Handy dog booklet series

One of the

Handy Dog Booklet Series

STUD DOG'S
CARE AND
MANAGEMENT

By CAPT. WILL JUDY

Editor of Dog World Magazine, Author of The Dog Encyclo-
pedia, Training the Dog, Care of the Dog, Kennel Building
and Plans, Principles of Dog Breeding, and Sirius Series

P & M ANGUS

GEORGE E. & HARRIETTA DWYER
ROUT2 1, BOX 261K
ALBANY, OREGON 97321

JUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY
CHICAGO
1945 -.'

COPYRIGHT,

945,

WILL JUDY

Purchasable at any bookstore or from the publisher

Excerpts to a reasonable extent can be made
but with specific credit to author and publisher

Printed in U.S.A.
s the 5th edition, 1945 — 6,000

1st ed., 1934-

Th is

■1,500; 2nd ed.,
4th ed..

1937—2,000;
1943—3,000

3rd ed., 1941—3,000

PUBLISHER'S NOTE

This is one of a series of TWELVE booklets by Capt. Will Judy on specific dog
subjects of practical interest and published under the name HANDY DOC BOOKLETS.
Figure denotes current edition.

1. FEEDING THE DOG (5)

2. HOW TO SHIP DOGS (4)

3. DOG IN SHOW RING (5) ,

4. DOG SHOWS AND RULES (4)

5. LAWS ABOUT DOGS (4)

6. WHELPING OF PUPPIES (5)

7. HOUSEBREAKING DOG (5)

8. HANDLING THE MATING (5)

9. STUD DOG'S CARE AND

MANAGEMENT (5)

10. ANATOMY OF THE DOG (3)

11. PUPPIES AND THEIR CARE (4)

12. HOW TO SELL DOGS (3)

It is a pleasure to invite attention to the scientific, authoritative, vigorous manner
of presentation characteristic of his writings, not only on dogs but also on general
subjects.

The price of these booklets is 25c each, 3 for 50c, 7 for $1,
8 or more, 13c each; or a special price of $1.50 for all twelve.
Or all twelve nicely bound In book form, $2.50. Cash or COD.
Any assortment of titles. Order either by number or title.

As the subjects covered by the Handy Dog Booklet Series are
those which interest every dog owner, breeder and lover in a
practical, important way, the publishers take pleasure in offering
them in this convenient, low-priced booklet form. More copies have
been sold (141,000 total thus far) than of any other printed matter
in the dog field.

JUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY

JUDY BUILDING. 3323 MICHIGAN BOULEVARD, CHICAGO 16

IMI MOUSt or JDDV

June 1945

THE STUD DOG'S CARE
AND MANAGEMENT

A— BASIC IMPORTANCE OF THE STUD DOG

This booklet deals with a funda-
mental phase of the breeding of pure-
bred dogs.

The male dog used for stud (mat-
ing) service with the bitch can stamp
his type quickly upon a substantial
portion of his breed.

As set forth in the author's Prin-
ciples of Dog Breeding, the pillars of
the stud book or male line in any
breed are not many. One popular
stud, predominant in passing on his
qualities, can change a breed almost
within a decade.

Influence of Dominant Stud

Chow VIII appears far back in the
pedigrees of practically eighty per-
cent of all chows both in England and
America.

Red Brucie appears two or more
times in the pedigrees (five genera-
tion) of at least sixty percent of all
American cockers.

A stud dog of the bullterrier breed
(about the year 1860) who threw all-
white puppies changed the breed with-
in a few years so that all-white was
adopted as the only allowable color.

A male does much winning at the
shows. Soon the owners of many ma-
trons breed to this dog even tho he
is not of the type which clicks with
the blood of the matron. Within two
or three years, perhaps one hundred
bitches have been ibred to him. They
in turn have produced five hundred
living puppies; i)erhaps one hundred
of these in turn have become sires
or dams of their own litters.

Thus unthin twenty years, titere can

be as many as 162,000 dogs that can
claim this one male as an ancestor, if
he be mated once a iveek for seven
years.

The average bitch, on the other
hand, no matter how good she be,
may not have more than five htters
during her entire life, or a total of
approximately thirty puppies. Thus,
the influence of the bitch on the breed
in a few years is small in comparison,
whereas a stud within a few years
can stamp his imprint upon an entire
breed. However, over a long period,
one bitch, not thru herself but thru
her male offspring, can change type
materially.

