based on examination
of specimens are required.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, but represented by
different forms in Spain, some Mediterranean islands, south-east
Russia, Turkey, north-west Africa, and parts of Asia.

10. Garrulus glandarius rufitergum Hart.— THE BRITISH
JAY.

GARRULUS GLANDARIUS RUFITERGUM Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 30
(1903— Type, Tring) ; id., Brit. B., i, p. 209.

Garrulus glandarius (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 323 (part) ; Saunders,
p. 235 (part).

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to Great Britain. — England, and Wales. —
Resident. Generally distributed ; locally abundant. Not found
Isle of Man. Scotland. — Resident. Very local. Decreased in
numbers but apparently extending northwards. Very rare north
of Great Glen and not found Sutherland, Caithness, north-west
Highlands, Hebrides, or Orkneys. Recorded Shetlands, but this
may have been the Continental form. Ireland. — Replaced by
Garrulus glandarius hibernicus, but may occur casually.

n. Garrulus glandarius hibernicus With. & Hart. — THE
IRISH JAY.

GARRULUS GLANDARIUS HIBERNICUS Witherby and Hartert, Brit. B., iv,
p. 234 (1911— Ireland. Type, co. Wexford).

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to Ireland. — Resident in parts of fol-
lowing counties : — Waterford, Tipperary, Kilkenny, Wexford,
Carlow, Queen's, King's, Kildare, and irregularly in Cork, Galway,
Westmeath, Wicklow, Dublin, Meath, and Louth ; recently spread
into Fermanagh and Cavan.

6 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

PYRRHOCORAX PYRRHOCORAX

12. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (L.)— THE CHOUGH.

UPUPA PYRRHOCORAX Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 118 (1758 — Coasts
of England and Egypt. Restricted typical locality : England).
Pyrrhocorax graculus* (nee Linnaeus) Yarrell, n, p. 252 ; Saunders, p. 231.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Resident. Rapidly decreasing.
Breeds on parts of south-west coast of England ; some sea-cliffs
and a few places close to sea in Wales ; Isle of Man ; some
I. Hebrides (especially Islay and Jura), and one or two places on
mainland in south-west Scotland. Occurs sporadically elsewhere.
Ireland. — Resident on many sea-cliffs, especially in west, and some
inland cliffs, but decreasing. Absent from east coast.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Channel Islands, coasts of west France,
Alps, Spain, some Canary Islands, north-west Africa, Mediterranean
countries, Asia Minor, Syria, and mountains of central and north
Asia eastwards to China, southwards to Himalayas.

[NOTE. — An example of the ALPINE CHOUGH, Pyrrhocorax graculus
(L.) nee auct., shot in Oxon in 1881, had probably escaped from captivity
(cf. Saunders, p. 232).]

STURNUS VULGARIS

13. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris L.— THE STARLING.

STURNUS VULGARIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 167 (1758 —

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Sturnus vulgaris (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 228 ; Saunders, p. 227.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed.
Increased greatly during last fifty years or so, and has spread
northwards on Scottish mainland (has long been common Shet-
lands and Orkneys) and westwards on mainland Great Britain and
Ireland and in I. Hebrides, though has long been common (but
lately greatly increased) in O. Hebrides and some western isles of
Ireland. In Ireland now nests every county, but still scarce some
districts, especially in parts of Cork and Kerry.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Our residents flock late summer
and some emigrate autumn and return Feb. and March. Vast
numbers arrive from central and north Europe on east coast Great
Britain from Sept. to Nov. ; some winter and some pass south ;

* It is difficult to understand how this name came to be accepted
for the red-billed Chough, as the diagnosis says : " rostro pedibusque luteis."
On the other hand, the Upupa Pyrrhocorax of 1758 is undoubtedly the Chough,
the diagnosis being: "Upupa atra, rostro pedibusque rubris " ; in 1766,
however, Linnaeus, apparently having forgotten what he had already written
quite correctly — except for the genus — in 1758, gave under the name of
Gorvus Pyrrhocorax a mixture. — E.H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 7

return movement noted from Feb. to April. A great immigration
in Ireland from Sept. to Nov.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From north Scandinavia and Russia to
south Europe, the Pyrenees and Italy ; on migration to Madeira
and Canary Islands, wintering in north Africa. Other more or less
closely-allied forms on Fseroes, Azores, in south-east Europe, and
in Asia.

PASTOR ROSEUS

14. Pastor roseus (L.)— THE ROSE-COLOURED STARLING.

TUBDTJS ROSEUS Lmnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 170 (1758 — Lapland

and Switzerland).

Pastor roseus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 243 ; Saunders, p. 229.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant. Fairly frequent.
Recorded from many parts England, chiefly east side, but often
Devon and Cornwall ; seldom Wales ; often Scotland, but never
0. Hebrides ; about twenty-eight times Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South-east Europe, occasionally as far
west as Italy and Hungary, and in Asia from Asia Minor to
Turkestan, common in winter in India. Wandering irregularly
far northwards, thus observed from time to time in nearly all parts
of Europe, exceptionally as far north as Lapland, Finland, East
Prussia, also Belgium and Holland.

[NOTE. — Examples of the RED-WINGED STARLING, Agelaius phosniceus
Linnaeus, of North America have been taken in this country, but this species
not being migratory, the recorded examples had no doubt escaped from
captivity. The same may be said of Icterus galbula (Coracias galbula Linnaeus,
Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 108, typ. loc. — Carolina), also from America, which
has been captured in Shetland, and recorded under the name Icterus Baltimore,
though the latter, being a migrant, might more likely have been a genuine
visitor. Sturnella magna and Scolecophagus carolinus (sub nomine S. ferru-
gineus] from North America must also have escaped from captivity, and this
is absolutely certain with the Indian Mynah, Gracula religiosa, from southern
India and Ceylon.]

ORIOLUS ORIOLUS

15. Oriolus oriolus oriolus (L.)— THE GOLDEN ORIOLE.

CORACIAS ORIOLUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 107 (1758 — Europe,

Asia. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Oriolus galbula Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 233 ; Saunders, p. 145.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Spring- visitor. Annual in
very small numbers to south-east and south-west England; irregular
elsewhere, but has occurred most counties. Has nested Norfolk,
Suffolk, Essex, Northants., Herts., Surrey, Devon, and especially
Kent, while other records are not authenticated. Scotland. — A few

8 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

occurrences, mostly in south ; one Shetlands, one Orkneys, and noted
Fair Isle spring and autumn, 1908, and May, 1909. Ireland. —
Rare casual spring and summer- visitor, most frequent Kerry, Cork,
Waterford, and Down.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, except Norway,
Sweden, north of 63° and Russia north of 60°, to Mediterranean,
and in mountain-forests of north-west Africa (local and not
common) ; eastward to Tian-Shan and Altai, and replaced by allied
form in India. In winter in tropical and southern Africa and
Madagascar.

COCCOTHRAUSTES COCCOTHRAUSTES

1 6. Coccothraustes coccothraustes coccothraustes (L.) — THE
HAWFINCH.

LOXIA COCCOTHRAUSTES Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 171 (1758 —
" Habitat in Europa australiore. " Restricted typical locality : Italy).
Coccothraustes vulgaris Pallas, Yarrell, n, p. 98 ; Saunders. p. 171.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Resident. Local, but generally dis-
tributed except in north and west, where, however, has lately
increased and spread, and now breeds in Cumberland, Durham,
and Northumberland (since 1884). Rarely breeds in Devon and
not in Cornwall. Wales. — Resident. Now well-known in eastern
half, but rare or unknown in western parts. Scotland. — Resident.
Now considered as widely distributed and not very rare in south-
east, and has nested East Lothian (1908 and 1909), and east Fife
(1903) ; also bred Dumfries (1906 and 1908). Elsewhere a good
many stragglers, even as far north as Fair Isle and Shetlands.
Ireland. — Rare vagrant to all quarters, mostly winter. Said to
have nested Kildare 1902.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — No regular migrations yet worked
out, but occurs occasionally at lighthouses in England, Scotland,
and Ireland, and has been noticed in winter in parts where it does
not breed.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, exact limits eastwards
uncertain. Replaced by allied forms in north-west Africa, Turke-
stan, India, and east Asia.

CHLORIS CHLORIS

17. Chloris chloris chloris (L.)— THE GREENFINCH.

LOXIA CHLORIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 174 (1758 — Europe.
Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Coccothraustes chloris (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 105. Ligurinus chloris
(Linnaeus), Saunders, p. 169.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 9

DISTRIBUTOR— British Isles. — Resident. Common most parts,
but only a visitor to Shetlands and most O. Hebrides, though it
breeds Stornoway (Lewis).

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Most home-bred birds emigrate Sept.
and return March. Great numbers arrive north-east coasts Great
Britain Oct. and leave in early spring. An autumn -immigration
has also been noticed in Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION.— A broad. — North and central Europe generally.
Replaced by allied forms in south-west Europe and north-west
Africa, in south-east Europe, Syria, and Turkestan.

CARDUELIS CARDUELIS

[Carduelis carduelis carduelis (L.)— THE CONTINENTAL
GOLDFINCH.

FRIISTGILLA CARDUELIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 180 (1758 —
Juniper woods of Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — " Immigrant." Goldfinches are
recorded regularly east coast England in Oct. (cf. Saunders, p. 174 ;
Birds Yorks., i, p. 171). Until actual specimens have been examined,
however, the Continental form cannot be definitely included.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from about lat. 65° in Norway
and 60° in Russia to the Mediterranean. Replaced in Spain and
north-west Africa, some Mediterranean islands, and the Atlantic
isles as well as in western Asia, by closely-allied forms.]

18. Carduelis carduelis britannica (Hart.)— THE BRITISH
GOLDFINCH.

ACANTHIS CARDUELIS BRiTANNicus Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 68
(1903— British Isles. Type, Rottingdean) ; id., Brit. B., i, p. 211.
Carduelis elegans Stephens, Yarrell, n, p. 117; Saunders, p. 173.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to British Isles. — British Isles. — Resident.
Local, but generally distributed, and increasing except in Ireland
where decreasing ; very rare northern Scotland and only scarce
vagrant 0. Hebrides, Shetlands, and Orkneys.
MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Flocks, and migrates locally autumn
and winter, and some may emigrate. Passing birds (possibly of
British form) have been noted in spring in various counties (cf.
Bull. B.O.C., xx, p. 178 ; xxn, p. 182 ; xxiv, p. 173).

10 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

CARDUELIS SPINUS

19. Carduelis spinus (L.)— THE SISKIN.

FRINGILLA SPINUS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x. i, p. 181 (1758 — Juniper
woods of Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Carduelis spinus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, IT, p. 126 ; Saunders, p. 175.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident and autumn-to-
spring visitor. A few pairs nest regularly Cumberland, and nests
have been recorded Durham, Yorks., Salop, and north Wales.
Evidence of having bred exceptionally Surrey, Sussex, Kent, and
other south counties, in most cases unsatisfactory. Scotland. —
Breeds from Perth northwards to Caithness and east Sutherland,
also in east Ross, occasionally in Tweed, and in small numbers in
Solway district, but otherwise a rare visitor to west side, and only
recently recorded from O. Hebrides (Barra, autumn). In Shet-
lands and Fair Isle has been noted on spring and autumn passages,
and in Orkneys in autumn. Ireland. — Resident. Breeds locally
all four Provinces.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Arrives in fluctuating numbers east
coast Great Britain from Sept. to Nov., and departs in April and
early May. Has been recorded from Lights of south coast Ireland
in winter, which may point to occasional emigration of Irish
residents.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Locally in north Europe and northern
Asia (but absent from the high north) as far south as Alps and
rarely to north Italy, Balkans, and Caucasus. In winter common
in Italy, sometimes not rare in north-west Africa.

[NOTE. — The specimen of the NORTH AMERICAN GOLDFINCH,
Carduelis tristis (L.), shot on Achill Island (Mayo), Sept. 6, 1894, had no
doubt escaped from captivity (cf. ZooL, 1894, p. 396)].

CARDUELIS FLAVIROSTRIS

20. Carduelis flavirostris flavirostris (L.)— THE TWITE.

FRINGILLA FLAVIROSTRIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 182 (1758 —

" Europa." Typical locality : Sweden).

Linota flavirostris (Linnseus), Yarrell, n, p. 160 ; Saunders, p. 193.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident. Breeds very
locally most moorlands from east Cheshire, north Staffs., north
Derby., and west Yorks. northwards, and in Lanes, at lower levels.
Forsakes high ground in winter. Small colony found nesting
north Devon 1904, but otherwise only known as somewhat uncertain
winter- visitor to south, though in some years plentiful on parts
of south coast. Very rare visitor Cornwall. Suspected of nesting
in north Wales. Scotland. — Much more common and general than

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 11

in England, especially on west coast and Hebrides, Orkneys,
and Shetlands. In south-west and on lower ground on east side
scarce as nester. Ireland. — Breeds all counties except those of
central Plain.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — The coasts are resorted to in winter
by inland breeding- birds ; but migrants, possibly from oversea,
arrive east coast Oct. and return March. In Ireland an autumn-
immigration has been noted on north and west coasts.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Norway, Lapland, and north
Finland, in winter over Europe, but very rare in Mediterranean
countries. Replaced by other races from Asia Minor and Caucasus
to Persian Turkestan, etc., and in Tibet and Manchuria.

CARDUELIS LINARIA

21. Carduelis linaria linaria (L.)— THE MEALY REDPOLL.

FBINGILLA LINARIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 182 (1758 — Europe.
Restricted typical locality : the alder woods of Sweden).
Linota linaria (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 133 ; Saunders, p. 189.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Irregular autumn- winter visitor
along whole east coast Great Britain, but more common east
Scotland and north-east England. Occasionally arrives great
numbers, as in 1829, 1847, 1855, 1861, 1863, 1873, 1885, 1897, 1910.
More rarely recorded spring. Elsewhere in Great Britain rare
winter-straggler, as it is in Ireland, where it appears chiefly in
western islands.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern portions of Northern Hemi-
sphere, the northern limit of its breeding-range overlapping the
southern range of C. hornemannii exilipes ; in Europe as far south
as Baltic and coast of East Prussia. In winter and on migration
over greater part of Europe, parts of central Asia, and United
States.

22. Carduelis linaria rostrata (Coues) — GREENLAND
REDPOLL.

AEGIOTHUS ROSTRATUS Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861,

p. 378 (S. Greenland).

L. rostrata, Saunders, p. 190 (in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. Barra (0. Hebrides)
one, Oct. 8, 1896 ; one, Nov. 10, 1898 ; one, Oct. 13, 1900 ;
two, Sept., 1901. Fair Isle (Shetlands), a number Sept. and Oct.
1905, and small party Sept. 21, 1907. Shetlands, several Oct.
and Nov., 1907. (W. Eagle Clarke, Ann. S.N.H., 1901, p. 131,
1902, p. 118, 1906, p. 17, 1908, p. 76. E. Hamilton, op.c., 1910,

12 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

p. 54.) Several Achill Island (Mayo) and two or more Tearaght
(Kerry) have been assigned to this form. (Birds Ireland, p. 64)
(cf. Brit. B., i, pp. 182, 383 ; m, p. 378).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Summer-resident in south Greenland-
In winter south-westwards through Canada and parts of western
United States.

[Carduelis linaria holboelli (Brehm)— HOLBOLL'S REDPOLL.*

LINABIA HOLBOELLI Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 280
(1831 — Described from migrants obtained in Germany).
L. holboelli, Saunders, p. 189 (in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant. One, Aston Clinton
(Bucks.), Dec. 14, 1895 (Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 80). One said
Achill Island, Mayo (Bull. B.O.C., xn, p. 15). Possibly some of a
flock inYorks., 1881 (Birds Yorks., i, p. 187). A number Fair Isle
autumn 1910. Two Shetlands, Oct. 28, 1910. One Isle of May
(Forth) Oct. 23, 1910. A number Lothians, Oct., 1910. One
Cambridge, Dec. 12, 1910. (Brit. B., iv, pp. 291, 369, v, p. 60).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Polar regions of Old and New World,
in winter southwards to Holland, Germany, Austria, Hungary,
Russia, central Asia, Japan, and occasional during migration in
parts of north-east North America.]

23. Carduelis linaria cabaret (P.L.S. Miill.)t— THE LESSER
REDPOLL.

FBINGILLA CABARET P.L.S. Muller, Natursystem, Suppl., p. 165 (1776 —

Ex Daubenton and Buffon. Europe. Restricted typical locality :

France).

Acanthis linaria britannica Schmiedeknecht, Wirbelt. Eur., p. 128 (1906 —

Great Britain).

Linota rufescens (Vieillot), Yarrell, n, p. 146 ; Saunders, p. 191.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident. Breeds most
counties, but locally and especially so in southern England and
Wales, and very sparingly in south-west England, while in extreme
south-west it is rare even in autumn and winter, when it becomes
more generally distributed elsewhere. Scotland. — Resident. More
generally distributed in wooded districts than in England, but
uncommon in north-west, and appears not to breed Caithness.
Breeds sparingly I. Hebrides, and has nested Barra (0. Hebrides).

* As this form appears to breed within the same area as C. I. linaria
it may represent only an individual variation, and until this question is finally
decided we cannot admit it fully to the list. Occurrences of specimens
possessing the characters assigned to this form should, meanwhile, be carefully
recorded.

•j- The name cabaret is forty years older than rufescens. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 13

Said to nest Orkneys, but rare at any time Shetlands. Ireland. —
.Resident. Generally distributed, even in the bare west.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Flocks said to arrive Yorks. coast
in Oct., and it becomes more generally common east coast in winter.
Some at least of our breeding-birds appear to emigrate in winter.
No migration noted in Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Alpine regions, probably also Carpa-
thians and Balkans, and possibly the Caucasus.

CARDUELIS HORNEMANNII

24. Carduelis hornemannii hornemannii (Holb.) — HORNE-
MANN'S REDPOLL.

LINOTA HORNEMANNII Holboll, Naturk. Tidskr., iv, p. 398 (1843—

Greenland).

L. hornemanni, Yarrell, n, pp. 141 and 144 (in text) ; Saunders, p. 189

(in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Very rare vagrant. Specimens
from Spurn (Yorks.), Oct., 1883, and Oct., 1893, have been assigned
to this form (Birds Yorks., i, p. 189), and one near Whit burn
(Durham), April 24, 1855 (Saunders, p. 189). Five Fair Isle
(Shetlands), Sept. and Oct., 1905 (W. E. Clarke, Ann. S.N.H., 1906,
p. 17). One Unst (Shetlands), Oct., 1905 (E. Hamilton, op.c., 1910,
p. 54). (cf. Brit. B., I, p. 183 ; m, p. 378).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Resident in Greenland. Once obtained
in France, in Spitsbergen, Franz -Josef Land, Jan May en, and
perhaps Iceland, but probably in all these places as a rule only
an accidental visitor. In winter regularly in parts of North
America.

25. Carduelis hornemannii exilipes (Coues) -- COUES'S
REDPOLL.

AEGIOTHUS EXILIPES Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Nov.,
1861, p. 385 (Fort Simpson, Arctic America).

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Very rare vagrant. A specimen
assigned to this form occurred atEasington (Yorks.), winter 1893-4,
and two others at Skeffling (Yorks.), Dec. 30, 1898 (Birds Yorks.,
i, p. 188). One Fair Isle autumn 1900 (W. E. Clarke, Ann. S.N.H.,
1911, p. 53 ; cf. Brit. B., iv, p. 292).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Lapland and north Russia, northern-
most portions of continents of Asia and America. In winter
southwards to East Prussia (rare), Japan, and northern United
States of America.

14 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

CARDUELIS CITRINELLA

26. Carduelis citrinella citrinella (L.)— THE CITRIL FINCH.

FRINGILLA CITRINELLA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xu, i, p. 320 (1766 —
" Hab. in Europa australi." Restricted typical locality : Alps ; Hartert,
Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 81).

Citril Finch, Yarrell, n, p. 113 (in footnote) ; Saunders, p. 178 (in text) ;
Chrysomitris citrinella, id., Brit. B., i, p. 12.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Female Yarmouth (Norfolk) Jan.
29, 1904 (J. H. Gurney, ZooL, 1905, p. 91).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mountain-systems of central and south
Europe. Replaced by a local race in Corsica, Sardinia, and
perhaps parts of Italy.

CARDUELIS CANNABINA

27. Carduelis cannabina cannabina (L.) — THE LINNET.

FRINGILLA CANNABINA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 182 (1758 —

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Linota cannabina (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 153 ; Saunders, p. 187.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Common and widely
distributed, but uncommon and local in west Scotland and
I. Hebrides ; rare vagrant O. Hebrides and apparently so Shet-
lands ; recorded several times Pair Isle and common nester and
migrant Orkneys.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Our home-bred birds (or in any case
a proportion of them) move south autumn, many crossing Channel
and returning spring. Large numbers of Continental immigrants
arrive east coasts Great Britain autumn and return spring. Fre-
quently observed as immigrant on Irish coasts both spring and
autumn, but movements not clearly worked out.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, except in the high
north. Replaced by smaller forms in Mediterranean countries and
Atlantic isles, and by a lighter one in parts of west Asia.

SERINUS CANARIUS

28. Serinus canarius serinus (L.) — THE SERIN.

FKINGILLA SERINUS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 320 (1766 — South

Europe).

Serinus hortulana K. L. Koch, Yarrell, n, p. Ill ; Saunders, p. 177.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. About twenty
recorded England, ten being from Sussex coast, where also small
flock said to have been seen, three each Kent and Norfolk, one or

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 15

two near London, one each Hants., Somerset, and Devon, and one
said to have been seen Yorks., and another Oxon. Two co. Dublin.
Male near Edinburgh Nov. 9, 1911.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Common in north-west Africa and south
Europe, northwards to Germany, where in olden times restricted
to south-west parts (Frankfort), but now nearly all over the country.
In Holland now less rare than formerly, but whether it breeds as
yet uncertain. Casual in Denmark.

[NOTE. — " Wild " CANARIES, Serinus canarius canarius (L.) have been
taken in Great Britain, but these were undoubtedly escaped birds, as in its
home (Canary Islands, Azores, and Madeira) the Canary Serin does not
migrate, and numbers are imported into our islands.]

PYRRHULA PYRRHULA

29, Pyrrhula pyrrhula pyrrhula (L.)— THE NORTHERN
BULLFINCH.

LOXIA PYRRHULA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 171 (1758 — Europe.
Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
P. major, Saunders, p. 195 (in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Irregular winter- visitor. As it is
imported as cage-bird some records may be due to "escapes,"
but following are probably genuine : — England — Two Yorks.
Nov., 1894, and possibly immigrations noted under "Pyrrhula
europcea " Nov., 1880, Oct. and Nov., 1884, 1886, 1887, and other
years (Birds Yorks., i, pp. 194 and 195), one Yorks. coast Dec.
3, 1910. One Yarmouth (Norfolk) Jan. 22, 1893. Scotland.—
One near Longniddry (Haddington) Oct., 1884. Considerable
immigration Shetlands Nov., 1905, and some birds March and April,
1905, Oct., 1906, and one Nov., 1902, probably of this form.
One or more Fair Isle, Nov., 1905, and a few Nov., 1906, and a
good many Isle of May, Fair Isle, and Shetlands, as well as south-
east Scotland, Oct., Nov. and Dec., 1910. Others recorded as
" Bullfinches " in Shetlands probably of this form (cf. Brit. B.,
i, p. 246 ; iv, pp. 211, 250, 292, 369).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Scandinavia, Russia, north-east parts of
Germany, and west Siberia, also apparently Hungary and Tran-
sylvania. In winter spreading southwards and westwards, as far as
west and south Europe. Represented by a form (P.p. europcea*) ;
much more nearly allied to P. p. pileata in west and central
Europe generally, and by other forms in the Azores, Caucasus, and
temperate Asia.

* No examples of this form have as yet been detected in the British Isles.

16 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

30. Pyrrhula pyrrhula pileata MacGillivray — THE BRITISH
BULLFINCH.

PYRRHTJLA PILEATA MacGillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, p. 407 (1837 —
Great Britain).

Pyrrhula pyrrhula pileata MacGillivray, Hartert, Brit. B., n, p. 130.
Pyrrhula europcea Vieillot, Yarrell, n, p. 166 ; Saunders, p. 195.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to British Isles. — British Isles. — Resident.
Generally distributed, but rather local in Scotland. Recently
spread to some I. Hebrides, and recorded from Harris and North
Uist (0. Hebrides). Its recorded visits to Orkneys and Shetlands
may be referable to P. p. pyrrhula (ut supra).

CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS

31. Carpodacus erythrinus erythrinus (Pall.)— THE SCARLET
GROSBEAK.

LOXIA ERYTHRINA Pallas, Nov. Comm. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., xrv,
p. 587, pi. 23, fig. 1 (1770— S. Russia and Siberia. Restricted typical
locality : Volga).
Pyrrhula erythrina (Pallas), Yarrell, n, p. 172 ; Saunders, p. 197.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Four England and Wales, and
five Scotland. Female near Brighton (Sussex) Sept., 1869. Female
Hampstead (Middlesex) Oct. 5, 1870. Female near Yarmouth
(Norfolk) Sept. 3, 1892 (Saunders, pp. 197, 199, 756). Male near
Paincastle (Radnor) about 1875 (ZooL, 1904, p. 228). One Fair
Isle (Shetlands) Oct. 3, 1906 (Ann. S.N.H., 1907, p. 70). Isle
of May, one Sept. 25, 1907, one Sept. 12, 1908, one Sept. 13, 1909,
one Sept. 7, 1910 (op.c., 1908, p. 18 ; 1909, p. 14 ; 1910, p. 4 ; 1911,
p. 4 ; cf. Brit. B., i, pp. 246, 296 ; n, p. 346 ; in, p. 378 ; iv,
p. 318).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North-east Germany, Russia, Siberia,
eastwards at least to the Lena River, and replaced by allied races
in central Asia and Kamtschatka. Migrant, but its regular winter-
quarters appear to be as yet uncertain ; during migration or in
winter occasionally in west and south Europe.

PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR

32. Pinicola enucleator enucleator (L.) -- THE PINE-
GROSBEAK.

LOXIA ENUCLEATOR Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 171 (1758 — North
of Sweden and North America. The American form, however, differs.
Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Pyrrhula enucleator (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 177 ; Saunders, p. 199.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 17

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. Some fifty recorded,
but most are not authenticated. Of recent years the following
records :— One Notts., Oct. 30, 1890 (Saunders, p. 199) ; small
flock Kent and Sussex, Oct., 1905 ; two Kent, March 4, 1909
(cf. Brit. B., i, p. 247 ; Hist. Birds Kent, p. 165).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Scandinavia and north Russia, north
Siberia. In winter spreading more or less regularly southwards
and westwards, occasionally as far as Italy and south France.
Represented by closely-allied forms in Kamtschatka and North
America.

LOXIA CURVIROSTRA

33. Loxia curvirostra curvirostra L. - - THE COMMON
CROSSBILL.

LOXIA CURVIROSTRA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 171 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Loxia curvirostra anglica Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 119 ; id., Brit. B.,

i, p. 209 ; cf. id., op.c., in, p. 194.

Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 187 (part) ; Saunders, p. 201

(part).

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Late summer - immigrant
arriving mid- June to August. Regular in some districts, but
irregular in most, and especially so in north-west and south-west
England and in Wales. Periodically (every three to ten years)
arrives in great numbers and becomes much more generally distri-
buted and frequently stays over following spring and into summer.
Most nesting-records in springs immediately following " irruptions."
Has nested in following counties ; dates within square brackets
refer to probable but not positive records : — Devon, 1839, 1894.
Somerset, 1910. Hants., 1839, 1858, 1877, 1892, 1910. Berks.,
1882, 1889, [1898], 1899, 1910. Sussex, 1791, 1840, 1910.
Surrey [1899], 1910. Kent [1833], [1839], [1894], 1910, 1911.
Herts., 1907. Gloucester, 1839, 1910. Oxon [1839]. Leicester,
1839. Staffs., 1910. Hereford [1895]. Salop 1880, [1895].
[1896]. Northants., 1892 1904., Beds. [1899], 1910. Essex, 1910.
Suffolk, 1815, 1822, 1885, 1889, 1910, 1911. Norfolk 1829 [1887],
1889, 1910, 1911. Lines. [1910]. Yorks., 1829, 1840 [1855],
1872, 1876, 1902. Durham, 1838, 1856. Cumberland, 1839, 1856.
[1865]. Northumberland [1821], 1838, 1869. Cheviot Hills, 1898.
Carnarvon, 1890 or 1891. Montgomery, 1880. Merioneth [1897].
Scotland. — Late summer-immigrant as in England, but apparently
not so regular ; subject to similar irruptions, appearing in numbers
even in far northern and western isles. Breeds sporadically
and rarely in south Scotland, and possibly also in territory
of Loxia c. scotica, but proof so far wanting. Has nested Ayr.

18 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

1864, [1884]. Dumfries [1838-9], 1888. Kincardine, 1903. Linlith-
gow, 1839. Stirling, 1839. Ireland. — Now resident but not
indigenous. Apparently only migrates to Ireland in years of
" irruptions." Following irruption of 1838 bred Tipperary and has
since ; in 1867 Kildare ; since 1868 has settled Fermanagh ; since
1881 King's ; between 1883 and 1895 Westmeath. Following
irruption of 1887-8, increased and bred more widely, and is now
established (with fluctuations) in plantations of conifers in each
province.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally and north Asia, but
represented by closely-allied forms in Spain, the Balearic Isles,
Cyprus, north-west Africa, central Asia and Himalayas to Japan
and North America. More or less nomadic, in certain years migra-
tory and spreading in great numbers westwards and southwards.

34. Loxia curvirostra scotica Hart. - - THE SCOTTISH
CROSSBILL.

LOXIA CURVIROSTBA SCOTICA Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 120 (1904

— Scotland), id., Brit. B., i, p. 211.

Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 187 (part) ; Saunders, p. 201

(part).

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to Scotland. — Resident in north Scotland,
breeding from south-east Sutherland, throughout Moray Basin
south to Dunkeld (Perth), west to Loch Maree (west Ross), and
east to Huntley (Banff). Has occurred sporadically in winter in
very small numbers in Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Fife, but
apparently not a regular migrant from data available.

LOXIA PYTYOPSITTACUS

35. Loxia pytyopsittacus Borkh. — THE PARROT-CROSSBILL.

LOXIA PYTYOPSITTACUS Borkhausen, Rheinisches Magazin, i, p. 139
(1793 — Substituted typical locality: Sweden; cf. Hartert, Vog. pal.
Fauna, i, p. 122).
Loxia pityopsittacus Bechstein, Yarrell, n, p. 207 ; Saunders, p. 202.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. A good many re-
corded, but some at least (especially from Scotland) may be
referable to L. c. scotica. The following examined by us are of
this species : near Plumstead (Kent) Jan., 1868 ; Southgate
(Middlesex) Nov., 1864.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Europe (Scandinavia and north
Russia to Poland). Like other Crossbills, somewhat nomadic, and
known to have nested in Germany and probably also in other
parts of central Europe.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 19

LOXIA LEUCOPTERA

36. Loxia leucoptera bifasciata (Brehm)— THE TWO-BARRED
CROSSBILL.

CBUCIBOSTRA BIFASCIATA Brehm, Ornis, in, p. 85 (1827 — Thuringia and

Vienna).

Loxia bifasciata (C. L. Brehm), Yarrell, n, p. 211 ; Saunders, p. 203.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. A good many
recorded from various parts England, but mostly on eastern side ;
in some years (e.g. 1845-6, and autumn 1889) a number together.
About eleven authentic records Scotland, and three Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Forests of north European Russia (and
probably west Siberia), more or less irregularly spreading south-
westwards at various times of the year. Concerning the doubtful
Siberian subspecies, Loxia leucoptera elegans Horn., cf. Vog. paL
Fauna, i, p. 124.

[Loxia leucoptera leucoptera Gm.— THE AMERICAN WHITE-
WINGED CROSSBILL.

LOXIA LEUCOPTERA Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 2, p. 844 (1789 — North America).
Loxia leucoptera J. F. Gmelin, Yarrell, n, p. 218 ; Saunders, p. 204
(in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Several recorded occurrences, are
dealt with by Saunders and in Yarrell, and there are others, but it
is very doubtful if it has occurred in a truly wild state.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern North America. In winter
southwards, irregularly as far as North Carolina, Indiana, Illinois,
Kansas, Colorado, Nevada. Occurs south and east Greenland.
Said to have been procured on Heligoland.]

FRINGILLA CCELEBS

37- Fringilla coelebs coelebs L.— THE CHAFFINCH.

CCELEBS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.,ed. x, i, p. 179 (1758 — " Europa."
Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Fringilla coelebs gengleri Kleinschmidt, Falco, v, p. 13 (1909 — England.
Typical locality : Hampstead).
Fringilla coslebs Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 68 ; Saunders, p. 183.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Abundant and widely
distributed, nesting in Orkneys but not Shetlands, nor probably
O. Hebrides, where only a visitor.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Our residents flock in winter and
move about the country, but there is little evidence that they
emigrate. Meantime large flocks arrive from the Continent on

c 2

0 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

east coasts Great Britain. Many continue westward and spread
inland, while some perhaps pass south. A diminution in Sept.
and an increase in Oct. and Nov. have been noticed in Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, western parts of Asia.
In winter in north Africa. Replaced by a supposed closely-allied
form in Corsica, and by different races in north-west Africa,
Canaries, Madeira, and Azo'res.

FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA

38. Fringilla montifringilla L.— THE BRAMBLING.

FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 179 (1758 —
" Habitat in Europa." Restricted typical locality: Sweden).
Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 75 ; Saunders, p. 185.

DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATIONS. — England and Wales. — Winter-
visitor, arriving north-east and east coasts England Oct., in varying
numbers according to severity of weather. In south and west
England and in Wales its numbers are still more dependent upon
weather-conditions as well as supply of beech-mast. In some
years does not occur in extreme south-west and west. Most return
March, but many stay until April and occasionally to May and
exceptionally June (Yorks., June 30, 1907). Scotland. — Numbers
greatly influenced by weather-conditions, and most regular and
abundant in south-east ; in south-west and north-east more irregular
but sometimes occurring in large numbers ; in north-west and
O. Hebrides a straggler; in Shetlands and Fair Isle fairly regular
autumn and spring, but in Orkneys irregular. Late dates :
Dumfries., May 10, 1895 ; Fair Isle, May 20, 1909. Ireland.—
In varying numbers to all quarters, but rare in west. Late date :
Down, June 13, 1910.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Sub-arctic forests of Old World, in
Europe in northern Scandinavia and north Russia, in winter all
over Europe and northern parts of Asia. An eastern form has
been separated, but requires confirmation.

MONTIFRINGILLA NIVALIS

39. Montifringilla nivalis nivalis (L.)— THE SNOW-FINCH.

FRINGILLA NIVALIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 321 (1766 — " Hab.
in America." Errore ! As typical locality accepted : Switzerland;
cf. Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 132).

Montifringilla nivalis (Linn.), M. J. Nicoll, Bull. B.O.C., xv, p. 58 ;
Saunders, Brit. B., i, p. 13.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Twice. Male, Rye Harbour (Sussex),
Feb. 22, 1905 (ut supra}. Two, Paddock Wood (Kent), Dec. 28,
1906, with a flock of four or five " similar-looking " birds
(N. F. Ticehurst, Brit. B., i, p. 189).

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 21

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — High elevations in the Alps, Pyrenees,
Sierra Nevada (Spain), north Apennines, rare in south-east Europe
but breeding in Montenegro and Greece. Allied forms in Asia.

PASSER DOMESTICUS

40. Passer domesticus domesticus (L.) - - THE HOUSE-
SPARROW.

FRINGILLA DOMESTICA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 183 (1758 —

" Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Passer domesticus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, 11, p. 89 ; Saunders, p. 179.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Widely distributed.
Now established I. Hebrides, but still confined to Castlebay (Barra),
Tarbert (Harris) and Stornoway (Lewis) in O. Hebrides. Local
in many parts Ireland, but found on western isles.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Appears to move from certain exposed
places in winter, but no evidence of true migration of our residents.
An autumn-immigration to east coast of England south of the
Wash has been noted, and there is some evidence of a cross-Channel
departure in late autumn.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally except Italy , eastwards
to Siberia. Replaced by closely-allied forms in Italy, north Africa
and parts of Asia.

PASSER MONTANUS

41. Passer montanus montanus (L.) — THE TREE-SPARROW.

FRINGILLA MONTANA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 183 (1758 — " Habitat
in Europa." Restricted typical locality: North Italy; cf. Hartert,
Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 160).
Passer montanus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, 11, p. 82 ; Saunders, p. 181.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident. Widely spread
but local, especially in extreme south-west (where it appears not
to nest), south and west Wales and Lanes., Westmorland and
Cumberland. Has nested Isle of Man. Scotland. — Mostly on east
side, very local and rare west side. Breeds in some 0. Hebrides,
even as far west as St. Kilda, and very rarely in Shetlands.
Ireland. — Local resident, co. Dublin since 1852, and recently on
coasts of Londonderry, Mayo and Donegal, and once seen in Sligo.
Once occurred off Wexford.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Large flocks arrive east coast England
late Sept. and in Oct., and return mid-March to mid- April. Occurs
Fair Isle and Isle of May in autumn. No evidence of migration
to Ireland.

22 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally and Siberia. Replaced
by closely-allied forms in east Siberia, Japan, Turkestan, and
Persia, India and China, Greater Sunda Islands, Hainan and
Formosa.

EMBERIZA CALANDRA*

42. Emberiza calandra calandra L.— THE CORN-BUNTING.

EMBERIZA CALANDRA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat, ed. x, i, p. 176 (1758 —
" Habitat in Europa." Restricted typical locality: Sweden).
Emberiza miliaria Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 38 ; Saunders, p. 207.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Common in most coastal
regions throughout, but generally local elsewhere.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Breeding-birds, or at all events many
of them, emigrate in autumn from Great Britain, and perhaps
also from Ireland. Immigrants noted east coast Great Britain,
and flocks occur other parts in autumn. In Shetlands and Fair
Isle occurs on both passages.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From south Sweden in the north through-
out Europe to north Africa and west Asia. The forms from west
Siberia, Corsica, and Canary Islands have been separated, but are
all very closely-allied and require confirmation.

EMBERIZA CITRINELLA

43. Emberiza citrinella citrinella L. — THE YELLOW
BUNTING.

EMBERIZA CITRINELLA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 177 (1758 —
" Habitat in Europa." Restricted typical locality: Sweden).
Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 43 ; Saunders, p. 209.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Common and generally
distributed, but does not nest in some O. Hebrides, now common
Orkneys, but seldom noticed Shetlands except on migration ; occurs
Fair Isle both passages, but chiefly autumn.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Flocks in winter, but little evidence
that our breeding- birds emigrate. Immigrants from north appear
east coasts Great Britain in Oct. and Nov. and return in spring.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally from about lat. 65J°
to 70° N., but in south Spain and south Italy only in winter,
and absent from Greece. Replaced by allied forms in Siberia and
east Europe. Local races require further study.

* In 1758 Linnaeus named the Corn- Bunting calandra, and we cannot
accept his alteration of 1766, when he called it miliaria without
explanation. — E .H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 23

EMBERIZA LEUCOCEPHALA

44. Emberiza leucocephala S. G. Gm.— THE PINE-BUNTING.

EMBERIZA LETICOCEPHALOS S. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp.
Petropol., xv, p. 480, pi. 23, fig. 3 (1771— Astrakhan).

Emberiza leucocephala W. Eagle Clarke, Scot. Nat., 1912, p. 8 ; cf. Brit. B.,
v, p. 239.

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — One. Male, Fair Isle (Shetlands), Oct.
30, 1911 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from west Siberia (Ural) to east
Siberia. Migrates to China, Mongolia, Turkestan, casually to
Europe (Italy, Dalmatia, Russia, south France, Austria, Heligoland).

EMBERIZA MELANOCEPHALA

45. Emberiza melanocephala Scop.— THE BLACK-HEADED
BUNTING.

EMBERIZA MELANOCEPHALA Scopoli, Annus i, Hist. Nat., p. 142 (1769 —

Carniola).

Emberiza melanocephala Scopoli, Yarrell, n, p. 64 ; Saunders, p. 205.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain — Five England, two Scotland.
Female near Brighton (Sussex) about Nov. 3, 1888. Male, Notts.,
June or July, 1884. Male, near Dunfermline (Fife) Nov. 5, 1886,
Female, Bexhill (Sussex) Nov. 3, 1894 (Saunders, p. 205). Male,
Little Common (Sussex) April 21, 1905. Male, Fair Isle, Sept.
21, 1907. Male, near Westfield (Sussex) May 5, 1909 (Brit. B.,
i, pp. 248, 383 ; m, p. 412).

DISTRIBUTION — Abroad. — South-east Europe and Asia Minor to
Palestine, Persia, and Baluchistan, occasionally west to Italy ;
casual visitor to south Germany, Austria, south France, Heligoland.
In winter in north-west India.

EMBERIZA AUREOLA

46. Emberiza aureola Pall.— THE YELLOW-BREASTED
BUNTING.

EMBEKIZA AUREOLA Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. d. Russ. Reichs,

n, p. 711 (1773— River Irtish in Siberia).

Emberiza aureola Pallas, Saunders, Bull. B.O.C., xvi, p. 10 ; id., Brit. B.,

i, p. 13.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Two. Female, Cley (Norfolk) Sept.
21, 1905 (Saunders, Bull. B.O.C., xvi, pp. 10-11). Female,
near Wells (Norfolk) Sept. 5, 1907 (F. G. Penrose, Brit. B., i,
p. 263).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Russia and Siberia ; on migration
in many tropical parts of Asia and casual in south and west Europe,
Austria, Bohemia, Italy, south France, Heligoland.

24 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

EMBERIZA CIRLUS

47. Emberiza cirlus L.— THE CIRL BUNTING.

EMBERIZA CIRLUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 311 (1766 — S. Europe).
Emberiza cirlus Linnaeus, Yarrell, u, p. 50 ; Saunders, p. 211.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident, but local, nesting
in Somerset and coastal counties from Cornwall to Kent, scarcer
Herts., Beds., Surrey, Berks., Bucks., Oxon, Wilts., Gloucester,
Worcester, Hereford, Salop, and many counties of Wales, but not
recorded nesting Pembroke, Carmarthen, Radnor, Merioneth, or
Anglesey. Nests very rarely Middlesex, Cheshire and Yorks., and
possibly Lanes. Elsewhere rare winter-straggler. Scotland. — Rare
vagrant. Four or five. Ireland. — Rare vagrant. One seen Donegal
Aug. 2, 1902 (H. E. Howard, ZooL, 1902, p. 353).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mediterranean countries generally : in
small numbers in south-west Germany (Rhine, Moselle, Saar) and
through western parts of France. The Corsican race has recently
been separated, but this seems to require confirmation.

EMBERIZA HORTULANA

48. Emberiza hortulana L.— THE ORTOLAN BUNTING.

EMBERIZA HORTULANA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 177 (1758 —

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Emberiza hortulana Linnaeus, Yarrell n, p. 57 ; Saunders, p. 213.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Vagrant. A good many
chiefly on east and south coasts in autumn (occasionally in small
parties), but also in April, May, and June. Scotland. — Except in
Fair Isle, where it appears regularly on spring and autumn
passages, only recorded some eight times. Ireland. — One somewhat
doubtful record Clare, May, 1852.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally (except in the high
north), Mediterranean countries and west Asia.

EMBERIZA CIA

49. Emberiza cia cia L.— THE MEADOW-BUNTING.

EMBERIZA CIA Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 310 (1766 — S. Europe
Restricted typical locality : Lower Austria).

Emberiza cia Linn.,Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C., xm, p. 38 ; Saunders, Brit. B.,
i, p. 13.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Five. Two near Shoreham (Sussex)
end Oct., 1902 (R. B. Sharpe, Bull.B.O.C., xm., p. 38). One near
Faversham (Kent) about Feb. 14, 1905 (C. J. Carroll, Ibis, 1905,
p. 291). Two Ninfield (Sussex) April 1, 1910 (J. B. Nichols,
Brit. B., v, p. 50).

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 25

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mediterranean countries generally, north
to Rhine valley, Lower Austria and foot of Transylvanian Alps.
Replaced by allied forms in various parts of Asia.

EMBERIZA CIOIDES

50. Emberiza cioides castaneiceps Moore — THE EAST
SIBERIAN MEADOW-BUNTING.

EMBERIZA CASTANEICEPS Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 215

(China).

Emberiza cioides (nee Brandt), Saunders, p. 215.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One caught alive Flamborough Cliffs
(Yorks.) Nov., 1886 (cf. Ibis, 1889, pp. 293-294 and 296.)

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — East Siberia, Manchuria, and Corea,
wintering in China. Replaced by E. c. cioides in west Siberia,
and by E. c. ciopsis in Japan.

EMBERIZA RUSTICA

51. Emberiza rustica Pall.— THE RUSTIC-BUNTING.

EMBERIZA RUSTICA Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. d. Russ. Reichs, in,

p. 698 (1776 — Transbaikalia).

Emberiza rustica Pallas, Yarrell, n, p. 29 ; Saunders, p. 217.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Five England, six Scotland.
England. — One near Brighton (Sussex) Oct. 23, 1867. One Holder-
ness (Yorks.) Sept. 17, 1881. One Elstree (Herts.) Nov. 19,
1882 (Saunders, p. 217). One Westfield (Sussex) Sept. 22, 1902.
One near Seaton Sluice (Northumberland) sometime previous to
Dec., 1904. One seen Lines, (cf. Brit. B., I, pp. 248-9). Scotland.—
Pair Torphins (Aberdeen) end March, 1905. Male Cape Wrath
(Sutherland) May 11, 1906 (cf. i.e., I, p. 249). Single birds
•spring and autumn, 1908, Fair Isle (cf. op.c., n, p. 423). One
autumn, 1909, Fair Isle (cf. op.c., iv, p'i 290).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From east Finland throughout Siberia
to Kamtschatka. On migration through Manchuria and Mongolia
to Japan, China, Turkestan, casual in Europe (Sweden, Austria,
Germany, Heligoland, south France, Italy, Holland).

EMBERIZA PUSILLA

52. Emberiza pusilla Pall.— THE LITTLE BUNTING.

EMBERIZA PUSILLA Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. d. Russ. Reichs, in,

p. 697 (1776— Trans baikalian Alps).

Emberiza pusilla Pallas, Yarrell, n, p. 34 ; Saunders, p. 219.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — About six England, seventeen
Scotland, and one Ireland. England. — One Brighton (Sussex)

26 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Nov. 2, 1864 (Saunders, p. 219). One Teesmouth (Durham)
Oct. 11, 1902. One near Rugby (Warwick.) Oct., 1902. One
Dover (Kent) Nov. 16, 1907. One supposed Southend (Essex)
Nov., 1892. One Cley (Norfolk) Oct. 19, 1908 (cf. Brit. B., i,
pp. 249, 383, 385 ; n, p. 238). Scotland.— One Pentland Skerries,
Oct. 15, 1903. One seen Fair Isle, Oct. 2, 1905, one Oct. 3,
1906, one April 14, 1907 ; nine identified and probably more
present, Oct. 10 to Nov. 5, 1907 ; one autumn, 1909. One Sule
Skerry, Sept. 22, 1908. One Isle of May, Sept. 25, and one
Sept. 26, 1909 (cf. op.c., i, pp. 249, 383 ; n, p. 314 ; in, p. 378 ;
iv, p. 290). Ireland. — One Rockabill Lt. (Dublin) Oct. 2, 1908
(op.c., n, p. 238).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Russia and Siberia to Turkestan.
In winter further south in Asia, and not rarely in Europe : east
Germany, south Sweden, Holland, Belgium, Heligoland, Austria,
Italy, and Algeria.

EMBERIZA SCHCENICLUS

53. Emberiza schceniclus schoeniclus L. — THE REED-
BUNTING.

EMBERIZA SCHCENICLUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 182 (1758 —

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Emberiza schoeniclus Linnaeus, Yarrell, 11, p. 23 ; Saunders, p. 221.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed
throughout, but only rare visitor to Shetlands, though in Fair Isle
appears to be of double passage ; breeds sparingly Orkneys and O.
Hebrides.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Majority of home-bred birds emigrate
Sept. and Oct. and return March. Numbers arrive autumn from
Continent and spread over the country, returning in spring.
Similar migrations in Ireland are not recorded but some appear to
emigrate.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, but absent (except on
migration) or rare in south-eastern Europe, eastwards to Siberia.
In winter in south Europe, Asia Minor, in small numbers in north
Africa, in Asia as far south as Punjab in north-west India.
Replaced by a number of allied forms in south-east Europe and
central Asia.

EMBERIZA PYRRHULOIDES

54. Emberiza pyrrhuloides palustris Savi— THE WESTERN
LARGE-BILLED REED-BUNTING.

EMBERIZA PALUSTRIS Savi, Orn. Toscana, n, p. 91 (1829 — " Toscana ").,
Emberiza pyrrhuloides palustris Savi, M. J. Nicoll, Bull. B.O.C., xxi,
p. 104 ; id., Brit. B., 11, p. 88.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 27

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Male, near Lydd (Kent) May
26, 1908 (ut supra).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Italy, Sicily, south France, and east
Spain. Allied forms in Greece and parts of west Asia.

CALCARIUS LAPPONICUS

55. Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus (L.) — THE LAPLAND
BUNTING.

FBINGILLA LAPPONICA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 180 (1758 —
Lapland).

Plectrophanes lapponicus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 15 ; Calcarius lap-
ponicus (Linnaeus), Saunders, p. 223.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Observed in recent years with
some regularity in autumn in Norfolk, Fair Isle, and Flannan Isles.
Has occurred many English counties as vagrant and with fair
regularity in Kent, and probably other east coast counties. In
Scotland has occurred (besides in Flannans and Fair Isle) at
intervals in Shetlands and Orkneys, Caithness, Sule Skerry and
Isle of May. Very rarely observed in spring, exceptionally in
summer and occasionally in winter. Ireland. — Three : Fastnet
Rock (Cork) Oct. 16, 1887; Kilbarrack (Dublin) Jan., 27, 1906, and
Dec. 12, 1907.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Arctic and sub-arctic latitudes of the
Old and New Worlds ; in winter to middle Europe, rarely to Italy ;
in Asia to China. Allied forms in Kamtschatka and Alaska.

PLECTROPHENAX NIVALIS*

56. Plectrophenax nivalis (L.)— THE SNOW-BUNTING.

EMBERIZA NIVALIS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 176 (1758 — Lapland,

etc.).

Plectrophanes nivalis (Linnseus), Yarrell, n, p. 1 ; Saunders, p. 225.

DISTRIBUTION. — England, Wales and Ireland. — Winter-visitor (Oct.
to March and April). Regular but in varying numbers, chiefly to
coast, but occasionally inland, and rather commonly on hills in
Wales. Occasionally stops until May, and fairly frequently in
summer on north and west coasts Ireland. Scotland. — Resident.
Breeds in small numbers on higher mountains in northern half
of mainland — in any case as far south as Perth., and in Shetlands.
Also winter-visitor, often in large numbers, from Sept. to April,
and occasionally later. Often inland and on hills in winter, and not
much in " evidence " on north-east coast.

* Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v., 1882, p. 33, has clearly shown
that the name Plectrophanes is not tenable, and has proposed Plectrophenax.
The namePasserina, which has been used for some time, is not correct. — E.H.

28 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Arctic and sub-arctic regions of Northern
Hemisphere, in winter farther south, in small numbers to Mediter-
ranean countries. American ornithologists separate a subspecies
from Siberian coast of Bering Sea and Commander, Pribilof, and
Shumagin Islands, but this requires confirmation.

[NOTE. — A specimen of the AMERICAN SNOWBIRD, Junco hyemalis (L.)>
of which ten different local races inhabit the whole of North America, was
captured at Loop Head Light (Clare), May 30, 1895 (Irish Nat., 1906, p. 137 ;
Brit. B., i, p. 12), having probably escaped from captivity].

[NOTE. — Specimens of the AMERICAN WHITE-THROATED SPARROW,
Zonotrichia albicollis (Gm.), have occurred at Aberdeen, near Brighton (Sussex),
in Holderness (Yorks.), and on Flannan Isles, but these had probably
escaped. Breeds in eastern North America, and winters in eastern United
States, and as far south as north-east Mexico and Florida].

[NOTE. — Two examples of the CALANDRA LARK, Melanocorypha calandra
(L.), are said to have been taken in England, but the typical race, which
inhabits south Europe and north-west Africa, is a favourite cage-bird, and
therefore the occurrences are probably not genuine.]

MELANOCORYPHA SIBIRICA

57. Melanocorypha sibirica (Gm.)— THE WHITE-WINGED
LARK.

ALATJDA SIBIRICA Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 2, p. 799 (1789— ex Pallas, Reise.
Typical locality : River Irtish).

Melanocorypha sibirica (J. F. Gmelin), Yarrell, i, p. 642 ; Alauda sibirica
J. F. Gmelin, Saunders, p. 257.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Six. Female, near Brighton (Sussex)
Nov. 22, 1869 (Saunders, p. 257). Woodchurch (Kent) male Jan.
27, female Jan. 28, and male Mar. 22, 1902 (N. F. Ticehurst,
Bull. B.O.C., xn, p. 50; xm, p. 15). Pevensey Sluice (Sussex)
male Dec. 30, 1907, and female Jan. 1, 1908 (R. Butterfield, op.c.,
xxi, p. 51 ; cf. Brit. B., i, pp. 256, 357).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South Russian Steppes, Transcaspia,
west (Russian) Turkestan to Siberia. On autumn- migration
frequently in south-east Europe and also far west : Belgium, Italy,
Heligoland, etc.

MELANOCORYPHA YELTONIENSIS

58. Melanocorypha yeltoniensis (Forst.)— THE BLACK LARK-

ALAUDA YELTONIENSIS Forster, Philos. Trans. LVII, p. 350 (1767 — S.
Russia, Lower Volga, near Lake Yelton).
Alauda tatarica Pall., Seebohm, Hist. Brit, B., 11, p. 282.
Melanocorypha yeltoniensis (Forst.), C. B. Ticehurst, Bull, B.O.C., xix,
p. 57 ; Saunders, Brit. B., i, p. 14.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Small party on borders of Sussex and
Kent, January, 1907, following being shot : male, near Pevensey
(Sussex) Jan. 29 ; female, near Lydd (Kent) Jan. 31 ; male, near
Lydd, Feb. 18 ; male, Rye (Sussex) Feb. 16 (ut supra}.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 29

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From west Siberia and Turkestan to
the Lower Volga. In winter more or less vagrant, and has appeared
in the Talysh plains, Heligoland, Galizia, Belgium, and Italy.

CALANDRELLA BRACHYDACTYLA

59. Calandrella brachydactyla brachydactyla (Leisler) — THE
SHORT-TOED LARK.

ALAUDA BRACHYDACTYLA Leisler, Ann. Wetterau. Ges., in, p. 357, pi. 19
(1814 — Montpellier in France).

Calandrella brachydactyla (Leisler), Yarrell, I, p. 637 ; Alauda brachy-
dactyla Leisler, Saunders, p. 255.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Twelve England, two Scotland,
one Ireland. One near Shrewsbury (Salop), four near Brighton,
and one Amberley (Sussex) ; one near Southampton and one near
Portsmouth (Hants.) ; one Orpington (Kent) ; one Scilly Isles ;
one near Cambridge ; one South Breydon (Norfolk). One Flannan
Isles (0. Hebrides) Sept. 20, 1904 ; one Fair Isle, Nov. 11, 1907.
One Blackrock Light (Mayo) Oct. 11, 1890. Only two spring-
records (cf. Saunders and Brit. B., i, pp. 255, 384 ; in, p. 263).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From south France throughout south
Europe and north Africa, eastward to Asia Minor and Palestine.
Northern birds more or less migratory, in winter to Sahara and
Sudan, also to north-west India ; more southern birds resident or
vagrant. Has occurred casually elsewhere, as in Heligoland,
Switzerland, near Metz. It is desirable that such specimens should
be carefully examined, as they might belong to the eastern form
which represents C. b. brachydactyla in central Asia.

GALERIDA CRISTATA*

60. Galerida cristata cristata (L.)— THE CRESTED LARK.

ALATJDA CRISTATA Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 166 (1758 — " Habitat
in Europae viis." Vienna fixed as restricted typical locality by Hartert,
Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 228).
Alauda cristata Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 632 ; Saunders, p. 253.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Seven. Four in autumn at intervals
and one June 12, 1880 Cornwall ; one Littlehampton (Sussex)
prior to 1845 ; one near Shoreham (Sussex) Oct. 20, 1863.

* The name Galerida has been rejected, and new names have been created
by Madarasz and Dresser, because they supposed that Galerida was a misprint
for Galerita, which was preoccupied. There is, however, nothing in the original
publication to prove this. In the same volume Brehm adopted Galerida,
and we may suppose that Boie and Brehm purposely spelt the name with d
in order to distinguish it from the well-known name Galerita, referring to a
common beetle, undoubtedly known to both authors. — E.H.

30 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Others, including a supposed example co. Dublin, 1836, not
authenticated (cf. Saunders, and Ussher, List of Irish Birds, p. 22).
A male from Penzance (Cornwall) Sept., 1846, in Mr. J. H. Gurney's
collection, is of this form, but the other specimens require careful
comparison.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from south Sweden to Pyrenees,
Italy, Balkans, and south-west Russia. Represented by between
twenty and thirty more or less closely-allied forms in Mediter-
ranean countries, north Africa to Sudan (Senegambia, Upper
Nigeria, Somaliland) and many parts of Asia.

LULLULA ARBOREA*

61. Lullula arborea arborea (L.)— THE WOOD-LARK.

ALATJDA ARBOREA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 166 (1758 — " Habitat
in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Alauda arborea Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 625 ; Saunders, p. 251.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident. Locally distri-
buted, most frequent southern counties, lower Severn and Thames
valleys, from Bucks, to west Norfolk and Suffolk, in southern
Midlands and south Wales ; northwards very scarce, but breeds
rarely parts of Yorks., and probably parts of north Wales ; breeding
has been recorded from Lanes, and Cumberland, and vagrants
from Northumberland. Has undoubtedly decreased, and is not
now found in places where formerly known. Scotland. — Apparently
110 authentic record except from Fair Isle, where small numbers
recorded in late autumn and winter 1906, 1907, 1909, and 1910,
and once Isle of May (Forth) Oct. 6, 1910. Ireland. — Formerly
in several counties, now extremely rare and apparently breeding
only in Wicklow.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Except for Fair Isle records no
evidence of migration, except those of quite a local character, but
in severe weather small flocks and single birds are noticed on coast
in various parts.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Middle Scandinavia to south Europe and
Ural. Local forms have been separated from Corsica and Sardinia,
north-west Africa, south-east Europe, Persia, and Transcaspia,
but, though it is certain that southern and eastern birds are paler,
their distribution and relations to one another are not yet clearly
denned.

* It is impossible to suppress the generic name Lullula. If Galerida is
separated generically, then Lullula must be too. Otherwise nearly all Larks
must be placed in the same genus. — E.H

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 31

ALAUDA ARVENSIS

62. Alauda arvensis arvensis L. — THE SKY- LARK.

ALAUDA ARVENSIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x, i, p. 165 (1758 — " Habitat
in Europse apricis." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Alauda arvensis scotica Tschusi, Orn. Jahrb., xn, p. 162 (1903 — Scotland).
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 614 ; Saunders, p. 249.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Common and generally
distributed but somewhat local in north-west parts of mainland
Scotland. Many, if not most, home-bred birds leave in autumn.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Southward movement of breeding-
birds begins in Shetlands and Hebrides late Aug., continuing
to early Nov. ; many cross Channel ; others pass to Ireland. In
spring return migration along same routes from late Feb. to early
April. From late Sept. to early Nov. vast numbers from central
Europe arrive between Tees and Kent ; from north Europe through-
out Oct. and early Nov. in Shetlands, and east coast Scotland and
north-east coast England. Majority of central European birds
pass on, following route taken by our residents, while north
European birds form bulk of winter-residents, many crossing to
Ireland. Spring-emigration from Ireland along same lines from
mid-Feb. to late March. Our winter- visitors leave north-east
and east coasts for north and central Europe from late Feb. to
early April. During March return movement of " passage-birds "
observed.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe with exception of south Italy
and south-east Europe, and Mediterranean islands, where it is
represented by a very closely- allied subspecies. Other allied forms
inhabit west Siberia and other portions of north and middle Asia
and north-west Africa.

63. Alauda arvensis cinerea Ehmcke— THE EASTERN SKY-
LARK.

ALAUDA CINEREA Ehmcke, Journ. f. Orn., 1903, p. 149 (Barnoul in W.

Siberia).

Alauda arvensis cinerea, W. E. Clarke, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1906, p. 139.

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — One Flannan Islands Light (0.
Hebrides) Feb. 24, 1906 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — West Siberia, Turkestan, and parts of
Persia. In winter farther south and as far west as Algeria.

32 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

EREMOPHILA ALPESTRIS*

64. Eremophila alpestris flava (Gm.)— THE SHORE-LARK.

ALATJDA FLAVA Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 2, p. 800 (1789 — Typical locality :

Siberia).

Otocorys alpestris (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 604 ; Saunders, p. 259.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Winter- visitor (Nov. -March and April).
First noticed Norfolk March, 1830. Was irregular winter-visitor
to east and south coasts until 1879, when considerable visitation
occurred, and subsequently has increased and is now annual autumn
to spring visitor east coast from Yorks. to Kent. Along south
coast occasional ; elsewhere very rare. Wales. — Very rare vagrant.
Scotland. — First recorded East Lothian Jan., 1859, subsequently
rarely, as far north as Fife ; of recent years annually small numbers
autumn and occasionally spring Fair Isle, and a few in autumns
1907 and 1909, Isle of May. Unknown in west. Ireland. — One
Wicklow Head, Nov. 4, 1910 (R. M. Barrington, Brit. B., iv, p. 215.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Europe, chiefly north of Arctic
Circle, and north Asia. Represented in America by a number of
allied forms. (Hartert treats all the Horned Larks as forms of
E. alpestris.)

ANTHUS RICHARDI

65. Anthus richardi richardi VieilL— RICHARD'S PIPIT.

ANTHUS RICHARDI Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., xxvi,

p. 491 (1818— France).

Anthus richardi Vieillot, Yarrell, i, p. 598 ; Saunders, p. 139.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant. Over seventy recorded
in various parts England, but chiefly in south coast counties and
Norfolk. In Scotland, single birds Perth and Kirkcudbright ;
several autumn 1908, one autumn 1909, and two Oct. 6, 1911,
Fair Isle. In Ireland, one Lucan (Dublin) Nov. 21, 1907, one Howth
(Dublin) Oct. 23, 1911.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Asia. Migrant wintering in tro-
pical India and south China, and frequently visiting Europe,
even west Europe, and Mediterranean countries. An allied race
breeds in south Mongolia and China.

* The name alpestris originally refers to a north American form, which,
though very close to the one of the Old World, is separable. — E.H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 33

ANTHUS CAMPESTRIS

66. Anthus campestris (L.)— THE TAWNY PIPIT.

ALATJDA CAMPESTRIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 166 (1758 — "Habitat

in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Anthus campestris (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 592 ; Saunders, p. 137.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Thirty or more in past fifty years
in autumn in Sussex, where Mr. M. J. Nicoll recently considered
it an annual visitor, and had evidence that a pair bred 1905, and
again possibly 1906. Elsewhere very rare straggler — one Scilly
Isles, Sept. 1868 ; one Yorks., Nov. 20, 1869 ; one Hants., 1879 ;
one Lowestoft (Suffolk) Sept. 2, 1890 ; one Yarmouth (Norfolk)
Oct. 9, 1897 ; one Cornwall, Sept. 16, 1899 ; one Cley (Norfolk)
Sept. 15, 1910.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from south and middle Sweden
to Mediterranean and north-west Africa, east to central Asia.
In winter in tropical Africa and north-west India. The existence
of a smaller form is doubtful (cf. Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i,
p. 269).

ANTHUS TRIVIALIS

67. Anthus trivialis trivialis (L.)— THE TREE-PIPIT.

ALAUDA TRIVIALIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 166 (1758 — Sweden).
Anthus arboreus MacGillivray, Hist. Brit. B., n, p. 188 ; Thompson
B. Ireland, i, p. 224.
Anthus trivialis (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 569 ; Saunders, p. 131.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident. Fairly
distributed and common except west Cornwall, but occurs autumn
on Scilly Isles. Scotland. — Plentiful south-west and fairly distri-
buted elsewhere to central, but rarer northwards ; very rare Suther-
land, and does not breed Caithness, not recorded Shetlands, and
only once or twice as vagrant Orkneys and 0. Hebrides, but regular
spring and autumn passage- migrant Fair Isle. Ireland. — Reported
occurrences not authenticated.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from Tromso and north Russia
to north Spain, higher portions of Italy, and in small numbers to
south-east Europe (mountains of Greece), in Asia to the Yenisei
and Tian-Shan. Migrates in winter to Mediterranean, tropical
Africa, and north-west India.

ANTHUS PRATENSIS

68. Anthus pratensis (L.)— THE MEADOW-PIPIT.

ALAUDA PRATENSIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 166 (1758 — " Habitat
in Europae pratis." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Anthus pratensis (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 575 ; Saunders, p. 133.

34 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Abundant throughout
in open country, but majority leave higher and more northern
situations in autumn and many emigrate.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Summer-residents from Hebrides and
Highlands move south, chiefly down west coast, from about mid-
Aug. to late Oct., and there is evidence of autumn-immigration
in Ireland corresponding partly with this movement. Many, if
not majority of, English breeding- birds pass south and west in
autumn. Emigratory movements along south coast England
from late Sept. to late Nov., and corresponding immigratory move-
ments in south-east Ireland have been noticed. From early Sept.
to late Oct. large numbers of immigrants, many of which winter
with us, while some pass on, arrive in northern Scottish isles, and
between mid-Sept, and Nov. on east coast from Forfar to Kent.
Return passage from end Feb. to mid- April on south coast Ireland,
and from mid-March to mid- April on whole south coast England.
Considerable evidence that more northerly breeding-birds pass
north along west coast or through western counties England,
rather than east coast.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from Iceland, the Fseroes, and
North Cape to Pyrenees, Italy, and Carpathian Mountains, east-
wards to west Siberia and north Turkestan. Migrant, wintering
in the Mediterranean countries, north Africa, Syria, and Asia Minor.

ANTHUS CERVINUS

69. Anthus cervinus (Pall.)— THE RED-THROATED PIPIT.

MOTACILLA CERVINA Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As., i, p. 511 (1827 — Siberia).
Anthus cervinus (Pallas), Saunders, p. 135.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Seven. One, Unst (Shetlands), May
4, 1854. One St. Leonards (Sussex), Nov. 13, 1895 (Saunders,
p. 135). One, Achill (Mayo), May 26th, 1895 (Bull. B.O.C.,
xii, p. 15, and Brit. B., I, p. 112). One Ninfield (Sussex),
Nov. 26, 1901 (Bull. B.O.C., xn, p. 35, and Brit. B., i, p. 112).
Two autumn, 1908, Fair Isle (Ann. S.N.H., 1909, p. 72, and Brit. B.,
n, p. 423). One Rother Marshes (Kent), April 29, 1909 (Hist.
Birds Kent, p. 104, and Brit. B., in, p. 256). [Specimens
from Brighton, 1884, and Rainham, 1880 (Saunders, p. 135) are
A. pratensis (Brit. B., n, pp. 278-9), as also one from Donegal,
Aug., 1898.]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in high north of Europe and Asia.
Migrant, wintering in India (in small numbers even in Malay Archi-
pelago), south Arabia, Nubia, and Egypt to east Africa. Rare or
irregular visitor to west Europe and north-west Africa.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 35

ANTHUS SPINOLETTA

70. Anthus spinoletta spinoletta (L.)— THE WATER-PIPIT.

ALAUDA SPINOLETTA Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 166 (1758 — Italy).

Anthus spinoletta, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B., n, p. 248.

Anthus spipoletta (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 581 ; Saunders, p. 141.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Possibly regular migrant to
Sussex coast and a vagrant elsewhere. There has been some
confusion between the Water-Pipit and Scandinavian Rock-Pipit,
but Mr. M. J. Nicoll has recently shown (Zool., 1906, p. 467) that
it is fairly regular on passage in Sussex. The following appear
satisfactory : Sussex, four, spring and autumn prior to 1900, one
Feb., 1900, one Oct., 1902, four Oct., eight Nov., and one Dec.,
1904, four Feb., one April, and one Oct., 1905, and some spring,
1906. Single birds, Isle of Wight, Sept., 1865 ; Lines., April, 1895 ;
Carnarvon, April and Dec., 1897, Feb., 1898 ; Scilly Islands, May,
1903 ; Oxon, Mar., 1903 ; Devon, Aug., 1904 ; Norfolk, Jan., 1905 ;
Kent, Jan., 1905 (cf. Brit. B., i, pp. 113-114, n, p. 276, m, pp. 120,
299). Ireland.— One Rockabill (Dublin), June, 1861.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mountains of central and south Europe
generally, east to Asia Minor. Partly migrant, or vagrant, visiting
plains of north Germany and elsewhere, and common in winter in
south Europe, also occurring in north-west Africa.

71. Anthus spinoletta rubescens (Tunst.)— THE AMERICAN
WATER-PIPIT.

ALAUDA RUBESCENS Tunstall, Orn. Brit., p. 2 (1771 — Ex Pennant, Brit.
Zool., Birds, n, p. 239, who took his descr. from Edwards, Gleanings,
pi. 297, where a bird from Pennsylvania is figured ; Edwards said he
also found this bird near London.)