Stud Dogs Not Made

A stud dog is born, not made. He
transmits zvhat has been given him by
his ancestors and he adds little of his
ozvn. Therefore, the correct method
of judging a stud is not so much by
his appearance but by the appearance
of his ancestors and of his get.

A stud dog is his past and his fu-
ture. His present and its value are
judged by what has gone before and
more so by what unll come after.

Patronize Others' Studs

It is well that at this time we set
forth a common vice in dog breeding,
that of the kennel using its own stud
exclusively.

Breeders go on year after year mat-
ing dogs, obtaining litters and won-
dering why their stock does not cap-
ture honors at the shows. If their
activities are investigated, it is found

[3]

STUD DOG'S CARE AND MANAGEMENT— 4

WHY QRKOING 9(kSS

in many cases that the kennels are
using their own studs.

The successful breeder determines
what bloodlines he wishes to unite to
those of his bitch; then he sends his
bitch to that stud, whether the stud
be located far or near, whether the
stud fee be ten or a hundred dollars.
He is the wise breeder; his entries
win at shows and his dogs usually
fetch high sales prices.

The other breeder, when his bitch
is in heat — and he usually gives little
thot to the matter until she is in heat
— reasons to himself that by using
one of his own studs, he can save a
fee of $25 to $50 plus express charges
and the labor of shipping and receiv-
ing 'back his bitch.

The last worry of a novice entering
into the breeding of dogs should be
the ownership of a stud. Yet so many
state they are beginning the breeding
of dogs, having purchased one male
and one bitch, and they add, as proof
of their zvisdom, an unrelated pair
(a disastrous situation indeed!).

Benefit from Other's
Investment

The male certainly will not have
many services for there will not be
rnany bitches in the kennel for some
time. Further, the novice who pur-
chases a male for stud use, is not pur-
chasing a good type usually as he is
not expending enuf money to obtain
a first-rate male. He is merely in-

creasing the number of ordinary
studs.

In what does the value of a stud
dog consist? In his siring. This
value he imparts alike ; surely it is not
conditioned upon ownership of the
dam. The stud gives his full blood
value to every bitch he serves. What
cares he whether the abject of his
romance is owned by this or that per-
son? Hence, the owner of the dam
gets the same return on the invest-
ment value of a stud which may be
perhaps a thousand dollars, as
does the owner of the stud when
breeding one of his own bitches to his
own stud. It is more economical to
pay $40 stud fee than a $1,000 pur-
chase fee, when the stud dog, likely of
far better type than the novice can
hope to breed or own in a long time,
is available at public stud.

How to Judge a Stud

What individual male should be
chosen as a stud dog? As already
stated, the stud dog is not to be
judged ^ alone in himself but also in
his entire family.

The stud dog should be predomi-
nant; he should transmit most of the
good qualities of his family, whether
they are in him or not, to most of his
puppies. When we speak of his good
qualities, we include clearly those of
his general family line.

There are outstanding instances of
studs who could not win at shows and
yet who could produce much winning
stock. These particular studs were
prepotent or dominant in the good
qualities of their family line rather
than of themselves.

On the whole, the male dog that can
compete at the shozvs and zmn cham-
pionship points, thus being declared
officially a good specimen of the breed
according to the official standard, is
to be chosen as stud but with one pro-
vision— he may be a freak or an acci-
dent, that is, he may not be able to
transmit his own good qualities or
those of his family line. The show
zmnning male is not inevitably the de-
sirable stud. Within a year his "get"
zmll make or break him.

5— STUD DOCS CARE AND MANAGEMENT

B— HOUSING, CARE AND
FEEDING OF STUD DOG

When is a Stud Old?

What is the proper age for the stud
dog? Rare instances are recorded in
which a male at the age of five
months produced a litter of puppies.
There also are rare instances of male
dogs thirteen to fourteen years old,
siring litters of puppies. These are
exceptions.

World's Youngest Sire

The world's youngest sire was
Pirate, a Scottish terrier born Apr.
8, 1935; by accident he mated a bitch
on Aug. 6 (his age, 120 days). A
litter of five normal puppies was
whelped without difficulty on Oct. 7.