Anthus ludovicianus Yarrell, i, p. 589 (in text) ; A. pennsylvanicus
= ludovicianus, Saunders, p. 142 (in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — One St. Kilda (O. Hebrides), Sept.,
1910 (W. Eagle Clarke, Ann. S.N.H., 1911, p. 52 ; cf. Brit. B., iv,
p. 285). The specimen mentioned by Edwards (ut supra], and
those recorded by MacGillivray (Man. Brit. Birds, p. 169), were
probably A. s. littoralis (cf. Yarrell, i, p. 590).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Arctic zone from north-east
Siberia, north Alaska, north Mackenzie, on both sides of Davis
Strait south to Great Slave Lake, north Quebec and Newfoundland,
and from Aleutian Islands and Prince William Sound, as well as
on high mountains south to California and mid-Mexico. Winters
from south United States to Guatemala. Has occurred twice on
Heligoland.

D 2

36 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

72. Anthus spinoletta obscurus (Lath.)— THE ROCK-PIPIT.

ALATJDA OBSCUBA Latham, Index Orn., n, p. 494 (1790 — England).

Alauda petrosa Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, iv, p. 41 (1798 —

Wales).

Anthus obscurus (Latham), Yarrell, i, p. 58G ; Saunders, p. 143.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed on
rocky shores throughout. Also on many flat shores in autumn and
winter.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Autumn immigration east coast Great
Britain, and return-migration spring. There is evidence that some
migrants pass on southward. No regular migration noted elsewhere.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Channel Islands, and coasts of north
France. According to Collett (Nyt Mag. Naturv., xxin, p. 144,
xxvi, p. 306) this form breeds on coasts of Norway, while A.
spinoletta littoralis is the Baltic form. In winter vagrant, and found
along the coasts to Spain, also occasionally inland.

73. Anthus spinoletta littoralis Brehm*— THE SCANDINA-
VIAN ROCK-PIPIT.

ANTHUS LITTORALIS Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 331

(1831— Danish Isles).

Anthus rupestris, Yarrell, I, p. 588 (in text) ; Saunders, p. 143 (in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Since Booth noted its occurrence
in Sussex in March and April very little is recorded. Has been
observed in parts of Wales, Scilly Isles, Northumberland, Lines.,
Norfolk, Land's End, Kent (two). Said to pass along Yorks.
coast in autumn, which is probable, but the bird is only distinguish-
able from the Rock -Pipit in summer-plumage, when the throat
is less spotted and has a rosy hue. Specimens recorded by
Edwards near London and by MacGillivray near Edinburgh as
" Alauda rubescens " (vide supra) were possibly of this race.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Coasts of Scandinavia (Baltic coasts only
according to Collett), Danish Isles and, it is said, White Sea in
north Russia. In winter farther south : Heligoland (common),
coasts of Germany, Holland, Belgium, north France.

MOTACILLA FLAVA

74. Motacilla flava flava L.— THE BLUE-HEADED WAGTAIL.

MOTACILLA FLAVA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 185 (1758 — " Habitat
in Europa." Restricted typical locality : S. Sweden).
Motacilla flava Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 558 ; Saunders, p. 127 ; M . f. flava L.,
N. F. Ticehurst, Brit. B., i, p. 134 et seq.

* The name rupestris refers only in part to this bird. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 37

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Summer-resident in small numbers
south-east Sussex and south-west Kent, arriving end April and
departing August. Has bred several times Durham and Wilts.,
and possibly north Devon, Norfolk, Suffolk, north Kent, and Essex.
Elsewhere often recorded as a straggler, but chiefly in south.
Wales. — Two Merioneth, one Carnarvon, and has occurred, and
possibly bred, Brecon. Scotland. — Has occurred at Edinburgh, in
Haddington, Lanark, Dumfries, Shetlands, and Fair Isle. Possibly
nested Aberdeen.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in most parts of Europe, from
middle Scandinavia to Pyrenees, and (in small numbers) north
Italy, eastwards throughout Russia (limits in south-east uncertain)
and Hungary to Danube and Save. Winters in Africa. Repre-
sented in north Europe, Mediterranean countries, south Russia,
and various parts of north Asia by a number of other forms.

75. Motacilla flava beema Sykes— SYKES'S WAGTAIL.

MOTACILLA BEEMA Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1832, p. 90 (Dekkan,

India).

Motacilla beema, Butterfield, Zool., 1902, p. 232 ; Saunders, Brit. B., i,

p. 11 ; N. F. Ticehurst, t.c., i, p. 136.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. - - One. Male Rottingdean (Sussex),
April 20, 1898 (ut supra}. [A male, Sussex, May 31, 1901,
said to have been probably of this race, is a worn example of M . f.
flava (N. F. Ticehurst, Brit. B., i, p. 136).]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — West Siberia. Winters in India. Casual
in Europe (Hungary).

76. Motacilla flava thunbergi Billberg* — THE GREY-
HEADED WAGTAIL.

MOTACILLA THUNBERGI Billberg, Synopsis Fauna Scand., i, 2, Aves,
p. 50 (1828— Lapland).

Motacilla viridis Gm. : M. borealis Sundev., Saunders, Brit. B., i, p. 10 ;
M. f. borealis Sund., N. F. Ticehurst, t.c., i, p. 136.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — One probable, Penzance (Saun-
ders, p. 128). One Yorks., spring, 1901. Possibly a pair bred Romney
Marsh, June, 1906. Two, Sussex, May, 1903, one, May, 1904, one,
May, 1907, one, spring 1869 or 1870, one, May, 1909. One possibly
Dover (Kent), 1889. Pentland Skerries (Orkneys), one May, 1888,
and one May, 1889. Fair Isle, " fair numbers " end May and
early June and Sept., 1908, spring and autumn, 1909, and in 1910.

* Billberg's name antedates Sundevall's borealis by 14 years, and has
now been widely adopted. — E.H.

38 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in north Scandinavia, Russia,
and Siberia ; on migration throughout Europe, rarely to north-
west and north-east Africa, not rare in India, Burmah, and
Tenasserim.

77. Motacilla flava cinereocapilla Savi — THE ASHY-HEADED
WAGTAIL.

MOTACILLA CINEREOCAPILLA Savi, Nuovo Giornale dei Letterati, no. 57,

p. 190 (1831— Italy).

Motacilla flava cinereocapilla Savi, N. F. Ticehurst, Brit. B., i, p. 137.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One Penzance (Cornwall) ; one Shering-
ham (Norfolk) about May, 1842 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Spain, south France (Camargue), Sicily,
Italy, east to Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro. Also
said to nest in north-west Africa, as well as occurring there on
passage, wintering in northern tropical Africa.

78. Motacilla flava melanocephala Licht. — THE BLACK-
HEADED WAGTAIL.

MOTACILLA MELANOCEPHALA Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus.
Berlin, p. 36 (1823— Nubia).

Motacilla feldeggi of Michahelles, Butterfield, Bull. B.O.C., xm, p. 69 ;
M. melanocephala Licht., Saunders, Brit. B., i, p. 10 : M. /. melano-
cephala Licht., N. F. Ticehurst, i.e., i, p. 137.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Four. Male, Willingdon (Sussex), May
13, 1903 (W. R. Butterfield, Zool, 1903, p. 420). Male, Lydd
(Kent), June 3, 1908 (J. B. Nichols, Brit. B., n, p. 165). Male,
Winchelsea (Sussex), May 23, 1909 (id., op.c., in, p. 256). Male,
Romney Marsh (Sussex), May 26, 1909 (C. B. Ticehurst, I.e.,
p. 257). One (probable) seen Norfolk, June 17 and 19, 1910
(op.c., iv, p. 92).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Greece, Turkey, north to
Bulgaria and south Dalmatia, Asia Minor, Caucasus, south Russia.
Migrates south to Arabia and north-east Africa, straying occasionally
northwards (Heligoland) and westwards to Italy, Tunisia, and
Algeria.

79. Motacilla flava rayi (Bp.)— THE YELLOW WAGTAIL.

BUDYTES RAYI Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List of B. Europe and

N. America, p. 18 (1838—" British Islands ").

Budytes neglectus Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 142 (1855 — England, rarely in

Germany).

Motacilla raii (Bonaparte), Yarrell, i, p. 564 ; Saunders, p. 129 ; M. flava

rayi (Bp.), Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 212.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 39

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Summer-resident. Arrives end
March, April, and early May ; departs Sept. Distributed through-
out England and Wales, but rarely breeds Devon, where, as
Cornwall and west Wales, chiefly known as passage-migrant. In
Scotland chiefly in south (but not Tweed area) and rarely as far as
Inverness and Aberdeen on east side, and not beyond Clyde area
in west, north of which a straggler. Said to have bred Orkneys.
Occurred N. Rona (O. Hebrides), Shetlands, and Fair Isle (twice).
Ireland. — Very local, breeding on Loughs Neagh, Corrib, and Mask ;
occurs autumn Dublin coast and three times Wexford Lights.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Appears to breed in small numbers in
west Holland (Snouckaert van Schauburg, Avifauna Neerlandica,
p. 27, 1908), west France, and perhaps Portugal, also, it is said, on
Heligoland (Weigold, Orn. Monatsber., 1910, p. 158). Migrates
through west Europe to west Africa.

MOTACILLA BOARULA

80. Motacilla boarula boarula L.*— THE GREY WAGTAIL.

MOTACILLA BOABULA Linnaeus, Mantissa Plantarum, p. 527 (1771 —

Sweden).

Motacilla grisea Miiller, Natursystem Suppl., p. 175 (1776 — Ex Edwards,

who described and figured a bird killed near London. Miiller erroneously

wrote " Amerika ").

Motacilla sulphurea Bechstein, Yarrell, i, p. 552 ; Motacilla melanope

(nee Pallas), Saunders, p. 125.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds very sparingly
in eastern half of England and only sparingly in south-eastern
counties, most common in Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, but scarce
in north Scotland, breeds Orkneys, but only a visitor to Shetlands
and O. Hebrides. A movement from its breeding-places southwards
occurs in autumn.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from south Sweden to Mediter-
ranean countries, east to Ural. Partial migrant, apparently only
in small numbers south in winter to Senegambia and British East
Africa. Replaced by a closely-allied form (M. b. melanope) in north
Asia (in winter in tropics), and by another on Atlantic isles. (With
regard to the form from the Canary Islands, see Hartert, Vog. pal.
Fauna, i, p. 299).

MOTACILLA ALBA

81 Motacilla alba lugubris Temm.— THE PIED WAGTAIL.

MOTACILLA LTJGUBRIS Temminck, Man. d'Orn., i, p. 253 (1820— Partim.
Temminck mentions specimens from Siberia, Crimea, France, Egypt,

* M . boarula of 1771 is, of course, the oldest name and melanope refers
to an eastern form with longer tail. — E.H.

40 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Hungary ! As the description agrees with our bird, and the name has

been generally accepted, it may be allowed to stand).

Motacilla Yarrellii Gould, B. Europe, List of Plates in Vol. n, p. 2

(1837— Great Britain).

Motacilla lugubris Temminck, Yarrell, i, p. 538; Saunders, p. 131 ;

M. a. lugubris Temm., Hartert, Brit. B. i, p. 212.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident, generally distributed, but
doubtful breeder Shetlands and only rare visitor O. Hebrides, where
it has been confused with the White Wagtail (Ann. S.N.H., 1902,
p. 144). Many of our breeding-birds migrate southwards in autumn
and return in early spring.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in small numbers on west coast
of France, Belgium, and Holland (once), and, according to Collett,
near Stavanger and Bergen in Norway. Otherwise represented
in Europe, north-west Africa, and northern parts of Asia by other
forms. On migration in Heligoland and Denmark, winters in
south France, Portugal, Spain, and Marocco.

82. Motacilla alba alba L.— THE WHITE WAGTAIL.

MOTACILLA ALBA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 185 (1758 — "Habitat
in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Motacilla alba Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 548 ; Saunders, p. 123.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Spring and autumn passage-migrant.
Has bred exceptionally in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent, Sussex,
Middlesex, Cambs., Suffolk, Hunts., Yorks., Carnarvon, Fair Isle
(1909 and 1910), possibly Northants. and Ross. Also often recorded
as interbreeding with Pied Wagtail, and although many records
are no doubt based upon faulty identification, some are genuine.

Passes through British Isles from mid-March to early June,
being chiefly noticed coastal regions west sides Great Britain and
Ireland, and especially frequent Welsh coast, in O. Hebrides, Shet-
lands, and Fair Isle. On eastern side appears to pass through in
smaller numbers, and seldom recorded south-east coast England,
north-east coast Scotland, or east coast Ireland, but this is partly
due to want of observation. In autumn returns from mid- Aug.
to early Oct. along same routes. Occasionally inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe, from Iceland and Scandinavia
to Mediterranean, east to Ural. Has been observed on Jan May en
and in south Greenland ; winters in tropical Africa, touches Azores
(exceptionally), Madeira and Canary Islands ; is replaced as a
breeding-bird in British Isles and north-west France by M. a. lugu-
bris, and by other allied forms in north-west Africa and across
Asia to Kuriles and Japan.

[NOTE. — An example of the AMERICAN YELLOW WARBLER, Dendroica
cextiva cestiva (Gm.), picked up near Axwell Park (Durham), May, 1904
(E. Bidwell, Bull. B.O.C., xv, p. 46), had, in our opinion, most probably
escaped from captivity.]

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 41

CERTHIA FAMILIARIS

83. Certhia familiaris brittanica Ridgw.— THE BRITISH
TREE-CREEPER.

CERTHIA BRITTANICA Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, p. 113 (1882 —

England).

Certhia familiaris Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 468 ; Saunders, p. 117 ; Certhia

f. brittanica Ridgw., Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 218.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to British Isles. Resident. Generally
distributed in suitable localities, but absent from O. Hebrides and
very rarely seen in Shetlands and Orkneys.

84. Certhia familiaris familiaris L.— THE NORTHERN TREE-
CREEPER.

CERTHIA FAMILIARIS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 118 (1758 — Europe.
Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — One. Male (exhausted) Fair Isle,
Dec. 27, 1906 (W. Eagle Clarke, Ann. S.N.H., 1907, p. 72).
Records of Tree-Creepers from Orkneys and Shetlands, especially
from latter during a gale, Sept., 1859 and in Oct., 1882 with
Great Spotted Woodpeckers, may relate to this form.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Scandinavia, north Russia and Poland,
south to Carpathian Mountains, Siberia to sea of Ochotsk, also in
east Germany. This form is replaced on mountains of Corsica,
central and west Europe generally, the Caucasus, Persia, and many
other parts of Asia by other races. In many parts of Europe we
find side by side with a race of Certhia familiaris a race of another
species (Certhia brachydactyla), and forms of this species take the
place of C. familiaris in most parts of south Europe, Cyprus, north-
west Africa, and apparently Asia Minor, or at least parts of it, as
also in North America.

TICHODROMA MURARIA

85. Tichodroma muraria (L.)— THE WALL-CREEPER.

CERTHIA MURARIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.,ed. xn, i, p. 184 (1766 — S. Europe).
Tichodroma muraria (Linnseus), Yarrell, in, p. ix, ; Saunders, p. 119.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Four. One Stratton Strawless (Norfolk),
Oct., 1792. One Sabden (Lanes.), May 8, 1872. One Winchelsea
(Sussex) about 1886 (cf. Saunders, p. 119). Female near
Hastings (Sussex), Dec. 26, 1905 (W. R. Butterfield, Bull. B.O.C.,
xvi, p. 44).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mountain-ranges of central and south
Europe, east to Mongolia, Turkestan, and Himalayas. Stragglers

42 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

occasionally seen far away from their breeding-places (Germany,
Brittany, Normandy, Alderney, etc.).

SITTA EUROP^EA

86. Sitta europasa britannica Hart.— THE BRITISH
NUTHATCH.

SITTA EUROP^A BRITANNICA Hartert, Nov. Zool., 1900, p. 526 (England).
Sitta ccesia Wolf, Yarrell, i, p. 473 ; Saunders, p. 113 ; S. e. britannica
Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 218.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to Great Britain. Resident. Tolerably
common south and central England, rarer west Cornwall and Wales,
and very rare or unknown extreme south-west Cornwall and western
Wales. In Isle of Wight unknown. Very local Cheshire and Yorks.,
north of which counties only a straggler, but has occasionally bred.
In Scotland has occurred three times in south-east (said to have
bred near Ednam (Roxburgh) about 1850), two were seen Skye,
and is said to have occurred in Shetlands. In Ireland one seen
Malahide (Dublin), March 26, 1911, was no doubt introduced (cf.
Brit. B, v, pp. 28 and 229).

PARUS MAJOR

87. Parus major major L.— THE CONTINENTAL GREAT
TITMOUSE.

PARUS MAJOR Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 189 (1758 — " Habitat in
Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Great numbers Norfolk and Suffolk
coasts Oct., 1910 (C. B. Ticehurst, Brit. B., iv, p. 247). Others at
same time Kent andinScilly Isles in Nov. (N. F. Ticehurst, i.e., p. 228).
One, Isle of May, Oct. 15, 1910 (E. V. Baxter and L. J. Rintoul,
Ann. S.N.H., 1911, p. 3). One Fair Isle, Nov. 17, 1910, and one
probable Shetlands, Oct. 25, 1910 (Brit. B., v, p. 200). In Oct., 1910,
many, probably of this form, seen in Yorks., and apparently immi-
grant Great Tits have often been noted in autumn on east coasts
England, and particularly in 1878, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1889, and 1901
(cf. Birds Yorks., i, p. 108), while what was deemed a return migra-
tion was noted in Norfolk in Feb., 1848 (Birds Norfolk, i, p. 140),
but no examples of these earlier immigrations have been identified.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally to Mediterranean, east
to west Siberia and Altai. Replaced by allied forms on some
Mediterranean islands and Greece, north-west Africa and many parts
of Asia.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 43

88. Parus major newtoni Prazak — THE BRITISH GREAT
TITMOUSE.

PARUS MAJOR NEWTONI Prazak, Orn. Jahrb., v, p. 239 (1894— England).
Parus major Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 479 ; Saunders, p. 103 ; P. m. newtoni
Prazak, Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 213.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to British Isles. England, Wales, and
Ireland. — Resident. Generally distributed. Scotland. — Resident.
Generally distributed in south and central portions ; becoming
scarce and local Inverness and north Argyll, and very rare north of
Loch Ness ; in north Sutherland, Caithness, Orkneys and Shetlands
Great Tits (whether of this form or P. m. major not ascertained),
are only occasional visitors ; breeds Islay, Jura, and Mull, but only
rare visitor Skye, and unknown O. Hebrides.

PARUS C^ERULEUS

89. Parus caeruleus caeruleus L. — THE CONTINENTAL
BLUE TITMOUSE.

PARUS CAERULEUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 190 (1758 — " Habitat
in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Parus caeruleus cceruleus L., J. L. Bonhote, Bull. B.O.C., xxvn, p. 101 ;
cf. Brit. B., v, p. 109.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — One, Peebleshire (ut supra}. Immi-
grations of Blue Tits have been noted, especially in Yorks., where
they appear to arrive in most seasons from mid-Sept, to mid-Nov.,
and large immigrations were recorded end Oct., 1878 (corresponding
with a " rush " at Heligoland), in 1889, and Sept., 1901 (Birds Yorks.,
i, pp. 112-113). No specimens of these migrants have, however,
been examined and identified as belonging to this form.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From about lat. north 64° in Sweden
and 60° in Russia, throughout continental Europe, but replaced by
allied forms in Spain, on some of the Mediterranean islands and
Canaries, north-west Africa, Persia, and apparently east Russia.

90. Parus caeruleus obscurus Prazak— THE BRITISH BLUE
TITMOUSE.

PARUS C^RULEUS OBSCURUS Prazak, Orn. Jahrb., 1894, p. 246 (England).
Parus cceruleus Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 483 ; Saunders, p. 109 ; P. c.
obscurus Prazak, Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 213.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to British Isles. England, Wales, and
Ireland. — Resident. Generally distributed. Scotland. — Resident,
Generally distributed, but becomes rare and very local in north-
west, and apparently only occasional Caithness, and rare wanderer

44 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Orkneys and Shetlands ; well distributed most I. Hebrides, but rare
Skye, and apparently unknown Eigg ; unknown O. Hebrides.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Generally considered subject only to
local movements, but has occurred as a migrant at Isle of May in
autumn.

PARUS ATER

91. Parus ater ater L.— THE CONTINENTAL COAL-
TITMOUSE.

PARUS ATER Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 190 (1758 — "Habitat in

Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Pams ater Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 489 (part) ; Saunders, p. 105 (part).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Said to be occasional visitor to east
coast England, but we know of only two specimens (in Mr. J. H.
Gurney's coll.), viz. : Northrepps (Norfolk), Jan. 15, 1866 ; Laken-
ham, Norwich, spring, 1866 (cf. Birds Europe, in, p. 88).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe and north Asia, but replaced
by allied races in Sardinia, probably Spain and Portugal, and in
Marocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, Cyprus, Crimea, Caucasus, and parts
of Asia.

92. Parus ater britannicus Sharpe and Dresser— THE BRITISH
COAL-TITMOUSE.

PARUS BRITANNICUS Sharpe and Dresser, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vm, p. 437 (1871— England).

Parus ater Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 489 (part) ; Saunders, p. 105 (part).
P. a. britannicus Sharpe & Dresser, Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 213.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to Great Britain. England and Wales.—
Eesident. Generally distributed, more especially in wooded parts.
Scotland. — Resident. Generally distributed, except Caithness,
where very rarely observed,* and in Shetlands, Orkneys, and
O. Hebrides, where unknown.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Generally considered as subject to
local movements only, but has been observed on autumn-migration
at Isle of May and Bass Rock.

93. Parus ater hibernicus Ogilvie-Grant— THE IRISH COAL-
TITMOUSE.

PARUS HIBERNICUS Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xxvn, p. 37 (31.xii.1910 —
Ireland).

* Records from Wick (Caithness) in autumn may be referable to Parus
a. ater.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 45

Parus hibernicus, Daily Mail (!) No. 4593, p. 3 (28.xii.1910 — County
Sligo, Ireland. Author not clearly stated, either "Natural History
authorities," Louis Wain, or Sir William Ingram).

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to Ireland. Resident, and generally
distributed, more especially in wooded districts.*

PARUS CRISTATUS

94. Parus cristatus scoticus (Prazak) — THE SCOTTISH
CRESTED TITMOUSE.

LOPHOPHANES CRISTATUS scoTicA Prazak, Journ. f. Orn., 1897, p. 347

(Scotland).

Parus cristatus Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 499 ; Saunders, p. 1 1 1 ; P. c. scotica

(Prazak), Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 215.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to Scotland. Confined to Spey Valley,
where resident over whole area of pine-tracts in Abernethy, Rothie-
murchus and Dulnan, from base of Cairngorms to Ballindalloch.
Vagrants, possibly of this form, have occurred Argyll, Perth, and
Dumbarton.

95. Parus cristatus cristatus L.— THE NORTHERN CRESTED
TIT.

PARUS CRISTATUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 189 (1758 — " Habitat

in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Parus cristatus cristatus L., Witherby, Brit. B., v, pp. 109-10.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One, Whitby (Yorks.), March, 1872
(ut supra] .

[Other examples (not examined) of Crested Tits, recorded as
obtained, are : Thirsk (Yorks.), near Christchurch (Hants.), 1846,
Grange, Melton (Suffolk), about 1873, Suffolk, about 1840. Others
are recorded as seen.]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Scandinavia, north Russia, Poland, and
east Germany. Replaced in west Germany, central and west
Europe by Parus cristatus mitratus Brehm, a much browner form.

96. Parus cristatus mitratus Brehm— CENTRAL EUROPEAN
CRESTED TIT.

PARUS MITRATUS Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 467 (1831—

Germany).

Parus cristatus mitratus Brehm, Witherby, Brit. B., v, p. 110.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Yarmouth (Isle of Wight) pre-
vious to 1844 (ut supra}.

* Some examples, especially from co. Down, are not separable from
Parus a. britannicus.

46 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in central Europe, south to
Pyrenees and Alps. In Italy south of Alps only from autumn
to spring. Represented in north and north-east Europe, and
apparently in Spain and Portugal, by closely-allied forms.

PARUS PALUSTRIS

97. Parus palustris dresseri Stejn.— THE BRITISH MARSH-
TITMOUSE.

PARUS PALUSTRIS DRESSERI Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, p. 200
(1886— England).

Parus palustris Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 495 ; Saunders, p. 107 ; P. p.
dresseri Stejn., Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 214.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to Great Britain. England and Wales.—
Resident. Rather local and especially so in west Cornwall, Cumber-
land and Westmorland. In northern parts of north Wales probably
only accidental, and in Anglesey unknown. It may be replaced
entirely by the Willow-Tit in some parts, and especially in the
north. Scotland. — Appears to be entirely replaced by the Willow-
Tit. Ireland. — Said to have occurred many years ago in counties
Antrim, Kildare, Dublin, and Louth, but no specimens exist. Has
been introduced Tipperary (Brit. B., v, p. 229).

PARUS ATRICAPILLUS

98. Parus atricapillus kleinschmidti Hellm. — THE BRITISH
WILLOW-TITMOUSE.

PARUS MONTANUS KLEINSCHMIDTI Hellmayr, Orn. Jahrb., 1900, p. 212
(England. Coalfall Wood, near Finchley).

Parus atricapillus kleinschmidti Hellni., Rothschild, Brit. B., i, p. 44 ;
Hartert, i.e., p. 214.

DISTRIBUTION. — Apparently confined to Great Britain. Distribution
as yet little known, and in England and Wales we can only give
counties where it has been identified, and in which it is present
in small numbers with Parus palustris dresseri, viz.: Devon, Wilts.,
Hants., Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Berks., Oxon., Bucks., Herts.,
Middlesex, Cambs., Suffolk, Northants., Lines., Yorks., Lanes.,
Derb}^, Salop, Staffs., Worcester, Hereford, Brecon, Merioneth,
Carnarvon (cf.Brit. B., i, pp. 47, 215, 359, iv, pp. 147, 248, 284, 337).
Scotland. — It would seem entirely to replace P. p. dresseri, but
specimens have only been critically examined from Forth and Moray
areas, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, Renfrew, and Lanark, (cf. Brit. B.,
iv, pp. 159, 284 ; v, pp. 133, 256). Very local, but fairly well dis-
tributed south of a line from Firth of Forth to Firth of Clyde, reach-
ing to Loch Lomond and into Stirling and Perth in small numbers
and very locally to a little north of Perth (town), with isolated

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 47

record as far as Dunkeld. Also breeds in parts of Spey valley, but
otherwise unknown in north, except for a few isolated records in
Moray area. Unknown I. and O. Hebrides, Shetlands and Orkneys.

99. Parus atricapillus borealis Selys. — THE NORTHERN
WILLOW-TITMOUSE.

PARUS BOREALIS Selys-Longchamps, Bull. Ac. Bruxelles, x, 2, p. 28
(1843 — Iceland — errore ! The type came from Norway).
Pants borealis (Selys-Longch.), Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xxm, p. 34 ; id.
Brit. B.,n, p. 277.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One, Tetbury (Gloucester), March, 1907.
Also thought to have been seen at Welwyn (Herts.), Jan. 12, 1908
(ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Scandinavia, north and north-west
Russia, Russian Baltic provinces, and East Prussia. In winter,
vagrant and appearing elsewhere (Poland, Orenburg, etc.).

^EGITHALOS CAUDATUS

100. ^Egithalos caudatus caudatus (L.)— THE NORTHERN
LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE.

PARUS CAUDATUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 190 (1758 — " Habitat

in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Acredula caudata (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 504 (part) ; Saunders, p. 101

(part).

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One found dead Tynemouth (Northum-
berland) Nov., 1852 (Hancock, Birds North. & Durham, p. 77). One
said to have been obtained at Dover (Kent) prior to 1889, is at
Rochester (Hist. Birds Kent, p. 76).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North and east Europe to Siberia and
north Japan ( Jesso) ; in winter vagrant and appearing in central and
west Europe. Replaced in central and south Europe, Asia Minor,
Caucasus, Crimea, Persia, China and south Japan by other races.

1 01. iEgithalos caudatus roseus (Blyth)— THE BRITISH
LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE.

MECISTURA ROSEA Blyth, in Gilb. White, Nat. Hist. Selborne, p. Ill

(1836— England).

Mecistura vagans Leach, Cat. Mamm. Birds Brit. Mus., p. 17 (1816 —

Xo description).

Mecistura longicauda MacGillivray, Hist. Brit. B., 11, p. 454 (part).

Acredula caudata (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 504 (part) ; Saunders, p. 101

(part) ; A. c. rosea (Blyth), Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 217.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed in
most parts, but rare in some very barren districts and in Isle of

48 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Man; only once O. Hebrides ("company" Lewis, 1903), never
Orkneys, only once (four seen April, 1860) Shetlands, very rare
Caithness and extreme north-west Scotland, but common, if some-
what local, in other parts.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Specimens from central Pyrenees appear
to be indistinguishable from British ones. Probably this form
occurs also in other parts of west France.

REGULUS REGULUS

102. Regulus regulus regulus (L.)— THE CONTINENTAL
GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN.

MOTACILLA REGULUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 188 (1758 —
' ' Habitat in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Regulus cristatus K. L. Koch, Yarrell, i, p. 449 (part) ; Saunders, p. 57
(part).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Very few migrant Goldcrests have
been examined, but this form appears to be an autumn-immigrant
(Sept. to Nov.) to east coast, possibly not occurring every year,
but sometimes in great numbers, apparently occasionally reaching
Ireland, but no specimens from Ireland identified. Returns March
and April. Identified examples from coasts Yorks., Lines., Norfolk,
Kent and Sussex, and Isle of May, Sept. and Oct., from Sussex
Dec., and from St. Catherine's Light (Isle of Wight) and Yorks.,
Oct. and Nov. Autumn and spring- migrants in Orkneys and
Shetlands are probably of this form.

Abroad. — Europe from Scandinavia and north Russia (as far
as pine-forests reach) to Pyrenees, Italy, Macedonia, Caucasus, and
Asia Minor. Resident and vagrant. Represented by allied forms
in British Isles, Azores, Canary Islands, Corsica and Sardinia,
Turkestan, Himalayas, and Japan.

103. Regulus regulus anglorum Hart. — THE BRITISH
GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN.

REGULUS REGULUS ANGLORUM Hartert, Bull. B.O.C., xvi, p. 11 (Great
Britain and Ireland).

Regulus cristatus K. L. Koch, Yarrell, i, p. 449 (part) ; Saunders, p. 57
(part) ; R. r. anglorum Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 218.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed,
except in extreme north-west Scotland, where local ; in O. Hebrides,
where only once recorded as breeding (Stornoway, 1906) ; Shetlands,
where it does not breed, and Orkneys, where only twice recorded
as breeding. Goldcrests, possibly of Continental form, are however
common as spring-and autumn- migrants in these three groups
of islands.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 49

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Few migrant specimens having been
critically examined, it is impossible to define migrations of our birds,
but there is no doubt a very considerable southward movement,
in some years at all events, in autumn, and a return in spring along
east coast Great Britain, although probably many individuals are
residents subject only to local movements. Some perhaps pass in
autumn from Great Britain to Ireland, where Goldcrests have been
noted at Lights fairly frequently in Aug., while numbers occur in
Sept. and Oct. ; those taken at Lights on south coast England may
be leaving the country in autumn and returning in spring.

REGULUS IGNICAPILLUS

104. Regulus ignicapillus ignicapillus (Temm.) — THE FIRE-
CRESTED WREN.

SYLVIA IGNICAPILLA Temminck, Man. d'Orn., ed. n, i, p. 231 (1820 —

Ex Brehm MS. : France, Germany, etc.).

Regulus ignicapillus (C. L. Brehm), Yarrell, i, p. 456 ; Saunders, p. 59.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Fairly frequent visitor from
Oct. to April along coast from Cornwall to Kent, and considered
as annual autumn-visitor near Dover (Kent) and Scilly Isles, and
nearly so in east Kent and Cornwall. Also fairly frequent along
east coast up to and including Yorks., and has occurred rarely in
Berks., Oxon., Salop, and Surrey. One near Pwllheli (Carnarvon),
March 24, 1878. A pair Brecon, Feb. 2 7, 1899.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Central and south Europe to north-west
Africa and Asia Minor. Replaced by allied race in Madeira.

[NOTE. — Two examples of the AMERICAN RUBY-CROWNED WREN, Regulus
calendula calendula (L.), now in the British Museum, said to have been shot
near Loch Lomond in 1852, cannot be admitted, the evidence not being sufficient
(Yarrell, i, p. 455 ; Saunders, p. 80).]

PANURUS BIARMICUS

105. Panurus biarmicus biarmicus (L.)— THE BEARDED
TITMOUSE.

PARUS BIARMICUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 190 (1758 — "Habitat
in Europa." Ex Albin & Edwards, who state that they described Danish
specimens, which probably came from Holstein ; cf. Hartert, Vog. pal.
Fauna, i, p. 403).
Panurus biarmicus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 511 ; Saunders, p. 99.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Resident in Norfolk and perhaps north
Suffolk Broads, and in one locality in Devon. Formerly bred
Sussex, Kent, Essex, Cambs., Hunts., and Lines. To most south
counties very rare vagrant, nearly always in winter, and has been

50 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

recorded along Thames as far west as Gloucester ; also very rare
vagrant to some midland counties and as far north as Yorks., where
a few have occurred. Many reports of birds seen are not well
authenticated. Introduced Yorks. 1911 (Brit. B., v, p. 108).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe, in east Spain, south France,
Holland, Italy ; formerly in various parts of Germany, and replaced
by an allied race in Hungary, Roumania, south Russia and Asia,
from Asia Minor probably to Manchuria.

LANIUS MINOR

106. Lanius minor Gm.— THE LESSER GREY SHRIKE.

LANIUS MINOR Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, i, p. 308(1788 — "Habitat in
Italia, Hispania, Russia." Restricted typical locality : Italy).
Lanius minor J. F. Gmelin, Yarrell, i, p. 205 ; Saunders, p. 149.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Fourteen. Most Sept. and Oct. but
also Nov. (one), Jan. (one), April (three), May (two), June (one) ;
from following counties : — Yorks. (one), Norfolk (three), Beds.
(one), Kent (two), Sussex (three), Hants, (two), Devon (one), and
Scilly Isles (one).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South and central Europe, north to
Livonia and west Siberia, east to Asia Minor, Persia, and Russian
Turkestan to Altai Mountains, but absent from Spain. Migrant,
wintering in tropical Africa.

LANIUS EXCUBITOR

107. Lanius excubitor excubitor L.— THE GREAT GREY
SHRIKE.

LANIUS EXCUBITOR Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 94 (1758 — " Habitat

in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Lanius excubitor Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 199 ; Saunders, p. 147.

Lanius major Pallas, Yarrell, in, p. viii.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Annual autumn and winter-
visitant along east side, generally singly, but periodically in fair
numbers. Much more irregular spring and only occasional summer.
Noted Fair Isle on both passages, and often occurs Orkneys,
but apparently much rarer Shetlands. Elsewhere irregular,
especially in west, and very rare casual to west Wales and
Hebrides. Ireland. — Rare casual, most frequently in north.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from north Russia and Scandi-
navia to Pyrenees and Alps, and east to Hungary and River Ob.
On migration farther south, but not to Africa. Replaced in south
France, Spain and Portugal, on Canary Islands, in north-west
Africa, north-east Africa, south-east Europe, and parts of Asia
and North America, by a number of other forms.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 51

1 08. Lanius excubitor meridionalis Temm. — THE SOUTH
EUROPEAN GREY SHRIKE.

LANIUS MERIDIONALIS Temminck, Man. d'Orn.,ed. n., i, p. 143 (1820

S. Italy, Dalmatia, S. France, etc. Restricted typical locality : Provence).
Lanius meridionalis, J. B. Nichols, Brit. B., v, p. 75.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Male near Pett (Sussex), Jan. 2,
1911 (ut supra}. [The specimen recorded from near Norwich,
Dec., 1890 (J. H. Gurney, Trans. Norf. & N. Nat. Soc., vm, pt. iii,
pp. 352-3, and Brit. B., I, p. 124), was wrongly identified (Brit. B.,
v,p. HI).]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Spain, Portugal, south France, once at
Gien on the Loire. Casual in Italy from the Riviera to Rome.

LANIUS SENATOR*

109. Lanius senator senator L.— THE WOODCHAT SHRIKE.

LANIUS SENATOR Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 94 (1758 — "Habitat
in Tndiis." Errore. Rhine fixed as typical locality by Hartert, Vog. pal.
Fauna, i, p. 434).

Lanius auriculatus P. L. S. Miiller, Yarrell, i, p. 215 ; Lanius pomeranus
Sparrman, Saunders, p. 153.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Some forty at intervals, mostly in
south, and east as far north as Norfolk ; very rarely elsewhere. Not
recorded from : — Lines., Rutland, Hunts., Beds., Bucks., Gloucester,
Salop, Staffs., Leicester, Warwick, and Middlesex, nor from Wales.
Said to have twice nested Isle of Wight. Scotland. — One, Isle of
May (Forth), Oct. 19, 1911. Ireland.— One, Blackwater Lightship
(Wexford), Aug. 16, 1903.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North-west Africa and Mediterranean
countries generally, north to north Germany, Holland, and Belgium,
east to south Russia, Caucasus, and Asia Minor. Migrant, south in
winter to Sahara, Senegambia, Niger, and Haussaland. Replaced
in Corsica and Sardinia, Persia and Palestine, by closely-allied
forms.

no. Lanius senator badius Hartl.— THE CORSICAN WOOD-
CHAT SHRIKE.

LANIUS BADIUS Hartlaub, Journ. f. On., 1854, p. 100 (Gold Coast).
Lanius senator badius Hartl., C. B. Ticehurst, Bull. B.O.C., xxv, p. 76 ;
id., Brit. B.,III, p. 369.

* This species is rather unfortunate in its names. Until 1871 it was
almost universally called L. rufus, or sometimes ruftceps or rutilus. Then
Mr. Dresser introduced auriculatus, and this alteration of a well-known, time-
honoured name was unblushingly accepted by Saunders in the same year, and
by Gadow, but in 1883 Saunders adopted pomeranus, which had to give way
to senator, since the adoption of the 10th edition of Linnneus, 1758. — E,H.

E 2

52 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One, Romney Marsh (Kent), June 29,
(ut supra).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Corsica and Sardinia, wintering in west
Africa (Gold Coast, Nigeria), passing through Tunisia.

LANIUS NUBICUS

in. Lanius nubicus Licht.— THE MASKED SHRIKE.

LANIUS NUBICUS Liechtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, p. 47 (1823 —

Nubia).

Lanius nubicus, Nicoll, Bull. B.O.C., xvi, p. 22 ; Saunders, Brit. B., i.

p. 11.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One, adult male, Woodchurch (Kent),
July 11, 1905 (ut supra).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in south-west Persia, Asia Minor,
Cyprus and Syria, formerly also in Greece. Winters in north-east
Africa, and south Arabia.

LANIUS COLLURIO

112. Lanius collurio collurio L.— THE RED-BACKED SHRIKE.

LANIUS COLLURIO Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 94 (1758 — "Habitat
in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Lanius collurio Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 209 ; Saunders, p. 151.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (early May
to late August). Also autumn and spring passage- migrant. Irregu-
larly distributed throughout south and central England and in
Wales, chiefly in wooded districts. On west side of Pennine chain
breeds very rarely in Cheshire and as far north as Cumberland, but
on east side now only nests irregularly in Yorks., except near
Sedburgh (north-west) where it is annual. In Durham and
Northumberland only a casual visitor. Scotland. — Occasional
visitor to south-east (the records of its having nested are discredited,
cf. Brit. B., n, p. 410). Very rare beyond Forth, and very rare or
unknown in west. Has occurred twice Shetlands (the record of its
having bred cannot be substantiated), once and possibly twice
Orkneys, several times and possibly regularly in May and Sept.
Fair Isle, and once O. Hebrides (Flannan Isles), Sept. 14, 1909.
Ireland.— Three. Near Belfast (Down), Aug. 10, 1878 ; Wicklow
Head Light, Sept. 1, 1908 ; Fastnet Rock Light (Cork), Sep. 26,
1910.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From about lat. 64° north, throughout
Europe, south to Cantabrian Mountains and Pyrenees, Italy and (?)
Sicily, Greece, Asia Minor, and north Syria. Migrant, wintering in

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 53

tropical and south Africa. Replaced in Corsica and Sardinia, in
Transcaucasia, Persia and west Turkestan, by closely-allied forms
which require further study.

AMPELIS GARRULUS

113. Ampelis garrulus (L.)— THE WAXWING.

LANIUS GARRULUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 95 (1758 — "Habitat

in Europa." Typical locality : Sweden).

Ampelis garrulus Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 523 ; Saunders, p. 155.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Irregular visitor from Oct. to
March, but generally in winter- months, very occasionally April,
very rarely May, and twice July (Yorks.). Sometimes occurs in
considerable numbers, as in winters 1686, 1834-5, 1849-50, 1866-7,
1872-3, 1892-3, 1901-2, and 1903-4. Most frequent on eastern side.
Has occurred in most counties but rarely in west England and
Scotland, and still more rarely in Wales and north Scotland (includ-
ing Orkneys and Shetlands), and only twice in 0. Hebrides.
Ireland. — Rare and irregular winter- visitor chiefly in east and north.
Occasionally in some numbers, as in 1903-4.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Arctic regions of eastern and western
hemispheres. In Europe, north Scandinavia, north Finland, and
north Russia. In winter farther south, regularly as far as East
Prussia, rarely to Italy.

[XoTE. — The example of the SOUTH AFRICAN BULBUL (Pycnonotus capensis,
or one of its subspecies) shot near Waterford, Ireland, Jan., 1838, had no
doubt escaped from captivity (Yarrell, i, p. 247 ; Saunders, p. 144).]

MUSCICAPA STRIATA*

114. Muscicapa striata striata (Pall.)— THE SPOTTED
FLYCATCHER.

MOTACILLA STRIATA Pallas, Vroeg's Cat. Verzam. Vogelen, etc., Adum-

bratiuncula, p. 3 (1764— Holland).

Muscicapa grisola Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 220 ; Saunders, p. 157.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (May or late April
to Sept.). Generally distributed except in O. Hebrides, where only
two vagrants (Flannans, June 14, 1905, and Sept. 23, 1909) ; in
north Sutherland where it breeds rarely, and in Caithness where
doubtful breeder, but occurs as migrant in Orkneys, where bred
for a year or two about 1867, but otherwise known only as occasional

* Since the rediscovery of the rare work quoted (only three copies appear
to be known, but a reprint has been made of the " Adumbratiuncula ") its
new names have been adopted, and under these circumstances striata of 1764
antedates grisola of 1766. — E.H.

54 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

visitor, as in Shetland s ; in Fair Isle recorded on both migrations,
but chiefly from late May to mid- June.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Europe from Archangel and
Tromso to Mediterranean and in Atlas Mountains in north-west
Africa. Winters in central and south Africa. Replaced by very
closely-allied forms in west Asia and, perhaps, Corsica.

MUSCICAPA LATIROSTRIS

115. Muscicapa latirostris Kaffl.— THE BROWN FLY-
CATCHER.

MUSCICAPA LATIROSTBIS Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xin, 2, p. 312
(1821— Sumatra).

Alseonax latirostris Raffl., Nicoll, Bull. B.O.C., xxm, p. 93 ; Muscicapa
latirostris, id., Brit. B., in, p. 112.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One, a male, near Lydd (Kent), May 21,
1909 (ul supra).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — East Siberia to Lake Baikal, Corea,
Japan, northern parts of China and eastern Himalayas. In winter
in India, Ceylon and other islands east to the Greater Sunda
Islands and Philippines.

MUSCICAPA HYPOLEUCA*

1 1 6. Muscicapa hypoleuca hypoleuca (Pall.) — THE PIED
FLYCATCHER.

MOTACILLA HYPOLEUCA Pallas, in Vroeg's Cat. Verzam. Vogelen, etc.,

Adumbratiuncula, p. 3 (1764 — Holland).

Muscicapa luctuosa MacGillivray, Hist. Brit. B., in, p. 524.

Muscicapa atricapilla Linnaeus, Yarrell, I, p. 229 ; Saunders, p. 159.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (late April
and early May to late Aug. and Sept.). Breeds regularly in con-
siderable numbers north and central Wales ; very small numbers
Devon and Salop ; locally north Lanes. ; more commonly West-
morland and Cumberland ; occasionally Lines. ; locally north and
west Ridings of Yorks. and in Durham and Northumberland. Has
also bred exceptionally in many other counties, including some
southern ones. Scotland. — Breeds very locally in Dumfries., and
has bred exceptionally in Kirkcudbright., Ayr., Midlothian, Had-
dington, Roxburgh, Peebles, and Inverness. Ireland. — Nine. One
co. Sligo, three Tuskar Light (Wexford), four Fastnet Light (Cork),
one Tearaght Light (Kerry) ; one April, rest autumn.

* As Linnasus's name atricapilla dates from 1766, Pallas 's name
hypoleuca has priority, and must therefore be adopted. — E.H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 55

MIGRATIONS. — Great Britain. — As a passage-migrant in autumn
(mid-Aug. and Sept.) and spring (end April and May), appears in
considerable numbers, especially in autumn, along east coast from
Yorks. to Kent. North of Yorks., and especially in north of
Scottish mainland more irregular, though passing through Orkneys
fairly commonly and noted on both passages in Fair Isle, but much
more rarely seen in Shetlands. In most other English counties
and in south and east Scotland appears as occasional straggler, gener-
ally in May, but seems particularly rare as migrant in Cornwall
and Devon, though noted with some regularity in Somerset, and
nearly every autumn at St. Catherine's Light (Isle of Wight).
It is as yet uncertain by what routes our breeding-birds reach their
quarters. In west Scotland (except Dumfries, and Kirkcudbright)
only recorded once or twice, and in 0. Hebrides a rare vagrant.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from lat. 69° or 70° north in
Scandinavia, and from 65° in Finland and 60° in Russia to Spain,
Italy, and Sardinia. In east apparently to Urals, south-west to
Austria. In winter in Africa. Replaced by other races in north-
west Africa, Caucasus, Asia Minor, Persia, and Greece.

MUSCICAPA COLLARIS

117. Muscicapa collaris Bechst.— THE COLLARED FLY-
CATCHER.

MUSCICAPA COLLARIS Bechstein, Gemeinn. Nat. Deutschl., iv, p. 495
(1795 — Europe and Germany : Thiiringerwald).
Muscicapa collaris Bechst., J. B. Nichols, Brit. B., v, p. 238.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Two, males, near Winchelsea (Sussex),
one May 12, one May 13, 1911 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Island of Gotland in Baltic, Austrian
Poland, Austria, Hungary, south Russia, south Germany (locally
common in Bavaria), parts of middle, and very rare north, Germany,
south-east Europe generally, but in Greece apparently only migrant,
very local France, Belgium, Holland, also Italy ; possibly on some
Mediterranean islands, and Spain (?). On passage in most parts
of Europe, Persia, Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, Tripoli and Tunisia ;
winter- quarters probably in central Africa.

MUSCICAPA PARVA

118. Muscicapa parva parva Bechst.— THE RED-BREASTED
FLYCATCHER.

MUSCICAPA PARVA Bechstein, Latham's allg. Uebers. d. Vogel, n, p. 356,

fig. on title-page (1794— Thiiringerwald).

Muscicapa parva Bechstein, Yarrell, i, p. 224 ; Saunders, p. 161.

56 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Irregular passage-migrant, chiefly
Sept. and Oct., but occasionally Nov., once Jan. (Cornwall), and once
June (Cheshire). England, nineteen obtained and others seen ;
Norfolk, eleven and two others seen ; Lines., one ; Yorks., one and
three others said to have been seen; Northumberland, one ; Cheshire,
one ; Cornwall, one and another seen ; Scilly Isles, three. Scotland,
seven obtained and others seen : — Fair Isle, four and others seen ;
O. Hebrides, one and two seen ; Bell Rock (Fife), one ; Isle of
May (Forth), one. Ireland, five obtained at Lights : — Wexford,
two ; Cork, one ; Kerry, one ; Donegal, one.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Europe from St. Petersburg,
Riigen, and Denmark to Alps, apparently eastwards to west Siberia.
On migration occasionally in south Sweden, more often in Heligoland,
Holland and elsewhere in west Europe. In winter in western parts
of India ; also observed at Cairo, and will probably be found in
winter in parts of tropical Africa. Replaced by other races in east
Siberia, and Himalayas.

PHYLLOSCOPUS COLLYBITA*

119. Phylloscopus collybita collybita (Vieill.)— THE CHIFF-
CHAFF.

SYLVIA COLLYBITA Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., xi,
p. 235 (1817— France).

Phylloscopus collybita (Vieillot), Yarrell, i, p. 437 ; Phylloscopus rufus
(Bechstein), Saunders, p. 67.

DISTRIBUTION. — England, Wales, and Ireland. — Summer-resident
from mid-March to Sept., but occasionally a few winter in south
England, especially Cornwall and Devon, and in Ireland. Weil
distributed, but rare or local in Norfolk, Lanes., and north-west
Yorks. Also a passage- migrant. Scotland. — Except in south-west
(Sol way and Clyde) and south-east (Tweed), where it is local summer-
resident, in Forth, where it is extremely local, and in some I. Hebrides,
where it has nested (Arran, Bute, Mull), it is a somewhat rare passage-
migrant occurring in small numbers up east side, and still more
rarely in Orkneys, Fair Isle, and Shetlands. On west side from
Argyll northwards practically unrecorded, but has been noted as
fairly common near Loch Maree (Ross.) (A. H. Evans, Ann. S.N.H.,
1896, p. 94) ; only a rare vagrant to 0. Hebrides.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeding in central, west, and south
Europe. Winters in Mediterranean countries, especially in north-
west Africa. Replaced by closely- allied forms in east and north
Europe, Siberia, and central Asia, and on Canary Islands.

* The name " rufus " has been erroneously used for the Chiff chaff. It
was first introduced by Gmelin, but his Motacilla rufa does not refer to a
Phylloscopus at all. The first certain name is collybita. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 57

120. Phylloscopus collybita abietinus (Nilss.) — THE SCANDI-
NAVIAN CHIFFCHAFF.

SYLVIA ABIETINA Nilsson, Kgl. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1819, p. 115 (Sweden).
Phylloscopus collybita abietina (Nilss.), Bonhote, Bull. B.O.C., xxm, p. 21 ;
id., Brit. B., n, p. 233.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One, a female, St. Catherine's Light
(Isle of Wight), April 15, 1907 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Generally north and east Europe, but
difficult to distinguish, therefore distribution not well known, and
requiring further study.

121. Phylloscopus collybita tristis Blyth— THE SIBERIAN
CHIFFCHAFF.

PHYLLOSCOPUS TRISTIS Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xn, p. 966 (1843 —

Calcutta).

Phylloscopus tristis, Clarke, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1907, p. 15 ; id., Bull.

B.O.C., xix, p. 18 ; Saunders, Brit. B., i, p. 8.

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — About a dozen obtained and others
seen as follows :— One, Sule Skerry Light (Orkneys), Sept. 23, 1902 ;
four obtained and others seen, Fair Isle (Shetlands), Oct. 21 and 24,
1907 ; one obtained and another seen, Kirkwall (Orkneys), Feb. 5,
1908, had been observed since Jan 25 (cf. W. E. Clarke, Ann. S.N.H.,
1907, p. 15, 1908, p. 80 ; and Brit. B., i, pp. 8, 382). One, Fair Isle,
autumn, 1909 (op.c. iv, p. 289), and several autumn, 1910 (op.c., v.
p. 200). One obtained Isle of May, Oct. 16, 1910 (E. V. Baxter
and L. J. Rintoul, Ann. S.N.H., 1911, p. 3). One obtained Shetlands
Oct. 28, 1910. and others seen (J. S. Tulloch, i.e., 1911, p. 115 ;
cf. Brit. B.} iv, p. 318, v, pp. 28, 200).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeding from Petchora and Ural to
Lake Baikal, migrating through Turkestan, and wintering in India,
In Oct., 1846, obtained in Heligoland.

PHYLLOSCOPUS TROCHILUS

122. Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus (L.)— THE WILLOW-
WARBLER.

MOTACILLA TROCHILUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 188 (1758 —
Ex cit., Willughby, etc. Restricted typical locality : England ; cf.
Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 507).
Phylloscopus trochilus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 432 ; Saunders, p. 69.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (early April to
mid-Sept.). Abundant and widely distributed, but somewhat
local Cornwall, rare north Caithness, local Skye, but common in

58 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

other I. Hebrides ; has nested very rarely 0. Hebrides and Shet-
lands, but is seen on spring and autumn passage in these islands,
as well as Fair Isle and Orkneys. Also abundant passage-migrant
on south and east coasts England, and east coast Scotland. Occa-
sionally stays winter in south England and in Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From Lapland, Finland, Scandinavia,
and north Russia throughout west, central, and south Europe, except
in Balkan Peninsula. In winter in Africa, in small numbers in
Mediterranean countries. Replaced in north-east Russia and
Siberia by P. t. eversmanni.

123. Phylloscopus trochilus eversmanni (Bp.) - THE
NORTHERN WILLOW-WARBLER.

PHYLLOPNEUSTE EVERSMANNI Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., i, p. 289
(1850 — Ex Eversmann, Addenda. Actual typical locality : Kazan
and Orenburg).

Phylloscopus trochilus eversmanni (Bonap.), C. B. Ticehurst, Bull. B.O.C.,
xxm, p. 20 ; cf. Brit. B., n, pp. 234, 342, v, p. 28).

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Passage-migrant, having been
detected in small numbers in spring (end April and May) in Isle of
Wight, Sussex, Kent, Norfolk, Yorks, Isle of May, and Shetlands,
once in Sept. and Oct. in Norfolk, and once in Sept. in Yorks.
(ut supra).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North-east Russia and Siberia, at least
to River Kolyma. Once obtained in Bering Sea. On migration
in Roumania, and apparently wintering in Africa. Often difficult
to distinguish, therefore distribution not well known.

PHYLLOSCOPUS NITIDUS

124. Phylloscopus nitidus viridanus Blyth — THE GREENISH
WARBLER.

PHYLLOSCOPUS VIRIDANUS Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xn, p. 967

( 1843— Calcutta and Nepal).

Phylloscopus viridanus Blyth, Saunders, p. 65.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One, a female, North Cotes (Lines.),
Sept. 5, 1896 (G. H. Caton-Haigh, Bull. B.O.C., vi, p. viii). [A
second record, Sule Skerry Light., afterwards shown to be Phyllo-
scopus b. borealis, vide infra, No. 126.]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from Baltic Provinces of Russia
(possibly north-east Russia) throughout central Russia to west
Siberia and north Turkestan. Winters in India. Replaced by
P. n. nitidus in Caucasus, Transcaspia and Persia, and by another
form in east Siberia and other parts of Asia.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 59

PHYLLOSCOPUS SIBILATRIX

125. Phylloscopus sibilatrix sibilatrix (Bechst.) - THE
WOOD-WARBLER.

MOTACILLA SIBILATRIX Bechstein, Naturforscher., xxvii, p. 47 (1793 —

Thiiringian mountains).

Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechstein), Yarrell, i, p. 427 ; Saunders, p. 71.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (mid-April
to Sept.). Widely distributed in well-wooded districts, but local,
being abundant in some parts (especially those heavily-woooded
with beech and oak) and rare or unknown in treeless districts.
Has been observed Isle of Man. Scotland. — Fairly common, but
local in south, becoming more thinly distributed northwards to
Loch Broom (Ross), north of which on west side unknown as nester.
On east side fairly common in south-east Sutherland (as far west as
Lairg), but very rare further north. Single birds Fair Isle (June and
Aug., 1907, and May, 1909), and one Sule Skerry (Sept., 1906),
but otherwise unknown Orkneys and Shetlands. A summer-
resident in most I. Hebrides and said to have occurred once in
O. Hebrides. Ireland. — Extremely scarce, nesting small numbers
Galway and Queen's co., and Wicklow. Vagrants have been taken
in Donegal, Fermanagh, Mayo and Dublin, and seen in Sligo,
Londonderry, Antrim and Wexford.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from Upsala, south Finland
and Archangel to France, Alps, and Austria-Hungary. Replaced
by an ill-defined subspecies, apparently with different song, in the
Mediterranean countries, probably also in north-west Africa.

PHYLLOSCOPUS BOREALIS

126. Phylloscopus borealis borealis (Bias.)— EVERSM ANN'S
WARBLER.

PHYLLOPNEUSTE BOREALIS Blasius, Naumannia, 1858, p. 313 (Sea of

Ochotsk.).

Phylloscopus borealis (Blasius), Clarke, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1909, p. 1.

DISTRIBUTION.— Scotland.— The first, Sule Skerry Light (Orkneys),
Sept. 5, 1902, was erroneously recorded as P. n. viridanus (cf.
Saunders, Bull. B.O.C., xm, p. 12, W. E. Clarke, Ann. Scot. Nat.
Hist., 1903, p. 22), and subsequently correctly identified (id., op.c.,
1909, p. 114, and cf. Brit. B., n, p. 408). Second, Fair Isle (Shet-
lands), Sept. 28, 1908 (W. E. Clarke, Ann. S.N.H., 1909, p. 1, and
cf. Brit. B.} n, p. 310).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Norway and north Russia to east
Siberia, in winter in southern parts of Asia and its islands as far

60 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

as the Moluccas, Alor. and Sumba. Keplaced by a closely-allied
form on Kurile Islands, Jesso, and perhaps other Japanese islands,
and in Kamtschatka.

PHYLLOSCOPUS SUPERCILIOSUS

127. Phylloscopus superciliosus superciliosus (Gm.) — THE
YELLOW-BROWED WARBLER.

MOTACILLA SUPERCILIOSA Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, p. 975 (1788 — " Russia ").
Phylloscopus superciliosus (J. F. Gmelin), Yarrell, i, p. 443 ; Saunders,
p. 61.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Previously considered rare vagrant,
has lately been so often recorded on east coasts Great Britain and
in Fair Isle that it may now be considered as an almost regular
passage- migrant in very small numbers (more numerous some years
than others) along east coast from mid- Sept. to late Oct. Has
also occurred very rarely in west and once in Ireland. Two seen in
spring (Kent, April 15, 1899, Dumfries., April 11, 1909). Following
recorded : England. — Twenty obtained and two seen, viz., Scilly
Isles, three ; Gloucester., one ; Kent, one seen: Suffolk, one seen ;
Norfolk, six ; Lines., four ; Yorks., five ; Northumberland, one.
Scotland — Thirty-eight recorded, viz. : Dumfries., one seen ; Isle
of May (Forth), seventeen ; east Ross., two ; Fair Isle (Shetlands),
sixteen ; Sumburgh Head (Shetlands), one ; Skerry vore Light
(0 . Hebrides) , one. Ireland. — One. Tearaght Light (Kerry) .

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Siberia, migrates through
greater part of Asia, and winters in southern China and India.
Appears not rarely in Europe, from Orenburg and west Russia to
Heligoland, Germany, and Holland. Replaced by allied forms in
Altai, Tian-shan, Himalayas, and mountains south of Brahmaputra.

PHYLLOSCOPUS PROREGULUS

128. Phylloscopus proregulus proregulus (Pall.) — PALLAS 'S
WARBLER.

MOTACILLA PROREGULUS Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, p. 499 (1827—

Transbaikalia).

Phylloscopus proregulus (Pallas), Saunders, p. 63.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One, a female, Cley (Norfolk), Oct. 31,
1896 (T. Southwell, ZooL, 1896, p. 466).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in east Siberia ; Sarudny found it
passing through quite regularly near Orenburg (Ural), and it has
been shot on Heligoland. Winters in south China. Replaced by
allied form in Himalayas.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 61

HERBIVOCULA SCHWARZI*

129. Herbivocula schwarzi (Radde) - RADDE'S BUSH-
WARBLER.

SYLVIA SCHWARZI Radde, Reise Siiden v. O. Sibirien, n, p. 260, pi. ix
(1863 — Tarei Nor and Bureja Mountains).
Lusciniola schwarzi (Radde), Saunders, p. 73*.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One, a young bird, North Cotes (Lines.),
Oct. 1, 1898 (G. H. Caton-Haigh, Bull. B.O.C., vm, p. vi.).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — East Siberia, wintering in south China,
Pegu, and Tenasserim.

CETTIA CETTI

130. Cettia cetti cetti (Marm.)— CETTI'S WARBLER.

SYLVIA CETTI Marmora, Mem. Accad. Torino, xxx, p. 254 (1820 —

Sardinia).

Cettia cetti, Nicoll, Bull. B.O.C., xiv, p. 84 ; Saunders, Brit. B., I, p. 9.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Two. A male, Battle (Sussex), May 12,
1904 (ut supra}. A female, Whatlington (Sussex), Sept. 1, 1906
(J. B. Nichols, Brit. B., i, p. 185).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South France, Spain and Portugal,
Mallorca, Italy, Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia, north-west Africa,
south-east Europe and Asia Minor to Syria, and apparently Caucasus
and Crimea. Replaced by paler form in Khirgiz Steppes and east
Persia to Turkestan.

LOCUSTELLA LUSCINIOIDES

131. Locustella luscinioides luscinioides (Savi) — SAVI'S
WARBLER.

SYLVIA LUSCINIOIDES Savi, Nuovo Giorn. Letter., vn, p. 341 (1824 — Pisa).
Acrocephalus luscinioides (Savi), Yarrell, i, p. 389 ; Locustella luscinioides
(Savi), Saunders, p. 91.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Formerly regular summer-resident in
small numbers fens of Norfolk, Cambs , and Hunts., but has not
appeared since 1856. A bird thought to be of this species seen in
Humber district May 24, 1897, and another said to have been seen

* H. schwarzi is wrongly placed in the genus Lusciniola. It is apparently
most closely allied to the genus Phylloscopus, but differs from the latter in
sufficiently striking peculiarities to be separated generically. The genus
Herbivocula was established by Swinhoe in 1871. — E.H.

62 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

in Bucks. Scotland. — One, Fair Isle, spring, 1908 (W. E. Clarke,
Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1909, p. 73 ; cf. Brit. B., n, p. 423).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Spain, parts of France, Holland, and near
Geldern in the Rhenish Provinces, Italy, Sicily, Galizia, Poland,
parts of Russia, Hungary, and valley of Danube, also Egypt, and
probably north-west Africa. Winter-quarters not precisely known.
Replaced by paler race in Transcaspia and Turkestan.

LOCUSTELLA CERTHIOLA

132. Locustella certhiola (Pall.)— PALLAS 'S GRASSHOPPER-
WARBLER.

MOTACILLA CERTHIOLA Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, p. 509 (1827 —

Transbaikalia).

Locustella certhiola Pall., Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xxm, p. 18 ; Harrington,

Brit. B., n, p. 230.

DISTRIBUTION. — Ireland. — One. Kale, Rockabill Light (Dublin),
Sept. 28, 1908 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Siberia and Altai to Pacific, wintering
in India, Greater Sunda and Natuna Islands. Once Heligoland.

LOCUSTELLA N^VIA

133. Locustella naevia ncEvia (Bodd.)— THE GRASSHOPPER-
WARBLER.

MOTACILLA N.EVIA Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 35 (1783— ex Daubenton
pi. 581, 3 : Italy).

Acrocephalus ncevius (Boddaert), Yarrell, i, p. 384 ; Locustella ncevia
(Boddaert), Saunders, p. 89.

DISTRIBUTION. — England, Wales, and Ireland. — Summer-resident
(mid- April to Sept.) local, but fairly evenly distributed in suitable
localities, rare Cornwall and very local Wales. Scotland. — Local
and thinly distributed in south-west and Clyde area, scarcer north-
wards, but breeding at wide intervals as far north as Arisaig (south-
west Inverness.) and Skye. On east side breeds locally as far as
Perth, and has been recorded as nesting at Pitlochry (Perth.), and
even as far north as Elgin, north of which on mainland not noted
even as vagrant, but has occurred once (May 29, 1907) Fair Isle.
Has once occurred as far west as Skerry vore (off Tiree), but not in
0. Hebrides.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Middle and south Europe generally,
north to south Norway and Finland, south to north Spain, middle
Italy, and Slavonia, wintering in north-west Africa, and probably
south Spain. Replaced by L. n. straminea from Caucasus and Oren-
burg to Altai and Turkestan.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 63

LOCUSTELLA LANCEOLATA

134. Locustella lanceolata (Temm.)— THE LANCEOLATED
WARBLER.

SYLVIA LANCEOLATA Temminck, Man. d'Orn., ed. n, iv, p. 614 (1840 —
Mainz ? Erroneous locality. Typical locality : Russia).
Locustella lanceolata, Caton-Haigh, Brit. B., in, p. 353.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Three. Male, North Cotes (Lines.),
Nov. 18, 1909 (ut supra] ; one Pentland Skerries (Orkneys),
Oct. 26, 1910, and one Fair Isle, Sept. 9, 1908 (W. E. Clarke,
Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1911, p. 71 ; cf. Brit. B., iv, p. 368).

DISTRIBUTION — Abroad. — From Kamtschatka and north Japan to
west Siberia, rare in Russia (Onega R.), wintering in south China,
Borneo, Andamans, and India.

ACROCEPHALUS ARUNDINACEUS

135. Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus (L.) — THE
GREAT REED-WARBLER.

TURDUS ARUNDINACEUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 170 (1758 —
ex Klein : Danzig).

Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Linnseus), Yarrell, i, p. 364 ; Acrocephalus
turdoides (Meyer), Saunders, p. 83.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — About ten authentic occurrences besides
other unsubstantiated records. Newcastle (Northumberland). May
28, 1847 ; Sittingbourne, May 4, 1853, and Wingham (Kent), Sept.
14, 1881 ; Godalming (Surrey), spring, 1858 ; Ellesmere (Salop),
about 1886 ; Ringwood, June 3, 1884, and Christchurch (Hants),
May 10, 1900 ; St. Leonards, Sept. 25, 1903, and Sept. 12, 1906,
and Bexhill (Sussex), May 1, 1905 ; one seen Horning (Norfolk),
May 1, 1906.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Middle and south Europe to north-west
Africa, eastwards at least to the Ural and (locally) west Siberia,
north to Baltic and Russian Baltic provinces, rare visitor to south
Sweden. Winters in tropical Africa south to Natal ; in Persia on
migration. Replaced by another race from Volga delta eastward
to Transcaspia and Turkestan and by third form in south-east
"Siberia, north China, Japan, and Corea.

ACROCEPHALUS STREPERUS

136. Acrocephalus streperus streperus (Vie ill.) — THE REED-
WARBLER.

SYLVIA STREPERA Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., xi, p. 182
(1817— France).

Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Brisson nee Newton), Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B.,
i, p. 367 (erroneous). (See also Fleming, Selby, and others.)
Acrocephalus streperus (Vieillot), Yarrell, i, p. 369 ; Saunders, p. 79.

64 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (late April
to Sept.). By nature of its habitat local, but fairly distributed
throughout south and midland England, except in north Devon,
Cornwall, and Scilly Isles, where very rare. In south Wales very
local (numerous only at Llangorse Lake), and not found in Pembroke,
and in north Wales very local and rare except on Salop border,
and not recorded Anglesey. In Derby breeds only in extreme
south, but ranges further north on each side, being found in Lanes,
and Yorks, but very locally, especially in north, where it is rare, but
breeds in small numbers as far as Craven district, Nidd Valley and
Ripon (once in Wensleydale) in west, and Redcar in east. Has
been recorded as nesting once or twice in Lake District and Durham,
but otherwise unknown north of Yorks. Scotland. — Two, Fair
Isle, Sept. 24, 1906, and autumn, 1909. Ireland.— One, Rockabill
Light (Dublin), Oct. 20, 1908. [One said to have been shot
near Dublin 1843, and another to have been heard on the
Shannon.]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South Sweden and Russian Baltic
Provinces to Mediterranean and north-west Africa, wintering in
Africa. Replaced by closely- allied form from Lower Volga to
Turkestan.

ACROCEPHALUS PALUSTRIS

137. Acrocephalus palustris (Bechst.)— THE MARSH-
WARBLER.

SYLVIA PALUSTRIS Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., p. 186 (1803 — Germany).
Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein), Yarrell, i, p. 373 ; in, p. viii ; Saunders,
p. 81.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Summer-resident arriving late May or
early June. Apparently very scarce and local, but distribution
very little known. Has been recorded as nesting in : — Somerset,
several districts regularly ; Wilts., once, 1900 ; Hants., 1907
and twice previously ; Sussex, once, 1903 ; Kent, twice, 1905
and 1909 ; Surrey, once, 1907 ; Gloucester, frequently ; Oxon.,
annually for several years ; Bucks., twice in 1909 ; Cambs.,
1909 and once previously ; Norfolk, possibly once about 1880 ;
Warwick, 30 or 40 years ago ; Worcester, in some num-
bers. Scotland. — One St. Kilda (O. Hebrides), Sept. or early
Oct., 1910.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from Denmark and Russian
Baltic Provinces to south Spain (?), Italy, Montenegro, and
Bulgaria, probably also north-west Africa, east to Ural (Oren-
burg) and Caspian Sea. Winters in Africa, south to Natal and
Pondoland.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 65

ACROCEPHALUS DUMETORUM

138. Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth — BLYTH'S REED-
WARBLER.

ACROCEPHALUS DUMETORUM Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvin, p. 815
(1849 — New name for the Sylvia montana or Acrocephalus montanus of
Indian authors, which had been erroneously identified with Horsfield's
Sylvia montana — India).

Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth, W. E. Clarke, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1911,
p. 70 ; cf. Brit. B., iv, p. 362.

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — One Fair Isle, Sept., 1910 (ut supra).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Central Asia from Himalayas north-
ward, east to Transcaspia, Altai, Turkestan, west Siberia, and
parts of European Russia. Winters in India, south to Ceylon.

ACROCEPHALUS SCHCENOB^NUS

139. Acrocephalus schcenobaenus (L.) — THE SEDGE-
WARBLER.

MOTACILLA SCHCENOB^NUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 184 (1758 —

" Habitat in Europa." Restricted typical locality : S. Sweden).

Acrocephalus phragmitis, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B., i, p. 352 ; also older

authors.

Acrocephalus schcenobcenus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 376 ; Saunders,

p. 85.