The American Kennel Club has a
registration rule that puppies whose
sire at the time of mating was less
than seven months old or more than
twelve years old, or whose dam was
under eight months of age or over
twelve years of age, are registered
in the usual routine but the AKC
may, if it wishes, ask for an affidavit
setting forth that the mating as rep-
resented actually took place.

As a general rule it would be well
that a male should not be used as stud
until he is at least ten months old and
preferably twelve months, and not
used oftener than once every two
weeks if he is under fifteen months
of age. The larger breeds should
have the time extended for they do
not mature fully until about the age
of eighteen to twenty-two months.

The age limit of a stud dog depends
greatly upon the stud. If the male
has been kept in good condition and
is virile, he can be siring litters read-
ily at the age of seven years. But
after the age of eight years, there is
a tendency of the sperm or generating
cells of the male to be infertile; this
results in an increasing number of
bitches that fail to become pregnant.
Consequently, the sales value of a
stud dog^ decreases progressively after
the age' of Jive years.

How Often to Use Stud

The next consideration is how often

a stud dog should be used. A fa-
mous stud of the wire foxterrier
breed in England, it was learned after
his death, had been used on about 100
bitches a year for at least four years
and there were few misses.

If a stud is in the best condition
and is not to be shown in the imme-
diate future, in our opinion he can
be used twice weekly thruout the year
without harm or strain. This is not
necessarily desirable 'but we can say
on the average the use of a stud once
a week is entirely safe without the
least tendency to harm the male.

A stud loses some weight by a
mating and if on the show circuit, he
pays the penalty in the show ring.

Proving Stud's Fertility

Who is to be blamed for lack of
pregnancy? In our opinion it is due
to the bitches in four of five cases.
Virility in a male can readily be de-
termined by examining the male's
semen. Live cells are seen wriggling
in motion like tadpoles as they are
observed thru the microscope.

Rumor against Stud

The rumor that a stud is nonpro-
ductive is a fearful one. It works
havoc to the owner, a havoc that later

THIS 15 A FAMILY OF eROTHEftS AND .>i»tE«:^

'1

ks±.

\^»\ '^^-^'

<f-^, <t-^ d^

THIS »5 A FAMILY OF BROTHERS AND SISTtHS^
NOT PEDIGREED

STUD DOG'S CARE AND MANAGEMENT— 6

, 7HC MONGREL

At 3 Mouths At «Mt YmAn

. ,JHE PEDIGREED DOG

At 3 Months At one yca/k

truth can not remove. Therefore, such
rumors should never he uttered. The
truth should he ascertained first; then
there is no need of rumor.

In almost all instances, the rumor
is false, but the damage already has
been done. Jealous rival stud owners
often originate these terrible rumors;
they are to be condemned as scourges
of the dog fancy and to be shunned
as poor sportsmen and unworthy of
the title gentlemen.

Quarters, Care and Exercise

The question of whether the male if
not used at all for breeding suffers
in health is one which is asked often.
It can be answered simply that the
dog's health does not suffer altho the
amount of his pleasures may be les-
sened. He is just as healthful tho
perhaps not as happy.

What special kennel arrangements
should be had for the stud? None.
Of course, he should not be kenneled
in the same stall with another male
as dogs of the same sex whether male
or female are inclined to quarrel.

Quarters should be dry, free from>
dampness, free from draft directly on
the dog, and the sleeping bench or
box should 'be elevated above the
floor. All the rules for maintaining!
the general health of the dog apply
with full force to the stud.

What should be the exercise of the
stud dog? On the same day on which
the stud has been mated, there should
not be any exercise for him six hours
before or afterward. It can be said
that the dog feels the strain for about
24 hours after mating.

However, on all other days, the
male should have plenty of exercise,
for in our opinion, much exercise does
not weaken but strengthens the stud.

OH' ISNT HB CUTE.*

He should have more exercise than
other males.

Stud Personality

It can not be emphasized too often
that the stud, whether in dogs or
other live stock, must be preeminent-
ly maleish in temperament and per-
sonality as well as in physical quali-
ties and appearances.

Aggressiveness, fearlessness, cour-
age, strong nerves, not easily excited
or ruffled, not shrinking or backing
away, not timid, and a certain rough-
ness and brusqueness of manner — all
these must be exemiplified in the male
that is used to propagate his race.

Good health, firm flesh, alertness of
eye and ear, full uses of all facilities,
a toughness of body and stamina must
be present to supplement the person-
ality requisites already mentioned.