DISTRIBUTION. — England, Wales, and Ireland. — Summer-resident
(late April to late Sept). Generally distributed. Occasionally
occurs in Oct. (probably on passage) and exceptionally in winter.
Scotland. — Generally distributed, but rarer in north, and very rare
north-west ; scarce Orkneys ; unknown Shetlands, but of double
passage Fair Isle ; scarce breeder in some I. Hebrides, but absent
from others ; very rare vagrant 0. Hebrides (Barra).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From about lat. 70° north in Sweden,
the Murman Coast and Archangel, Ob and Yenisei throughout
north Siberia and Altai Mountains, Russia and Europe, but rare or
absent from Spain and Greece, wintering in Asia Minor and Africa.

ACROCEPHALUS AQUATICUS

140. Acrocephalus aquaticus (Gm.) - - THE AQUATIC
WARBLER.

MOTACILLA AQUATICA Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 953 (1789— No locality
given. Ex Scopoli, who described birds from Carniola or Venetia).
Acrocephalus aquaticus (J. F. Gmelin), Yarrell, i, p. 380 ; Saunders, p. 87.

F

66 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Seventeen authentic examples obtained,
and several others seen, chiefly Sept., but also Aug. and Oct., as
follows : Cornwall (Eddystone), one ; Hants, two ; Isle of Wight,
three ; Sussex, five and several seen ; Kent, one ; Norfolk, four and
one seen ; Leicester one. Ireland. — One Bull Bock Light (Cork)
Sept. 20, 1903.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Central and south Europe (but absent
from south of Balkan Peninsula), and north-west Africa. In south-
east Europe and Egypt on migration ; appears to occur in winter in
north-west Africa, but winter- quarters not known for certain.

HYPOLAIS ICTERINA

141. Hypolais icterina (Vieill.)— THE ICTERINE WARBLER.

SYLVIA ICTERINA Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., xi, p. 194
(1817— France).

Hypolais hypolais, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B., i, p. 381 ; and others.
Hypolais icterina (Vieillot), Yarrell, i, p. 360 ; Saunders, p. 75.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Fourteen obtained and a few others
seen, mostly Sept., but three June, two May, and one April. Isle
of Wight (St. Catherine's Light), one ; Sussex, two ; Kent, two
obtained, one seen (Kentish Knock Light) ; Norfolk, seven pro-
cured, two seen (all north coast) ; Yorks., one taken, another seen ;
Northumberland one. Scotland. — One Fair Isle, 1908, one Lerwick
(Shetlands), May 15, 1910. Ireland. — One, Dunsinea (Dublin),
June 8, 1856.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Greater part of Europe (except extreme
north, west France, Spain, and Greece), and north-west Africa
(north Algeria) ; wintering in tropical Africa.

HYPOLAIS POLYGLOTTA

142. Hypolais polyglotta (Vieill.) - - THE MELODIOUS
WARBLER.

SYLVIA POLYGLOTTA Vieillot, Nouv. Diet., nouv. ed., xi, p. 200 (1817 —

France).

Hypolais polyglotta (Vieillot), Saunders, p. 77.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Only three obtained. Male, Burwash
(Sussex), April 30, 1897 (Saunders, p. 77). Male, Ninfield (Sussex),
May 10, 1900 (W. R. Butterfield, Ibis, 1900, p. 569; cf. Brit. B., i,
p. 83). Male near Sandplace, Looe (Cornwall), May 12, 1905
(J. Clark, ZooL, 1907, p. 282; cf. Brit. B., i, p. 127). This, or the
Icterine, several times reported as seen and heard singing, notably
in Pembroke in summer 1886, and in south-east Devon near Lyme

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 67

Regis in May, 1897, and in some numbers in May, 1898, when they
were said to be nesting. Eggs, apparently of this, but possibly of
preceding species, were taken at Lancing (Sussex) about 1893, and
near Croydon (Surrey) in 1884. Ireland. — One, Old Head Light,
Kinsale (Cork), Sept. 23, 1905 (R. M. Barrington, Irish Nat., 1906,
p. 157 ; cf. Brit. B., i, p. 83). One said to have been seen and heard
singing at Coollatin (Wicklow), May, 1886.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — France, with exception of northernmost
departments (north of Somme), south-west Europe and north-west
Africa, Italy. Rare visitor to Belgium, Heligoland, and parts of
Austrian Empire. Winters in west Africa.

SYLVIA NISORIA

143. Sylvia nisoria nisoria (Bechst.) — THE BARRED
WARBLER.

MOTACILLA NISORIA Bechstein, Gem. Naturg. Deutschl., iv, p. 580 (1795 —

Middle and N. Germany).

Sylvia nisoria (Bechstein), Yarrell, in, p. ix ; Saunders, p. 51.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Twenty-three England, over seven
Scotland, and two Ireland. Most on east coast and in Sept., but
also in Aug., Oct., and Nov., and once in April. In recent years
one or two on east coast in most autumns. England. — Kent, two ;
Norfolk, nine ; Lines., five ; Yorks., four ; Cambs., one ; Oxon., one;
Lanes., one. Scotland. — Broadford (Skye), one ; Dhuheartach
Light (Argyll.), one ; Barra (0. Hebrides), one ; Isle of May
(Forth), two ; Fair Isle (Shetlands), several. Ireland. — Bellmullet
(Mayo), one ; Rockabill Light (Dublin), one.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from south Sweden, Denmark,
and Gulf of Finland, throughout Russia, locally in Germany (with
exception of west, where rare visitor only, as it is in France), Austria
and Hungary, to Dobrudsha, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Dalmatia, and
north Italy. Winters in north-east Africa. Replaced by very
closely- allied form in west Siberia and Turkestan.

SYLVIA HORTENSIS*

144. Sylvia hortensis hortensis (Gm.)— THE ORPHEAN
WARBLER.

MOTACILLA HORTENSIS Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 955 (1789 — France and

Italy).

Sylvia orphea Temminck, Yarrell, i, p. 423 ; Saunders, p. 45.

* As explained by Hartert and others, Gmelin undoubtedly described
the Orphean Warbler as S. hortensis, as a glance at his description shows. It
is the oldest name, and must therefore be adopted.

F2

68 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Four obtained. Female shot and
another said to have been seen near Wetherby (Yorks.), July 63 1848
(thought to have been nesting). Young bird, said to have
been unable to fly, caught near Holloway (Middlesex), June, 1866
(Saunders, p. 45). Female shot near St. Leonards (Sussex), Oct. 7,
1903 (W. R. Butterfield, Bull. B.O.C., xiv, p. 16). Young bird
picked up near same place Sept. 16, 1905 (C. B. Ticehurst, op.c.,
xvi, p. 35 ; cf. Brit. B., i, p. 56).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South-west Europe and north-west
Africa, through central parts of France in small numbers, north to
Luxembourg and Metz, west Switzerland, Italy, and Sicily. Winter-
quarters must be Africa, but not actually known. Replaced by a
closely-allied form in Asia Minor, Turkestan, Afghanistan, Persia to
Gilgit, west to Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Montenegro and Greece,
wintering in India, Arabia, and north-east Africa.

SYLVIA BORIN*

145. Sylvia borin (Bodd.)— THE GARDEN-WARBLER.

MOTACILLA BORIN Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 35 (1783— ex Daubenton,
PI. Enl. 579, 2— France).

Sylvia salicaria (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 414; Sylvia hortensis nee
Bechstein, Saunders, p. 49.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (end April
to Sept.). Generally distributed, but rather local and not known
to breed in west Cornwall (rare casual visitor to Scilly Isles), nor
in parts of Pembroke, and rare Anglesey and west Carnarvon.
Scotland. — Rather local in Solway area, common in Clyde and
Forth areas, and in south Perth., north of which not known to breed,
and has rarely occurred. In Shetlands one obtained and another
record doubtful. In Fair Isle fairly common on both spring- and
autumn-passages, and in Orkneys occurs frequently in autumn
and has occurred once in spring. In O. Hebrides, one seen
Flannans and two obtained Barra (Nov. 25, 1895, Oct. 24, 1898).
Ireland. — Very local, unknown in most districts, but nests in various
localities in all four provinces, but chiefly near the Shannon.

MIGRATIONS. — Great Britain. — From mid-Sept, to second week of
Oct. there is a passage down east coast.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally (except extreme north)
as far south as Spain, and north-west Africa (Atlas) in west, and
Albania in east ; from Russia eastwards to Persia, Transcaspia, and
west Siberia. Winters in Africa. Breeding in Syria is asserted,
but requires confirmation.

* Sylvia hortensis of many authors, but S. hortensis is clearly the Orphean
Warbler ; this name not being available for the Garden- Warbler, the name
borin must be adopted. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 69

SYLVIA ATRICAPILLA

146. Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (L.)— THE BLACKCAP.

MOTACILLA ATRICAPILLA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 187 (1758 —
" Habitat in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Sylvia atricapilla (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 418 ; Saunders, p. 47.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (about end
April to Sept. and often later, and occasionally winter). Some-
what local, but fairly well distributed. Rare Anglesey and Lleyn
(Carnarvon). Scotland. — Generally distributed, but local west side
as far north as Argyll., where becomes scarce, but breeds Jura ;
north of Ardnamurchan only once recorded (West Ross. Nov. 23,
1905). On east side frequent nester as far north as Dunkeld (Perth.),
and further north breeds locally in Kincardine and Spey Valley.
In other parts of north-east chiefly known as autumn migrant, but
has bred once Loch Ness and near Beauly (Moray Firth). In
Orkneys, Fair Isle, and Shetlands fairly regular autumn- migrant,
(Sept.-Oct.). In Shetlands once attempted to breed, and has
probably also bred Orkneys. In O. Hebrides rare straggler. Has
often occurred even in north in Nov. and two or three times in
Dec. Ireland. — Has a wide range, breeding in many counties,
but in most it is scarce and even rare, being most numerous in Wick -
low. Fairly often occurs in winter.

MIGRATIONS. — Great Britain. — From third week Sept. to mid-Oct.
a well-marked passage down east coasts.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally from about lat. 66°
north in Scandinavia to Mediterranean, west to Azores and Cape
Verde Islands, south to Marocco, Algeria and Tunisia, north of
Atlas, east to Asia Minor, Syria and Persia, in west Siberia near
Omsk. Winters in Africa and in small numbers in south Europe.
Replaced in Madeira and Canary Islands by closely- allied form.

SYLVIA COMMUNIS*

147. Sylvia communis communis Lath. — THE WHITE-
THROAT.

SYLVIA COMMUNIS Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl., i, p. 287 (1787 — England).
Sylvia ru/a (Boddaert), Yarrell, i, p. 406 ; Sylvia cinerea Bechstein,
Saunders, p. 41.

DISTRIBUTION. — England, Wales, and Ireland. — Summer-resident
(April to Sept.). Generally distributed. Scotland. — Generally dis-

* This species has also been unfortunate with regard to its names. It
has often been called Sylvia rufa, but that name was based on an unrecog-
nizable figtire, and more commonly S. cinerea, but Latham clearly described
the'English bird as Sylvia communis sixteen years before Bechstein. — E.H.

70 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

tributed in south, locally common in centre, thinly distributed and
local in north, apparently not breeding in north Sutherland or
Caithness. In Orkneys, Fair Isle, and Shetlands noted recently
as fairly frequent passage- migrant in autumn and in spring, and
has possibly once nested Orkneys. In I. Hebrides well known, but
to 0. Hebrides a somewhat rare passage- migrant, but occasionally
seen in summer and bred once Lewis (1881) and once Barra (1900).

MIGRATIONS. — Great Britain. — A well-marked passage from early
Sept. to early Oct. down west coasts England and Wales and east
coasts Scotland and England. Also some evidence of immigration
from east on east coast during same period.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from 65° north lat. in Scandinavia
to Mediterranean, also north Algeria and north Tunisia. Winters
in Africa and in small numbers in Canary Islands. Replaced from
Caucasus, Syria and Persia to west Siberia by Sylvia communis
icterops.

SYLVIA CURRUCA

148. Sylvia curruca curruca (L.)— THE LESSER WHITE-
THROAT.

MOTACILLA CURRUCA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.,ed. x, i, p. 184 (1758 — " Habitat

in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Sylvia curruca (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 410 ; Saunders, p. 43.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Summer-resident (April to Sept.).
Generally distributed except in extreme south-west (where it nests
in Somerset and Devon, but is only a casual autumn- migrant to
Cornwall, and has occurred only once in Scilly Isles) and in north,
being local in Cumberland and Westmorland, and very rare in
Durham and Northumberland. Wales. — Fairly well distributed
in eastern parts, but very rare or unknown in coastal counties on
west side. Scotland. — All nesting-records doubtful, but those from
Dumfries, Ross, and Stirling may possibly be authentic, otherwise
only known as a passage- migrant, rare and occasional in Solway
and Clyde areas, once south-west Inverness, but not known else-
where on west side ; on east coast seems fairly regular in very small
numbers on autumn- passage, having been observed for several years
at Isle of May (Forth), but on mainland very rarely recorded.
Orkneys (Sule Skerry) once, Sept. 17, 1902 ; Fair Isle small numbers
in May (occasionally April and June) and in autumn (Aug. to Oct.) ;
Shetlands occurrence doubtful ; O. Hebrides three times, viz. :
Flannan Isles (Sept. 23, 1904, and May 21, 1905), Barra (Oct. 24,
1898). Ireland.— Two. Tearaght Light (Kerry) Oct. 1, 1890,
Inishtrahull Light (Donegal) Oct. 10, 1899.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 71

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Europe from about 64° - 65°
in Scandinavia and north Russia to Mediterranean, east to Ural
and apparently to Caucasus, Asia Minor and Persia, but absent from
Spain. Winters principally in north-east Africa. Replaced by
other races in Siberia and central Asia, and Khirgiz Steppes.

SYLVIA MELANOCEPHALA

149. Sylvia melanocephala melanocephala (Gm.) — THE
SARDINIAN WARBLER.

SYLVIA MELANOCEPHALA Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 970 (1789 — Sardinia).
Sylvia melanocephala, C. B. Ticehurst, Bull. B.O.C., xix, p. 105 ; T.
Parkin, Brit. B., i, p. 86 ; Saunders, p. 46 (in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — Englatid. — One, male, near Hastings (Sussex), June
3, 1907 (ut supra}. A bird seen at Exmouth (Devon) April 16, 1890,
may possibly have been of this species (cf. Saunders, p. 46).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in south Europe, Asia Minor,
and north-west Africa, and winters partly in same countries, partly
in Sahara, Palestine, and Nubia. Replaced by allied races in
western Canaries, and Syria, the latter race also wintering in Nubia

SYLVIA CANTILLANS*

150. Sylvia cantillans cantillans Pall.— THE SUB ALPINE
WARBLER.

SYLVIA CANTILLANS Pallas, in Vroeg's Cat. Verzam. Vogelen, etc., Adum-

bratiuncula, p. 4 (1764— Italy).

Sylvia subalpina Bonelli, Saunders, p. 53.

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — Two. One St. Kilda (0. Hebrides)
June 14, 1894 (Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C., iv, p. ix.). One Fair Isle
(Shetlands) 1908 (W. E. Clarke, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1909, p. 72,
and cf. Brit. B., n, p. 422).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Italy, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, southern
Alps to Savoy, south-east France, Spain, and Portugal. Replaced
in north-west Africa, and in south-east Europe, and Asia Minor, by
allied races.

* With the unfortunately unavoidable acceptance of the names in
Vroeg's Catalogue, rediscovered some years ago by Mr. Sherborn, it becomes
necessary to adopt the name cantillans, which has 56 years priority over
subalpina ! — E.H.

72 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

SYLVIA UNDATA

151. Sylvia undata dartfordiensis Lath.*— THE DARTFORD
WARBLER.

SYLVIA DARTFORDIENSIS Latham, Ind. Orn., n, p. 517 (1790 — Bexley

Heath, near Dartford).

Melizophilus provincialis, Selby, Brit. Orn., i, p. 219 (1833) ; Seebohm,

Hist. Brit. B., i, p. 414.

Melizophilus undatus (Boddaert), Yarrell, i, p. 398 ; Sylvia undata

(Boddaert), Saunders, p. 55.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Resident. Very local. Main nesting-
haunts in Hants., extending into Isle of Wight and Dorset and
possibly Wilts., and Surrey, extending into Berks, and Sussex ;
also breeds small numbers in Cornwall, Essex, east Suffolk and
probably Oxon. ; a pair or two recorded as breeding tolerably
regularly at one locality in Salop. Some evidence that a pair
bred Cannock Chase (Staffs.) about 1870, and formerly bred in
Kent. Middlesex, and Devon, but now extinct in these counties.
Recorded breeding in Somerset and Herts, requires confirmation.
Rare vagrant to other counties in southern half of England.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Channel Islands and north-west France.
Replaced by closely- allied races in south-west Europe and north-
west Africa.

AGROBATES GALACTOTESf

152. Agrobates galactotes galactotes (Temm.)— THE RUFOUS
WARBLER.

SYLVIA GALACTOTES Temminck, Man. d'Orn., ed. n, i, p. 182 (1820 —

S. Spain).

Aedon galactodes (Temminck), Yarrell, i, p. 355 ; Saunders, p. 73.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Four. One near Brighton (Sussex)
Sept. 16, 1854. One Start (Devon) Sept, 25, 1859. One
Slapton (Devon) Oct. 12, 1876. One Old Head of Kinsale (Cork)
Sept., 1876.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South Spain and Portugal, north Africa,
south Syria. Stray birds have been observed in Italy. Appears
in winter in oases of Great Desert,

* The Dartford Warbler had been in the undisturbed possession of the
name provincialis for over 60 years, when Gray, and later Newton and Dresser,
correctly adopted undata ; and as the British race is darker and smaller it must
be called S. u. dartfordiensis. The generic separation of Melizophilus is not
tenable. — E.H.

f The generic name " Aedon " has erroneously been accepted for the
Rufous Warblers. This name was first introduced by Forster, 1817, for the
Nightingales; Boie's use of the same name for the Rufous Warblers, in
1826, is therefore null and void.— E.H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDb. 73

153- Agrobates galactotes syriacus (Hempr. & Ehr.) — THE
BROWN-BACKED WARBLER.

CURRUCA GALACTODES VAR. SYRiACA Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symb.
Phys., fol. bb (1833— Syria [Beirut]).

Aedon familiaris, J. B. Nichols, Brit. B., i, p. 257 ; A. F. Griffith, Bull.
B.O.C., xxvn, p. 29. A. g. syriacus, Witherby, Brit. B., iv, p. 310.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Two. Male, Hythe (Kent), July 15,
1907. Male, Ninfield (Sussex) May 13, 1910 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From south Herzegovina and south
Dalmatia throughout Greece and Ionian Islands to Asia Minor and
north Syria. Winters in south Arabia, Somaliland, and east Africa
(Mombasa). Replaced in south Caucasus, Persia, Mesopotamia,
Transcaspia, Turkestan, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan by A. g.
familiaris, which winters in north-west India, Sindh, and Raj-
putana, and has been recorded once from Heligoland.

TURDUS DAUMA

154. Turdus dauma aureus Hoi.*— WHITE'S THRUSH.

TURDUS AUREUS Holandre, Fauna dep. Moselle, in Ann. Moselle 1825,

p. 60 (Metz).

Turdus Whitei Eyton, Rarer Brit. B., p. 92 (1836 — Christchurch).

Turdus varius Pallas, Yarrell, i, p. 251 ; Saunders, p. 11.

T. d. aureus, Hartert, Brit. B., iv, p. 129.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant. Since the first, near Christ-
church (Hants.) Jan. 24, 1828, authentic examples have been
recorded, almost all in winter, from Cornwall, Devon, Somerset,
Gloucester, Salop, Suffolk, Norfolk, Yorks. (five), Durham, Warwick.
In Scotland one, Hardacres (Berwick) Dec., 1878. In Ireland
three, near Bandon (Cork), Ballymahon (Longford), and Westport
(Mayo).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — East Siberia and Japan. Winters in
south China and Formosa. Occasionally observed in Philippine
Islands, in Pegu, Assam, west Siberia, and various parts of Europe
from Urals and Scandinavia to Belgium. France, and Italy. Replaced
by other subspecies on Loo Choo (Liu Kiu) Islands, in mountains
of Java and Lombok, Himalayas (T. dauma dauma}, and south
India.

[NOTE. — An example of the SIBERIAN THRUSH, Turdus sibiricus sibiricus
Pal., is said to have been shot in Surrey (winter 1860-61) and another to have
been picked up at Bonchurch, Isle of Wight (winter 1874), but the evidence
is not considered sufficient (c/. Saunders, p. 12). It inhabits Siberia, wintering
in eastern India, Andamans, south China, and Greater Sunda Islands. Has
been obtained in Germany, Belgium, Holland, France, and Bulgaria.]

* Holandre's name is two years earlier than Pallas's varius. — E.H.

74 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

TURDUS PILARIS

155. Turdus pilaris L.— THE FIELDFARE.

TURDUS PLLAKIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 168 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Turdus pilaris Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 272 ; Saunders, p. 7.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor (Sept. to April, some-
times May and exceptionally later). Generally distributed.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — From Shetlands to Wash small numbers
arrive Sept. and early Oct., followed by large immigrations until
Nov., and spread west and south-west to winter- quarters. Smaller
streams, probably after an overland flight, pass down west coast
Scotland and through the isles, the latter reaching winter- quarters
in Ireland. Some of those passing down either coast are passage-
migrants, and leave the country from western half of southern
seaboard. Southward " weather- movements " occur in winter.
Passage- migrants arrive on south coast England from late March
through April to early May. These join our winter- visitors, which
leave much as they arrived throughout April to early, and sometimes
mid, May.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Europe and north Asia, east to
Lena, south to parts of Germany and Austria-Hungary, wintering
in central and south Europe, in small numbers to north-west Africa
and north-west India.

TURDUS VISCIVORUS

156. Turdus viscivorus viscivorus L.— THE MISTLE-THRUSH.

TURDUS VISCIVORUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 168 (1758 — Europe.
Restricted typical locality : England ; cf. Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i,
p. 647, note).
Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 258 ; Saunders, p. 1.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Kesident. Generally distributed
except in higher mountains and treeless districts, and only thinly
distributed in north-west Scotland, breeds in most I. Hebrides,
but unknown in O. Hebrides except Stornoway (Lewis), where bred
1906 and possibly since 1902 ; rare Orkneys, but has bred ; scarce
passage- migrant Fair Isle, and rare vagrant Shetlands. First seen
in Ireland about 1800 ; has been spreading ever since.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Many, apparently, of our breeding-
birds move southwards in late Aug. From mid-Sept, to mid-Nov.
small rushes of immigrants at considerable intervals occur from
Fife to Norfolk, and probably further north and further south, but
apparently less regularly (in Fair Isle and Caithness they appear,
however, to be regular). A migration also noted from I. Hebrides

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 75

to Cornwall and is probably somewhat like that of Fieldfare, but
is not well recorded, and it seems uncertain if Ireland is reached.
Emigrations along whole south coast England noted in Oct. and
Nov. Winter " weather- movements " sometimes occur. From mid-
Feb. to early April a return immigration is noted on south coast
England, but records from elsewhere are insufficient to enable the
migrations to be traced.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North and central and mountains of
south Europe, east to Ural and west Siberia. Winters in Mediter-
ranean countries. Replaced in north-west Africa and central Asia,
and perhaps west Mediterranean isles, by allied forms.

TURDUS PHILOMELUS*

157. Turdus philomelus philomelus Brehm--THE CON-
TINENTAL SONG-THRUSH.

TURDUS PHILOMELOS Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl.,p. 382 (1831

— Middle Germany).

Turdus musicus (non Linnaeus, 1758 !), Yarrell, i, p. 264 (part) ; Saunders,

p. 3 (part).

Turdus philomelos, Hartert, Brit. B., iv, p. 131.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Migrant, having been identified
from late Sept. to early Nov. on coasts of Yorks., Lines., Norfolk
and Suffolk, and Isle of May (Forth), in April at Dorset Light,
and in April as well as autumn at St. Catherine's Light (Isle of
Wight), also on night of March 30-31 at Mull of Galloway Light
(Miss A. C. Jackson in Hit.). Little so far recorded of this form
from identified examples (cf. Brit. B., iv, pp. 246, 291), but there
cannot be much doubt that it arrives annually with the first Red-
wings from late Sept. throughout Oct., followed by stragglers to mid-
No v. on east coast from extreme south of Shetlands to Norfolk.
Many afterwards appear to proceed along coasts to winter- quarters
in Ireland and the Continent, others remain as winter-residents,
sometimes performing further migratory journeys along same routes
as their forerunners, when compelled by unfavourable weather con-
ditions. In spring this form occurs with T. p. clarkei amongst
returning migrants on south coast in late March and during April,
and appears to continue up east coast, and finally depart by route
followed in autumn.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, west Siberia to Lake
Baikal, but absent from south Spain, south Italy, and Greece.
Wintering in south Europe and north Africa.

* Generally called Turdus musicus, but Linnaeus described, in 1758,
under this name the Redwing ! His diagnosis ' ' alis subtus ferrugineis,
linea superciliari albicante " leaves no doubt. The next oldest name for the
Song-Thrush is T. philomelos Brehm, 1831.— E.H.

76 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

158. Turdus philomelus clarkei Hart. — THE BRITISH
SONG-THRUSH.

TURDUS PHILOMELOS CLARKEI Hartert, Bull. B.O.C., xxin, p. 54 (1909 —

Great Britain) ; id., Brit. B., iv, p. 131.

Turdus musicus Linnseus, Yarrell, i, p. 264 (part) ; Saunders, p. 3 (part).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed,
but rare in Shetlands.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — In late July and throughout August
many, especially breeders in elevated districts, pass south gradually
along all coasts. In Sept. and Oct. emigration more pronounced,
and " rushes " occur in late Oct. Later on emigratory movements
dependent on weather also occur. In Sept. and Oct. also a certain
proportion of Irish birds emigrate. Many British Song -Thrushes
winter in Ireland as well as further south. The return migration
begins on south coasts England and Ireland during Feb., and lasts
throughout March, and into April. Irish winter -residents return
about late March.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — According to a note by Baron R.
Snouckaert van Schauburg. the British form also inhabits Holland
(Orn. Monatsber., 1910, p. 158; cf. Brit. B., v, p. 223).

TURDUS MUSICUS*

159. Turdus musicus L.— THE REDWING.

TURDUS MUSICUS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 169 (1758— Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 292 (1766 — non Linnaeus

1758 ! The latter is a hopeless mixture, while the name musicus is

unassailable.)

Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 268 ; Saunders, p. 5.

Turdus musicus, Hartert, Brit. B., iv, p. 130.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor (mid-Aug. to April
and May). Generally distributed.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Similar to those of the Fieldfare.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeding in north Europe and north
Asia, including Iceland, south in Europe to north-east corner of
East Prussia, wintering in south Europe and north-west Africa,
Persia, and north-west India.

* As stated under T. philomelus, the name musicus, as first published,
refers to the Redwing, and was only afterwards transferred to the Song-Thrush.
The name iliacus was, in the first instance, an inextricable mixture of Song-
Thrush, Redwing, and Mistle-Thrush, and could not be employed for the
Redwing for this reason, as well as because the latter was already called
musicus. — E .H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 77

TURDUS FUSCATUS

1 60. Turdus fuscatus Pall.— THE DUSKY THRUSH.

TURDUS FUSCATUS Pallas, Zoogr. Ross-Asiat., i, p. 451, pi. xn (1827 —

Transbaikalia).

Turdus fuscatus = T. dubius, Musters, Bull. B.O.C., xvi, p. 45 ; Saunders,

Brit. B., i, p. 5.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One near Gunthorpe (Notts.), Oct.
13, 1905 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Siberia, wintering in China, north-west
India to Assam. Occasionally in Europe : Italy, south France,
Russia, probably Germany, Heligoland (once), Belgium, Holland,
Norway.

TURDUS RUFICOLLIS

161. Turdus ruficollis atrogularis Temm. — THE BLACK-
THROATED THRUSH.

TURDUS ATROGULARIS Temminck, Man. d'Orn., i, p. 169 (1820 — Austria

and Silesia).

Turdus atrigularis Temminck, Yarrell, i, p. 276 ; Saunders, p. 9.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Four. Male Lewes (Sussex), Dec.
23, 1868. One (said to have been with another) near Perth, Feb.,
1879 (Saunders, p. 9). Male, Newenden (Kent), Jan. 30, 1909
(T. Parkin, Bull. B.O.C., xxm, p. 57 ; Brit. B., n, p. 378). Male
Wittersham (Kent) March 15, 1911 (N. F. Ticehurst, Bull. B.O.C.,
xxvii, p. 94 ; Brit. B., v, p. 50).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — West Siberia to Altai Mountains and,
according to Sewertzow, in Turkestan. On passage or in winter
in Turkestan, Afghanistan, Persia, Baluchistan, Himalayas, and
north-west India. Once obtained in south Arabia, casual in
Europe : Finland, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Austria, rarer in
west. Replaced by T. ruficollis ruficollis in east Siberia.

[NOTE. — Several examples of the AMERICAN ROBIN, Turdus migratorius
migratorius L., which inhabits eastern and northern North America, and in
winter migrates to Florida, Texas, Bermudas, and exceptionally Cuba, have
been taken in the British Isles, but they had no doubt escaped from captivity.
Recently an attempt at introduction has been made at Guildford (Surrey).]

TURDUS TORQUATUS

162. Turdus torquatus torquatus L.— THE RING-OUZEL.

TURDUS TORQUATUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 170 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Turdus torquatus Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 287 ; Saunders, p. 15.

78 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (late March
and April to Sept. and Oct.), occasionally staying throughout winter.
Nests regularly in hilly districts of Cornwall, Devon and Somerset,
Wales and Welsh border, in Pennine backbone and spurs from north
Staffs., Derby., and east Cheshire northwards to Cheviots, and on
moors of north-east Yorks. A few breed Isle of Man. Said to have
nested exceptionally in Hants., Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk, Warwick,
and other counties. Has visited most counties on migration.
Scotland. — On mainland generally distributed in summer (occasion-
ally staying winter) ; breeds in higher districts and in some localities
down to sea-level, but most common from 1,000 to 1,600 feet, and
seldom nests above 2,000 feet. Rarely breeds Orkneys, but occurs
spring and autumn, as in Shetlands, where does not breed. Nests
in most I. Hebrides, but only sporadically Skye, and not Tiree ;
in 0. Hebrides a very rare visitor. Ireland. — Thinly distributed
summer-resident in wilder mountain-districts of each province, and
occasionally near sea-level. Occasionally remains winter.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — British breeding-birds probably reach
summer-quarters by a westerly route, arriving in extreme south-
west England. Passage-migrants occur in small numbers from mid-
April to mid-May east of line from Isle of Wight to Wash. Occurs
in most counties on autumn-passage, but the route down east coast
is very well marked, and probably includes both British-bred birds
and passage-migrants. Also indications of a west coast route in
autumn.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Scandinavia, migrating through Europe
and wintering in Mediterranean countries. Replaced by allied
forms in mountain-systems of central and south Europe, and in
Caucasus, east to north Persia and Transcaspia.

163. Turdus torquatus alpestris (Brehm) — THE ALPINE
RING-OUZEL.

MERULA ALPESTRIS Brehm, Isis 1828, p. 1,281 (nomen nudum !) ; id.,
Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 377 (1831— Tirol).

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One or more. Male, Guestling (Sussex),
May 23, 1911 (M. J. Nicoll, Brit. B., v, p. 72). One said to have been
of this form obtained in Yorks. early in 1893, and another in Norfolk
Sept. 18, 1894 (ZooL, 1895, pp. 56, 99).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in mountains of central and south
Europe, from Pyrenees to Alps, higher mountain-ranges of south
Germany, east to Balkans and Carpathians. On passage obtained
in Asia Minor, where it possibly breeds.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 79

TURDUS MERULA

164. Turdus merula merula L. — THE BLACKBIRD.

TURDUS MERULA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 170 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Turdus merula Linnaeus, Yarrell, I, p. 280 ; Saunders, p. 13.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed,
but in 0. Hebrides and Shetlands a scarce and local breeder, though
more common in Orkneys and I. Hebrides, and much more common
in all these islands as winter-visitor. In Ireland has extended
breeding-range to extreme west of mainland, and to Achill Island
and Aran Isles.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Many home-bred birds migrate in
autumn and return in spring, especially in north Scotland and
exposed places elsewhere. A large autumn (late Oct. and Nov.)
immigration in northern isles and down both sides of Great Britain,
as well as in Ireland. Some of these immigrants pass on and leave
the country, others stay winter. A reverse movement in spring
(late Feb. to early April).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — The whole of Europe, except Spain,
where replaced — as in north-west Africa, the Atlantic islands, south-
east Europe to Persia, Syria, Turkestan to Mongolia, Himalayas
and China — by more or less closely-allied forms.

MONTICOLA SAXATILIS

165. Monticola saxatilis (L.)— THE ROCK-THRUSH.

TURDUS SAXATILIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 294 (1766 — " Habitat

in Helve tiae, Austrise, Borussiae montibus." Restricted typical locality :

Switzerland).

Monticola saxatilis (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 292 ; Saunders, p. 17.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Five or more. One Therfield
(Herts.) May 19, 1843 (Saunders, p. 17). Male obtained and another
seenPentland Skerries Light (Orkneys) May 17, 1910 (W. E. Clarke,
Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1910, p. 148, 1911, p. 135 ; cf. Brit. B., iv,
p. 117, v, p. 200.) Male and female (young) Pett (Sussex) Sept. 1
and 2, 1911 (H. W. Ford-Lindsay, Brit. B., v, p. 130). [One said
to have been seen near Whitby (Yorks.) June, 1852, and another
said to have been shot at Cobham (Kent).]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North-west Africa, south and middle
Europe, east to south Siberia and north China, wintering in tropical
Africa, north India and China.

80 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

CENANTHE CENANTHE*

1 66. CEnanthe oenanthe oenanthe (L.)— THE WHEATEAR.

MOTACILLA OENANTHE Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 186 (1758 —

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Saxicola oenanthe (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 347 ; Saunders, p. 19 (part).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (March to Oct.) ;
said to winter occasionally. Widely distributed, though local. Also
passage-migrant, arrivals on south coast England in May and move-
ments in various parts in late Oct. and Nov. being no doubt of such
birds.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Whole of Europe to north (and possibly
south) Spain, east to north and central Asia ; wintering in tropical
Africa. (See Hartert's Vog. pal. Fauna, i, pp. 680-81, on geographical
and other variations.)

167. CEnanthe oenanthe leucorrhoa (Gm.) — THE GREEN-
LAND WHEATEAR.

MOTACILLA LEUCORHOA Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 966 (1789 — Senegal).

Saxicola oenanthe (L.), Saunders, p. 19 (part).

Saxicola oenanthe leucorrhoa (Gmelin), C. B. Ticehurst, Brit. B., n, p. 271.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Passage-migrant (April-May and
Sept. -Oct.) through Great Britain and Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Greenland and north-east America west
of Davis Strait to Labrador, and apparently Iceland, though a
series from there should be re-examined, as they appear to be,
at least partly, intermediate. Migrates through north-west Africa,
Canaries, and Azores to Senegambia, in America to New York, New
Brunswick, Ontario, Colorado, and Louisiana.

CENANTHE DESERTI

1 68. CEnanthe deserti deserti (Temm.)— THE WESTERN
DESERT- WHEATEAR.

Saxicola deserti Temminck, PI. Col. 359, fig. 2 (1825— Egypt).

? Saxicola deserti (Temminck), Yarrell, in, p. viii ; S. deserti Riippell,

Saunders, p. 25 (? part).

* The Wheatears have, for a long time, been called Saxicola without due
consideration of facts, and it has even been stated that Motacilla cznanthe
is the genotype " by subsequent designation " of Gray, 1841. This designa-
tion, however, was anticipated by Swainson, who, in 182 7, designated Motacilla
rubicola as the genotype. Thus the name Saxicola must be used for the
Chats, which is lucky in so far as the usual name Pratincola is not available,
because of its use for the Pratincoles in 1798, eighteen years before. By the
method of elimination Saxicola also becomes the generic title for the Chats,
and not for the Wheatears. The next oldest name for the latter is CEnanthe
Vieillot, 1816, type by tautonymy Motacilla oenanthe L. — E.H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 81

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Female Holderness coast (Yorks.)
Oct. 17, 1885 (Saunders, p. 25), is of this form. Other Desert-
Wheatears which we have not examined, are : male, near Alloa
(Clackmannan), Nov. 26, 1880 ; male, near Arbroath (Forfar),
Dec. 28, 1887 (Saunders, p. 25) ; male " near the sea " (Norfolk),
Oct. 31, 1907 (J. H. Gurney, Zoo!., 1908, p. 132).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Sahara. Once obtained in Italy.

169. CEnanthe deserti albifrons (Brandt)*— THE EASTERN
DESERT- WHEATEAR.

SAXICOLA ALBIFRONS Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, n, p. 139 (1844

— W. Siberia).

Saxicola deserti atrogularis Blyth, Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 684.

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — Male Pentland Skerries Light (Orkneys),
June 2, 1906 (W. E. Clarke, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1906, p. 138)
is of this form.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From Khirgiz Steppes to Saissansk,
Dsungaria, Nan-Shan, Ala-Shan, Ordas, and south Kuku-Nor.
(Specimens obtained on Heligoland probably belong to this form.)
On migration through south-west Asia to south Arabia, Sokotra,
and north-east Africa.

CENANTHE HISPANICAf

170. CEnanthe hispanica hispanica (L.)— THE WESTERN
BLACK-EARED WHEATEAR.

MOTACILLA HISPANICA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 186 (1758—
" Hispania." Typical locality : Gibraltar).

Saxicola stapazina (Vieillot), Yarrell, i, p. viii ; Saunders, p. 23 ;
S. stapazina (Linnaeus) nee Vieillot, id., Brit. B., i, p. 6 ; S. occidentalis,
id., I.e., p. 7 ; S. h. hispanica, Hartert, op.c., TV, p. 131.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Six obtained and one seen, viz. :
male (black-throated) near Bury (Lanes.) May 8, 1875 ; male
(black-throated) seen Spurn (Yorks.) Sept. 18, 1892 (Saunders, p. 23) ;
male near Polegate (Sussex) May 28, 1902; male near Hooe (Sussex)
May 22, 1905 ; male (black-throated) near Lydd (Kent) May 22,
1906 (Saunders, Brit. B., i, pp. 6, 7) ; male Winchelsea (Sussex)
May 2, 1907 (J. B. Nichols, i.e., i, p. 185) ; male (black-throated)
Fair Isle Sept. 25, 1907 (W. E. Clarke, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1908,
p. 81 ; cf. Brit. B., i, p. 382).

* The name albifrons has hitherto been overlooked, and was only dis-
covered by Hartert after the appearance of the first volume of his book on
Palae arctic birds.

f Clearly described in 1758 as Mot. hispanica. As the black-throated
and white- throated birds (stapazina and aurita of former times) are only
dimorphisms of the same species, hispanica takes the place of both. — E.H.

G

82 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIKDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Western Mediterranean countries, south
of the Alpine range and south Tyrol. Passing through the western
Sahara and observed as far south as Senegambia. Has been shot
on Heligoland. Replaced in eastern Mediterranean countries,
east to Asia Minor and Syria, by (E. hispanica xanthomelcena.
((E. h. gaddi from west Persia is as yet insufficiently known.)

171. CEnanthe hispanica xanthomelaena (Hempr. & Ehr.)*—
THE EASTERN BLACK-EARED WHEATEAR.

SAXICOLA XANTHOMELAENA Hemprich & Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys., Aves,
fol. c, aa, no. 6 (1833 — Egypt. Description of the autumn-plumage of
the black-throated form).

Saxicola amphileuca Hemprich & Ehrenberg, t.c., fol. bb, no. 4 (1833 —
Syria. Description of the white- throated form in summer-plumage).
Saxicola stapazina Linn. (=S. aurita Temm.), M. J. Nicoll, Bull. B.O.C.,
xvi, p. 22 ; Saxicola stapazina (Linn.), nee Vieillot, Saunders, Brit. B.,
i, p. 6.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Adult male near Pett, Sussex,
Sept. 9, 1905 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from Asia Minor and Palestine
westwards throughout Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Roumania, south
Russia (Crimea) to Montenegro, Croatia and Dalmatia, and perhaps
in south Italy (Apulia, Calabria, Sicily ?). Migrates through Egypt
and Nubia and winters in eastern Sudan and Abyssinia. On passage
not very rare in Italy, rare in Tripoli, Tunisia, and Algeria.

CENANTHE PLESCHANKA

172. CEnanthe pleschanka pleschanka (Lepech.) — THE PIED
WHEATEAR.

MOTACILLA PLESCHAKKALepechin, Nov. Comm. Petr., xiv, p. 503, pi. 24
(1770 or 1771 — Saratow on the Volga ; translation in Hase, Lepechin's
Reise, i, p. 229).

Saxicola pleschanka, E. V. Baxter and L. J. Rintoul, Ann. Scot. Xat.
Hist., 1910, p. 2 ; c/. Brit. B., in, p. 290.

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — Female, Isle of May (Forth) Oct. 19,
1909 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South Russia to Crimea, Dobrudscha,
Caucasus, Transcaspia, Turkestan, Persia, Afghanistan, west Tibet,
north to south-east Siberia, and north China, also in Gilgit and north
Kashmir. On passage in north-east Africa and Arabia, also casual
in Italy and perhaps Algeria, also on Heligoland. Replaced by
smaller race in Cyprus.

* Hemprich and Ehrenberg gave a number of names to the eastern
black- and white-throated and black-eared Wheatears, the first of which is
xanthomelcvna. — E.H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 83

CENANTHE ISABELLINA

173. CEnanthe isabellina (Cretzschm.)— THE ISABELLINE
WHEATEAR.

SAXICOLA ISABELLINA Cretzschmar, Atlas zu Riippells Reise, Vogel,

p. 52, pi. 34, b (1826— Nubia).

Saxicola isabellina Riippell, Saunders, p. 21.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Two. Female, Allonby (Cumberland)
Nov. 11, 1887 (H. A. Macpherson, Ibis, 1888, p. 149). Male, Rye
Harbour (Sussex) April 17, 1911 (N. F. Ticehurst, Brit. B., v, p. 74).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From steppes of south-east Russia, Asia
Minor and Syria to Turkestan, Tibet, Mongolia, east Siberia, and
north-west China ; wintering in north-east and east Africa, south
Arabia, and west India. Casual in south-east Europe, a few times
observed in Tunisia and Algeria.

CENANTHE LEUCURA

174. CEnanthe leucura leucura (Gm.) — THE BLACK
WHEATEAR.

TURDUS LEUCURUS Gmeliri, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 820 (1789 — Gibraltar).
Saxicola leucura (Gm.), N. F. Ticehurst, Brit. B., m, p. 289.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Male and female near Rye Harbour
(Sussex) seen Aug. 31, 1909, and shot Sept. 2 and 16 respectively
(ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Portugal and Spain, Riviera, and, ap-
parently, in Sicily, but not in Greece. Replaced by a closely-
allied form in north-west Africa.

SAXICOLA RUBETRA*

175. Saxicola rubetra rubetra (L.)— THE WHINCHAT.

MOTACILLA RUBETRA Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 186 (1758 — Europe.

Retricted typical locality : Sweden).

Pratincola rubetra (Linnseus), Yarrell, i, p. 344 ; Saunders, p. 27.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Summer-resident (April to Oct.),
somewhat local, but widely distributed and in many parts very
numerous. Rare Cornwall, very local Orkneys, a rarely observed
migrant only in Shetlands ; spring and autumn migrant Fair Isle ;
breeds very sparingly O. Hebrides. Ireland. — Breeds locally through-
out Ulster and in north-east Mayo, Leitrim, Sligo, Roscommon and
Longford, scarcer in Louth, Dublin, Wicklow, and Clare; elsewhere
a rare migrant. Winters on rare occasions.

* The usual name Pratincola dates from Koch, 1816, but cannot be used
because Schrank introduced it for the Pratincoles in 1798. (See note under
CEnanthe cenanthe. ) — E .H.

G 2

84 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeding in Europe, from about lat. 70°
north in Scandinavia to Mediterranean (in Greece and south Spain
only on passage), wintering in tropical Africa. Replaced by
paler forms in south Dalmatia and north-west Africa ( ? breeding),
in the Caucasus (perhaps also parts of Persia and Asia Minor), and
west Siberia.

SAXICOLA TORQUATA

176. Saxicola torquata hibernans (Hart.)— THE BRITISH
STONECHAT.

PRATINCOLA TORQUATA HIBERNANS Hartert, Journ. f. Orn., 1910, p. 173

(England).

Pratincola rubicola (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 339 ; Saunders, p. 29 ;

P. t. hibernans, Hartert, Brit. B., m, p. 315.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident, widely distributed, but
local and uncertain, often abandoning a locality after a few years.
Most numerous in coastal regions. Very local in midland plain of
England, in Pennines, and in south-west Scotland, but more common
northwards and eastwards in Scotland. Breeds sparingly 0. Hebrides,
rarely Orkneys, and only occasional visitor to Fair Isle and Shetlands.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — A considerable movement to coast
and southwards takes place in autumn, and probably some indi-
viduals leave the country in winter. In many districts, especially
inland, it is only a summer-resident. Passage-movements noted
in O. Hebrides and Fair Isle may refer to the Continental race, 8. t.
rubicola (L.).

177. Saxicola torquata indica (Blyth)— THE INDIAN
STONECHAT.

PRATINCOLA INDICA Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 129 (1847 —

India).

Pratincola maura (nee Pallas), Saunders, Brit. B., i, p. 7.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Male near Cley (Norfolk) Sept. 2, 1904
(Saunders, Bull. B.O.C., xvi, p. 10, and Brit. B., i, p. 7 ; cf. Hartert,
Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 708).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — West Siberia, Russian Turkestan to
south Ural and western Himalayas, wintering in India generally.
Represented by S. t. hibernans in British Isles, by 8. t. rubicola*
in continental Europe from south Sweden to Mediterranean, east
to south Russia and north-west Africa, and passing through northern
Sahara on migration, by 8. t. maura in Caucasus, and by other forms
in various parts of Asia and Africa.

* This form has not yet been proved to occur in the British Isles so far as
we are aware.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 85

PHCENICURUS PHCENICURUS*

178. Phoenicurus phcenicurus phoenicurus (L.) — THE RED-
START.

MOTACILLA PHCENICURUS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 187 (1758 —
" Habitat in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Ruticilla pho&nicurus (Linnseus), Yarrell, i, p. 329 ; Saunders, p. 31.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (late March
to Oct.), widely distributed, but local. Uncommon as nester west
of Exeter (Devon) and unusual in Cornwall. Scotland. — Widely
distributed but local. Rare as nester in extreme north of mainland,
has not bred Orkneys and only once Shetlands (1901), but is well
known in these islands and Fair Isle as spring and autumn migrant.
Breeds in Mull, but not elsewhere in I. Hebrides, but occurs regularly
on double passage at Skerryvore. Rare autumn-visitor to
O. Hebrides. Ireland. — Very rare, a few pairs breeding regularly
in Wicklow and occasionally in Tyrone. Very scarce on migration
at Lights.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Spring and autumn passage-migrant
along whole east coast from Kent to Shetlands.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from North Cape to Mediterranean,
but in Spain only north of Cantabrian mountains, in Italy only in
mountains, and in Greece on passage ; Russia with exceptions of
Steppes, Tundras and Crimea ; in Siberia to Irkutsk and Lake
Baikal. Wintering in west and north-east Africa. Replaced by
allied races in Atlas mountains, and in Crimea, Caucasus, Trans-
caucasia, Asia Minor, Persia, and Bochara.

PHCENICURUS OCHRURUS

179. Phoenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensisf (Gm.) — THE
BLACK REDSTART.

MOTACILLA GIBRALTAKIENSIS Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 2, p. 987 (1789 —

Gibraltar).

Ruticilla titys (Scopoli), Yarrell, i, p. 333 ; Saunders, p. 33.

P. o. gibraltariensis, Hartert, Brit. B., iv, p. 132.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Passage-migrant (Oct.-
Nov. and March-April and sometimes May) and winter-visitor.
Regular but generally in very small numbers along south and east

* The generic name Phcenicurus antedates Ruticilla. — E.H.

f The time-honoured name titys is erroneously used for the Black Redstart.
Linnseus described under that name an old female of the Redstart, and not
a Black Redstart. Therefore gibr altar iensis must be used, and as the Black
Redstart of the Caucasus is a subspecies (geographical representative) of it,
the name of the latter, being older, becomes the specific name of the Black
Redstarts.— E.H.

86 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

coasts England as far as Yorks., north of which, as well as on west
side England north of Bristol Channel and in Wales, it is rarely
observed. In southern counties of England, and especially in
Cornwall and Devon, winters regularly, but elsewhere only rarely
found in winter. Reports of breeding are not substantiated.
Scotland. — Rare and irregular passage-migrant to east coast as far
north as Pentland Skerries (Orkneys) (twice), Orkneys (twice),
and Fair Isle (five times). On western side rare straggler:
Sol way (twice), Clyde (once). In 0. Hebrides, four times
Flannans and once South Uist. Once Tiree. Ireland. — Fairly
regular autumn and occasional spring passage -migrant in south
and south-east. Rare elsewhere. Occasionally in winter.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from Baltic to Mediterranean,
east to Roumania and Bulgaria. Wintering partly in Europe,
but mostly in Africa. Casual in Scandinavia, once Finland. Re-
placed by a number of rather different forms in Caucasus, Armenia,
Persia, Syria, Transcaspia to Turkestan, Altai and Sayan Moun-
tains, central Asia generally and parts of the Himalayas to Tibet
and Mongolia.

LUSCINIA MEGARHYNCHA

1 80. Luscinia megarhyncha megarhyncha Brehm - THE
NIGHTINGALE.

LTJSCINIA MEGARHYNCHOS Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 356

(1831— Germany).

Daulias luscinia* (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 312 ; Saunders, p. 39.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (April to
mid-Sept.). Generally distributed in suitable places and locally
numerous south and east of a line joining Wash and Severn, except
in Cornwall and extreme wrest Somerset, where it is absent, and in
Devon, where it is confined to river-valleys a short distance inland
from south coast as far west as the Dart. In Hereford, Monmouth,
and Glamorgan confined to southern river- valleys. North and west
of above-mentioned line becomes rapidly scarce, and is only
regular and at all numerous in river-valleys, and is sporadic and
uncertain in south Staffs., Salop, and south Derby., and only
occasional in Cheshire and the extreme east of Brecon, Montgomery,
Denbigh, and Flint. On east side locally not uncommon in Leicester,
Notts., and Lines., but thins out northwards and breeds irregularly
in southern parts of the eastern and south-eastern portions of West
Yorks., and sporadically in eastern half of North Yorks. Records
of vagrants from Carmarthen, Cardigan, Lanes. (?), Durham, and
Northumberland (cf. Brit. B., v, pp. 2-21). Scotland. — One, Isle

* The specific name luscinia originally referred to the Thrush-Nightingale
or Sprosser, and cannot, therefore, be used for our Nightingale ! See, among
others, Sharpe, Handlist, iv, p. 153. — E.H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 87

of May (Forth), May 9, 1911 (Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1911, p. 132;
cf. Brit. B., v, p. 83).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from shores of North Sea to
Mediterranean, and Black Sea, north-west Africa, Asia Minor, and
Cyprus, wintering in Africa. Replaced by other races in Persia,
Turkestan, and Khirgiz Steppes. Recently Corsican form has been
separated (Orn. Monatsber., 1910, p. 155).

LUSCINIA LUSCINIA

181. Luscinia luscinia (L.)— THE THRUSH-NIGHTINGALE.

MOTACILLA LUSCINIA Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 184 (1758 —
" Europa." Restricted typical locality: Sweden. Linnaeus expressly
says that he did not observe the small Nightingale).

Luscinia luscinia, W. E. Clarke, Scot. Nat., 1912, p. 9 ; cf. Brit. B., v,
p. 240.

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — One Fair Isle (Shetlands), May 15,
1911 (ut supra). [One at Smeeth (Kent) Oct. 22, 1904 (M. J. Nicoll,
Bull. B.O.C., xv, p. 20) was considered an unlikely genuine migrant
owing to the late date (cf. Hartert, i.e., p. 47 ; Saunders, Brit. B., I,
p. 8). Another said to have been taken Norfolk, June 5, 1845,
was not identified until many years afterwards (L. A. C. Edwards,
Brit. B., v, p. 224).]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South and middle Sweden, south Finland,
Denmark, a narrow belt along the Baltic in north Germany, north-
east Germany generally, Galizia, Transylvania, Roumania, Russia,
east to the Ural (Orenburg) and south-west Siberia to the Altai.
Casual and rare in west Europe. Wintering in east Africa.

[NOTE! — Two examples of the SIBERIAN RUBY-THROAT, Luscinia calliope
(Pallas), are said by Mr. J. P. Nunn to have been observed by him near
Westgate-on-Sea (Kent) in Oct., 1900 (cf. Saunders, Brit. B., i, p. 8), but on
this evidence the bird cannot be admitted. It breeds from Siberia to
Kamtschatka, Mongolia and north China, wintering in the Philippines, south
China and India, and has been observed in the Urals, Caucasus, south France (2)
and Italy (4).]

LUSCINIA SVECICA*

182. Luscinia svecica gaetkei (Kleinschm.)f — THE NOR-
WEGIAN BLUETHROAT.

ERITHACUS GAETKEI Kleinschmidt, Journ. f. Orn., 1904, p. 302 (Norwegian
Alps, but type a migrant from Heligoland).

Ruticilla suecica (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 321 ; Cyanecula suecica (Linnaeus),
Saunders, p. 35.

* No structural character appears to exist by which the Nightingales,
Bluethroats, and some other birds not occurring in the British Isles can be
separated ; they must therefore be placed in the same genus. — E.H.

t This form and its distribution require further study. It differs from
the Lapland form by a more pointed wing, larger size, and deeper brown
upper-parts.

88 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Regular autumn passage-migrant (Aug.-
Oct.) and probably a regular, but seldom observed, spring -migrant
along east coast. Rare straggler south coast ; elsewhere not
recorded. Scotland. — On mainland only once autumn (Elgin,
Sept. 15, 1890), and twice spring (off Aberdeen, May 16, 1872,
Carmyle, Clyde, May 14, 1910). In Fair Isle and Isle of May
regularly in recent years in autumn as well as spring 1909 in Fair
Isle. Three Unst (Shetlands) Sept., 1902, one Monach Island
Light (O. Hebrides) Oct., 1890, and one Pentland Skerries (Orkneys)
May 12, 1890.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Norwegian high mountains. Passes in
numbers over Heligoland, through Holland, and apparently north-
west Germany, France, and Spain. Replaced by allied forms in
Lapland and Sweden, and north Asia.

183. Luscinia svecica cyanecula (Wolf) — THE WHITE-
SPOTTED BLUETHROAT.

SYLVIA CYANECULA Wolf, in Meyer & Wolf's Taschenb. d. deutsch.
Vogelk., i, p. 240 (1810— Germany).

Cyanecula leucocyana Brehm, Yarrell, i, p. 323 (in text) ; Cyanecula
wolfi C. L. Brehm, Saunders, Brit. B., i, p. 7.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Seven males. Near Scarborough
(Yorks.), April 12, 1876 (J. G. Tuck, Zool., 1876, p. 4976, cf. Birds
Yorks., p. 38, and Brit. B., i, p. 228). Dungeness Light (Kent)
Oct. 6, 1902 (M. J. Nicoll, Bull, B.O.C., xn, p. 14). Near Hastings
(Sussex) Sept. 1, 1905 (C. B. Ticehurst, op.c., xvi, p. 34). Fair Isle
(Shetlands) presumably spring 1909 and in 1910 (W. E. Clarke,
Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1910, pp. 67, 196; cf. Brit. B., m, p. 417, v,
p. 200). Two, Pett Level (Sussex), May 15 and 17, 1911 (i.e., v,
H. W. Ford-Lindsay, p. 23, J. B. Nichols, p. 106).*

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Middle Europe from France to west
Russia. Migrates through more western parts of Europe to north-
west Africa, also in lesser numbers to north-east Africa. Replaced
by closely-allied forms in south Russia generally, Persia, Kashmir
(Ladakh), the Karakoram, Pamir and Altai Mountains, and east
Turkestan.

* A bird said to have been a Bluethroat was seen by Captain Hadneld at
Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, from about Feb., 1865, to Sept., 1867, and is
said to have had a spotless blue throat in the month of November, 1865 ! In
Jan., 1866, another Bluethroat was recorded from the same place by the
same observer. No Bluethroats have been observed elsewhere in Great
Britain in winter.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 89

DANDALUS RUBECULA*

184. Dandalus rubecula rubecula (L.)— THE CONTINENTAL
REDBREAST.

MOTACILLA RUBECULA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.,ed. i, p. 188 (1758 — "Europa."

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Erithacus rubecula (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 305 (part) ; Saunders, p. 37

(part).

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Few identified specimens have
been recorded. In spring has been noted St. Catherine's Light
(Isle of Wight) between March 25 and April 23. In autumn on
east coast from Yorks. to Suffolk between Sept. 14 and Nov. 4, in
Sussex in Oct., and at St. Catherine's Light between Oct. 23 and
Dec. 11. In Scotland has been noted on spring and autumn passages
in Fair Isle (Shetlands), where it also winters in small numbers.
Has also occurred Mull of Galloway, Nov., and Isle of May, Oct.
The Robins occurring often in great numbers on passage in
Shetlands are probably also of this form.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally up to 68* north from
France to Urals, west Siberia and west Turkestan, Madeira, Azores,
some of the Canaries, wintering in Persia, and Mediterranean
countries to oases of Sahara. Replaced by allied forms in Sardinia
and Corsica, in north-west Africa, on Tenerife and Gran Canaria,
north Persia and Caucasus.

185. Dandalus rubecula melophilus (Hart.)— THE BRITISH
REDBREAST.

ERITHACUS RUBECULA MELOPHILUS Hartert, Nov. Zool., 1901, p. 317
(British Isles).

Erithacus rubecula (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 305 (part) ; Saunders, p. 37
(part) ; E. r. melophilus, Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 219.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to British Isles. British Isles. — Resident.
Generally distributed, but scarce in extreme north of Scottish
mainland and in Orkneys, and apparently absent from Shetlands
(passage-migrants in Shetlands are probably D. r. rubecula} ; sparingly
distributed North Uist and Lewis, and has bred Barra since 1892,
but not in other O. Hebrides. (Single birds, of which race not
recorded, have occurred occasionally Flannan Isles, spring and
autumn.)

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — A considerable movement of
individuals, southward in autumn and northward in spring, occurs,

* If the Robins are separated generically their name must be Dandalus,
as Erithacus cannot be used, the genotype of the latter being Motacilla erithacus,
which is the Redstart ; moreover Cuvier's name in this case must be regarded
as a nomen nudum. — E.H.

90 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

especially in Scotland and northern parts of England and along
east coast. In some seasons a few leave south coast in late Oct.
and early Nov., and probably return during March, but so few actual
migrants have been examined that it is impossible to say anything
more definite at present ; both races occur together at Lights
on south coast.

PRUNELLA COLLARIS*

1 86. Prunella collaris collaris (Scop.)— THE ALPINE
ACCENTOR.

STUKNTJS COLLARIS Scopoli, Annus i, Historico-Natur., p. 131 (1769

— Carinthia).

Accentor alpinus, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B., i, p. 501 (also MacGillivray,

Hewitson, etc.).

Accentor collaris (Scopoli), Yarrell, i, p. 296 ; Saunders, p. 95.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Twenty obtained or satisfactorily
identified between Aug. and Jan. (once in March) in following
counties : Cornwall (1), Devon (4), Somerset (1), Gloucester (1),
Hants. (1), Surrey (1), Sussex (2), Essex (1), Cambs. (2), Suffolk (2),
Yorks. (1), Warwick (1), Carnarvon (1), Fair Isle (Shetlands) (1).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mountain-systems of south and central
Europe, but replaced by an allied race in south-east Europe (Dalmatia
to Greece), and by others in Caucasus and Asia Minor, and parts of
Asia.

PRUNELLA MODULARIS

187. Prunella modularis modularis (L.)— THE CONTINENTAL
HEDGE-SPARROW.

MOTACILLA MODULARIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 184 (1758 —
" Habitat in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — One only so far identified, Spurn
(Yorks.), Sept. 7, 1882 (Hartert, Brit. B., in, p. 314), but Hedge-
Sparrows observed in Shetlands and Fair Isle in spring (twice in
great numbers in April) and autumn were probably of this form,
which will perhaps be found to be regular spring and autumn passage -
migrant.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from about lat. 70° north to
Mediterranean, east to Black Sea and Urals, in south Spain and
south-east Europe only winter-visitor. Partly migratory, visiting
(rarely) north-west Africa, Asia Minor, and Syria.

* Prunella is the correct name for this genus, since Accentor had been
previously used for the Dippers. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 91

1 88. Prunella modularis occidentalis (Hart.) — THE BRITISH
HEDGE-SPARROW.

ACCENTOR MODULARIS OCCIDENTALIS Hartert, Brit. B., in, p. 313 (March,

1910— British Isles).

Accentor modularis (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 301 ; Saunders, p. 93.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to British Isles. British Isles. — Resident.
Generally distributed, but scarcer (though increasing of recent
years) in extreme north of Scottish mainland, scarce in Orkneys,
does not breed Shetlands, common Stornoway (Lewis), but scarce
elsewhere in 0. Hebrides.

MIGRATIONS.1— British Isles. — A migration soutwards in autumn
and northwards in spring is recorded on east coasts, and although
some have been identified as the British form, some, like those
observed in Shetlands and Fair Isle, are probably P. m. modularis.

TROGLODYTES TROGLODYTES*

189. Troglodytes troglodytes troglodytes (L.)— THE WREN.

MOTACILLA TROGLODYTES Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 188 (1758 —
Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Troglodytes parvulus K. L. Koch, Yarrell, i, p. 460 (part) ; Saunders,
p. 115 (part).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed,
except where replaced by local forms (ut infra}.

MIGRATIONS.' — British Isles. — A migration, possibly of continental
origin, in autumn and spring is noticed on east coasts England and
Scotland (Isle of May), while the frequency of records (although not
annual) points to an autumn passage through the western isles of
Scotland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from north Scandinavia to
Urals in east, and shores of Mediterranean, but replaced by allied
forms on some islands in north Atlantic Ocean, in Mediterranean,
north-west Africa, Caucasus and Persia, Turkestan, and other parts
of north and east Asia to Japan and Kuriles, as well as North
America.

* There has been much diversity of opinion and discussion about the
generic name of the European Wrens, which have been called Anorthura and
Olbiorchilus, but as there is no sufficient reason for a generic separation of the
so-called typical (American) Troglodytes and the others, the name Troglodytes
can be preserved. — E.H.

92 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

190. Troglodytes troglodytes hirtensis Seeb.— THE ST. KILDA
WREN.

TROGLODYTES HIRTENSIS Seebohm, Zoologist, 1884, p. 333 (St. Kilda).
Troglodytes parvulus K. L. Koch, Yarrell, i, p. 460 (part) ; Saunders,
p. 115 (part) ; T. t. hirtensis Seeb., Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 219.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to St. Kilda (0. Hebrides), where it is
resident.

191. Troglodytes troglodytes zetlandicus Hart. — THE SHET-
LAND WREN.

TROGLODYTES TROGLODYTES ZETLANDICUS Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i,
p. 777 (1910— Shetland Islands).

Troglodytes parvulus K. L. Koch, Yarrell, i, p. 460 (part) ; Saunders,
p. 115 (part) ; T. t. zetlandicus, Hartert, Brit. B., iv, p. 134.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to Shetlands, where it is resident. The
Wren inhabiting Fair Isle appears to differ from this form.

CINCLUS CINCLUS

192. Cinclus cinclus cinclus (L.)— THE BLACK-BELLIED
DIPPER.

STURNTJS CINCLUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 168 (1758 — " Habitat

in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Cinclus melanog aster, Yarrell, i, p. 244 (in text) ; Saunders, p. 97 (in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Vagrant. Has occurred several times
in Norfolk and Yorks. from Oct. to Feb. Examples said to have
been of this form have also been recorded from Suffolk, Notts.,
and Salop, and from Spiggie (Shetlands).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Scandinavia and north Russia, Russian
Baltic Provinces and apparently to East Prussia. In winter in
small numbers in north-east Germany and east Russia. Replaced
by allied races in Germany, the Pyrenees, Spain, Alps and Italy,
Corsica and Sardinia, north-west Africa, south-east Europe, the
Caucasus, west and central Asia and Siberia.

193. Cinclus cinclus britannicus Tschusi— THE BRITISH
DIPPER.

CINCLUS CINCLUS BRITANNICUS Tschusi, Orn. Jahrb., xin, p. 69 (1902 —
Great Britain).

Cinclus aquaticus Bechstein, Yarrell, i, p. 241 (part) ; Saunders, p. 97
(part) ; C. c. britannicus Tsch., Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 220.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to Great Britain. England and Wales. —
Resident in west and north England and in Wales, where there are
quickly running rocky streams, but only a rare vagrant to counties
east of Dorset, Somerset, Gloucester, Hereford, Salop, Staffs., and
Derby. Also very scarce in east Yorks., and Durham. Scotland.—
Generally distributed except in Orkneys, where only twice occurred,

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 93

and in Shetlands, where not yet recorded ; in O. Hebrides breeds
in Harris, Lewis, and Barra.

194. Cinclus cinclus hibernicus Hart. — THE IRISH DIPPER.

CINCLUS CINCLUS HIBERNICUS Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 790 (1910 —
co. Cork, Ireland).

Cinclus aquaticus Bechstein, Yarrell, i, p. 241 (part) ; Saunders, p. 97
(part) ; C. c. hibernicus, Hartert, Brit. B., iv, p. 136.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to Ireland, where it is resident and
generally distributed in suitable localities.

CHELIDON RUSTICA*

195. Chelidon rustica rustica (L.)— THE SWALLOW.

HIRUNDO RUSTICA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 191 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 340; Saunders, p. 163.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (mid-March to
mid-Oct., individuals often in Nov., sometimes Dec., and occasion-
ally throughout winter). Generally distributed, but breeds rarely
in extreme west of Ireland, north-west of Scotland and Orkneys, and
very rarely Shetlands and 0. Hebrides (Barra, 1896, and probably
on occasions in Uists and Lewis).

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Passage-migration lasts from late
April till (sometimes) mid-June, with maximum about mid-May.
These passage-migrants form bulk of later south coast immigrants.
Northward movement almost entirely confined to east coast and
North Sea is crossed before northern limit of mainland is reached,
very few indeed passing through Orkneys and Shetlands. Small
numbers pass north up east coast of Ireland and west coast of
England and Wales, going through the Hebrides during first three
weeks of May, probably to Faeroes and Iceland, and possibly northern
Europe. Autumn passage-migration lasts from mid-Sept, to mid-
Oct. Pronounced on east coast of mainland, but little noticed
elsewhere. On arrival birds mingle with our own, and movements
cannot be separated. Departures all take place from south coast,
and probably passage-migrants form bulk of later departing birds.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe, north-west Africa and western
parts of Asia. Wintering in tropical and south Africa, India and
its islands. Replaced by allied forms in Syria ( ? Asia Minor), Egypt,
north Asia to Japan, and North America, all being migrants, winter-
ing far south.

* Chelidon Forster, 1817, was used for the Swallows and not for the
Martins ! Forster separated our three genera for the first time, naming the
Swallows Chelidon, the Martins Hirundo, the Sand-Martins Riparia, and this
must be accepted (c/. Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i, pp. 799, 800 ; also Brit. B.,
iv, pp. 136, 230, 259).— E.H.

94 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

CHELIDON DAURICA.

196. Chelidon daurica rufula (Temm.)— THE RED-RUMPED
SWALLOW.

HIRUNDO RUFULA Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2, ed. in, p. 298 (1835 —

Egypt, Sicily, S. Africa, Japan. S. Africa ex Levaillant, whose locality

is not trustworthy. Japan erroneous. Restricted typical locality :

Egypt).

Hinindo rufula, W. E. Clarke, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1906, p. 205, 1908,

p. 203 ; Saunders, Brit. B., I, p. 11.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Two obtained and two seen.
One shot (and picked up dead ten days later) and two others seen,
Fair Isle (Shetlands), June 2, 1906 (ut supra}. Adult female Jury
Gap, Romney Marsh (Kent), May 16, 1909 (M. J. Nicoll, Bull.
B.O.C., xxm, p. 93, and Brit. B., m, p. 122).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Turkestan, Persia, Baluchistan, Afghan-
istan, Syria, Egypt ( ? only as migrant), Asia Minor, Cyprus, Greece,
also Marocco and (rare or casual) Algeria, and Tunisia. Sometimes
seen in Italy, perhaps breeding in Sicily and south Italy, has occurred
once Heligoland, and south France. Replaced by allied races in
east Siberia, Mongolia, and north China (once [two specimens] in
June in Assam), in the mountains south of the Brahmaputra,
India, south China, and the East Indian Archipelago (probably
only in winter).

HIRUNDO URBICA

197. Hirundo urbica urbica L.— THE MARTIN.

HIRUNDO URBICA Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 192 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Chelidon urbica (Linnseus), Yarrell, n, p. 349 ; Saunders, p. 165.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (late March to
mid-Oct., often Nov., and sometimes Dec.). Generally distributed,
but more local, especially in Ireland, than Swallow. Scarce
breeder Orkneys, only occasionally nests and not common migrant
Shetlands, and rare vagrant (about eight times) to O. Hebrides.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Movements of passage -migrants have
not yet been worked out in detail, but probably they follow very
closely those of the Swallow, and the two species often migrate in
company, particularly in autumn.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe, from lat. 70° north in Scandi-
navia to Mediterranean, east to Yenisei and Turkestan. Wintering
in south-east Africa and Mossamedes, and in north-west India.
Replaced by short-winged form in north-west Africa and apparently
south-west Persia and Greece, and in central and east Siberia,
Mongolia, Manchuria and north China, Kashmir, south China and
Japan.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 95

RIPARIA RIPARIA

198. Riparia riparia riparia (L.)— THE SAND-MARTIN.

HIRTJNDO RIPARIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 192 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Cotile riparia (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 355 ; Saunders, p. 167.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (late March to
Sept. and Oct., and exceptionally Nov.). Widely distributed, but
local. In Ireland more frequent than Martin. Scarce in extreme
north of Scotland and 0. Hebrides, rare breeder Orkneys, and
scarce migrant, once recorded nesting, Shetlands.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Movements of passage -migrants have
not yet been worked out in detail, but probably they are very similar
to those of preceding two species, with which they often travel in
company, particularly in autumn.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally from 70° north, south to
Tunisia and Algeria, east to Siberia, Syria, Palestine, but limits not
well known, also North America. Wintering in east and south
Africa, India, also in South America. Replaced by other forms
(limits in Asia imperfectly known) in Siberia, north-west India,
Turkestan, and Nile Valley.

[NOTE. — The AMERICAN PURPLE MARTIN, Progne subis subis (L.), said
to have been shot near Kingstown, Ireland, in 1840 (Yarrell, 11, p. 361 ;
Saunders, p. 166), and the AMERICAN TREE-SWALLOW, Tachycineta bicolor
(Vieill.), said to have been killed at Derby in 1850, cannot be admitted.]

APUS MELBA*

199. Apus melba melba (L.)— THE ALPINE SWIFT.

HIRUNDO MELBA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 192 (1758 — Gibraltar).
melba (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 372 ; Saunders, p. 263.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — England. — Rare vagrant. About
twenty-five satisfactorily identified from April to Oct. in various
parts, but chiefly in southern half, but seven Yorks. and one North-
umberland. Wales. — One, Pembroke, Nov. 20, 1908. Ireland. —
Four. Scotland — None.

* There has been much discussion about the generic name of the Swifts,
but since 1897 the name Apus has been adopted by most advocates of priority.
It has been rejected by some on account of the name Apos, employed in the
same book by the same author some pages previously for a genus of Crustaceans.
As the author (Scopoli) wrote nearly all his books in Latin, and was a great
Latin scholar, we cannot consider this as an "error of transcription," but
must suppose that he purposely used these two different spellings, in order to
distinguish between the two names. If the name Apus is rejected, then
Micropus comes into use, as employed in the Catalogue of Birds. — E.H.

96 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North-west Africa, south Europe to
Pyrenees, Alps and Crimea, islands in Mediterranean, Asia Minor
to Caucasus, Persia to Turkestan, Himalayas and high mountains
of Indian Peninsula, Ceylon. Winter- quarters uncertain ; observed
in south Arabia and northern Sahara on migration. Replaced by
allied races in mountains of tropical and south Africa.

APUS APUS

200. Apus apus apus (L.) — THE SWIFT.

HIRUNDO APUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 192 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Cypselus apus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 364 ; Saunders, p. 261.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (end April to end
Aug., Sept., and Oct., exceptionally later). Generally distributed
except in north-west Scotland, where does not breed ; I. Hebrides,
where rarely breeds ; O. Hebrides, Orkneys and Shetlands, where
does not breed and is an uncommon, though fairly regular, migrant.
These last must be passage-migrants, but there is practically no
other evidence of passage-migration.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally from about lat. 70° in
Scandinavia and Archangel in north Russia southwards, in winter
as far as south Africa and Madagascar. Replaced by somewhat
doubtful forms in south Europe and north-west Africa, and by more
distinct ones in various parts of west, north, and middle Asia.

CENTURA CAUDACUTA

201. Chaetura caudacuta caudacuta (Lath.) — THE NEEDLE-
TAILED SWIFT.

HIRUNDO CAUDACUTA Latham, Ind. Orn., Suppl., p. Ivii, (1801 —

Australia).

Acanthyllis caudacuta (Latham), Yarrell, n, p. 371 (footnote), in, p. ix ;

Saunders, p. 265.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Two. One Great Horkesley (Essex)
July 8, 1846 (Zool., 1846, p. 1492). One (said to have been with
another) Ringwood (Hants) July 26 or 27, 1879 (Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1880, p. 1 ; Zool., 1880, p. 81).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — East Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, Sac-
halin, and Japan, in winter in Australia and Tasmania. Replaced
by G. caudacuta nudipes in the Himalayas.

CAPRIMULGUS EUROP^US

202. Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus L. — THE NIGHTJAR.

CAPRIMULGUS EUROPAEUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 193 (1758 —

' ' Europe and America," the latter a mistake. Restricted typical locality :

Sweden).

Caprimulgus europceus Linnseus, Yarrell, n, p. 377 ; Saunders, p. 267.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 97

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (May to Sept.,
occasionally Nov.). Generally distributed in suitable localities,
except Orkneys and Shetlands, where only a vagrant, and 0.
Hebrides, where only twice occurred (Ghlaiss, Aug. 14, 1897, N.
Uist, June 2, 1907).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from about lat. 63° north, south-
wards in winter in Africa. Replaced in Spain, Corsica and Sardinia,
parts of Italy, south-east Europe north to Hungary, Crimea, and
south-east Russia, Asia Minor, north-west Africa, and various
parts of Asia by other races.

CAPRIMULGUS ^GYPTIUS

203. Caprimulgus aegyptius segyptius Licht.* — THE
EGYPTIAN NIGHTJAR.

CAPRIMULGUS .^GYPTIUS Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., p. 59 (1823 —

Typical locality : Egypt).

Caprimulgus cegyptius (Licht.), Yarrell, in, p. ix ; Saunders, p. 270.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One Rainworth, near Mansfield (Notts.)
June 23, 1883 (J. Whitaker, ZooL, 1883, p. 374).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Ranges from Turkestan, Afghanistan,
Baluchistan, Mesopotamia, and east Persia to Egypt, and is partly
migratory. A less greyish, more reddish-isabelline form inhabits
the Sahara, south Algeria, south Tunisia, Libyan Desert to Egypt
on west side of Nile.

CAPRIMULGUS RUFICOLLIS

204. Caprimulgus ruficollis desertorum Erl.t — THE
ALGERIAN RED-NECKED NIGHTJAR.

CAPRIMULGUS RUFICOLLIS DESERTORUM Erlanger, Journ. f. Orn., 1899,
p. 521, pi. xi (Tunisia).

Caprimulgus ruficollis Temminck, Yarrell, n, p. 386, in, p. ix, ; Saunders,
p. 269.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One Killingworth, near Newcastle
(Northumberland), Oct. 5, 1856 (Hancock, Ibis, 1862, p. 39.)

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Tunisia and Algeria, but not breeding
south of Atlas mountains. Replaced by darker form in south Spain,
Portugal, and Marocco south to south-western Atlas.

* It is more likely that the true C. cegyptius cegyptius has occurred in
Europe than the Saharan form C. ce. saharce, but it would be desirable to
compare the specimen in Mr. Whitaker's collection.

t I have carefully examined the specimen from Killingworth ; it is rather
faded, but, taking this into full consideration, there seems no doubt that it
belongs to the desert form, and not to the darker C. ruficollis ruficollis from
Spain and north Marocco, which one would have expected. — E.H.

98 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

MEROPS APIASTER

205. Merops apiaster L. — THE BEE-EATER.

MEROPS APIASTER Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 117 (1758 — " Habitat

in Europa australi, Oriente ").

Merops apiaster Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 435 ; Saunders, p. 283.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant. England. — Over forty
obtained and many others seen, chiefly south of Derby, but seven
in Yorks. Scotland. — Five or six seen or obtained on mainland,
and one Shetlands. Ireland. — Over twenty seen or obtained.
Generally appears in spring, but also in autumn ; often two or three
together, and flocks of six or seven have been reported from Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South Europe and Mediterranean islands,
Africa north of Sahara, north to Camargue in south France, Danube
in Hungary, and south Russia, eastwards to Transcaspia, Turkestan
and west Siberia, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan, and Kash-
mir. During migration and in winter in tropical Africa south to
Cape Colony (where also said to nest), and north-west India. Often
strays north of its regular range and has nested at least three times
in Germany, once found in Lapland, several times in central and
even north Russia, and in Scandinavia and Denmark, Heligoland,
Germany, Belgium, Holland, north France, and Luxemburg.

[NOTE. — The BLUE -TAILED BEE-EATER, Merops philippinus L., recorded
from near Seaton Carew in 1862, cannot be admitted (Yarrell, n, p. 442 ;
Saunders, p. 284).]

UPUPA EPOPS

206. Upupa epops epops L. — THE HOOPOE.

UPUPA EPOPS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 117 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Upupa epops Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 419 ; Saunders, p. 285.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Passage -migrant, regular in
spring but less frequent in autumn, on south and south-east coasts
England. North of Thames on east coast frequent, but less regular ;
elsewhere a vagrant, rare in north Wales (six only), midlands and
north-west England. Has nested from time to time in all south
coastal counties (perhaps most frequently Hants.) as well as Surrey
and Wilts. Has occurred in winter in various counties even in
north. Scotland. — Vagrant. Has occurred in most parts, including
I. and O. Hebrides, Orkneys, Fair Isle, and Shetlands. Ireland.—
Almost annual passage-migrant in spring and autumn on south
coast, but has never nested. Vagrant elsewhere.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe, more frequent in south. East-
wards to west Siberia and west Turkestan, breeding apparently alsoin
north-west India. In winter in Africa as far as Gambia, Haussaland

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 99

Abyssinia and Galla countries, and south India. Replaced
by other forms in east Siberia and Mongolia, Egypt, tropical and
south Africa, Madagascar, India, Ceylon, south China, and Hainan.

CORACIAS GARRULUS

207. Coracias garrulus garrulus L. — THE ROLLER.

CORACIAS GARRULUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 107 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Coracias garrulus Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 428 ; Saunders, p. 281.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant. Over one hundred have
occurred in most parts, chiefly autumn, but fairly often spring. Most
often in south and east England (24 Norfolk), rarely in north Wales
and north-west England and Scotland (but examples recorded as
far as Caithness, Orkneys, and St. Kilda). Ten obtained in Ireland

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from 61° north in Scandinavia
and latitude of St. Petersburg to Mediterranean and north-west
Africa, eastwards to west Siberia. Replaced by allied form in
Transcaspia, north Persia, etc. In winter in tropical and south
Africa to Cape Colony, also in India. Single specimens observed in
north Norway, on Fseroes and Canaries.

[NOTE. — The recorded occurrences of two ABYSSINIAN ROLLERS, Coracias
abyssinicus Bodd., near Glasgow about 1857 (Yarrell, n, p. 434; Saunders,
p. 282), and of an INDIAN ROLLER, Coracias benghalensis L., said to have been
shot near Louth (Lines.), Oct., 1883, cannot be admitted.]

ALCEDO ISPIDA

208. Alcedo ispida ispida L.— THE KINGFISHER.

ALCEDO ISPIDA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 115 (1758 — "Habitat
in Europa, Asia." Restricted typical locality : Europe).
Alcedo ispida Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 443 ; Saunders, p. 279.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident. Generally distri-
buted on slow-flowing streams, often moving to coasts in autumn
and severe weather. Occasional appearance at Lights in autumn
and spring may indicate passage-movements. Scotland. — Resident.
Generally distributed in south, but becoming irregular and rare north
of Grampians. Not noted Caithness or Shetlands, and only once
Orkneys and 0. Hebrides (Barra, July 25, 1892). Ireland.—
Resident but scarce in all counties.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, from south Scandinavia
to Mediterranean, replaced by closely -allied forms in north Africa
and Asia.

[NOTE. — The two AMERICAN BELTED KiNGFiSHERSjCer^e alcyon (L.), said
to have been obtained in Meath and Wicklow in autumn 1845 (Yarrell, n,
p. 452 ; Saunders, p. 280 (in text) ) cannot be admitted, as the records were
undoubtedly due to a fraud. The bird inhabits North America and has
occurred in Holland and on the Azores.]

H 2

100 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

PICUS VIRIDIS

209. Picus viridis pluvius Hart.— THE BRITISH GREEN
WOODPECKER.

Picus VIRIDIS PLUVIUS Hartert, Brit. B., v, p. 125.

Gecinus viridis (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 457 ; Saunders, p. 273.

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to British Isles. England and Wales.—-
Resident. Fairly generally distributed but local, rare Lanes, and
extreme west and north-west Yorks., and only occasional Westmor-
land, Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland. Scotland. — Rare
vagrant. Three Dumfries., one Clyde area, one Roxburgh, one
" Forth," several " Tay," and one Orkneys, but most records not
entirely satisfactory. Ireland. — Rare vagrant. Three recorded as
obtained, one in 1847 and one in 1854, but no specimens exist.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Replaced by a closely-allied form in
Europe generally, north to Lapland, east to Caucasus and Asia
Minor, and by others in Spain and Persia.

DRYOBATES MAJOR*

210. Dryobates major major (L.)— THE NORTHERN GREAT
SPOTTED WOODPECKER.

Picus MAJOR Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 114 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Dendrocopus major (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 470 (part) ; Saunders, p. 275

(part).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor. Apparently fairly :
regular in small numbers Sept. to Nov. east coast Great Britain j
from Norfolk northwards, often visiting Shetlands and Orkneys, i
and occasionally west side Scotland and even 0. Hebrides, also |
sometimes occurs inland in England (e.g. Northants, 1889), and
south of Norfolk. In Ireland about forty occurrences in all proba- c
bility of this form. Periodically occurs in considerable numbers,
as in 1861, 1868, 1886, 1889, 1898, 1901, 1903, 1909. Very fewg
specimens have yet been critically examined, but evidence for above,
statement is strongly presumptive. Examples have been deter-e
mined as follows : — Co. Down winter 1886-7 ; Northants, Dec., 1889 ;
Perth, Oct., 1891 ; Forfar, Nov., 1892 ; Lines., Oct., 1898 ; Sussex,

* According to recent investigations made in America, the usual name
Dendrocopus (originally spelt Dendrocopos) was published in July, 1816, and
thus was anticipated by Dendrocopus of Vieillot published in April of the same
year. These names spelt with us and os at the end cannot both stand : they
obviously have the same meaning, and are only differently transliterated
from the Greek. The case thus differs from that of Apus and Apos, which
were created by the same author in the same book, and were probably both
spelt thus differently in order to distinguish them. The name Dryobates
has been in undisputed use in America for the last 25 years. — E.H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 101

Nov., 1903 ; Northumberland, Nov., 1904 ; Berwick, March, 1906 ;
Yorks. and Forth, Sept., 1909 ; East Ross, Oct., 1909 ; Aberdeen,
Dec., 1909 ; Sussex, Nov., 1910.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Europe, as far south as East
Prussia, north and middle Russia and Siberia. In winter somewhat
vagrant, thus appearing sometimes out of its range. Replaced by
allied forms in central, west, and south Europe, Canaries, north-west
Africa, and many parts of Asia.

211. Dryobates major anglicus (Hart.) — THE BRITISH
GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER.

DENDROCOPUS MAJOR ANGLICUS Hartert, Nov. Zool., 1900, p. 528 (Eng-
land) ; id., Brit. B., I, p. 221.

Dendrocopus major (Linnaeus), Yarrell, 11, p. 470 (part) ; Saunders, p. 275
(part).

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined to British Isles. England and Wales. —
Resident. Fairly distributed in wooded parts, but scarce Lanes,
and rare Westmorland and Cumberland, and very scarce north of
Durham. Scotland. — Became extinct about middle of nineteenth
century, but since 1887, when bred in Berwick., has gradually
increased in south Scotland and is now fairly well spread, but very
scarce, though increasing, in south-eastern half as well as Dumfries.,
and has nested since 1907 as far north as Dunkeld (Perth.) and even
once in Aberdeen (1903).*

DRYOBATES MINOR

212. Dryobates minor comminutus (Hart.)— THE BRITISH
LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER.

DENDROCOPUS MINOR COMMINUTUS Hartert, Brit. B., i, p. 221 (1907 —

England. Type : Wingrave in Bucks.).

Dendrocopus minor (Linnseus), Yarrell, n, p. 477 ; Saunders, p. 277.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident. Local but common
in some places in south England and midlands, becoming extremely
local Yorks., very rare Lanes., and only vagrant northwards, though
has nested once Cumberland. In eastern Wales fairly distributed,
but in west practically unknown, though nested Merioneth 1908.
Scotland. — One recorded Dumfries. 1865, and two others said
obtained Solway district, but reported occurrences elsewhere
extremely doubtful. Ireland. — Six or seven recorded, but none
since a very doubtful record in 1857 ; no specimen can be traced,
and Mr. Ussher places species in square brackets (List of Irish Birds,
1908).

* Many winter occurrences of stray birds in north England and north and
west Scotland are no doubt referable to the northern form, as are probably the
examples recorded from Ireland.

102 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — The Lesser Spotted Woodpecker of
Holland appears to be the same as that of Great Britain. In
other parts of Europe, north-west Africa, and north Asia, replaced
by allied races.

[NOTE. — Numerous supposed occurrences of the BLACK WOODPECKER,
Dryocopus m. martins (L.), have been recorded (Yarrell, n, p. 482 ; Saunders,
p. 278), but none are sufficiently authenticated to admit of its inclusion.
No specimens have been produced, while caged birds are known to have been
turned out on one occasion at least. Its distribution abroad is : Europe
from Archangel in north Russia and Scandinavia to Cantabrian mountains,
Alps and Balkan Peninsula, Caucasus and Siberia to Kamtschatka and
Sachalin in the east, and Ussuriland in the south. Replaced by allied form
in Kham (south-west Tibet).]

[NOTE. — Examples of the AMERICAN HAIRY WOODPECKER, Dryobates
villosus (L.) or subspecies, are said to have been obtained in Yorks. (Yarrell,
11, p. 485 ; Saunders, p. 276). An example of the AMERICAN DOWNY WOOD-
PECKER, Dryobates pubescens (L.), or one of its forms, is said to have been killed
in Dorset in 1836 (Yarrell, n, p. 485 ; Saunders, p. 278), and others have been
recorded, but all these, as well as a specimen of the AMERICAN GOLDEN-WINGED
WOODPECKER, Colaptes auratus (L.) or one of its subspecies (Yarrell, n, p. 486 ;
Saunders, p. 278) said to have been shot in Wilts, in 1836, were no doubt
due to importation. Donovan's statement in 1809 that an example of the
THREE-TOED WOODPECKER, Picoides tridactylus (L.) or subspecies, had been
shot in Scotland is unsubstantiated (Yarrell, n, p. 486 ; Saunders, p. 278).]

JYNX TORQUILLA

213. Jynx torquilla torquilla L.— THE WRYNECK.

JYNX TORQUILLA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 112 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Jynx torquilla Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 487 ; Saunders, p. 271.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (mid-March
to end Sept.). Chiefly south-east England, scarce south-west, rare
Wales (especially in north), very scarce Cheshire, north Staffs., and
Derby., very local Yorks. and Durham, rare vagrant Northumberland,
as now in Lanes, and Cumberland, where it formerly bred. Scotland.
— Very scarce passage-migrant on east side and most often noted
in northern isles. Very rare vagrant to south-west, has not occurred
from Argyll, northwards or in I. or 0. Hebrides. Ireland. — Six.
One in May, five in autumn at or near coast.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe and temperate north Asia, passing
through the Sahara and Egypt, and wintering in tropical Africa and
India. Replaced by closely-allied forms in the far east, Sardinia
and Algeria.

CUCULUS CANORUS

214. Cuculus canorus canorus L. — THE CUCKOO.

CUCULUS CANORUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 110 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, Yarrell, n, p. 387 ; Saunders, p. 287.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 103

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (early April, strag-
glers occasionally late March, to Sept. and Oct., very occasionally
Nov. (latest co. Down, Nov. 26, 1900), adults leaving by Aug.).
Generally distributed, but rare in Shetlands.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from within the Arctic Circle
to north-west Africa, and a great part of Asia. In winter in Africa
and parts of south Asia. On Canaries only on passage. Replaced
by allied forms in parts of Asia, and in south-west Europe and
north-west Africa.

CLAMATOR GLANDARIUS*

215. Clamator glandarius (L.)— THE GREAT SPOTTED
CUCKOO.

CUCULUS GLANDARIUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. Ill (1758 —

North Africa and South Europe).

Coccystes glandarius (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 408 ; Saunders, p. 289.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Four. One Omey Isle (Galway)
about March, 1842. One seen Skellig Rock (Kerry) April 30, 1897.
One near Bellingham (Northumberland) Aug. 5, 1870. One Yar-
mouth (Norfolk) Oct. 18, 1896 (Saunders, p. 289).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — During breeding -season in north Africa
and south-west Europe, rare in Greece, east to Asia Minor, Cyprus
and Persia, casual in Bulgaria and Dalmatia, also in Italy, three
times observed in Germany. Wintering in tropical and south
Africa. Either this or closely-allied form breeds also in tropical and
south Africa.

COCCYZUS AMERICANUS

216. Coccyzus americanus americanus (L-)t — THE
AMERICAN YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.

CUCULUS AMERICANUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. Ill (1758 —

Carolina).

Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, n, p. 414 ; Saunders, p. 290

(in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. About twelve as
follows : — England and Wales. — Pembroke, autumn, 1832. Corn-
wall about 1835. Cardigan, Oct. 29, 1870. Lundy Is. (Devon),
Oct., 1874. Dorset, Oct. 5, 1895. Isle of Wight, Oct., 1896.

* The name Clamator antedates Coccystes by 15 years. See Stejneger,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xv, p. 37. — E.H.

f Both the American Cuckoos must be admitted, in our opinion, as rare
vagrants to Europe.

104 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BTRDS.

Carnarvon, Nov. 10, 1899. Somerset, Oct. 6; 1901. Hants.,
Oct. 30, 1901. Scotland.— Colonsay Isle (Argyll), Nov. 6, 1904.
Ireland. — Cork, autumn, 1825. Dublin, autumn, 1832 (cf. Yarrell,
Saunders, and Brit. B., I, p. 284, iv, p. 126).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad.— Breeds in south parts of North America,
migrates through West Indies and Central America, and winters in
South America. Rare straggler to Europe (Italy, Belgium).

COCCYZUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS

217. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson)— THE AMERICAN
BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO.

CCTCTJLUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS Wilson, Amer. Orn., iv, 1811, 16, pi. 28,
fig. 2 (1811 — Typical locality probably near Philadelphia).
Coccyzus erythrophthalmus Yarrell, n, p. 415 (footnote) ; Saunders, p. 290
(in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — Ireland. — One Killead (Antrim), Sept. 25, 1871
(Zool 1872, p. 3022 ; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 661 ; Yarrell,
Saunders, and Birds Ireland, p. 401).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in eastern half of North America,
from south-east Alberta, south Manitoba, south Quebec, south to
Arkansas, North Carolina, and mountains of Georgia. Winters in
South America and has occurred as a vagrant in Italy and the
Azores.

NYCTEA NYCTEA*

218. Nyctea nyctea (L.)— THE SNOWY OWL.

STRIX NYCTEA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 93 (1758 — " Habitat in
Europa et America septentrionali." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Nyctea scandiaca (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 187 ; Saunders, p. 303.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Almost regular winter-visitor to
Shetlands and frequent Orkneys and Hebrides, often on mainland
of Scotland and in Ireland, where nearly forty recorded, chiefly
in north and north-west, and most numerously Mayo. In
England three taken in Northumberland, one and several seen
Yorks., ten Norfolk, one Suffolk, some five Devon, one Somerset,
one Scilly Isles. Occurs from Sept. to April, and one (Mayo)
July 21, 1906.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Circumpolar, some birds migrating into
the temperate zone in winter, in Europe occasionally as far south as
France, Switzerland, Caspian and Black Seas.

* Linnseus's name scandiaca cannot be accepted, because he referred to
an owl with long ears, and thus could not have meant the Snowy Owl. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 105

SURNIA ULULA

219. Surnia ulula ulula (L.)— THE EUROPEAN HAWK-OWL.

STRIX ULULA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 93 (1758— Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Surnia funerea (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 183 (part) ; Saunders, p. 305

(part).

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — One Unst (Shetlands) winter 1860-1 ,
probably this form. One Amesbury (Wilts.), prior to 1876. One
Aberdeen., Nov., 1898 (Saunders, pp. 305, 756). One Northants.,
Oct. 19, 1903, not definitely assigned to either form (J. H. Gurney,
ZooL, 1904, p. 214).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern parts of Old World, casual
Alaska, in winter vagrant and slightly more to south. Replaced
by allied forms in North America (S. ulula caparoch) and in parts
of Asia.

220. Surnia ulula caparoch (Miiller)— THE AMERICAN
HAWK-OWL.

STRIX CAPAROCH P.L.S. Miiller, Natursystem, Suppl., p. 69 (1776 —
Ex Edwards " Europa " by mistake ! Typical locality : Hudson Bay).
Surnia funerea (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 183 (part) ; Saunders, p. 305
(part).

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Four. One off Cornwall, March,
1830. One Yalton (Somerset), Aug., 1847. One near Glasgow
(Renfrew), Dec., 1863. One near Greenock (Renfrew), Nov., 1868
(Saunders, p. 305).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern North America, in winter in
small numbers as far south as Washington, Nebraska, Indiana,
Ohio, New York, Massachusetts, and Maine.

iEGOLIUS TENGMALMI

221. ^Egolius tengmalmi tengmalmi (Gm.)* — TENGMALM'S
OWL.

STRIX TENGMALMI Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, i, p. 291 (1788— Sweden).
Nyctala tengmalmi (J. F. Gmelin), Yarrell, i, p. 154 ; Saunders, p. 299.

* In the A.O.U. Checklist, ed. in, p. 171, Tengmalm's Owl is called
Cryptoglaux funerea funerea. Nyctala Brehm, 1828, is a nomen nudum,
therefore rightly rejected. dSgolius Kaup, 1829, has been rejected on account
of ^Egolia Billberg, 1828, but this is contrary to the International Rules of
Zoological Nomenclature. With regard to the specific name, we cannot
accept funerea L. (which was principally based on a figure of Billberg repre-
senting Tengmalm's Owl), for its author says that it has the size of a
Crow, while Tengmalm's Owl is about half that size. Moreover, Linnaeus
quoted as a doubtful synonym a figure of the Short-eared Owl. — E.H.

106 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Rare vagrant. About twenty authentic
records chiefly in Yorks. (twelve), Northumberland, Norfolk, and
Suffolk, also one or two so far south as Kent and Somerset, Salop
(one), Northants. (one), Lanes, (one), Cumberland (one). (In Oct.
and Nov., 1901, it occurred in Suffolk (two), Norfolk, Yorks. and
Shetlands.) Scotland.— Tour. Cramond Is. (Forth) Dec., 1860.
Peterhead (Aberdeen), Feb., 1886. Shetlands, Nov., 1901, and
January, 1908

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Europe, mountain-forests of cen-
tral and east Europe, Siberia ; in winter and autumn, vagrant.
Replaced by allied forms in north-east Siberia, Caucasus, and North
America.

ATHENE NOCTUA*

222. Athene noctua noctua (Scop.)— THE LITTLE OWL.

STRIX NOCTUA Scopoli, Annus i, Historico-Xat., p. 22 (1772 — Carniola ;
description bad, perhaps doubtful, but Retzius, Faun. Suec., p. 84, 1800,
gave a clear description of the Little Owl, adopting the same name).
Carine noctua (Scopoli), Yarrell, I, p. 178 ; Athene noctua (Scopoli),
Saunders, p. 301.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Now resident as an introduced
bird. About twenty early recorded examples may have been
genuine vagrants, but since Waterton turned out five in Yorks. in
1843, large numbers have been introduced, notably by Lord Lilford
at Oundle, Northants., some years previous to 1889, and by Mr.
E. G. B. Meade-Waldo near Edenbridge, Kent, about 1874. From
Oundle they have spread greatly and now breed in Northants.,
Leicester, south Derby , Rutland, Lines, (probably Yorks.), Hunts.,
Cambs., Beds., Herts., and Berks., and have occurred in Staffs.,
Salop, Warwick, Worcester., Hereford., Gloucester., Oxon., Wilts.,
Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Notts. From Edenbridge they have spread
and breed through west half Kent and much of Sussex and Surrey,
while a record of breeding at Portsmouth may be due to this intro-
duction. Examples recorded from Anglesey, Ireland, and Scotland
were probably escapes.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from North Sea (once in South
Sweden) to Mediterranean. Replaced by allied forms in north Africa
and parts of west Asia.

* The generic name Athene has been rejected on account of the previous
Athena of Hiibner for a genus of moths ; but no explanation of the meanings
of either name being given, both may stand. Otherwise Carine would have
to be adopted.— E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 107

BUBO BUBO

223. Bubo bubo bubo (L.)— THE EAGLE-OWL.

STRIX BUBO Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 92 (1758 — Europe. Restricted

typical locality : Sweden).

Bubo ignavus T. Forster, Yarrell, i, p. 168 ; Saunders, p. 309.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Very rare vagrant. Being fre-
quently kept in captivity, suspicion rests upon a good many recorded
occurrences. Specimens have been taken in Yorks., Lines., Oxon.,
Derby, Salop, Sussex, Hants., Wilts., Shetlands, Orkneys, and
Argyll., and a good many others recorded as seen.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from Scandinavia and north
Russia to Mediterranean. According to Loche in Algerian Atlas.
Replaced by more or less different races in Spain, south-east Europe,
Asia Minor, Turkestan, Siberia and other parts of Asia to Japan
and north Africa.

ASIO OTUS

224. Asio otus otus (L.)— THE LONG-EARED OWL.

STRIX OTUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 92 (1758 — Europe. Re-
stricted typical locality : Sweden).
Asio otus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 158 ; Saunders, p. 293.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed in
wooded localities, but rather local. To 0. Hebrides and Shetlands
uncommon migrant. On east coast Great Britain noted in limited
numbers as migrant in late autumn.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe and north Asia, also north-west
Africa. Replaced by allied races on some Canary Islands and in
North America.

ASIO FLAMMEUS*

225. Asio flammeus flammeus (Pontoppidan) — THE SHORT-
EARED OWL.

STRIX FLAMMEA Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, i, p. 617, pi. xxv (1763 —

Denmark).

Asio brachyotus MacGillivray, Hist. Brit. B., in, p. 461.

Asio accipitrinus (Pallas), Yarrell, i, p. 163 ; Saunders, p. 295.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter-visitor
Oct. and Nov. to April and May). In England and Wales nests

* Pontoppidan clearly figured the Short-eared Owl and named it Strix
flammea in 1763. Afterwards Linnaeus, in 1766, published a very short
description of an owl, which he also called Strix flammea. This latter was
partly based on a picture by Rudbeck, which represents the Short-eared Owl,
partly on descriptions of the Barn-Owl. Evidently Linnaeus did not know
these Owls himself. — E.H.

108 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

occasionally in many counties but doubtfully regularly anywhere
south of Lanes, and Yorks. Northwards and throughout Scotland
nests locally and sparingly, but in Shetlands rarely and in I. Hebrides
infrequently. Not known to nest in Ireland. As winter- visit or
fairly generally distributed, and both as breeder and migrant
numbers fluctuate considerably, and are greatly augmented in years
of vole-plague, e.g. 1874-6 and 1891-3 in south Scotland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Nearly cosmopolitan, but absent in
Europe as a breeding-species from Spain. If no other races can be
separated (which is by no means settled) certainly that inhabiting
Hawaii is different, but Russian authors separate also a pale Asiatic
form.

OTUS SCOPS*

226. Otus scops scops (L.)— THE SCOPS-OWL.

STRIX SCOPS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 92 (1758 — Europe. Re-
stricted typical locality : Italy).
Scops giu (Scopoli), Yarrell, i, p. 173 ; Saunders, p. 307.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. England. — Cornwall
(2), Wilts., Hants. (4), Kent (4 or 5), Berks., Bucks., Middlesex,
Essex, Norfolk (5); Northants., Yorks. (about 5), Cheshire, Lanes.,
Cumberland (2). Wales.— Pembroke. Scotland.— Fife, Perth. (2),
Aberdeen (2), Sutherland, Orkneys, Shetlands (3). Ireland. — Nine
times.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from south Germany to Mediter-
ranean, north Africa. Replaced by other races in Cyprus, parts of
Asia and Africa. Palsearctic forms and their distribution not yet
sufficiently known.

TYTO ALBAf

227. Tyto alba alba (Scop.)— THE WHITE-BREASTED
BARN-OWL.

STRIX ALBA Scopoli, Annus i, Historic© -Natur. , p. 21 (1769 — Friuli,
in N. Italy).

Aluco ftammeus (Linnaeus) (nee Pontoppidan), Yarrell, i, p. 194 (part) ;
Strix ftammea Linnaeus (nee Pontoppidan), Saunders, p. 291 (part).

* The generic name Otus Pennant, 1769, antedates Scops of Savigny.

f It has already been explained, under the Short-eared Owl, that the name
Strix ftammea belongs to the latter, and cannot be used for the Barn-Owl.
The first name of the latter is Strix alba Scopoli 1769. — The type of the
generic Strix is, by tautonomy, Strix strix, the Brown Owl, and the first generic
term for the Barn-Owl is Tyto, Billberg, 1828.— E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 109

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed but
not abundant, and scarcer, especially in Scotland, than formerly.
Breeds very rarely in north-west and only rare vagrant to north-east
Scotland ; no certain record of its occurrence in Orkneys, Shetlands
or O. Hebrides, but one heard in latter by P. H. Bahr, June, 1907.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — West France, Portugal and Spain, south
Europe generally, north-west Africa. Replaced by allied forms in
central Europe and various parts of Africa, Asia, Australia, and
America.

228. Tyto alba guttata (Brehm)— THE DARK-BREASTED
BARN-OWL.

STRIX GUTTATA Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. DeutschL, p. 106 (1831 —
In winter in Germany).

Aluco flammeus (Linnaeus) (nee Pontopiddan), Yarrell, I, p. 194 (part) ;
Strix flammea Linnaeus (nee Pontopiddan), Saunders, p. 291 (part).

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Vagrant or irregular migrant. Very
few occurrence? can unhesitatingly be ascribed to this form : at
least eight in ; us.?ex (Sept., Oct., Nov., Feb.), one in Kent, two
certainly Norfolk (Dec. and Jan.) and others probably (as in Aug.
and early Sept., 1901, when forty Barn-Owls were brought to a
Norwich taxidermist), one certainly Yorks. (Dec.) and others
probably (Oct. and Nov.), one no doubt Northumberland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South Sweden, Denmark, Germany to
east France (where and even on the Rhine the ranges of this form
and T. alba alba overlap), south to Alps, Austria and Hungary.

STRIX ALUCO

229. Strix aluco aluco L.— THE TAWNY OWL.

STRIX ALUCO Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 93 (1758 — Europe. Re-
stricted typical locality : Sweden).

Strix aluco Linnaeus, Yarrell, I, p. 146 ; Syrnium aluco (Linnaeus), Saunders,
p. 297.

DISTRIBUTION — Great Britain. — Resident. Generally distributed
but becoming uncommon in Sutherland and very rare Caithness ;
very doubtful if ever occurred Orkneys or Shetlands, and has cer-
tainly not 0. Hebrides or Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, to forest-limit, east
to Caucasus, Palestine, and north Persia. Replaced in south-west
Persia and north-west Africa by closely-allied subspecies.

110 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

FALCO RUSTICOLUS*

230. — Falco rusticolus rusticolus L. — THE GYR-FALCON.

FALCO RUSTICOLUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 88 (1758 — Sweden.

cf. Fauna Suecica, ed. n, p. 56).

Falco gyrfalco Linnaeus, Saunders, p. 345.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Very rare vagrant. Two admitted by
Saunders : — Adult, Mayfield (Sussex), Jan., 1845 and young, Orford
(Suffolk), Oct., 1867. One Hatfield Broad Oak (Essex), Dec., 1901,
and another Thetford Warren (Norfolk) spring, 1883, doubtfully
authentic (Brit. B., i, p. 321).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Scandinavia and Lapland; stray-
ing occasionally to Baltic Provinces, Poland, Germany, Denmark,
Heligoland, Belgium, and Holland. Said to have occurred in
Iceland and North America.

231. Falco rusticolus islandus Brunn. — THE ICELAND
FALCON.

FALCO ISLANDUS Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 2 (1764 — partim, No. 9 only.
Briinnich doubtfully united the white and grey falcons, stating that the
various varieties were brought to Denmark by the Icelanders. From
Kerr— 1792 — onwards islandus has generally been restricted to the grey-
backed Iceland form).
Falco islandus J. F. Gmelin, Yarrell, i, p. 46 (part) ; Saunders, p. 343.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. Identified examples
obtained from time to time (generally in winter) in Northumberland,
Westmorland, Yorks., Salop, Scilly Isles, and possibly Lines. ; in
Shetlands, Orkneys, 0. and I. Hebrides, and several localities Scottish
mainland. Four times in north and west Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Appears to be the only form breeding in
Iceland, whence it strays very rarely southwards.

232. Falco rusticolus candicans Gm. — THE GREENLAND
FALCON.

FALCO CANDICANS Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, p. 275 (1788 — "Habitat in
Islandia et Scotia boreali " ! As Gmelin distinguished between the
white candicans and the dark islandus, the former name has generally
been restricted to the Greenland form, though Gmelin did not know its
real habitat).
Falco candicans J. F. Gmelin, Yarrell, i, p. 36 ; Saunders, p. 341.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Irregular winter and spring- visitor,
chiefly Scotland (especially islands) and Ireland (especially north

* It seems impossible to avoid this name, for gyrfalco is undoubtedly a
synonym, both names referring to Swedish birds in various plumages. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. Ill

and west coasts), occasionally north England, and elsewhere very
rarely, viz. : — Denbigh, Brecon, Pembroke, Norfolk, Suffolk, Sussex,
Devon and Lundy Island, Cornwall and Scilly Isles.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Greenland and arctic North
America, west to Commander Islands, straying casually to western
Europe (Faeroes, north France, Germany, not so rarely to Iceland).
Apparently represented by other forms in the Ural and parts of
north Asia, and possibly south of Hudson's Bay.

FALCO PEREGRINUS

233. Falco peregrinus peregrinus Tunst.— THE PEREGRINE
FALCON.

FALCO PEREGRINUS Tunstall, Ornithologia Britannica, p. 1 (1771 —

Ex Brit. Zool., p. 136 — Great Britain).

Falco peregrinus britannicus Erlanger, Journ. f. Orn., 1903, p. 296

(England).

Falco peregrinus J. F. Gmelin, Yarrell, i, p. 53 ; Saunders, p. 347.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and passage -migrant. In
south England confined as breeding-bird to cliffs of south and south-
west coasts, but in Wales, north England, Scotland (mainland and
islands) and Ireland much more common and breeds both sea-cliffs
and inland rocks. In autumn northerly-bred birds pass through
Great Britain on migration, while in winter our residents are fre-
quently observed inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North and central Europe. Represented
by allied forms in the Mediterranean countries, north -wrest Africa,
various parts of Asia, Australia, and America.

234. Falco peregrinus anatum Bp.— THE NORTH AMERICAN
PEREGRINE.

FALCO ANATUM Bonaparte, Geogr. & Comp. List, p. 4 (1838 — New Jersey).
Falco peregrinus, E. Bidwell, Bull. B.O.C., xxvii, p. 103 ; cf. Brit. B.,
v, p. 219.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Two. One shot Newbold Verdon near
Market Bosworth (Leicester), Oct. 31, 1891 (ut supra}. One netted
Humberstone (Lines.), Sept. 28, 1910 (G. H. Caton-Haigh, Brit. B.,
v, p. 219).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds over greater part of North
America (but replaced in north-west coast region by a very closely-
allied race, Falco peregrinus pealei] from Norton Sound in Alaska,
northern Mackenzie, Boothia Peninsula, and west Greenland to
Lower California, Arizona, Texas, south Carolina, and winters from

112 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

southern British Columbia to West Indies, Panama, and South
America.

FALCO SUBBUTEO

235. Falco subbuteo subbuteo L. — THE HOBBY.

FALCO SUBBUTEO Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 89 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 65 ; Saunders, p. 349.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Summer-resident (May to Sept., occa-
sionally later). Breeds fairly regularly in counties south of Thames
and as far west as Devon (rare migrant Cornwall) and in Salop,
Northants, and Gloucester ; less regularly in counties on north side
of Thames and in Cambs., Suffolk, Norfolk, and Lines. ; only very
occasionally in midlands and exceptionally in Derby., Cheshire, and
Yorks. Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. — Kare vagrant. In Scotland
once bred (Perth., 1887), and has occurred as far north as Shetlands,
but chiefly in south. In Ireland has occurred ten times, chiefly in
south-east.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, eastwards to west
Asia, in winter in Africa and north-west India. Represented by
closely-allied races in north-west Africa and various parts of Asia.

FALCO REGULUS*

236. Falco regulus regulus Pall.— THE MERLIN.

FALCO REGULUS Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. d. Russ. Reichs, n, p. 707
(1773— Siberia).

Falco cesalon Gmelin, Yarrell, i, p. 74 ; F. cesalon Tunstall, Saunders,
p. 351.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds in many parts
Wales, Pennine Range and spurs, moors of north-east Yorks.,
Cheviots, and throughout Scotland and Ireland in suitable localities.
Said to have bred Exmoor (Somerset). In autumn descends to low
ground and in winter becomes fairly generally distributed. Probably
also a passage of Continental birds.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Nesting in Faeroes, Iceland, Scandinavia,
north Russia south to Baltic provinces, and in Siberia. On
migration to temperate parts of Europe and Asia, as far south as
north Africa and north-west India. A paler form is supposed to
represent this bird in the Khirgiz steppes.

* Falco cesalon Tunstall is a nomen nudum, and therefore not acceptable.
In the case of F. peregrinits the author gave a clear reference, in this case
absolutely none. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 113

FALCO TINNUNCULUS

237. Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus L. — THE KESTREL.

FALCO TINNUNCULUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 90 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, Yarrell, I, p. 78 ; Saunders, p. 355.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed,
but leaves Shet lands for winter, and much rarer then in other parts
of north Scotland as well as in north and east Ireland. In England
numbers are swelled in winter by immigrants, and passage-movements
are noted on east coast.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe, north Africa, north, central and
west Asia, in winter more southwards to east Africa and parts of
India. The minute study of the races of the Kestrel remains to be
done, but clearly-defined subspecies represent the European form
on Madeira, the Canary and Cape Verde Islands, in north-east and
east Africa, Japan, India, and many islands in the Eastern Archi-
pelago.

FALCO NAUMANNI*

238. Falco naumanni naumanni Fleisch. — THE LESSER
KESTREL.

FALCO XAUMANNI Fleischer, Sylvan Jahrbuch auf 1817 und 1818, p. 174

(1818 — Visitor to S. Germany and Switzerland).

Falco cenchris, Yarrell, i, p. 82 (in text) ; Saunders, p. 357.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Very rare vagrant. Eight times
England— Yorks., Nov., 1867; April, 1892; Oct., 1909. Kent,
May, 1877. Scilly Isles, March, 1891. Isle of Wight, Nov., 1895 ;
April, 1903. Sussex, May, 1896. Once Scotland (Aberdeen., Oct.,
1897). Once Ireland (Dublin, Feb., 1891). Chiefly adult males.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mediterranean countries generally, stray-
ing into Savoy and Germany, breeding as far north as southern
Poland, east to Bokhara, in winter in tropical Africa. Replaced in
China by an allied subspecies.

FALCO VESPERTINUS

239. Falco vespertinus vespertinus L.— THE RED-FOOTED
FALCON.

FALCO VESPERTINUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 129 (1766 —

" Ingria," i.e. province of St. Petersburg).

Falco vespertinus Linnaeus, Yarrell, i, p. 69 ; Saunders, p. 353.

* This name, correctly employed by Sharpe in the Cat. B. Brit. M-us., i,
1874, as well as the names tinnunculoides and xanthonyx, antedate cenchris.

114 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. About thirty-five
England, chiefly south and east, but also Cornwall, Salop, Cheshire,
Lanes. Two Wales (Pembroke and Denbigh). Four Scotland
(Aberdeen (two), Fife, and Roxburgh). One Ireland (Wicklow).
Most spring and summer, a few autumn, and exceptionally winter.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Russia and west Siberia as far
east as the Altai, and in Hungary and the plains of the Lower Danube ;
migrates in winter to Africa. Replaced by a paler form in east
Siberia (which winters in the eastern parts of India), and by others
in central Asia, and China.

AQUILA CHRYSAETUS

240. Aquila chrysaetus chrysaetus (L.) — THE GOLDEN
EAGLE.

FALCO CHRYSAETOS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 88 (1758 — Europe.
Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Aquila chrysaetus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 11 ; Aquila chrysaetus (L),
Saunders, p. 327.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Very rare vagrant. Occa-
sionally Yorks. and northwards, but southwards authentic examples
procured only in Sussex, Norfolk, Lines., and Northants. Formerly
resident Wales, Derby, (about 200 years ago), Lake District, and
Cheviots (about 100 years ago). Scotland. — Resident in Highlands
and I. and O. Hebrides, formerly Orkneys, but unknown Shetlands.
To Lowlands very scarce winter- visitor, but formerly bred in south-
west (about 60 jrears ago). Ireland. — Resident (probably only
in two counties), formerly much more common.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern parts of Northern Hemisphere,
south to north Africa and the Himalayas, in North America to Texas
and North Carolina. Appears to be replaced by other races at least
in parts of central Asia.

AQUILA MACULATA

241. Aquila maculata (Gm.)*— THE SPOTTED EAGLE.

FALCO MACULATUS Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, p. 258 (1788 — No locality, but
doubtless Europe).

Aquila ncevia (J. F. Gmelin), Yarrell, i, p. 20 ; Aquila maculata (J. F.
Gmelin), Saunders, p. 325.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Ireland. — Very rare vagrant. Eight
or nine England. Cornwall, Dec., 1860 ; Nov., 1861. Hants.,

* We have not been able to examine any of the specimens, but Saunders
states that it is chiefly, if not entirely, the larger species which has visited us.
It is important that all the specimens should be critically examined.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 115

Dec., 1861. Lanes., 1875. Northumberland, Oct., 1885. Essex
Oct. and Nov., 1891. Suffolk, Nov., 1891 (one shot and one seen).
Ireland. Two near Youghal (Cork), Jan., 1845.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From shores of Baltic (Livland) east to
Turkestan, south Siberia, north India, and China, and south to
Balkan Peninsula and Palestine. On migration to north-east Africa,
and India to Burmah, casual in west and south Europe.

BUTEO LAGOPUS*

242. Buteo lagopus lagopus (Briinn.) — THE ROUGH-LEGGED
BUZZARD.

FALCO LAGOPUS Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 4 (1764 — Christiansoe near

Bornholm, Baltic).

Buteo lagopus (J. F. Gmelin), Yarrell, I, p. 115 ; Saunders, p. 323.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Irregular winter -visit or (Oct. to
March and April), occurring most years east coast Scotland and
England as far south as Norfolk, and at intervals in considerable
numbers, as in winters 1875-6, 1880-1, 1891-2, 1903-4. Also
fairly frequent along Pennine Chain, rarer in south-east England,
and only occasional vagrant elsewhere, being especially rare on west
side. In O. Hebrides once. Ireland. — Seventeen, most frequently
in Ulster.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Europe and north Asia, very
exceptionally breeding as far south as Germany. In winter vagrant
and partially migrant, now and then reaching Pyrenees, Mediter-
ranean regions, Caspian and Black Sea. Replaced by other sub-
species in North America and parts of Asia.

BUTEO BUTEO

243. Buteo buteo buteo (L.)— THE COMMON BUZZARD.

FALCO BUTEO Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 90 (1758 — Europe).
Buteo vulgaris Leach, Yarrell, I, p. 109 ; Saunders, p. 321.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Resident, breeding commonly
in Wales, Devonian peninsula and Lakeland (as well as very
sparingly in Pennines), and in central and west Scotland including
0. Hebrides ; only exceptionally elsewhere. On east coast irregular
migrant, but elsewhere only occasional visitor, although numerous
in some winters ; occurrence at any time in Shetlands doubtful, and

* It is not advisable to separate Buteo and Archibuteo, because some Asiatic
species are intermediate and vary very much with regard to the feathering
of the tarsus — the only difference in these supposed genera. — E.H.

i 2

116 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

only once 0. Hebrides (Lewis). Ireland. — Exterminated as resident
probably between 1880 and 1890, now only autumn to spring
vagrant.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from about lat. 66° in Sweden,
but local and rare in south-east Europe. Replaced by other races
in most parts of Russia, and parts of Asia, also in the Atlantic isles.

[NOTE. — Examples of Buteo buteo desertorum (Daud.) are said to have
occurred in Wilts, and near Newcastle, while the occurrence of the American
Buzzards, Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gm.) in Scotland (Yarrell, i, p. 113 ;
Saunders, p. 322) and Buteo borealis borealis (Gm.) in Notts. (Saunders,
p. 322) has been recorded.]

HALIAETUS ALBICILLA

244. HaliaStus albicilla (L.) — THE WHITE-TAILED
EAGLE.

FALCO ALBICILLA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 89 (1758 — " Habitat

in Europa, America." The latter erroneous. Restricted typical locality :

Sweden).

Haliceetus albicilla (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 25 ; Haliaetus albicilla (L),

Saunders, p. 329.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident in a few places in 0.
Hebrides and Shetlands. Elsewhere exterminated as breeding
species ; nowhere known now in Ireland (Brit. B., v, p. 138).
Irregular migrant to most maritime counties and rare vagrant
inland, such visitors being usually immature.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern parts of Europe to Mediter-
ranean, but scarce in west (in winter to north Egypt) and Asia, also
Greenland.

CIRCUS ^ERUGINOSUS

245. Circus seruginosus (L.) —THE MARSH-HARRIER.

FALCO ^ERUGINOSUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 91 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Circus ceruginosus (Linnseus), Yarrell, i, p. 127 ; Saunders, p. 315.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Attempts to breed most
years in Norfolk but elsewhere now only rare autumn and winter-
vagrant. Scotland. — Rare vagrant. Has occurred several times in
Solway area, but elsewhere only some eight recorded. Ireland. —
Still lingers on some midland and western tracts of bog.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Nesting in Europe, Marocco, and north
Asia ; in winter in parts of Africa and India.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 117

CIRCUS PYGARGUS*

246. Circus pygargus (L.)— MONTAGU'S HARRIER.

FALCO PYGARGUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x, i, p. 89] (1758 — Europe.

Ex Albin. Typical locality : England).

Circus cineraceus (Montagu), Yarrell, I, p. 138 ; Saunders, p. 319.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (April to
Oct., sometimes Nov.). Nests (or attempts to) annually East Anglia
and occasionally elsewhere, as in Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Hants.,
Isle of Wight, Dorset., Cambs., Sussex, Surrey, Yorks. and Merioneth,
and possibly Notts, and Northumberland in recent years. Scotland.
—Rare vagrant ; about seven in southern half of mainland, one of
which (June 15, 1881) may possibly have nested in Solway area.
Ireland. — Rare vagrant. One Queen's co., eleven in or near co.
Wicklow, where may possibly sometimes breed.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Temperate portions of Europe and Asia,
also north-west Africa. In winter in Africa and India.

CIRCUS CYANEUS

247. Circus cyaneus (L.)— THE HEN-HARRIER.

FALCO CYANEUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 126 (1766 — Ex Edwards.

Typical locality : near London).

Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 132 ; Saunders, p. 317.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter-visitor. As
breeder now practically confined to Orkneys, O. Hebrides and some
mountain districts of Ireland. In England and Wales has nested
in recent years Cornwall, Hants., and Carnarvon, and possibly Devon,
but otherwise only a winter-visitor.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North and central Europe to north Italy,
north Asia, in winter in north India, and Africa as far as the Sahara,
Nubia and, apparently, Abyssinia. The existence of other races is
not yet a settled question.

ACCIPITER GENTILISf

248. Accipiter gentilis gentilis (L.)— THE GOSHAWK.

FALCO GENTILIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 89 (1758 — "Habitat
in Alpibus," by which, however, the Scandinavian Alps are meant in
the first instance, as is quite clear from other statements of Linnaeus).
Astur palumbarius (Linnaeus), Yarrell, I, p. 83 ; Saunders, p. 331.

* Linnaeus based the name pygargus on Albin's unmistakable figure of an
English bird, and it must therefore be accepted, as it has just half a century's
priority over Montagu's name. — E.H.

f Goshawrks and Sparrow-Hawks cannot be separated generically. Linnaeus
described the Goshawk twice, thinking the young and old were two different
species, and the name gentilis, standing first, must be — and has recently been
largely — accepted. — E .H.

118 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. Most recorded ex-
amples immature from east coasts England and Scotland ; elsewhere
and especially in west, extremely rare. One 0. Hebrides winter
1887-8, but authenticity of three recorded in Ireland doubtful (R. J.
Ussher, List of Irish Birds, p. 28). Nest, probably of wild bird, with
four eggs found and female shot near Grosmont (Yorks.) May, 1893
(Brit. B., i, p. 319).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, but replaced by allied
races in various parts of northern Asia, apparently in Sardinia, and
in North America.

[NOTE. — Specimens of the AMERICAN GOSHAWK, Accipiter gentilis atrica-
pillus (Wilson), are said to have been obtained in Perthshire, Tipperary, and
King's co. (Yarrell, i, p. 87 ; Saunders., p. 322).]

ACCIPITER NISUS

249. Accipiter nisus nisus (L.) —THE SPARROW-HAWK.

FALCO Nisus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 92 (1758 — "Habitat in

Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 88 ; Saunders, p. 333.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed
where there are woodlands. Very doubtful if ever occurred O.
Hebrides or Shetlands, and is rare Orkneys and extreme north and
north-west Scotland. Frequently observed as autumn migrant on
east coast Great Britain.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, east apparently to
west Siberia, but replaced by very closely-allied subspecies in
Madeira and Canary Islands, north-west Africa, Corsica and Sardinia,
and by better defined ones in various parts of Asia.

MILVUS MILVUS

250. Milvus milvus (I..)— THE KITE.

FALCO MILVUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 89 (1758 — Europe, Asia,

Africa. Restricted typical locality : S. Sweden).

Milvus regalis, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B., i, p. 74.

Milvus ictinus (Savigny), Yarrell, i, p. 92 ; Saunders. p. 335.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Resident. Formerly abundant,
now confined to Wales, where only five birds known in 1905, but
over twenty in 1910. Now very rare vagrant elsewhere. Recorded
occurrences in Ireland cannot be substantiated (R. J. Ussher, List of
Irish Birds, p. 28).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From south Sweden throughout Europe,
east to Russia ; north-west Africa and western Canary Islands.
North European birds are migratory, but do not seem to cross the
Sahara.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 119

MILVUS KORSCHUN*

251. Milvus korschun korschun (Gm.)— THE BLACK KITE.

ACCIPITER KORSCHUN Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petr., xv, p. 444 (1771

— S. Russian Steppes).

Milvus ater, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B., i, p. 80.

Milvus migrans (Boddaert), Yarrell, I, p. 97 : Saunders, p. 337.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Two. Adult male Alnwick (Nor-
thumberland), May 11, 1866 (Hancock, Ibis, 1867, p. 253). Male
Aberdeen, April 16, or 18, 1901 (G. Sim, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1901,
p. 133; cf. Brit. B., n, p. 413).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South and central Europe, north-west
Africa, and west Asia. European birds are migratory and winter in
tropical Africa. Replaced by other forms in tropical and north-east
Africa and various parts of Asia.

[NOTE. — The BLACK-WINGED KITE, Elanus cceruleus (Desfontaines), is said
to have been shot in co. Meath about 1862 (Saunders, p. 338).]

[NOTE. — Several specimens of the AMERICAN SWALLOW -TAILED KITE,
Elanoides forficatus (L.), which inhabits North and South America, have been
recorded as taken in Great Britain, but the claims for the admission of this
species are in our opinion insufficient (cf. Saunders, p. 338).]

PERNIS APIVORUS

252. Pernis apivorus apivorus (L.)— THE HONEY-BUZZARD.

FALCO APIVORUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 91 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Pernis apivorus (Linnseus), Yarrell, i, p. 121 ; Saunders, p. 339.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Uncommon passage-migrant (May-
June and Sept. -Oct.). Occurs somewhere in Great Britain
almost every year, and occasionally in eastern half of Ireland, most
frequently in autumn. Formerly rare summer-resident in England,
now only very occasionally nests, most recent cases being Hereford,
1895, Northumberland, 1897, and Durham, 1899, and probably
elsewhere unrecorded. Has bred as far north as east Ross.
DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in north and middle Europe,
north to mid-Scandinavia and Finland, south to Cantabrian Moun-
tains, north Italy and the Dobrudscha, eastwards to west Siberia,
winters in tropical Africa and parts of India. Replaced by allied
races in east Siberia and parts of tropical Asia.

PANDION HALIAETUS

253. Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (L.)— THE OSPREY.

FALCO HALIJETUS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 91 (1758 — Europe.
Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Pandion haliceetus (Linnseus), Yarrell, i, p. 30 ; Pandion haliaetus (L.),
Saunders, p. 359.

*The name korschun, having considerable priority, is now universally
accepted. — E.H.

120 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Possibly still resident, and rare
passage-migrant. Until recently summer-resident in several places
in Highlands, now possibly only nests in one locality, but Loch
Arkaig was deserted in 1911 and Loch an Eilein in 1903. In England
fairly regular passage-migrant (Sept. -Oct. and March-April), oc-
curring in most years on some part or other of coasts or on inland
waters ; migrants also recorded occasionally in Scotland (only once
0. Hebrides and very rarely Orkneys), Wales, and Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from Lapland to Spain, Mediter-
ranean and Atlantic islands, south to Cape Verdes, north-west and
north-east Africa to south Arabia, north Asia south to India and
Ceylon, in winter in tropical Africa. Replaced by closely-allied
forms in North America, on the Papuan islands, and in Australia.

GYPS FULVUS

254. Gyps fulvus fulvus (Hablizl)— THE GRIFFON-VULTURE.

VULTUR FULVUS Hablizl, Neue Nordische Beytraege, iv, p. 58 (1783 —

Mts. of Gilan, N. Persia).

Gyps fulvus (J. F. Gmelin), Yarrell, i, p. 1 ; Saunders, p. 311.

DISTRIBUTION. — Ireland. — One, a young bird caught alive near
Cork Harbour, spring, 1843. One seen near Southampton Water.
(ut supra.}

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South Europe, north to Pyrenees and
Transylvania and north Africa, extending far into the Sahara, and
perhaps right across the desert, east to west Asia. Replaced by
different subspecies in parts of India and Africa, but the supposed
west European form (6?. fulvus occidentalis Schleg.) appears not to
be separable.

NEOPHRON PERCNOPTERUS

255. Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (L.) -- THE
EGYPTIAN VULTURE.

VULTUR PERENOPTERUS (evident misprint for Percnopterus) Linnaeus,

Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 87 (1758— Egypt).

Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 6 ; Saunders, p. 313.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Two obtained and one seen. Immature
bird shot (another seen) near Kilve, Bridgwater Bay (Somerset),
Oct., 1825. Immature bird obtained Peldon (Essex), Sept. 28, 1868
(ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mediterranean countries, north to Mt.
Sal eve in Switzerland and the Bukowina, east to north-west India.
Also in Canaries, Cape Verdes, and almost the whole of Africa. Partly
migratory. Replaced in India (except in extreme north-west) by
N. percnopterus ginginianus.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 121

CICONIA CICONIA

256. Ciconia ciconia ciconia (L.)— THE WHITE STORK.

ARDEA CICONIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 142 (1758 — Restricted

typical locality : Sweden).

Ciconia alba Bechstein, Yarrell, iv, p. 219 ; Saunders, p. 387.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant. Over thirty East Anglia
and several others in various parts of southern half of England, but
very rarely in west, a few Scotland, and three or four Ireland. Most
in spring.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from Norway and Sweden to
Spain and north-west Africa (Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia) and west
Africa (Gold Coast, according to Boyd Alexander), Asia Minor and
Palestine, west and central Asia. Migrating southwards in winter
to central and south Africa (said to have bred, but confirmation is
necessary), and in India to Ceylon (said to have bred, but confir-
mation is required). Replaced by an allied race in east Asia.

CICONIA NIGRA

257. Ciconia nigra (L.)— THE BLACK STORK.

ARDEA NIGRA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 142 (1758 — North Europe).
Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 225 ; Saunders, p. 389.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Very rare vagrant. Nineteen recorded ;
Scilly Isles (2), Devon (1), Somerset (1), Dorset (2), Kent (4), Middle-
sex (1), Oxon. (1), Essex (1), Suffolk (1), Norfolk (2), Yorks. (2),
Durham (1).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Germany, Austria and Hungary,
south Sweden, Denmark, Russia, east Europe, and in temperate
Asia. Probably also Spain. Winters in Africa and India.

PLATALEA LEUCORODIA

258. Platalea leucorodia leucorodia L.— THE SPOONBILL.

PLATALEA LEUCORODIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 139 (1758 —

Europa. Restricted typical locality : S. Sweden).

Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 237 ; Saunders, p. 393.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Passage-migrant in Norfolk and
Kent, vagrant elsewhere. A few visit Norfolk annually April to
June (once March 31) and Aug. to Oct. (occasionally July and once
Nov. 21), and Kent every spring. To south coast England and to
Pembroke and Cardigan (Dovey) fairly frequent vagrant, usually in
autumn. Inland on west coast (except where mentioned), and
north of Yorks. (where recorded about nine times) very rare.
Stragglers as far as Hebrides, Orkneys and Shetlands. In Ireland

122 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

some thirty -seven recorded from maritime counties, chiefly in south.
Formerly bred East Anglia, Sussex, Middlesex, Pembroke, and
elsewhere.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Very seldom visiting Scandinavia and
north Russia, but south of 56° north lat. breeding locally in suit-
able localities (still nesting in Holland, but apparently no longer in
France), south as far as Spain, Hungary, Dalmatia, the basin of
Lower Danube and south Russia ; apparently also resident in parts
of north and east Africa, west and central Asia and India. In winter
in tropical Africa and India. Represented by allied forms in east
Asia, tropical Africa, and Australia.

EGATHEUS FALCINELLUS*

259. Egatheus falcinellus falcinellus (L.)— THE GLOSSY
IBIS.

TANTALUS FALCINELLUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, i, p. 241 (1766 —

" Habitat in Austria, Italia.").

Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 231 ; Saunders, p. 391.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Autumn-visitor, very rare in spring.
Occurs almost every autumn (Aug. -Nov.) somewhere, but most
frequently on south or east (as far north as Yorks.) coasts of England.
Very rare inland and north of Bristol Channel on west side and north
of Yorks. on east side. In Scotland some twenty recorded besides
flock of about twenty Orkneys, Sept. 1907. In Ireland over forty
recorded in autumn and more than half from south maritime
counties.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Occasional visitor to Iceland, the Faeroes,
Scandinavia, Denmark, and the Baltic provinces, but nesting in valley
of Danube, in south Russia, and in west Europe only in the Camargue,
Andalucia, Balearic Isles and Sicily, east to central Asia and India,
and in Africa and the south-eastern United States of America.
Northern birds are migratory, wintering in tropical and southern
Africa, tropical Asia and casually even Australia. Replaced by a
closely-allied form in America from south Oregon, Arizona, Texas,
and Florida to Chile and Patagonia.

ARDEA CINEREA

260. Ardea cinerea L.— THE COMMON HERON.

ARDEA CINEREA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 143 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Ardea cinerea Linnseus, Yarrell, iv, p. 162 ; Saunders, p. 367.

* cf. Nov. Zool., 1910, p. 499. The name Egatheus has one year's priority
over Plegadis. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 123

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — The greater part of Europe and Asia south
of 60° north lat. (occasional straggler to Greenland and Iceland),
also parts of tropical India, and apparently Africa, south to Cape
Colony and Orange River Colony. East Asiatic birds are apparently
slightly different, but their differences require confirmation.

ARDEA PURPUREA

261. Ardea purpurea purpurea L.— THE PURPLE HERON.

ARDEA PURPUREA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 236 (1766 — "Habitat

in Orients ").

Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 172 ; Saunders, p. 369.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. Over fifty, chiefly
east coast England south of Wash, more rarely south coast, and very
rarely elsewhere. In Scotland there seem only two authentic (East
Lothian, Oct., 1892 ; Caithness, Sept., 1907). In Ireland only one
(Monaghan, prior to 1834).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds locally from Holland, France,
Austria, Hungary, south Russia to north Africa ; more or less
migratory in Europe, but resident and winter- visitor in many parts
of tropical and south Africa, extending eastwards to Persian Gulf
and west central Asia. Replaced by another form in India, China,
and Malayan Archipelago.

EGRETTA ALBA

262. Egretta alba alba (L.)— THE GREAT WHITE HERON.

ARDEA ALBA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 144 (1758 — Europe. Re-
stricted typical locality : Sweden).
Ardea alba Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 177 ; Saunders, p. 371.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Very rare vagrant. About seven
authentic — three Yorks., one Cambs., one Notts., one East Lothian,
one Perth, (cf. Saunders, p. 371, and Brit. B., i, p. 347).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds (formerly in great numbers) in
parts of south-east Europe, in the plains of the Danube and north
to south Russia, at least once (1863) in Silesia. Seems also to breed
eastwards as far as east Asia. Northern birds are migrants. The
distribution and description of allied races are as yet imperfectly
known, but it seems that the birds from tropical and south Africa,
as well as those from India, east Asia and the Malayan Archipelago
to Australia, are separable, and the large American Egret might also
be looked upon as a representative of E. a Iba alba.

124 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

EGRETTA GARZETTA

263. Egretta garzetta garzetta (L.)— THE LITTLE EGRET.

ARDEA GARZETTA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, i, p. 237 (1766 — " Habitat
in Oriente." Ex Brisson, who says " juxta maris littora versatur " !)
Ardea garzetta Linnseus, Yarrell, iv, p. 182 ; Saunders, p. 373.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Very rare vagrant. Several recorded,
but Saunders admitted only one — Countess Weir, Exe (Devon),
June 3; 1870 — as thoroughly authentic. Others recorded from
Sussex, Northants. (two), and Yorks. may be genuine.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South Europe, Africa, and southern and
central Asia generally. In Africa it appears to breed as well as
winter, most European Egrets being migrants. A straggler in
central and western Europe. Replaced by closely-allied race in
Malayan Archipelago, and Moluccas to Australia.

ARDEOLA IBIS*

264. Ardeola ibis ibis (L.)— THE BUFF-BACKED HERON.

ARDEA IBIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 144 (1758 — Egypt).
Ardea bnbulcus Audouin, Yarrell, iv, p. 187 ; Saunders, p. 375.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One, immature female, near Kingsbridge
(Devon), end Oct., 1805 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South Europe and Africa, in Asia east-
wards at least as far as Persia, but represented by A. ibis coromanda
in the far east, India and the Malayan Archipelago to the Moluccas.

ARDEOLA RALLOIDES

265. Ardeola ralloides ralloides (Scop.)— THE SQUACCO
HERON.

ARDEA RALLOIDES Scopoli, Annus i, Historico-Xatur., p. 88 (1769 —

Carniola).

Ardea ralloides Scopoli, Yarrell, iv, p. 191 ; Saunders, p. 377.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. Over sixty. Eng-
land.— Scilly Isles, Cornwall (about 20), Devon, Somerset, Dorset,
Wilts., Hants., Isle of Wight, Sussex, Surrey, Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk,
Lines., Northumberland, Cumberland, Notts., Salop. Wales.—
Denbigh, Montgomery, and Brecon. Scotland. — Three. Ireland. —
Eight (chiefly south coast).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad.— Mediterranean countries and south
Russia to Caspian Sea (migratory) and Africa (all the year round
apparently). Accidental in central Europe.

* Linnaeus's name is certain and now generally adopted. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 125

NYCTICORAX NYCTICQRAX

266. Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (L.) — THE NIGHT-
HERON.

ARDEA NYCTICORAX Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 142 (1758 — S. Europe).
Nycticorax griseus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 195 ; Saunders, p. 379.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant. England. — Many south
and east coasts as far north as Yorks., a good many inland, but
few west and north. Chiefly spring and autumn. Only seven or
eight recorded during last twelve years. Scotland. — Four in south,
one Aberdeen, several Argyll, one 0. Hebrides. Ireland. — Twenty-
four, of which only one is from Connaught .

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South and central Europe as well as
nearly whole of Africa and greater part of Asia as far south as the
Sunda Islands. Migratory in northern parts of its breeding range.
Represented by closely -allied forms in America.

IXOBRYCHUS MINUTUS*

267. Ixobrychus minutus (L.)— THE LITTLE BITTERN.

ARDEA MINUTA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 240 (1766 — Helvetia,

Aleppo. Restricted typical locality : Switzerland).

Ardetta niinuta (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 200 ; Saunders, p. 381.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant. England and Wales.—
Recorded nearly every county, most frequently south and east
counties, rarer Wales and west, and north of Yorks. Probably
bred Norfolk within last forty years. Scotland. — Rare, but has
occurred as far north as Orkneys and Shetlands, though not
O. Hebrides. Ireland. — About thirty, chiefly south and east and
only one Connaught.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Central and south Europe, south of about
60° north lat., east to central Asia, south to Himalayas, Kashmir,
North-west Provinces of India and Sind ; in winter in Africa, and
(not common) parts of India.

BOTAURUS STELLARIS

268. Botaurus stellaris stellaris (L.)— THE BITTERN.

ARDEA STELLARIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 144 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 206 ; Saunders, p. 383.

DISTRIBUTION.— British Isles. — Winter-visitor chiefly, but often
also in summer. Used to breed regularly in many places England,

* The generic name Ixobryclins Billberg, 1828, has priority over Ardetta
Gray, 1842. (See Journal /ur Ornithologie, 1906, p. 533.)— E.H.

126 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Wales, and Ireland, and in Norfolk even down to 1868, while in 1886
a young one with down still upon it was found there, and in 1911
it was proved to breed (E. L. Turner, Brit. B., v, pp. 90-97). To
Scotland irregular visitor, but has occurred most parts.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Temperate portions of Palsearctic region
generally, in Europe north to Scandinavia, and migratory, in winter
in north-west Africa, Mediterranean countries and India. Replaced
by closely -allied subspecies in America and south Africa.

269. Botaurus stellaris lentiginosus (Mont.) — THE AMERICAN
BITTERN.

ARDEA LENTIGINOSA Montagu, Orn. Diet., Suppl., text and plate (1813 —

Piddletovvn in Dorsetshire).

Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu), Yarrell, iv, p. 213 ; Saunders, p. 385.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Very rare vagrant. England and
Wales. — About seventeen : Scilly Isles, Cornwall (2), Devon (2),
Dorset., Hants. (2), Sussex (2), Kent (2), Yorks. (2), Lanes., Anglesey
and Pembroke. Scotland. — Seven : Dumfries. (2), Ayr., Argyll.,
Aberdeen, Elgin, Caithness. Ireland.— Fifteen : Munster (6),
Leinster (6), Ulster (3).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North and Central America.

[NOTE. — A specimen of the GREEN HERON, Butorides virescens virescens
(L.), inhabiting eastern North America and wintering from West Indies south-
wards, is said to have bean shot in Cornwall, Oct., 1889 (Saunders, p. 386).]

PKCENICOPTERUS ROSEUS

270. Phcenicopterus roseus Pall.— THE FLAMINGO.

PHOENICOPTERTJS ROSEUS Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., n, p. 207 (1827 —

S. Russia, Caspian).

Phcenicopterus roseus Pallas, Yarrell, iv, p. 244 ; Saunders, p. 395.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Very rare vagrant. Obtained
some fifteen times, but some were certainly escaped birds, and most
recorded in recent years are open to that suspicion.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From the basin of Mediterranean (Spain,
south France) to west Siberia, Lake Baikal and Persian Gulf,
Africa and India to Ceylon, but apparently not breeding in the
tropics, excepting on Cape Verde Islands, a group inhabited by a
number of other Palsearctic forms.

CYGNUS CYGNUS

271. Cygnus cygnus (L.)— THE WHOOPER SWAN.

ANAS CYGNUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 122 (1758— Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Cygnus musicits Bechstein, Yarrell, iv, p. 308 ; Saunders, p. 413.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 127

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor (Oct. -Nov. to March-
April, occasionally May). More frequent Scotland than England,
rare Ireland. More abundant severe weather. Used to breed
Orkneys.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Iceland, north Europe and north Asia,
migrating southwards to central and south Europe, central Asia,
China, and occasionally Japan.

CYGNUS BEWICKII

272. Cygnus bewickii bewickii Yarr.— BEWICK'S SWAN.

CYGNUS BEWICKII Yarrell, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, ii, p. 453

(1830— England).

Cygnus bewicki Yarrell, Yarrell, iv, p. 315 ; Saunders, p. 415.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor. Fairly frequent
England and Wales in severe winters, and sometimes abundant
Scotland, especially in O. Hebrides. In Ireland regular visitor to
parts of Ulster, Connaught, and co. Kerry, and in severe winters
more numerous and more general.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Russia (Petchora), Novaya Zemlia
and arctic Asia, but replaced by a larger race in east Siberia (see
Ibis, 1907, pp. 650-2). Migrates south to China and Japan and
casually to Caspian, central and west Europe less frequently than
to British Isles.

CYGNUS OLOR

273. Cygnus olor (Gm.)— THE MUTE SWAN.

ANAS OLOR Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 501 (1789— Russia).
Cygnus olor (Gmelin), Yarrell, iv, p. 324 ; Saunders, p. 417.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and generally distributed
in a semi -domesticated condition. Originally introduced.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Appears to breed in a wild state in south
Scandinavia, Denmark, north Germany, central and south Russia,
south-east Europe, and eastwards to Turkestan and Mongolia.
Migratory, and wintering in basin of Mediterranean, on Caspian Sea
and eastwards, occasionally in north-west India. Found in a semi-
domesticated state in many places.

[NOTE. — There is no doubt that the so-called Polish Swan ("Cygnus im-
mutabilis") is only an aberrant domesticated and semi-domesticated Mute
Swan.]

[NOTE. — An immature bird, supposed to be an example of the AMERICAN
TRUMPETER SWAN, Cygnus buccinator Richardson, was shot near Aldeburgh
(Suffolk) in Oct., 1866, and is in the Museum of that town (Yarrell, iv, p. 322 ;
Saunders, p. 416). Examples of the AMERICAN WHISTLING SWAN, Cygnus
columbianus Ord, are stated, " on weak evidence," to have been found in shops
of Edinburgh poulterers (Yarrell, iv, p. 322 ; Saunders, p. 416).]

128 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

ANSER ANSER

274. Anser anser (L.)— THE GREY LAG-GOOSE.

ANAS ANSER Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 123 (1758 — Europe. Re-
stricted typical locality : Sweden).
Anser cinereus Meyer, Yarrell, iv, p. 253 ; Saunders, p. 397.

DISTRIBUTION. — England, Wales, and Ireland. — Winter-visitor. Rare
along east coast England, and very irregular in south and west.
Used to breed (Cambridge up to 1773, Lines, to early 1800). In
Ireland rare in most counties, but visits parts of Wexford, Wick-
low, Meath, Louth, Mayo, and lower Shannon. Probably formerly
bred Bog of Allen and co. Down. Scotland. — Resident. Breeds
Ross, Sutherland, Caithness, some I. Hebrides, and more plenti-
fully O. Hebrides. On mainland does not breed south of Loch
Maree in truly wild state. In winter more general, but apparently
only occasional on east side. Has increased of recent years in
Solway.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Iceland, Europe, north-east
of a line drawn from Eriesland to the Lower Danube, and in Asia
as far east as east Siberia and Kamtschatka, migrating south in
winter as far as Mediterranean and north Africa, China and India.

[NOTE. — A specimen of Anser rubrirostris Swinhoe is said to have been
obtained in co. Limerick, Nov. 23, 1901 (F. Coburn, Bull. B.O.C., xii, p. 80),
but according to Alpheraky (see The Geese of Europe and Asia, pp. 24-41) and
others, this supposed eastern race cannot be distinguished !]

ANSER ALBIFRONS

275. Anser albifrons (Scop.)— THE WHITE-FRONTED
GOOSE.

BRANTA ALBIFRONS Scopoli, Annus I, Historico-Natur., p. 69 (1769 —

Carniola).

Anser albi/rons (Scopoli), Yarrell, iv, p. 261 ; Saunders, p. 399.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor. Scarce east coast
Great Britain, sometimes plentiful south and most regular west,
where, however, its distribution is irregular. In Ireland regular and
often abundant on great bogs in all provinces.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from Lapland (Gobel) and Novaya
Zemlia, Kolguev, Kanin, and eastwards along arctic Siberia. Also
breeds in Iceland, Greenland, and arctic North America, but Ameri-
can authors distinguish their form under the name of A. albifrons
gambeli, a distinction which requires confirmation.* On migration
all over Europe to Mediterranean and Egypt, north India, Corea,
Japan, and China, while the American form wanders as far as
Mexico and Cuba.

* Some specimens of White-fronted Geese from Ireland have been assigned
by Mr. F. Coburn to the doubtful Anser gambeli, but the validity of this sup-
posed race cannot be decided without further study (cf. Brit. B., 11, p. 25).

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 129

ANSER FINMARCHICUS*

276. Anser finmarchicus Gunner.— THE LESSER WHITE-
FRONTED GOOSE.

ANSER FINMARCHICUS Gunner, Leeniii de Lappoii. Comm. notis, p. 264
(1767— Finmark).

A. erythropus, Yarrell, iv, p. 263 (in text) ; Saunders, p. 400 (in text) ;
id., Brit. B., i, p. 14.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Very rare vagrant. Young male Fen-
ham Flats (Northumberland) Sept. 16, 1886 (A. Chapman, Field,
Dec. 11, 1886, p. 87 ; Saunders, p. 400). Adult female, Wash (Nor-
folk), Jan. 24, 1900 (F. Coburn, ZooL, 1901, p. 317 ; J. H. Gurney,
Ibis, 1902, pp. 269-75). One also said to have been taken near
York (Birds Tories., p. 413) and one in Humber District about 1874
(J. Cordeaux, Birds Humber District, p. 22), and some possibly on
Solway, Jan., 1894 (H. S. Gladstone, Birds Dumfries., p. 243), but
the histories of these specimens are not above reproach.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in tundras of Siberia, westward
to Kanin and Lapland. Winters in Japan, China and (in small
numbers) in India, Mongolia, and probably in Turkestan, straying
in small numbers to central, south, and west Europe.

ANSER FABALIS f }

277. Anser fabalis fabalis (Lath.)— THE BEAN-GOOSE.

ANAS FABALIS Latham, Gen. Syn., Suppl., i, p. 297 (1787 — Great Britain).
Anser segetum (Gmelin), Yarrell, iv, p. 265 ; Saunders, p. 401.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor. Widely but not
abundantly distributed, generally more frequent on west than east
ooasts Great Britain. Only one authentic example O. Hebrides
(S. Uist, March, 1903), very rare extreme north Scottish mainland,
occurrence in Orkneys and Shetlands not proved. In Ireland very

* It is impossible to say whether Anser erythropus (L.) (Anas erythropus
Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 123, 1758 : " A. cinerea, fronte alba, Fn. Suec.,
"92, Anser helsingicus Clusius. exot. 308. Habitat in Europa septentrionali ")
refers to this goose or A. albifrons Scopoli. It might be restricted to the
commoner A. albifrons, but why it has been accepted for the Lesser White-
fronted Goose is incomprehensible. Under the circumstances it is best not
to employ it at all. — E.H.

f Latham's name, having two years priority, is now generally adopted.
(See Cat. B. Brit. Mus., xxvn, etc.). — E.H.

J Many authors separate two supposed species : Anser fabalis (= segetum
•Gm.) and Anser arvensis, while others do not recognize them as different.
If they are two species, both would occur in Great Britain, and Mr. F. W.
Frohawk has gone so far as to affirm that A. arvensis is the usual form (Field,
1902, p. 605), but until we have more thoroughly investigated the question
we can only admit one species.

K

130 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

scarce in south, but more numerous west and midlands, especially in
severe winters.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Owing to the confusion of several species
and subspecies of these Geese, the distribution of this form is not
easily understood, but it appears that Anser fabalis fabalis breeds on
Kolguev and Novaya Zemlia and in north-east Russia (Petchora)
and probably west Siberia, while in Finland and Lapland it appears
to occur only on passage, and is represented by allied forms in the
north of eastern Asia. On migration in most parts of Europe and
western Asia.

ANSER BRACHYRHYNCHUS

278. Anser brachyrhynchus Baillon— THE PINK-FOOTED
GOOSE.

ANSER BRACHYRHYNCHUS Baillon, Mem. Soc. R. Abbeville, 1833, p. 74

(France).

Anser brachyrhynchus Baillon, Yarrell, iv, p. 270 ; Saunders, p. 403.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor. Most numerous east
coast Great Britain, scarcer south and west. Rare extreme north
Scotland, identified only two or three times Orkneys, not Shetlands,
a number Oct. 1909, Fair Isle, doubtful occurrence 0. Hebrides. In
Ireland only two obtained, Lough Swilly (Donegal), Oct. 19, 1891,
Lough Key (Roscommon), Feb. 17, 1908.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Occurs on passage and winters in north-
western Europe. Appears regularly in Holland, but has only been
casually obtained in Germany, France, and Belgium, and, strange to
say, in Scandinavia, though we may suppose that it wanders along
coast of Norway. Reaches probably Spain and Portugal. Breeding
quarters Spitsbergen and probably Franz-Josef Land, possibly also
Iceland. (Occurrences recorded in Persia, India, and Japan are
probably either referable to Anser neglectus, or erroneous.)

ANSER HYPERBOREUS

279. Anser hyperboreus hyperboreus Pall. — THE SNOW-
GOOSE.

ANSER HYPERBOREUS Pallas, Spicilegia Zool., fasc. vi, p. 25 (1769 —

N.E. Siberia).

Chen hyperboreus (Pallas), Yarrell, iv, p. 275 ; Saunders, p. 405.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. Ireland. — Three co.
Wexford, Nov., 1871. Two (out of seven) caught co. Mayo, Oct.,
1877 (Saunders, p. 405). One obtained and another seen co. Long-
ford, Oct., 1903. Four seen co. Mayo, Dec., 1903, and fourteen
Dec., 1906 (cf. Brit. B., n, p. 27). England and Scotland. — Only one
obtained (Aug., 1854, Scottish Solway), no doubt same bird as seen

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 131

previously Cumberland side ; said to have been seen other occasions
in Solway (Birds Dumfries., p. 248). Reported as seen Northum-
berland, Yorks., and Gloucester winter 1890-1 (Saunders, p. 405),
Norfolk, autumn, 1909, and Essex April and May, 1911 (cf. Brit. B.,
iv, p. 28, v, pp. 25, 139), but some of these later examples may have
been escapes from captivity.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Eastern Arctic Asia and western Arctic
America. On passage and in winter in western North America,
southwards to Lower California and Mexico ; in Asia south to Japan ;
in Europe observed in several countries, such as Norway, Holland,
France, Heligoland, Germany, and probably elsewhere — even,
perhaps, in Greece. Replaced by A. h. nivalis in eastern North
America.

280. Anser hyperboreus nivalis (Forst.)— THE GREATER
SNOW-GOOSE.

ANAS NIVALIS Forster, Philos. Trans., LXII, p. 433 (1772 — Severn R.,

Hudson Bay, Canada).

Chen nivalis Forster, Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C., x, p. xv.

DISTRIBUTION. — Ireland. — One, Belmullet (Mayo) Oct., 1886 (ut
supra ; cf. R. J. Ussher, List Irish Birds, p. 33 ; Brit. B., n, p. 27).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in north Greenland and Ellesmere
Land, though full range is unknown ; on passage and in winter in
eastern America, south to Louisiana, Florida and even Porto Rico.
Replaced by A. h. hyperboreus in western North America and arctic
east Asia.

BRANTA RUFICOLLIS*

281. Branta ruficollis (Pall.)— THE RED-BREASTED GOOSE.

ANSER RUFICOLLIS Pallas, Spicilegia Zool., fasc. vi, p. 21, pi. iv (1769 —

S. Russia).

Bernicla ruficollis (Pallas), Yarrell, iv, p. 281 ; Saunders, p. 407.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Very rare vagrant. One near London
early 1776. One near Wycliflfe (Yorks.) about same time. One
Berwick-on-Tweed (Northumberland), 1818. One Maldon (Essex),
Jan. 6, 1871. Two said to have been got south Devon, and one
Norfolk (Saunders, p. 407). One Severn (Gloucester), Nov. 18, 1909
(Brit. B., in, p. 376). Others recorded, but not substantiated.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Nests in tundras of western Siberia ;

* Bernicla is often quoted as a genus of Brisson, bub Brisson never
established such a genus. The name Branta (Scopoli, 1769) must therefore
be used— E.H.

K 2

132 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

winters in great numbers on Caspian Sea, in steppes of Transcaspia
and parts of Persia, passing through south Russia, the Khirgiz
steppes, and parts of Turkestan, casually in France, Italy, Holland,
Germany, Galicia, Hungary, and even — at least in ancient times —
in Egypt.

BRANTA LEUCOPSIS

282. Branta leucopsis (Bechst.)— THE BARNACLE-GOOSE.

ANAS LEUCOPSIS Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., n, p. 424 (1803 — Germany).
Bernicla leucopsis (Bechstein), Yarrell, iv, p. 286 ; Saunders, p. 409.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor. Most numerous
O. and some I. Hebrides, and Solway, where, however, becoming
scarcer. Formerly conimon, now rare, parts of Wales and Cheshire,
but more numerous generally on west side Great Britain than east,
where very rare, as on south coast and inland. In northern Scotland
rare, but fairly regular visitor Orkneys and well-known passage-
migrant (not wintering) Shetlands. In Ireland regular winter-
visitor to coasts and islands Connaught and co. Donegal, and
in small numbers to Dundalk Bay (Louth), very rare southern
half.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds Spitsbergen and north-east
Greenland, possibly also Kolguev(P), Novaya Zemlia, and north-
west Siberia. On migration and in winter from Iceland to
shores of Baltic and North Sea, occasionally inland, exceptionally
south to Italy, Spain, Marocco, Azores, casually in North
America.

BRANTA BERNICLA

283. Branta bernicla bernicla (L.)— THE BRENT GOOSE.

ANAS BERNICLA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p 124 (1758 — "Habitat

in Europa boreali ; migrat supra Sueciam ").

Bernicla brenta (Pallas), Yarrell, iv, p. 290; Saunders, p. 411.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter- visitor. Most numerous and
regular east coast Scotland, east and south coast England, and all
coasts Ireland, where, however, scarcer on south coast. On wTest
coasts Great Britain generally scarce and somewhat irregular, as
in western isles Scotland, but common parts of Orkneys, and in
Shetlands chiefly known as passage-migrant. Very rare inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds on Franz- Josef Land, Spitsbergen,
Kolguev, and Novaya Zemlia (not on mainland of European Russia),
on Yenisei, and even further east ; replaced by allied races in east
and west North America. In winter in vast numbers on shores
of Baltic and especially North Sea. Casually inland, sometimes
south to Mediterranean and even north Africa.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 133

284. Branta bernicla glaucogastra (Brehm) — THE PALE-
BREASTED BRENT GOOSE.

BERNICLA GLAUCOGASTER Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 849
(1831— German coast of Baltic Sea).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor. In very few in-
stances definitely recorded, and distribution of the two forms is little
known, but this form is said to occur with the typical but to be
scarcer south of the Humber (Saunders, p. 412). Recorded Sol-
way and Yorks., also Northumberland, where seems more abundant
than typical form (A. Chapman, Bird-life Borders, 2nd ed., p. 337) ;
appears to be more common than typical form in south-east
Ireland (H.F.W.)

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in arctic islands of north-eastern
North America, west to about longitude 100°, and on west coast
of Greenland, in winter along Atlantic coasts of America, south to
Carolina and even Florida, casually inland, accidental in British
Columbia. A few occurrences recorded from Kolguev, but appar-
ently from memory only, and not from actual comparison, and from
Taimyr peninsula, whence one skin is known.

[Branta bernicla nigricans (Lawr.)— THE BLACK BRENT
GOOSE.

ANSER NIGRICANS Lawrence, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. York, 1840,
p. 171, pi. xii (New Jersey).

Bernicla nigricans, Gurney, Zool., 1908, pp. 121 and 123 ; id., i.e., 19] 0
p. 123 ; Coburn, Rep. and Trans. N. Staffs. F. Club, XLIV, pp. 121-5.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Said by Mr. F. Coburn to have been
obtained as follows : Wash (Norfolk), female, Jan, 15, 1907; male,
Feb., 1902 ; fourteen, Jan., 1909 ; Staffs., one, Nov. 23, 1895 ;
Warwick, one, Nov. 5, 1897 (ut supra and Brit. B., n, pp. 27, iv,
pp. 27 and 107).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds on arctic coast and islands of
western North America and in arctic zone of Siberia from the Lena
eastwards to islands in Bering Sea. In winter along eastern coasts
of Asiatic continent and its islands to Japan, and along west coast
of America to lower California. Also recorded Maui (Hawaii).]

[NOTE. — The CANADA GOOSE, Branta canadensis canadensis (L.), an
inhabitant of North America, has been domesticated in this country for more
than two centuries, but there is no evidence that truly wild birds have ever
visited us (c/. Yarrell, iv, p. 295 ; Saunders, p. 412).]

[NOTE. — Many examples of the introduced EGYPTIAN GOOSE, Chenalopex
cegyptiacus (L.), an inhabitant of Africa and Palestine, have been killed in
various parts of the country (Yarrell, iv, p. 300 ; Saunders, p. 412).]

[NOTE. — Examples, undoubtedly introduced, of the SPUR-WINGED GOOSE,
Phctropterus gambensis (L.), an inhabitant of tropical Africa, have been killed
in this country (Yarrell, iv, p. 304 ; Saunders, p. 412).]

134 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

TADORNA TADORNA

285. Tadorna tadorna (L.)— THE SHELD-DUCK.

ANAS TADORNA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 122 (1758 — Coasts of

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Tadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmelin), Yarrell, iv, p. 352 ; Saunders, p. 419.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed
suitable localities coast, and especially estuaries, and in some places
breeds considerable distance inland. Scarcer in south Great Britain
than north and in Shetlands very rare, and very doubtful if ever
nested. In winter, numbers increased by immigrants.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in northern Europe, from about
latitude 70° in Norway and 51° in Urals to France and even Spain,
and on salt-lakes of south Siberia and central Asia, also in eastern
Asia, west to Caspian and Black Seas. On migration south to Medi-
terranean and north Africa, as far as the tropic of Cancer, to north
India, Japan, China, and Formosa. Casually in Iceland and Faeroes.

CASARCA FERRUGINEA*

286. Casarca ferruginea (Pall.)— THE RUDDY SHELD-
DUCK.

ANAS FERRUGINEA Pallas, Vroeg's Cat., Adumbratiuncula, p. 5 (1764 —

Tartary).

Tadorna casarca (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 347 ; Saunders, p. 421.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. Many occurred June
to Sept., 1892 various parts Ireland, in Cumberland, Sutherland,
Elgin, Lines., Norfolk, and Suffolk. Flocks ten to fifteen and even
twenty in some places (cf. F. M. Ogilvie, ZooL, 1892, pp. 392-8).
Others recorded from time to time Dorset, Hants., Kent, Norfolk,
Essex, and elsewhere, including Sule Skerry (Orkneys), June 18,1909.
Some recorded examples no doubt escaped from semi-captivity.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — East and south Europe south to north
Africa, east through middle Asia to China and Japan ; winters
in India and south China to Formosa, also in north Africa.

ANAS PLATYRHYNCHAf

287. Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha L. — THE MALLARD.

ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 125 (1758 —

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Anas boscas Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 358 ; Saunders, p. 423.

* The name ferruginea antedates Linnseus's Anas casarca. — E.H.

f Linnaeus described the female as Anas platyrhynchos on p. 125, the male
as Anas boschas (not boscas) on p. 127 of Syst. Nat., ed. x. The former name
has therefore been correctly accepted (Lonnberg, A.O.U. Checklist, and
others). — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 135

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter-visitor. Gener-
ally distributed.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern Hemisphere, in winter south
to north-east Africa and north India. Also in North America, but
at least the Greenland form is separable ; in winter (in America)
south to Mexico, West Indies, and Panama.

ANAS STREPERA

288. Anas strepera L.— THE GADWALL.

ANAS STREPERA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 125 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Anas strepera Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 370 ; Saunders, p. 425.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter -visit or. Breeds
regularly (now in considerable numbers) Norfolk and Suffolk, and
in 1909, 1910, and probably previously, on a loch in Forth area,
Scotland. Also bred in Peebles, 1906. Elsewhere autumn to
spring visitor, uncertain and scarce most parts, but common
Tiree.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern Hemisphere, breeding in tem-
perate regions of both continents ; in winter south to Abyssinia,
India and China, Mexico and Florida. (Accidental in Bermudas,
Cuba, and Jamaica.)

ANAS CRECCA

289. Anas crecca crecca L. — THE TEAL.

ANAS CRECCA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 126 (1758— Europe. Re-
stricted typical locality : Sweden).
Querquedula crecca (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 387 ; Saunders, p. 431.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter-visitor. Breeds
most English counties ; sparsely southern and inland ones, more
plentifully eastern and northern and in Wales. In Scotland widely
distributed breeding-bird, and known to breed plentifully in some
O. Hebrides since 1901. In Ireland breeds throughout in limited
numbers. Some home-bred birds emigrate in autumn, but numbers
•are greatly increased in winter by Continental visitors.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Palsearctic region generally, breeding
more abundantly in northern portions, but in winter all over con-
tinent of Europe, where open fresh-water remains, and in milder
parts of Asia, south to Haussa-land, Abyssinia, Blue Nile, Sokotra,
India and Ceylon, Burmah, Japan and China. Represented by
A. c. carolinensis in North America.

136 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

290. Anas crecca carolinensis Gm. — THE AMERICAN
GREEN-WINGED TEAL.

ANAS CAROLINENSIS Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 533 (1789 — Carolina to

Hudson Bay).

Nettion carolinense (J. F. Gmelin), Saunders, p. 433.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Two or three. Adult male Kingsbridge
estuary (Devon), Nov. 23, 1879 (H. Nicholls, Zool., 1880, p. 70).
Adult male near Scarborough (Yorks.), Nov., 1851 (J. Evans, op.c.,
1852, p. 3472). One said to have been shot Hurstbourne Park
(Hants.) about 1840 (Saunders, p. 433).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Replaces Anas crecca crecca in North
America, winters in parts of United States and as far south as
Lower California, West Indies and even Honduras, accidental in
Hawaii, Bermudas, and Greenland.

ANAS DISCORS

291. Anas discors L.— THE AMERICAN BLUE-WINGED
TEAL.

ANAS DISCORS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 205 (1766 — Carolina to-
Virginia).

Querquedula discors (Linnaeus), Saunders, p. 434 ; Yarrell, iv, p. 391
(in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Two or three. Female Upper
Nithsdale (Dumfries), 1858 (Saunders, p. 434, Birds Dumfries.,
pp. 276-8, cf. Brit. B., v, p. 257). Female Dee estuary (Cheshire),
about 1860 (Vert. Fauna Cheshire, p. 322). Immature female
(probably wild bird) Ballycotton (Cork), Ireland, Sept., 1910
(Bull. B.O.C., xxvii, p. 15; Brit. B., iv, p. 252).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Western Hemisphere ; breeding in Canada
and United States, wintering in parts of United States and south
to West Indies and South America.

ANAS QUERQUEDULA

292. Anas querquedula L. — THE GARGANEY.

ANAS QTJEKQUEDULA Linnaeus, Syst. Xat., ed. x, i, p. 126 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Querquedula circia (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 393 ; Saunders, p. 435.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer resident and vagrant.
Breeds regularly Norfolk, Suffolk, and Kent ; has bred Durham
(1880-7), Yorks. (1882, 1908), Essex, Hants. (1897), Somerset
(1910). Elsewhere vagrant — usually spring, less frequently autumn,

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 137

and exceptionally winter. Especially rare Wales, west and north
England, Scotland (not occurred O. Hebrides), and Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Paleearctic region generally, breeding
chiefly in subarctic portions, migrating in winter as far south as
northern and tropical Africa, and south Asia as far as Philippines
and Moluccas.

[NOTE. — Wanderers from captivity of the NORTH AMERICAN SUMMER-DUCK,

Aix sponsa (L.), are sometimes shot (Saunders, p. 432).]

ANAS PENELOPE

293. Anas penelope L.— THE WIGEON.

AXAS PENELOPE Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 69 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Mareca penelope (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 397 ; Saunders, p. 437.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter- visit or. Breeds
regularly Sutherland, Caithness, Ross, Cromarty, and Perth ; and
in Argyll, borders of Roxburgh and Selkirk, and Forth area at all
events in recent years ; has nested Shetlands, Orkneys, Kirkcud-
bright., Coll, Kincardine; also (possibly wild birds) Yorks. (1897 and
1901), Cumberland (1903 and 1908), and Merioneth (1898). Some
evidence, but no proof, of breeding occasionally other parts.
Common winter-visitor on all coasts and occasionally inland
waters. In Shetlands, chiefly autumn and spring migrant.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Palsearctic region generally, breeding in
colder parts, wintering in more southern latitudes as far as north
Africa, Persia, India, Burmah, Sunda Islands, and China ;
accidental visitor to North America.

ANAS AMERICANA

294. Anas americana Gm.— THE AMERICAN WIGEON.

ANAS AMERICANA Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 526 (1789 — N". America).
Mareca americana (Gmelin), Yarrell, iv, p. 403 ; Saunders, p. 439.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Very rare vagrant. Male identified,
and female probably, at London Market, winter 1837-8. Young
male found at Leeds game-stall, Feb., 1895 (Saunders, p. 439).
Adult male shot Benbecula (0. Hebrides), Jan. 3, 1907 (Bull. B.O.C.,
xix, p. 57 ; cf. Brit. B., n, p. 56). Adult male seen Anglesey,
June, 1910, may have been an escape from captivity (Brit. B., iv,
pp. 87, 256). Other occurrences (unauthenticated) recorded.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North America, in winter south to
Guatemala, Costa Rica, West Indies, and Hawaiian Islands,

138 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Accidental in Europe (France), Azores, and Bering Islands. Re-
ported as breeding in Iceland by Mr. F. Coburn (Bull. B.O.C., xn,
p. 14), but this statement requires confirmation.

SPATULA CLYPEATA

295. Spatula clypeata (L.)— THE SHOVELER.

ANAS CLYPEATA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 124 (1758 — Restricted

typical locality : S. Sweden).

Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 375 ; Saunders, p. 427.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident, forsaking most
breeding-places in autumn and then, as well as in winter, more
widely distributed. Since 1876 greatly increased as breeding-
species, and now nests Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham,
Yorks., Lanes.. Lines., Notts., Staffs., Salop, Warwick., Norfolk,
Suffolk, Cambs., Beds., Herts., Essex, Kent, Sussex, Hants., Dorset,
Somerset, and Devon. In Wales much scarcer, but nests Anglesey
-and once Merioneth. Scotland. — Breeds good many places in south
and east, in Orkneys, Tiree, since 1903 in 0. Hebrides, and
sporadically in north mainland. Increasing. — Ireland. — Breeds
every province. Increasing.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern Hemisphere. Breeds as far
north as lat. 68° and in America to Alaska, winters as far south as
Senegambia and Somaliland, India and Ceylon, China and Formosa,
Hawaiian Islands, and in America to West Indies and Colombia.
Casual in Bermudas and Newfoundland, once near Capetown.

DAFILA ACUTA

296. Dafila acuta (L.)— THE PINTAIL.

ANAS ACUTA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 126 (1758 — k' Hab. in
Europse maritimis." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Dafila acuta (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 380 ; Saunders, p. 429.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter- visit or. Has
bred Skye (I. Hebrides) in 1889, Loch Leven (Fife) since 1898 (and
probably before), Selkirk in 1901, South Uist (0. Hebrides) in 1902,
Shetlands 1905 and 1908, Orkneys several years, and increased in
1910, while a clutch of eggs in Brit. Mus. is labelled " Inverness-
shire." May have bred Ireland many years ago. Otherwise
regular, but rather scarce, winter- visitor (Sept. -April) to most
parts coast and occasionally inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern Hemisphere, breeding in north-
ern parts from about 70° down to lat. 50°, also in south Spain and
south France ; in winter south to northern Africa, India, China

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 139

and even Borneo, Panama. Porto Rico, Cuba, Hawaiian Islands,
and Laysan.

NYROCA RUFINA*

297. Nyroca rufina (Pall.)— THE RED-CRESTED POCHARD.

ANAS RUFINA Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. d. Russ. Reichs, n, p. 713

(1773— S. Russia).

Fuligula rufina (Pallas), Yarrell, iv, p. 407 ; Saunders, p. 441.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Very rare vagrant. Since the first
in July, 1818, eight or nine Norfolk, besides flocks of thirteen and
four Sept., 1906. A few others recorded (all autumn or winter),
chiefly east coast England, as follows : — Northumberland (one),
Yorks. (one, Jan., 1900), Suffolk (several), Essex (one), mouth of
Thames (flock of eighteen), Bucks, and Herts. (Tring Reservoirs,
flock), Sussex (flock of 14-16, Jan., 1911), Hants, (one), Dorset (one),
Devon (one), Cornwall (one), Pembroke (one), Westmorland (one),
Argyll (one), Kerry (one).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mediterranean countries to central Asia,
exceptionally in Germany and south Hungary, wintering in Mediter-
ranean, south-west Asia and in India. Accidental in north Europe,
once in United States.

NYROCA FERINA

298. Nyroca ferina ferina (L.)— THE COMMON POCHARD.

ANAS FERINA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 126 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Fuligula ferina (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 413 ; Saunders, p. 443.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident and winter- visitor.
Increasing and now breeds, or has bred, in all maritime counties of
east coast, as well as Hants., Dorset, Sussex, Herts., Bucks., Berks.,
Staffs., Lanes., and possibly Anglesey. In winter more widely
dispersed, but irregular in numbers and localities. Scotland. — Breeds
most parts, but only winter- visitor to Shetlands and mainly so to O.
Hebrides , where truly wild birds may have nested. Ireland. — Winter-
visitor. A pair with young identified in Monaghan, 1907, and said
to have bred elsewhere.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Palaearctic region generally from Atlantic
Ocean to Japan, breeding chiefly in subarctic portions, wintering in
Mediterranean countries east to India, China, and Japan. Replaced
by an allied race in North America.

* The numerous k ' genera " of Ducks distinguished by many authors should
be avoided, as they are not sufficiently well-defined, and the oldest name for
the group under consideration is Nyroca Fleming, 1822. — E.H.

140 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

NYROCA NYROCA

299. Nyroca nyroca (Giild.)— THE FERRUGINOUS DUCK.

ANAS NYROCA Giildenstadt, Nov. Comm. Sc. Petrop., xiv, i, p. 405

(1769— S. Russia).

Fuligula nyroca (Giildenstadt), Yarrell, iv, p. 418 ; Saunders, p. 445.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. England. — Over fifty
recorded from Norfolk and a few Suffolk, Cambs., Lines., Notts.,
Yorks., Northumberland (one), Lanes, (one), Oxon. (four), Essex
(one), Kent (one or two), Surrey (one), Sussex (nine), Hants, (a few),
Dorset (one), Devon (two), Cornwall (one), Brecon (one), Radnor
(one), Montgomery (seven). Scotland. — One or two Firth of Forth
and two on Tay. Ireland. — Eight or nine.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Palsearctic region generally, eastwards to
valley of the Ob. Breeds in south, central, and east Europe, north
Africa, and west Asia. In winter in north Africa and India.

[NYROCA BAERF

Nyroca baeri (Radde)— BAER'S DUCK.

ANAS (FULIGULA) BAERI Radde, Reise S. v. O. Sibirien, n, p. 376, pi. 15-
(1863— S.E. Siberia).

Nyroca baeri, X. C. Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C., xn, p. 25 ; &thyia baeri
Saunders, Brit. B., i, p. 14 ; W. Rothschild, i.e., p. 63.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Male, Tring Reservoirs (Herts. )r
Nov. 5, 1901 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — East Siberia, on passage and in winter to
Japan, China, Waigiu Islands near New Guinea, irregularly Burmah
and India.]

NYROCA FULIGULA

300. Nyroca fuligula (L.)— THE TUFTED DUCK.

ANAS FULIGULA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 128 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Fuligula cristata (Leach), Yarrell, iv, p. 430 ; Saunders, p. 447.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter-visitor. During
last twenty years greatly increased and extended range as breeding-
species. Now nests in most English counties, in Anglesey, in Scot-
land all over south and east as far north as Caithness and Orkneys,

* We do not think it advisable to admit fully a duck on the strength of one
recently recorded occurrence, since many" water-fowl " are now kept in semi-
captivity without even being properly identified.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 141

as well as in I. and O. (since 1903) Hebrides, but still only rare visitor
to west coast from Argyll north. In Ireland only known as winter-
visitor until 1877, now breeds many counties in all provinces. In
winter more plentiful and more widely dispersed.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Palsearctic region generally, from Atlantic
to 1 Pacific. In winter south to China and India, Malayan Archi-
pelago (casual) and to Abyssinia in Africa (where it is even said to
breed), once recorded from Siberia.

NYROCA MARILA

301. Nyroca marila marila (L.)— THE SCAUP-DUCK.

ANAS MARILA Linnaeus, Fauna Svecica, ed. n, p. 39 (1761 — Lapland).
Fuligula marila (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 423 ; Saunders, p. 449.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter- visitor. Bred
Sutherland 1899, and in an island of Uist group (0. Hebrides) 1897-9
(two pairs), 1900 (three pairs), probably also 1901 and certainly 1902.
Also 1906 in another island in same group (cf. Brit. B., n, pp. 85,
132, 146, 209, 283). Otherwise winter-visitor to all coasts and
seldom on inland waters.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Palsearctic region generally, but replaced
in the east — and apparently in North America — by an allied race.
Breeds in arctic regions, winters as far south as Mediterranean,
Black and Caspian Seas, and north India.

[NOTE. — A specimen found in Leadenhall Market, and said to have been
taken in Lines., formed the subject of Donovan's description and figure of
Nyroca collaris, the AMERICAN RING-NECKED DUCK (Anas collaris Donovan,
Brit. Birds, vi, 1809, pi. 147). The bird is an inhabitant of North America,
irom British Columbia to northern California, and from Alberta south to
Dakota and Wisconsin ; in winter south to Porto Rico and Guatemala.]

NYROCA CLANGULA

302. Nyroca clangula clangula (L.)— THE GOLDENEYE.

ANAS CLANGULA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 125 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Clangula glaucion (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 435 ; Saunders, p. 451.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor. Generally distri-
buted round coasts, in estuaries, and less frequently in lakes and
rivers. Sometimes seen in summer in Scotland, but no proof of
breeding. Adult males comparatively rare.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern Palsearctic region, breeding in
arctic and subarctic portions, on migration and in winter south to

142 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Mediterranean and Caspian region, north India, China and Japan.
Replaced by a very closely -allied race in North America.

[NOTE. — An immature male Goldeneye shot on the Aide, Suffolk, Feb. 1,
1908, was thought to be a specimen of BARROW'S GOLDENEYE, Nyroca islandica
(Gm.) (F. M. Ogilvie, Bull. B.O.C., xxm, p. 63), which breeds in Iceland and
northern North America, and winters southwards to California, is a rare visitor
to Greenland, and a vagrant in Europe. The identification requires con-
firmation ; young birds are hardly distinguishable from those of the Goldeneye.]

NYROCA ALBEOLA

303. Nyroca albeola (L.)— THE BUFFEL-HEADED DUCK.

ANAS ALBEOLA Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 124 (1758 — America.

Typical locality : Newfoundland).

Clangula albeola (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 442 ; Saunders, p. 453.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Two. Adult male Yarmouth (Nor-
folk) about 1830 (Birds Norfolk, in, p. 222); one Bridlington
(Yorks.) winter 1864-5 (Cordeaux, ZooL, 1865, p. 9659). Others
recorded, including two Aberdeen., mentioned by Gray, not con-
sidered authentic (cf. Fauna Tay Basin, p. 243).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North America, breeding as far north as
the Yukon River, the lower Mackenzie and Great Slave Lake, and
south to Montana, wintering from Aleutian Islands and British
Columbia south to Lower California, Mexico and Florida. Casual
in Hawaii, Greenland (once), Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Bermudas, Cuba, and Europe (Great Britain only).

CLANGULA HYEMALIS*

304. Clangula hyemalis (L.)— THE LONG-TAILED DUCK.

ANAS HYEMALIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 126 (1758 — N. Europe
and America. Restricted typical locality : N. Sweden).
Harelda glacialis (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 446 ; Saunders, p. 455.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor (Sept. -April, occasion-
ally summer, and possibly a few resident). Regular visitor east
coast Great Britain, occasional south and west coasts England and
Wales. On west side Scotland and in Hebrides as well as Orkneys
and Shetlands very common. In Ireland somewhat irregular, and
chiefly visits north and west coasts. On inland waters rare vagrant.
Adults rather uncommon. Eggs apparently of this species taken
several times Shetlands, reported as breeding summer 1911, Orkneys
(O. V. Aplin, ZooL, 1911, p. 432 ; Brit. B., v, p. 203), and some
evidence of previous nesting Orkneys but as yet no proof.

* Anas hyemalis is the oldest name, glacialis having been only published
in 1766, eight years later. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 143

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern Hemisphere. Breeding in arctic
regions, wintering further southwards to Black and Caspian Seas,
and (in small numbers) Mediterranean, in Asia to Lake Baikal, Japan,
China, in America in northern United States and on Great Lakes, and
as far south as Gulf of Mexico.

HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS*

305. Histrionicus histrionicus (L.)— THE HARLEQUIN-DUCK.

ANAS HISTRIONICA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x, i, p. 127 (1758 — America.

Typical locality : Newfoundland).

Cosmonetta histrionica (Linnseus), Yarrell, iv, p. 452 ; Saunders, p. 457.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Very rare vagrant. Male found
dead Filey (Yorks.) autumn 1862. Two young males obtained, out
of three seen, Fame Isles (Northumberland) Dec. 2, 1886. Has
possibly occurred Scotland, while others recorded are doubtfully
authentic (Saunders, p. 457).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern Hemisphere, breeding in Ice-
land, north-east Asia, and probably other places (according to
Sabanaeff in the Ural and government of Yaroslav), also in North
America as far south as Montana. In winter south to Japan, Lake
Baikal, middle United States of America, and California. Rare in
Europe.

POLYSTICTA STELLERlt

306. Polysticta stelleri (Pall.)— STELLER'S EIDER.

ANAS STELLERI Pallas, Spicilegia ZooL, fasc. vi, p. 35, pi. 5 (1769 — Kamt-

schatka).

Somateria stelleri (Pallas), Yarrell, iv, p. 468 ; Saunders, p. 463.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Two. Nearly adult male Caistor (Nor-
folk) Feb. 10, 1830 (Yarrell, Proc. Z. Soc., 1831, p. 35). Young
male off Filey Brigg (Yorks.) Aug. 15, 1845 (R. J. Bell, Zool,
1846, p. 1249).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Arctic and sub-arctic coasts of Northern
Hemisphere, breeding in arctic regions (erroneously stated to have
nested on Varanger Fjord, east of North Cape and at Petschinka,
but certain in east Siberia, east of Taimyr Peninsula, and Arctic
Ocean near Bering Sea east to Alaska) ; in winter sparingly in various
parts of northern Europe, more numerous on coasts of Kamtschatka
to Kurile Islands, Aleutian Islands and Greenland, once in Quebec,

* Histrionicus, 1828, antedates Cosmonetta, 1829.— E.H.
f Recent ornithologists separate Steller's Eider from the genus Somateria*
If this is done, the generic name Polysticta is the oldest name for it. — E.H.

144 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA

307. Somateria mollissima mollissima (L.) — THE COMMON
EIDER.

ANAS MOLLISSIMA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 124 (1758 — X. Europe).
Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 457 ; Saunders, p. 459.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Resident and winter- visitor. Breeds
coast of Northumberland, Holy Isle and Fame Isles ; along east coast
Scotland, in Orkneys, Shetlands, O. and many I. Hebrides, parts of
Argyll coast, and in recent years northwards on west coast. As a
winter-visitor uncommon or rare on west and south coasts Great
Britain, 'but lately increased in parts of north-west Scotland ; on
«ast coast regular, becoming more abundant from Northumberland
northwards. Ireland. — Rare vagrant ; under forty recorded from
•all provinces.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in north-western Palsearctic region
from Iceland to shores of Kara Sea and south to Sylt and (casually)
Vlieland and Terschelling Islands. In winter along coasts of Europe,
occasionally to south Europe and Azores. Replaced by closely -allied
forms in North America, Greenland, Spitsbergen, and north-east Asia.

[NOTE. — An Eider shot at Graemsay (Orkneys) Dec. 14, 1904, and said to
have been a Pacific Eider, Somateria mollissima \r-nigntm Gray (Bull. B.O.C.,
xv, p. 32 ; ZooL, 1905, pp. 74, 142, 143 ; Ann. S.N.H., 1905, p. 183), was sub-
sequently proved to be a variety of the Common Eider, Somateria m. mollissima t
(cf. Bull. B.O.C., xix, p. 80 ; Brit. B., i, pp. 15, 69, 125, 158.]

SOMATERIA SPECTABILIS

308. Somateria spectabilis (L.)— THE KING-EIDER.

ANAS SPECTABILIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 123 (1758 — Canada,

Sweden).

Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 463 ; Saunders, p. 461.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Very rare vagrant. England.—
Three obtained Norfolk, one Yorks., two (and others seen) Fame
Isles (Northumberland). Scotland. — Examples obtained and satis-
factorily identified coast of Haddington, Firth of Forth, Fife (June,
1899), and Firth of Tay (several obtained winter 1879-80). Several
recorded Shetlands (last Feb., 1899, June 29, 1910), one Fair Isle
(1910) and several Orkneys (last Feb., 1906). Recorded as seen off
Jura and Islay. Ireland. — Dublin (five), Down (two), Mayo (one),
and Rathlin Island (last Down, Nov., 1897).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern portion of Northern Hemi-
sphere, breeding on shores of Arctic Ocean (Greenland, Spitsbergen,
Novaya Zemlia and arctic Siberia and America) ; in winter
casually to France (Italy twice) and several parts of northern
Europe, in America rarely and accidentally to Georgia, California,
.and Iowa.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 145

OIDEMIA NIGRA*

309. Oidemia nigra nigra (L.)— THE COMMON SCOTER.

ANAS NIGRA Linnaeus, Syst. Xat., ed. x, i, p. 123 (1758 — Lapland and

England).

(Edemia nigra (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 472 ; Saunders, p. 465.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter- visitor. Breeds
Caithness, Sutherland, Cromarty, and parts of Ross and Inverness,
said to have bred Tiree, 1897, and one pair has bred in a lough in
Ireland since 1905 (probably 1904) (cf. Brit. B., n, pp. 39, 86, 134 ;
in, p. 197 ; iv, p. 154 ; v, p. 79). Common winter- visitor (young
birds often remaining through summer) east and south coasts.
Great Britain, but in Orkneys, Shetlands, 0. Hebrides and west
coast generally, less plentiful, though usually very common More-
cambe Bay and Solway. In Ireland regular visitor to northern
half, but scarce elsewhere. On inland waters infrequent.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeding from Iceland through north
Europe and west Siberia to Taimyr Peninsula, from about lat. 74° to
Polar Circle (bred Spitsbergen 1905). On passage and in winter
on shores of Europe, occasionally as far south as Spain, Portugal,
the Mediterranean, Azores, and Rio de Oro on west coast of the
Sahara. Replaced by a closely-allied race in North America and
north-east Siberia.

OIDEMIA FUSCA

310. Oidemia fusca fusca (L.) —THE VELVET-SCOTER.

ANAS FUSCA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 123 (1758 — "Habitat in
Oceano Europaeo." Restricted typical locality : Swedish coast).
(Edemia ftisca (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 476 ; Saunders, p. 467.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles.— Winter- visitor. Regular, but not
abundant, east coast Great Britain, not infrequent south coast,
rare western side. Common Orkneys, but rare Shetlands and

* The question has been raised (in litt. ) whether the generic name Oidemia
should be replaced by Melanitta. Melanitta Boie (Isis, 1822, p. 564) was
published in May, 1822. The exact date of publication of Oidemia Fleming
(Philosophy of Zoology, n, p. 260) is not known. It was published in 1822,
but the work has no more exact date than the year. In the Edinburgh Philo-
sophical Journal, Vol. vn, No. xiv, which appeared in Oct, 1822, Fleming's
Philosophy of Zoology was first mentioned. The editors say: "We have
long regretted the want of a scientific, and at the same time popular, view
of the leading facts in zoology. It is, therefore, with much pleasure and
satisfaction that we announce the appearance of a work by Dr. Fleming in
two volumes octavo, entitled Philosophy of Zoology ..." It is therefore
probable that the work of Fleming was not published before the autumn of
1822, or the notice might have appeared in a former number. As long, how-
ever, as there is no absolute proof that the name Oidemia is of a later date,
it must not be altered, and no nomenclator should advocate such an alteration
on mere inference and probabilities. — E.H.

L

146 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

uncommon 0. Hebrides. Rare visitor Ireland. Very rare vagrant
inland waters. Said to have nested Scotland, but no proof.
Some individuals stay throughout summer.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Palsearctic region, eastwards to
west Siberia, in winter south to shores of temperate Europe, Medi-
terranean and north African coasts, Black and Caspian Seas.
Accidental in Greenland. Replaced by allied races in east Siberia
and North America.

OIDEMIA PERSPICILLATA

311. Oidemia perspicillata (L.)— THE SURF-SCOTER.

ANAS PERSPICILLATA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 125 (1758 — Canada).
(Edemia perspicillata (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 481 ; Saunders, p. 469.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. Most frequent
Orkneys, where occasional examples, usually young, not infrequently
seen and six recorded obtained. Several recorded seen elsewhere
and following obtained : 0. Hebrides (one), Firth of Forth (one or
two), Cumberland (one), Lanes, (one), Scilly Isles (two), Cornwall
(two), Devon (three), Dorset (two). Six Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in northern North America ;
non-breeding birds in summer on coast of Lower California, in Green-
land and on northern coasts of United States ; in winter south to
Lower California, Carolina, Florida. Casual in Bermudas and
Jamaica. Also (apparently breeding) on shores of Bering Sea, and
(according to Palmen) in extreme north-east of Siberia. A number
of occurrences on record from Lapland, Finland, Scandinavia,
Heligoland, Belgium, France.

MERGUS MERGANSER

312. Mergus merganser merganser L. — THE GOOSANDER.

MERGUS MERGANSER Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 129 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Mergus merganser Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 488 ; Saunders, p. 471.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter -visitor. Breeds
Sutherland, Ross, Moray area, Tay area, and parts Argyll. Else-
where winter-visitor to estuaries and inland waters, but rare Orkneys
and Shetlands ; very rare 0. Hebrides, and somewhat irregular
and uncommon south England, Wales and Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From Iceland and north Europe (south
to Switzerland and Germany) to Kamtschatka. In winter south to
Mediterranean, Japan and China. Replaced by allied forms in
North America, and central Asia, the latter race wintering in
India.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 147

MERGUS SERRATOR

313. Mergus serrator L. — THE RED-BREASTED MER-
GANSER.

MERGUS SERRATOR Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 129 (1758 — Europe'

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Mergus serrator Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 494 ; Saunders, p. 473.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter- visitor. Breeds
commonly Argyll, and Tay area, and northwards both on salt and
fresh waters, as well as Hebrides, Orkneys and Shetlands, and many
parts Ireland. Elsewhere common winter-visitor, chiefly coasts
and infrequently inland waters.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in northern portions of Northern
Hemisphere, south in winter to north Africa, Black and Caspian
Seas, Sind, China and Japan, in America to Lower California and
Florida, casual in Bermudas, Cuba, and Hawaiian Isles.

MERGUS ALBELLUS

314. Mergus albellus L.— THE SMEW.

MERGUS ALBELLUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 129 (1758 — Europe.
Restricted typical locality : Mediterranean, near Smyrna ; from the
first quotation : Hasselquist's Journey, p. 268).
Mergus albellus Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 499 ; Saunders, p. 475.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor. Not uncommon
Orkneys and east coast Great Britain, tolerably regular south coast,
but scarce west coasts, except in some I. Hebrides, where not
uncommon. Very rare O. Hebrides and Shetlands. Rare, but
probably annual, visitor Ireland. Occurs on fresh waters as well
as on coast, but adult males rarely recorded anywhere.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern Palsearctic region, from north
of Baltic to Bering Sea in summer. In winter south to north-west
Africa, Mediterranean generally, Black and Caspian Seas, north
India, China and Japan.

MERGUS CUCULLATUS

315. Mergus cucullatus L.— THE AMERICAN HOODED
MERGANSER.

MERGUS CUCULLATUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 129 (1758 —

America).

Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 509 ; Saunders, p. 477.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Very rare vagrant. Four fully
authenticated, viz. young male Menai Straits (N. Wales), winter
1830-31 ; pair Queenstown Harbour (Cork), Dec., 1878 ; female

L 2

148 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Shannon Estuary (Kerry), Jan., 1881. Single birds also said to
have been taken Dingle Bay and Tralee Harbour (Kerry), Knockdrin
(Meath), near Sligo and Norfolk (winter, 1837-38).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North America. Breeds from central
British Columbia, Great Slave Lake, central Keewatin, central
Ungava, and Newfoundland, south to Oregon, New Mexico, Louisiana
and Florida ; winters from southern British Columbia south to
Lower California, Mexico, the Gulf States and Cuba. Single
records from Alaska, Bermudas.

PHALACROCORAX CARBO

316. Phalacrocorax carbo carbo (L.)— THE CORMORANT

PELECANUS CARBO Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 133 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 143 ; Saunders, p. 361.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed,
outnumbering Shag east coast Great Britain from Flamborough
northwards, most of Welsh coast, and Irish coasts except north
and west. Commonly visits many inland waters, and breeds in
a few places on inland cliffs and in parts of Connaught in trees.
Some appear to move southwards in autumn.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern Hemisphere generally, but
replaced by various subspecies in Africa, India, Australia, New
Zealand, though the status of eastern forms is as yet uncertain.

PHALACROCORAX GRACULUS

317. Phalacrocorax graculus graculus (L.) — THE SHAG.

PELECANUS GRACULUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 217 (1766 —

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Phalacrocorax graculus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 151 ; Saunders, p. 363.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Does not breed on south
coast England eastwards of Isle of Wight, nor east coast England
(except Fame Isles), and only sparingly east coast Scotland. Else-
where generally distributed. Outnumbers Cormorant Avest coast
Ireland. Rare visitor inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Coasts of west Europe from Norway
to Portugal, Faeroes and Iceland. Replaced in Mediterranean by
P. graculus desmaresti.

SULA BASSANA

318. Sula bassana (L.)— THE GANNET.

PELECANUS BASSANUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 133 (1758 —

Scotland, America).

Sula bassana (Linnseus), Yarrell, iv, p. 155 ; Saunders, p. 365.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 149

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds Grasholm (Pem-
broke), Bass Rock (Haddington), Ailsa Craig (Ayr), St. Kilda
Isles and Sulisgeir (0. Hebrides), the Stack and West Sulisgeir
(Orkneys), Bull Rock (Cork), and Skelligs (Kerry). Lundy Island
now abandoned. In autumn and winter breeding-places deserted
and general southward movement.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Faeroes and Iceland, and in
North America south to Gulf of St. Lawrence, in winter along coasts
of north Atlantic, extending south to Marocco (according to Hartlaub
even to Senegambia), Azores, and Canary Islands, and in America
to Gulf of Mexico.

[NOTE. — AN AMERICAN DARTER, Anhinga anhinga (L.), is said to have
been shot near Poole (Dorset) June, 1851 (Saunders, p. 364).]

[NOTE. — A RED-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD, Phaethon cethereus (L.), is said to
have been found dead in Herefordshire (Saunders, p. 366).]

HYDROBATES PELAGICUS*

319. Hydrobates pelagicus (L.)— THE STORM-PETREL.

PROCELLARIA PELAGICA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 131 (1758 —
' ' Habitat in albo Oceano." Restricted typical locality : coast of Sweden).
Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 42 ; Saunders, p. 727.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds Scilly Isles, possi-
bly an islet off Lundy, several islands off southern portion of Welsh
coast, many western isles Scotland, as well as Orkneys and Shetlands,
and several islands off north and west coasts Ireland. A pair nested
Bass Rock, 1904. In autumn and spring generally distributed in
British waters, and often driven inland in rough weather ; in winter
usually very scarce.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Eastern portions of north Atlantic, south
to western Mediterranean and west Africa, but rare south of Canary
Islands ; also recorded from south Africa and seen in Straits of
Bab el Mandeb, but specimens should be compared.

OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA

320. Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieill.)— LEACH'S FORK-
TAILED PETREL.

PROCELLARIA LEUCORHOA Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., notiv.
ed., xxv, p. 422 (1817 — Picardy in France).

Cymochorea leucorrhoa (Vieillot), Yarrell, iv, p. 37 ; Oceanodroma leucorrhoa
(Vieillot), Saunders, p. 729.

* In the Cat. B. Brit. M.U8. this species has been called Procellaria
pelagica, and it has been stated that P. pelagica was the type of Procellaria.
This is an error (cf. Nov. Zool., 1910, p. 497). American and other authors
have accepted the generic name Thafassidroma, but Hydrobates is older, and
it need not be rejected on account of the previous name Hydrobata. — E.H.

150 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds Flannan Isles,
St. Kilda group and North Rona (O. Hebrides), and two or three islets
off Kerry and Mayo. Elsewhere somewhat irregular visitor (chiefly
autumn) to all coasts, and not infrequently driven inland during
gales.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Pacific and north Atlantic Oceans.
Breeds in North America from Bay of Fundy to Labrador and in
north Pacific, in Europe not outside British Isles, but stragglers
occurred Norway, Heligoland, coasts of Germany, Holland, Belgium,
France, Portugal, south to Canaries and Azores, and Mediterranean.

OCEANODROMA CASTRO

321. Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt) — THE MADEIRAN
FORK-TAILED PETREL.

THALASSIDROMA CASTRO Harcourt, Sketch of Madeira, p. 123 (1851 —

Desertas near Madeira).

Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt), Saunders, p. 731.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Three. One picked up dead Littlestone
(Kent) Dec. 5, 1895 (Saunders, p. 731). A female shot near Hythe
(Kent) Nov. 8, 1906 (N. F. Ticehurst, Bull. B.O.C., xix, p. 20 ; cf.
Brit. B., n, p. 369). One picked up dead Milford (Hants.) Nov. 19,
1911 (P. W. Munn, Brit. B., v, p. 252).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Has a curiously wide distribution, breed-
ing on outlying rocks of Azores, Canary and Madeira groups, on Cape
Verde Islands and probably St. Helena, as well as on Hawaiian and
Galapagos Islands in Pacific Ocean.

OCEANITES OCEANICUS

322. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl)— WILSON'S PETREL.

PROCEIXARIA OCEANICA Kuhl, Beitrage z. Zoo!., p. 136, pi. 10, fig. 1

( 1 820— Southern Oceans ; no locality stated).

Oceanites oceanica (Kuhl), Yarrell, iv, p. 48 ; Saunders, p. 733.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Very rare vagrant. England. —
Many seen off Land's End, May, 1838. Following authentic examples
since obtained : Cornwall (one), Wilts, (one), Isle of Wight (two),
Sussex (one), Yorks. (one), Cumberland (three). Scotland. — One
Jura (I. Hebrides) Oct., 1891. Ireland. — Two, Lough Erne (Antrim)
and Mossvale (Down) Oct. 1 and 2, 1891.

DISTRIBUTION. —Abroad. — Breeds in South Polar regions, migrating
northwards during antarctic winter as far as British Isles and
Labrador, having been found in all seas except north Pacific.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 151

PELAGODROMA MARINA

323. Pelagodroma marina (Lath.)— THE FRIGATE-PETREL.

PROCELLABJA MARINA Latham, Index Orn., n, p. 826 (1790 — Ocean, 37°

S. lat.).

Pelagodroma marina (Latham), Saunders, p. 735.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Two. One picked up dead Walney
Island (Lanes.) Nov., 1890 (H. A. Macpherson, Ibis, 1891, p. 602).
Young female caught alive Colonsay (I. Hebrides) Jan. 1, 1897
(W. E. Clarke, Ann. S.N.H., 189V, p. 88).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Southern oceans, breeding in Australian
and New Zealand seas, and again in middle Atlantic, where it nests
on Cape Verde and Salvage Islands. Occurring casually off Massa-
chusetts coast in North America.

PUFFINUS OBSCURUS

324. Puffinus obscurus godmani Allen— THE LITTLE DUSKY
SHEARWATER.

PUFFINUS GODMANI Allen, Auk, 1908, p. 339. (Madeira. From literature.*)
Puffinus obscurus atlanticus Rothschild and Hartert, Bull. B.O.C., xxvn,
p. 43 (1911 — North Atlantic Islands. Type from Porto Santo near
Madeira), f

Puffinus obscurus (nee Gmelin), Yarrell, iv, p. 27 ; P. assimilis nee Gould,
Saunders, p. 743 ; P. bailloni Bonaparte, Godman, Mon. Petrels, p. 138.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Six. One caught on board-ship off
Bull Rock (Cork) May 6, 1853 (Birds Ireland, p. 395). Male found
dead near Bungay (Suffolk) about April 10, 1858 (Saunders, p. 743).
Female picked up near Bexhill (Sussex) Dec. 28, 1900 (W. R. But-
terfield, Bull. B.O.C., xi, p. 45). Male caught near Lydd (Kent)
Nov. 27, 1905 (N. F. Ticehurst, op.c., xvi, p. 38 ; cf. Brit. B.,u, p. 373).
Female picked up dead St. Leonards (Sussex) Oct. 27, 1911 (H. W.
Ford-Lindsay, op.c., v, p. 253). Male picked up dead Pevensey Sluice
(Sussex) Nov. 15, 1911 (H. F. Witherby, I.e.).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Islands in eastern parts of northern half
of Atlantic Ocean : Cape Verdes, Canaries, Madeira and neighbouring
islands, Azores. Replaced by other subspecies in western part of
north Atlantic (east coast of United States, Bahamas, Bermudas),
on Mascarene Islands (Seychelles, Mauritius, Reunion, Madagascar),
in Australian and New Zealand seas, on Galapagos Islands, and in
central Pacific Ocean (the last P. obscurus obscurus (Gm.)).

* Professor Allen, without examining specimens, gave a name to the
Madeiran race, which had already been described in detail.

t See Nov. ZooL, 1899, pp. 194-7.

152 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

PUFFINUS GRAVIS

325. Puffinus gravis (O'Reilly) — THE GREAT SHEAR-
WATER.

PROCELLARIA GRAVIS O'Reilly, Greenland, adjacent seas, etc., p. 140,
pi. 12, fig. 1 (1818— Cape Farewell and Staten Hook to Newfoundland).
Puffinus major F. Faber, Yarrell, iv, p. 12 ; P. gravis (O'Reilly), Saunders,
p. 737.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Autumn-visitor. Most frequent and
regular off coasts of south-west England, western isles Scotland, and
south and west coasts Ireland. Fairly frequent off Yorks. coast,
but seldom noticed elsewhere on east coast. Very seldom near
land. Often in flocks and generally seen Aug. to Nov., but not
infrequently late June and July.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Atlantic Ocean from Arctic Circle to south
Africa and Cape Horn. Only known with certainty to breed in the
Tristan d'Acunha group, but probably nests in other localities in
the Southern Hemisphere.

PUFFINUS KUHLII

326. Puffinus kuhlii kuhlii (Boie)— THE MEDITERRANEAN
GREAT SHEARWATER.

PROCELLARIA KUHLII Boie, Isis, 1835, p. 257 (Corsica).

Puffinus kuhlii (Boie), W. R. Butterfield, Bull. B.O.C., xvi, p. 71 ;

Saunders, Brit, B., i, p. 16.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Female picked up Pevensey Beach
(Sussex) Feb. 21, 1906 (ut supra).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mediterranean Sea, from Palestine to
Spain. Replaced in north Atlantic by another form inhabiting east
Atlantic Islands, and probably by still another on eastern American
coast, though the distinctness of last is doubtful.

PUFFINUS GRISEUS

327. Puffinus griseus (Gm.)— THE SOOTY SHEARWATER.

PROCELLARIA GRISEA Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 564 (1789 — Southern

Hemisphere).

Puffinus griseus (Gmelin), Yarrell, iv, p. 17 ; Saunders, p. 739.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Autumn-visitor (Aug.-Oct., ex-
ceptionally Nov. and Dec.). Chiefly noticed off Firth of Forth,
coast Yorks., along Channel from Sussex to Cornwall (only twice

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 153

Kent), and off coasts Cork, Kerry, and Mayo. Also recorded
Northumberland (four and others seen), and once each from coasts
Orkneys, Haddington, Norfolk, Down.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Southern Hemisphere, ranging
north after breeding -season to Fseroes and United States, as well as
to the Kuriles in Pacific.

PUFFINUS PUFFINUS

328. Puffinus puffinus puffinus (Brunn.)— THE MANX
SHEARWATER.

PROCELLAEIA PUFFINUS BrUnnich, Orn. Bor., p. 29 (1764 — Faeroes,

Norway).

Puffinus anglorum (Temminck), Yarrell, iv, p. 21 ; Saunders, p. 741.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds Scilly Isles (in
great numbers), several islands off coast Wales as well as on main-
land Carnarvon, several I. and 0. Hebrides (notably Eigg and
St. Kilda), Orkneys and Shetlands, and several islands and a few
promontories in Ireland (most numerously Kerry). In late Aug.
and Sept. considerable migrations noted, and then becomes widely
spread round coasts, and examples are frequently picked up
exhausted inland. In winter a decided diminution in numbers,
which has been especially noted in Ireland and Scotland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds extremely locally on east side of
north Atlantic ; occurs casually to Greenland, south to Canaries and
Azores and Brazilian coast. Replaced by another race in Medi-
terranean.

329. Puffinus puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi)— THE LEVANTINE
SHEARWATER.

PROCEIXARIA YELKOUAN Acerbi, Bibl. Ital., CXL, p. 294 (1827 — Medi-
terranean).
Puffinus yelkouanus (Acerbi), Saunders, pp. 741-2.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Vagrant. Eighteen recorded off
coast Yorks., one Northumberland, two Norfolk, one Kent, one
Hants., three Devon, and one Firth of Forth. Most Sept., some
Aug., one Oct, and one Feb. (cf. Saunders, p. 742, and Brit. B.,
n, pp. 137; 206, 313, 372, m, p. 295).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mediterranean from east to west ; cas-
ually (out of breeding-season) as far north as North Sea.

154 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

PTERODROMA NEGLECTA*

330. Pterodroma neglecta (Schleg.)— SCHLEGEL 'S PETREL. f

PROCELLARIA NEGLECTA Schlegel, Mas. Pays-Bas., vi, Procell., p. 10
( 1 863— Kermadec Islands).

(Estrelata neglecta (Schlegel), Xewstead and Coward, P.Z.S., 1908, p. 433 ;
Brit. B., n, p. 14 ; C. Oldham, Bull. B.O.C., xxi, p. 101.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Male found dead near Tarporley
(Cheshire), April 1, 1908 (ut supra).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South Pacific Ocean.

PTERODROMA HASITATAt

331. Pterodroma hasitata (Kuhl)— THE CAPPED PETREL.

PROCELLARIA HASITATA Kuhl, Beitrage z. ZooL, 2, Abt., p. 142 (1820 —

Without locality).

(Estrelata hcesitata (Kuhl), Yarrell, iv, p. 8 ; Saunders, p. 745.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Caught on a heath, Southacre,
near SwafTham (Norfolk), Mar. or April, 1850 (Newton, ZooL, 1852,
p. 3691).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Warmer parts of Atlantic. Formerly
breeding on Hayti and Lesser Antilles and not rare in West Indies,
straying to United States, France, and England. Having been
driven from its breeding -places it is now almost, if not quite, extinct ;
the last one killed was in 1893, in New York State.

PTERODROMA BREVIPES

332. Pterodroma brevipes (Peale)— THE COLLARED PETREL.

PROCELLARIA BREVIPES Peale, U.S. Ex pi. Exp., vm, pp. 294, 337, pi. 80
(1848— Pacific Ocean, 68° S., long. 95° W.).
(Estrelata brevipes (Peale), Saunders, p. 747.

DISTRIBUTION. — Wales. — One. Shot between Borth and Aberys-
twyth (Cardigan) end Nov. or beginning Dec., 1889 (J. E. Harting,
ZooL, 1890, p. 454 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1891, p. 411).

* The generic name Pterodroma, Bonaparte, 1856, antedates (Estrelata,
1857, which is generally erroneously quoted as having been published in
1855.— E.H.

f The name Procellaria phillipii Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 246, based on the
plate in Phillip, Voyage to Botany Bay, must remain doubtful until we know
which kind of Pterodroma breeds on Phillip Island. As this name is not
accepted, the English name ' ' Phillip's Fulmar," used by Godman (Mon. Petrels,
p. 226), cannot be recommended. — E.H.

J The name was spelt hasitata. We cannot possibly assume that this is a
misprint for hcesitata, because it is based on the " Hasita " of Forster's unpub-
lished plates. Temminck called it " Le Hasite." — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 155

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Western and southern Pacific Ocean,
one recorded from Japan.

BULWERIA BULWERII

333. Bulweria bulwerii (Jard. and Selby)— BULWER'S
PETREL.

PROCELLARIA BULWERII Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn ., n, pi. 05 and
text (1828— Madeira or near by).

Bulweria columbina (Moquin-Tandon), Yarrell, iv, p. 34 ; B. buhceri
(Jardine and Selby), Saunders, p. 749.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Five. One found dead Tanfield (Yorks.)
May 8, 1837 (Saunders, p. 749). One found dead near Beachy
Head (Sussex), Feb. 3, 1903 (N. F. Ticehurst, Bull. B.O.C., xm,
p. 51). Female found dead near St. Leonards (Sussex), Feb. 4.
1904 (W. R. Butterfield, op.c., xiv, p. 49). Male picked up near
Winchelsea (Sussex), Sept. 4, 1908 (C. J. Carroll, op.c., xxm, p. 32 ;
cf. Brit. B, n, pp. 282, 373). Male picked up Pevensey (Sussex),
Oct. 24, 1911 (H. W. Ford-Lindsay, Brit. B., v, p. 198).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Temperate parts of north Pacific and
eastern temperate north Atlantic, casual in Greenland.

[DAPTION CAPENSE

Daption capense (L.)— THE CAPE PIGEON.

PROCELLARIA CAPENSIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 132 (1758 — Cape

of Good Hope).

Daption capense, Yarrell, iv, p. 11 (in text) ; Saunders, p. 750 (in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — Examples of this species, an inhabitant of the
southern seas, have been recorded from the Dovey, 1879, near
Dublin, 1881, and near Bournemouth, 1894, but former writers
have excluded them as not being genuine wanderers with some
reason.]

FULMARUS GLACIALIS

334. Fulmarus glacialis glacialis (L.) — THE FULMAR
PETREL.

PROCELLARIA GLACIALIS Linnams, Fauna Svecica, ed. n, p. 51 (1761 —

Arctic Sea).

Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 1 ; Saunders, p. 751.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. During last twelve years
has steadily increased as breeding-bird, and now nests in O.
Hebrides, besides St. Kilda (where increased), N. Rona, Flannans
and Barra and possibly Shiant Isles ; Shetlands some thirteen sites ;
Fair Isle ; Orkneys three or four places ; Handa Isle (off Sutherland),

156 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Cape Wrath (Sutherland) ; Dunnet Head and Berriedale Head
(Caithness) (cf. Brit. B., n, pp. 373-4, v, pp. 56, 198). Discovered
breeding Ireland, 1911, north Mayo coast and Ulster coast (Irish
Nat., 1911, pp. 149-52; cf. Brit. B., v, p. 141). Although rarely
coming to land, even after storms, is met with most times of year at
sea off east coast Great Britain and north and west coasts Ireland,
and in winter off south and west coasts England.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Atlantic, generally breeding far
north. Replaced by allied race in north Pacific.