For the sake of the breed and for
the sake of any sincere love you may
have for the breed you are fancying,
discard immediately any studs of shy,
timid, dull faculties, studs that may
have good type and yet lack physical
toughness, roughness and tip-and-at-
'em spirit.

If a stud must be coddled, must be
taken care of all the time, lest his
feet get wet or he brush against a
thistle, if he must live "in a monas-
tery of guarded living," away with
him for he is the beginning of de-
generation of his race.

Give the stud plenty of exercise, let
him brave the elements of storm and
rain and cold now and then, let him
romp and play roughly, let him be a
man's man of his species — head up, on
his toes, of inquiring eye and per-
chance a threat in it — above all, a
fearless, rough-and-ready fellow who
is one hundred \^v cent male in all
things.

Breeder's
Code

1. I will Study the bitch as well as the sire.

2. I will study grandparents rather than
parents.

3. I will not pay any attention to breeding
superstitions.

4. I will interpret a pedigree by breeding
facts rather than names and titles.

5. I will keep full breeding records and
draw conclusions accordingly.

6. I will put away culls and weaklings
shortly after birth.

7. I will not breed, sell or give away a shy
or excessively nervous dog.

8. I will judge a stud by his offspring even
to the third generation.

9. I will honor most the bred-by-exhibitor
dog.

10. I will give preference to breeding spe-
cimens of good disposition and temperament.

—Will Judy.

7

STUD DOG'S CARE AND MANAGEMENTS

MALE SEXUAL OFOANS

FEMALE
SEXVAL
OflOANS

LEFT, Male Sexual Organs: 1. Bladder. 2. The rectum portion of the colon or large
intestine leading on to the external opening or anus at 3. 4. Scrotum or bag containing
the testicles (5).

6. Penis. 7. Sheath or covering of penis. 8a and Sb. Vas deferens — tubes from the
prostate gland to each testicle {and carrying semen into the urethra).

9. Urethra duct, carrying urine from bladder to external exit {penis, male; vagina,
female). In male, urethra is also a genital duct for semen. Do not confuse urethra with
ureters, of which there are two, one leading from each kidney to the bladder. 10. Prostrate
gland.

RIGHT: 1. and 1. Ovarian bursa or sacs. 2. Ovaries {one on each side). 3. Fal-
lopian tubes {one on each of the two horns), 4. Main body of uterus or womb. S. Bladder
{to rear).

6. Os uteri {mouth of womb), from which puppies emerge. 7. Vagina {external open-
ing). 8. External urethral orifice {where urine emerges). 9. Fossa clitoridis.^ 10, Fetuses
{puppies) in the womb. 11. Region of kidneys. 12. Rectal opening {above vaginal opening).
13. Vulva attached to pelvic bone for support.

What to Feed the Stud

Next we consider a most important
question — the diet of the stud dog.
First, let us say that the common
opinion that the stud dog should be
overfed and be fat is highly erroneous.
The stud dog tending towards lean-
ness rather than fatness, is the more
anxious stud, and is in healthier con-
dition than the overweight stud.

The stud dog should be fed only
once daily with the addition of a
light snack ^ in the morning, if the
heavy meal is fed at the close of the
day. This main meal should consist
of plenty of lean meat; avoid exces-
sively fat rneat. Eggs, cod liver oil,
yeast, biscuits, well cooked vegetables
mixed with the biscuits can form a
part of the dog's diet.

C—THE BITCH— HER CARE AND HANDLING

Bitch must be Free of Disease

What general health requirements
apply strictly to the stud dog? First

of all, he should be groomed daily.
Secondly, he should be kept very clear
of skin ailments. Third, at no time

9— STUD DOG'S CARE AND MANAGEMENT

Forehead

5+OfO

Muzzle
Nose

EXTE R-l O R^
.Occipi+al ANATOMICAL PARTS
Neck OF THE DOG-

C roup(f^ump)
/

Bris kei- — )
Upper Arm

Fore Arm-

1 1 o r Sre r n
ypperThi6h
LowerThi6h
Breechin6

r/iij sketch from Judy's Anatomy of the Dog illustrates the outline of the
great done but of course is fully applicable to any dog.

should he be bred to a bitch which
has the least indication of disease,
particularly of skin.

A careful sponging is desirable im-
mediately after mating, using a light
antiseptic such as bicarbonate of soda,
borax crystals or epsom salts in warm
water.

"Equipment" for Mating

Rough material such as carpet for
footing for both sire and matron is
suggested.

For extra large breeds, a gunny
sack or similar material padder
around the body of the bitch at the
loins enables the stud to maintain his
position. Specially manufactured
breeding platforms are not needed.

If the male is greatly smaller than
the bitch, some elevation or holding
up by attendant is required. The au-
thor's book Handling the Mating sets
forth details concerning the handling
of both dogs for the actual mating and
the care and handling before and
after.

Receiving the Bitch

It is well for the owner of a stud
to ask that the bitch be sent so that
she will arrive at sometime between
the tenth and fifteenth day of her
heat

The bitch should be met promptly
upon arrival and taken to the kennel
and kept for a few hours in a sep-
arate stall so that she can rest It
may be that if there is much commo-
tion in the kennels, the bitch can be
taken into the home, or if she is to
be kept over night, it may be neces-
sary to let her sleep in the owner's
bedroom to avoid the howling of
home-sickness ; also to lessen scent for
the noses of the males in the kennels.

Extra Service a Waste

This is important — we said that a
male can be put to service twice
weekly thruout the year without harm
or drain. These services should not
be in succession on the same day but
should be at least 24 hours apart.

STVD DOG'S CARE AND MANAGEMENT— 10

Further, we did not speak of the
number of bitches served but of the
number of services.

In this connection we can mention
the opinion we have long held and for
which we have been criticised — that
one service is sufficient for a success-
ful mating, that two services with the
same bitch either on the same day
or the second day is an unnecessary
drain on the stud and does not in-
crease the probability of a litter.

One ejaculation of the male dog
contains approximately 225,000,000
sperm cells but only an average of
six become puppies. If a stud is
used only at long intervals, the piled-
up spermatozoa become senile; this
tends toward sterility in the next
mating.

If he is mated excessively, the
progress of the spermatozoa thru the
ducts of the vas deferens is speeded
so much that many of them become
immature. Thus a second mating on

the following day may have small
potency.

In our opinion, if the owner of a
bitch insists upon two services for
the mating there shotdd be a charge
of at least 25 per cent of the stud
fee for the second sei'vice.

Sending the Bitch Back

After the bitch is mated, she should
be allowed to rest a few hours and
should be shipt back preferably the
next day, after she has had the oppor-
tunity to eat one or two meals.

The owner of the bitch should be
notified the exact time the bitch will
arrive (not hour of shipment).

It is well for the owner of the stud
to examine the crate and make sure
that it is strong and durable so that
if there is damage to the bitch on the
return journey, the liability is not his.
The bitch should be shipped back ex-
press charges collect and insured for
full value, to her owner.

D— CONTRACT BETWEEN STUD AND
MATRON OWNERS

Settle Differences in Advance

The transactions or advance agree-
ments between the ownfer of a stud
and the owner of the bitch are im-
portant for unless they are definite
and precise, trouble may result in the
way of damages, controversies and
complaints.

First, we would not breed our stud
to a dog that is not pedigreed or, be-
ing pedigreed, can not be registered.
Make certain that you are dealing
zmth the registered owner (or lessee).

Second, the owner of a matron
should be informed that the bitch
must be shipped express charges pre-
paid, in a strong crate which has
been washed and disinfected before
being used; a collar should be at-
tached to the dog's neck ; the name of
the bitch and also the exact hour at
which she will arrive, must be ad-
vised.

The collar is highly necessary in
handling a nervous bitch. If the name
of the bitch is known, she can be
managed more readily.

Let us consider the other side of

the affair. The owner of the bitch
should not wait until the last moment
when the dog is in heat or showing
blood before beginning to choose a
stud.

The bitch comes into heat generally
every six months There is plenty of
time to determine what stud to use
and to arrange all terms with the
owner. Last-minute arrangements
particularly by wire often cause an-
noyance and dissatisfaction.

-^e-

STUD SERVICE CERTIFICATE

tHlp* if to 4Ut<tf)! •>

11—STUD DOG'S CARE AND MANAGEMENT

What is Stud Contract?

We come now to some important
considerations. Just what is the con-
tract entered into between the owner
of the stud and the owner of the bitch ?

It should be added that if the bitch
is in the possession of a lessee instead
of the actual owner, the terms of the
lease should clearly be informed to
the owner of the stud. Also a copy
of the lease must be filed with the
American Kennel Club, 221 Fourth
Avenue, New York City, if later it is

desired to register the puppies by the
lessee in the AKC Stud Book (or
filed with other registration bodies).
The furnishing of a certificate of
service clearly is desirable to avoid
argument. These blanks can be ob-
tained in book form from the pub-
lishers of this pamphlet (see back
cover). A stub provides permanent
record of the information so that
the owner of the stud can at any time,
even years later, quickly ascertain all
facts concerning any service. See
illustration on page 10.

E—FEES, PAPERS, RETURN SERVICE

What Amount of Stud Fee?

First of all, do not give any free
service. Jt is a mistaken charity,
which only results in trouble. Set
your fee and not too high, then de-
mand it.

What should be the amount of a
stud fee? Too often a beginner pur-
chases a male at a high price and
upon the glowing representations of
the seller. He is led to ibelieve that
he now owns a dog that can compete
with champions easily and that is near
perfection in the breed. This particu-
lar individual having all the conceit
of a beginner sets the stud fee higher
than even that of an acknowledged
winner. He soon is disillusioned.

The stud fee for a stud that has
been used little or is yet unproved,
should be low. Of course, stud fees
vary with breeds. The average stud
fee for the average breed if the male
is not particularly a proven stud or
has not won at shows, will vary from
$10 to $25. No stud fee should be
less than $10. The Dog World Maga-
zine for instance will not permit a
stud fee lower than $10 to be stated
in an advertisement.

For a dog that has sired litters of
good type and that has won some
points at a dog show, the stud fee
should vary from $20 to $40.

If this dog has won the champion-
ship title or is near the title or, most
of all, has sired some puppies which
in turn have gone high at th^ show,
the stud fee should vary from $30 to
$50 up.

It is not customary to charge a
higher fee for mating to a maiden
bitch.

Cash or Puppy for Fee

How should the stud fee be paid?
Cash with order is the ideal method.
It should be paid before the bitch is
bred. Or half should be paid in ad-
vance and the other half immediately
upon the whelping of the litter or
when the litter is six weeks old.

Should a puppy be taken in lieu of
a cash settlement? The majority
opinion is against a puppy as a stud
fee. However, to accept a puppy as
a stud fee is desirable in these cases :

1. Where the owner of the stud
does not have puppies of his own for
sale.

2. Where the owner of a stud has
ability in picking out good puppies.

3. Where the bitch has particularly
good bloodlines which should connect
with those of the stud and result in
puppies that will be a credit to both
parents.

4. Where the owner of a good
matron truly is without funds and
cannot pay a cash fee.

The oldtime stud owner often can
choose a good puppy out of a litter
and sell it at a higher price than the
amount of the cash stud fee.

Litter and Puppy Choice

What constitutes a litter and the
choice of a litter? The certificate of
service should state all these terms —
that one puppy whatever the sex con-
stitutes a litter, that the owner of the

STUD DOCS CARE AND MANAGEMENT— 12

stud can choose at the age of eight
to ten weeks (paying board there-
after if not yet taken), that if he
states the definite sex in advance and
there is only one puppy of the oppo-
site sex, he nevertheless gets the pup-
py of the opposite sex.

If, in the case of a puppy for a stud
fee, the bitch does not become preg-
nant, if all puppies are born dead, or
none are living at the age of eight
weeks, there is no compensation to the
owner of the stud.

Return Service not Obligatary

What is the situation when the
bitch does not become pregnant? The
owner of the stud does not sell preg-
nancies. He sells a coition or tieing
or mating of his stud with the bitch.
If the two have tied, he has done what

he promised to do. That the bitch
does not become pregnant or if she
becomes pregnant, loses her litter pre-
maturely or does not whelp or whelps
dead puppies, the situation is not to
be charged against the stud.

Most owners of dogs will give a
return service without charge under
certain conditions, if the bitch does
not become pregnant, but this is not
a legal obligation as matter of course.

The return service should be based
upon these conditions — notification
promptly that the bitch is not preg-
nant, a statement that the bitch will
be sent upon her next heat and not at
a later heat, to the same stud, and
that if in the meantime the owner sells
the stud or the stud is unavailable or
stud dies, there is no obligation on

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I. Skull. 2. Beginning of spinal column,
which continues in backbone to base of tail
{near 21). 3. Jaw bones. 4. Backbone or
vertebrae (from base of skull to end of
tail). 5. Scapula or shoulder blade.

6. Hum,erus. 7 . Elbow. 7^. Elbow prom-
inence. 8. Radius. 9. Ulna. 10. Pastern
joint (carpus).

II. Metacarpal bones. 12. Front digits or
toes (phalanges). 13. Ribs. 14. Floating ribs.
15. Vertebrae disc.

16. Thoracic or chest cavity. 17. Ster-
num or breast bone. 18. Clavical or collar-
bone. 19. Pelvic structure. 20. Coccygeal or
tail bones.

21. Ileum. 22. Sacrum. 23. Femur or
thigh bone. 24. Hip joint. 25. Stifle joint.
26. Knee cap or patella. 27. Tibia. 28.
Fibula. 29. Hock joint or tarsus (really
corresponds to human ankle). 30. Meta-
tarsal bones. 31. Rear digits (toes, pha-
langes).

13— STUD DOG'S CARE AND MANAGEMENT

his part unless he of his own accord
wishes to breed the bitch to some
other stud in his kennel.

The sale of the stud to a new
owner voids the obligation for a re-
turn service unless sold "with obli-
gations," as should be done in all
cases.

It is not a wise provision that the
fee be returned if the bitch is unpro-
ductive. In most cases this fault is in
the bitch.

Popularity may be Dangerous

The owner of the stud has the full
right to reserve the use of his dog to
bitches whose bloodlines he approves
or bitches which he wishes to have
mated to his stud.

This is a wise provision for if the
stud is a good and popular one, poor
and mediocre bitches will he sent to
the stud from all sections of the coun-
try. Soon there is an army of low-
grade puppies carrying the name of
the stud as their sire. This in turn
works havoc to the stud's reputation
and to the demand for future
mating s.

It is to be borne in mind that if the
stud fee is not paid by the owner of
the bitch, the owner of the sire need
not sign the registration application
for the litter or the individual pup-
pies. But the stud or breeding certifi-
cate should state this.

Puppies by Another Sire

If the puppies are not located too
far away, it is well for the stud
owner to view the puppies before
signing the papers. Sometimes a sec-
ond dog or mongrel dog has access
to the bitch after she has been mated
and the puppies may be a litter by
the second sire. In this latter case,
the owner of the stud should refuse
to sign papers and is not obligated
to return the stud fee.

If the bitch is on lease to a party
other than the owner, this agreement
must be in writing signed in advance
between the owner of the dam and the
lessee of the dam. As stated the
owner of the stud should check on
any alleged lease.

Care of Bitch on Obligation

What is the obligation of the own-
er of the stud for the care of the
bitch? After he has fetched the bitch
from the express agent or other
means of delivery, he is liable for ex-
traordinary care. He must keep the
dog in a stall or inclosure that is pro-
tected. If a door is left open or if
the kennelman is careless or if the
fence is loose and has an opening, he
is liable for resulting loss by theft
or straying.

Should a thief break into the ken-
nels and steal the bitch, the loss falls
upon the owner of the stud.

If it can be proved that the bitch
contracted a disease while in the ken-
nel, a disease against which protec-
tion could have been had by keeping
her away from' the other dogs^ the
owner of the stud is liable.

Should a stray dog, attracted by
the bitch being in heat, get to her and
breed her, llie owner of the stud
would be liable for damages.

As he is being paid for the Urse of
his stud^ dog, he is obligated to use
extraordinary care. The statement
that he is held only to ordinary care
does not accord with the law of bail-
ment.

Only losses which occur thru un-
avoidable conditions such as light-
ning, storm, riot or other acts of God
can relieve the owner of the stud from
liability for loss or damage.

Issue Breeding Certificate

It is well tho not necessary to have
a witness present beside the owner of
the stud.

In^ all cases a certificate of stud
service should be signed and sent to
the owner of the bitch. This is a
guarantee of correct breeding, avoids
arguments and clearly is desirable
particularly if the matron is sold he-
fore the puppies are whelped.

Furthermore, it prevents the use of
a stud by unauthorised persons, a
practice which happens now and then.
If the service certificate is signed by
the owner of the stud, this danger is
avoided. See page 10.

Exact Records Avoid Disputes

The owner of a stud should keep
careful record of each mating, of the

STUD DOG'S CARE AND MANAGEMENT— 14

litters and of individual registration are available for all these instructions

papers signed, the number of puppies (see page 16). Careful records

in each litter, and the like. Blanks avoid much argument.

F— PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF STUD

Artificial Mating

There may be mating thru artificial
insemination. The semen of the male
is preserved in parafin capsules which
are placed in the vagina. Three or
four bitches can be mated with this
quantity.

This particular method is not in
vogue. There is also the considera-
tion about identification of litter and
acquiring registration papers. A full
description of this method is found in
the author's Principles of Dog Breed-
ing. The American Kennel Club will
not register a litter from artificial
mating.

In securing and testing the semen
certain precautions should be ob-
served. The room where the test is
being made should be warm. The
specimen should be obtained in a
rubber pouch placed over the end of
the penis (first and last ejaculations
usually do not contain as many live
cells). The rubber pouch (sterilized
before use) should be placed and sus-
pended quickly in a tube or vessel of
water kept at approximately 100 de-
grees temperature. Specimens for the
microscope should be withdrawn in a
sterilized syringe (or eye dropper)
and placed on a heated slide for the
microscope.

Unwilling Stud

If the^ male is a poor mater, per-
haps he is too fat, perhaps he is over-
fed, perhaps he doesn't get enough

exercise. It would be well also to
have another male dog there but at a
safe distance in order to incite the
stud. Some males simply will not be-
come good studs.

Stimulants can be given to males as
well as to bitches. Ovarian gland ex-
tracts are obtainable commercially
and have som<e virtue in causing the
male or the female to become sexually
excited. These may be had in tablet
or by injection.

On the whole, nature is the best ex-
citor and if the stud dog is kept in
good condition, nothing more is neces-
sary.

Normal Position of Organs

The male possessing only one
testicle can sire a litter fully. The
other testicle is still in the abdomen
but likely is sterile.

If testicles are not descended (nor-
mally they descend at about the age
of ten weeks), an operation some-
what dangerous may be resorted to
but if done after the dog is ten
months old, likely is of no avail as by
that time the heat of the body has
made the testicles sterile.

Our observation has 'been that the
age of a sire does not in any way
affect the number of puppies in a
litter or the type of the puppies.
Further, the age of the dam (unless
over eight years) and the month of
mating have no effect upon the
number or stamina of puppies.

Sperm or male cell magnified 1,300 times. The "tail'' furnishes the wiggling which in turn
furmshes the "motive" power in moving up in the vagina to meet and units with the ovorum

or female generating cell.

15— STUD DOG'S CARE AND MANAGEMENT

G— MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS

Duty of Stud Owner to Fancy

The owner of a stud dog should he
concerned with more than the jingle
of the dollars in his pocket as the
stud fees are leceived. Unless the
stud produces a good type of puppies,
the stud should not be offered at
service.

Also the owner of the stud should
be much concerned about the show
winnings of the get. The owner of a
popular stud has a responsibility to
the breed. Many bitches are sent to
his dog and his dog in turn yields a
great influence upon the breed for at
least the next ten years.

Bear in mind that a stud dog is
born, not made. Ballyhoo, propa-
ganda and extensive advertising may
for a time bring in patronage but the
final test is in the quality of the pup-
pies sired, and m turn, the type of
puppies they bring forth.

As we stated, the owner of a stud
has a responsibility to the fancy. The
stud's bloodlines should be made
available chiefly to matrons whose
blood will harmonize with the stud's.

In advertising a stud, a picture
should be used in the ad, a full-length
picture so that the dog can be judged
for body outline.

Advertisement should be constant
rather than just now and then. The
owner of a bitch may read the ad but
at the time his bitch is not near the
heat period; if the ad appears regu-
larly he is sure to keep the advertiser
in mind at the proper time.

The stud-and-his-get class at a
show should be an extremely import-
ant one for it is the final test and the
full flower in bloom of the ability of
a stud to be a stud, to produce puppies
most of which are as good as or
superior to himself.

THE END

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TED DIED TDIKilkillKir* OUADT ^ litter. Explains reasonableness of sales
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WORLD MAP OF DOGS ^7;^5fa„°e'3. !'°'' 4.i^A'-5;g".rPrIJi. "."*

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