DIOMEDEA MELANOPHRYS

335. Diomedea melanophrys Temm. — THE BLACK-
BROWED ALBATROS.

DIOMEDEA MELANOPHRYS Temminck (ex Boie MS.), PI- Col. 450 (1828 —
Cape of Good Hope and Australia).
Diomedea melanophrys Boie, Saunders, p. 753.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Exhausted bird picked up near
Linton (Cambs.), July 9, 1897 (E. A. Butler, Ibis, 1897, p. 625).
[A bird supposed to have been an Albatros, was seen by Mr. J. A.
Harvie-Brown twenty miles north-west of Orkneys, July 18, 1894
(Ann. S.N.H., 1895, p. 57).]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Southern Oceans, north to the seas near
Cape of Good Hope, occasionally straying into European waters
(lat. 80° 11' N., long. 4° E., Fseroes).

COLYMBUS CRISTATUS*

336. Colymbus cristatus cristatus L.— THE GREAT CRESTED
GREBE.

COLYMBUS CRISTATUS Linnaeus, Syst. Xat., ed. x, i, p. 135 (1753 — Europe.
Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 117 ; Podicipes cristatus
(Linnaeus), Saunders, p. 717.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. During last twenty years
breeding -range has been extending. Now nests many suitable in-
land waters throughout England (rarely extreme south-west and
north) ; a few places Wales ; a good many places south Scotland,
north to parts of Perth and Forfar, and many places in Ireland.

* The acceptance of Brisson's genera necessitates the restriction of the
name Colymbus to the Grebes. Linnaeus included in the genus Colymb us three
Grebes and one Diver ; Brisson restricted Colymbus to the Grebes and placed
the Divers in his genus Mergus ; the latter name having been preoccupied by
Linnaeus, the next oldest name, i.e. Gavia Forster, 1788, including Divers
only, must be accepted for the latter. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BEITISH BIRDS. 157

To extreme north Scotland as well as Orkneys, Shetlands and
I. Hebrides only rare vagrant, and unrecorded O. Hebrides. In
winter general movement to tidal waters and coasts.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Nesting in Europe from lat. 60° north
to Mediterranean and north Africa, and probably throughout
northern and central Asia to China and Japan. Wintering in
Mediterranean and northern Africa. It is said to breed also in
Abyssinia and south Africa. Represented by allied races in
Australia and New Zealand.

COLYMBUS AURITUS

337. Colymbus auritus L.— THE SLAVONIAN GREBE.

COLYMBUS AURITUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 135 (1758 — Europe
and America. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).
Podiceps auritus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 128 ; Podicipes auritus
(Linnaeus), Saunders, p. 721.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter-visitor. A
few breed in north mainland Scotland, and some evidence, but no
proof, that it has bred elsewhere. Otherwise regular winter-visitor
all coasts and occasional inland waters, also has occurred a good
many times in summer, chiefly Scotland and Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern part of Northern Hemisphere,
south in winter to Mediterranean and Azores, China, and in
America to south California, the Gulf Coast, and Florida.

COLYMBUS GRISEIGENA

338. Colymbus griseigena griseigena Bodd. — THE RED-
NECKED GREBE.

COLYMBUS GRISEIGENA Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 55 (1783— Ex Dau-

benton, PI. Enl. 931. No locality stated. We fix as the typical locality :

France).

Podiceps griseigena (Boddaert), Yarrell, iv, p. 124 ; Podicipes griseigena

(Boddaert), Saunders, p. 719.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor. Chiefly east coast
Great Britain and sometimes in considerable numbers, occasional
south coast England, rare west side Great Britain (not recorded
O. Hebrides), fairly frequent Orkneys, only occasional Shetlands,
only twelve obtained in Ireland. Very rare inland waters.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe and western Asia, ranging south
to Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, and (at least in winter,

158 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

but supposed to breed in Marocco) coasts of Marocco, Algeria,
Tunisia, and Egypt. Replaced by an allied race in North America,
east Siberia, and Greenland.

COLYMBUS NIGRICOLLIS

339. Colymbus nigricollis nigricollis (Brehm) — THE BLACK-
NECKED GREBE.

PODICEPS NIGRICOLLIS Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 963
(1831— E. Germany).

Podiceps nigricollis C. L. Brehm, Yarrell, iv, p. 133 ; Podicipes nigricollis
C. L. Brehm, Saunders, p. 723.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Known to have bred
regularly one locality since 1904, also some evidence of breeding
on occasions Norfolk, Oxon., and Perth. Otherwise irregular visitor,
chiefly autumn to spring, but sometimes summer, and most fre-
quently coasts Yorks., Norfolk, and Merioneth. Elsewhere very
uncommon, while in north-west England and west and north
Scotland and Orkneys very rare vagrant and not known 0. Hebrides
or Shetlands. In Ireland obtained twenty-four times. Occasional
inland waters.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From south Sweden throughout Europe
to Africa and through temperate Asia to China and Japan. Breeds
even in tropical and south Africa (Abyssinia and South Africa).
Straggler to Azores. Replaced by a closely-allied form in North
America.

COLYMBUS RUFICOLLIS*

340. Colymbus ruficollis ruficollis Pall.— -THE LITTLE GREBE.

COLYMBUS RUFICOLLIS Pallas, Vroeg's Cat. Coll., Adumbratiuncula, p. 6
(1764— Holland).

Podiceps fluviatilis (Tunstall), Yarrell, iv, p. 137; Podicipes fluviatilis
(Tunstall), Saunders, p. 725.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed,
but less plentiful northern Scotland. In autumn, immigrants occur
east coast England, and in winter many go down to tidal waters.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From about lat. 62° north, southwards
throughout Europe to north Africa, and temperate Asia. Replaced
by more or less closely-allied forms in tropical and south Africa,
tropical Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and North America.

* The introd uction by Sherborn and American ornithologists of Pallas's
names in the sale- catalogue of Vroeg's collection — names published with full
diagnoses and localities, and therefore perfectly genuine — necessitates this
alteration of the name of the Little Grebe. — E.H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 159

GAVIA IMMER*

341. Gavia immer (Briinn.)— THE GREAT NORTHERN
DIVER.

COLYMBUS IMMER Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 38 (1764 — No locality; ap-
parently X. Norway).
Colymbus glacialis Linnseus, Yarrell, iv, p. 96 ; Saunders, p. 709.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter- visitor. Fairly generally
distributed all coasts from Sept. or Oct. to April and May, but most
plentiful in north. In O. Hebrides and Shetlands present most
times of year, and has been thought several times, but never proved,
to have bred in latter. Not uncommon inland waters.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern part of Northern Hemisphere,
in winter south to Mediterranean as far as Algeria as well as Azores
and Black Sea, and in America to Lower California, the Gulf Coast
and Florida.

GAVIA ADAMSII

342. Gavia adamsii (Gray) — THE WHITE-BILLED
NORTHERN DIVER.

COLYMBUS ADAMSII Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 167 (Alaska).
Colymbus adamsi Gray, Yarrell, in, p. x ; Saunders, p. 711.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — About six. One near Lowestoft
(Suffolk) spring 1852 [another supposed Suffolk example not con-
sidered authentic]. Two (one Jan., 1879) Northumberland coast.
One Hickling (Norfolk), Dec. 1872. One Emsworth Harbour
(Hants.) winter 1895-96. One Loch Fyne (Argyll) autumn 1893.
One said Filey (Yorks.) Jan. 1897 (cf. Saunders, p. 711; Brit. B., i,
p. 295, n, p. 333, v, p. 176 ; Birds Yorks., p. 734).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Arctic portions of Northern Hemisphere
from Taimyr eastward in Old World. In winter more to the
south ; in America to Nushagak, Alaska, Colorado, while in
Europe specimens from Upper Austria and Italy have been identi-
fied as G. adamsii.

GAVIA ARCTICA

343. Gavia arctica (L.)t— THE BLACK-THROATED DIVER.

COLYMBUS ARCTICUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 135 (1758 — Europe

and America. Restricted typical locality ; Sweden).

Colymbus arcticus Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 105 ; Saunders, p. 713.

* Unfortunately Briinnich's name antedates Linnseus's Colymbus glacialis,
and must therefore be used. With regard to the generic name, see footnote
under Colymbus cristatus, p. 150. — E.H.

f According to Buturlin, both Cr.arctaca and G. pacifica are found breeding
side by side in areas of thousands of miles. We cannot, therefore, treat them
as geographical forms of one species.

160 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter-visitor. Breeds
in small numbers Perth, Argyll, and more commonly Inverness,
Ross, Sutherland, Caithness and 0. Hebrides, and occasionally Skye
and Orkneys. To Shetlands very rare visitor, but has possibly bred.
Elsewhere uncommon winter- visitor (Oct. -May) and rarest of the
Divers (except G. adamsii). Especially rare west coast England
and Wales and in Ireland. Rare vagrant inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern part of Northern Hemisphere,
south in winter to Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, in
America casually to Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, Ohio, and New
York.

GAVIA STELLATA*

344. Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan)— THE RED-THROATED
DIVER.

COLYMBUS STELLATUS Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, i, p. 621 (1763 — Ex

Willughby, pi. 62. Denmark).

Colymbus septentrionalis Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 112 ; Saunders, p. 715.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter- visitor. Breeds
from south Inverness northwards, in Orkneys, Shetlands and O.
Hebrides, and in one locality Ulster. Otherwise common winter-
visitor to all coasts, and often ascends rivers and visits inland
waters.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern part of Northern Hemisphere.
In winter south to Algeria, Black and Caspian Seas, south China ;
in America to California, Maine, and Florida.

COLUMBA PALUMBUS

345. Columba palumbus palumbus L. — THE WOOD-PIGEON.

COLUMBA PALUMBUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 163 (1758 — " Europe,

Asia." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Columba palumbus Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 1 ; Saunders, p. 479.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed, but
only passage-migrant Shetlands, though breeds sparingly Orkneys
and O. Hebrides. Considerable immigration east coast Great
Britain autumn and return spring. Generally more abundant
winter, but varies in numbers and localities affected.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, as far east as Persia,
and in north-west Africa. Replaced by closely-allied forms in
Azores, Madeira, and central Asia.

* Pontoppidan's name is certain, and antedates Linnaeus's C. septen-
trionalis.— E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 161

COLUMBA GENAS

346. Columba oenas L.— THE STOCK-DOVE.

COLUMBA OENAS Linngens, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 162 (1758 — Europe,

part. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Columba aznas Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 8 ; Saunders, p. 481.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident. Local but widely
distributed. In extreme north England has become resident and
increased since about 1870. Occasionally observed as immigrant
east coast. Scotland. — Resident. First recorded about 1860 and
first nested about 1877. Has spread rapidly since, and now breeds
throughout southern counties, and although not north of Clyde area
on west side, on east breeds as far north as Sutherland, where first
nest found 1889. To Caithness, Orkneys and Shetlands very rare
vagrant and unrecorded from Hebrides. Ireland. — Resident. First
recorded 1875, and first nest 1877, now breeds (increasingly) in many
parts Leinster and Ulster, and as far west as Lough Derg.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe and western Asia, east to Turkes-
tan. Northern birds are migratory and winter in Mediterranean
countries, south to Algeria and Marocco.

COLUMBA LIVIA

347. Columba livia livia Gm.— THE ROCK-DOVE.

COLUMBA LIVIA (C. domestica fi) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, ii, p. 769 (1789

— part. No locality stated ; we accept south Europe as the typical

locality).

Columba livia Gmelin, Yarrell, in, p. 13 ; Saunders, p. 483.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Resident. Breeds sea-cliffs
Yorks., sparingly Devon and Cornwall, one locality Cumberland,
and a good many places Welsh coast. Scotland and Ireland.—
Widely distributed, especially on west coasts and isles.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Found in Faeroes (formerly in Norway),
Mediterranean countries and islands, Crimea, north-west Africa and
Asia Minor, east to Afghanistan and north-west India. Replaced
by allied forms in south Persia, India, China to Japan, Egypt, Nubia
to Palestine, and parts of west Africa.

STREPTOPELIA TURTUR*

348. Streptopelia turtur turtur (L.)— THE TURTLE-DOVE.

COLUMBA TURTUR Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 164 (1758 — " Habitat

in India." Errore. Ex Willughby, Ray, Albin. Real typical locality r

England).

Turtur communis Selby, Yarrell, in, p. 21 ; Saunders, p. 485.

* Turtur Selby 1835 has been commonly used for this genus, but it is un-
fortunately preoccupied by Turtur Boddaert, 1783, instituted for a totally
different Pigeon. The next oldest name is Streptopelia Bonaparte 1857. — E.H.

M

162 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Summer-resident (late April
and early May to Sept. and occasionally later : one Dec., one Feb.).
Breeds chiefly south, east, and midlands : infrequent Cornwall and
western Wales, but lately spread to Bangor (Carnarvon) and west
Merioneth and Montgomery, much increased Cheshire, infrequent
Lanes., very rare (but has bred) Cumberland, breeds eastern half
Yorks. as far north as Bipon and Scarborough. Northwards
irregular migrant, but has bred Durham. Scotland and Ireland.—
Summer- and autumn- visitor. Occurs irregularly most parts Scot-
land, even northern and western isles, but does not breed. In
Ireland regular, but scarce, visitor to south coast, a vagrant to other
maritime counties, and rare vagrant inland, chiefly May and June,
less frequently autumn, and said to have bred two or three times.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from Scandinavia and north
Russia to Mediterranean and westernmost Asia ; in winter in north
Africa, south to Abyssinia and Red Sea. Replaced by allied races
in north Africa, Persia and probably other parts of western Asia.

STREPTOPELIA ORIENTALIS

349. Streptopelia orientalis orientalis (Lath.) — THE
EASTERN RUFOUS TURTLE-DOVE.

COLUMBA ORIENTALIS Latham, Ind. Orn., n, p. 606 (1790 — China. Ex

Sonnerat).

Turtur orientalis (Latham), Saunders, p. 487.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. A young bird near Scarborough
(Yorks.) Oct. 23, 1889 (Seebohm, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1890, p. 361).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Manchuria, Corea and Japan, throughout
China to Himalayas and central India. Casual in Denmark and
Sweden. Races perhaps not yet fully known, but certainly replaced
by AS', orientalis ferrago in south-west Siberia, Turkestan to Kashmir
and Xepal.

[XoTE.— Five examples of the AMERICAN PASSENGER-PIGEON, Ectopistes
migratorius (L.), have been recorded as shot in the British Isles ; one had
certainly escaped from captivity and the others had no doubt also (Yarrell,
in, p. 26 ; Saunders, p. 487). The species is now apparently extinct.]

SYRRHAPTES PARADOXUS

350. Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pall.) — PALLAS 'S SAND-
GROUSE.

TETRAD PARADOXA Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. d. Russ. Reichs, n, p. 712.

pi. F (1773— Tartary desert).

Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pallas), Yarrell, in, p. 31 ; Saunders, p. 488.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Irregular visitor. Greatest inva-
sions, May, 1863 and 1888, arriving along whole east coast Great
Britain and spreading over greater part British Isles, reaching even

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 163

north-west Ireland and O. Hebrides. Two clutches of eggs found
near Beverley (Yorks.) June and July, 1888, and young birds at
mouth of Fmdhorn, Culbin Sands (Elgin), June 1888 and Aug. 1889.
Considerable invasion May 1908, recorded Yorks., Norfolk, Essex,
Kent, Surrey, Berks., Herts., Hants., Cheshire. Other occurrences
are : 1859, Norfolk, Kent, Carnarvon; 1872, Northumberland, Ayr ;
1876, Yorks., Norfolk, Kildare ; 1890, Yorks., Lines., Norfolk,
Suffolk ; 1891, Yorks., north Scotland ; 1899, Yorks. and Lines. ;
1904, Yorks. ; 1906, Yorks., Norfolk, East Lothian ; 1909, Yorks.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from Khirgiz Steppes and recently
L"fa Government in south-east Russia to Mongolia and southern
Transcaspia, Koko-nor and Tsaidam. At irregular intervals migra-
tions take place, which bring these birds far westward into Europe,
as far west as France and Spain, and south to Italy, north to Norway
and Archangel. Probably the appearance at Pechili in China is also
irregular. Pallas's Sand-Grouse was noticed in Europe for first time
in 1848 near Sarepta (south Russia) and 1859 in west Europe.

H^EMATOPUS OSTRALEGUS

351. Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus L. — THE OYSTER-
CATCHER.

HJEMATOPUS OSTRALEGUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed, x, i, p. 152 (1758 —
Europe and Xorth America. Restricted typical locality : Oeland [island
near Sweden]).
Hcematopus ostralegus Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 294; Saunders, p. 559.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds only very sparingly
in few localities east coast England and on south coast, but fairly
plentifully on coasts Wales and Lanes, northwards. In Scotland
and Ireland plentiful and frequently breeds along rivers and inland
lochs Scotland. General movement southward in autumn when
immigrants arrive from Continent and species becomes more
numerous and more generally distributed.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, eastwards to central
Asia. Wintering as far south as Mediterranean, north Africa, Red
Sea, and north-west India. Replaced by a closely -allied form in
north-east Asia, and by others in Australia and New Zealand, North
and South America.

BURHINUS CEDICNEMUS*

352. Burhinus cedicnemus oedicnemus (L.)— THE STONE-
CURLEW.

CHARADRIUS CEDICXEMUS Linnaeus, Syst. Xat., ed. x, i, p. 151 (1758 —

England).

(Edicnemus scohpax (S. G. Gmelin), Yarrell, in. p. 225 ; Saunders, p. 529.

* I do not consider Burhinus magnirostris (Australia) and our Stone-Curlew
generically separable, and in that case Burhinus, being the oldest name, is the
generic appellation. — E.H.

M 2

164 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Summer-resident (April-Oct.), some
winter Devon and Cornwall, and occasional elsewhere. Breeds
Yorks. (now two localities only, York moors and wolds), Lines.,
Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex (one locality), Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hants.,
Dorset, Wilts., Berks., Oxon., Herts, (not Beds, since 1890) and
Cambs. Elsewhere vagrant. Very rare Wales and north. Scotland
and Ireland. — Rare vagrant. Two Scotland — St. Andrews (Fife),
Jan., 1858, Dumbarton, Aug., 1897. Ten Ireland, autumn to March.
Clare, Waterford, Wexford, Dublin (5), Antrim and one without
data.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Central and south Europe, east at least
to the Ural and Caspian. Partially migratory, wintering in north-
east Africa and Mediterranean countries. Replaced by allied races
in north-west Africa and Asia, and by others in various parts of
Africa.

CURSORIUS GALLICUS

353. Cursorius gallicus gallicus (Gm..)— THE CREAM-
COLOURED COURSER.

CHARADRIUS GALLICUS Gmelm, Syst. Nat. i, ii, p. 692 (1789 — France).
Cursorius gallicus (Gmelin), Yarrell, in, p. 238 ; Saunders, p. 533.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Rare vagrant. About twenty
England, twro Wales, one Scotland. Chiefly Oct. to Dec., but a pair
May 5, 1911, Sussex. Has been recorded Northumberland, Yorks.,
Lines., Norfolk, Suffolk, Kent, Middlesex, Hants., Wilts., Dorset,
Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Leicester, Cumberland, Cardigan,
" North Wales " and Lanark.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Deserts of north Africa, west to Canary
and Cape Verde Islands, occasionally met with in south Europe, and
as far north as Heligoland, Germany, Holland, Belgium, and France.
Exact limit to the east uncertain. Replaced by allied races in
Somaliland, the Dahlak Islands in Red Sea, Transcaspia and other
parts of Asia.

GLAREOLA PRATINCOLA*

354. Glareola pratincola pratincola (L.) — THE PRATIN-
COLE.

HIRUNDO PRATINCOLA Linnanis, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, i, p. 345 (1766 —

S. Europe and Austria).

Glareola pratincola (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 231 ; Saimders, p. 531.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. Over twenty Eng-
land, one Wales, three Scotland, one doubtful Ireland. Has been

* The name "/usca" has been adopted erroneously. The description en
which it is based does not refer to this Pratincole. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 165

recorded Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Dorset, Wilts., Hants, (two
or three), Surrey, Kent (three), Essex, Norfolk (four), Cambs.,
Lines., Yorks. (three), Lanes., Cumberland, Brecon (one seen), Unst
(Shetlands), Montrose (Fife), Flannan Isles (0. Hebrides). One
supposed Cork prior to 1844.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — South Europe and north Africa, east-
wards to Palestine, Black and Caspian Seas, and, apparently, to
Turkestan ; northwards (in Europe) to the Camargue in south France
and to Hungary. Stragglers have not infrequently occurred in
Austria, Poland, Germany, Holland, and Belgium. Northern birds
are migratory and seem to winter in north Africa. Replaced by
allied races in tropical and south Africa, and tropical and east Asia.

GLAREOLA NORDMANNI*

355. Glareola nordmanni Nordm.— THE BLACK-WINGED
PRATINCOLE.

GLAREOLA NORDMANNI " Fischer," Nordmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, xv, p. 314, pi. 2 (1842 — Steppes of south Russia).
Glareola melanoptera Nordmann, N. F. Ticehurst, Bull. B.O.C., xin,
p. 78 ; Samiders, Brit. B., I, p. 15.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Four. One Romney Marsh (Kent),
May 30, 1903 (ut supra}. One same place, June 17, and one Rye
(Sussex), June 18, 1903 (Boyd Alexander, Bull, B.O.C., xiv, p. 17).
One near Northallerton (Yorks.) Aug. 17, 1909 (R. Fortune, Nat.,
1909, p. 372 ; Brit. B., m, p. 266).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Appears to inhabit south Russian steppes
together with G. pratincola pratincola, north to west Siberia and east
to Turkestan. Breeds casually in Hungary and the Dobrudscha.
Winters in tropical and south Africa.

CHARADRIUS MORINELLUS

356. Charadrius morinellus L.— THE DOTTEREL.

CHARADRIUS MORINELLUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 150 (1758 —

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Eudromias morinellus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 246 ; Saunders, p. 535.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (late April and
early May to Aug. and Sept.). Breeds Lake District (very sparingly)
and in Cairngorm and Grampian ranges as well as a few localities
north of Spey valley and west of Great Glen, and has extended to
south of Loch Tay in recent years. Has bred Kirkcudbright and

* The bird was described and figured under the name of Glareola nord-
manni, and not as melanoptera. In a footnote it is said that Nordmann had
proposed to call it melanoptera, but that the Society had preferred the name
nordmanni ! The full and complete description is by Nordmann alone. — E.H.

166 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

probably Dumfries. As passage-migrant has occurred many
localities England and south Scotland and occasionally Wales, but
only rare vagrant west and north Scotland, including Orkneys and
Shetlands, and twice Flannan Isles (0. Hebrides). In Ireland
fourteen times, Munster and Ulster, chiefly autumn, but once (flock
of twenty) April.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in north Scandinavia, Novaya
Zemlia, Waigatz, and Arctic Asia (Taimyr, Yenisei, Lena), also in
small numbers on the German Riesengebirge (on frontier of Silesia
and Bohemia), and in Transylvania. Migratory, wintering in north
Africa, Palestine, and Persia. Casual on Canaries and in Japan.

CHARADRIUS ASIATICUS

357. Charadrius asiaticus Pall.— THE CASPIAN PLOVER.

CHARADRIUS ASIATICUS Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. d. Russ. Reichs,
n, p. 715 (1773— S. Tartary).

itis asiatica (Pallas), Saunders, p. 537.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Three or four. Male adult shot and
another bird seen near Great Yarmouth (Norfolk), May 22, 1890
(Saunders, p. 537). A pair shot Romney Marsh (Sussex), July 13,
1911 (H. W. Ford-Lindsay, Brit. B., v, p. 115).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in south-east Russia and through
Khirgiz Steppes to salt -steppes of Turkestan. Winters in west
India and Africa.

CHARADRIUS HIATICULA

358. Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula L.— THE RINGED
PLOVER.

CHARADRIUS HIATICULA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 150 (1758 — Europe

and America. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Charadrius hiaticula major Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B., in, p. 20 (1885 —

Seebohm separated a larger race, supposed to be resident in the British

Isles, but other ornithologists have not followed him, and the status of

this race remains very doubtful).

JEgialitis hiaticula (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 257 ; Saunders, p. 539.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed flat
coasts, and also a few breed inland as in the Cheviots, west Suffolk,
Norfolk, Middlesex, Surrey, and Worcester, on banks of rivers and
lakes, warrens, sewage-farms, etc. Immigration noted autumn,
when some also emigrate southwards and return spring.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Arctic to central Europe, east to arctic
and central Asia, and eastern arctic America. Winters on Mediter-
ranean and in Africa, as far south as Cape Colony, casual in

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 167

north-west India, Australia, Chile and Barbados. Replaced by an
allied race in North America (except easternmost arctic part),
which winters in South America.

CHARADRIUS DUBIUS*

359. Charadrius dubius Scop.— THE LITTLE RINGED
PLOVER.

CHARADRIUS DUBIUS Scopoli, Del. Faun, et Flor. Insubr., n, p. 93 (1786—

Luzon).

Charadrius minor MacGillivray, Man. Brit. B., n, p. 53 (1840).

litis curonica (Gmelin), Yarrell, in, p. 262 ; Saunders, p. 541.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Very rare vagrant. Some nine
authentic examples recorded. Sussex two ; Scilly one, Oct. 23,
1863 ; Middlesex two, Aug., 1864 ; Isle of Wight one, Aug., 1864
(Saunders, p. 541) ; Christchurch, Aug. 1860, and April 28, 1879
(Birds Hants., p. 286) ; North Uist (O. Hebrides) (probably Oct.),
1908 (Brit. B., n, p. 388).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Nests in north, central and south Europe,
as well as in north-west Africa, eastwards through north and central
Asia to Japan. Winters in Africa, India, and Malayan Archipelago.
Casual in New Guinea and North America. A tropical Indian race
has been separated by some authors, but its status requires further
investigation.

CHARADRIUS ALEXANDRINUSf

360. Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus L. — KENTISH
PLOVER.

CHARADRIUS ALEXANDRINUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 150 (1758 —

Egypt).

^gialitis cantiana (Latham), Yarrell, in, p. 267 ; Saunders, p. 543.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Summer-resident (April, exceptionally
March, to late Sept., occasionally Oct.). Breeds only coasts of Kent
and Sussex. Very rare migrant along south coast to Devon and
Cornwall and up east coast to Yorks. (seven). Very rare vagrant
elsewhere, Teesmouth (Durham) one, May, 1904, Marbury Mere
(Cheshire) pair seen, April 29, 1908, Mansfield (Notts.) one seen,
April, 1904. Ireland. — Very rare vagrant. On four or five occasions
autumn and winter, latest 1852.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Europe from south Sweden to
Mediterranean and north Africa, Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde

* Scopoli's name is certain and antedates Gmelin's curonica ; it has there-
fore been generally adopted. — E.H.

Linnaeus's name antedates that of Latham. — E.H.

168 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Islands and Azores, apparently to east Siberia and Corea. Winters
in Africa, India, Ceylon, Burmah, and apparently Japan. Replaced
by allied forms in China, America, and apparently also Ceylon.

CHARADRIUS VOCIFERUS

361. Charadrius vociferus L.— THE KILLDEER PLOVER.

CHARADRIUS VOCIFERUS Linnaeus, Syst. Xat., ed. x, i, p. 150 (1758 —
America. Restricted typical locality : Carolina. Ex Catesby).
dZgialitis vocifera (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. ix ; Saunders, p. 545.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Six. Near Christchurch (Hants.)
April, 1859. Tresco (Scilly Isles) Jan. 15, 1885 (Saunders, p. 545
and Birds Hants., p. 287). Peterhead (Aberdeen) 1867 (W. P.
Pycraft, ylTm. 8.N.H., 1904, p. 247 ; cf. Brit. B., n, p. 150). Three
Romney Marsh (Kent), April 21 and 22, 1908 (N. F. Ticehurst,
Brit. B., n, p. 169 ; Bull, B.O.C., xxm, p. 25).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in North America, from British
Columbia south to central Mexico, winters in Central and South
America, from California to Venezuela, Peru, and more rarely
Paraguay and Chile.

CHARADRIUS APRICARIUS*

362. Charadrius apricarius L.— THE GOLDEN PLOVER.

CHARADRIUS APRICARIUS Linnseus, Syst. Xat., ed. x, i, p. 150 (1758 —

Oeland [island near Sweden] and America : the latter erroneous, ex:

Edwards).

Pluvialis aurea MacGillivray, Hist. Brit. B., iv, p. 94 (1852).

Charadrius phi via I is Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 271 ; Saunders, p. 547.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds sparingly moors
Devon and Somerset, more plentifully Wales and its borders and
north-east Yorks., and commonly Pennines and northwards through-
out Scotland and its islands. In Ireland on mountains many dis-
tricts, as well as bogs in western Connaught. In autumn and winter
far more numerous, and widely distributed on low-lying marshes
and fields.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Our breeding-birds begin to leave
moors for coastal regions early Aug., and return March and April.
From Sept. to Nov. immigrants arrive in great numbers and return
April and May.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Europe, Faeroes and Iceland, and
west Siberia ; in winter south to north Africa, Azores and Canary
Islands, and in Asia as far as Sind.

* This bird is more generally known in England as C. phivialis, in Germany
as C. auratus ; but its oldest name is apricarius, a name used by Pallas, Sunde-
vall, Gray, Heuglin, Bonaparte, Schlegel, Loche, and others, and recently by
all authors who begin nomenclature with the year 1758. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 169

CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS

363. Charadrius dominicus dominicus Mull. — THE AMERI-
CAN GOLDEN PLOVER.

CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS P. L. S. Miiller, Natursystem, Suppl., p. 116
(1776 — Santo Domingo. Ex Brisson).

Charadrius dominicus P.L.S. Miiller, Saunders, p. 549 (part) ; C. fulvus
Yarrell, in, p. 276 (in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Three or four. [Leadenhall Market,
autumn 1882.] Near Perth Aug. 3, 1883* (J. G. Millais, ZooL, 1886,
p. 26). Belmullet (Mayo) Sept. 13, 1894 (E. Williams, Irish Nat.,
1894, p. 224 ; Saunders, p. 549). Shell Haven Point (Essex) Aug. 6,
1896* (H. Nunn, ZooL, 1897, p. 330).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in arctic north America, winters
in Brazil and Argentina, passing down Atlantic Ocean, returning
through Mississippi valley, and occurring, on migration, in Green-
land and Bermudas, once on Heligoland, 1847. Replaced in north-
east Asia by C. d. fulvus.

364. Charadrius dominicus fulvus Gm. — THE ASIATIC
GOLDEN PLOVER.

CHARADRIUS FULVUS Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, p. 687 (1789 — Tahiti).
Charadrius dominicus P. L. Miiller, Saunders, p. 549 (part).

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Two or three. [Leadenhall Market
Dec., 1874, said from Norfolk.] Loch Stenness (Orkneys) Nov.,
1887 (J. G. Millais, Field, 10.xn.1887 ; Saunders, p. 549). Epsom
Race-course (Surrey) Nov. 12, 1870 (J. A. Bucknill, Birds Surrey,
p. 283).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in eastern arctic Asia and Alaska,
winters in Pacific Ocean, south to New Zealand. Has occurred as
vagrant in Poland, on Heligoland (three), Malta (two), in south Spain
and (according to Loche) in Algeria (one). Replaced by C. dominicus
dominicus in America.

SQUATAROLA SQUATAROLA

365. Squatarola squatarola (L.)— THE GREY PLOVER.

TRINGA SQUATAROLA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 149 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Squatarola helvetica (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 278 ; Saunders, p. 551.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor and passage-migrant
(end July -Aug., but chiefly Oct. to April-May and a few throughout
summer). Generally distributed (usually small parties) east and

* Apparently C. d. dominicus, but possibly C. d. julvus.

170 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

south coasts England, less frequent west coast and Scotland, where
very rare north of Solway on west and north of Ness on east ; also
very rare Orkneys, Shetlands, and Hebrides. In Ireland visits all
coasts, but scarce south. Rare vagrant inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in tundras of arctic Europe, Asia,
and America, passes through subarctic regions and winters in Africa,
India, Malaysia, Australia, and South America.

CHETTUSIA GREGARIA*

366. Chettusia gregaria (Pall.)— THE SOCIABLE PLOVER.

CHARADRIUS GREGARIUS Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. d. Russ. Reichs, i,

p. 456 (1771 — Volga steppes).

Vanellus gregarius (Pallas), Saunders, p. 553.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Very rare vagrant. One near St.
Michael's-on-Wyre (Lanes.) autumn, about 1860 (Saunders, p. 553).
Female near Navan (Meath) Aug. 1, 1899 (E. Williams, Irish Nat.,
1899, p. 233). Female out of flock of six, Romney Marsh (Kent),
May 3, 1907 (C. B. Ticehurst, Bull. B.O.C., xix, p. 85). Four
(another said to have escaped) near Winchelsea (Sussex), May
25-27, 1910 (A. F. Griffith, op.c., xxvn, p. 28 ; cf. Brit. B., i, p. 57,
n, p. 150, iv, p. 256).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from south Russian steppes to
Turkestan, the Altai and (? regularly) west Siberia, and Mongolia,
south in winter to north-east Africa and India. Casual in Poland,
Italy, south France, and near Cadiz.

VANELLUS VANELLUS

367. Vanellus vanellus (L.)— THE LAPWING.

TRINGA VANELLUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 148 (1758 — Europe,

Africa. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Vanellus vulgaris Bechstein, Yarrell, in, p. 283 ; Saunders, p. 555.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed.
In autumn large numbers arrive from Continent and many of our
home-bred birds move to coast, while a proportion emigrate south-
wards, especially from northern districts. In extreme north Scot-
land known chiefly as summer-resident.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Europe (from the Arctic circle
to south Spain) and in northern Asia eastwards to the Pacific Ocean
[according to Irby north Marocco, and (?) Egypt]. Winters in south

* Both in the Introduction to theUccelli of his Iconogr. Faun. ItaL, and on
p. 115 (accompanied by a fine plate) Bonaparte spelt the name Chettusia, not
Chcetusia. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 171

Europe, north Africa, Asia Minor, Persia and north India, China and
south Japan. Casual in Greenland, Jan Mayen, Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, New York, Bahamas, and Barbados.

ARENARIA INTERPRES*

368. Arenaria interpres interpres (L.)— THE TURNSTONE.

TRINGA INTERPRES Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 148 (1758 — Europe
and N. America. Restricted typical locality : Gotland).
Strepsilas interpres (Linnseus), Yarrell, in, p. 289 ; Saunders, p. 557.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Pas sage -migrant and winter-visitor
(late July and Aug. to May). Widely distributed all coasts chiefly
autumn and spring but many stay winter, especially in south England
and Ireland. Non-breeding birds frequently observed throughout
summer. Occasionally inland on passage. Supposed, but never
proved, to have bred on several occasions.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Greenland, arctic Europe, south
to Cattegat and Baltic, and Asia, and also in Alaska. Winters on
coasts of Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Australia. Replaced
by a very closely -allied form (status of which requires further
investigation) in arctic America, which migrates south to Central
and South America.

BARTRAMIA LONGICAUDA

369. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.)— BARTRAM'S SAND-
PIPER.

TRINGA LONGICAUDA Bechsteui, Allg. Ueb. Vogel, iv, ii, p. 453 (1812 —

N. America).

Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein), Yarrell, in, p. 440 ; Saunders, p. 603.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — About eleven. Near Warwick, end
Oct., 1851. Near Cambridge, Dec. 12, 1854. River Parret (Somer-
set) about 1850. Near Mullion (Cornwall) Nov. 13, 1865. Lowstead
(Northumberland) Nov. 21, 1879. [Leadenhall Market, said from
Lines., Oct., 1880.] Near Lizard (Cornwall) Oct., 1883. Near
Ballinasloe (Galway) autumn, 1855. Near Bandon (Cork) Sept. 4,
1894 (Saunders, p. 603; cf. Yarrell, m, p. 440). [Poulterer's shop,
Falmouth (Cornwall) Oct., 1903.] Romney Marsh (Kent) July 18,
1908 (Brit. B., n, pp. 206, 269).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from Alaska to Missouri, Indiana,
and north Virginia, winters on pampas of South America, south to
Argentina. Occurs occasionally in Europe : the only authenticated

* Arenaria Brisson antedates Strepsilas by 51 years. It is strange that
British ornithologists, who introduced and always advocated Brisson's generic
names, have ignored this unmistakeable generic term. — E.H.

172 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

instances out of British Isles, however, seem to be two captures in
Italy and Malta.

MACHETES PUGNAX

370. Machetes pugnax (L.)— THE RUFF.

TBINGA PUGNAX Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 148 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : South Sweden).

Machetes pugnax (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 426 ; Saunders, p. 599.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Passage -migrant and occasional
winter and summer. Formerly bred many places England but only
occasionally now. A pair nested 1901, 1902, and 1903 near Tees-
mouth (Durham) ; in Norfolk Broads, 1907 (and possibly other years
recently) ; eggs said to have been taken Lanes., 1910 (cf. Brit. B.,
I, p. 65, n, p. 268, iv, p. 222). Otherwise chiefly passage-migrant
much more frequent autumn than spring, and on east side Great
Britain than west, where, as in Hebrides and Ireland, decidedly
scarce, even autumn, and very rare spring.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Europe and north-west Asia,
to Taimyr Peninsula and Dauria, from highest north to Danube and
south Russian steppes. Winters in Africa, north India, and Burmah.
Wanders occasionally to America, from Ontario and Greenland south
to Indiana, North Carolina, Barbados, and even northern South
America.

CANUTUS CANUTUS*

371. Canutus canutus (L.)— THE KNOT.

TRINGA CANUTUS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 149 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Tringa canutus Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 413 ; Saunders, p. 595.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor (Aug. -May and occa-
sionally later) and passage-migrant. Most abundant east coasts
Great Britain, common south and west coasts England and in Solway,
but north of Clyde, as in Hebrides, and apparently Orkneys and
Shetlands scarce. Common east and north coasts Ireland, but
scarce elsewhere. Occasional inland. Extensive autumn and
spring passage-movements of birds wintering further south, and in
severe weather many of our winter- visitors pass south.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Arctic regions (Taimyr Penin-
sula in Siberia, perhaps Iceland, Greenland, Ellesmere Land to
Melville Peninsula, Point Barrow in Alaska), migrates south as far
as south Africa, India, Australia, and New Zealand, North and South
America to Patagonia.

* It seems reasonable to separate the Knot generically, and in that case
Canutus is the oldest generic name. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 173

CALIDRIS LEUCOPH^A*

372. Calidris leucophsea (Pall.)— THE SANDERLING.

TMXGA LEUCOPH^A Pallas, in Vroeg's Cat. Coll., p. 32 (1764 — Northern

coast of Holland).

Calidris arenaria (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 420 ; Saunders, p. 597.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Passage-migrant (Aug.-Oct. and
April-May) and winter-visitor. Widely distributed on sandy coasts
but scarce west Scotland. Chiefly passage-migrant staying through
autumn, but a good many winter. Non-breeding birds observed
frequently throughout summer. Occasional inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in arctic regions (Spitsbergen,
north Siberia, probably Iceland, from Melville Island and Ellesmere
Land to Greenland, Alaska), visits in winter and during migration
all the lands southwards, as far as south Africa, Java, Borneo,
Australia, the Marshall and Hawaiian Islands, and in America,
Patagonia and Chile.

EROLIA ALPINAj

373. Erolia alpina alpina (L.)— THE DUNLIN.

TRINGA ALPINA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 149 (1758 — Lapland).
Tringa alpina Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 377 ; Saunders, p. 583.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter-visitor. Breeds
sparingly moors Cardigan, Denbigh and Merioneth (formerly Dee
marshes), Lanes., Yorks. and Derby borders, north and north-west
Yorks., and Tees marshes ; northwards more abundantly both
moors and coast-marshes, and most Hebrides, Orkneys and Shetlands.
Has bred Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, and Lines. In Ireland breeds
small numbers many parts Leinster, Connaught, and Ulster. Many
immigrants arrive autumn and until their return in spring the bird
is very numerous on all coasts, while many non-breeding birds stay
throughout summer.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in north Europe; Iceland and
Faeroes; and north Asia, migrates in winter to Mediterranean, north
Africa and Red Sea, also to India. Accidental in eastern North
America. Replaced by an allied race in east Asia and North
America.

* The name leucophcea antedates Tringa Arenaria of Linnaeus (1766).
— E.H.

f The name Tringa now being used for the Sandpipers (Totanus olim)
according to the International Riiles and " Opinions" of the Commission,
the next oldest name must be taken up for the Stints and Dunlins. — E.H.

174 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

EROLIA FERRUGINEA*

374. Erolia ferruginea (Briinn.) — THE CURLEW-SAND-
PIPER.

TRINGA FERRUGINEA Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 53 (1764 — Iceland and

Christiansoe).

Tringa subarquata (Giildenstadt), Yarrell, in, p. 403 ; Saunders, p. 591.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Passage-migrant (Aug.-Oct. and
March- June, exceptionally July). Chiefly east coast Great Britain
and south coast England, scarce west side, rare I. and unknown
O. Hebrides, scarce Shetlands, unknown Orkneys and extreme
north and north-west Scottish mainland. In Ireland, chiefly
autumn, east and north coasts, occasional Nov., and once Dec.
26, 1892. Much rarer, especially Scotland and Ireland, in spring.
Occasional inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in arctic regions of Asia, winters
in Africa (from Mediterranean to tropical and south Africa), India,
Malay Peninsula, and even Australia. Casual in North and South
America.

EROLIA MINUTA

375. Erolia minuta minuta (Leisl.)— THE LITTLE STINT.

TRINGA MINUTA Leisler, Nachtrage zu Bechst. Xaturg. DeutschL, p. 74

(1812 — Near Han.au on the Main).

Tringa minuta Leisler, Yarrell, in, p. 386 ; Saunders, p. 585.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Passage -migrant chiefly end Aug.
to Oct., rarely later, very rare anywhere spring April- June, exception-
ally July. Regular autumn (but varying numbers), east and south-
east coasts England and south-east Scotland ; irregular and scarce,
north of Aberdeen (but recorded to Shetlands), west coasts Great
Britain (including some I. but no 0. Hebrides) and south coast
England. In Ireland apparently regular autumn east coast, very
rare elsewhere ; only one doubtful spring-record. Exceptional
inland waters.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Inhabits west Siberian tundras and
islands (Novaya Zemlia, Kolguev, Waigatz, etc.) to North Cape
of Europe, and migrates south to Africa and India. Replaced
in east Siberia by E. minuta ruficollis, which wanders south
through China and Japan to Sunda Islands, Moluccas, and
Australia.

* Tringa ferruginea antedates Scolopax subarquata by ten years. — E.H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 175

EROLIA MINUTILLA

376. Erolia minutilla minutilla (Vieill.)— THE AMERICAN
STINT.

TRINGA MINUTILLA Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., xxxiv,

p. 466 (1819— Nova Scotia to the Antilles).

Tringa minutilla Vieillot, Yarrell, in, p. 396 ; Saunders, p. 587.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Four. Mount's Bay (Cornwall) Oct. 10,
1853. Northern Burrows near Bideford (Devon) Sept. 1869 and
Aug. 22, 1892 (Saunders, p. 587). Near Mousehole (Cornwall)
Sept., 1890 (J. Clark, Zool, 1907, p. 286, and Brit. B., n, p. 268).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern North America, in winter from
California, Texas, and North Carolina through West Indies and
Central America to Brazil, Galapagos Islands, and Chile. On migra-
tion throughout North America, north-east Siberia and Commander
Islands, also in Greenland and Bermudas. Replaced by an allied
form which breeds in north-east Siberia, Kamtschatka, and the
Kurile Islands, and winters south-east Asia, to Australia.

EROLIA TEMMINCKII

377. Erolia temminckii (Leisl.)— TEMMINCK'S STINT.

TRINGA TEMMINCKII Leisler, Nachtrage zu Bechst. Naturg. DeutschL,

p. 78 (1812— Near Hanau on the Main).

Tringa temmincki Leisler, Yarrell, m, p. 398 ; Saunders, p. 589.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare and irregular passage-migrant
chiefly autumn (late July to Sept.), very rarely spring (May).
Irregular everywhere but most frequent from Norfolk southwards
and along south coast England to Scilly. Elsewhere very rare
vagrant — about seven from Dee to Solway, a few from Lines, to
Northumberland, two or three east coast Scotland, one Fair Isle
(autumn 1908), one co. Kerry (Jan., 1848).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeding from Scandinavia eastwards in
arctic portions of Old World, migrating south in winter to Mediter-
ranean and north Africa, India, Ceylon, the Indo-Chinese countries
and China.

EROLIA MACULATA

378. Erolia maculata maculata (Vieill.)— THE AMERICAN
PECTORAL SANDPIPER.

TRINGA MACULATA Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., xxxiv,

p. 465 (1819— Antilles or southern U.S.).

Tringa maculata Vieillot, Yarrell, m, p. 368 ; Saunders, p. 579.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant. About forty-five England,
three Scotland, three Ireland, chiefly autumn, occasional spring.

176 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

England.— Northumberland (one), Durham (two), Yorks. (five),
Norfolk (nine), Suffolk (five or six), Kent (two), Sussex (five),
Devon (two), Cornwall (three), Scilly Isles (ten), Cumberland (one).
Scotland. — Aberdeen, Argyll and Orkneys, one each. Ireland.—
Portumna (Galway) (one), Belmullet (Mayo) (two).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds on arctic shores of North America,
winters in South America, from Peru and Bolivia to Chile,
Argentina and Patagonia ; casual in north-east Siberia, Unalaska,
Greenland and Hawaii. Replaced by E. maculata acuminata in east
Siberia.

379. Erolia maculata acuminata (Horsf.)*— THE SIBERIAN
PECTORAL SANDPIPER.

TOTANUS ACUMINATUS Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xin, p. 192

(1821 — Java, winter- visitor).

Tringa acuminata (Horsfield), Saunders, pp. 579 and 580.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One or two. Breydon (Norfolk) Aug. 29,
1892 (Seebohm, Ibis, 1893, p. 181). [One said taken near Yar-
mouth, Sept., 1848 (I.e. ; cf. Gurney, Zool, 1849, pp. 2392 and 2568).]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North-east Siberia, Kamtschatka, Com-
mander Islands. Winters in Japan and south to New Guinea,
Australia, and New Zealand. Replaced in North America by E.
maculata maculata.

EROLIA BAIRDII

380. Erolia bairdii (Coues)— BAIRD'S SANDPIPER.

ACTODROMAS BAIRDII Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad., 1861, p. 194 (Great
Slave Lake, Canada).

Tringa bairdi (Coues), E. Hartert, Bull. B.O.C., XT, p. 27 ; Saunders
Brit. B., i, p. 15.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Three. Young female Rye Harbour
(Sussex) Oct. 11, 1900 (ut supra}. One Hunstanton (Norfolk) Sept.
16, 1903 (J. H. Gurney, Zool., 1909, p. 124). Adult female St. Kilda
(0. Hebrides) Sept. 28, 1911 (W. E. Clarke, Scot. Nat., 1912, p. 9 ;
cf. Brit. B., v, p. 255).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds along arctic coast of North
America and migrates south to Chile, Argentina, and Patagonia,
casual in south-west Africa.

* American authors (A.O.U. Checklist, 3rd ed, 1910, p. 113) have adopted
Latham's name Tringa aurita (Latham, Ind. Orn. Sitppl., p. LXVI, ex Gen.
Syn. Suppl., p. 314) but without reason, as the description disagrees almost
entirely with that of the present species. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 177

EROLIA FUSCICOLLIS

381. Erolia fuscicollis (VieiU.)— BONAPARTE'S SAND-
PIPER.

TRINGA FUSCICOLLIS Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., xxxiv,

p. 461 (1819 — Paraguay. Ex Azara).

Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot, Yarrell in, p. 373 ; Saunders, p. 581.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Fourteen. Salop (one), Scilly Isles,
(two), Cornwall (three), Devon (four), Sussex (two), Middlesex (one).,
(Saunders, p. 581). Kent (one), June 4, 1906 (Brit. B., I, p. 231).
One believed shot near Belfast prior to 1836.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds on arctic coast of North America,,
having occurred as far west as Point Barrow in Alaska, and as far
east as Greenland ; migrates through North America, and winters
in southern South America ; casual in Bermudas.

EROLIA SUBRUFICOLLIS*

382. Erolia subruficollis (Vieill.)— THE BUFF-BREASTED
SANDPIPER.

TRINGA SUBRUFICOLLIS Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed.,

xxxiv, p. 465 (1819 — Paraguay. Ex Azara).

Tryngites rufescens (Vieillot), Yarrell, in, p. 435 ; Saunders, p. 601.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — About eighteen, mostly Sept., but
one May and one July. Lines, (one), Norfolk (five), Cambs. (one),
Sussex (one), [Kent (one) supposed], Cornwall and Scilly (four),
Lundy Island (one), Lanes, (one), Cumberland (one), Dublin (one),
Down (two), [Caithness (one) supposed], (Saunders, p. 601 and
Brit. B., n, pp. 241, 269.)

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds along arctic coasts of North
America, and apparently easternmost arctic Asia, winters in Argen-
tina and Uruguay, passing, on migration, through North America
and appearing occasionally west Europe (Heligoland, Switzerland).

EROLIA MARITIMAf

383. Erolia maritima maritima (Brunn.) — THE PURPLE
SANDPIPER.

TRINGA MARITIMA Brunnich, Orn. Borealis, p. 54 (1764 — Christiansoe,

Norway).

Tringa striata Linnseus, Yarrell, in, p. 408 ; Saunders, p. 593.

* The name subruficollishas page-priority over rufescens, and is now univer-
sally accepted ; cf. Cat. B. Brit. Mus., xxiv, p. 521, A.O.U. Check-list, p. 124.

f Tringa striata L. is a wrong name, the description not agreeing with that
of the Purple Sandpiper ; moreover maritima antedates striata. — E.H.

178 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor (Sept. to April and
May, occasionally June). Widely spread all coasts, especially rocky
ones. Thought to have bred Shetlands, but no proof. Exceptional
inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Inhabits arctic regions of Northern Hemi-
sphere, and breeds in Siberia, north Russia, north Scandinavia,
Novaya Zemlia, Spitsbergen, Iceland and Faeroes, Greenland and
arctic America (Melville Island, Ellesmere Land), being migratory
in northernmost regions, resident as far north as Iceland and south
Greenland, but wintering as far south as North Sea and Baltic, and
even in small numbers to Mediterranean and in America to Great
Lakes, Georgia, Florida and Bermudas. Replaced by other sub-
species in Alaska, the Pribilof, Commander, Aleutian and Shumagin
Islands.

EREUNETES PUSILLUS

384. Ereunetes pusillus pusillus (L.)— THE SEMI-PALMATED
SANDPIPER.

TRINGA PTJSILLA Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, i, p. 252 (1766 — San

Domingo).

Ereunetes pusillu*, N. F. Ticehurst, Brit. B., i, p. 223.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Romney Marsh (Kent), Sept. 17,
1907 (ut supra}.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from arctic shores of North
America south to mouth of Yukon river and to south Ungava.
Winters from Texas and Carolina through West Indies and Central
America to Patagonia, migrating through United States (mainly
«ast of Rocky Mountains), casual in north-east Siberia. Replaced
lay a very closely-allied form in north -westernmost North America
{Alaska coast) from Kotzebue Sound to mouth of Yukon (according
to A.O.U. Check-list), migrating in winter south to Florida and
Carolina, Trinidad and South America.

LIMICOLA PLATYRHYNCHA

385. Limicola platyrhyncha platyrhyncha (Temin.) — THE
BROAD-BILLED SANDPIPER.

TRINGA PLATYBINCHA (evidently wrong transliteration for platyrhyncha)
Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 398 (1815 — Swamps of N. Europe and N.
America, on passage in Germany. Typical locality : north Europe).
Limicola platyrhyncha (Temminck), Yarrell, in, p. 362 ; Saunders, p. 577.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Ireland. — Fifteen, mostly Aug. to
Oct., but two April and two May. Yorks. (one), Norfolk (five),
Kent (two), Sussex (six), Belfast Lough (one) (Saunders, p. 577 and
Brit. B., n, p. 267, m, p. 257).

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 179

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Scandinavian mountains, and
probably in north Russia and west Siberia. On migration visiting
coasts and inland waters of Denmark, Holland, Germany, France,
Switzerland, and Italy, Black and Caspian, Mediterranean and
Red Seas, Pamirs and India. Replaced farther east by paler form
(L. platyrhyncha sibirica Dress.), which is found on shores of sea of
Ochotsk, and probably on Lake Baikal, and in winter in Japan,
China, and even Malayan and Moluccan Islands. It must breed in
east Siberia.

MACRORHAMPHUS GRISEUS

386. Macrorhamphus griseus griseus (Gin..) — THE RED-
BREASTED SANDPIPER.

SCOLOPAX GRISEA Gmelin, Syst. Xat., i, ii, p. 658 (1789 — Coast of New

York).

Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmelin), Yarrell, in, p. 357 ; Saunders, p. 621.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Over twenty from Aug. to Oct. in
various years. Yorks. (one), Lines, (one), Norfolk (three), Middlesex
(two), Kent (three), Hants, (two), Devon (one or more), Scilly (one),
Lanes, (two), Cumberland (one), Fife (one), Lanark (one), Argyll
(one), Queen's co. (one), Tipperary (one). (Saunders, p. 621 ; Brit.
B., i, p. 231, n, p. 270 ; Hist. Birds Kent, p. 481.)

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Eastern North America, exact breeding
range unknown. Winters from Florida and west Indies south to
north Brazil ; passes on migration along Atlantic coast of North
America and occasionally through Illinois, Indiana, and Ontario ;
accidental in Greenland, Bermudas, and France. Replaced by a
closely-allied race in western North America.

TRINGA HYPOLEUCA*

387. Tringa hypoleuca L.— THE COMMON SANDPIPER.

TRINGA HYPOLEUCOS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 149 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Totanus hypoleucus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 446 ; Saunders, p. 605.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (April to Sept.
occasionally March, Oct. and Nov.). Breeds only very exceptionally
south and east of a line from Bristol Channel to Humber, but not
uncommonly Devonian peninsula. West and north of this line
breeds throughout England and Wales, and Scotland and its isles,
and in Ireland except in south-east, where scarce. Elsewhere
common passage -migrant. A few may sometimes winter south
Devon.

* The name Tringa cannot be used for the birds hitherto called Tringa.
The genotype of Tringa is, by tautonymy, Tringa ocrophus. See Smithsonian
Inst. Publication, 1838 (July, 1910), pp. 31, 33 ; Nov. Zool., 1911, p. 5.— E.H.

N 2

180 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Greater part of Old World, nesting from
Arctic Circle to Mediterranean Basin in Europe, and north
Himalayas in Asia, migrating in winter to central and south
Africa, India, East Indian Archipelago, and even Australia and
Tasmania.

TRINGA MACULARIA

388. Tringa macularia L.— THE SPOTTED SANDPIPER.

TRINGA MACULARIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 249 (1766 — Europe

and America ; Europe probably mistake. Restricted typical locality :

Pennsylvania).

Totanus macularius (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 452 ; Saunders, pp. 606,

605*.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Very rare vagrant. Many recorded
(cf. Saunders, p. 606) but only following can be admitted : Female
near Finea (W. Meath) Feb. 2, 1899 (Saunders, p. 605*). Pair near
Lydd (Kent), May 5, 1904 (J. L. Bonhote, Bull. B.O.C., xiv, p. 84 ;
Brit. B., n, p. 269). Female Shoreham (Sussex) Nov. 27, 1908
(J. B. Nichols, Brit. B., in, p. 377). One Hebden Bridge (Yorks.)
about 1899 (W. Greaves, Nat., 1911, p. 100 ; Brit. B., iv, pp. 319,
369). One Whitby (Yorks.), March 29, 1849 (admitted by T. H.
Nelson, Birds Yorks., p. 628, doubted by J. H. Gurney, Rambles of
a Nat., p. 256).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in North America from north-west
Alaska and Newfoundland to south California, Arizona, Texas,
Louisiana, and south Carolina ; winters from California, Louisiana,
and south Carolina to south Brazil and Peru. Stragglers have
occurred in Europe (Heligoland).

TRINGA GLAREOLA

389. Tringa glareola L.— THE WOOD-SANDPIPER.

TRINGA GLAREOLA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 149 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Totanus glareola (Gmelin), Yarrell, in, p. 463 ; Saunders, p. 607.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Passage-migrant. Regular (gener-
ally single, sometimes flocks) autumn (July-Oct.), uncommon spring
(April-May) on east and south-east coasts England, rare along south
coast. Rare vagrant, west coast England and Wales, in Scotland
(about nine) and in Ireland (seven). Exceptionally inland. Bred
Prestwick Car (Northumberland) 1853, and possibly previously,
possibly Norfolk prior to 1846, but alleged breeding Elgin 1853
discredited.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in north Europe and north Asia,
and Avinters in Mediterranean countries, Africa, and south Asia to
Australia and Hawaiian Isles.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 181

TRINGA OCROPHUS

390. Tringa ocrophus L.— THE GREEN SANDPIPER.

TRINGA OCROPHUS* Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 149 (1758 — " Habitat

in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Totanus ochropus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 457 ; Saunders, p. 609.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Passage-migrant and winter-visitor.
Frequent autumn and spring England and Wales and often staying
throughout winter. Occasionally observed throughout summer,
and breeding often suspected but never proved. In Scotland fairly
frequent east, casual west, very rare north, apparently regularly
small numbers autumn and occasional spring, Fair Isle, and twice
O. Hebrides, but not recorded elsewhere Scottish isles. In Ireland
casual autumn and winter- visitor and twice spring (April and June).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Europe and north Asia, in winter
south to Africa (even south Africa), India, and the Malayan Archi-
pelago. Accidental in Nova Scotia and Australia.

TRINGA SOLITARIA

391. Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson— THE SOLITARY
SANDPIPER.

TRINGA SOLITARIA Wilson, Amer. Orn., vn, p. 53, pi. 58, fig. 3 (1813 —
Exact locality not stated. We designate Pennsylvania. See A.O.U.
Checklist, 1910, p. 121).
Totanus solitarius (Wilson), Yarrell, in, pp. x and 468 ; Saunders, p. 611.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Five. Banks of Clyde (Lanark)
some years previous to 1870. Scilly Isles, Sept. 21, 1882. Near
Marazion (Cornwall), Oct., 1884 (Saunders, p. 611). Rye Harbour
(Sussex), Aug. 7, 1904 (C. B. Ticehurst, Bull. B.O.C., xv, p. 12 ;
cf. Brit. B., n, p. 269). Littlestone (Kent), seen July 18, shot
Aug. 15, 1908 (Duchess of Bedford, Brit. B., n, pp. 136, 170).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — In summer in northern North America,
winters from West Indies to Argentina, and has been recorded from
Greenland and Bermudas. Replaced by a closely -allied form in
westernmost North America.

TRINGA FLAVIPES

392. Tringa flavipes (Gm.)— THE YELLOWSHANK.

SCOLOPAX FLAVIPES Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 659 (1789 — New York).
Totanus flavipes (Gmelin), Yarrell, in, p. 480 ; Saunders, p. 613.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Three. Misson (Notts.) 1854 (?),

* It has been supposed that ocrophus is an error f or " ochropus," but this is
not so. Linnaeus adopted the name " Ocrophus " from the " Ocrophus sive
Rhodophus " of Gesner, Aldrovandus, and other older writers. — E.H.

182 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

Near Marazion (Cornwall) Sept. 12, 1871 (Saunders, p. 613). Fair
Isle (Shetlands), 1910 (W. E. Clarke, Ann. S.N.H., 1911, p. 53 ;
cf. Brit. B., iv, p. 291).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from Kotzebue Sound, Alaska,
north Mackenzie, central Keewatin, and south Ungava to valley of
Upper Yukon, south Saskatchewan, and north Quebec ; winters in
Argentina, Chile, and Patagonia, and casually in Mexico, Florida,
and Bahamas. Also recorded from Pribilof Islands, Greenland, and
Bermudas.

TRINGA MELANOLEUCA

393. Tringa melanoleuca (Gm,)— THE GREATER YELLOW-
SHANK.

SCOLOPAX MELANOLEUCA Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 659 (1789 — Labrador).
Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin), A. F. Griffith, Bull. B.O.C., xix, p. 7 ;
Saunders, Brit. B., i, p. 16.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One, Tresco, Scilly Isles, Sept. 16,
1906 (ut supra}. [One said to have been shot in Warwickshire,
Nov. 22, 1907, cf. Brit. B., iv, p. 109.]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in northern North America from
Lake Iliamna, Alaska, and south Mackenzie to south British Colum-
bia, Ungava, Labrador, and Anticosti Island ; winters from south
California, Texas, Louisiana, and Georgia (casually north Carolina)
south to Patagonia ; in Bermudas on migration.

TRINGA TOTANUS

394. Tringa totanus (L.)— THE COMMON REDSHANK.

SCOLOPAX TOTANUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 145 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Totanus calidris (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 469 ; Saunders, p. 615.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds (increasing gener-
ally during last few years, especially inland) many suitable localities
throughout, but sparsely Wales, Shetlands, not south coast Ireland,
and rarely 0. Hebrides. In autumn on all coasts but less numerous
winter.

MIGRATIONS. — British Isles. — Nesting-places occupied from March to
Sept., when movement to coasts and estuaries is made. Immigrants
arrive from Aug. onwards and later a movement southward is noted.
Return movements occur March, April, and even early May.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds throughout Europe generally and
Mediterranean countries, and from Asia Minor to east Siberia.
Migrates in winter as far south as Africa, India, and Malayan
Archipelago.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 183

TRINGA ERYTHROPUS*

395- Tringa erythropus (Pall.)— THE SPOTTED REDSHANK.

SCOLOPAX ERYTHROPUS Pallas, Vroeg's Cat. Coll., Adumbratiuncula,

p. 6 (1764— Holland).

Scolopax maculata Tunstall, Orn. Brit,, p. 3 (1771 — Great Britain. Ex

Zool. Brit.).

Totanus fuscus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 474 ; Saunders, p. 617.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Uncommon passage-migrant (May-
June and Aug. -Sept., exceptional winter). Chiefly Kent to Yorks.,
occasional south, and rare west coasts England, very rare Scotland
(less than twenty times, mostly in south-west) and in Ireland (twenty
or more times, chiefly in Moy estuary (Mayo and Sligo)).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in arctic Europe and Asia, winters
in Mediterranean countries and Africa north of Equator, India
and China.

TRINGA NEBULARIAf

396. Tringa nebularia (Gunner.)— THE GREENSHANK.

SCOLOPAX NEBULARIA Gunnerus, Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapp., p. 251

(1767— Norway).

Totanus canescens (Gmelin), Yarrell, in, p. 483 ; Saunders, p. 619.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds Scotland from
Rannoch Moor (Perth) northwards on mainland, and most commonly
Inverness, eastern Ross, and Sutherland ; in Lewis and Harris (0.
Hebrides), rarely in Skye, possibly in Tiree, not in Orkneys, but
possibly on a few occasions in Shetlands. Elsewhere passage-
migrant throughout British coasts and occasionally inland, chiefly
autumn, and more rarely spring, and only occasionally observed in
Avinter.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Summers in northern regions of Europe
and Asia, while it passes on migration through temperate Europe
and Asia, and winters in Africa and tropical Asia, Malay Archi-
pelago, and Australia. Accidental in Canaries and Azores, and
America.

* The names of Pallas, in the Catalogue of Vroeg's Collection being
admissible, the name erythropus has priority over Scolopax fusca Linnaeus,
1766, which, by the by, is not the Scolopax fusca of the same author of
1758!— E.H.

f There can be no doubt as to the specific name of the Greenshank, which
has hitherto been unfortunate in its nomenclature ; it is most commonly called
Totanus glottis, while Saunders (I.e.) preferred the name canescens, and
Reichenow maintained that Linnseus's name Tringa littorea was referable to
the Greenshank, which view, however, cannot be accepted. — E.H.

184 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

TRINGA STAGNATILIS

397. Tringa stagnatilis (Bechst.)— THE MARSH-SAND-
PIPER.

TOTANUS STAGNATILIS Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., n, p. 292, pi. (1803 —

Germany).

T. stagnatilis, Saunders, p. 620 (text) ; M. J. Nicoll, Brit. B., in, p. 350.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Four. One Tring (Herts.), Oct., 1887
(cf. Viet. Hist. Bucks., I, p. 150 ; Brit. B., in, p. 356 (footnote) and
Saunders, p. 620). Pair Rye Harbour (Sussex), female June 16 and
male June 18, 1909 (M. J. Nicoll, Brit. B., in, p. 356). Female
Bodiam Marsh (Sussex), July 1, 1910 (J. B. Nichols, Brit. B., v,
p. 49).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Seems to breed in south Siberia and
Turkestan, throughout south-east Europe in suitable localities, and
possibly also in south France, while nesting in north-west Africa
has not yet been proved. Migrates to Africa, India, Indo-Chinese
countries, and eastern Archipelago south to Australia.

PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS

398. Phalaropus fulicarius (L.)— THE GREY PHALAROPE.

TRINGA FULICARIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 148 (1758 — " America."

Typical locality : Hudson Bay. Ex Edwards).

Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 310 ; Saunders, p. 565.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Passage -migrant. Scarce and
irregular all coasts (most regular south-west England) autumn, very
rare winter and spring. Occasional inland. Periodically (after
heavy south-west gales) in numbers, as autumns 1866, 1869, and
1886 in south England and autumn 1891 in many parts. Very rare
vagrant Hebrides, Orkneys and Shetlands.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in arctic regions of Old and New
Worlds (in Europe south to Iceland (rare), Spitsbergen, and
Novaya Zemlia), migrating in winter south to Falkland and Juan
Fernandez Islands, and Chile ; in the east to China and New Zealand.
In Europe in winter found on many inland waters and along coasts
to Mediterranean, also in north Africa.

PHALAROPUS LOBATUS*

399. Phalaropus lobatus (L.) — THE RED-NECKED
PHALAROPE.

TRINGA TOBATA (evident misprint for lobata, corrected p. 824) Linnaeus,
Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 148 (1758 — N. America and Lapland. Restricted
typical locality : Hudson Bay, from first and only quotation).
Phalaropus hyperboreus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 315 ; Saunders, p. 567.

* P. lobatus is beyond doubt, and is the oldest specific name. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 185

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer -resident (May- Aug.) and
vagrant. Breeds in limited numbers Orkneys, Shetlands, 0.
Hebrides, and one locality west of Ireland. Elsewhere vagrant,
occurring most frequently (but rarely) south and east coasts England,
very rarely west coast and very rarely Scotland, except at breeding-
haunts, and only three times Ireland outside breeding-locality.
Exceptionally inland. Usually in autumn, occasionally winter and
spring.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Nests in northern regions of both hemi-
spheres, though more southward than Grey Phalarope ; breeding as
far south as Iceland, Faeroes, central Norway, and south Greenland ;
in North America from Alaska to Aleutian Islands, Yukon river,
north Mackenzie, central Keewatin, south James Bay, and north
Ungava. Migrates through Europe, Asia, and North America to
India, Malayan and Moluccan Islands, China and Japan, and in
America to Central America, Bermudas, and occasionally Hawaii.

HIMANTOPUS HIMANTOPUS

400. Himantopus himantopus*(L.)— THE BLACK- WINGED
STILT.

CHARADRITJS HIMANTOPUS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 151 (1758 —

S. Europe).

Himantopus condidus Bonnaterre, Yarrell, in, p. 305 ; Saunders, p. 563.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. A good many records
but few recent ones. Chiefly in early summer, most south and east
coasts, especially Norfolk (about seventeen), and a few inland
counties of England. Elsewhere very rare vagrant : Gloucester
(one), Wales (one), Cheshire (one), Dumfries (two or three), Clyde
(two), Shetlands (one), Orkneys (two), Tay and Moray (old doubtful
records), Ireland six occasions.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in suitable localities in south
France (delta of Rhone), Spain and Portugal, in Sicily, Hungary to
Black Sea basin and Balkan Peninsula, Cyprus, in many places in
Africa, from Marocco, Algeria and Tunisia to south Africa, and in
many places in south Asia. Northern birds are migratory, wintering
in Africa.

RECURVIROSTRA AVOSETTA

401. Recurvirostra avosetta L. — THE AVOCET.

RECURVIROSTRA AVOSETTA Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 151 (1758 —

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Oeland).

Recurvirostra avocetta Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 299 ; Saunders, p. 561.

* Perhaps some of the other recognized species of Stilts were better treated
as geographical races, in which case the Black-winged Stilt would have to be
referred to trinomially. — E.H.

186 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Irregular migrant. Only in Norfolk,
Kent and Sussex fairly regular in spring (May-June) but irregular
autumn. Elsewhere vagrant, very rare west side Great Britain and
north of Yorks. North Wales (one), Lanes, (two), 0. Hebrides (two),
Shetlands (two), Moray (one), Tay (one probable). In Ireland
obtained fourteen occasions and a few seen, chiefly south and east
coasts (but Galway (one), Mayo (one) ) Aug. to Feb. Formerly
summer-resident and bred Humber to Sussex, the last nests being
mouth of Trent about 1837 (Birds Yorks., p. 589), and Kent 1842
and probably 1843 (Hist. Birds Kent, p. 439).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds locally on shores of North Sea
(Denmark, Holland, and one locality Baltic), south France, and
Spain, and from basin of Mediterranean eastwards to shores of
Black, Caspian, and Aral Seas. Ranges also across Asia to China,
and over many parts of Africa. Northern birds are migratory.

LIMOSA LAPPONICA

402. Limosa lapponica lapponica (L.) — THE BAR-TAILED
GODWIT.

SCOLOPAX LAPPONICA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 147 (1758 — Lapland).
Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 494 ; Saunders, p. 623.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor and passage-migrant.
Generally distributed around all coasts, but scarce Orkneys and
Shetlands. Many stay winter, but many, especially from Yorks.
southward on east coast, are only autumn and spring passage-
migrants. A good many non-breeders stay summer, especially in
parts of western Scotland and Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — North Europe (rarely as far west as Lap-
land) to Siberia, probably east to Taimyr peninsula, being repre-
sented further eastwards by Limosa lapponica baueri. Migratory,
wintering as far south as Senegambia and Somaliland in Africa and
Mekran coast and Karachi in Asia, passing through intervening
countries on migration, while the eastern race ranges through south-
east Asia to Malay Archipelago, Australia, etc.

LIMOSA LIMOSA

403. Limosa limosa (L.)— THE BLACK-TAILED GODWIT.

SCOLOPAX LIMOSA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 147 (1758 — Europe.
Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Limosa cegocephala (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 488 ; Limosa belgica (J. F.
Gmelin), Saunders, p. 625.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Irregular passage-migrant, chiefly
autumn (Aug. -Sept.), occasionally spring (April-May), rarely winter
and summer. Mostly along east coast from Humber southwards
and on south coast ; scarce vagrant north of Humber on east side

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 187

and everywhere on west side Great Britain ; has occurred O. and I.
Hebrides, Orkneys and Shetlands. Frequent migrant to Ireland.
Occasionally inland. Formerly summer-resident breeding from
south Yorks. to Norfolk ; last 1847 Norfolk, and possibly 1885
Lines.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in north Europe and Asia, in
Europe in Iceland (rarely Faeroes) and from Jutland, north Ger-
many (sparingly in Sweden) and 60° north in Russia south to Low
Countries, Hungary, and parts of central Russia and west Asia ;
migrates through Europe and west Asia ; winters in basin of
Mediterranean, and stragglers reach Canaries and Abyssinia ;
in Asia winter-quarters are chiefly India and Ceylon. Accidental
in Greenland. Appears to be represented by a closely -allied race —
perhaps of doubtful value — further eastwards.

NUMENIUS ARQUATA

404. Numenius arquata arquata (L.) — THE COMMON
CURLEW.

SCOLOPAX ARQUATA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 145 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Numenius arquata (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 499 ; Saunders, p. 627.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident, passage-migrant, and
winter -visit or. Breeds sparingly Dorset, Wilts., and Hants., more
freely Devonian peninsula, exceptionally Norfolk (1910) and Surrey
(1897), commonly Wales and neighbouring counties, and from
Staffs, and Derbyshire northwards on high ground (as well as on
low ground in Yorks.). Also Isle of Man. In Scotland breeds
generally and commonly, except 0. Hebrides, where nesting not
proved. In Ireland breeds all provinces. In early autumn
breeding -haunts deserted for coasts, on all of which it is found
autumn and spring and occasionally summer.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Scandinavia, Russia, north
and south Germany (Bavaria), Austria, Galizia, Denmark, Holland,
Belgium, and in Brittany, also apparently on Canaries. Passes
through central and south Europe, appearing on Azores, and
wintering in Africa from Mediterranean districts to south Africa and
Madagascar. In Asia this form does not seem to reach further east
than the Khirgiz Steppes, being represented by a wrell distinguished
race further eastwards, and replaced by another species in east
Siberia.

NUMENIUS PH^EOPUS

405. Numenius phseopus phaeopus (L.) — THE WHIMBREL.

SCOLOPAX PHJEOPUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 146 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Numenius phceopus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 507 ; Saunders, p. 629.

188 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident and passage-
migrant. A few breed Orkneys and Shetlands, and apparently
breeding-birds have been seen North Rona (0. Hebrides), and
possibly on an islet off west Ross. No authentic case of breeding
elsewhere. Passage -migrant all coasts and often inland, April and
May and end July to Sept. and occasionally later. A few non-
breeders stay summer.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Iceland, Faeroes, north Scandi-
navia, north Russia, and west Siberia, and is found occasionally in
Greenland. Migrates through western Palaearctic region and winters
on coasts of Africa, some individuals remaining in winter-quarters
all the year round. Replaced by the allied, but easily separable,
N. phceopus variegatus in north-east Asia, the latter migrating to
south-east Asia and Australia.

NUMENIUS BOREALIS

406. Numenius borealis (Forster)— THE ESKIMO-CURLEW.

SCOLOPAX BOREALIS J. R. Forster, Philos. Trans., LXII, p. 431 (1772 —

Fort Albany, Hudson Bay).

Numenius borealis (J. R. Forster), Yarrell, in, p. 512 ; Saunders, p. 631.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Seven or eight. One Sept. 6, 1855,
and one-Sept. 21, 1880, Kincardine. One Sept. 29, 1879, Aberdeen.
Two Nov., 1852, near Woodbridge (Suffolk), and one alleged R. Aide
(Suffolk) prior to 1870. One Sept. 10, 1887, Scilly Isles. One
Dublin Market, Oct., 1870, alleged from Sligo (Saunders, p. 631).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds on Barren Grounds of north
Mackenzie in arctic America, passes through United States and
winters in South America from Galapagos Islands and Chile to
Brazil, Argentina, and Patagonia. Also recorded from Greenland
and Falkland Islands. Said to have become very rare, so that fears
have been expressed of its becoming extinct.

NUMENIUS TENUIROSTRIS

407. Numenius tenuirostris VieilL— THE SLENDER-BILLED
CURLEW.

NUMENIUS TENUIROSTRIS Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. cl'Hist. Xat., nouv. ed.,

vm, p. 302 (1817— Egypt).

Numenius tenuirostris VieilL, M. J. Nicoll, Brit. B., v, p. 124.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Three or more. Young male and
female Sept. 21, and adult male Sept. 23, 1910, from " small flock "
near Brookland (Kent) (ut supra].

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in north, the only breeding-place
so far known being west Siberia ; passes winter in Mediterranean
countries, as far west as south France and Algeria. Obtained on

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 189

passage in Russia, Hungary, and Austria, and occasionally further
west ; four times in Germany, once Heligoland, twice Belgium, three
times Holland, once at least in north France.

GALLINAGO MEDIA*

408. Gallinago media (Lath.)— THE GREAT SNIPE.

SCOLOPAX MEDIA Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl., i, p. 292 (1787 — Lancashire,

England).

Gallinago major (Gmelin), Yarrell, in, p. 336 ; Saunders, p. 571.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare passage -migrant. Probably
annual autumn (Aug. -Oct.) in small numbers east and south England,
vagrant elsewhere ; over thirty Scotland and fourteen Ireland. Very
rare indeed in spring.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Scandinavia, north Russia
and west Siberia, as far south as Denmark, and some parts of north
Germany. On migration passes through Europe and westernmost
Asia (Caucasus, Persia), and winters in Africa from north Africa to
south Africa (east Cape Colony and Natal). Said to be accidental
in Canada.

GALLINAGO GALLINAGO

409. Gallinago gallinago gallinago (L.) — THE COMMON
SNIPE.

SCOLOPAX GALLINAGO Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 147 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Gallinago scolopacina Gould, B. Great Britain, iv, pi. 79.

Gallinago ccelestis (Frenzel), Yarrell, in, p. 342 ; Saunders, p. 573.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident, passage -mi grant, and
winter- visitor. Breeds locally suitable places throughout but in
some southern English counties rarely. A proportion of our breeding
birds appear to emigrate. Abundant winter- visitor (Oct. -March).
Weather greatly influences its movements, but regular arrivals on
Sussex coast in April point to passage-movements.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Iceland, Faeroes, north and
temperate Europe to north Italy and south Russia, and in north Asia
south of lat. 70° north to high plateaus of central Asia. Winters
from British Isles to east Atlantic isles and north Africa, as far as
Senegambia and Aden, Persia, India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands,
Burmah, Malay Peninsula, China, Japan, Formosa, Batjan (see
Cat. B. Brit. Mus., xxiv, p. 641, perhaps an error, or very accidental
occurrence), and Philippine Islands. Recorded also from Greenland

* Latham's name has two years priority over Gmelin's of 1789, and it i.s
strange that this has been overlooked for so many years, although it was useJ.
by Meyer and Wolf, Schinz, Vieillot, Naumann, and others. — E.H.

190 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

and Bermudas. Replaced in America by the very closely-allied
G. gallinago wilsoni.

LIMNOCRYPTES GALLINULA

410. Limnocryptes gallinula (L.)— THE JACK SNIPE.

SCOLOPAX GALLINULA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, i, p. 244 (1766 —

Europe).

Gallinago gallinula (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 351 ; Saunders, p. 575.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor (early Sept. and Oct.
to April and occasionally later). Generally distributed but decidedly
local. No authentic case of nesting. Possibly also a passage-
migrant.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in arctic regions of Old World ;
passes on migration through the intervening countries, and winters
as far south as north Africa, Persia, Afghanistan, India, Ceylon and
Burmah.

SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA

411. Scolopax rusticola L.— THE WOODCOCK.

SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA Linnaeus, Syst. Xat., ed. x, i, p. 146 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Scolopax rusticula Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 320 ; Saunders, p. 569.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter-visitor. Breeds
most parts and increasingly ; in some years, as 1902, 1904, and 1908
in parts of Scotland in unusual numbers. Winter- visitors arrive
east coast Great Britain Oct. and Nov., and depart March. A
proportion of our breeding -birds emigrate, and winter weather-
movements are often noted.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds on Madeira, Canary Islands, and
Azores, in Europe from Arctic Circle to Pyrenees, Alps, Balkans, and
Caucasus (but not in Greece), and eastwards through Asia to Hima-
layas (not rare above 10,000 feet), and even north Japan. Winters
in Mediterranean countries, as far as north-west Africa, in Egypt,
Persia, India, Burmah, rarely as far as Ceylon, and China. Some
winter in west Europe, especially in mild winters. Has been
recorded once from Fseroes, and stragglers are occasionally found
in eastern North America from Newfoundland to Virginia.

HYDROCHELIDON NIGRA

412. Hydrochelidon nigra nigra (L.)— THE BLACK TERN.

STERNA NIGRA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 137 (1758— Europe.

Restricted typical locality : near Upsala).

Hydrochelidon nigra (Linnaeus), Yarrell, m, p. 516 ; Saunders, p. 633.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — Passage-migrant, April and

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 191

May (occasionally summer) and Aug. and Sept. (occasionally later).
Chiefly south, and east England up to Yorks., where annual but
rarer, as it is inland, including midlands. More irregular west coast
and Wales. North of Yorks. and Cheshire, rare. Often in flocks.
Formerly bred various parts, last records Solway, 1855, Norfolk,
1858. Scotland. — Occasional Tweed and Forth, rare vagrant else-
where, not recorded extreme north nor any islands. Ireland. —
Rare vagrant to all Provinces. Has occurred July, Nov., and Dec.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Europe south of about 60° north
lat. Winters in Africa south to Loango in west and (at least) Abys-
sinia in east. Eastwards known as far as west Turkestan. Once
recorded from Faeroes. Replaced in North America (in summer)
and in South America (in winter) by H. nigra surinamensis.

HYDROCHELIDON LEUCOPAREIA*

413. Hydrochelidon leucopareia leucopareia (Temm.) — THE
WHISKERED TERN.

STERNA LEUCOPAREIA " Natterer " Ternminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., ii,

p. 746 (1820 — S. Hungary, discovered by Natterer, also Istria, Dalmatia,

France).

Hydrochelidon hybrida (Pallas), Yarrell, in, p. 527 ; Saunders, p. 637.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Very rare vagrant. England. —
Twelve. One Dorset, Aug., 1836. One Yorks., 1842. Two Norfolk,
June, 1847, and Oct., 1890. One Scilly Isles, Aug., 1851. One
Devon, May, 1865. One Hants., June, 1875. Four Sussex, Aug. 9,
1905. One Kent, same date. Scotland. — One, Nithsdale (Dum-
fries), May 28, 1894. Ireland.— One, Dublin Bay, Sept., 1839.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Nests in south Europe as far north as
south Hungary and (exceptionally only ?) in Bavaria, also regularly
in north Africa, and recorded breeding in Transvaal. Also through-
out temperate and warmer Asia to China, though perhaps eastern
birds may be separable, and the Australian ones certainly are.
Winters in Africa and south Asia.

HYDROCHELIDON LEUCOPTERAt

414. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temm..)— THE WHITE-
WINGED BLACK TERN.

STERNA LEUCOPTERA Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 483 (1815 — Shores of

the Mediterranean, Swiss lakes, etc.).

Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Schinz), Yarrell, in, p. 522 ; Saunders, p. 635.

* Pallas's name dates from 1827 and not from 1811 (cf. Hartert, Vog. pal.
Fauna, I, p. 277). The name leucopareia Temm. (not of Natterer ! ) has
therefore priority. — E.H.

f Though Temminck's Man. d'Orn. and Meisner and Schinz's Vog. d.
Schweiz bear the same date, 1815, Temminck's work appeared before that of
Meisner and Schinz, as is clear from p. 265 of the latter volume. — E.H.

192 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant, mostly April and May,
sometimes in small flocks, three in autumn. England. — Has occurred
Durham, Yorks. (two spring, one Sept. 26, 1896), Norfolk (many),
Kent, Sussex, Hants., Dorset (several), Devon (several, one Nov.,
1870), Cornwall and Scilly, Warwick (two). Ireland. — Six. One
each Clare, Limerick, Tipperary, Waterford, two Dublin (one Oct.,
1841).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in south-east Europe, north to
Hungary, and ( ? regularly) in Bavaria, throughout south Russia and
temperate Asia to China. In winter in Africa and south Asia to
Australia and even New Zealand. Accidental in North America
and Barbados.

STERNA NILOTICA*

415. Sterna nilotica nilotica Gm.— THE GULL-BILLED
TERN.

STERNA NILOTICA Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, p. 606 (1789 — Egypt. Ex

Hasselquist).

Sterna anglica Montagu, Yarrell, in, p. 531 ; Saunders, p. 639.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Very rare vagrant. About twenty-
four : Lanes, (two), Yorks. (one), Norfolk (ten), Kent (four or five),
Sussex (three), Hants, (one), Devon (one), Cornwall (one), Scilly
(one). All spring or summer and none recorded last twelve years.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Europe in a few small colonies
on coasts of Jutland and Schleswig, formerly on small island near
Eiigen in Baltic, exceptionally in Bavaria, Hungary (apparently
now only one breeding-place), south France, Spain and Portugal,
Greece, Asia Minor, on Black and Caspian Seas, and north-west
Africa (island on Tunisian coast, Algeria). Across temperate Asia
to Mongolia, but breeds in Persia, and the Punjab (India). In
winter, ranges all over Africa and tropical Asia. Also breeds in North
and in South America, and winters in eastern South America.
Represented by closely-allied race in Australia, and probably other
forms are separable.

STERNA TSCHEGRAVAt

416. Sterna tschegrava Lep. — THE CASPIAN TERN.

STERNA TSCHEGRAVA Lepechin, Nov. Comm. Acad. Petr., xiv, i, p. 500,

pi. xiii (1770— S. Russia).

Sterna caspia Pallas, Yarrell, in, p. 536 ; Saunders, p. 641.

* The name nilotica antedates anglica by twenty -four years.

f Lepechin's description and figure are quite clear, and his name must be
accepted. I have carefully compared them and have asked the opinion of three
other ornithologists, who fully agree with my view. Saunders also quoted
it without doubt, but probably rejected it because he did not like " changes,"
and as it has only page-priority. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 193

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Very rare vagrant. About nineteen
obtained and others seen : Northumberland, Yorks., Lines., Suffolk,
Hants, (one each), Notts, (two), Dorset (four), Norfolk (nine got and
others seen, the last July, 1901, July, 1902, and Aug., 1910). Records
from Kent are doubtful.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Locally on coasts of Europe from about
60° north lat. southwards (Baltic, Sylt, Mediterranean, Black and
Caspian Seas) ; throughout Asia east to China, throughout Malaysia
to Australia and New Zealand ; many parts of Africa, chiefly in
winter ; also North America, wintering on south Atlantic and Gulf
coasts. Northern birds are migratory.

STERNA SANDVICENSIS*

417. Sterna sandvicensis sandvicensis Lath. — THE SAND-
WICH TERN.

STERNA SANDVICENSIS Latham, Gen. Syn., Suppl., i, p. 296 (1787 —

Kent, etc.).

Sterna cantiaca Gmelin, Yarrell, in, p. 540 ; Saunders, p. 643.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (end March to
Sept.). As a passage-migrant occurs many parts of British coast
and occasionally inland. England. — Large breeding colonies Fame
Isles (Northumberland) and Ravenglass (Cumberland), was not
breeding Walney Island (Lanes.), 1901. Only occasionally breeds
Kent. Scilly Isles and Norfolk (1893), and has ceased Essex. Scotland.
— Breeds Kirkcudbright and sporadically on east coast, also breeds
Sanday (Orkneys). | Ireland. — Several colonies on loughs in Mayo,
one in Fermanagh, and occasionally on islands off Down and in
Donegal.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — " Atlantic and North Sea coasts from the
Orkneys southward to the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the
Caspian (breeding) ; in winter along the west coast of Africa to the
Cape of Good Hope and up to Natal, down the Red Sea and across
Mesopotamia to the Persian Gulf, Mekran coast and Karachi "
(Saunders). Represented by Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida in North
America, from Carolina to Mexico, and British Honduras, wintering
in Florida, Louisiana, Central America, West Indies, and South
America.

* Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., xxv, p. 75, says that Latham's name is a
" nomen nudum," but this is by no means the case, being based on the
" Sandwich Tern" of his General Synopsis, in, ii, p. 356, and Suppl. , i, p. 266,.
where the bird is described at length, and therefore his name must be used.
— E.H.

f The Rev. J. R. Hale informs us that it breeds on Sanday, and not
Xorth Ronaldshay, as stated in Saunders's Manual.

194 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

STERNA DOUGALLII

418. Sterna dougallii dougallii Mont.— THE ROSEATE TERN.

Sterna dougalli Montagu, Yarrell, in, p. 544 ; Saunders, p. G45.

STERNA DOUGALLII Montagu, Orn. Diet. Suppl., text and plate (1813 —
Firth of Clyde, Scotland).

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident and vagrant.
Breeds regularly, Fame Isles (Northumberland), one or two pairs,
Skerries (N. Wales), small colony, another locality (N. Wales),
large colony. Elsewhere vagrant, very rare Scotland and Ireland.
Formerly bred Foulney and Walney (Lanes.), Scilly, Clyde and
possibly Moray areas, Dublin and Down, and probably also in north-
west Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Coasts of Atlantic and (sparingly) North
Sea, from about 57° north lat. in summer to Mediterranean, Azores,
and Madeira ; in north-west and east Africa ; North America from
Sable Island to Long Island and from Bahamas to Lesser Antilles and
north coast of Venezuela, wintering from Bahamas to Brazil. The
geographical forms have not yet been finally worked out, but our
race is replaced by allied forms at least on the islands of the Bay of
Bengal, and probably all coasts of Indian Ocean, as well as in
Australia.

STERNA HIRUNDO*

419. Sterna hirundo L.— THE COMMON TERN.

STERNA HIRUNDO Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 137 (1758 — " Europa."
Restricted typical locality : Lakes and swamps of Sweden. Ex Fauna
Svecica, No. 127).
Sterna fluvia til-is Xaumann, Yarrell, in, p. 549 ; Saunders, p. 647.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (April to Sept.
and Oct.). Breeds many places all coasts but rarely in 0. Hebrides.
North of Loch Broom on west side Scotland and in Ireland
outnumbered by S. paradiscea, but on east side relatively common
further northward and abundant Pent land Skerries, but sparse
Orkneys, and only discovered breeding Shetlands 1901. Migrants
occasional 0. Hebrides and Fair Isle. Breeds some inland lakes
and rivers Scotland and Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Coasts, rivers, and lakes of Europe,
Canaries, Azores, Tunisia, temperate Asia and temperate North
America. In winter (chiefly) in India, Ceylon, and Africa, as well
as parts of South America. Local races may exist, but the question
is not settled.

* There is no reason for rejecting the well-known name Sterna hirundo,
the description and breeding-place distinctly showing that this Tern was
meant by Linnaeus. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 195

STERNA PARADIS^A*

420. Sterna paradisaea Briinn. — THE ARCTIC TERN.

STERNA PARADIS^A Brunnich, Orn. Bor. p. 46 (1764 — Christiansoe,

Denmark).

Sterna macrura Naumann, Yarrell, in, p. 553 ; Saunders, p. 649.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (April to Sept.
and Oct.). England. — Breeds only Fame Isles (Northumberland),
Scilly Isles, two groups of islets off Anglesey, Walney (Lanes.), and
Isle of Man. Elsewhere on passage and often inland. Scotland. —
Breeds all coasts and groups of islands, and outnumbers 8. hirundo
on west side north of Loch Broom and in Orkneys and Shetlands,
and is chief breeding species 0. Hebrides. Ireland. — On coasts and
some lakes. More numerous than 8. hirundo.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in northern regions of Old and
New Worlds, from about 82° north lat. south to about 50° north lat.
in Europe and 42° in America. In winter southwards to coasts of
Africa and South America. Appears to be represented by a closely-
allied form in the Southern Ocean, though some ornithologists are
of opinion that these southern birds are migrants from the Northern
Hemisphere.

STERNA MINUTA

421. Sterna minuta minuta L. — THE LITTLE TERN.

STERNA MINUTA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 228 (1766 — S. Europe).
Sterna minuta Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 558 ; Saunders, p. 651.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident (end April to
Sept. or Oct., exceptionally later). Breeding colonies of various
sizes here and there south coasts. East coast as far north as Tees-
mouth, but not further north in England ; a few pairs Forth,
increasing Tay, a few Aberdeen, fair number Moray Firth, but
doubtful breeder northwards on mainland, but appears to breed
Orkneys, though only straggler Shetlands. On west side colonies
from Cornwall to Solway, but does not now breed northwards on
mainland, though it does in Tiree, and has in Barra since 1901-3,
in N. Uist in 1907, possibly in Lewis in 1907, and in another O.
Hebrides since 1885 or 1886. Breeds in Ireland on coasts of Leinster,
Ulster, and Connaught.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in north Europe and north-west
Africa, and in Asia as far east as Turkestan and perhaps India
(Indian birds may be separable), and winters as far south as tropical
and south Africa, Burmah and Java. Replaced by allied forms

* There is no doubt about Briinnich's name, and it has many years
priority over that of Naumann. — E.H.

o 2

196 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

in America, the Malayan Archipelago, the China Seas and Australia,
and (according to Zarudny and Loudon) in Persian Baluchistan.

STERNA FULIGINOSA

422. Sterna fuliginosa Gm.— THE SOOTY TERN.

? Sterna fuscata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 228 (1766 — Dominica.

Ex Brisson).

STERNA FTJLIGINOSA Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,i, ii, p. 605 (1789 — " Habitat in

mari atlantico, americano, indico, australi." Selected typical locality :

New York, type in Mus. Lever., fide Latham).

Sterna fuliginosa Gmelin, Yarrell, in, p. 562 ; Saunders, p. 653.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Six. Tutbury near Burton-on-Tren
(Staffs.), Oct., 1852. Near Wallingford (Berks.), June 21, 1869
Near Bath (Somerset), Oct. 4 or 5, 1885 (Saunders, p. 653). Near
Brandon (Suffolk), Mar. or April, 1900 (W. G. Clarke, Zool., 1903,
p. 393; Brit. B., n, p. 308). Hulme, near Manchester (Lanes.),
Oct. 9, 1901 (Saunders, Bull. B.O.C., xn, p. 26 ; Brit. B., n, p. 308).
Brighton (Sussex), April 24, 1911 (A. F. Griffith, Bull. B.O.C.,
xxvii, p. 95 ; Brit. B., v, p. 81).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Tropical and sub-tropical seas, but almost
unknown on Pacific coast of South America. Wanders occasionally
northwards as far as Maine in North America, the Azores, and
Europe ; once Germany, once France, once Italy.

[Sterna anastheta Scop.— THE LESSER SOOTY TERN.

STERNA AN^THETUS (evidently misprint for ancestheta) Scopoli, Del.

Faun, et Flor. Insubr., i, p. 92 (1786— Ex Sonnerat : Island of Panay,

Philippines).

Sterna ancestheta Scopoli, Yarrell, in, p. 565 (in text) ; Saunders, p. 654

(in text).

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One alleged taken on a lightship, mouth
of Thames, Sept., 1875, " but the evidence is slightly imperfect "
(Saunders, p. 654).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Tropical and intertropical seas, but
possibly separable into various races. Nearest breeding-places to
British Isles are apparently those in Bahamas and West Indies,
or on the coasts of west Africa.]

[NOTE. — Two specimens of the NODDY TERN, Anous stolidus stolidus (L.)
(Sterna stolida Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 137 (1758 — In the " American
Sea " : West Indian seas meant) ) alleged to have been shot between Tuskar
Rock and Dublin about 1830, were brought in skinned by the captain of a
vessel, and the evidence is not considered sufficient by R. J. Ussher (c/. List
Irish Birds, p. 48 ; Brit. B., n, p. 248). Another, alleged to have been shot
on the Dee Marshes, is not authentic (Birds Cheshire, p. 229 ; c/. Yarrell, in,
p. 567 ; Saunders, p. 655). Anous stolidus stolidus appears to be distributed
throughout the Atlantic from Florida Keys and coast of Louisiana to

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 197

Bahamas and West Indies, south to Brazil and Tristan da Cunha, but it
has been suggested that it only winters in these southern latitudes. It is
represented by allied forms in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.]

XEMA SABINI

423. Xema sabini (Sabine)— SABINE'S GULL.

LARUS SABINI Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xn, p. 522. pi. 29

(1818 — Islands near Disco, west coast of Greenland).

Xema sabinii (J. Sabine), Yarrell, in, p. 573 ; Saunders, p. 657.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Irregular autumn and winter- visitor.
Almost regular Yorks. and Norfolk, many recorded elsewhere, even
in inland counties, but rarer Scotland (unrecorded O. Hebrides) and
only twelve Ireland (Dublin Bay seven, Belfast Lough three,
Donegal Bay one, Lough Derg one). Adults very rare, viz. one,
each Yorks., Norfolk, Sussex, Kent, Hants., Cornwall, Mull, East
Lothian, and Shetlands (seen July 25, 1909).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from coast of Alaska to north
Greenland and on arctic islands of Old World. Winters in more
southern latitudes from Europe to Bermudas and Texas, and about
12° south lat., and even Peru. Not rare as visitor to Atlantic coasts
of France, casual in Holland, Switzerland, and Austria-Hungary.

RHODOSTETHIA ROSEA

424. Rhodostethia rosea (MacGill.)— THE WEDGE-TAILED
GULL.

LARUS ROSEUS MacGillivray, Mem. Wernerian Soc., v, p. 249 (1824 —

Melville Peninsula).

Rhodostethia rosea MacGillivray, Yarrell, in, p. 579 ; Saunders, p. 659.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One near Tadcaster (Yorks.), Dec. 22*
1846, or Feb. 1847 (W. Milner, Zool, 1847, p. 1694, and cf. p. 1784 ;
Saunders, p. 659 ; Birds Yorks., p. 665).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in delta of Kolyma River in
north-east Siberia and doubtless other places on arctic shores of
Asia. Has been found in many places in arctic seas and casual
visitors have been obtained in Faeroes and Heligoland.

LARUS PHILADELPHIA

425. Larus Philadelphia (Ord)— BONAPARTE'S GULL.

STERNA PHILADELPHIA Ord, in Guthrie's Geogr., 2nd Amer. ed., p. 319

(1815— near Philadelphia, U.S.A.).

Larus Philadelphia (Ord), Yarrell, in, p. 584 ; Saunders, p. 661.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Six. One near Belfast, Feb. 1,

198 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

1848. One Loch Lomond (Argyll) about end April, 1850. One
Falmouth, Jan. 4, 1865, one Penryn, Jan. 10, 1865, and one
Penzance (Cornwall), Oct. 20, 1890. One St. Leonards (Sussex)
early Nov., 1870 (Saunders, p. 661).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from Alaska and north Mackenzie
to British Columbia and south Keewatin. Winters from Maine to
Florida, Texas, and Yucatan and on Pacific coasts of North America
as far south as Lower California and Mexico ; on migration west to
Kotzebue Sound and east to Ungava, casual in Bermudas and
Bahamas. Once, in winter 1845, in Heligoland.

LARUS MINUTUS

426. Larus minutus Pall.— THE LITTLE GULL.

LARUS MINUTUS Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. d. Russ. Reichs, in, p. 702

(1776— Beresof, Tobolsk).

Larus minutus Pallas, Yarrell, in, p. 589 ; Saunders, p. 663.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Irregular autumn and winter-
visitor, occasionally spring and summer. Almost annual east coast
England (sometimes numerous as 1866 and 1868 in Yorks., and
winter 1869-70 on east coast), fairly frequent south coast, rare Wales
and northwards to 0. Hebrides and Shetlands, not so rare east coast
Scotland. About eleven Ireland, chiefly near Dublin and Belfast,
but one Londonderry, one Galway, one Meath (Feb., 1909).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from River Ob to Sea of Ochotsk
in subarctic Asia, and in north-east Europe as far west as the
Ladoga and Onega lakes, Baltic Provinces of Russia, a few places in
northern, east, and west Prussia, and at least in one locality in
west Jutland. Formerly (and perhaps still) on Gotland. After
breeding-season not rare on Baltic shores of Prussia, but in small
numbers only as far west as North Sea, and casually even to
Faeroes (once), Bermudas, Maine, and Long Island, New York. In
Europe south as far as Mediterranean. Once, according to Irby, near
Jehangirabad in north-west India.

LARUS RIDIBUNDUS

427. Larus ridibundus L.— THE BLACK-HEADED GULL.

LARUS RIDIBUNDUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, i, p. 225 (1766 —
" Habitat in Mari Europseo." Restricted typical locality : England —
from first three quotations).
Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 594 ; Saunders, p. 665.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Increasing greatly of
late years. Breeding colonies throughout Great Britain from Dorset
in south-west and Kent in south-east to Shetlands and 0. Hebrides

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 199

and many Ireland. Generally distributed coasts and rivers and
frequently inland in winter. Some evidence of immigration from
Continent in autumn.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad, — Breeds in temperate Europe and Acia,
from Faeroes, south Norway, and Sweden and Archangel southwards
to Mediterranean, and eastwards to Kamtschatka. Passes winter
in north Africa and south Asia, as far south as India, China, Japan,
and Philippines.

LARUS MELANOCEPHALUS

428. Larus melanocephalus Temm. --THE MEDITER-
RANEAN BLACK-HEADED GULL.

LARUS MELANOCEPHALUS Natterer, Isis 1818, p. 816 (Chiozza — Nomen
nudum !) ; Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., p. 777 (1820 — Adriatic.
First description).
Larus melanocephalus Natterer, Yarrell, in, p. 604 ; Saunders, p. 667.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Three. Immature, Barking Creek
(Essex), Jan. 1866. Adult, Breydon (Norfolk), Dec. 26, 1886
(Saunders, p. 667). One Yorks. coast Nov., 1895 (Birds Yorks.,
p. 675). [Two said Falmouth (Cornwall) Mar., 1851, cf. Brit. B., n,
p. 328.]

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Inhabits Mediterranean, Bosporus, and
Black Seas, and reaches in west to Spain, Portugal, and south-west
France, whence occasionally blown as far as mouth of Somme in
Channel.

LARUS ICHTHYAETUS

429 . Larus ichthyaetus Pall.— THE GREAT BLACK-HEADED
GULL.

LARUS ICHTHYAETUS Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. d. Russ. Reichs,
n, p. 713 (1773— Caspian).

Larus ichtyaetus Pallas, Yarrell, in, p. 609 ; L. ichthyaetus Pallas, Saunders
p. 669.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One. Adult off Exmouth (Devon),
end May or early June, 1859 (F. W. L. Ross, Ann. & Mag. N.H.

(3), iv, p. 467).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt to Nubia
and Red Sea, Palestine, Black and Caspian Seas, eastwards to
Turkestan and Tibet. In winter on coasts of Persian Gulf and
Baluchistan, and in India as far as Ceylon and Burmah.

200 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

LARUS CANUS

430. Larus canus canus L. — THE COMMON GULL.

LARUS CANUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 136 (1758 — Europe. Re-
stricted typical locality : Sweden).
Larus canus Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 613 ; Saunders, p. 671.

DISTRIBUTION. — England and Wales. — On all coasts and often
inland. Young birds frequent all summer, especially in north.
Bred Fame Isles (Northumberland), 1910, and possibly once pre-
viously, but has not bred elsewhere. Probably some winter-
visitors are immigrants from Continent. Scotland and Ireland. —
Resident. In Scotland breeds from Solway and Forth northwards
on low coasts and freshwater lochs on mainland and islands. In
Ireland small colonies in coast districts, Donegal, Sligo, Mayo, and
Connemara, Loughs Conn and Mask, and Blaskets (Kerry).
Common and more widely distributed winter.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern Europe and Asia, north to
67°-70°, south to Frisian Isles (Holland), Mecklenburg, the Russian
Baltic Provinces, and even south Russia. In autumn and winter
to Mediterranean basin, Nile Valley, and Persian Gulf : in east from
Kamtschatka to Japan and China ; i are in Iceland, once in Lab-
rador. Replaced by L. canus brackyrhynchus in western North
America.

LARUS ARGENTATUS

431. Larus argentatus argentatus Pontopp.* — THE HER-
RING-GULL.

LARUS ARGENTATUS Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, i, p. 622 (1763 —

Denmark).

Larus argentatus Gmelin, Yarrell, in, p. 618 ; Saunders, p. 673.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds all precipitous
coasts and stacks, as well as occasionally on low ground such as low
islands and bogs. In winter generally distributed on coasts but
rather uncommon far inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — " Northern Europe from the White Sea
westward, the Atlantic Region to Iceland and down to the north of
France (breeding) ; Greenland, Baffin Bay, Melville Peninsula,
Prince Regent Inlet, North Georgian or Parry Islands, and Prince
Albert Land (breeding)." Southwards, in Europe in winter only to
Mediterranean basin, Black and Caspian Seas, in America wintering
south to Lower California and Mexico, Bahamas, Cuba, Yucatan, and
Texas. Replaced, during breeding -season, in Mediterranean, Atlan-
tic islands, and coasts of north-west Africa, as well as from Black and
Caspian Seas, eastwards to Lake Baikal, and along arctic coast of
Siberia as well as in North America, by allied forms.

* Pontoppidan named the species twenty six years before Gmelin. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 201

432. Larus argentatus cachinnans Pall. — THE YELLOW-
LEGGED HERRING-GULL.

LARUS CACHINNANS Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat., n, p. 318 (1827 — Caspian

Sea, Volga to Lake Baikal).

Larus cachinnans Pallas, Samiders, pp. 673, 674.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One or two. One shot Breydon (Nor-
folk) Nov. 4, 1886 (T. Southwell, ZooL, 1897, p. 572). One seen
Dover (Kent) April 18, 1904 (N. C. Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C., xiv,
p. 91 ; cf. Brit. B., n, p. 328).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from Azores, Canary and Ma-
deiran Islands throughout basin of Mediterranean, and from Black
and Caspian Seas through west Asia to Lake Baikal. According to
Buturlin also in White Sea, Gulf of Finland, and Lake Onega. In
winter in India, in Red Sea, and in Africa to Senegambia and
Abyssinia.

LARUS FUSCUS

433. Larus fuscus fuscus L.— THE LESSER BLACK-BACKED
GULL.

LARUS FUSCUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 136 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Larus fuscus Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 624 ; Saunders, p. 675.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds coasts Isle of
Wight (increased recently), Cornwall, Devon (nested Kent, 1908),
inland and coasts of Wales and isles, Cumberland, Northumberland,
and Fame Isles ; many places coast, inland and isles of Scotland ;
several islands, lakes, and some inland places in Ireland. In winter
more widely distributed on coasts, but most general on passage
autumn and spring, when often seen inland. Considerable numbers
emigrate in winter, Shetlands and Orkneys being abandoned,
extreme north mainland nearly so, and species becoming rare in
Ireland. Non-breeding birds frequent in summer on all coasts.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Northern Europe from the Dwina to
Faeroes (not in Iceland), southward to Mediterranean (breeding in
one place off Maroccan coast), in winter to Canaries (but breeds
on Azores), Senegal, Fanti, Bonny, Egypt, Nubia, Red Sea (where
said to be resident), and Persian Gulf. Very rare in north Caspian
(Saunders). A close study of local races has not yet been
made, but this form seems to be replaced in north Russia
east of the Dwina, and in Siberia, by the allied form called Larus
fuscus affinis, which winters in west Asia, Arabia, Somaliland,
Sokotra. (The type of L. affinis was obtained in Greenland ( ? ),
while it is also recorded from Heligoland and, doubtfully, from
France.)

202 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

LARUS MARINUS

434. Larus marinus L.— THE GREAT BLACK-BACKED
GULL.

LARUS MARINUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 136 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Gotland).

Larus marinus Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 631 ; Saunders, p. 677.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds sparsely coasts
of Dorset, Cornwall, Scilly Isles, Lundy Isle, Wales (coasts and islets
in lakes), Lake District and Clyde Area, and commonly northwards
and Scottish isles both sea-cliffs and inland. Does not breed from
Forth southwards on east side. In Ireland increasing, and breeds
rocky coasts and islands, especially west, and a few inland loughs
north and west. In winter more widely distributed on all coasts.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — " Northern Europe, from the Lower Pet-
chora westward to Iceland, and down to about 50° north (breeding) ;
in winter to the Canaries and Azores, and along the Mediterranean
(rarely) to the Egyptian coast ; also on inland waters. Greenland,
and also the east coast and the great lakes of North America to
Labrador (breeding) ; in winter (casually) to Florida, and accident-
ally in Bermuda " (Saunders).

LARUS GLAUCUS*

435. Larus glaucus Briinn.— THE GLAUCOUS GULL.

LABUS GLAUCUS Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 44 (1764 — Iceland).
Larus glaucus O. Fabricius, Yarrell, in, p. 636 ; Saunders, p. 679.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter-visitor, exceptional summer.
Most frequent and occasionally abundant east coast Great Britain
from Shetlands to Norfolk. Frequent north and west Ireland.
Elsewhere rare and occasional, although apparently regular
0. Hebrides. Adults very rare in south and west.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in circumpolar region, and ranges
in winter to Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, Japan, Cali-
fornia, Bermudas, North Carolina, Texas, and Florida.

LARUS LEUCOPTERUS

436. Larus leucopterus Faber— THE ICELAND GULL.

LARUS LEUCOPTERUS Faber, Prodromus Island. Orn., p. 91 (1822 —

Iceland).

LARUS LEUCOPTERUS Faber, Yarrell, in, p. 642 ; Saunders, p. 681.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Winter- visitor, sometimes until April
and May. Much same as Glaucous but decidedly scarcer. Many
Cornwall and Devon winters 1872-3 and 1874-5.

* Briinnich named the species sixteen years before Fabricius. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 203

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Jan May en, Greenland, north to Victoria
Land and Boothia Peninsula ; possibly Novaya Zemlia ; in winter
south to Baltic (casually), Scandinavia, British Islands down to Gulf
of Gascony (rarely), Iceland, and Faeroes; in America to Great
Lakes (casually) and Long Island, accidentally in Nebraska and
Maryland.

RISSA TRIDACTYLA

437. Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (L.) — THE KITTIWAKE
GULL.

LARUS TRIDACTYLUS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 136 (1758 — N.

Europe. Restricted typical locality : Great Britain).

Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 650 ; Saunders, p. 683.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter-visitor. Breeds
abundantly precipitous coasts and islands, Ireland, and north and
west Scotland (especially Orkneys, Shetlands, and Hebrides), also
Isle of Man, Wales, Lundy Island [in Scilly Isles apparently not since
1900], not south coast England, and only in a few places on east side
Great Britain, viz. Flamborough Head (Yorks.), Fame Isles (Nor-
thumberland), St. Abb's Head (Berwick), Fowlsheugh (Kincardine),
Dunbury (Aberdeen), and borders Aberdeen and Banff. In winter
widely distributed on all coasts Great Britain, numbers being in-
creased by immigrants, but in Ireland apparently scarcer in winter.
Rare inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from west arctic Asia, Spitsbergen,
and arctic Europe to north-west France, and from Wellington
Channel and north Greenland to Gulf of St. Lawrence, and winters
from latter south to New Jersey, and casually to Virginia, Bermudas,
and Great Lakes, and in Europe south to Mediterranean, the Atlantic
islands from Madeira to Azores, Senegal, and Caspian Sea. Replaced
by Rissa tridactyla pollicaris on coasts of north Pacific, Bering Sea
and adjacent ocean, south to Commander and Aleutian Islands.

PAGOPHILA EBURNEA

438. Pagophila eburnea (Phipps)— THE IVORY-GULL.

? LARUS ALBUS Gunnerus, Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapp., p. 285 (1767 —

N. Norway).

Larus eburneus Phipps, Voy. N. Pole, App., p. 187 (1774 — Arctic Sea).

Pagophila eburnea (Phipps), Yarrell, in, p. 656 ; Saunders, p. 685.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Rare vagrant. About forty-five.
Most frequent Shetlands and Orkneys, but has occurred many
counties Great Britain (Yorks., seven), and three in Ireland. From
autumn to spring and as late as June.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in high arctic latitudes around

204 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

North Pole, wintering south as far as north France, Lake Geneva
(once), British Columbia, Lake Ontario and Long Island in America.

STERCORARIUS SKUA

439. Stercorarius skua skua (Briinn.)* — THE GREAT SKUA.

CATHARACTA SKUA Briinnich, Oni. Bor., p. 33 (1764 — Faeroes and Iceland).
Stercorarius catarrhactes (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 662 ; Saunders, p. 687.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident in Shetlands, breeding on
Unst and Foula. Increased late years (over forty nests Hermanees,
1907) and nested Hascosay, 1907, and Burrafirth Voe, 1904. Else-
where winter- visitor (exceptional summer), seldom coming to land.
Seen various months at sea off south-west Ireland ; others obtained
Dublin, Down, and Tipperary.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Iceland and Faeroes, also
apparently on Lady Franklin Island (Hudson Strait). In winter
southward in north Atlantic to about Gibraltar, the fishing-
grounds off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and even (casually) to
Long Island. Replaced by allied forms in southern oceans.

STERCORARIUS POMARINUSf

440. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.) - - THE POMA-
TORHINE SKUA.

LESTRIS POMARINUS Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 514 (1815 — Arctic
regions, Holland and France).

Stercorarius pomatorhimts (Temminck), Yarrell, in, p. 668 ; Saunders,
p. 689.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Passage-migrant and winter-visitor.
Tolerably regular autumn passage -migrant, especially east coast
England, less regular east coast Scotland, and still scarcer south and
west coasts Great Britain and coasts Ireland. Periodically great
numbers (e.g. autumn, 1879, 1880, 1886, 1892, 1901 Great Britain,
and Oct., 1862, Ireland). Sometimes stops winter, but rare on
spring -passage except seas of O. Hebrides, where recorded as frequent
in some years. Said to have bred but no proof. Sometimes blown
inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — "Arctic regions north of 70°, chiefly on
tundras during breeding-season " ; in winter southward as far as
Australia, south Africa, New Jersey, Galapagos Islands, and Peru.

* Briinnich's name has two years priority over that of Linnaeus, who, in
fact, derived his description from Briinnich. — E.H.

f The original spelling is pom'arinits, and we have no right to alter it, as we
cannot absolutely prove that Temminck meant " pomatorhimis." Brehm
also called an Eagle pomarina. — E.H.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 205

STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS*

441. Stercorarius parasiticus (L.) — THE ARCTIC SKUA.

LARUS PARASITICUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 136 (1758 — Europe,
America, Asia. Restricted typical locality : coast of Sweden).
Stercorarius crepidatus (Gmelin), Yarrell, in, p. 674 ; Saunders, p. 691.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident and passage-
migrant. Breeds many places Shetlands, a few Orkneys and I. and
O. Hebrides, and very sparsely Caithness and Sutherland. Else-
where passage-migrant chiefly autumn (Aug. -Oct.) in varying
numbers ; rare spring. Most regular east coast Great Britain, less
frequent south and west coasts, and Ireland. Sometimes inland.
Occasionally summer.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Circumpolar and subarctic regions, breed-
ing as far south as about 55° 45', and in America to Aleutian Islands,
Great Slave Lake and central Keewatin. In winter along coasts
of Europe and Africa south to Cape of Good Hope, Persian
Gulf, Australia, New Zealand, and in America to California and
Brazil.

STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDUSf

442. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill.— THE LONG-TAILED
SKUA.

STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDUS Vieillot, Nouv.Dict. d' Hist. Nat., nouv. ed.,
xxxn, p. 157 (1819 — Northern regions).

Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 680 ; Saunders,
p. 693.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Irregular autumn-migrant (Sept.-
Oct.), occasional spring and summer. Most frequent (but rather
rare) east coast England, usually small numbers, occasionally many,
as in 1879, rare south and west coasts (except 1891) and rare Scotland
and Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Circumpolar regions of Northern Hemis-
sphere. Winters south to Straits of Gibraltar and Japan, and in
America on New England coasts, casually to California, accidentally
in Manitoba, Iowa, Illinois, and Florida.

* Gray, Dresser, Saunders, and (following these authorities) other British
and Continental ornithologists, have shifted the name parasiticus from this
species to the Long-tailed Skua. It is rather surprising that Saunders should
have at length recommended this transfer, as he otherwise would not accept
" violent transfers even when justifiable." In this case the change is not
justifiable, as fully explained by Stejneger (Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, v,
pp. 40-42), whose view has now been generally accepted. — E.H.

f As explained under the Arctic Skua, the name parasiticus must not be
used for the Long-tailed Skua ; the next oldest name is Vieillot's longicaudus,
which corresponds with the English name. — E.H.

206 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

ALCA TORDA

443. Alca torda L.— THE RAZORBILL.

ALCA TORDA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 130 (1758 — "Habitat in

Europse borealis oceano ").

Alca torda Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 55 ; Saunders, p. 695.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds (end March-Aug.)
suitable cliffs (mainland and isles) throughout (doubtfully Dover
cliffs). Less plentiful than Guillemot except in Ireland. Fairly
generally distributed in seas autumn and winter (rare Irish seas
winter) and frequently washed up on coasts, and occasionally
storm-driven inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Islands and coasts of North Atlantic,
breeding as far south as Channel Islands and Brittany, and in
America to Newfoundland and New Brunswick. In winter south
to Mediterranean, and Canary Islands (casually), and in America
to Long Island and casually to North Carolina.

ALCA IMPENNIS

444. Alca impennis L.— THE GREAT AUK.

ALCA IMPENNIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 130 (1758 — Arctic Europe).
Alca impennis Linnaeus, Yarrell, iv, p. 61 : Saunders, p. 697.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Extinct. Recorded in 0. Hebrides as
far back as 1684, but became rare early 1800. Only British taken
specimens known are (1) Papa Westray (Orkneys) (the breeding-
place was the Holm of Papa Westray, see Ibis 1898, p. 587) obtained
by Bullock 1813, now in Brit. Mus. ; (2) St. Kilda (O. Hebrides)
captured alive and received by Fleming, Aug. 1821 or 2 ; (3) Water-
ford coast May, 1834, captured alive and now in Trin. Coll. Mus.,
Dublin. Strong evidence of one captured Stack-an-Armin (St.
Kilda) about 1840, and fair evidence of one captured Fame Isles
a few years previous to 1769. Remains have been found Orkneys,
Caithness, Oronsay Is. (Argyll), Durham, Antrim, Donegal, Clare,
and Waterford.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Formerly breeding round Newfoundland,
and particularly on Funk Island, Iceland (Grimsey, Eldey, Geirfugla-
sker), Faeroes, and possibly in east Greenland ; in winter at least
south to Ireland and Denmark, and to Carolina and Florida.
Extinct since 1844. Eighty skins and seventy-three eggs are known
to be in existence (E. Bidwell).

URIA TROILLE

445. Uria troille troille (L.)— THE COMMON GUILLEMOT.
COLYMBUS TROILLE Linnaeus, Fauna Svecica, ed. n, p. 52 (1761 — Arctic
Ocean).

Uria troile (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 69 ; Saunders, p. 699.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 207

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds (end March. -Aug.)
suitable cliffs (mainlands and isles) throughout. More plentiful
than Razorbill, except in Ireland. Fairly generally distributed in
seas autumn and winter (scarce Irish seas winter), and frequently
washed up on coasts and occasionally storm-driven inland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Coasts and islands of north Atlantic,
breeding south to north France and small islands off Portugal, and
on American side to Newfoundland and Magdalen Islands. In
winter south to about 30° north, and in America to Maine. Re-
placed by an allied form in north Pacific.

URIA LOMVIA*

446. Uria lomvia lomvia (L.)— BRUNNICH'S GUILLEMOT.

ALCA LOMVIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 130 (1758 — N. Europe.
Restricted typical locality Greenland, from Linnaeus's last but most
definite quotation : Albin, pi. 84).
Uria bruennichi Sabine, Yarrell, iv, p. 76 ; Saunders, p. 701.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Rare vagrant. Male Scarborough
Dec. 7, 1894, male and female Filey (and others reported) Jan., 1895,
one near Flamborough Hd., Nov., 1899, one off Scarborough, Oct. 28,
1902, and probably one or two others previous to 1894 (Birds Yorks.,
pp. 724-5). One reported seen Bempton Cliffs (Yorks.) June 27,
1909 (Brit. B., in, p. 91). One Cambs., Jan. 12, 1895 (Saunders,
p. 701). One reported seen Fame Isles (Northumberland) June
14, 1908 (Brit. B., n, p. 331). Female, Craigielaw Pt. (Haddington),
Dec. 11, 1908 (t.c., n, p. 425). Others possible Caithness and
Suffolk.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Coasts and islands of Arctic Ocean,
but even in winter not far south, being only a straggler to North
Sea and English Channel, and a very exceptional vagrant inland in
Europe, while on American coast it extends south casually to South
Carolina, northern Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa. Replaced by Uria
lomvia arra in North Pacific, Bering Sea, and on coast of eastern
north Siberia.

URIA GRYLLE

447. Uria grylle grylle (L.)— THE BLACK GUILLEMOT.

ALCA GRYLLE Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 130 (1758 — European

Arctic Ocean).

Uria grylle (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 81 ; Saunders, p. 703.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Breeds sparsely Isle of Man, and a
few places between Solway and Firth of Lome, northwards more

* The name lomvia antedates brunnichii by sixty years. — E.H.

208 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

abundantly, but especially in some I. and most O. Hebrides, Orkneys
and Shetlands, fairly commonly north coast Sutherland and north-
east coast Caithness, but not now southwards on east side. Fairly
frequent Ireland except east coast, where few. Used to nest a few
places east coast Scotland, Flamborough (Yorks), Orme's Head
(N. Wales). Outside present breeding area only occasional visitor
and especially rare in south.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Coasts of north Europe eastwards to
White Sea, Faeroes, Iceland, south Greenland, eastern North
America from Ungava to Maine ; in winter to north of France
and in America from Cumberland Sound to Cape Cod and casually
to New Jersey. Replaced in circumpolar seas (Novaya Zemlia,
Spitsbergen, Franz -Josef Land, north Greenland and arctic
America) by an allied form.

ALLE ALLE

448. Alle alle (L.)— THE LITTLE AUK.

ALCA ALLE Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 131 (1758 — Arctic Ocean).
Mergulus alle (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 85 ; Saunders, p. 705.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Irregular winter-visitor. Most fre-
quent Scotland and east coast England, but occurs all coasts, often
being driven on shore and inland. Occasionally in great numbers
as Jan., 1895, Feb. and Mar., 1900, Nov., 1910 and Jan. and
Feb., 1912.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Arctic Ocean, from Novaya Zemlia and
Franz -Josef Land to Greenland, Baffin Bay and Kane Basin, in
winter south to Azores and Canary Islands, and in America to
Long Island, casually and accidentally to other parts of North
America.

FRATERCULA ARCTICA

449. Fratercula arctica arctica (L.)— THE PUFFIN.

ALCA ARCTICA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 130 (1758 — X. European

Ocean. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus), Yarrell, iv, p. 90 ; Saurders, p. 707.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Breeds (erd March- Aug.)
sparsely, Isle of Wight, mainland Dorset, Cornwall, Devon; abun-
dantly Scilly Isles and Lundy ; many colonies Wales and northwards
mainland and isles, especially abundant Hebrides and Shetlands.
Few colonies east side Scotland, breeds Fame Isles (Northumberland)
and Flamborough (Yorks.), but not elsewhere east coast England.
Formerly bred Kent. Abundant various parts Ireland. Seldom
near shore winter. Occasionally driven inland.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 209

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Coasts and islands of north Atlantic,
south to Portugal, in winter casual to Canary Islands and Azores.
Replaced by a larger form in Arctic Ocean from northern and
western Greenland to Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlia.

OTIS TARDA

450. Otis tarda tarda L.— THE GREAT BUSTARD.

OTIS TARDA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 154 (1758 — Poland, Orient,
Belgium, England. Restricted typical locality : Poland).
Otis tarda Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 193 ; Saunders, p. 523.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Very rare vagrant. Formerly bred
many parts England and at one time in south-east Scotland. Last
survivor Yorks., 1832 or 1833, last bred Norfolk and Suffolk about
1838, dying out a few years later. In winters 1870-71, 1879-80,
and 1890-91 considerable number occurred. Attempted re-intro-
duction in Norfolk (1900) may account for several shot Dec., 1902,
Lines, (two), Glamorgan (one), and Ireland (two), or these may
have been genuine immigrants. Has occurred very rarely mainland
Scotland and once Orkneys (1886).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from central Germany (and
formerly Denmark and south Sweden) to Russia and the Khirgiz
Steppes, southwards to Spain (perhaps only occasional migrant
to north-west Africa), Asia Minor ; migrates to Persia. The
exact limit eastwards is uncertain, but in central Asia (Turkestan)
and eastern Asia, closely-allied forms take the place of the
European race.

OTIS TETRAX

451. Otis tetrax L.— THE LITTLE BUSTARD.

OTIS TETRAX Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 154 (1758 — "Europe*
especially France." Typical locality therefore France).
Otis tetrax Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 216 ; Saunders, p. 525.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Occurrences fairly numerous Yorks.,
Norfolk and Suffolk, less so southern counties England, and only
very occasional elsewhere. Scotland. — Four. Forfar, Fife, and
Elgin (two). Ireland. — Eight. Kerry, Cork (two), Wicklow (two),
Longford, Mayo (two). Usually in winter, occasionally spring,
e.g. Suffolk, May 3, 1898, Derby, May 14th, 1901.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Southern Europe, north to central France
and central Germany (accidentally or at least casually only to
Scandinavia, the Baltic Provinces, and Ingermannland in Russia),
and north-west Africa, eastwards to west Siberia, central Asia,

210 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

and Yarkand, and in winter north-west India. Northern birds
are migrants, but not much is known about the extent of their
migrations.

HOUBARA UNDULATA*

452. Houbara undulata macqueenii (Gray & Hardw.) — MAC-
QUEEN'S BUSTARD.

OTIS MACQUEENII Gray and Hardwicke, Illustr. Ind. Zool., n, pi. 47 (1834 —

India).

Otis macqueeni J. E. Gray, Yarrell, in, p. 221 ; Saunders, p. 527.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Four. One Kirton-in-Lindsey
(Lines.), Oct., 1847. Male adult near Redcar (Yorks.), Oct. 5, 1892.
Male near Spurn (Yorks.), Oct. 17, 1896 (Saunders, p. 527). Female
St. Fergus (Aberdeen) Oct. 24, 1898 (Saunders, p. 756).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — From west Siberia (foot of Altai, Tomsk)
and west Turkestan to north-west India, and Sind, Afghanistan,
Persia to Syria, the Khirgiz Steppes and Lower Volga. Stragglers
have been obtained in many parts of Europe : west Russia, Livonia,
Oeland, Finland, Sweden, Germany, Bohemia, Holland, Belgium,
France, Italy. Houbara undulata undulata, inhabits the northern
Sahara, and H. undulata fuertaventurce the island of Fuertaventura,
east Canaries.

MEGALORNIS GRUSf

453. Megalornis grus grus (L.)— THE COMMON CRANE.

ABDEA Gnus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 141 (1758 — Europe, Africa.

.Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Grus communis Bechstein, Yarrell, in, p. 178 ; Saunders, p. 521.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Bare vagrant. Bred East Anglia
up to about 1600 and subsequently regular winter- visitor (perhaps
also common in Ireland 12th-14th century) but for last century or
more only irregular. Has occurred most counties England ; rarely
Wales (last Anglesey, May, 1908) ; rarely Scotland (latest Pentland
Skerries, May, 1903, Shetlands, May, 1906, Lewis (0. Hebrides),
May 1906) ; very rarely Ireland (latest Tipperary, Sept., 1906,
Donegal, June, 1896). Bones found in cave in Clare.

* The genus Houbara appears to be fairly separable from Otis, if various
genera of Bustards are admitted. Macqueen's Bustard is very closely allied
to the north-west African Houbara Bustard, and can only be looked upon
as a subspecies of the latter. The alleged differences of the " key " in the
Cat. B. Brit. Mus., xxni, are not quite correct. — E.H.

I The name Grus, Pallas 1766, is a synonym of Psophia, and recognizing this
fact, Gray, in 1841, introduced Megalornis for the Cranes. See Nov. ZooL,
1910, p. 502.— E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 211

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in Europe from Scandinavia,
greater part of Russia, and north Germany to Austro -Hungary, the
Balkan Peninsula, north Italy, and south Spain. In Asia probably
ranges to west Siberia and Turkestan, while a closely-allied, but
paler, race replaces it further eastwards. European Cranes migrate
in autumn southwards to Africa as far as Marocco, Algeria, and
Tunisia, and to Abyssinia.

[NOTE. — An AMERICAN BROWN CRANE, Megalornis canadensis (L. ),recorded
as shot co. Cork, Ireland, September 14th, 1905 (A. R. Nichols, Irish Nat.,
1907, p. 209), had probably escaped from captivity (Brit. B., i, p. 90). This
species inhabits North America, breeding in Alaska, migrating through the
United States, wintering south to Texas and Jalisco in Mexico, casual west to
California.]

[NOTE. — A DEMOISELLE CRANE, Anthropoides virgo (L.), said to have been
shot Orkneys, May 14th, 1863, a companion bird escaping (Yarrell, in, .p. 192 ;
Saunders, p. 522), had probably escaped from captivity. Another was
erroneously recorded from Somerset. The bird breeds in south Spain (?) the
Dobrudscha and south Russia, as well as in north-west Africa, and many
parts of Asia, while stragglers have occurred in Sweden, Heligoland, Germany.
Frequently kept in confinement.]

[NOTE. — An AFRICAN CROWNED CRANE, Balearica pavonina(L.), shot in
Ayrshire, Sept. 17, 1871, had doubtless escaped from captivity (Yarrell, in,
p. 192 ; Saunders, p. 522). Four races of this species inhabit west, east, and
south Africa.]

CREX CREX

454. Crex crex (L.)— THE LAND-RAIL.

RALLUS CREX Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 153 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Crex pratensis Bechstein, Yarrell, in, p. 137 ; Saunders, p. 507.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer resident (late April and
May to Oct.). One or two recorded in winter most years, especially
Ireland and 0. Hebrides. Widely distributed even to remote
islands, but in fluctuating numbers, thus in recent years nearly
absent from south-eastern quarter of England.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Greater part of Europe, from Scandinavia,
and Faroes to Pyrenees and north Italy, eastwards to west Siberia
and central Asia, in winter in Africa. Casually in United States,
Greenland, Bermudas, and once in Australia.

PORZANA PORZANA*

455. Porzana porzana (L.)— THE SPOTTED CRAKE.

RALLTJS PORZANA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, i, p. 262 (1766 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : France).

Porzana maruetta (Leach), Yarrell, in, p. 143 ; Saunders, p. 509.

* The generic names Porzana, Ortygometra, and Zapornia were all created
in 1816. The former is preferable, as having a fixed type by tautonymy,
besides being most generally used, and Ortygometra is a mixture. To split
these little Rails into two or three genera, does not seem to be of any use. — E.H.

p2

212 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer resident and passage-
migrant (March-May and Aug.-Nov.), occasionally wintering. Now
rarely recorded breeding but probably still does so in some southern
English counties and in East Anglia, Trent Valley, Yorks, and
Brecon and possibly elsewhere. Formerly bred more commonly
and as far north as southern Scotland, but Elgin record unlikely.
Fairly frequent autumn-migrant except in north-west and north
Scotland where very rare, once Hebrides, rarely Orkneys and
Shetlands. In Ireland uncommon autumn, occasional winter-
visitor. Bred (apparently commonly) Roscommon about 1851,
apparently young bird taken Kerry and heard calling several
nights Waterford, May, 1900.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — "Europe generally up to about 65° north
lat., as far east as Yarkand ; wintering in Indian Peninsula and in
Africa. Accidental in Greenland " (Sharpe). Probably also breeds
north-west Africa.

PORZANA CAROLINA

456. Porzana Carolina (L.)— THE CAROLINA CRAKE.

RAIXTTS CAKOLINUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 153 (1758 —
N. America. Restricted typical locality : Hudson Bay).
Porzana Carolina, Yarrell, in, p. 147 (in text) ; Saunders, p. 510 (in text) ;
Lort Phillips, Bull. B.O.C., xn, p. 26.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Three. Near Newbury (Berks.),
Oct., 1864 (Saunders, p. 510). Near Cardiff, 1888 (Birds Glamorgan,
p. 113). Male Tiree (I. Hebrides), Oct. 25th., 1901 (E. Lort Phillips,
Bull. B.O.C., xii, p. 26 ; cf. Brit. B., n, p. 29).

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds in North America, winters from
California and South Carolina through West Indies and Central
America to South America, accidental in Bermudas and Greenland.

PORZANA PARVA

457. Porzana parva (Scop.)— THE LITTLE CRAKE.

RALLUS PABVUS Scopoli, Annus i, Historico-Natur., p. 108 (1769 —

Carniola).

Porzana parva (Scopoli), Yarrell, in, p. 148 ; Saunders, p. 511.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant. England. — About forty,
as follows : Yorks. (five), Lines., Norfolk (eleven), Suffolk, Cambs.,
Middlesex, Oxon., Surrey (possibly), Sussex (four), Hants, (four),
Dorset (two), Somerset, Devon (several), Cornwall, Salop, Lanes.,
Cumberland (two). Scotland.— Two. Banff, March, 1852, Ayr,
March, 1909. Ireland. — Two. co. Dublin, March, 1854, Kildare,
Nov,, 1903.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 213

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Breeds from south Sweden, north
Germany and central Russia down to Hungary, south France,
north Italy (possibly also in Algeria and Tunisia). On passage in
Mediterranean countries, wintering in Africa. Eastward appears
to breed as far as Persia and Turkestan, and winters in west India
(Sind).

PORZANA PUSILLA*

458. Porzana pusilla intermedia (Herm.) — BAILLON'S
CRAKE.

RALLTJS INTERMEDIUS Hermann, Obs. Zool., i, p. 198 (1804 — Strasbourg).
Porzana bailloni (Vieillot), Yarrell, in, p. 154 ; Saunders, p. 513.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Vagrant, but two nests and eggs
found Cambs., June and Aug., 1858, and two near Hickling (Norfolk)
June and July, 1866. As vagrant has occurred chiefly Norfolk, but
also Derby., Notts., Yorks., Suffolk, Essex, Herts., Kent, Sussex,
Surrey, Hants., Dorset, Somerset, Cornwall, Pembroke, Carnarvon,
Cheshire, Lanes., Cumberland, Derby., Isle of Man, Dumfries.,
Wigtown, Renfrew, Sutherland, Caithness, Cork, and Waterford.
Chiefly spring and autumn, and exceptionally summer and winter.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Central and southern Europe generally,
as far north as East Prussia ; also north-west Africa (Algeria), and
probably Egypt, eastwards at least as far as Persia. Passes Mediter-
ranean countries on migration, and winters probably partly north
and partly south of Sahara. Represented by allied forms in Africa
south of Sahara and Madagascar, east Siberia and Japan, Australia
and New Zealand.

[Porphyrio alleni Thomps.— ALLEN'S GALLINULE.

PORPHYRIO ALLENI Thompson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., x, p. 204 (1842 —

Iddah on the Lower Niger).

Porphyriola alleni (Thompson), J. H. Gurney, Zool., 1902, p. 98.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — One captured alive on a fishing-boat off
Hopton, near Yarmouth (Norfolk), Jan. 1, 1902, may have escaped
from captivity.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Resident in tropical Africa, but has
occurred accidentally on Canary Islands and a number of times on
Azores, as well as in south Europe.]

[NOTE. — Examples of the PURPLE GALLINULE, Porphyrio cceruleus
(Vandelli), the GREEN-BACKED GALLINULE, Porphyrio porphyrio (L.), the

*Porzana pusilla pusilla (Rallus pusillus Pallas, Reise d. Versch. Prov. d.
Russ. Reichs, in, p. 700 — 1776, Dauria= Transbaikalia) is the eastern repre-
sentative ; cf. Cat. B. Brit. Mus., xxm, pp. 103, 107. Hermann's name
has fifteen years priority over Vieillot's bailloni. — E.H.

214 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

INDIAN GALLINULE, Porphyrio veterum Gm., and the AUSTRALIAN GALLINULE,
Porphyrio melanotus Temm., have been captured from time to time, but
these had no doubt escaped from captivity or semi-captivity (Yarrell, m, p.
170 ; Saunders, p. 518).]

RALLUS AQUATICUS

459. Rallus aquaticus aquaticus L. — THE WATER-RAIL.

RALLUS AQUATICUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 153 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Great Britain).

Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 159 ; Saunders, p. 515.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident and winter- visitor. Breeds
most marshy districts, especially Norfolk and Ireland, but very few
records of nesting in Scotland, especially in the north, and has not
bred Shetlands, and not for some years Orkneys. In winter com-
moner and more widely spread. Well marked immigration Oct. and
Nov., north, east, and west coasts Great Britain and Ireland, return
generally April not so well marked. Also some emigration autumn
on south coast England may indicate southward movement of some
home-bred birds or passage of some immigrants.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, north as far as Iceland
(practically resident), Scandinavia, and St. Petersburg, south to
Mediterranean, north-west Africa, and Egypt. Exact limit eastwards
uncertain, but birds from north-east Asia and eastern parts of India
(in winter) are Rallus aquaticus indicus, while Zarudny has separated
a Persian race as R. aquaticus korejewi.

GALLINULA CHLOROPUS

460. Gallinula chloropus chloropus (L.) — THE MOOR-HEN.

FULICA CHLOROPUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 152(1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : England).

Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 164 ; Saunders, p. 517.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed,
but scarce in northern Shetlands. Subject to local movements, and
some evidence of immigration and emigration in autumn, and
immigration south coast in spring.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe generally, and nearly whole of
Africa, on passage in Atlantic isles, eastwards apparently to
Turkestan. Replaced by allied forms in Madagascar, greater part
of Asia, America, and Hawaiian Islands.

FULICA ATRA

461. Fulica atra atra L.— THE COOT.

FULICA ATRA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 152 (1758 — Europe. Re-
stricted typical locality : Sweden).
Fulica atra Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 171 ; Saunders, p. 519.

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 215

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed
and locally very numerous. In severe weather moves to tidal waters
and southwards.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Greater part of Europe and Asia and
north Africa, on passage in Atlantic isles. Replaced by closely-
allied forms in Australia, Tasmania, and possibly east Asia.

[NOTE. — Three examples of the ANDALTJCIAN HEMIPODE, Turnix sylvatica
sylvatica (Desf . ), no doubt escaped from captivity, have been recorded as having
been captured in England (Yarrell, in, p. 131 ; Saunders, p. 506).]

TETRAO UROGALLUS

462. Tetrao urogallus urogallus L.— THE CAPERCAILLIE.

TETRAO UROGALLUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 159 (1758— Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 45 ; Saunders, p. 491.

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — Resident. Became extinct Scotland
and Ireland about 1760, and England perhaps a century previously.
Reintroduced from Sweden into Perthshire 1837, and subsequently
in many places. Now spread over Tay area and north into Aberdeen,
Elgin, and Inverness, west into Argyll, south into Stirling, Dum-
barton and Lanark, and sporadically Mid and East Lothians, Ayr,
Renfrew, Wigtown, Dumfries, and other southern counties.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Forests of Europe generally from Scan-
dinavia to Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mountains, Alps, and Car-
pathians and Balkans. Represented by allied forms from Ural
Mountains eastwards.

LYRURUS TETRIX*

463. Lyrurus tetrix tetrix (L.)— THE BLACK GROUSE.

TETRAO TETRIX Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 159 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Tetrao tetrix Linnaeus, Yarrell, in, p. 60 ; Saunders, p. 493.

DISTRIBUTION. — Great Britain. — Resident. Almost extinct Corn-
wall, scarce south Devon, more plentiful north Devon and Somerset,
some Dorset and Wilts, (extinct in Hants., Kent, Surrey and Sussex),
locally many parts Wales, English border counties and north mid-
lands, and more numerous (but still local) in all English counties
north of Derby. Generally distributed mainland Scotland and some
I. Hebrides, but not 0. Hebrides, Orkneys or Shetlands. Has been
introduced many parts (e.g. Sussex, Surrey, Berks., Bucks., Norfolk,
Suffolk, Orkneys, N. Wales, Ireland), but generally unsuccessfully.

* The genus Lyrurus appears to be better separable than many others
which are generally recognized. — E.H.

216 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe from Scandinavia and Russia to
Switzerland and Apennines, but not found in Pyrenees. Repre-
sented by various other races from east Russia eastwards (cf.
Lorenz, Die Birkhuhner Russlands}.

LAGOPUS LAGOPUS

464. Lagopus lagopus scoticus (Lath.) — THE RED GROUSE.

TETRAO SCOTICUS Latham, Gen. Syn., Suppl., i, p. 290 (1787 — Scotland).
Lagopus scoticus (Latham), Yarrell, in, p. 73 ; Saunders, p. 495.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. England and Wales. — In,
and west and north of, Glamorgan, Brecon, Hereford, Salop, Staffs..
Derby, Yorks. Stragglers have occurred many counties and intro-
ductions have been made in Surrey and Suffolk. Scotland.—
Generally distributed, but not Shetlands, where attempts have been
made at introduction. Ireland. — In every county, especially moun-
tains of west and bogs of central plain, but seldom numerous.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Originally exclusively British, but re-
cently introduced (successfully) into the Eiffel Mountains in west
Germany and Belgium, and perhaps other places abroad. Replaced
by other races in north Europe, north Asia, and North America.

LAGOPUS MUTUS

465. Lagopus mutus mutus (Montin) — THE PTARMIGAN.

TETRAO MUTUS Montin, Phys. Salsk. Handl., i, p. 155 (1776-86—

Sweden).

Lagopus mutus (Montin), Yarrell, in, p. 83 ; Saunders, p. 497.

DISTRIBUTION. — Scotland. — Resident. On high mountains of main-
land from Ben Lomond north, also a few in Jura, Skye, Lewis, and
Harris. Extinct Orkneys, Arran, Dumfries. Unsuccessful
attempts at introduction into Ireland have been made.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Mountains of Europe from Scandinavia
to Pyrenees and Alps, eastwards to Ural, and perhaps far into
Asia. Replaced by a number of allied forms in arctic regions, and
apparently in Japan.

PHASIANUS COLCHICUS*

466. Phasianus colchicus L.— THE PHEASANT.

PHASIANUS COLCHICUS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 158 (1758 —

" Habitat in Africa, Asia." Africa is wrong ! Restricted typical locality :

Colchis).

Phasianus colchicus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 91 ; Saunders, p. 499.

* Evidently Phasianus colchicus colchicus L. was first introduced into
England. Afterwards the Ring-necked Pheasant, P. colchicus torquatus,
and several allied forms were acclimatized, and they have so freely mixed
with the old race that hardly any pure colchicus can now be found, and most
or all British Pheasants are now mongrels. — E.H.

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 217

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Introduced in England
before 1066, in Scotland and Ireland about five hundred years later.
Now generally hybridized with P. c. iorquatus, introduced about
1700, and other races more recently. Generally distributed but not
Shetlands and unsuccessfully introduced Orkneys. Scarce Ireland
in places not preserved.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Various Pheasants have been introduced
into almost every part of Europe and many suitable places in North
America. In no part of Europe are they indigenous. True home
of P. colchicus colchicus is in west parts of Transcaucasia, basins of
rivers Rion and Chorokh, or districts round east and south-east
fhores of Black Sea generally, not further north than Sukham-kale.
Represented by more or less closely-allied forms in Caucasus, east
Transcaucasia, Talysch, and many parts of west, north, and central
Asia.

PERDIX PERDIX

467. Perdix perdix perdix (L.)— THE COMMON PARTRIDGE.

TETRAO PERDIX Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 160 (1758 — Europe.

Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Perdix cinerea Latham, Yarrell, in, p. 105 ; Saunders, p. 501.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Resident. Generally distributed,
but local in Scotland, not present Shetlands, but introduced (not
successfully) 0. Hebrides and Orkneys. Becoming scarce Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Difficult at present to define with cer-
tainty distribution of P. perdix perdix, but it appears to be dis-
tributed over greater part of Europe, and to be replaced by closely-
allied forms on alpine meadows of Pyrenees, and north Spain,
eastern Europe and western Asia, east to foot of Altai Mountains.

COTURNIX COTURNIX

468. Coturnix coturnix coturnix (L.) — THE QUAIL.

TETRAO COTURNIX Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 161 (1758 — Europe,

Asia, Africa. Restricted typical locality : Sweden).

Coturnix commnnis Bonnaterre, Yarrell, in, p. 123 ; Saunders, p. 505.

DISTRIBUTION. — British Isles. — Summer-resident, occasionally stay-
ing winter. Formerly much more plentiful, especially Lines, and
East Anglia. Now scarce, but numbers fluctuate. Rare north-
wards in Great Britain, but has bred as far as Sutherland and
Caithness, as well as Orkneys, Shetlands, and 0. Hebrides. In
Ireland previous to 1850, practically resident and plentiful, now
much scarcer and chiefly summer-resident in eastern half.

218 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Europe and Africa north of Sahara,
east to west Asia, exact limit eastwards not yet fully known.
Partial migrant, wintering in Mediterranean countries, Africa, and
India. Replaced by allied races in Atlantic isles, Africa south of
Sahara, and east Asia to Japan.

CACCABIS RUFA

469. Caccabis rufa rufa (L.) — THE RED-LEGGED
PARTRIDGE.

TETBAO RTJFTJS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 160 (1758 — Part.

S. Europe).

Caccabis rufa (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 115 ; Saunders, p. 503.

DISTRIBUTION. — England. — Resident. Introduced Suffolk about
1770, and subsequently many places, now found in Yorks., midlands
and southwards, west to Somerset and sparingly north Wales, and
by recent introductions in many other parts. Some evidence of
immigration on east and south-east coasts.

DISTRIBUTION. — Abroad. — Belgium, France, and apparently north
Spain, Italy, north to west and south Switzerland, and Balearic
Isles ( ? ). Replaced by very closely-allied forms in south
Spain, possibly Corsica, Canaries, and Madeira, but introduced in
Azores.

Abi]

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Ame

INDEX.

The approved English names of birds admitted fully to the List are printed

in CAPITALS.

The scientific names adopted by us of these birds are printed in italic.
All other names are printed in ordinary type.

abietinus, Phylloscopus c., 57
abyssinicus, Coracias, 99
Acanthis carduelis britannicus, 9
Acanthyllis caudacuta, 96
ACCENTOR, ALPINE, 90

— , see SPARROW, HEDGE -
Accentor alpinus, 90

— collaris, 90

— modularis, 91

- occidentalis, 91
Accipiter gentilis gentilis, 117

- atricapillus, 118

— nisus nisus, 118
accipitrinus, Asio, 107
Acredula caudata, 47

— rosea, 47
Acrocephalus aquations, 65

— arundinaceus arundinaceus, 63

dumetorum, 65

— palustris, 64

phragmitis, 65

schcenobcenus, 65

— streperus streperus, 63
acuflavida, Sterna s., 193
acuminata, Erolia m., 176
acuta, Dafda, 138
adamsii, Gavia, 159
Aedon familiaris, 73

— galactodes, 72
^gialitis asiatica, 166

— cantiana, 167

curonica, 167

hiaticula, 166

— vocifera, 168
^Egiothius exilipes, 13

— rostratus, 1 1
^Egithalos caudatus caudatus, 47

— roseus, 47
segocephala, Limosa, 186
dEgolius tengmalmi tengmalmi, 105
aegyptiacus, Chenalopex, 133
cegyptius, Caprimulgus ce., 97
ceruginosus, Circus, 116

aesalon, Falco, 112
aestiva, Dendroica, 40
sethereus, Phaethon, 149
^Ethyia baeri, 140
affinis, Larus f., 201
Agelaius phceniceus, 7
Agrobates galactotes galactotes, 72

syriacus, 73

Aix sponsa, 137
Alauda arborea, 30
Alauda arvensis arvensis, 31

cinerea, 31

scotica, 31

- brachydactyla, 29

cristata, 29

sibirica, 28

tatarica, 28

alba, Ciconia, 121

, Egretta a., 123

, Motacilla a., 40

, Tyto a., 108

ALBATROS, BLACK-BROWED, 156
albellus, Mergus, 147

albeola, Nyroca, 142
albicilla, Haliaetus, 116
albicollis, Zonotrichia, 28
albifrons, Anser, 128

, (Enanthe d., 81

albus, Larus, 203
Alca impennis, 206

tor da, 206

Alcedo ispida ispida, 99
alcyon, Ceryle, 99
alexandrinus, Charadrius a., 167
Atte alle, 208

alleni, Porphyrio, 213
alpestris, Otocorys, 32
alpestris, Turdus t., IS
alpina, Erolia a., 173
alpinus, Accentor, 90
Alseonax latirostris, 54
aluco, Strix a., 109
americana, Anas, 137

219

Ame]

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Avo

americanus, Coccyzus a., 103
Ampelis garrulus, 53
amphileuca, Saxicola, 82
ansestheta, Sterna, 196
Anas americana, 137

boscas, 134

— crecca crecca, 135

carolinensis , 136

— discors, 136

penelope, 137

— platyrhyncha platyrhyncha, 134

querquedula, 136

— strepera, 135
anatum, Falco p., Ill
anglica, Loxia c., 17

— , Sterna, 192
anglicus, Dry abates m., 101
anglorum, Puffinus, 153
anglorum, Regulus r., 48
Anhinga anhinga, 149
Anous stolidus stolidus, 196
Anser albifrons, 128

gambeli, 128

anser, 128

— arvensis, 129

— brachyrhynchus, 130

cinereus, 128

— erythropus, 129
fabalis fabalis, 129

finmarchicus, 129

gambeli, 128

- helsingicus, 129

— hyperboreus hyperboreus, 130
nivalis, 131

— neglectus, 130

— rubrirostris, 128

— segetum, 129
Anthropoides virgo, 211
Anthus arboreus, 33
Anthus campestris, 33

cervinus, 34

ludovicianus, 35

obscurus, 36

— pennsylvanicus, 35

- petrosa, 36

pratensis, 33

richardi richardi, 32

— rupestris, 36

spinoletta littoralis, 36

obscurus, 36

rttbescens, 35

spinoletta, 35

— spipoletta, 35

trivialis trivialis, 33

apiaster, Merops, 98
apivorus, Pernis a., 119
apricarius, Charadrius, 168
Apus apus apus, 96

melba melba, 95

aquations, Acrocephalus, 65

, Cinclus, 92, 93

— , Rallus, 214
Aquila chrysaetus chrysaetus, 114

maculata, 114

naevia, 114

arborea, Lullula a., 30
arboreus, Anthus, 33
arctica, Fratercula a., 208

, Gavia, 159

Ardea alba, 123

— bubulcus, 124
Ardea cinerea, 122

garzetta, 124

purpurea purpurea, 123

- ralloides, 124

Ardeola ibis ibis, 124

ralloides ralloides, 124

Ardetta minuta, 125
arenaria, Calidris, 173
Arenaria interpres interpres, 171
argentatus, Larus a., 200
arquata, Nnmenius a., 187
arra, Uria 1., 207

arundinaceus, Acrocephalus a., 63
arvensis, Alauda a., 31

— , Anser, 129
asiatica, JEgialitis, 166
asiaticus, Charadrius, 166
Asio accipitrinus, 107

brachyotus, 107

Asio flammeus flammeus, 107

— otus otus, 107
assimilis, Puffinus, 151
Astur palumbarius, 117
ater, Milvus, 119
ater, Parus a., 44
Athene noctua noctua, 106
atlanticus, Puffinus o., 151
atra, Fulica a., 214
atricapilla, Muscicapa, 54
atricapilla, Sylvia «., 69
atrigularis, Turdus, 77
atrogularis, Saxicola d., 81
atrogularis, Turdus r., 77
AUK, GREAT, 206

— , LITTLE, 208
auratus, Charadrius, 168

— , Colaptes, 102
aurea, Pluvialis, 168
aureola, Emberiza, 23
aureus, Turdus d., 73
auriculatus, Lanius, 51
aurita, Saxicola, 81, 82

— , Tringa, 176
auritus, Colymbus, 157
AVOCET, 185
avosetta, Recurvirostra, 185

Bad]

A HAS D -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Cam

badius, Lanius s., 51
baeri, Nyroca, 140
bailloni, Porzana, 213

— , Puffinus, 151
bairdii, Erolia, 176
Balearica pavonina, 211
baltimore, Icterus, 7
Bartramia longicauda, 171
bassana, Sula, 148
BEE-EATER, 98

, Blue-tailed, 98

beema, Motacilla /., 37
benghalensis, Coracias, 99
Bernicla brenta, 132
- leucopsis, 132
— nigricans, 133

ruficollis, 131

bernicla, Branta b., 132
bewickii, Cygnus b., 127
biarmicus, Panurus b., 49
bicolor, Tachycineta, 95
bifasciata, Loxia L, 19
BITTERN, 125

— , AMERICAN, 126

— , LITTLE, 125
BLACKBIRD, 79
BLACKCAP, 69
BLUETHROAT, NORWEGIAN, 87

— , WHITE -SPOTTED, 88
boarula, Moticilla b., 39
borealis, Buteo b., 116
— — , Motacilla, 37
borealis, Numenius, 188

— , Parus a., 47

— , Phylloscopus b., 59
borin, Sylvia, 68
boscas, Anas, 134
Botaurus stellaris stellaris, 125

— lentiginosus, 126
brachydactyla, Calandrella b., 29

— , Certhia, 41
brachyotus, Asio, 107
brachyrhynchus, Anser, 130
BRAMBLING, 20
Branta bernicla bernicla, 132

— glaucogastra, 133
- nigricans, 133

— canadensis canadensis, 133

— leucopsis, 132
- ruficollis, 131

brenta, Bernicla, 132
brevipes, Pterodroma, 154
britannica, Acanthis L, 12
britannica, Carduelis c., 9

— , Certhia /., 41

— , Sitta e., 42
britannicus, Cinclus c., 92

— , Falco p., Ill
• , Parus a., 44

bruennichi, Uria, 207
Bubo biibo bubo, 107

— ignavus, 107
bubulcus, Ardea, 124
buccinator, Cygnus, 127
Budytes neglectus, 38
Bulbul, South African, 53
BULLFINCH, BRITISH, 16

— , NORTHERN, 15
Bulweria bulwerii, 155

columbina, 155

BUNTING, BLACK-HEADED, 23

GIRL, 24

CORN-, 22

LAPLAND, 27

LITTLE, 25

MEADOW-, 24

, EAST SIBERIAN, 25

ORTOLAN, 24

PINE-, 23

REED-, 26
, WESTERN LARGE-BILLED, 26

RUSTIC, 25

SNOW-, 27

YELLOW, 22

YELLOW-BREASTED, 23
Burhinus magnirostris, 163
Burhinus cedicnemus cedicnemus, 163
BUSTARD, GREAT, 209

, LITTLE, 209

, MACQUEEN'S, 210

Buteo buteo buteo, 115
desertorum, 116

borealis borealis, 116

lagopus lagopus, 115

lineatus lineatus, 116

vulgaris, 115

Butorides virescens virescens, 126
BUZZARD, COMMON, 115

, HONEY-, 119

, ROUGH-LEGGED, 115

cabaret, Carduelis L, 12
Caccabis rufa ru/a, 218
cachinnans, Larus a., 201
caeruleus, Elanus, 119
cceruleus, Parus c., 43
— , Porphyrio, 213
caesia, Sitta, 42
calandra, Emberiza c., 22

, Melanocorypha, 28

Calandrella brachydactyla brachydac-
tyla, 29

Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus, 27
calendula, Regulus c., 49
Calidris arenaria, 173
Calidris leucophcea, 173
calidris, Totanus, 182
campestris, Anthus, 33

221

Can]

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Cit

canadensis, Branta c., 133

, Megalornis, 211

Canary Serin, 15

candicans, Falco r., 110

candidus, Himantopus, 185

canescens, Totanus, 183

cannabina, Carduelis c., 14

canorus, Cuculus c., 102

cantiaca, Sterna, 193

cantiana, ^Egialitis, 167

cantillans, Sylvia c., 71

canus, Larus, 200

Canutus canutus, 172

canutus, Tringa, 172

caparoch, Surnia u., 105

capense, Daption, 155

capensis, Pycnonotus, 53

Cape Pigeon, 155

CAPERCAILLIE, 215

Caprimulgus enropceus europceus, 96

cegyptius cegyptius, 97

ruficollis desertorum, 97

carbo, Phalacrocorax c., 148
Carduelis carduelis carduelis, 9

cannabina cannabina, 14

citrinella citrinella, 14

— flavirostris flavirostris, 10
— hornemannii hornemannii, 13

exilipes, 13

linaria linaria, 11

— cabaret, 12

holboelli, 12

rostrata, 11

— spinus, 10

tristris, 10

Carine noctua, 106
Carolina, Porzana, 212
carolinense, Nettion, 136
carolinensis, Anas c., 136
carolinus, Scolecophagus, 7
Carpodacus erythrinus erythrinus, 16
caryocatactes, Nucifraga c., 4
Casarca ferruginea, 134
casarca, Tadorna, 134
caspia, Sterna, 192
castaneiceps , Emberiza c., 25
castro, Oceanodroma, 150
catarrhactes, Stercorarius, 204
caudacuta, Chcetura c., 96
caudata, Acredula, 47
caudatus, ^githalos c., 47
cenchris, Falco, 113
Certhia familiaris familiaris, 41

— brittanica, 41
certhiola, Locustella, 62
cervinus, Anthus, 34
Ceryle alcyon, 99
Cettia cetti cetti, 61
cetti, Cettia cetti, 61

Chcetura caudacuta caudacuta, 96
CHAFFINCH, 19

Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus
167

apricarius, 168 ]

asiaticus, 166

auratus, 168

dominicus dominicus, 169

— fulvus, 169

dubius, 167

hiaticula hiaticula, 166

— major, 166

minor, 167

morinellus, 165

- pluvialis, 168

voci/erus, 168

Chelidon daurica rufula, 94

rustica rustica, 93

urbica, 94

Chen hyperboreus, 130

nivalis, 131

Chenalopex segyptiacus, 133
Chettusia gregaria, 170
CHIFFCHAFF, 56

, S CANDIDA VI AN, 57

, SIBERIAN, 57

Chloris chloris chloris, 8
chloris, Ligurinus, 8
chloropus, Gallinula c., 214
CHOUGH, 6

— , Alpine, 6
chrysaetus, Aquila c., 114
Chrysomitris citrinella, 14
da, Emberiza c., 24
Ciconia alba, 121
Ciconia ciconia ciconia, 121

nigra, 121

Cinclus aquaticus, 92, 93
Cinclus cinclus cinclus, 92

— britannicus , 92
hibernicus, 93

— melanogaster, 92
cinerea, Alauda a., 31

, Ardea, 122

, Perdix, 217

, Sylvia, 69

cineraceus, Circus, 117
cinereocapilla, Motacilla /., 38
cinereus, Anser, 128
cioides, Emberiza, 25
ciopsis, Emberiza c., 25
circia, Querquedula, 136
Circus ceruginosus, 116

cineraceus, 117

cyaneus, 117

— pygargus, 117
cirlus, Emberiza, 24
CITRIL FINCH, 14
citrinella, Carduelis c., 14

222

Cit]

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Cyp

citrinella, Eniberiza c., 22
Clamator glandarius, 103
Clangula albeola, 142

— glaucion, 141
Clangula hy emails, 142
clangula, Nyroca c., 141
clarkei, Turdus p., 76
clypeata, Spatula, 138
Coccothraustes coccothraustes cocco-

thraustes, 8

Coccystes glandarius, 103
Coccyzus americanus americanus, 103

— erythrophthalmus, 104
cozlebs, Fringilla c., 19
coelestis, Gallinago, 189
Colaptes auratus, 102
colchicus, Phasianus c., 21G
collaris, Muscicapa, 55

— , Nyroca, 141

— , Prunella c., 90
collurio, Lanius c., 52
collybita, Phylloscopus c., 56
ColcBus monedula spermologus, 3
Columba lima lima, 161

— cenas, 161

pal ambus palumbus, 160

columbianus, Cygnus, 127
Colymbus adamsi, 159

— arcticus, 159
Colymbus auritus, 157

— cristatus cristatus, 156

— glacialis, 159

— griseigena griseigena, 157

— nigricollis nigricollis, 158

- ruficollis ruficollis, 158

septentrionalis, 160

comminutus, Dryobates m., 101
communis, Coturnix, 217

— , Grus, 210
communis, Sylvia c., 69

— , Turtur, 161
COOT, 214
Coracias abyssinicus, 99

- benghalensis, 99
Coracias garrulus garrulus, 99
corax, Corvus c., 1
CORMORANT, 148

cornix, Corvus c., 1
cornuta, Tadorna, 134
corone, Corvus c., 2
Corvus corax corax, 1

— cornix cornix, 1

— corone corone, 2

— frugilegus frugilegus, 2
Cosmonetta histrionica, 143
Cotile riparia, 95
Coturnix communis, 217
Coturnix coturnix coturnix, 217
COURSER, CREAM-COLOURED, 164

CRAKE, BAILLON'S, 213
, CAROLINA, 212

— , CORN-, see RAIL, LAND-

— , LITTLE, 212
SPOTTED, 211

Crane, Brown, American, 211
CRANE, COMMON, 210

, Crowned, African, 211

, Demoiselle, 211

crecca, Anas c., 135
CREEPER, TREE-, BRITISH, 41

— , , NORTHERN, 41

, WALL-,. 41

crepidatus, Stercorarius, 205
Crex crex, 211

- pratensis, 211
cristata, Fuligula, 140
cristata, Galerida c-., 29
cristatus, Colymbus c., 156

, Parus c., 45

, Regulus, 48

CROSSBILL, American White-winged,
19

, COMMON, 17

, PARROT-, 18

, SCOTTISH, 18

, TWO -BARRED, 19

CROW, CARRION-, 2

— , HOODED, 1

Cryptoglaux funerea funerea, 105
CUCKOO, 102

, AMERICAN BLACK-BILLED, 104

, YELLOWT-BILLED, 103

, GREAT SPOTTED, 103

cucullatus, Mergus, 147
Cuculus canorus canorus, 102
CURLEW, COMMON, 187

— , ESKIMO, 188

, SLENDER-BILLED, 188

, STONE-, 163

curonica, -^Egialitis, 167
curruca, Sylvia c., 70
Cursorius gallicus gallicus, 164
curvirostra, Loxia c., 17
Cyanecula leucocyana, 88

— suecica, 87

wolfi, 88

cyanecula, Luscinia svecica, 88
cyaneus, Circus, 117
Cygnus bewickii bewickii, 127

buccinator, 127

columbianus, 127

— cygnus, 126

immutabilis, 127

— musicus, 126

olor, 127

Cymochorea leucorrhoa, 149
Cypselus apus, 96

melba, 95

223

Daf]

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIEDS.

[Eur

Dafila acuta, 138

Dandalus rubecula melophilus, 89

— rubecula, 89
Daption capense, 155
Darter, American, 149
dartfordiensis, Sylvia u.} 72
Daulias luscinia, 86
dauma, Turdus, 73
daurica, Chelidon, 94
Dendrocopus major, 100-1

minor, 101

Dendroica aestiva aestiva, 40
deserti, (Enanthe d.. 80
desertorum, Buteo b., 116
desertorum, Caprimulgits r,. 97
desmaresti, Phalacrocorax g., 148
Diomedea melanophrys, 156
DIPPER, BLACK-BELLIED, 92

— , BRITISH, 92

, IRISH, 93

discors, Anas, 136

DIVER, BLACK-THROATED, 159

, GREAT NORTHERN, 159

, RED-THROATED, 160

— , WHITE-BILLED NORTHERN, 159
domesticus, Passer d., 21
dominions, Charadrius d,, 169
DOTTEREL, 165
dougallii, Sterna d., 194
Dove, RING-, see PIGEON, WOOD-
DOVE, ROCK-, 161

— , STOCK-, 161

— , TURTLE-, 161

— , , EASTERN RUFOUS, 162

dresseri, Parus, p. 46
Dryobates major anglicus, 101

major, 100

— minor comminutus, 101

- pubescens, 102

- villosus, 102

Dryocopus martins martius, 102
dubius, Charadrius, 167

— , Turdus, 77
DUCK, BAER'S, 140

BUFFEL-HEADED, 142

FERRUGINOUS, 140

HARLEQUIN-, 143

LONG-TAILED, 142

Ring-necked, American, 141

SCAUP-, 141

SHELD-, 134
— , RUDDY, 134

Summer, North American, 137

TUFTED, 140
Ducks, see EIDER, GADWALL, GAR-

GANEY, GOLDENEYE, GOOSANDER,

MALLARD, MERGANSER, PINTAIL,
POCHARD, SCOTER, SHOVELER,
SMEW, TEAL, WIGEON.

dumetorum, Acroceplialus, 65
DUNLIN, 173

EAGLE, GOLDEN, 114

, SPOTTED, 114

, WHITE-TAILED, 116

eburnea, Pagophila, 203
Ectopistes migratorius, 162
Efjatheus jaldnellus falcinellus, 122
EGRET, LITTLE, 124
Egretta alba alba, 123

— garze.Ua garzetta, 124
EIDER, COMMON, 144

— , KING-, 144
, Pacific, 144

— , STELLER'S, 143
Elanoides forficatus, 119
Elaiius caeruleus, 119
elegans, Carduelis, 9

, Loxia 1., 19

Emberiza aureola, 23

calandra calandra, 22

da da, 24

cioides castaneiceps , 25

— drlus, 24

- dlrinella dtrinella, 22

hortulana, 24

leucocephala, 23

melanocephala, 23

miliaria, 22

pusilla, 25

pyrrhuloides palustris, 26

rustica, 25

schceniclus schoeniclus, 26

enucleator, Pinicola e.,\Q
epops, Upupa e., 98
Eremophila alpestris ftava, 32
Erithacus rubecula, 89

melophilus, 89

Erolia alpina alpina, 173

bairdii, 176

ferruginea, 174

fusdcollis, 177

maculata acuminata, 176

maculata, 175

maritima maritima, 111

minuta minuta, 174

ruficollis, 174

minntilla minutilla, 175

subruficollis, 177

temminckii, 175

erythrinus, Carpodacus e., 16
erythroplithalmus, Coccyzus, 104
erythropus, Aiiser, 129
erythropus, Tringa, 183
Eudromias morinellus, 165
Eurenetes pusillus pusitttts, 178
euro pas a, Pyrrhula, 15, 16
europceus, Caprimulgus e., 96

224

Eve]

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Gav

eversmanni, Phylloscopus t., 58
excubitor, Lanius e., 50
exilipes, Carduelis /L, 13

fabalis, Anser /., 129
falcinellus, Egatheus f., 122
Falco aesalon, 112

— candicans, 110
- cenchris, 113

gyrfalco, 110

— islandus, 110

Falco naumanni naumanni, 113

— peregrinus peregrinus, 111

— anatum, 111

— britannicus, 111
— pealei, 111

— regulus regulus, 112

— rusticolus candicans, 110

— islandus, 110

— rusticolus, 110

— subbuteo subbuteo, 112

— tinnunculus tinnunculus, 113

— vespertinus vespertinus, 113
FALCON, GREENLAND, 110
, GYR-, 110

— , ICELAND, 110

— , PEREGRINE, 111

— , , NORTH AMERICAN, 111

— , RED-FOOTED, 113
familiaris, Aedon, 73
familiaris, Certhia /., 41
feldeggi, Motacilla, 38
ferina, Nyroca /., 139J
ferruginea, Casarca, 134

— , Erolia, 174
ferruginous, Scolecophagus, 7
FIELDFARE, 74
FINCH, CITRIL, 14

— , SNOW-, 20
finmarchicus, Anser, 129
FIRE-CRESTED WREN, 49
FLAMINGO, 126
flammea, Strix, 107-9
flammeus, Asio /., 107
flava, Eremophila a., 32

— , Motacilla /., 36
flavipes, Tringa, 181
flavirostris, Carduelis f., 10
fluviatilis, Podicipes, 158

— , Sterna, 194
FLYCATCHER, BROWN, 54

, COLLARED, 55

, PIED, 54

— , RED -BREASTED, 55

, SPOTTED, 53

forficatus, Elanoides, 119
Fratercula arciica arctica, 208
Fringilla ccelebs codebs, 19
monti/ringilla, 20

fruqilegus, Corvus /., 2
fuertaventurse, Houbarau., 210
Fulica atra atra, 214
fulicarius, Phalaropus, 184
fuliginosa, Sterna, 196
Fuligula cristata, 140

ferina, 139

marila, 141

nyroca, 140

fuligula, Nyroca, 140
Fuligula rufina, 139
FULMAR PETREL, 155
Fulmarus glacialis glacialis, 155
fulvus, Charadrius d., 169

Gyps /., 120

funerea, Cryptoglaux, 105

, Surnia, 105

fusca, Oidemia /., 145
fuscata, Sterna, 196
fuscatus, Turdus, 77
fuscicollis, Erolia, 177
fuscus, Lams /., 201
, Totanus, 183

GAD WALL, 135

gaetkei, Luscinia svecica, 87
galactodes, Aedon, 72
galactotes, Agrobates g., 72
galbula, Icterus, 7

, Oriolus, 7

Galerida cristata cristata, 29
gallicus, Cursorius g., 164
Gallinago coelestis, 189
Gallinago gallinago gallinago, 189
wilsoni, 190

gallinula, 190

major, 189

media, 189

scolopacina, 189

Gallinula chloropus chloropus, 214
gallinula, Limnocryptes, 190
Gallinule, Allen's, 213

, Australian, 214

, Green-backed, 213

— , Indian, 214

— , Purple, 213
gambeli, Anser a., 128
gambensis, Plectropterus, 133
GANNET, 148
GARGANEY, 136
garrulus, Ampelis, 53

— , Coracias g., 99
Garrulus glandarius glandarius, 5

hibernicus, 5

— rufitergum, 5
garzetta, Egretta g., 124
Gavia adamsii, 159

— arctica, 159

immer, 159

225

Gav]

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Her

Gavia pacifica, 159
Gavia stellata, 160
Gecinus viridis, 100
gengleri, Fringilla c., 19
gentilis, Accipiter g., 117
gibraltariensis, Phcenicurus o., 85
ginginianus, Neophron p., 120
giu, Scops, 108
glacialis, Colymbus, 159
glacialis, Fulmarus g., 155

, Harelda, 142

glandarius, Clamator, 103

, Garrulus g., 5

Glareola melanoptera, 165
Glareola nordmanni, 165

• pratincola pratincola, 164

glareola, Tringa, 180
glaucion, Clangula, 141
glaitcogastra, Branta &., 133
glaitcus, Larus, 202
glottis, Totanus, 183
Goatsucker, see NIGHTJAR
godmani, Puffinus o., 151
GODWIT, BAB-TAILED, 186

, BLACK-TAILED, 186

GOLDEN -CHESTED WREN, 48

GOLDENEYE, 141

, Barrow's, 141

GOLDFINCH, BRITISH, 9

, CONTINENTAL, 9

, North American, 10

GOOSANDER, 146
GOOSE, BARNACLE-, 132

, BEAN-, 129

, BRENT, 132

, , Black, 133

, , PALE -BREASTED, 133

, Canada, 133

, Egyptian, 133

, PINK-FOOTED, 130

, RED -BREASTED, 131

, SNOW-, 130

, , GREATER, 131

, Spur- winged, 133

, WHITE -FRONTED, 133

LESSER, 129

GOSHAWK, 117

, American, 118

Gracula religiosa, 7

graculus, Phalacrocorax g., 148

, Pyrrhocorax, 6

grams, Puffinus, 152
GREBE, BLACK-NECKED, 158

, GREAT CRESTED, 156

, LITTLE, 158

, RED-NECKED, 157

, SLAVONIAN, 157

GREENFINCH, 8
GREENSHANK, 183

gregaria, Chettusia, 170
gregarius, Vanellus, 170
grisea, Motacilla, 39
griseigena, Colymbus g., 157
griseus, Macrorhamphus g.t 179

, Nycticorax, 125

, Puffinus, 152

grisola, Muscicapa, 53
GROSBEAK, PINE-, 16
SCARLET, 16

GROUSE, BLACK, 215

, RED, 216

, SAND-, PALLAS'S, 162

grus, Megalornis g., 210
grylle, Uria g., 207
GUILLEMOT, BLACK, 207

, BRUNNICH'S, 207

, COMMON, 206

GULL, BLACK-BACKED, GREAT, 202

, , LESSER, 201

, BLACK-HEADED, 198

, , GREAT, 199

, , MEDITERRANEAN, 199

, BONAPARTE'S, 197

, COMMON, 200

, GLAUCOUS, 202

, HERRING-, 200

, , YELLOW-LEGGED, 201

, ICELAND, 202

, IVORY-, 203

, KITTIWAKE, 203

, LITTLE, 198

, SABINE'S, 197

, WEDGE-TAILED, 197

guttata, Tyto a., 109
Gyps fulvus fulvus, 1£0

occidentalis, 120

gyrfalco, Falco, 110

Hcematopus ostralegus ostralegus, 163
Haliaetus albicilla, 116
haliaetus, Pandion h., 119
Harelda glacialis, 142
HARRIER, HEN-, 117

, MARSH-, 116

, MONTAGU'S, 117

hasitata, Pterodroma, 154
HAWFINCH, 8
HAWK, SPARROW-, 118
helsingicus, Anser, 129
helvetica, Squatarola, 169
Hemipode, Andalucian, 215
Herbivocida schwarzi, 61
HERON, BUFF-BACKED, 124

, COMMON, 122

, GREAT WHITE, 123

, Green, 126

, NIGHT-, 125

, PURPLE, 123

226

Her]

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Lar

HERON, SQUACCO, 124
hiaticula, Charadrius h., 166
hibernans, Saxicola t., 84
hibernicus, Cinclus c., 93

— , Glandarius g., 5

— , Parus a., 44
Himantopus candidus, 185
Himantopus himantopus, 185
hirtensis, Troglodytes t., 92
Hirundo riparia riparia, 95

— rufula, 94

rustica, 93

— urbica urbica, 94
hirundo, Sterna, 194
hispanica, (Enanthe h., 81
histrionica, Cosmonetta, 143
Histrionicus histrionicus, 143
HOBBY, 112

holboelli, Carduelis I., 12
HOOPOE, 98

hornemannii, Carduelis h., 13
horteiisis, Sylvia, 68
hortensis, Sylvia h., 67
hortulana, Ember iza, 24

— , Serinus, 14

Houbara undulata fuertaventurse, 210
Houbara undulata macqueenii, 210

- undulata, 210
hybrida, Hydrochelidon, 191
Hydrobates pelagicus, 149
Hydrochelidon hybrida, 191
Hydrochelidon leucopareia leucopareia,

191

— leucoptera, 191

— nigra nigra, 190

— surinamensis, 191
hyemalis, Clangula, 142

, Junco, 28

hyperboreus, Anser h., 130

— , Phalaropus, 184
Hypolais hypolais, 66
Hypolais icterina, 66

— polyglotta, 66
hypoleuca, Muscicapa h., 54

— , Tringa, 179
hypoleucus, Totanus,^179

ibis, Ardeola i., 124
IBIS, GLOSSY, 122
ichthyaetus, Larus, 199
icterina, Hypolais, 66
Ictevus galbula, 7

baltimore, 7

ictinus, Milvus, 118
ignavus, Bubo, 107
ignicapillus, Regulus'_i., 49
iliacus, Turdus, 76
immer, Gavia, 159
imniutabilis, Cygnus, 127

impennis, Alca, 206
indica, Saxicola t., 84
intermedia, Porzana p., 213
interpres, Arenaria i., 171
isabellina, (Enanthe, 83
islandica, Nyroca, 141
islandus, Falco r., 110
ispida, Alcedo i., 99
Ixobrychus minutus, 125

JACKDAW, 3
JAY, BRITISH, 5

, CONTINENTAL, 5

, IRISH, 5

Junco hyemalis, 28

Jynx torquilla torquilla, 102

KESTREL, 113

— , LESSER, 113
KINGFISHER, 99

, American Belted, 99

KITE, 118

, BLACK, 119

, Black-winged, 119

, Swallow- tailed, American, 119

KITTIWAKE GULL, 203
kleinschmidti, Parus a., 46
KNOT, 172

korschun, Milvus u., 119
kuhlii, Puffinus k., 152

lagopus, Buteo I., 115
Lagopus lagopus scoticus,[21&

mutus mutus, 216

lanceolata, Locustella, 63
Lanius auriculatus, 51
Lanius collurio collurio, 52

excubitor excubitor, 50

meridionalis, 51

minor, 50

nubicus, 52

pomeranus, 51

ruficeps, 51

rufus, 51

rutilus, 51

senator badius, 51

senator, 51

lapponica, Limosa I., 186
lapponicus, Calcarius L, 27
LAPWING, 170

LARK, BLACK, 28

, Calandra, 28

, CRESTED, 29

, SHORE-, 32

, SHORT-TOED, 29

, SKY-, 31

, , EASTERN, 31

, WHITE-WINGED, 28

, WOOD-, 30

Larus albus, 203

227

Q 2

Lar]

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Mel

Larus argentatus argentatus, 200
cachinnans, 201

canus canus, 200
fnscus fuscus, 201

— affinis, 201
glaucus, 202
ichthyaetus, 199
leucopterus, 202
marinus, 202
m&lanocephalus, 199
minutus, 198
Philadelphia, 197
ridibundus, 198

fatirostris, Muscicapa, 54
lentiginosus, Botaurus s., 126
leucocephala, Emberiza, 23
leucocyana, Cyanecula, 88
leucopareia, Hydrochelidon I., 191
leucophcea, Calidris, 173
leucopsis, Branta, 132
leucoptera, Hydrochelidon, 191

,LoxiaL, 19

leucopterus, Larus, 202

leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 149

leucorodia, Platalea L, 121

leucorrhoa, (Enanthe 02., 80

leiicura, (Enanthe L, 83

Limicola platyrhyncha platyrhyncha,

178

Limnocryptes gallinula, 190
Limosa segocephala, 186
Limosa lapponica lapponica, 186

limosa, 186

linaria, Cardwlis L, 11
lineatus, Buteo L, 116
LINNET, 14

Linota cannabina, 14

— flavirostris, 10

holboelli, 12

— hornemanni, 13

— linaria, 11

— rostrata, 11

— rufescens, 12
littoralis, Anthus s., 36
littorea, Tringa, 183
fo'w'a, Columba L, 161
lobatus, Phalaropus, 184
Lociistella certhiola, 62

lanceolata, 63

luscinioides luscinioides, 61

— ncevia ncevia, 62
lomvia, Uria L, 207
longicauda, Bartramia, 171

, Mecistura, 47

longicaudus, Stercorarius, 205
Lophophanes c. scotica, 45
Loxia curvirostra curvirostra, 17

— anglica, 17
scotica, 18

Loxia leucoptera bi/asciata, 19
- leucoptera, 19

— pytyopsittacus, 18
luctuosa, Muscicapa, 54
ludovicianus, Anthus, 35
lugubris, Motacilla a., 39
Lullula arborea arborea, 30
Luscinia calliope, 87
Luscinia luscinia, 87

megarhyncha megarhyncha, 86

svecica cyanecula, 88

gaetkei, 87

luscinioides, Locustella L, 61
Lusciniola schwarzi, 61
Lyrurus tetrix tetrix, 215

Machetes pugnax, 172
macqueenii, Houbara u., 210
Macrorhamphus griseus griseus, 179
macrorhynchus, Nucifraga c., 4
macrura, Sterna, 195
macularia, Tringa, 180
macularius, Totanus, 180
maculata, Aquila, 114

, Erolia m., 175

— , Scolopax, 183
magna, Sturnella, 7
magnirostris, Burhinus, 163
MAGPIE, 3
major, Charadrius h., 166

, Dendrocopus, 100-1

major, Dryobates m., 100

, Gallinago, 189

, Lanius, 50

, Parus m., 42

, Puffinus, 152

, Pyrrhula, 15

MALLARD, 134
Mareca americana, 137

penelope, 137

marila, Nyroca m., 141
marina, Pelagodroma, 151
marinus, Larus, 202
maritima, Erolia m., 177
MARTIN, 94

, Purple, American, 95

, SAND-, 95

martius, Dryocopus m., 102
maruetta, Porzana, 211
maura, Saxicola t., 84
Mecistura longicauda, 47

rosea, 47

— vagans, 47
media, Gallinago, 189
Megalornis ca^nadensis, 211
Megalornis grus grus, 210
megarhyncha, Luscinia m., 86
Melanitta, 145
melanocephala, Emberiza, 23

228

Mel]

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Nil

melanocephala, Motacilla /., 38

, Sylvia m.,1\

melanocephalus, Larus, 199
Melanocorypha calandra, 28
Melanocorypha sibirica, 28

— yeltoniensis, 28
melanogaster, Cinclus, 92
melanoleiica, Tringa, 182
melanoleucus, Totanus, 182
melanope, Motacilla, 39
melanophrys, Diomedia, 156
melanoptera, Glareola, 165
melanotus, Porphyrio, 214
melba, Apus m., 95
Melizophilus provincialis, 72

- undatus, 72
melophilus, Dandalus r., 89
MERGANSER, HOODED, AMERICAN, 147

— , RED-BREASTED, 147
merganser, Mergus m., 146
Mergulus alle, 208
Mergus albellus, 147

— cucullatus, 147

— merganser merganser, 146

— serrator, 147
meridionalis, Lanius e., 51
MERLIN, 112

Merops apiaster, 98

- philippinus, 98
merula, Turdus, 79
migrans, Milvus, 119
migrate rius, Ectopistes, 162

— , Turdus m., 77
miliaria, Emberiza, 22
Milvus ater, 119

— ictinus, 118

Milvus korschun korschun, 119

— migrans, 119
— milvus, 118

— regalis, 118
minor, Charadrius, 167

— , Dendrocopus, 101
minor, Lanius, 50
minuta, Ardetta, 125
minuta, Erolia, 174

, Sterna m., 195

minutilla, Erolia m., 175
minutus, Ixdbrychus, 125

— , Larus, 198
mitratus, Parus c., 45
modularis, Prunella m., 90
mollissima, Somateria m., 144
monedula, Corvus, 3
Monticola saxatilis, 79
monti/ringilla, Fringilla, 20
Monti fringilla nivalis nivalis, 20
MOORHEN, 214
morinellus, Charadrius, 165
Motacilla alba alba, 40

Motacilla alba lugubris, 39

- beema, 37

— boarula boarula, 39

— borealis, 37

feldeggi, 38

ftava fiava, 36

beema, 37

borealis, 37

cinereocapilla, 38

— feldeggi, 38

— melanocephala, 38

— rayi, 38

— thunbergi, 37
viridis, 37

— grisea, 39

- lugubris, 39

— melanocephala, 38

— melanope, 39

- raii, 38

— sulphurea, 39

- viridis, 37

- yarrellii, 40
muraria, Tichodroma, 41
Muscicapa atricapilla, 54
Muscicapa collaris, 55

— grisola, 53

— hypoleuca hypoleuca, 54

— latirostris, 54

- luctuosa, 54

— parva parva, 55

— striata striata, 53
musicus, Cygnus, 126

- ,Turdus, 75, 76
musicus, Turdus, 76
mutus, Lagopus m., 216 .

nee via, Aquila, 114

ncevia, Locustella n., 62
naumanni, Falco n., 113
nebularia, Tringa, 183
neglect a, Pterodroma, 154
neglectus, Anser, 130
— — , Budytes, 38

Neophron percnopterus percnopterus,
120

— ginginianus, 120
Nettion carolinense, 136
newtoni, Parus m., 43
NIGHTINGALE, 86

— , THRUSH-, 87
NIGHTJAR, 96

, ALGERIAN RED-NECKED, 97

, EGYPTIAN, 97

nigra, Ciconia, 121

, Hydrochelidon n., 190

, Oidemia n., 145

nigricans, Branta b., 133
nigricollis, Colymbus n., 158
nilotica, Sterna n., 192

229

Nis]

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Par

nisona, Sylvia n., 67
nisus, Accipiter n., 118
nivalis, Anser h., 131

, Montifringilla n., 20

, Plectrophenax, 27

noctua, Athene n., 106

nordmanni, Glareola, 165

nubicus, Lanius, 52

Nucifraga caryocatactes caryocatactes, 4

macrorhynchus, 4

nudipes, Chsetura c., 96
Numenius arquata arquata, 187

borealis, 188

— phceopus phceopus, 187

— tenuirostris, 188
NUTCRACKER, SLENDER-BILLED, 4

— , THICK-BILLED, 4
NUTHATCH, BRITISH, 42
Nyctala tengmalmi, 105
Nyctea nyctea, 104

— scandiaca, 104
Nycticorax griseus, 125
Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax, 125
Nyroca albeola, 142

baeri, 140

— clangula clangula, 141

— collaris, 141

ferina ferina, 139

- fuligula, 140
nyroca, Fuligula, 140
Nyroca islandica, 141
Nyroca marila marila, 141

— nyroca, 140

- rufina, 139

obscurus, Anthus s., 36

— , Parus c., 43

— , Puffinus, 151
occiden tails, Gyps f., 120
occidental**, Prunella m., 91

, Saxicola, 81

oceanicus, Oceanites, 150
Oceanites oceanicus, 150
Oceanodroma caslro, 150

leucorhoa, 149

ochropus, Totanus, 181
ocrophus, Tringa, 181
(Edemia, see Oidemia.
cedicnemus, Burhinus OR., 163
(Edicnemus scolopax, 163
(Enanthe deserti albifrons, 81

— deserti, 80

— hispanica hispanica, 81

— xanthomelcena, 82

isabellina, 83
leucura leucura, 83
oenanthe leucorrhoa, 80

cenanthe, 80

pleschanka pleschanJca, 82

oenanthe, Saxicola, 80
oznas, Columba, 161
(Estrelata brevipes, 154
hsesitata, 154

— neglecta, 154
Oidemia fusca fusca, 145

— nigra nigra, 145

— perspicillata, 146
olor, Cygnus, 127
orientalis, Streptopelia o., 162
ORIOLE, GOLDEN, 7
Oriolus galbula, 7

Oriolus oriolus oriolus, 1
orphea, Sylvia, 67
ORTOLAN BUNTING, 24
OSPREY, 119

ostralegus, Hcematopus o., 163
Otis macqueeni, 210
Otis tar da tarda, 209
— tetrax, 209
Otocorys alpestris, 32
otus, Asio o., 107
Otus scops scops, 108
OUZEL, RING-, 77

— , , ALPINF, 78

OWL, BARN-, DARK-BREASTED, 109

— , , WHITE-BREASTED, 108

-, EAGLE-, 107

-, HAWK-, AMERICAN, 105

-, EUROPEAN, 105
— , LITTLE, 106
— , LONG-EARED, 107

, SCOPS, 108

— , SHORT-EARED, 107

, SNOWY, 104

, TAWNY, 109

— , TENGMALM'S, 105
OYSTERCATCHER, 163

pacifica, Gavia, 159
Pagophila eburnea, 203
palumbarius, Astur, 117
palumbus, Columba p., 160
palustris, Acrocephalus, 64

— , Emberiza p., 26

— , Parus, 46

Pandion haliaetus haliaetus, 119
Panurus biarmicus biarmicus, 49
paradiscea, Sterna, 195
paradoxus, Syrrhaptes, 162
parasiticus, Stercorarius, 205
PARTRIDGE, COMMON, 217

, PvED-LEGGED, 218

Parus ater ater, 44

britannicus, 44

— hibernicus, 44
— atricapillus borealis, 47
kleinschmidti, 46

borealis, 47

230

Par]

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIBDS.

[Plu

Parus britannicus, 44

Pur us cceruleus cceruleus, 43

obscurus, 43

— cristatus cristatus, 45

mitratus, 45

scoticits, 45

hibernicus, 44

- major major, 42
— newtoni, 43
- palustris dresseri, 46
parva, Muscicapa p., 55

, Porzana, 212

parvulus, Troglodytes, 91, 92
Passer domvsticus domesticus, 21

— montanus, 21
Pastor roseus, 7
pavonina, Balearica, 211
pealei, Falco p., Ill
pelagica, Procellaria, 149
pelagicus, Hydrobates, 149
Pelagodroma marina, 151
penelope, Anas, 137
pennsylvanicus, Anthus, 35
percnopterus, Neophron p., 120
Perdix cinerea, 217

Perdix perdix perdix, 217
Peregrine, see FALCON.
peregrinus, Falco p., Ill
Pernis apivorus apivorus, 119
perspicillata, Oidemia, 146
PETREL, BULWER'S, 155

— , CAPPED, 154

, COLLARED, 154

, FORK-TAILED, LEACH'S, 149

— , , MADEIRAN, 150

— , FRIGATE-, 151

— , FULMAR, 155

— , Phillip's, 154

— , SCHLEGEL'S, 154

, STORM-, 149

, WILSON'S, 150

petrosa, Anthus, 36
phceopus, Numenius p., 187
Phaethon sethereus, 149
Phalacrocorax carbo carbo, 148
— graculus graculus, 148
— desmaresti, 148
PHALAROPE, GREY, 184

— , RED-NECKED, 184
Phalaropus fulicarius, 184

hyperboreus, 184

lobatus, 184

Phasianus colchicus colchicus, 216

torquatus, 216

PHEASANT, 216
Philadelphia, Larus, 197
philippinus, Merops, 98
phillipii, Procellaria, 154
philomelus, Turdus p., 75

phoenicius, Agelaius, 7
Phcenicopterus roseus, 126
Phcenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensis, 85

phcenicurus phcenicurus, 85

phragmitis, Acrocephalus, 65
Phylloscopus borealis borealis, 59

collybita collybita, 56

abietinus, 57

tristis, 57

nitidus viridanus, 58
proregulus proregulus, 60
sibilatrix sibilatrix, 59
superciliosus superciliosus, 60
tristis, 57
trochilus eversmanni, 58

— trochilus, 57
viridanus, 58

Pica pica pica, 3
Picoides tridactylus, 102
Picus viridis pluvius, 100.
Pigeon, Cape, 155

— , Passenger, American, 162
PIGEON, WOOD-, 160

is, Turdus, 74

a, Pyrrhula p., 16
Pinicola enucleator enucleator, 16
PINTAIL, 138
PIPIT, MEADOW-, 33

, RED-THROATED, 34

, RICHARD'S, 32

, ROCK-, 36

, , SCANDINAVIAN, 36

TAWNY, 33
TREE-, 33
WATER-, 35

AMERICAN, 35

pityopsittacus, Loxia, 18
Platalea leucorodia leucorodia, 121
platyrhyncha, Anas p, 134

, Limicola p., 178

Plectrophanes lapponicus, 27

nivalis, 27

Plectrophenax nivalis, 27
Plectropterus gambensis, 133
Plegadis falcinellus, 122
pleschanka, (Enanthe p., 82
PLOVER, CASPIAN, 166

GOLDEN, 168
— , AMERICAN, 169

, ASIATIC, 169

Green, see LAPWING

GREY, 169

KENTISH, 167

KlLLDEER, 168

RINGED, 166

— , LITTLE, 167
SOCIABLE, 170

Stone-, see CURLEW, STONE-
Pluvialis aurea, 168

231

Plu]

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Ric

pluvialis, Charadrius, 168
pluvius, Picus v., 100
POCHARD, COMMON, 139

, RED -CRESTED, 139

— , White-eyed, see DUCK, FERRU-
GINOUS
Podicipes auritus, 157

— cristatus, 156

— fluviatilis, 158

— griseigena, 157

nigricollis, 158

pollicaris, Rissa t., 203
polyglotta, Hypolais, 66
Polysticta stelleri, 143
pomarinus, Stercorarius, 204
pomatorhirms, Stercorarius, 204
pomeranus, Lanius, 51
Porphyrio alleni, 213

— caeruleus, 213

- melanotus, 214

- porphyrio, 213

- veterum, 214
Porzana bailloni, 213
Porzana Carolina, 212

— maruetta, 211

parva, 212

porzana, 211

— pusilla intermedia, 213

- pusilla, 213
pratensis, Anthus, 33

— , Crex, 211
pratincola, Olareola p., 164
Pratincola indica, 84

— maura, 84

- rubetra, 83

— rubicola, 84

— torquata hibernans, 84
PRATINCOLE, 164

, BLACK- WINGED, 165

Procellaria phillipii, 154
Progne subis subis, 95
proregulus, Phylloscopus p., 60
provincialis, Melizophilus, 72
Prunella collaris collaris, 90

modularis modular is, 90

occidentalis, 91

Pterodroma brevipes, 154
hasitata, 154

neglecta, 154

pubescens, Dryobates, 102
PUFFIN, 208

Puffinus anglorum, 153

assimilis, 151

bailloni, 151

Puffinus grams, 152
griseus, 152

kuhlii kuhlii, 152

major, 152

obscurus atlanticus, 151

Puffinus obscurus godmani, 151

— obscurus, 151

- puffinus puffinus, 153

— yelkouan, 153
pugnax, Machetes, 172
purpurea, Ardea p., 123
pusilla, Emberiza, 25

, Porzana p., 213

pusillus, Eurenetes p., 178
Pycnonotus capensis, 53
pygargus, Circus, 117
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax, 6
Pyrrhula enucleator, 16

- erythrina, 16
Pyrrhula pyrrhula pyrrhula,1 15

europsea, 15, 16

pileata, 16

pytyopsittacus, Loxia, 18

QUAIL, 217

querquedula, Anas, 136
Querquedula circia, 136

- crecca, 135

- discors, 136

raii, Motacilla, 38
RAIL, LAND-, 211

, WATER-, 214

ralloides, Ardeola r., 124
Rallus aquaticus, 214
RAVEN, 1

rayi, Motacilla /., 38
RAZORBILL, 206
Recurvirostra avosetta, 185
REDBREAST, BRITISH, 89

, CONTINENTAL, 89

REDPOLL, COUES'S, 13

, GREENLAND, 11

, HOLBOLL'S, 12

, HORNEMANN'S, 13

, LESSER, 12

, MEALY, 1 1

REDSHANK, COMMON, 182

— , SPOTTED, 183
REDSTART, 85

— , BLACK, 85
REDWING, 76
regalis, Milvus, 118
Regulus calendula calendula, 49

cristatus, 48

regulus, Falco r., 112
Regulus ignicapillus ignicapillus, 49
— regulus anglorum, 48

regulus, 48

religiosa, Gracula, 7
Rhodostethia rosea, 197
richardi, Anthus r., 32

232

Rid]

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[She

ridibundus, Larus, 198
Riparia riparia riparia, 95
Rissa tridactyla tridactyla, 203

- pollicaris, 203
Robin, see REDBREAST.

— , American, 77
ROLLER, 99

— , Abyssinian, 99

— , Indian, 99
ROOK, 2

rosea, Rhodosteihia, 197
roseus, ^githalos c., 47

— , Pastor, 7

— , Phcenicopterus, 126
rostrata, Carduelis I., 11
rubecula, Dandalus r., 89
rubescens, Anthus s., 35
rubetra, Saxicola r., 83
rubicola, Saxicola t., 84
rubrirostris, Anser, 128
Ruby-throat, Siberian, 87
rufa, Caccabis r., 218

— , Sylvia, 69
rufescens, Linota, 12

— , Tryngites, 177
RUFF, 172
ruficeps, Lanius, 51
ruficollis, Branta, 131

— , Caprimulgus, 97

— , Colymbus r., 158

— , Erolia m., 174

— , Turdus, 77
rufina, Nyroca, 139
rufitergum, Glandarius g., 5
rufula, Chelidon d., 94
rufus, Lanius, 51

— , Phylloscopus, 56
rupestris, Anthus, 36
rustica, Chelidon r., 93

, Emberiza, 25

, Pica, 3

rusticola, Scolopax, 190
rusticolus, Falco r., 110
Ruticilla phoenicurus, 85

titys, 85

rutilus, Lanius, 51

sabini, Xema, 197
saharae, Caprimulgus se., 97
salicaria, Sylvia, 68
SANDERLING, 173
SAND-GROUSE, PALLAS'S, 162
SANDPIPER, BAIRD'S, 176

, BARTRAM'S, 171

, BONAPARTE'S, 177

• , BROAD -BILLED, 178

— , BUFF-BREASTED, 177

, COMMON, 179

, CURLEW-, 174

SANDPIPER, GREEN, 181

— , MARSH-, 184

— , PECTORAL, AMERICAN, 175

— , , SIBERIAN, 176

— , PURPLE, 177
, RED -BREASTED, 179

— , SEMI-PALMATED, 178

, SOLITARY, 181

, SPOTTED, 180

, WOOD-, 180

sandvicensis, Sterna s., 193
saxatilis, Monticola, 79
Saxicola amphileuca, 82
- aurita, 81, 82

deserti, 80

atrogularis, 81

— hispanica, 81

isabellina, 83

— leucura, 83

occidentalis, 81

— oenanthe, 80

leucorrhoa, 80

- pleschanka, 82

- stapazina, 81, 82

— xanthomelaena, 82
Saxicola rubetra rubetra, 83

— torquata hibernans, 84

— indica, 84

maura, 84

— rubicola, 84
scandiaca, Nyctea, 104
SCAUP-DUCK, 141
schcenidus, Emberiza s., 26
schcenobcenus, Acrocephalus, 65
schwarzi, Herbivocula, 61
Scolecophagus carolinus, 7

— ferruginous, 7
scolopacina, Gallinago, 189
scolopax, (Edicnemus, 163
Scolopax rusticola , 190
Scops giu, 108

scops, Otus s., 108
SCOTER, COMMON, 145
, SURF-, 146

— , VELVET-, 145
scotica, Loxia c., 18
scoticus, Parus c., 45

, Lagopus I., 216

segetum, Anser, 129
senator, Lanius s., 51
septentrionalis, Colymbus, 160
SERIN, 14

— , Canary, 15
Serinus canarius serinus, 14

canarius, 15

serrator, Mergus, 147

SHAG, 148

SHEARWATER, GREAT, 152

, , MEDITERRANEAN, 152

233

She]

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Sur

SHEARWATER, LEVANTINE, 153
— , LITTLE DUSKY, 151

, MANX, 153

— , SOOTY, 152

SHELD-DUCK, 134

, RUDDY, 134

SHOVELER, 138

SHRIKE, GREY, GREAT, 50
— , , LESSER, 50

, , SOUTHEUROPEAN, 51

-, MASKED, 52

-, RED-BACKED, 52

-, WOODCHAT, 51

-, CORSICAN, 51

sibilatrix, Phylloscopus s., 59
sibirica, Melanocorypha, 28
sibiricus, Turd us s., 73
SISKIN, 10

Sitta europo&a britannica, 42
SKUA, ARCTIC, 205

— , Buffon's, see LONG-TAILED.

— , GREAT, 204

— , LONG-TAILED, 205

, POMATORHINE, 204

— , Richardson's, see ARCTIC.
skua, Stercorarius s., 204
SMEW, 147
SNIPE, COMMON, 189

, GREAT, 189

, JACK, 190

Snowbird, American, 28
SNOW-FINCH, 20
solitaria, Tringa s., 181
solitarius, Totanus, 181
Somateria mollissima mollissima, 144
v-nigrum, 144

— spectabilis, 144

stelleri, 143

SPARROW, HEDGE-, BRITISH, 91

— , , CONTINENTAL, 90

— , HOUSE-, 21

, TREE-, 21

, White-throated American, 28

Spatula clypeata, 138

spectabilis, Somateria, 144

spermologus, Colceus m., 3

spinoletta, Anihus s., 35

spinus, Carduelis, 10

spipoletta, Anthus, 35

sponsa, Aix, 137

SPOONBILL, 121

Sprosser, see NIGHTINGALE, THRUSH-

Squatarola helvetica, 169

Squatarola squatarola, 169

stagnatilis, Tringa, 184

stapazina, Saxicola, 81, 82

STARLING, 6

, Red-winged, 7

, ROSE-COLOURED, 7

stellaris, Botaurus s., 125
stellata, Oavia, 160
stelleri, Polysticta, 143
Stercorarius catarrhactes, 204

crepidatus, 205

Stercorarius longicaudus, 205

parasiticus, 205

pomarinus, 204

pomatorhinus, 204

skua skua, 204

Sterna ansestheta, 196

anglica, 192

cantiaca, 193

caspia, 192

Sterna dougallii dougallii, 194

fluviatilis, 194

fuliginosa, 196

fuscata, 196

hirundo, 194

macrura, 195

minuta minuta, 195

nilotica nilotica, 192

paradiscea, 195

sandvicensis sandvicensis, 193

acuflavida, 193

tschegrava, 192

STILT, BLACK-WINGED, 185
STINT, AMERICAN, 175
, LITTLE, 174

, TEMMINCK'S, 175

stolidus, Anous s., 196
STONECHAT, BRITISH, 84

, INDIAN, 84

STONE-CURLEW, 163
STORK, BLACK, 121

— , WHITE, 121
strepera, Anas, 135
streperus, Acrocephalus s., 63
Strepsilas interpres, 171
Streptopelia orientalis orientalis, 162

turtur turtur, 161

striata, Muscicapa s., 53

— , Tringa, 177
Strix aluco aluco, 109

— flammea, 108
Sturnella magna, 7
Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris, 6
subalpina, Sylvia, 71
subarquata, Tringa, 174
subbuteo, Falco s., 112
subis, Progne s., 95
subruficollis, Erolia, 177
suecica, Cyanecula, 87
Sula bassana, 148
sulphurea, Motacilla, 39
super ciliosus, Phylloscopus s., 60
surinamensis, Hydro chelidon n., 191
Surnia funerea, 105
Sumia ulula caparoch, 105

234

Sur]

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Tri

Surnia ulula ulula, 105
svecica, Luscinia, 87
SWALLOW, 93

— , RED -HUMPED, 94

— , Tree-, American, 95
SWAN, BEWICK'S, 127
. MUTE, 127

— , Polish, 127

— , Trumpeter, American, 127

— , Whistling, American, 127

— , WHOOPER, 126
SWIFT, 96

— , ALPINE, 95

— , NEEDLE-TAILED, 96
sylvatica, Turnix, 215
Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla, 69

borin, 68

— cantillans cantillans, 71

cinerea, 69

— communis communis, 69

— curruca curruca, 70

— hortensis hortensis, 67

- hortensis, 68

— melanocephala melanocephala, 71

— nisoria nisoria, 67

- orphea, 67

- rufa, 69

— salicaria, 68

subalpina, 71

undata dartfordiensis, 72

syriacus, A gr abates g., 73
Syrnium aluco, 109
Syrrhaptes paradoxus, 162

Tachycineta bicolor, 95
Tadorna casarca, 134

cornuta, 134

Tadorna tadorna, 134
tarda, Otis t., 209
tatarica, Alauda, 28
TEAL, 135

— , BLUE-WINGED, AMERICAN, 136

— , GREEN- WINGED, AMERICAN, 136
temminckii, Erolia, 175
tengmalmi, AZgolius t., 105
tenuirostris, Numenius, 188
TERN, ARCTIC, 195
, BLACK, 190

— , , WHITE-WINGED, 191

, CASPIAN, 192

— , COMMON, 194

— , GULL-BILLED, 192
• , LITTLE, 195

— , Noddy, 196

— , ROSEATE, 194

— , SANDWICH, 193

— , SOOTY, 196
, , Lesser, 196

Tetrao tetrix, 215
Tetrao urogallus urogallus, 215
tetrax, Otis, 209
tetrix, Lyrurus t., 215
Thalassidroma, 149
THRUSH, BLACK-THROATED, 77
DUSKY, 77
MISTLE-, 74
ROCK-, 79
SONG-, BRITISH, 76

— , CONTINENTAL, 75
WHITE'S, 73
thuribergi, Motacilla /., 37
Tichodroma muraria, 41
tinnunculus, Falco t., 113
TITMOUSE, BEARDED, 49

, BLUE, BRITISH, 43

— , , CONTINENTAL, 43

, COAL-, BRITISH, 44

— , , CONTINENTAL, 44

— , , IRISH, 44

— , CRESTED, CENTRAL EUROPEAN, 45

— , , NORTHERN, 45

— , , SCOTTISH, 45

, GREAT, BRITISH, 43

-, CONTINENTAL, 42
LONG-TAILED, BRITISH, 47
, NORTHERN, 47

, WHISKERED, 191

, MARSH-, BRITISH, 46

, WILLOW-, BRITISH, 46

, , NORTHERN, 47

titys, Ruticilla, 85

torda, Alca, 206

torquatus, Phasianus c., 216

, Turdus t.,11

torquilla, Jynx t., 102
Totanus calidris, 182

- canescens, 183

- flavipes, 181

- fuscus, 183

glareola, 180

glottis, 183

- hypoleucus, 179

macularius, 180

— melanoleucus, 182

— ochropus, 181

— solitarius, 181

— stagnatilis, 184
totanus, Tringa, 182
tridactyla, Rissa t., 203
tridactylus, Pico ides, 102
Tringa acuminata, 176

- alpina, 173

- aurita, 176

bairdi, 176

— canutus, 172
Tringa erythropus, 183

— flavipes, 181

fuscicollis, 177

235

Tri]

A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[War

Tringa glareola, 180

— hypoleuca, 179

- littorea, 183

— macularia, 180

— maculata, 175

— melanoleuca, 182

— minuta, 174

— minutilla, 175

nebularia, 183

— ocrophus, 181

— solitaria solitaria, 181

— stagnatilis, 184

- striata, 177

— subarquata, 174

- temmincki, 175

- totanus, 182
tristis, Carduelis, 10
iristis, Phylloscopus c., 57
trivialis, Anthus t., 33
trochilus, Phylloscopus t., 57
Troglodytes parvulus, 91, 92
Troglodytes troglodytes hirtensis, 92

— troglodytes, 91

— zetlandicus, 92
troille, Uria t., 206
Tropic-Bird, Red-billed, 149
Tryngites rufescens, 177
tschegrava, Sterna, 192
turdoides, Acrocephalus, 63
Turd us atrigularis, 77
Turdus dauma aureus, 73

— dubius, 77

fuscatus, 77

— iliacus, 76

— merula, 79

— migratorius migratorius, 77

— musicus, 76

— musicus, 75, 76

— philomelus clarkei, 76

— philomelus, 75

— pilaris, 74

— ruficollis atrogularis, 77

— sibiricus sibiricus, 73

— torquatus alpestris, 78
torquatus, 77,

— varius, 73

viscivorus viscivorus, 74

- Whitei, 73
Turnix sylvatica, 215
TURNSTONE, 171
Turtur communis, 161

— orientalis, 162
turtur, Streptopelia t., 161
TWITE, 10

Tyto alba alba, 108

— guttata, 109

nlula, Surnia W./105
undata, Sylvia, 72

undatus, Melizophilus, 72
undulata, Houbara u., 210
Upupa epops epops, 98
urbica, Hirundo u., 94
Uria bruennichi, 207
Uria grylle grylle, 207

— lomvia lomvia, 207
arra, 207

- troille troille, 206
urogallus, Tetrao u., 215

vagans, Mecistura, 47
Vanellus gregarius, 170
Vanellus vaneilus, 170

- vulgaris, 170
varius, Turdus, 73
vespertinus, Falco v., 113
veterum, Porphyrio, 214
villosus, Dryobates 102
virescens, Butorides v., 126
virgo, Anthropoides, 211
viridanus, Phylloscopus n., 58
viridis, Gecinus, 100

, Motacilla, 37

viscivorus, Turdus v., 74
v-nigrum, Somateria m., 144
vocifera, ^Egialitis, 168
voci/erus, Charadrius, 168
vulgaris, Buteo, 115

, Coccothraustes, 8

, Sturnus v., 6

— , Vanellus, 170
VULTURE, EGYPTIAN, 120
, GRIFFON-, 120

WAGTAIL, ASHY-HEADED, 38
, BLACK-HEADED, 38

— , BLUE-HEADED, 36

, GREY, 39

, GREY-HEADED, 37

, PIED, 39

, SYKES'S, 37

— , WHITE, 40

— , YELLOW, 38
Warbler, American Yellow, 40
WARBLER, AQUATIC, 65

— , BARRED, 67

, Blackcap, 69

, Blyth's, 65

, BROWN-BACKED, 73

— , BUSH-, RADDE'S/^}!
, CETTI'S, 61

— , DARTFORD, 72
, EVERSMANN'S, 59

— , GARDEN-, 68

, GRASSHOPPER-, 62

, , PALLAS'S, ^62

., GREENISH, '58

236

War]

A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.

[Zon

WARBLER, ICTERINE, 66
— , LANCEOLATED, 63
— , MARSH-, 64
— , MELODIOUS, 66
— , ORPHEAN, 67
— , PALLAS'S, 60

— , GRASSHOPPER-,

— , RADDE'S BUSH-, 61
— , REED-, 63

— , BLYTH'S, 65

-, GREAT, 63

— , RUFOUS, 72

— , SARDINIAN, 71

— , SAVI'S, 61

— , SEDGE-, 65

— , SUBALPINE, 71

— , WILLOW-, 57

— , , NORTHERN, 58

— , WOOD-, 59

— , YELLOW-BROWED, 60
Waterhen, see MOORHEN
WAXWING, 53
WHEATEAR, 80

— . BLACK, 83

— . BLACK-EARED, EASTERN, 82

— , , WESTERN, 81

— , Black-throated, 81, 82

— , DESERT-, EASTERN, 81

— , , WESTERN, 80

— , GREENLAND, 80

, ISABELLINE, 83

, PIED, 82

WHIMBREL, 187
WHINCHAT, 83
Whitei, Turdus, 73
WHITETHROAT, 69
f LESSER, 70

WIGEON, 137

, AMERICAN, 137

wilsoni, Gallinago g., 190

wolfi, Cyaneoula, 88

WOODCOCK, 190

Woodpecker, American Downy, 102

— , — — Golden-winged, 102

— , Hairy, 102

— , Black, 102

WOODPECKER, GREAT SPOTTED,
BRITISH, 101

— , , NORTHERN, 100

— , GREEN, BRITISH, 100

— , LESSER SPOTTED, BRITISH, 101

— , THREE-TOED, 102
WREN, 91

— , FIRE-CRESTED, 49

— , GOLDEN-CRESTED, BRITISH, 48

, , CONTINENTAL, 48

, Ruby-crowned, American, 49

, ST. KILDA, 92

— , SHETLAND, 92

Wren, see WARBLER, WILLOW-, etc.
WRYNECK, 102

xanthomelcena, (Enanthe h., 82
Xema sabini, 197

yarrellii, Motacilla, 40
yelkouan, Puffinus p., 153
Yellowhammer, see BUNTING, YELLOW
YELLOWSHANK, 181

, GREATER, 182

yeltoniensis, Melanocorypha, 28

zeilandizus, Troglodyte* t., 92
Zonotrichia albioollis, 28

237

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW

RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE
RECALL

LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS

Book Slip-50m-8,'66(Goo30s4)458

N° 461667

QL690
Hartert, E. G7

A hand- list of British H28
birds, with an account
of the distribution of
each species in the
British Isles and abroad •

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS