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THB 


HANDY  War  Boo 


m 


A  New  Book  of  Important  and  Authentic  Information  and  Statistics 

on  the  Many  Subjects  Related  to  the  Present  War,  Sucb 

as  Size,  Population,  Climate,  Commerce  and  Resources 

of  the  Islands  Concerned  in  the  Spanish-American 

Conflict,  with  Many  Other  Facts  Which    * 

Readers  of  War  News  Should  Havfc 

Pictures  of  U.  So  War  Vessels 


And  a  Classification  and  Description  of  the  Various  Ships  in 

Navies  of  Spain  and  America,  with  Definitions  of 

Naval  Terms  Used  in  Press  Dispatches. 


FINE  WAR  MAPS 


Of  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  Philippines,  Havana  and  Harbor,  and  West 
India  Islands,  and  a  Large  Map  of  the  World 


By  LIEUT.  K  HANNAFORD 


MAST,  CROWELL  &  KIRKPATRICK,  Publishers 
SPRINGFIELD,  OHIO 


CHICAGO 
1643  Moaadoock  Block 


Farm  and  Fireside  L11irar>'-    No-  Ifil-    -"ulyt  1^93. 
islied  Monthly  liy  Mast,  Crowetl  &  Kirlqiatrlck,  Spriu^'fleUl,  Ohio. 
Subscription  Price,  #3.00  per  year. 


CONTENTS. 


DESCRIPTIVE.  STATISTICAL  AND  HISTORICAL 


PAOB 

Ampricaii  War  Preparations 36 

Beginning  of  the  Spanisb-Ainericaii 

War 3« 

Blanco  in  Cuba 31 

Campaign  of  1895 21 

Campaign  of  1896 > 24 

Campaign  of  1897 2K 

Canary  Islands 62 

Cape  Verde  Islands 62 

Caroline  Islands 02 

Cervera's  Fatal  Cruise -18 

Cervera's  Fleet,  Destruction  of 48 

ClimatHof  Cuba 12 

Cuba,  General  Description  of„ 11 

Cuban  Blockade,  the 39 

c'ut)an  (fipanisli)  Debt .• 58 

Cuban  Discontent,  Causes  of 18 

Cuban  People,  Capital,  etc 15 

Cuban  Republic,  the 33 

Cuban  Resources  and  Industries 13 

Cuban  Revolution  Begun 19 

Cnk>M  Under  Hpain Ifi 

DeLoine  Letter,  the 35 

Dewey's  Great  Victory 44 

(inns  of  Modern  Warfare,  the 54 

Havana,  City  of 15 

HhwhH 68 

Hawaii,  Annexation  of 69 

H(Hland  Diving-boat,  the 56 

Honolulu.  City  of  fi9 

Index  to  Map  of  Cuba 70 


PAOB 

Ladrone  Islands (>2 

Maceo,  Death  of 26 

Maine,  Blowing  up  of  the- 36 

Manila,  Battle  of 46 

Manila,  City  and  Bay  of »  41 

Naval  Terms  Kxplaiued 57 

Vaviesof  Leading  Nations  and  Hpaln  61) 
Navies  of  United  States  and  Spain 

Compared 62 

Navy-yards,  Location  of  U.  S 58 

Philippine  Conquest,  Organizing  the  4(i 

Phili{5pine  Kxpeditions,  tlie 46 

Philippine  Islands,  the 66 

Porto  Rico ftS 

Porto  Rico  Campaign,  the , 49 

Rank  and  Pay  in  the  Army  and  Navy  61 

Reconcentration  Horrors 2* 

Resolution    Adopted     by   Congress, 

War 87 

San  Juan,  City  of 64 

Santiago  Campaign,  the 49 

Spanish-American  War,  OpeulDgof-  38 

Sugar,  Cuban ^  18 

Taxation  in  Cuba 18 

Torpedo-boats  and  Destroyers 55 

TrochHS,  the 25 

War-ships,  Kinds  of 69 

War-vessels,  Spanish 51 

War-vessels.  United  States 50 

Weylerin  Cuba 2c 

Yellow  Fever  in  Havana 1"-' 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  WAR-VESSELS,  WITH  DESCRIPTIONS. 


PAOB 

Arnphitrite <J 

Mlvtnta 73 

Bh  1 1  i  more 76 

Ban.Toft 72 

Bennington 7H 

Boston 73 

Brooklyn 5 

Charleston 8 

Chicago 8 

Cincinnati 77 

Columbia 6 

(oii'-ord 75 

(,'\:-   Mll^ 79 


PAOB 

Detroit 7s 

Dolphin 71 

Helena 71 

Indiana On  map  sheet 

Iowa On  map  sheet 

Katahdin lo 

Maine. 6 

Marblehead 74 

Massachusetts 4 

Miantonomoh 10 

Minneapolis 77' 

Monterey 78 

Montgomery 74 


Newark " 

New  York 

Olympia - 

Oregon On  map  sheet 

Philadelphia " 

Puritan C 

Raleigh 8( 

San  Francisco  76 

Terror.- 8» 

Texas On  map  sheet 

Vesuvius ".; 

Vorktowp ~  71' 


MAPS  IN  BACK  OF  BOOK. 


Cnba 

Havana  HarlKjr '. 

Philippine  Islands- 

!'  .'to  Rico 

I   Indies 

A       Id.  on  MercalorV  Projection. 


Nortli  Atlantic  OcPMti  

Showing  CHpe  Vente  J'-lands,  Ca- 
nary Islands  and  .Spain;  the  At- 
lantic and  Gulf  Coasts  of  United 
Stales,  also  West  Indies,  Central 
America  and  Northern  Coast-line 
of  t^out li  America. 


THE 


HANDY  WAR  BOOK 


Containing'  Authentic    Information  and    Statistics  on  Subjects 

Relating"  to  the  War,  with  Descriptions  of  the  American 

and  Spanish  Navies;  also  a  Brief  History  of  Cuba, 

Porto  Rico,  the  Philippines  and  Other  Islands. 


WITH  ACCURATE  WAR  MAPS  AND 

PHOTOGRAPHIC  PICTURES  OF 

U.  S.  WAR  VESSELS. 


BY  LIEUT.  E.  HANNAFORD 


Copyright,  1898,  by  Mast,  Crowell  &  Kirkpairlck 


PUBLISHED   BY 

MAST,  CROWELL    &    KIRKPATRICK 
New  York  SPRINGFIELD,  OHIO  Chjcago 


Second-class  Battleship.  MAINE.  Speed,  17J  knots.. 

(liloirn  up  ill  I/avaiKi  J/<iiIi<ji;  FihriKirij  i.5.  IS'JS.) 

Length,  318  feet;  breadth,  57  feet.  Displacement,  6,682  tons.  Guns,  four 
10-inch  and  six  6-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  seven  6-pounder  and  eight  1-pounder 
rapid-tire,  and  four  Catlings.  Four  torpedo-tubes.  Armor,  in  inches,  sides  12,  turrets 
8,  barbettes  12,  deck  2.     Officers,  34;  men,  370.     Contract  price,  $2,500,000. 


lajgggtgtSr' 


Protected  Ste. 


COllVWli!  A. 


Speed,  23  knots. 

Length.  412  feet;  breadth.  5^i  feet.  Hisplacement,  7.375  tons.  Guns,  one  8-inch 
breech-loading  rifle,  two  6-inch  and  eight  4-inch  rapid-fire,  twelve  6-pounder  and  four 
l-pounder  rapid-fire,  and  four  Catlings,  ^our  torpedo-tubes.  Armor,  in  inches,  deck. 
2i,  slope  7.     Ofiicers,  35;  men,  429.     Cost.  $2,725,000. 

—  6  — 


*~  «i*r„'..;«4J- 


Protected  Steel  Cruiser.  PHILADELPHIA.  Speed,  19^  knots. 

Length,  327^  feet;  breadth,  481  feet.  Displacement,  4,324  tons.  Guns,  twelve 
6-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  four  6-pounder,  four  3-pounder  and  two  1-pounder  rapid- 
fire,  three  37-millimeter  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and  four  Gatlings.  Four  torpedo- 
tubes.    Armor,  in  inches,  deck  2J,  slope  4.     Officers,  34;  men,  350.     Cost,  $1,350,000. 


Protected  Steel  Cruiser.  NEWARK.  Speed,  It)  knots. 

Length,  310  feet;  breadth,  49  feet.  Displacement,  4,09S  tons.  Guns,  twelve 
6-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  four  6-pounder,  four  3-pounder  and  two  1-pounde.  rapid- 
fire,  four  37-millimeter  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and  four  Gatlings.  Six  torpedo- 
tubes.     Armor,  in  inches,  deck  2,  slope  3.     Officers,  34;  men,  350.     Cost,  $1,248,000. 

—  7  — 


Protected  Steel  Cruirie.  CHARLESTON.  Speed,  li>  knots. 

Length,  312^  fee^,  breadth,  46  feet.  Displacement,  3,730  tons.  Guns,  two  8-inch 
and  six  G-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  four  d-pounder,  two  3-pounder  and  two  1-pounder 
rapid-fire,  four  37-millimeter  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and  two  Catlings.  Four  tor- 
pedo-tubes.   Armor,  in  inches,  deck  2,  slope  3.    Officers,  20;  men.  280.  Cost,  $1,017,500. 


Protecteil  . 


Cllle.VUO. 


.,,,..::,  knots. 

Length,  325  feet;  breadth,  48  feet.  Displacement,  4,500  tons.  Guns,  four 
8-inch,  eight  6-inch  and  two  5-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  nine  6-pounder  and  four 
1-pounder  rapid-fire,  two  37 -millimeter  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and  two  Catlings. 
Armoi,  in  inches,  deck  and  slope  li.     Officers,  33  :  men,  376.     Cost.  $ss9,000. 

—  8  — 


Double-turret  Monitor. 


AMPHITRITE. 


Speed,  12  knots. 

Length,  259i  feet;  breadth,  55J  feet.  Displacement,  3,990  tons.  Guns,  four 
10-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  two  6-pounder  and  two  3-pounder  rapid-fire,  two  37-milli- 
meter Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  two  1-pounder  rapid-fire  cannon.  Armor,  in  inches, 
sides  9,  turrets  7J,  barbettes  lU,deck  If.     Officers,  13;  men,  136.     Cost,  $3,178,046. 


-<A 


Double-turret  Monitor.  PoRliAiN.  opccu,  i^2  Knuir,. 

Length,  289 J  feet;  breadth,  60  feet.  Displacement,  6,060  tons.  Guns,  four  10-inch 
breech-loading  rifles,  and  eight  rapid-fire  and  machine-guns.  Armor,  in  inches,  sides 
14,  turrets  8,  barbettes  14,  deck  2.     Officers,  22;  men,  208.     Cost,  $3,178,046. 

—  9  — 


Double-turret  Monitor.  MIANT()NOAU)H.  Speed,  lOi  knots. 

Length,  259^  feet;  breadth,  55f  feet.  Displacement,  3,990  tons.  Guns,  four 
10-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  two  6-pounder,  two  3-pounder  and  two  1-pounder  rapid- 
fire.  Armor,  in  inches,  sides  7,  turrets  Hi  deck  If.  Officers,  13^  men,  136.  Has  a 
double  bottom,  28  inches  clear  space  between  the  two.     Cost,  $3,178,046. 


Armored  Ram. 


KATAHDIN. 


Speed,  17  knots. 


Length,  250J  feet;  breadth,  43^  feet.  Displacement,  2,155  tons. 
6-p()under  rapid-fire.  Armor,  in  inches,  sides  6  at  top  and  3  at  bottom, 
men,  91.     Cost,  .$930,000.     The  only  war-vessel  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

—  10  — 


Guns,  four 
Officers,  7; 


Cuba  and  Spanish=Araerican  War. 


\i!li.^l — *  OLLOwiNG  un  the  discovery  which  \Yas  to  immortalize  his  name, 
/^"l  and  the  dale  October  12,  14'.>2,  Columbus  cruised  AvestAvard 
^^1  among  the  West  Indian  isles,  and  on  October  28th  entered 
i^^^"^-^^  the  mouth  of  a  river  in  the  "great  land"  of  which  he  had 
^^^,ii\  iieard  many  times  before  reaching  it.  This  laud,  indescrib- 
\t  "^^  ably  beautiful  and  fertile,  the  natives  called  Cuba.  Mistaken 
.^^'JV?  as  the  great  discoverer  was  in  fondly  believing  he  had  here 
/ry  •>aL^  touched  the  shores  of  the  great  gold-bearing  continent  he  was 
seeliing,  the  "Gem  of  the  Antilles"  is  far  the  most  important  island  of 
the  \\>st  Indies— almost  incomparably  so  if  Hayti  be  left  out  of  the 
account.  A  climate  so  delightful  as  to  seem  a  perpetual  summer,  a  soil 
inexhaustibly  rich,  tropical  luxuriance  of  growth  in  field  and  forest, 
varied  loveliness  of  natural  scenery,  no  less  than  twenty-seven  good 
harbors— these  combine  to  make  Cuba  one  of  nature's  most  favored 
regions;  while  its  commanding  position  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of 
Alexico  might  well  stimulate  the  acquisitive  ambition  of  nations.  "It 
is  so  near  to  us,"  said  President  Cleveland's  message  of  December,  1896. 
"as  to  be  hardly  separated  from  our  OAvn  territory."  The  Strait  of 
Florida  can  be  crossed  by  steamer  in  five  hours. 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  CUBA. 

Cuba  is  about  TOO  miles  in  length;  in  width  it  varies 

DIMENSIONS.     j-j.^j^  J27  miles  on  a  line  passing  some  fifty  miles  west  of 

Santiago,  to  not  exceeding  28  miles  from  Havana  southward.  Its  area  is 

about  42,000  square  miles,  exclusive  of  the  Isle  of  Pines  and  other  small 

islands,  the  former  containing  1,200,  the  latter  aggregating  970  square 

miles.    Thus,  in  dimensions,   Cuba  closely  approximates  the  state  of 

New  York.    Compared  with  Long  Island,  it  is  twenty-eight  times  larger. 

Cuba  is  traversed  lengthwise  by  a  mountainous  range, 
MOUNTAINS  »  ,7  » 

muui-^iiAu-Ma.     ^x\\c\i    is    highest    in    the    eastern    part,    where    it    is 

broken  up  into  spurs,  or  transverse  ridges.    The  most  elevated  summit 

is  7.GT0  feet  above  sea-level,  but  the  average  height  of  the  mountains 

does  not  exceed  2,200  feet.      The  rivers  are  necessarily  short,  flowing 

some  north,  some  south,  from  the  central  watershed. 

U 


12  CUBA   AND   SPANISH- AMEBIC  AN   WAR. 

Scarcely   niorc  than  ono  tliird  of  the  hiud  has  yet 
FORESTS  bceu  l)roui;ht  uiuler  cultivatiou.    Oue  half  the  island 

AND  SWAMPS,  j^  coverctl  with  primeval  forests.  The  lowlands  of 
the  coast  are  inundated  in  the  wet  season,  or  at  least  turned  into 
impassable  swamps  of  black  and  wonderfully  tenacious  mud.  Add  to 
this  feature  the  immense  reaches  of  trackless  forest,  tilled  everywhere 
with  an  almost  impeuetrable  growth  of  underbrush,  not  to  mention 
that  the  dry  plains  are  to  a  large  extent  a  jungle  of  very  high  bushes 
and  thick  grasses  (manigua),  and  one  may  begin  to  form  some  idea  of 
the  difficulties  that  are  inseparable  from  a  campaign  in  this  land  of 
tropical  suns  and  lurking  fevers. 

The  two  conditions  above  descril)ed  large- 


STRATEGIC  CONDITIONS 


ly   account  for  the  surprising  paucity  of 


OF  THE  WAR.  rp^^jin^  accomplished  for  so  long  a  period 
in  the  war  of  1S'J.J-1S'J8  by  the  vastly  preponderant  armies  of  Spain.  The 
insurgent  forces,  being  so  inferior  numerically,  were  obliged  to  remain 
annd  the  favoring  shelter  of  the  mountains  and  other  inaccessible 
timbered  regions.  The  necessity  of  cutting  paths  through  the  dense 
undergrowth  of  the  forests  and  among  the  jungled  manigua  of  the 
dry  plains  acccmnts  for  the  omnipresence  of  the  machete  in  the  Cuban's 
warfare.  This  famous  weapon  is  primarily  not  a  weai)on  at  all.  but  an 
imi)lement  designed  for  hewing  a  passage  through  the  limitless  Avoody 
expanses  above  mentioned.  Surprising  strengtli  and  skill  are  actpiired  in 
Avieldiug  this  favorite  and  usually  horn-handled  blade  of  from  twenty- 
four  to  thirty  inches  in  length,  perfectly  straight,  as  heavy  as  a  cleaver, 
Avith  an  edge  alAA'ays  kept  like  a  razor.  It  somewhat  resembles  an 
American  farmer's  corn-scythe,  only  it  is  made  for  heavier  Avork,  and 
the  cutting  is  done  Avith  the  outer  edge  instead  of  the  inner  oue. 

The  climate  of  the  Ioav  coast-lands  is  tropical;  that  of  the 

CLIMATE.  ,,„„.(>  elevated  interior  resend)les  the  Avarmer  portions  of 
the  temperate  zone.  As  regards  temperature,  it  is  remarkal)ly  equable, 
making  Havana  a  sanatorium  of  world- Avide  celebrity  for  sutlerers 
from  bronchial  and  pulmonary  troubles.  The  mean  annual  temperature 
there  is  77  to  80  degrees.  lOighty-tAA'o  degrees  is  tlu'  average  for  July 
and  August,  and  72  for  I)ecend)er  and  .January.  tht>  total  range  of 
the  thermometer  during  the  year  being  only  :'.<)  degrees,  or  from  HS 
to  88.  The  average  annual  rainfall  at  Havana  is  40..1  inches,  of  Avhich 
27.8  inches  is  during  the  wvt  season  (from  the  middle  of  April  to  the 
middle  of  October*.  Fireplaces  are  unknoAvu  in  Cuba's  capital,  and 
almost  so  are  glazed  Avindows.  Avhich  are  replactnl  l)y  double  sets  of 
shutters  or  curtains. 

Y<'ll(>w     fever     seldom     becomes     epidemic     in     the 

YELLOW  FEVER.  ,.i,,v..,trd  iiilerior.  notAvithstanding  its  prevalence 
during  tiie  siuuiuer  in  Havana  and  other  seaports,  Avhose  Avretclied  san- 
UiXtUm  constantly  invites  the  attacks  of  this  dreaded  scourge.    Consul- 


CUBAN    BESOUKCES   AND    INDUSTBIES.  18 

Geuoral  (now  Major-General)  Fitzhugh  Lee,  when  before  the  Foreign 
Kelatioiis  Committee  of  the  United  States  Senate,  April  12,  1898,  gave 
it  as  his  opinion  that  no  serious  danger  from  yellow  fever  need  be 
apprehended  in  conducting  a  summer  campaign  in  Cuba  with  troops 
from  tlie  United  States. 

CUBAN  RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 

Cuban  sugars  and  tobaccos  are  famous  the  world  over. 
"  In  this  worli  separate  sections  are  given  them,  as  also 

auotlier  one  to  coffee.  Next  in  export  value  come  oranges  and  the 
various  native  woods,  including  a  superior  quality  of  mahogany.  The 
cigar-boxes  so  familiarly  l^nown  throughout  the  United  States  and 
Europe  are  made  from  a  tree  of  the  same  natural  order  as  mahogany, 
but  popularly  known  as  cedar,  a  wood  which  is  also  much  used  for  the 
inside  of  drawers,  wardrobes,  etc.  Tlie  official  value  of  the  total 
exports  for  one  year  shortly  before  the  beginning  of  the  last  insurrec- 
tion was  upward  of  JfS3,0UU,0UU,  consisting  almost  wliolly  of  agricul- 
tural products  and  fruits. 

The  several  different  species  of  palms  found  in 
PALMS  AND  FRUITS,  ^^^y^^  ^^.^  luxuriant  specimens  of  tropical  trees. 
The  Iwoyal  palm,  rising  to  the  height  of  one  hundred  feet  or  more,  is 
strilvingly  Ix-autiful  and  majestic.  The  cocoanut-palm  grows  wild,  a 
glorious  tree,  immensely  rich  in  leaves  and  fruit.  In  some  seasons 
oranges  have  been  so  abundant  that  on  the  great  estates,  as  a  traveler 
declares,  they  "lay  all  about  on  the  briglit  red  earth,  little  naked  negroes 
kicking  aside  and  satiated  pigs  disdainfully  neglecting  great  luscious 
fruit  which  the  North  would  have  piled  with  great  pride  upon  salvers  of 
silver  and  porcelain."  The  banana  "bunches"  are  always  cut  from  the 
parent  stem  while  green. 

The  ingeuios,  or  sugar-plantations,  with  large  buildings  and 
K-  mills  for  sugar-refining,  have  ahvays  been  tlie  most  impor- 
tant industrial  establishments  of  the  island.  Though  his  former  lordli- 
ness and  feudal  niagniticence  underwent,  of  late  years,  more  or  less 
modification,  the  great  sugar-planter  was  still  a  prince  of  agricidture 
up  to  1805.  He  had  an  immense  advantage  over  all  his  foreign 
competitors  in  the  fertility  of  his  soil,  which  seemed  practically 
exhaustless.  Not  all  the  bounty-stimulated  and  cheaper  production  of 
beet-sugar  in  Europe  has  been  able  to  displace  Cuban  sugars  in  foreign 
markets,  though  competition  from  this  source  has  largely  reduced 
the  profits  in  raising  them.  The  introduction  of  modern  machin- 
ery requiring  large  cajiital  has  more  than  counteracted  that  natural 
tendency  to  subdivide  great  lioldings  of  land  which  is  usually  observed 
when  a  system  of  slave  labor  gives  place  to  a  free  one,  and  has  aided 
iu  crowding  the  smaller  planters  to  the  wall. 


14  CUBA    AND   SPANISH-AMERICAN    WAR. 

In  Cuba  tho  griudiuf?  season  lasts  twice  as  long  as  it  does  in 
Louisiana.  The  su^ar  was  put  up  in  jute  l)afis  (the  government  tax 
on  whieli  trebled  their  cost  to  the  planter),  avi'raging  sonietliing  over 
three  hundred  pounds  eacli,  and  in  this  sliape  was  sent  to  Havana  or 
oilier  port.  I'ndtr  (oiidilidus  of  peac(>  tlie  sugar  production  apinox- 
iniates  one  million  tons  per  annum.  Well-informed  Americans  consider 
tills  only  one  liftli  tlie  amount  wliicli,  willi  a  good  government  and 
liroper  enterprise,  tlie  island  is  capaljle  of  yielding.  The  average  value 
of  sugar  exportt'd  amounts  to  ,i;.".(t,(»t)(l.(H)(>,  and  of  molasses  .f^it.doauuu,  of 
whicli  eiglity  per  cent  goes  to  the  United  States. 

Tol)acco  as  a  source  of  income  ranks  next  after  sugar. 

TOBACCO.  Y^.j  jji^^  tobacco  industry  under  Spanish  lulc  was  always 
an  uncertain  one,  owing  to  the  restrictions  and  exactions  impo.sed  by 
the  government,  which  controlled  it  as  a  monopoly  in  tiie  interests  of 
the  crown  and  the  Spanish  otHcials.  The  salaries  of  the  ollicers  of  the 
government  Factoria  dt'  Tobacco  in  Havana  were  iinoted  as  high  as 
$541. (MK)  for  a  single  year.  Cuba's  tobacco  croi)  in  IS!).")  was  estimated 
at  about  !)-lO,( )<»(),( )(!(). 

For  tobacco-raising  the  rich  plains  in  the  western  province  of 
Cuba,  Pinar  del  Kio,  have  no  rival  in  the  world.  This  is  the  region 
which  Maceo,  commanding  the  insurgent  '•Army  of  Invasion."  chose  as 
the  principal  theater  of  his  operations  in  tlic  (anii)aigii  of  IS'.Mi.  and 
where,  in  conseiiuence.  tlic  toliacco  crop  of  that  year  \v:is  nearly  all 
lost.  Kiding  througli  tlie  lii-lds  just  at  the  critical  season  for  cutting 
and  curing  the  leaves,  his  troops  enlisted  thousands  of  the  laborers 
and  stami)eded  the  rest.  The  Spaniards,  regarding  tlie  reliellion  and 
the  tobacco  interests  as  largely  identical— perliaps  not  witliout  reason, 
eitlier— retaliated  witli  I'uiiious  effect  wiierever  tlieir  army  could  reach. 
This  croi)   formerly   came   next   to   sugar   in   export    value, 

COFFEE,  .j^  .^jj^^  jy  j„.j,flt  ^^^  ^i^.  planters;  and  although  Brazil  long 
since  broke  down,  without  entirely  destroying,  tlie  ("uban  colT(>e  trade, 
the  cafetals.  as  tlie  colTee  estates  are  called,  are  still  sc.-iltend  tlirough- 
oiif  tlie  island.  esjM'cially  as  adjuncts  to  the  great  ingenios,  where  their 
oriiji mental  effects  are  much  prized,  ('offee  culture  was  introduced 
fntni  llayti  in  174S,  .and  lifty  years  later  received  a  great  iini»»'tus  from 
the  sui>erior  inetliods  introduced  by  intelligent  and  wi'allhy  French 
planters  esc;iped  from  tlie  now  pi-overliial  "liorrors  of  San  l>oniingo." 
Culin's  mineral  resources  remain  but  sliglitly  developed. 

MINERALS.  -|.,|^.  mountains,  Avooded  to  the  summit,  iu  places  contain 
iron  and  copper,  liotli  of  whicli.  as  also  manganese,  are  exporti'd. 
Though  silver  ore  lias  liccn  found.  :ind  in  some  of  the  rivers  alluvial 
gold  deposits.  Cuba  :is  a  producer  of  (he  precious  metals  has  always 
raidced  low.  r.itun.inous  coal  deixisits  in  extensive  layers  seem  to 
constitute  liie  most  important  item  of  its  mineral  wealtli.  and  in  a  fow 
years  will  donlitless  be  mined  in  large  <iu:intities. 


CUBAN    PEOPT.E,    CAPITAL,    ETC. 


15 


CUBAN  PEOPLE,  CAPITAL.   ETC 


POPULATION. 


Tlio  latest  census  of  Cuba  is   that   whicb   was  taken 
in  1SS7,  as  follows: 


PROVliNCE^^ 


Havana 

Pinar  del  liio.  . .  . 

Matanzas 

Santa  Clam 

Puerto  Piinclpe.  . 
Santiago  tie  Cuba 

Total 


WHITE. 


344.417 
ICT.IOO 
143,1()9 
244,345 
54,232 
157.980 


1,111.303 


COLORED. 


107.511 

.58.731 
116,401 
109.777 

13,5.57 
114.339 


.520.310 


451.928 
225.891 
259.570 
354,122 
67.789 
272.319 


1.631.619 


As  regards  density,  this  population  was  distributed  very  unevenly  in 
the  several  provinces,  being  per  square  kilometer  (a  kilometer  is  within 
a  fraction  of  five  eighths  of  an  English  mile)  as  follows:  Santiago  de 
Cuba,  7.75;  Puerto  Principe,  2.10;  Santa  Clara,  15.34;  Matanzas,  30..59; 
Havana.  .52.49;  Pinar  del  Rio.  15.09.  The  population  of  the  stats  of 
New  York,  a  little  larger  than  Cuba,  in  1890  was  .5,997.8,53. 

The  Spanish  government  recognized  but  one  religion 

I^ELIGION  AND  _^jj^.  Komau  Catholic.  Education  has  been  greatly 
EDUCATION,  uegiected,  anything  in  the  nature  of  public  schools 
for  the  benefit  of  the  people  in  general  being  entirely  unknown.  One 
of  the  grievances  of  the  Cuban  patriots  for  generations  lay  along  this 
line.  The  present  government  has  incorporated  religious  toleration 
and  the  diffusion  of  education  in  the  Constitution  as  corner-stones  of 
the  Republic,  thus  distinctly  patterning  after  the  United  States. 

The  famous  capital   of   Cuba,   which   is  also  the 

CITY  OF  HAVANA,  (.omniercial  center  of  the  West  Indies,  was 
founded  in  1519.  Its  harbor  is  very  fine.  It  is  the  foremost  tobacco 
and  sugar  market  of  the  world,  and  manufactures  cigars  in  immense 
quantities.  The  census  of  1887  showed  a  population  of  200.448.  The 
city,  which  is  made  up  of  the  "old"  and  "new"  towns,  the  latter  outside 
the  old  walls,  has  handsome  suburbs,  besides  many  and  beautiful 
public?  parks  and  promenades. 

Ila-vana  is  a  metropolis  of  wealth,  good  living  and  general  luxury, 
with  an  abundance  of  cafes  and  restaxu-ants,  fairly  rivaling  those  of 
Paris.  It  is  massively  built,  mostly  of  stone,  and  paved  with  granite 
or  oth(>r  stone  equally  hard,  as  being  the  best  material  for  this  land 
of  prodigious  rains  and  flaming  suns.  Murat  Halstead,  the  veteran 
American  journalist,  designates  it  a  city  of  palaces  fronting  on  alleys, 
some  of  the  principal  thoroughfares,  sideAvalks  and  all,  having  a  width 
of  only  twenty-five  feet,  and  none  of  the  streets  being  kept  clean.    The 


l6  CUfiA    AND    SPANTSn-AilERTOAN    WAlt 

(•ntluMlral  of  !I:iv:iii:i,  vciiorabU'  and  iiiii)()siiij;  witlioul.  Di'iiatc  aud 
brilliant  within,  lias  iu  its  keepiuj;  (unloss  au  almost  incnMliblc  fraiid 
was  perpetrated  iu  17'J(!)  the  priceless  treasure  of  the  bones  of  Coluui- 
bus,  iu  a  marble  urn.  Morro  f'astle,  at  the  entrance  of  the  harltor,  is 
quite  celebrated,  lastly  as  the  dreary  prison  of  political  offenders,  iudud- 
injj;  more  than  one  American.  For  harbor  defense,  however,  the  main 
reliauce  is  some  newer  fortitications  ou  the  neigh Itorinj?  hills,  a  littl" 
way  back  from  the  sea-frout. 

Santiaso  de  Cuba  comes  next  to  Havana  in  population. 

OTHER  CITIES,  j,  (.ontjiiQ^.d  71,307  iu  18'J2,  while  Matauzas  had 
5G.379,  I'uerto  Triucipe  40,G41  aud  Cleufuegos  40,9(M.  (An  enumeration 
was  mad«'  in  the  cities  iu  1SI)2,  but  not  over  the  whole  island.) 

Before  the  war  there  were  about  1.00(1  miles  of 

COMMUNICATIONS.  i..^iii.o,.^,i  jy  regular  operation  throughout  the 
island,  besides  200  miles  of  private  lines  running  to  the  large  sugar- 
plantations.  The  telegraph  lines  aggr<'gated  2.810  miles.  The  number 
of  vessels  that  entered  the  live  principal  ports— Havana  Santiago. 
Cleufuegos.  Trinidad  and  Nuevitas— iu  1894  was  iu  round  numbers  two 
thousand,  with  a  tonnage  of  two  and  one  half  millions. 

CUBA  UNDER  SPAIN. 

Forty  years  of  cruel  and  rigorous  servitude 
EARLY  SPANISH  RULE.  „j,f|i,.t.,i  to  blot  the  three  hundred  thousand 
gentle,  indolent  aborigines  of  Cuba  off  the  face  of  the  earth.  For 
a  long  time  the  island  continued  sparsely  settled,  its  wondrous 
agricultural  capabilities  surprisingly  unappreciated.  The  Spanish 
V(>ssels  passing  between  the  New  World  and  the  home  ports  of 
C'ldiz  and  Barcelona  invariably  ni.ide  the  harbor  of  Havana;  that  city 
quickly  grew  into  imi)ortance.  but  the  rest  of  the  island  lay  n«'glected. 
Meanwhile  the  West  lndi:in  waters  were  churned  into  bloixly  f(«im 
whenever  war  arose  in  Europe.  Here  would  assend)le  the  French,  the 
English,  the  Dutch  navies,  and  here  they  dealt  som«>  of  their  most  tell- 
ing blows  upon  the  power  of  Sjiain  at  sea.  Havana  was  destroyed  by 
a  French  privateer  in  IH^S,  ami  again  in  l.">4,  and  in  1024  the  Dutch 
captured  it,  but  gave  it  back  to  Spaiu.  During  two  centuries  the  rich 
Spanish  galleons  (a  treasure-ship  and  merchantman)  offered  au  irresis- 
tible temptation  to  hostile  seamen  aud  swarming  bucaneers. 

The  concpiest  of  Havana  and  other  important 
ENGLISH  CONQUEST  j,,,;,,,^  j,,  (,,„,.^  ,,y  ^,,^.  English  in  1702  was  a 
OF  1762.  ^ji-ii-iiij,  fp,Tt  of  arms,  which,  strange  as  it 
sounds,  owed  its  success  to  a  tinndy  reinforcement  of  2..".<M)  men.  under 
<;ener;il  Lyman  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  Israel  Putnam,  from  the  col- 
onies of  Connecticut,  New  York  aud  New  .T«>rsey.  The  resistance  of  the 
Spaniards  cost  the  victors  dearly,  most  of  all  iu  au  appalling  death- 


CUBA    UNDKK    Sl'AlN.  17 

rate  from  disease,  exposure  aud  lack  of  water.  The  spoil  takeu  was 
enormous,  that  part  of  it  which  was  divided  among  the  British  soldiers 
aud  sailors  as  prize-money  amounting  to  about  $4,000,000.  liord  Albe- 
marle and  Sir  George  Pocock  each  pocketed  about  $600,000.  English 
statecraft  never  made  a  worse  bargain  than  when  it  gave  Cuba  back 
to  Spain  in  1763,  in  exchange  for  a  barren  title  to  Florida.  Had 
England  held  Cuba,  French  assistance  in  the  American  Revolution 
might  have  been  futile,  and  possibly  George  III.  would  have  had  his 
way,  instead  of  Wasliington  and  Hancock  having  theirs. 

The  replacement  of  the  iron  and  bloody  hand  of 

FROM  1763  TO  1848.  gpai^  retarded,  but  did  not  check,  the  develop- 
ment of  Cuba's  marvelous  resources.  When  the  French  deposed  the 
reigning  fandly  in  Spain,  in  1808,  Cuba  declared  war  against  Napoleon. 
Nor  was  this  sentiment  of  loyalty  subverted  by  the  example  of  success- 
ful revolt  on  all  sides.  Si)ain  lost  Mexico,  Colombia,  Peru,  Bolivia, 
Chili,  etc.,  but  Cuba  remained  her  prize,  with  only  one  disturbance  of 
note,  the  Black  Eagle  Conspiracy  of  1821),  amid  it  all.  However,  because 
of  government  (since  1810)  by  a  foreign  captain-general,  also  because  of 
the  heavy  taxation,  a  discontent  was  breeding,  which  gradually  hard- 
ened into  opposition,  hatred  and  defiance  after  1836,  when  Cuba  was 
denied  a  share  in  the  benefits  of  the  new  constitution  granted  the 
mother-country.  The  antagonisms  of  race  likewise  came  into  play, 
and  1844  brought  the  short-lived  insurrection  of  the  blacks. 

In   1848  President  Polk  offered  Spain  $1,000,000  for 

AMERICAN  ^j^^  island,  but  encountered  an  indignant  refusal.     In 

OVERTURES.  jj,-j^  Narcisso  Lopez,  a  Venezuelan  aud  a  filibuster, 
led  a  much-vaunted  expedition  from  one  of  our  southern  ports  into  its 
death-trap  in  the  western  part  of  Cuba,  and  was  garroted.  The  famous 
Osteud  Manifesto  by  the  United  States  ministers  to  England,  France 
and  Spain  Avas  issued  in  18.54,  declaring  that  if  Spain  would  not  sell, 
this  country  should  seize  Cuba  by  force  and  annex  it.  The  three  move- 
ments last  mentioned  were  conceived  in  the  interest  of  slavery  exten- 
sion. In  1873  occurred  the  tragic  A'irginius  incident,  when  Captain 
Fry,  of  that  ill-fated  vessel,  and  fifty-two  other  American  prisoners 
were  sliot  at  Santiago  as  "pirates."  In  188'.)  Sagasta,  the  Spanish 
premier,  told  the  United  States  minister,  Thomas  W.  Palmer,  there  was 
not  gold  enough  in  tlie  world  to  purchase  the  island  of  Cuba. 

The   year   1868   inaugurated   a    determined    effort 

WAR  OF  1868-1878.  ^-^j.  (^„|jau  independence,  in  which  the  military 
leadership  of  Maximo  Gomez,  a  retired  officer  and  native  West  Indian, 
was  conspicuous.  The  war  dragged  its  weary  length  for  ten  years,  its 
operations  being  limited  to  the  eastern  third  of  the  island.  It  was 
finally  terminated  by  the  treaty  of  El  Zanjon,  between  Cespedes,  the 
civil  head  of  the  revolutionary  movement  (Gomez  and  most  of  the 
generals  assenting),  and  Captain-General  Martinez  Campos.  This  treaty 


18  CUBA    ANO    Sl-AMSII-AMEIIRAN    WAfi. 

was  liailcd  willi  dcli.irlit  1).v  all;  by  llif  Cubans  as  also  :i  fiuarautcc  of 
autuiioiny,  aud  ol"  personal  rijxlits  and  privile.u'i's,  aud  I'liual  in-ott'ctiou 
under  the  law.  (Joniez  then  retired  to  his  family  and  little  farm  in 
Santo  Domintio.  The  '"teu  years  of  ruin  aud  of  tears"  for  <'uba  had 
cost  Spain  IfCU.CK )(•.()(•(>  aud  lOO.ooO  men,  most  of  them  by  yellow  fever. 
Of  eourse,  the  expenses  of  the  war  wi-re  saddled  on  Cuba. 

CAUSES  OF  CUBAN  DISCONTENT. 

The  Cu1)an  patriots  always  claimed  that  tho 
A  HOLLOW  MOCKERY,  treaty  of  El  Zanjon  (se<>  preceding;  paragraph) 
became  a  hollow  mockery  iu  the  hands  of  its  Si)anish  administrators. 
Names  ouly  were  chau.si«'d.  uot  methods.  The  title  of  captain-jieueral 
gave  place  to  .trovernor-.ueneral,  but  it  was  the  san}e  ottice.  the  same 
arbitrary,  irresponsible  power,  as  befori'.  The  right  of  banishment  was 
nominally  given  up,  but  a  "law  of  vagrancy"  was  framed,  which 
accomplished  precisely  the  same  end.  Tlu'  brutal  atlacks  on  defenseless 
citizens  were  proliibitcd,  but  under  a  uew  and  soft  Castilian  name 
they  still  went  on.  and  remained  unpunished.  Taxation  witlioiu  the 
knowledge  or  consent  of  the  Cubans  themselves  was,  as  ever,  the 
core  of  the  whol«.>  liscal  system.  The  groundwork  of  the  admiuistrative 
policy  remained  (he  same;  namely,  to  exclude  every  native  Cuban  from 
every  oflice  which  cduld  in  any  way  give  him  etfective  inllnence  in 
ptd>lic  affairs,  and  to  iiial<f  the  most  out  of  the  labor  of  the  colonists 
for  the  benelit  of  tlie  mother-couutry. 

Tlie   Spaniards   never  conceived   any   other  policy 
INJUSTICE  AND  ,j,.,,j  ,|,.j{  (i,^.  helpless  Cubans  wi-re  iu  duty  bouud 

OPPRESSION,  j,^  maintain  the  manufactures  of  Spain,  aud  be 
doubly  tax.'d— once  as  goods  went,  and  again  as  goods  came— for  the 
pnvilt>ge  of  the  exchange.  The  government  at  ^ladrid  was  always 
on  the  alert  to  issue  decrees  whose  effect  would  be  to  cheapen  sugar 
and  toba(<o.  the  two  great  Cuban  products,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
compel  the  importation  by  Cuba  of  many  things  which  she  ought  to 
raise  in  her  own  ^iilds  or  fabricate  in  her  own  shops,  the  oidy 
consideration  liciug  Imw  to  raise  the  largest  revenue  possibl(>.  by  an 
export  duty  on  the  former  and  a  tariff  duty  ou  the  latter.  The  oppres- 
sion this  policy  wrought  was  greatly  aggravattMl  by  the  all-pervadiug 
corruption  iu  the  custom-houses.  Spain  practically  confiscatt>d  the  prod- 
uct of  the  Cubans'  labor  without  giving  them  in  return  either  safety  or 
prosperity,  nor  yet  education.  She  systematically  impoverished  Cuba, 
aud  demoralized  its  i»copie  by  condemning  them  to  political  inferiority. 
The  Cuban  deputies  were  never  able  to  accoui- 
TAXATION  AND  DEBT,  j,,,^,,  .,„ything  in  the  Cortes  at  Madrid:  iu  fact, 
few  of  them  really  attciiiiitcd  jinythiug.  the  majority  owing  (heir  pla<-es 
to  distinctly  Spanisii  intlnence.    The  vast  sums  amassed  by  taxes  niul- 


CTJBAN   KEVOLtTTION    BEGXJN.  U) 

titudiuoiis,  searchiug,  graspinji-,  were  raised  and  spent,  not  for  roads, 
not  for  schools,  not  for  improvements,  not  for  developing  internal 
resources,  but  for  the  enrichment  and  indulgence  of  a  swarm  of  over- 
bearing foreigners.  Spain  had  fastened  on  Cuba  a*  debt  of  !f2(Xl,000,000, 
considerably  over  .$10(1  per  capita,  and  In  addition  a  system  of  taxation 
which  wrung  if30.(MH»,0U(J  annually  from  the  Cubans. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  Spanish  officials  protested 
THE  SPANISH  SIDE,  ^j^.^^  ^j^^,  political  regime  had  been  entirely  trans- 
formed on  the  lines  of  the  treaty  of  El  Zanjou.  The  island  was 
immediately  divided  into  its  present  six  provinces.  The  last  vestige 
of  slavery  was  removed  in  188(5,  two  years  before  the  limit  set.  (Con- 
eerulng  this,  the  Cubans  insist  that  the  ten  years'  war  had  killed 
slavery  an.vhow,  and  the  royal  decrees  were  simply  its  obituary.)  The 
promised  constitutional  reforms,  according  to  this  view,  were  carried 
out  in  good  faith,  including,  besides  Cuban  representation  in  the  Cortes, 
a  considerable  extension  of  the  suffrage  and  of  the  principle  of  self- 
government,  the  promotion  of  education,  the  legalizing  of  civil  mai'- 
riages,  etc.  Cuba,  in  short,  was  a  spoiled  child.  The  revolutionary 
leaders  were  pestiferous  cranks  and  adventurers,  the  Maceos — who 
were  mulattoes— being  particularly  obnoxious,  as  inciters  of  revolt 
among  the  blacks. 

CUBAN  REVOLUTION  BEGUN. 

The  Cuban  exiles  at  Key  West  and  other  Florida 
THE  CUBAN  JUNTA.  p^,ijj^g  ^^  also  New  York  City,  with  those  in  the 
non-Spanish  West  Indies,  Mexico,  Honduras  and  Venezuela,  numbered 
many  thousands,  including  numerous  veterans  of  the  ten  years'  war; 
and  these  lived  in  perpetual  ferment  over  some  project  or  other  for  the 
liberation  of  Cuba,  always  keeping  in  close  touch  with  their  com- 
patriots there.  A  supreme  Revolutionary  Junta  was  formed,  with  New 
York  City  for  headquarters,  and  for  its  master-spirit  that  indomitable 
and  tireless  organizer,  Jose  Marti.  Before  the  end  of  1894  the  Junta 
had  the  moral  and  material  support  of  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty 
revolutionary  clubs,  all  actively  at  work  in  raising  a.  war  fund  and 
purchasing  arms  and  ammunition.  The  Cuban  cigar-makers,  etc.,  in 
the  United  States  pledged  to  the  cause  one  tenth  of  their  earnings,  or 
more  if  needed.  Calleja  was  now  governor-general  of  Cul)a,  a  liberal- 
minded  man  for  a  Spaniard,  but  hampered  continually  from  Madrid. 
Meantime  the  malcontents  at  home  were  steadily 
RIPENING  REVOLT.      j,,i,|i„o,  ^^^  ^Ijp  liuiited   supply  of  arms  that   had 

been  secreted  there  since  the  war  closed  in  1878.  doing  so  mostly  by 
smuggling  them  in,  or  by  purchase  from  corrupt  underlings  at  the 
government  arsenals.  A  "filibustering  expedition"  was  broken  up  by  the 
United   States  authorities,  January  14,  1895,   at  Feruandina,    Florida, 


'20  CVWA    ANn   SPAMSH-AMKRIPAN    WAlft. 

when  on  tlic  evi'  ol'  ^ailiiiti'.  Oiu"  of  its  leaders  was  Antonio  Maceo. 
'lliree  others  of  them.  Jose  Marti,  CoUej^o  and  Kodrifjiiez.  were  next 
heard  of  iu  February,  in  Santo  Domingo,  whither  they  had  gone  lo 
coucert  further  measures  with  their  fellow-partisans  living  in  Cuba. 
It  was  at  this  period  that  Marti,  president  of  the  Revolutionary  Junta, 
made  his  way  to  a  modest  home  in  the  Avestern  part  of  Santo  Domingo. 
and  to  the  same  able  and  wily  soldier,  veteran  of  a  dozen  wars,  who 
had  been  prominent  in  the  last  Cuban  army,  officially  tendered  the 
orgauization  and  the  command  of  the  Cuban  army  of  the  future.  And 
Maximo  (Jomez  accepted. 

The  program  agreed  on  contemplated  a  rising  in  all 
DESULTORY  ^^j^^   provinces    on    February    24,    1895.      This    is    the 

OUTBREAKS,  (i^i^.m-;^  Fourth  of  July,  the  date  of  the  revolutionists' 
formal  dt'claration  of  Mar,  though,  as  it  turned  out.  they  were  then 
able  to  raise  the  flag  of  the  republic  in  but  three  provinces,  only  one  of 
which  seemed  the  theater  of  events  at  all  threatening;  for  the  disturb- 
ances reiwrted  in  Malanzas  and  Santa  Clara  Avere  soon  quelled. 

The  province  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  is  for  the  most  part  thinly 
settled,  which,  with  its  generally  mountainous  and  densely  wooded  char- 
aetei",  makes  it  an  ideal  territory  for  guerrilla  warfare.  The  uprising 
there,  February  24th,  aroused  the  Spanish  anthoriti(>s  to  a  sense  of 
annoyance— scarcely  more.  But  the  handful  of  insurgent  guerrillas 
playing  hide-and-seek  iu  the  mountains  and  the  swamps  found  wel- 
come, succor,  reinforcements.  Avherever  they  appeared.  Then  came 
the  unearthing  of  a  widespread  plot  in  this  same  provinc(>  that  occa- 
sioned genuine  alarm,  the  conspirators'  plans  including  wholesale  con- 
flagrations, and  the  extermination  of  the  Spanish  otlicials  and  soMiery. 
beginning  with  the  resident  governor. 

Calleja  proclaimed  martial  law  in  Santiago,  also  in 
CALLEJAS  Matanzas,    and    hurried    detachments    to    1)oth.    Out 

DIFFICULTIES,  ^^j.  ,^  ,i„ininal  army  of  2().0(t0  he  could  put  oidy  !t.(Mt(t 
effectives  into  the  tield.  while  of  thirteen  gunboats  on  patrol  duty  along 
the  coast  no  more  than  sev»>n  were  fit  for  service.  The  couunissary 
arrangements  were  so  bad  as  to  more  than  ouce  block  important  move- 
ments of  the  troops.  The  almost  daily  story  of  the  telegraph  would  be 
the  appearance  iu  such  or  such  a  district  of  au  insurrectionary  Itand. 
which  at  the  approach  of  troops  vanished  into  the  mountains  or  the 
swjimps— where  pursuit  was  impossible— reappearing  in  a  few  days  as 
raiders  on  such  and  such  loyalists'  plantations,  which  they  not  only 
plundered,  but  enticed  the  laborers  away  from,  thus  terrorizing  the 
community  and  ruining  the  jtrospects  for  a  crop. 

Of  the  three  parties  in  Cuba— Loyalists.  Separatists 
THREE  PARTIES.    ^^^^^  Autonomists— the  first  comprised  tliose  of  Span- 
ish birtli  or  Spani.sh  patronage— the  ofiice-hulding  class,  and  all  others 
whose  privileges  and  ijitei'ests  were  bound  up  witli  -a  ((intinuance  of  the 


CAMPAIGN   OF   1895.  21 

existincT  res'imo.  Tho  Soparntists  were  the  party  of  revolution,  of  Cuba 
libre,  ready  to  figlit  for  iu(lei)eudeuce  as  the  only  remedy  for  their 
country's  ills.  The  Cubans  in  the  United  States,  as  well  as  the 
thousands  of  other  exiles  in  the  lands  and  islands  neighboring  Cuba, 
l)elonge(l  to  this  party  almost  to  a  man.  and  so,  by  racial  instinct,  did 
the  negro  population.  The  Autonomists  occupied  middle  ground,  passion, 
ately  inveighing  against  the  misgovernment,  favoritism  and  central- 
ization which  disgraced  the  state  of  things  around  them,  yet  limiting 
their  demands  to  home  rule  under  Spain,  such  as  Canada  enjoys  under 
England. 

CAMPAIGN  OF  1895. 


MACEO  IN  CUBA. 


It  was  the  first  of  April  when  Antonio  Maceo,  with 
twenty-two  comrades  of  the  former  war,  who  had 
sailed  from  Costa  Rica,  landed  near  Baracoa,  on  almost  the  eastern  tip 
of  Cuba.  Intercepted  by  a  mounted  Spanish  party,  they  kept  up  a  brave 
though  shifting  fight  for  many  hours,  and  after  several  of  his  compan- 
ions had  fallen  and  his  hat  been  shot  through,  Maceo  managed  to 
elude  his  pursuers  and  get  away.  For  ten  days  he  continued  his 
stealthy  progress  westward  through  the  woods,  living  on  the  plantains 
and  other  tropical  fruits  that  grow  wild  in  Cuba.  At  length,  in  the 
rough  country  north  of  Bahia  de  Guantanamo,  he  stumbled  upon  a  body, 
of  rebels,  and  identifying  himself,  was  welcomed  with  rapturous  enthu- 
siasm. His  was  indeed  a  name  to  conjure  with,  because  of  his  famous 
deeds  in  the  last  w^ar  and  his  unquenchable  devotion  to  Cuba  libre. 
At  once  he  took  command  of  the  insurgent  bands  in  the  vicinity,  and 
began  recruiting  vigorously.  In  three  sharp  brushes  that  he  pi'esently 
had  with  small  Spanish  detachments  he  more  than  held  his  own,  the 
moral  effect  of  which  was  especially  valuable.  Since  187S  the  mulatto 
chieftain  liad  become  a  traveled  and  for  all  practical  purposes  an 
educated  man.  The  art  of  war  he  had  made  .a.  close  study,  out  of  books 
and  in  every  other  way  he  could  find.  That  he  served  at  one  time  in 
capacity  of  hostler  at  West  Point  is  a  myth.  His  only  surviving  brother, 
Jose,  who  had  come  over  from  Costa  Rica  with  him,  was  also  given  a 
generalship,  and  fell  during  the  war,  a  number  of  months  before  Maceo 
was  so  treacherously  betrayed  and  slain. 

On  the  eleventh  of  April  Maximo  Gomez  and 
ARRIVAL  OF  GOMEZ,     j^^^  j^j.^^.^.  ^Qg^t^jg^.  succeeded  in  crossing  over 

from  Santo  Domingo,  and  landing  on  the  southern  coast.  The  district 
w-as  alive  with  the  enemy's  patrols  and  pickets,  so  that  for  two  days 
they  were  in  constant  danger:  but  ere  the  third  evening  they  were 
safe  within  a  rebel  camp,  and  Gomez  had  entered  upon  his  duties 
as  commander-in-chief.  Experienc(>d  leadership,  their  great  lack 
at  first,  the  rebels  now  had.  Soon  they  numbered  over  six  thousand 
men. 


22  CUBA    AND    SrANISII-AMERICAN    WAR. 

:M;iili  and  Gomez,  liaviugj  marched  toward  the 
DEATH  OF  MARTI,  (^.^,,..,l  pn)Yiuces,  inteut  on  arraugiug  for  a  Con- 
st it  ueiif  Assembly,  as  well  as  organizing  insurrection,  the  former,  on 
May  IDth,  was  led  into  an  ambusli  by  a  treacherous  guide,  and  killed. 
Marti  was  the  father,  and  thus  far  liad  been  the  soul,  of  the  revolution, 
Ilis  body,  after  being  embalmed,  was  borne  to  the  city  of  Santiago, 
where  it  was  buried  by  the  Spanish  commandant.  It  is  said  that 
he  and  his  associates  of  the  Junta  had  raised  a  million  dollars  for  the 
promotion  of  the  cause  of  the  rtvobitiouists. 

The  few  battalions  of  I'ecruits  who  had  hur- 
GOVERNOR.GENERAL  ^.j^^j  ^j.^^^,  ^^fu'^u  at  the  first  call  of  Calleja 
CAMPOS  ^^^,y^^  jjgj  likewise  got  7,000  troops  from  the 
other  Spanlsli  island  of  Torto  Eico)  were  followed,  in  April,  by  no  less 
than  2."».0()()  men.  On  the  sixteenth  of  that  mouth  Field-Marshal  Campos, 
to  the  joy  of  the  Spaniards,  reached  the  port  of  Santiago  de  ('uba,  on 
his  way  to  Havana,  relieving  Calleja  as  governor-general.  lie  took  hold 
with  energy.  But  his  task  grew  daily,  the  contagion  of  revolt  contin- 
uing to  spread  westward,  and,  in  spite  of  very  inadequate  supplies  of 
arms  and  ammunition,  to  gather  military  strength.  Calleja  had  weeks 
l)efore  proclaimed  the  whole  island  under  martial  law.  By  May  the 
Havana  officials  conceded  they  were  coping  not  Avith  mere  brigandage, 
but  with  revolution.  Sharp  lighting  at  outlying  points,  though  never 
be.Aveen  large  nund)ers— heavy  skirmishing— had  now  groAvn  common. 
No  longer  were  the  Spaniards  trying  to  ferret  out  a  despised  enemy 
in  his  hiding-places;  for  the  rainy  season,  with  its  added  discomforts 
and  increased  peril  to  life,  was  now  on.  and  at  best  that  kind  of  work 
was  wearing  and  fruitless.  All  through  the  war  the  insurgents,  secure 
in  tlic  good-will  of  the  masses,  enjoyed  the  great  advantage  of  being 
kept  fully  informed  of  every  move  the  government  troops  made;  so 
now  tlic  rebels  always  contrived  to  give  the  Spaniards  the  slip,  or  on 
occasions  to  attack  their  columns  from  ambush. 

The  aim  of  Cajupos  was  to  divide  tlie  island  into 
TACTICS  OF  THE  zones  by  a   series  of  strongly   guarded   military 

CAMPAIGN,  jjjj^.j^  running  north  and  south,  and  to  move  his 
successively  consolidated  forces  toward  the  sunrise,  and  finally  crowd 
the  Cubans  off  the  eastern  end  of  the  island.  As  it  turned  out,  how- 
ever, it  was  Gomez  and  Maceo  who  fiddled  and  (-ampos  who  danced. 
The  governor-general  had  to  keep  shifting  his  drooping  and  water-soaked 
regiments  from  point  to  point,  to  meet  threatened  attacks  or  to  protect 
this  district  or  that  from  ruinous  rebel  incursions,  and  could  not  solidify 
even  the  t\vo  trochas  he  did  b»>gin. 

Gomez  adapted  means  to  ends.  Pitched  battles  and  n>gular  sieges 
were,  with  his  limit«'d  resources,  out  of  the  (iuesti<ui.  The  armies  of 
oppression  could  not  be  crushed,  but  they  might  be  liarassed  and  their 
convovs  cut  ofT,  might  be  worn  out  in  a  life  of  alarms  and  hard  work, 


CAMPAIGN   OF    1895,  23 

might  be  picked  off  in  detail— aud  yellow  fever  would  do  the  rest. 
His  hardened  uative  soldiers,  especially  the  negroes,  would  thrive  and 
keep  iu  lightiDg  trim  under  hardships  and  exposure  no  European 
soldier  could  possibly  undergo  and  live. 

By  the  fourth  week  of  May  the  rebel  armies 

CAMPOS  OUTMATCHED.  numbered  over  1U,UU0  men,  of  whom  nearlj 
three  fourths  were  armed  with  good  rifles.  The  Spanish  war  expenses 
in  three  months  had  been  ii;iO,000,000,  and  their  death-roll  190  officers 
and  4,840  men.  Early  iu  June  Gomez  put  his  plans  iuto  execution  for 
the  invasion  of  Puerto  Principe,  and  brushing  aside  the  attenuated 
opposition  in  his  way,  Avas  soon  in  the  heart  of  his  old  campaiguing- 
ground  in  the  70's,  with  thousands  flocking  to  his  standard.  Three 
weeks  later  Maceo,  still  in  Santiago  province,  concentrated  his  forces 
in  the  Holguin  district,  moved  southwestward,  and  demonstrated 
heavily  against  Bayamo,  capturing  train-load  after  train-load  of  pro- 
visions that  were  started  for  that  place. 

Campos  put  himself  at  the  head  of  1,500  men, 

BATTLE  OF  BAYAMO.  ^j^j^  General  Santocildes  next  in  command,  and 
marched  to  the  relief  of  the  starving  garrison.  July  13th,  several  miles 
before  reaching  Bayamo,  he  was  attacked  by  2,700  rebels  led  by  Maceo, 
and  with  his  entire  staff  narrowly  escaped  capture.  Only  the 
heroism  of  Santocildes  averted  this  catastrophe,  at  the  cost  of  his  own 
life  For  hours  the  Spaniards,  with  admirable  steadiness,  fought  their 
assailants  on  four  sides,  being  surrounded,  but  finally  broke  through, 
and  made  good  their  escape  to  Bayamo,  the  rear-guard  with  difficulty 
covering  their  retreat.  They  had  been  saved  by  Maceo's  lack  of  artil- 
lery. The  Spanish  loss  in  killed  was  seven  officers  and  119  men;  that 
of  the  Cubans  was  nearly  as  great.  But  Maceo,  by  a  rapid  flank 
movement  and  a  tremendous  assault  upon  the  enemy's  rear,  had  cap- 
tured the  ammunition  train— a  prize  indeed.  Campos  did  not  dare  to  stir 
from  Bayamo  for  several  days,  or  until  strong  reinforcements  had 
reached  him.  By  this  time  Maceo  had  brought  about  the  concentration 
of  10,000  of  the  euemy.    He  then  withdrew. 

«;PANKH  IO<;<;f<;  ^'^  '^^^^'^^'  '^"S"*^*  ^^^^"  Spanish  losses  by  death  had 
bFAM:)n  LUi>5>tb.  i-^.a^.^ipj  20,000  men;  by  September  1st  their  expen- 
ditures to  ,1^21,300,000.  The  Madrid  government,  after  already  realizing 
$48,000,000  from  the  sale,  at  40  per  cent,  of  $120,000,000  worth  of  Cuban 
bonds  of  the  series  of  1890,  in  October  negotiated  a  $14,000,000  loan 
with  some  Paris  and  Dutch  bankers. 

AUTUMN  CAMPAIGN.     ''''!'T"  ''t^  ""''f^*'  T  'T'"^   ^'  7"^";^^"^""^ 
pouits  on  the  railroads  and  along  the  trochas, 

while  the  commercial  seaports,  besides  being  strongly  garrisoned,  were 
under  the  sheltering  guns  of  the  Spanish  war-ships.  The  heavy  rein- 
forcements dispatched  from  Spain  iu  August,  unlike  the  earlier  ones, 
were  mainly  veterans,  the  flower  of  the  Spanish  army. 


24  CUBA    AND   SPANISII-AMEKICxVN    WAR. 

Soptciiibcr  fouud  uot  ouly  a(t,()(K)  rebels  iu  the  Held,  but  their  number 
iucreasinj;-  faster  tlinu  ever.  Aud  now  be!,'au  their  destruetlve  aud 
dreaded  work  of  dyuauiitiuj;  traius,  bridj^es,  etc.,  teariuj?  up  tracks'  aud 
cuUiiij?  telef^raph  Hues,  as  also  their  more  systematic  levies  of  "coutri- 
butions"  upou  the  plauters.  aud  of  taxes  upou  food  suitplies  for  the 
cities.  More  tiyhtiug,  too,  but  always  of  the  partisan  kind;  for  unless 
two  or  three  times  the  strouger,  uo  iusuryeut  force  would  either  attack 
or  wait  to  be  attacked.  They  knew  every  foot  of  srouud;  all  the 
ueyroes  aud  three  fourths  of  the  whites  formed  a  spy  service  for 
them;  and  when  it  came  to  marchinj?,  the  imported  rejiulars  were 
uowhere.  They  worried  aud  stuug  the  Spanish  columns  and  outposts 
perpetually,  always  makiug  off  before  au  effective  blow  could  be  dealt 
iu  returu.  When  their  ammunition  ran  low,  they  would  swoop  down 
upon  some  exposed  party  of  the  enemy  and  replenish  from  the  pris- 
oners' cart  ridge-boxes. 
r.c-r.oc.ic..,-r  Octobcr  saw  2r).000  government  li-oops  iu  tlie  prov- 

/^c  /~»..,^^t'        ^^^'^'   ^^   Santa   Clara    alone.    Rut    in   spite   of    them 
OF  CAMPOS.       .,  Ill-        ,  ,         •   w  •    .     c.      , 

(joiuez  rushed  his  columns  by  night  over  into  Santa 

Clara.  The  combat  of  November  IDth  and  2()tli.  at  Taguasco.  in  tliat 
province,  was  the  severest  encounter  of  the  year,  (Jomez  gaining  a 
decided  advantage  over  Valdes,  one  of  the  Spanisli  brigadiers.  Before 
th'.^  eiul  of  1895  Campos'  campaign  was  an  admitted  failure'.  Under  a 
heavy  tire  of  criticism  from  tlie  ultra-Spauisli  Ilavanese  because  he 
would  not  depart  from  tlie  humane  and  cousiderati'  policy  he  had  all 
along  i»ursued.  the  once-lauded  "I'acilicator  of  Cuba"  at  the  new  year 
iV'turned  to  Spain.  Both  sides  now  had  iu  the  lielil  three  limes  as 
many  men  as  iu  the  ten  years'  war,  tlu'  goveniiiieiit  altout  ^iin.ooo 
nicii.  couiiliiig  CO.OOO  volunteers— liDiiic  guards  aiid  I  lie  loosely  organ- 
ized and  wonderfully  mol)ile  insurgent  aniiies  rui.tJUt)  to  Go.UUO. 

CAMPAIGN  OF  1896. 

Less   l)lood   and    more   fire   gives   the   second 
vear's  caiiipaimi  iu  an  eiiigram.    Tlie  Cuban 
ORASS.OROWN  FIELDS.     ,,,^„i,.,.,    j„    i„,.eniber.    ISi.n.    had    annoum-ed 

that  tJirir  next  move  would  lie  to  stuji  producli(m  and  commerce,  and 
llius  (Irinive  tlie  Spanisli  i-rowii  of  war  revenues  ;ni(I  supplies.  Thu.s, 
too.  llie  situation  Avoiild  jieroiiie  so  iiitoleraltle  that  Loyalist  and 
Autonomist  wmild  cease  opi»osiiig  iiMleiieiidenee.  fiir  they  would  see 
it  was  the  only  alteriiative  to  aii.-iicliy  and  ruin.  So  Coiuez  again 
took  up  his  line  of  marcli  westward  to  the  conrmes  of  Santa  Clara, 
and  across  Matair/.as,  and  into  tlie  jiroviiice  of  tlie  capital;  wliich.  as 
coiii|iIele(l  ]iy  .Ma<eo's  lodgment  ill  I'iiiar  (h'l  IJio,  made  a  march  of 
triuiiipli  for  the  Ciilians  of  liie  wliole  length  of  tlicir  country,  or  ipiite 
as  far  as  from  rittsburg  to  St.  Louis,    (Jomez  had  got   hold  of  a  few 


THE  TORCH  AND 


CAMPAIGN    OF    1896.  25 

pieces  of  artillery,  and  the  thunder  of  his  guns  at  almost  the  back 
door  of  Havana  Avas  the  greeting  he  gave  the  new  governor-general, 
Valeriano  Weyler,  who  arrived  early  in  February.  His  march  had 
lain  through  the  cultivated,  rich  sugar  districts,  and  these  he  left  a 
smoking  desolation.  Then  Maceo,  like  a  thunderbolt,  burst  into  Pinar 
del  Rio,  where  he  did  a  corresponding  work,  though  not  the  same  one. 
in  the  tobacco  regions;  and  in  Pinar  del  Rio  he  staid,  in  spite  of  all 
efforts  to  capture  him  or  starve  him  out. 

Troclia  simply  means  a  military  line  of  fortified  posts, 

THE  TROCHAS.  ^^,^^,  together,  designed  to  bar  an  enemy's  passage 
beyond.  The  Spaniards  always  placed  great  reliance  on  their  trochas 
as  a  means  of  cooping  up  the  enemy,  and,  as  it  were,  strangling 
rebellion  to  death.  Yet  Gomez  in  the  ten  years'  war  crossed  and 
recrossed  them  several  times,  once  bringing  his  wife  with  him.  Those 
which  Campos  established  in  1895  soon  had  to  be  abandoned  as  useless. 
His  last  was  along  the  line  of  railroad  running  from  Havana  to  Bat- 
abano,  on  the  south  coast,  a  distance  of  twenty-eight  miles;  and,  in 
addition  to  the  usual  forts,  hundreds  of  freight-cars  were  covered 
with  boiler-iron,  their  sides  perforated  with  openings  for  the  rifles  of 
his  soldiery,  and  some  of  these  wei'e  kept  moving  up  and  down  the 
line  day  and  night.  On  the  evening  of  January  4,  1896,  Gomez  and 
Maceo  crossed  this  trocha  without  firing  a  shot,  but  tore  up  three 
miles  of  railroad  track,  "just  to  let  the  Spaniards  know  we  noticed 
their  toy,"  Gomez  remarked. 

In   1S96  Weyler  threw   two  trochas   across  the 

WEYLER'S  TROCHAS.     i^^.^^,^^  o^p  ]„  t^p  western  part  of  the  province  of 

Puerto  Principe  (see  map),  from  Jucaro  to  Moron.  The  western  one 
was  shorter  and  stronger  than  any  before  it,  and  at  first  much  the 
most  talked  of.  It  extended  twenty-three  miles  from  Pto.  de  Mariel 
on  the  north  to  B.  Majana  on  the  south,  just  within  the  eastern  boun- 
dary of  Pinar  del  Rio  (see  map).  Its  object  was  to  shut  Maceo  up  in 
the  province  just  named,  and  make  the  assurance  doubly  sure  of 
cutting  the  revolutionary  army  in  two.  This  trocha  consisted  princi- 
pally of  a  barbed-wire  fence  nearly  four  feet  high;  the  sentinels  being 
posted  immediately  behind  it.  Forty  yards  back  of  it  was  a  trench 
three  feet  wide  and  four  feet  deep,  with  a  breastwork  of  palmetto 
logs.  Fifty  yards  still  further  back  were  the  log  houses  in  which  the 
troops  were  quartered.  The  number  of  soldiers  required  to  guard  the 
whole  line  was  about  15,000. 

After  passing  the  trocha  with  a  small  detachment 
DEATH  OF  MACEO.      ^^  ^j^^  ^j^j^^  ^^  December  4,  1896,  Maceo  (on  his 

way  to  consult  with  Gomez)  was  killed  on  the  seventh;  assassinated, 
the  Cubans  claimed,  through  the  purchased  treachery  of  Dr.  Zertucha, 
of  his  personal  staff.  His  eight  brothers  had  all  perished  before  him 
In  the  cause  of  Cuban  liberty.    General  Rius  Rivera  succeeded  him. 


26  CTTBA    AXn    RPANISn-AMERICAN   WAR. 

CAMPAIGN  OF  1897- 

The  next  year,  1897,  dawned  upon  a  situation 
SITUATION  IN  JANUARY.      ^^.,^5^.,^    fjj.    ^^.^5^    ^.j^„    intensely    strained. 

financially,  and  scarcely  less  so  from  the  military  and  diplomatic  stand- 
points, with  sloom  and  mourning  througliout  the  patriot  ranlcs  for 
the  death  of  Maceo,  thoufih  the  Cuban  Junta  asserted,  a  few  weeks 
later,  it  had  received  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars  in  the  way  of 
increased  contributions  because  of  it.  "Meanwhile,"  says  a  trust- 
worthy account  of  that  period,  "in  one  of  the  fairest  lands  on  earth  the 
misery,  the  suffering,  goes  on  without  mitigation.  Thousands  are  in 
sudden  extreme  penury,  many  on  the  verge  of  starvation,  and  from 
one  end  of  the  island  to  the  other  there  is  a  complete  unsettling  of 
everything.  Weyler,  though  he  has  not  proved  himself  the  butcher 
he  was  dubbed  beforehand,  is  harsh  and  relentless,  and  some  of  his 
orders. have  worked  indescribable  hardship  and  privation  to  multitudes 
of  country  people.  His  forces  continue  to  garrison  the  seaports,  and 
hold  certain  interior  lines  along  the  railroads,  including  the  western 
and- eastern  trochas.  but  the  insurgents  have  their  own  way  in  nearly 
all  of  the  eastern  two  thirds  of  the  island,  and  are  able  to  raid  at  will 
over  much  of  the  rest" 

The  numerical  strength  of  the  opposing  armies 

THE  CUBAN  ARMIES.  j^j.  ^j^jg  ^j,,,,.  ^y^^^  m,^  greatly  changed  since  the 
close  of  ISt).").  (See  page  24.)  Additional  reinforcements  from  Si)ain. 
though  reaching  Havana  frequently,  did  not  much  more  than  replace 
the  heavy  Spanish  losses  resulting  from  exposure  and  disease.  The 
Cuban  armies,  according  to  a  speech  in  the  United  States  Congress, 
in  18!M;.  aggregated  00.022  men,  and  of  the  twenty-four  generals  in 
the  Cuban  armies  nineteen  were  whites,  three  blacks,  one  a  mulatto 
and  one  an  Indian. 

The  Senator's  figures  doubtless  exaggerated  tlie  insiu-gent  strength. 
Comparatively  few  of  the  fighters  on  that  side  could  keep  in  active 
service  the  year  round.  Gomez  practically  had  no  commissary  depart- 
ment. His  men  came  and  went,  and  scattered  about  to  plant  and  gather 
their  rapidly  grown  crops,  much  as  they  pleased;  it  being  sufficient, most 
of  the  time,  that  they  should  keep  within  call  and  rally  to  the  main 
camps  whenever  notified  that  any  considerable  movement  was  on  foot. 
iMirmg  th(>  few  long  marches  which  the  Cuban  armies  made  they  had 
to  live,  of  course,  off  the  country. 

T'l)on    Maceo's    death    Weyler    put    forth    in- 

PAPER  PACIFICATIONS.  ,.,.,..,^,.,1  efforts  to  crush  out  rebellion  in 
rinar  del  Kio.  liy  means  of  the  western  trocha  he  succeeded  in  con- 
fining Rivera's  scattered  bands  to  that  province,  and  in  a  series  of 
small  engagements  lu-  gained  some  advantages;  but  there  was  a  contin- 
uous streau)  of  wounded  and  sick  soldiers  back  to  Havana.    In   the 


CAMPAIGN   OF   1897.  27 

spring  of  1897  Rivera,  wounded,  was  made  a  prisoner,  after  which 
event  military  operations  in  Pinar  del  Rio  became  absolutely  unimpor- 
tant. Rivera  was  released  a  few  months  later,  and  already  is  well-nij^h 
forgotten.  On  January  11,  1897,  Weyler  proclaimed  the  pacification  of 
the  three  western  provinces,  those  of  Havana,  Matanzas  and  Tinar 
del  Rio;  then  made  haste  to  show  the  hollowness  of  it  all,  not  only 
by  uurelaxed  activity  in  Pinar  del  Rio,  but  by  a  campaign  of  ruthless 
devastation  throughout  Matanzas.  His  further  "pacitications."  at  inter- 
vals during  the  summer,  deceived  nobody.  As  autumn  approached, 
the  fruitlessuess  of  his  harsh  policy  aroused  strong  criticism  even  in 
Madrid,  from  the  Liberal  Party. 

The  two  eastern  provinces,  Santiago  and  Puerto 

AUTUMN  CAMPAIGN,  prjucipe,  were  dominated  by  the  insurgents  from 
the  very  first.  It  cost  the  Spaniards  continued  severe  effort  and  many 
lives  to  retain  their  hold  on  the  Bayamo  district,  before  giving  it  up, 
under  the  exigencies  of  the  war  with  the  United  States,  April  25,  1898. 
More  than  once  the  garrison  of  that  place  was  reduced  to  almost 
starvation  allowances,  by  the  operations  of  insurgents  to  the  north,  thus 
making  them  dependent  on  such  supplies  as  could  be  brought  up  the 
Rio  Canto  (see  map)  by  boat.  In  January,  1897,  a  Spanish  gunboat 
patrolling  that  river  was  blown  up  by  a  torpedo  operated  electrically 
from  the  woods  along  the  shore.  During  the  greater  part  of  that  year 
the  more  important  demonstrations  of  the  insurgents  were  those  made 
by  various  detachments  of  the  army  of  General  Calixto  Garcia,  now 
the  next  in  rank  to  Gomez,  and,  like  him,  a  veteran  of  the  ten  years* 
war;  though  the  heavily  guarded  and  formidably  strengthened  Jucaro- 
Moron  trocha  long  prevented  any  junction  with  the  commander-in-chief, 
who  was  having  a  watchful,  but  by  no  means  sanguinary,  time  in 
Santa  Clara  province;  or,  as  the  Cubans  call  that  region.  El  Camaguey. 
Strangely   confused  and  meager  were  the  accounts 

CAPTURE  OF  ^^j  military  operations  in  Cuba  throughout  1897.  The 
LAS  TUNAS,  insurgents  were  playing  a  waiting  game.  Their  most 
striking  success  was  Garcia's  capture  of  the  important  fortified  post 
of  Victoria  de  las  Tunas,  northwest  of  Bayamo  (see  map),  on  the 
thirtieth  of  September,  after  three  days'  fighting,  in  which  the  Spanish 
commander  was  killed,  and  the  beleaguered  garrison  had  a  casualty  list 
of  forty  per  cent,  the  rest  surrendering.  The  Cubans,  who  also  lost 
heavily,  owed  their  victory  to  Garcia's  recent  artillery  reinforcements- 
two  heavy  and  six  rapid-fire  guns  worked  by  a  little  baud  of  Amer- 
icans. A  young  Missourian,  writing  home,  declared  they  captured 
"twenty-one  forts,  over  a  thousand  rifles,  a  million  rounds  of  ammuni- 
tion and  two  Krupp  cannon."  As  Weyler  had  cabled  that  Tunas  was 
"impregnable,"  its  fall  occasioned  deep  chagrin  and  severe  criticism 
in  Madrid;  nor  did  these  abate,  notwithstanding  his  early  reoccupation 
of  the  place,  tlie  rebels  having  left. 


28  CUBA   AND   SPANISH- AM  ERIC  AN   WAB. 

RECONCENTRATION   HORRORS. 

Not  on  the  prowess  of  her  armies,  however, 
DESCRIPTION. 


PRESIDENT  McKINLEY'S         ^^^^^  ^^  j^^.^.  eold-blooded  policy  of  "reeonceu- 


tration,"  Spain  had  long  since  come  to  place 
her  main  reliance  for  subduing  the  rebellion.  The  Cuban  laboring 
classes,  the  common  country  people,  all  sympathized  with  the  cause  of 
Cuba  libre;  they  must  be  taken  in  hand,  and  put  where  neither  they 
nor  the  food  they  were  accustomed  to  raise  could  aid  the  insurgent 
))auds.  In  his  message  to  Congress  April  11,  1898,  President  McKiulcy 
said:  "The  efforts  of  Spain  added  to  the  horrors  of  the  strife  a  new 
and  inhuman  phase  happily  unprecedented  in  the  modern  history  of 
civilized  Christian  people.  The  policy  of  devastation  and  concentration, 
inaugurated  by  Captain-General  Pando  on  October  21,  ISlKi,  in  the 
province  of  Pinar  del  Rio,  was  thence  extended  to  embrace  all  of  the 
island  to  which  the  power  of  the  Spanish  arms  was  able  to  reach  by 
military  occupation  or  by  military  operations.  The  peasantry,  including 
all  dwellers  in  the  open  agricultural  interior,  were  driven  into  the 
garrisoned  towns  or  isolated  places  held  by  the  troops.  The  raising 
and  movement  of  provisions  of  all  Isinds  were  interdicted.  The  fields 
were  laid  waste,  dwellings  unroofed  or  fired,  mills  destroyed,  and,  in 
sliort,  everything  that  could  desolate  the  laud  and  render  it  unfit  for 
human  habitation  or  support  was  commanded  by  one  or  the  other  of 
the  contending  parties,  and  executed  by  all  the  powers  at  their  dispo.sal." 
"By  the  time  the  present  administration  took 
STARVATION  office,    a    year    ago,"    continues    the    President, 

AND  SUrrEKlNG.  "reconcentratiou,  so  called,  had  been  made  effec- 
tive over  the  better  part  of  the  four  central  and  western  provinces, 
Siuita  Clara,  Matanzas,  Havana  and  Pinar  del  Rio.  The  agri<'ultural 
population,  to  the  estimated  number  of  30().(K)0  or  more,  was  herded 
within  the  towns  and  their  immediate  vicinage,  deprived  of  the  means 
of  support,  rendered  destitute  of  shelter,  left  poorly  clad,  and  exposed 
to  the  most  unsanitary  conditions. 

"As  the  scarcity  of  food  increased  with  the  devastation  of  the 
depopulated  areas  of  production,  destitution  and  want  became  misery 
and  starvation.  Month  by  month  the  (Jeath-rate  increased  in  alarming 
ratio.  By  March,  1897,  according  to  conservative  estimates  from  ofiicial 
Spanisli  sources,  the  mortality  among  the  reconceutrados  from  starva- 
tion and  tlie  diseases  thereto  incident  exceeded  fifty  per  cent  of  their 
total  number.  No  practical  relief  was  .-iccorded  to  the  destitute.  The 
overburdened  towns,  already  suff«'ring  from  the  general  (h'arth,  could 
give  no  aid.  So-called  zones  of  cultivation  that  were  established  within 
the  immediate  area  of  effective  military  control  about  the  cities  and 
fortified  cami)s  proved  illusory  as  a  remedy  for  the  suffering.  The 
unfortunates,  being  for  the  most  part  women  and  children,  or  aged  and 


RECONCENTRATION    HORRORS  29 

helpless  men  enfeebled  by  disease  and  hunger,  could  not  have  tilled 
the  soil  without  tools,  seed  or  shelter,  to  provide  for  their  own  support 
or  for  the  supply  of  the  cities.  Reconceutration  worked  its  predestined 
result.  As  I  said  in  my  message  of  last  December,  it  was  not  a  civ- 
ilized warfare;  it  was  extermination.  The  only  peace  it  could  beget 
was  that  of  the  wilderness  and  the  grave." 

Exactly  that  which  had  been  predicted  by  the 

CONGRESSIONAL  Cuban  Junta  and  the  better-informed  portion 

VISITING  PARTIES.  ^^  ^^le  American  press  thus  came  to  pass,  only 
in  form  more  horrid  still.  "But  some  doubted,"  and  among  them  were 
United  States  Senators  and  Congressmen.  A  party  of  these,  including 
Senators  Proctor  of  Vermont,  Gallinger  of  New  Hampshire,  and 
Thurston  of  Nebraska,  experienced  a  harroAving  awakening  when  they 
visited  Cuba  early  in  March,  1898,  and  with  their  own  eyes  beheld  the 
hopeless,  unspeakable  misery  of  the  famishing  "reconcentrados;"  and 
the  subsequent  speeches  of  these  three  Senators  produced  a  powerful 
effect.  The  wife  of  Senator  Thurston,  who  accompanied  the  Con- 
gressional party,  was  in  delicate  health;  her  sympathetic  nature 
received  so  great  a  shock  from  the  dreadful  scenes  the  party  every- 
where encountered  that  she  died  on  the  trip. 

Under  the   law^   of   nations,   had    the    helpless 

AMERICAN  PROTESTS,  reconcentrados  been  fortunate  enough  to  be 
her  prisoners  of  war,  Spain  must  have  provided  for  them;  but 
as  they  were  only  simple  peasantry,  and  mostly  women,  chil- 
dren and  broken-down  old  men  at  that,  she  could  and  did  take 
steps  to  starve  upward  of  half  a  million  of  them  into  the  grave;  and 
it  was  no  person's  business  in  particular  to  demand  the  reason  why, 
till  a  few  wide-awake  AmedcaB  newspapers  exposed,  and  kept  on 
exposing,  the  enormities  that  we^  going  on.  By  May,  1898.  not  less 
than  a  quarter  of  a  millio#  r^^ncentrados  had  died  of  slow  starvation 
and  disease.  Against  4h^s  abuse  of  the  rights  of  war  the  American 
government  repeatedl:^find  earnestly  .protested.  Finally,  in  October, 
1897,  the  Spanish  jj^evument  conceded  certain  relief  measures  (see 
foot  of  page  30),  and  snlisequently  made  a  great  display  of  others,  but 
they  were  miserafijy  inadequate,  and  did  not  meet  the  real  situation. 

s^    Hundreds  of  Americans  came  within  the  scope  of 

RELIEF  MEASUREST  reeoncemration.  Largely  upon  the  representation? 
of  General  Fitzhugh  Lee,  the  lion-hearted  United  States  Consul- 
General  at  Havana,  President  McKinley.  very  early  in  his  administra 
tion,  requested,  and  Congress  granted,  .$.50,000  for  their  relief,  including 
the  return  to  the  United  States  of  such  of  them  as  desired  it.  During 
the  autumn  of  1897  the  conviction  grew  strong  that  the  Red  Cross 
Association  ought  to  undertake  the  mitigation  of  the  terrible  suffering 
in  Cuba.  Clara  Barton,  president  of  the  American  section  of  that 
noble  organization,  was  still  in  Armenia,  on  relief  work  there.  Return- 


30  CUBA   AND   SPANISn-AMERICAN   WAR. 

iug  in  the  winter,  she  took  up  the  suggested  Cuban  work  simultaneously 
witij  indei)endent  movements  of  similar  character.  The  Government 
lent  its  iutluenoe  to  the  cause.  Several  scores  of  tons  of  food  supplies 
were  donated  by  private  and  public  benevolence,  chiefly  in  the  West, 
and  considerable  money  was  obtained  in  the  East  and  elsewhere. 
THF  PPF«;mFiMT'<;  ^  '^^^  exceptional  pleasure  President  McKinley 
mt  PKtNUtiNl  b  doubtless  penned  the  following  paragraphs  of 
his  special  message  of  April  11,  1898:  "The 
success  which  had  attended  the  limited  measure  of  relief  extending  to 
the  suffering  American  citizens  in  Cuba,  by  the  judicious  exi)euditure, 
through  consular  agencies,  of  money  appropriated  expressly  for  their 
succor  by  the  joint  resolution  approved  May  24,  1897.  prompted  the 
humane  extension  of  a  similar  scheme  of  aid  to  the  great  body  of 
sufferers.  A  suggestion  to  this  end  was  acquiesced  in  by  the  Spanish 
authorities.  On  the  twenty-fourth  of  December  last  I  caused  to  be 
issued  an  appeal  to  the  American  people,  inviting  contributions,  in 
money  or  in  kind,  for  the  succor  of  the  starving  sufferers  in  Cuba, 
following  this  on  the  eighth  of  January  by  a  similar  public  annouuce- 
meut  of  the  formation  of  a  Central  Cuban  Relief  Committee, 
with  headquarters  in  New  York  City,  composed  of  three  members 
representing  the  American  National  Red  Cross  and  the  religious  and 
business  elements  of  the  community." 

The  message  continues:  "The  efforts  of  that 
GOOD  WORK  IN  CUBA,  .^^^jt^ee  have  been  untiring,  and  have 
accomplished  much.  Arrangements  for  free  transportation  to-  Cuba 
have  greatly  aided  the  charitable  work.  The  president  of  the  American 
IJed  Cross  and  representatives  of  other  contributory  organizations  havi' 
geni'rously  visited  Cuba,  and  co-operated  with  the  Consul-Ueneral  and 
the  local  authorities  to  make  effective  disposition  of  the  relief  collected 
through  the  efforts  of  the  central  committee.  Nearly  !ji20().(HK)  in  money 
and  su[iplies  has  already  reached  the  sufferers,  and  more  is  forth- 
coming. The  supplies  are  admitted  duty  free,  and  transportation  to 
the  interior  has  been  arranged,  so  that  the  relief,  at  first  necessarily  con- 
fined to  Havana  and  the  larger  cities,  is  now  exfeuding  through 
most,  if  not  all,  of  the  towns  where  suffering  exists.  Thousands  of 
lives  have  already  been  saved." 

cnAMicM  nc.  .cir         -^''    ='     i''>"ut*'i"    to    the    American    government's 
SPANISH  RELIEF  ,,.  «  .i  i-  r  .     .• 

rcvulling  expose  of  the  policy  of  recoucentration. 

ILLUSORY.      j,|^,   Spanish   cabinet,    early    in    April.    1898.    voted 

three  million   i>es»<tas— upward  of  ."fitJttO.tHK)— for  tiie   starving   reconcen- 

trados.    Consul-tJeneral  Lee,  when  (luestioncd  by  ilic  I'orcigii  Kelations 

Committee  of  the  Huited  Slates  ScM.Mte  on   April   IL'.   1N!»S,  had   this  to 

say:    "I   do  not  believe  JjKiOO.ddd.    in   sopplifs.   will    be  given   to   those 

people,   and   the   soldiers   left    to  starve.    Tlicy    will   divide   it    up   here 

iim}  there— !i  piece  taken  oil'  here,  uuU  u  piece  tukeu  off  tUeie.      1 


ULANOO   IN   CUBA.  'dl 

do  uot  belii'vo  they  have  appropriated  auythiiii;  of  the  kind.  The 
coudltiou  of  the  reconceutrados  out  in  the  country  is  just  as  bad  as  in 
General  Weyler's  day,  except  as  it  has  been  relieved  by  supplies  from 
the  United  States. 

"General  Blanco  published  a  proclamation  rescinding  General  Wey- 
ler's baudo,  as  they  call  it  there,  but  it  has  had  no  practical  effect. 
In  the  first  place,  these  people  have  no  place  to  go;  the  houses  have 
been  burned  doAvn;  there  is  nothing  but  the  bare  land  there,  and  it 
would  take  them  two  months  before  they  could  raise  the  first  crop. 
In  the  next  place,  they  are  afraid  to  go  out  from  the  lines  of  the 
towns,  because  tlie  roving  bands  of  Spanish  guerrillas,  as  they  are 
called,  would  kill  them.  So  they  stick  right  in  the  edges  of  the  town, 
just  like  they  did,  with  nothing  to  eat  except  what  they  can  get  from 
charity." 

BLANCO  IN  CUBA. 

The  so-called  Liberal  Party  of  Spain,  under  the 
SPANISH  POLITICS,  leadership  of  Sagasta  (the  same  who,  as  prime 
minister,  once  sent  word  to  President  Harrison  there  was  not  gold 
enough  in  the  world  to  buy  Cuba)  was,  to  all  appearances,  gradually 
undermining  the  Conservative  ministry  of  Canovas,  and  had  become 
outspoken  in  its  condemnation  of  General  Weyler's  severe  and  futile 
measures,  when,  on  August  6,  1897,  Canovas  was  assassinated  by  an 
obscure  anarchistic  crank.  A  few  weeks  later  came  the  expected 
"ministerial  crisis,"  the  outcome  of  Avhich  was  a  new  cabinet,  under 
Sagasta,  pledged  to  afford  Cuba  autonomy— home  rule— and  at  the 
same  time  to  prosecute  the  war  there  with  increased  vigor. 

Early  in  October  Weyler,  a  Conservative,  placed 
RECALL  OF  WEYLER.  ^^jg  resignation  in  the  hands  of  the  new  min- 
istry, and  a  few  days  later  was  recalled;  one  reason  for  this  step, 
according  to  a  semi-official  account,  being  "the  deplorable  condition 
of  the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers  arriving  from  Cuba."  Before  sailing 
for  Spain  Weyler  accepted  an  almost  riotous  ovation  from  the  volun- 
teers of  Havana,  the  ultra-Spanish  element  of  the  city,  and  responded 
in  a  speech  full  of  absurd  self-glorification.  To  what  extent  his  twenty 
montlis  in  Cuba  had  swelled  his  private  fortune  cannot  be  stated,  but 
it  is  known  to  have  been  quite  considerable. 

Sagasta  was  a  man  of  less  commanding  intellect 
bAOASTA  S  PLAY.  ^^^^^  Canovas,  but  an  adroit  politician,  and  a  master- 
hand  at  the  worn-out  Spanish  game  of  make-believe  and  delay.  He 
promised  the  Washington  government  many  nice  things,  and  really  did 
try  to  get  the  Cubans  to  accept  his  scheme  of  autonomy.  But  the 
Cuban  patriots  would  have  none  of  it,  and,  what  was  no  less  fatal 
to  it,  neither  would  the  Spanish  out-and-outers,  the  Weylerites.  How- 
ever, some  twoscore  of  American   prisoners   in   Cuba  were   released. 


32  CUBA    AND   SPANISH-AMERICAN   WAR. 

Sonio  of  tli(HU  had  beou  in  prison  seventeen  mouths,  and  never  brought 
to  trial,  but  the  Queen  Regent  graciously  forgave  their  crimes  any- 
how, at  President  McKinley's  request. 

Weyler's  successor  was  not  Marslial  Campos,  as 
BLANCO'S  niany    had    predicted   it   would    be,    but   General 

ADMINISTRATION.  i..i,„„ii  Blanco,  late  governor-general  of  the 
Philippine  Islands,  where  he  had  been  forced  to  cope  with  a  determined 
rebellion  In  politics  he  was  a  Liberal,  and  in  traits  of  personal 
character  very  different  from  his  predecessor.  He  reached  Havana 
October  31,  1897.  He  seems  to  have  made  an  honest  effort  to  carry 
out  the  milder  policy  which,  under  the  pressure  of  American  opinion, 
had  been  decided  on  at  Madrid.  Before  reaching  Cuba  he  had  stated, 
in  an  interview:  "My  policy  will  never  include  concentration.  I  fight 
the  enemy,  not  women  and  children.  One  of  the  first  things  I  shall 
do  will  be  to  greatly  extend  the  zones  of  cultivation,  and  to  allow  the 
reconcentrados  to  go  out  of  the  towns  and  till  the  soil."  For  the 
difference  at  this  point  between  promise  and  fulfillment  General  Blanco 
must  not  be  held  alone  to  blame.  The  situation  has  largely  over- 
mastered him  throughout. 

The  amnesty  proclamation  which  the  governor- 
A  HOPELESS  general  issued  on  the  eighth  of  November  fell  flat; 
SITUATION,  ^jj^  insurgents  paid  no  attention  to  it.  Few  were  the 
estates,  either,  on  which  he  was  able  to  start  the  mills  to  grinding 
sugar-cane  once  more.  Equally  inconclusive  were  his  efforts  in  the 
field.  In  its  military  aspect  the  war  had  relapsed  into  a  dogged 
struggle  amid  the  central  provinces,  and  around  the  garrisoned  points 
in  the  two  eastern  ones.  General  Pando.  in  the  east,  organized  the 
principal  expeditions  of  the  winter,  and  exhausted  his  ill-rationed  col- 
umns in  gaining  petty  victories  of  no  lasting  value.  One  cannot  help 
admiring  the  constancy  of  the  suffering  and  neglected  Spanish  soldiery, 
whose  pay  in  April.  18;»8.  was  nine  months  in  arrears  for  the  men  and 
four  months  for  the  officers. 

It  Avas  not  without  dilficulty  that  Blanco  manned 
FAILURE  OF  ^j^^,,  several  posts  of  government  when,  in  November. 
AUTONOMY,  -^gi)-;^  i,e  took  the  first  steps  toward  launching  the  new 
autonomous  administration,  on  which  Sagasta  had  built  such  hopes. 
The  real  leaders  of  public  opinion  held  aloof.  Many  of  them  denounced 
autonomy  as  a  weak  concession  that  endangered  the  whole  fabric  of 
Si)anish  supremacy.  The  autonomous  oHice-holders— the  Colonial  gov- 
ernment, as  high-sounding  cablegrams  phrase  it— are  mere  puppets, 
with  no  influence  except  as  upheld  by  Spanish  b.-iyonets. 

As  to  tlie  Cuban   leaders,   nothing  could  be 

CUBAN  DETERMINATION.     „„,,.^.   (.,^.a,..,.nt    than   their   stern   avowal,   a 

liuiidred  times  repealed,  to  consider  no  proposal  along  the  lines  of  home 

ruh'  under  Spanish  domination.      "Independence  or  death!"  has  been 


THE   CUBAN   REPUBLIC.  33 

their  impassioned  cry  at  every  step.  That  it  must  be  Independence  or 
nothing,  should  they  have  a  voice  in  the  settlement,  presented  diplo- 
macy with  a  knotty  and  singularly  unwelcome  problem.  And  yet  whose 
right  to  a  voice  in  the  settlement  had  been  better  earned?  With  a 
terrible  emphasis  Gomez  issued  his  warning,  even  before  Blanco  had 
ensconced  himself  in  the  palace  at  Havana,  that  any  person  attempting 
to  bring  offers  of  autonomy  to  his  camps  would  be  seized  as  a  spy  and 
shot;  and  in  one  case  at  least  the  summary  order  was  carried  out. 

THE  CUBAN  REPUBLIC. 

Marti's  death  (see  page  22)  delayed  the  civil 
CIVIL  GOVERNMENT  organization  of  the  revolutionists,  but  on  Sep- 
ORGANIZED.  (^jyi^gj.  13^  1395^  their  first  Constituent  Assem- 
bly met  at  Uamaguey,  with  twenty  members  representing  all  six 
provinces.  It  declared  Cuba  independent,  and  adopted  a  constitution 
for  the  new  government,  whose  supreme  power  was  vested  in  a  Gov- 
ernment Council,  to  be  composed  of  the  president  of  the  Republic,  the 
vice-president  and  four  secretaries— war,  interior,  foreign  affairs  and 
agriculture— with  a  sub-treasui-y  for  each  of  these  four  departments. 

It  next  elected  and  installed  the  officers  of  government.  Salvador 
Gisneros  Betancourt,  chosen  president,  was  the  ex-Marquis  of  Santa 
Lucia,  who  formally  renounced  his  title  of  nobility  when  he  joined  the 
revolution  in  1868,  and  lost  his  estates  by  confiscation.  Bartolome 
Masso,  of  Manzanillo,  was  elected  vice-president,  and  Dr.  Thomas 
Estrada  Palma,  minister  plenipotentiary  an.d  diplomatic  agent  abroad, 
with  headquarters  in  the  United  States.  Gomez  was  confirmed  as 
general-in-chief  of  the  army,  and  Maceo  as  second  in,  command. 

Senor  Gonzales  de  Quesada,  charge  d'affaires  of  the 
QUESADA'S  Cuban  Republic  at  Washington,  is  a  graduate  of  the 

STATEMENTS.  University  of  New  Yorls,  and  in  training  thoroughly 
American.  In  a  recent  statement  he  said:  "The  civil  authorities  of  the 
Republic  have  continued  to  exercise  their  functions  throughout  the 
territory  controlled  by  the  Republic  of  Cuba,  which  is  about  three 
fourths  of  the  island.  There  is  a  civil  governor  in  every  province, 
who  has  his  subordinates  and  employees.  The  provinces  are  divided  into 
prefectures,  under  the  supervision  of  the  secretary  of  the  interior. 
The  duties  of  the  prefects  are  various  and  are  subject  to  special  laws. 
That  these  prefectures  are  in  working  operation  the  official  telegrams 
of  the  Spanish  press  afford  innumerable  proof.  Documents  on  file 
before  the  Senate  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations  prove  that  the  civil 
government  legislated  as  to  commerce,  government  workshops,  man- 
ufactories, coast  inspectors,  post-offices;  that  stamps  have  been  issued, 
public  schools  established,  civil  marriages  provided  for;  that  the  public 
treasury  is  well  organized,  taxes  being  ooUected,  and  amounting  to 


84  CUBA   AND   SPANISH- AMERICAN   WAR, 

huudrods  of  thousands  of  dollars;  aud  that  President  Cisneros  and, 
afterward.  President  Masso  have  issued  state  papers." 

The  second  Constituent  Assembly,  which  met  at 
MASSO  S  ^jjg  gjjjj  Qf  ^jjg  constitutional  two  years,   num- 

ADMINIST^ATION.  ^jered  twenty-four  members,  elected  by  ballot 
on  the  basis  of  universal  suffrage.  It  sat  during  October  aud  November, 
181)7,  Dr.  Domingo  Meudez  Capote,  ex-professor  of  law  in  Havana 
University,  presiding.  Says  Quesada:  "The  outgoing  secretaries  of 
slate  submitted  tlieir  reports,  wliich  were  examined  and  passed  upon 
by  committees  appointed  for  the  purpose.  A  new  constitution  was 
adopted  on  October  29,  1897,  Avhich  will  be  in  force  two  years,  unless 
independence  is  obtained  before,  when  an  Assembly  is  to  be  called  to 
provide  temporarily  for  the  government  and  administration  of  the 
Republic  until  a  definite  Constituent  Assembly  shall  meet.  The  con- 
stitution determines  what  is  called  the  Kopublie,  who  are  citizens, 
their  individual  and  political  rights,  the  officers  of  the  government, 
their  power,  and  provides  for  the  assembling  of  the  representatives." 
For  the  new  term  of  two  years  the  Assembly  chose  former  Vice- 
president  Bartolome  Masso  to  be  president;  Dr.  Capote,  mentioned 
above,  vice-president,  aud  Jose  B.  Alemen,  secretary  of  war.  By  the 
constitution  the  latter  otticial  is  "the  superior  chief  in  rank  of  the 
Army  of  Liberty." 

Early  In  tlie  revolution  tlie  ('ubaii  capital  was  set 
A  PORTABLE  jjjj  .^  cubitas,  whlcli  is  among  the  "mountains"  of 
CAPITAL,  ^jj.^  f,.j,ii(j  north  of  the  city  of  Puerto  I'rincipe  (see 
map).  It  has  been  quite  itinerant.  In  .January.  1898..  wlieu  it  liap- 
pi'ued  to  be  at  the  village  of  Espanza,  in  tlie  Cubitas  region,  it  was 
raidi'd  liy  a  heavy  Spanish  column  and  captured,  "after  a  stubboru 
resistance,  which  gave  the  rebel  otficials  time  to  escape.". 

Cousul-deiieral  Lee  told  the  Foreign  Relations  Committee  of  the 
IMiited  States  Senate:  "I  have  never  thought  that  the  insurgents  had 
anytliing  except  the  skeleton  form  of  a  government— a  movable  capital, 
1  asked  one  day  why  they  did  not  have  some  permanent  capital,  aud  1 
Ihiuk  tliey  gave  a  very  gtK)d  reason.  It  would  retjuire  a  large  force 
to  i»rotect  it  and  defend  it.  and  they  could  not  afford  to  mass  up  their 
men  there;  so  tlie  capital  and  the  government  otiices  liad  to  move  where 
Un'y  would  bi'  the  safest. 

"Whatever    may    be    said    about    old    (Jeueral 
HOW  THE  CUBAN  (jomez."  continued  (General  Lee,  "he  is.  in  my 

ARMIES  SUBSISTED,  i,,,,,,,,^.  „pi„i,„i.  .fighting  the  war  in  the  only 
way  it  can  be  fought  scattering  his  troops  out:  because  to  concentrate 
would  be  to  starve,  having  no  coiiunissary  train  and  no  way  to  get 
supi)lit's.  They  come  in  sometimes  for  the  purpo.se  of  making  some 
little  raid,  wlu-re  he  thinks  it  will  do  something:  but  he  has  given  orders, 
so  I   have  always  ln-en   informed,  not   to  light    iu  masses,   not  to  lose 


STRAlNEt)   biPLuMACY.  35 

their  eartrltlges;  and  sometimes  when  he  gets  into  a  fight  each  man 
is  ordered  to  fire  not  more  than  two  cartridges.  The  way  the  iflsiirgents 
do  is  this:  They  have  little  patches  of  sweet  potatoes— everything 
grows  there  very  abundantly  in-  a  short  time— and  Irish  potatoes  and 
fruits.  They  drive  their  pigs  and  cattle  into  the  valleys  and  hillsides, 
and  they  use  those  and  scatter  out.  The  insurgents  plant  crops  in 
many  parts  of  the  island." 

STRAINED  DIPLOMACY. 

AMERICAN  PRESSURE.      ""T'''^'  T"T"^/7T^   ^'''"   '''.^"'f 
"^  offices  m  April.   1896,  but  they  were  refused. 

President  McKinley's  offers  were  met  less  bluntly,  but  Sagasta  was 
most  carefiri  to  avoid  even  a  tacit  consent  to  mediation.  While  he 
sought  to  quiet  the  Washington  government  with  promises  and  partial 
reforms  in  Cuba,  the  Spanish  war  office  continued  putting  forth  efforts 
such  as  for  a  nation  literally  bankrupt  were  surprising,  to  create  a 
navy  overmatching  the  United  States  upon  the  ocean.  The  growing 
strength  of  public  opinion  in  this  country  was  irresistibly  impelling  the 
Washington  government  to  a  policy  of  moral  coercion,  notwithstanding 
the  gratifying  release  of  American  prisoners,  the  supersedure  of  Weyler, 
and  the  unfailing  suavity  of  General  Stewart  L.  Woodford,  the  Amer- 
ican minister  at  Madrid  since  July,  1897.  The  American  people  had 
virtually  lost  faith  in  Spain,  and,  because  of  her  incapacity  and  cruelty 
in  Cuba,  were  fast  losing  all  patience.  Official  circles,  too,  showed 
unmistakable  irritation  over  Spain's  pretense  that  the  Cuban  war  had 
been  so  prolonged  mainly  on  account  of  American  failure  to  enforce 
neutrality,  the  facts  being  this  country  had  already  expended  $2,000,000 
in  Spain's  interest  in  doing  just  that  thing,  and  had  stopped  vastly 
more  Cuban  expeditions  than  Spanish  gunboats  had  intercepted. 

THE  n  ir»un  icT-rcr.       Spain's  accomplished  representative  at  Wash- 
TUt  DcLOME  LETTER.      .      ,  „  ^        ^,     .  ^ 

mgton  was  Senor  Don  Enrique  DeLome,  who 

had  been  there  for  years.  A  confidential  letter  that  he  had  written  to 
Senor  Canalejas,  whom  Sagasta  had  sent  over  early  in  the  winter  to 
quietly  investigate  the  Washington  situation,  was  stolen  from  the  mail 
by  a  Cuban  sympathizer  in  Havana  post-office,  and  sent  to  the  Cuban 
Junta  at  New  York,  by  whom  carefully  photographed  copies  were  made 
public  early  in  February,  1898.  In  this  letter  the  Spanish  minister 
abused  President  McKinley  as  a  "low  politician,"  fatally  uncovered  the 
duplicity  of  his  own  part  in  pending  negotiations,  and  distinctly  admitted 
the  precariousness  of  Spain's  hold  on  Cuba.  It  was  impossible,  of 
course,  for  him  to  remain  at  Washington.  He  cabled  his  resignation, 
and  it  had  already  been  accepted  before  Minister  Woodford  went  to 
Sagasta  with  a  "representation."  His  successor,  in  March,  was  Senor 
Polo,  whose  father  had  held  the  same  post  many  years  before. 


36  CUBA   AND   SPANIBII-AMERTCAN    WAR. 

At  forty  minutes  past  nine  on  Tuesday  night, 
THE  MAINE  HORROR,  j.^^.j^.i^.^i-y  15,  is'JS,  tht'  United  States  battleship 
Maine,  Captain  Cliarles  I).  Sigsbee  conuuaudiug,  wliich  had  been  lying 
quietly  at  anchor  in  Havana  harbor  since  the  evening  of  January 
twenty -fifth,  was  destroyed  by  an  explosion.  Two  officers  and  not  less 
than  two  hundred  and  sixty  of  her  crew  perished,  most  of  them  ground 
to  pieces  amid  the  steel  partitions  and  decks,  the  others  penned  by 
the  tangle  of  wreckage  and  drowned  by  the  immediate  sinking  of  the 
wreck.  The  news  caused  intense  excitement  throughout  the  United 
States,  more  especially  because  treachery  was  suspected.  The  Maine 
was  one  of  the  finest  (though  not  largest)  ships  in  the  uavy,  representing, 
together  with  her  armament  and  stores,  an  expenditure  approximating 
five  millions  of  dollars.  Seldom,  if  ever,  was  there  a  finer  example  of 
self-control  on  the  part  of  a  great  people,  as  for  several  weeks  the 
United  States  stood  awaiting  the  official  determination  of  the  cause 
of  this  appalling  calamity. 

The  government  at  once  organized  a  naval  court 
OFFICIAL  FINDINGS.  ^^  inquiry,  composed  of  experienced  officers  of 
high  rank,  who,  in  their  continuous  labor  of  twenty-three  days,  were 
aided  by  a  strong  force  of  wreckers  and  divers,  besides  experts.  They 
made  a  thorough  investigation  on  the  spot,  sifting  and  weighing  every 
item  of  evidence  that  could  be  adduced.  The  type-written  testimony 
made  a  bundle  of  twelve  thousand  pages,  weighing  about  thirty  iwunds. 
The  unanimous  finding  of  the  court,  dated  March  21,  1898  (as  sum- 
marized in  President  McKinley's  message  of  the  twenty-eighth  of 
March),  was:  "That  the  loss  of  the  Maine  was  not  in  any  respect  due 
to  fault  or  negligence  on  the  jiart  of  any  of  the  officers  or  members  of 
her  crew;  that  the  ship  was  destroyed  by  the  explosion  of  a  submarine 
mine,  which  caused  the  partial  explosion  of  two  or  more  of  her  forward 
magazines;  and  that  no  evidence  has  been  obtainable  fixing  the  respon- 
sibility for  the  destruction  of  the  Maine  upon  any  person  or  pi'rsons." 

"The  crime  or  the  criminal  negligence  of  the  Spanish  otticials." 
were  essentially  the  terms  in  which  Congress  put  the  ease  two  weeks 
later,  and  in  this  Congress  voiced  the  conviction  of  the  American  people. 

AMERICAN  WAR  PREPARATIONS. 

Preparations  comporting  with  possible  hostilities 
PRECAUTIONARY  ]n-,^-Mx  to  be  made  in  both  the  army  and  navy 

ACTIVITIES.  di>partnients  in  .Tanuary.  1898.  and  from  the  dale 
of  the  Maine  horror  were  pushed  with  great  energy.  The  strengthening 
of  coast  fortifications  and  the  accumulation  and  distribution  of  war 
material,  with  recruiting  for  all  branches  of  service,  and  arrangements 
for  mobilizing  not  only  the  regular  army,  but  the  National  <}uard  of 
the   several   states,   went   on   apace.    There   was  especial   urgency    in 


AMEBICAN   WAR   PREPARATIONS.  37 

Strengthening  the  navy.  At  government  and  at  contractors'  shipyards 
work  was  pushed  day  and  night.  A  naval  officer  was  hurried  to  Europe 
to  buy  up  every  suitable  warship  on  the  market,  and  other  ships  were 
bought  in  our  own  ports.  In  Europe  were  also  purchased  hundreds  of 
the  smaller  cannon  and  perhaps  a  thousand  tons  of  ammunition.  Old 
monitors  and  other  discarded  craft  were  overhauled  and  put  in  con- 
dition for  coast  defense.  A  fleet  of  auxiliary  cruisers,  and  another  of 
patrol-ships,  began  to  be  organized.  The  purchase  and  conversion  of 
merchant  vessels  soon  counted  up  into  the  millions. 

On  the  ninth  of  March  Congress,  at  the  President's  request,  unan- 
imously voted  $50,000,000  as  an  emergency  fund  for  the  national 
defense.  A  few  days  later  it  passed  a  bill  adding  two  regiments  of 
artillery  to  the  regular  army;  these  were  sorely  needed  to  man  the 
heavy  defensive  guns  along  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  seaboards. 

Hid  of  DeLome's  presence,  the  President  magnan- 
CONGRESS  AND         jmouslv   ignored   the   DeLome  letter.      His   whole 

THF    DFODI  F  *         "^ 

.  nature  shrinking  from  the  responsibility  of  a  blootly 
war,  he  even  forebore  making  the  Maine  tragedy  the  occasion  for  more 
than  a  "pepresentation"  to  the  court  of  Madrid.  But  Congress,  reflect- 
ing the  overwhelming  sentiment  of  the  nation,  was  by  this  time  ablaze 
with  indignation  and  warlike  enthusiasm.  Herculean  were  the  efforts 
of  the  President  to  control  the  storm  in  the  interests  of  peace,  through 
delay.  Public  opinion  grew  imperative.  It  insisted  on  definite  action. 
The  President's  message  transmitting  the  Maine  findings  was  sent 
to  Congress  on  the  twenty-eighth  of  March.  His  yet  more  memorable 
message  of  the  eleventh  of  April  had  been  withheld  nearly  or  quite  a 
week,  to  give  time  for  American  residents  in  Cuba  to  leave  there,  and 
with  a  lingering  hope  the  situation  might  yet.  in  some  way,  take  a 
pacific  turn.  In  that  message  the  President  handed  the  whole  matter 
over  to  Congress,  and  asked  for  its  decision. 

iniiMT  RF<;oiiiTlON  ^^^^^'  ^*^^^'^'^^  *^^>'^  ^^  impassioned  debate,  and 

KbSULUllUlN  ^  prolonged  disagreement  between  the  Senate 

and   House  of   Representatives   over  the   side 

question  of  recognizing  the  existing  Republic  in  Cuba,  the  action  of 

Congress  was  given  to  the  world,  April  19,  1898,  in  the  following  joint 

resolution,  which  was  approved  by  the  President  the  following  day: 

Joint  l^csolution— For  the  recognition  of  the  independence  of  the 
people  of  Cuba,  demanding  that  the  government  of  Spain  relinquish 
its  authority  and  government  in  the  island  of  Cuba,  and  withdraw 
its  land  and  naval  forces  from  Cuba  and  Cuban  waters,  and  directing 
the  President  of  the  United  States  to  use  the  land  and  naval  forces  of 
the  United  States  to  carry  these  resolutions  into  effect. 

Whereas,  the  abhorrent  conditions  which  have  existed  for  more 
than  three  years  in  the  island  of  Cuba,  so  near  our  own  borders,  have 
shocked  the  moral  sense  of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  have  been 


,'58  CUUA    AM)    Sl'ANlslt-AMKI'.U  AN    WAli. 

ii  (lisjrnicc  to  t'liHstinn  civiliz.-itidii.  ciiliiiiiiMtiii;:-,  :is  llicy  liavc,  in  the 
(Icsrrilclioii  of  (1  liiilcd  Sliitcs  l);it  I  Icsliip.  with  two  luiiidrcd  :iinl  sixty- 
six  (if  its  otHct'i-s  and  ci-cw.  w  liilc  on  a  friendly  visit  in  tlio  iiarbor  of 
Havana,  and  cannot  lon.mT  lie  cndnrcd,  as  has  been  scl  forili  l»y  the 
rrt'sidi'Ut  of  the  United  Slates  in  liis  niessajie  to  Congress  of  Ainii  11, 
ISDS.  upon  whieh  th;'  action  of  ("oiiurcss  was  invited:  therefore. 

Jiesolved^liy  tlie  Senate  and  Ilonse  of  Uepresent.-it  ives  of  tlie  Tnited 
Stales  of  America   in  Con.uress  assembled. 

1.  That  the  people  of  the  island  of  ('iib;i  are.  an<l  of  a  riiilil  on.nlit  to 
be.  free  and  independent. 

'2.  That  it  is  the  dnty  of  the  1  iiited  States  to  demand,  and  the 
(Jovernment  of  the  I'nited  Statis  does  hereby  demand,  that  the  (Jovern- 
ment  of  Spain  at  once  relin<iuisli  its  authority  and  j;(>vernment  in  the 
island  of  Cuba  and  witlidr.iw  its  land  and  naval  forces  from  Cuba 
and  Cuban  waters. 

:;.  Tiiat  the  I'resident  of  the  I'lnted  States  be,  and  lie  hereby  is. 
direcled  and  empowered  to  use  the  entire  land  and  naval  foi-ces  of  the 
Cniled  St.-itcs.  and  to  call  into  the  actual  service  of  the  Cniled  States 
the  militia  of  the  sevei'al  states  to  such  an  extent  as  may  be  necessary 
to  carry  these  resolutions  into  effect. 

4.  That  the  I'nited  States  hereby  disclaims  any  disposition  or  inten- 
tion to  exercise  sovereijiiity.  jurisdiction  or  control  over  said  island 
except  for  the  pacification  thereof,  and  asserts  its  determination,  when 
thai  is  .iccomplished,  to  leave  the  liovc'rument  and  eoidrol  of  the  island 
to  its  ])eople. 

OPENING  OF  THE  SPANISH-AMERICAN  WAR. 

Consid-Ceneral  Lee.  almost  the  last  of  the  Cniled 
INITIAL  STEPS,  v^,.,,,.^  oflicials  in  Cuba,  left  Havana  on  .\pril  Itlh. 
Senor  I'olo.  the  Spanish  ministei-.  re(inested  passixirts.  and  left  Wash- 
in.i,Mon  on  the  libth.and  thirly-two  hours  later  .Minister  Woodfoi-d  retired 
from  .M.-idrid.  The  concentration  of  the  Cnited  Slates  re.uular  army 
;il  dilTei'cnt  ixiiiils  on  or  ne;ir  i  he  (iiilf  of  Mexico  was  by  this  time 
in  ;:cnerai  pro-ress.  On  Ainil  I'.ltli  Conufess  i)asse(l  a  bill  declarin;r  the 
existence  of  war  with  Sp;iin.  d;ilim;  from  the  "Jlst. 

On  April  L':'.d  I'resideid  McKinley  issued  a  call  for 
RAISING  TROOPS.  ^._,-,„,,,  ,^vo-ye:ir  volunteers,  under  .-nithority  of  an 
net  of  Coiiiiress  i»assed  the  day  pi-evious.  The  second  call  lioi-e  dale 
May  '-'."illi.  and  was  for  T.").(tit(i  men.  .\ddiiiL:  to  these  calls  leu  re;:imenls 
of  "inunnues."  with  certain  oilier  vidnnteers  specially  ;uitiiorized  by 
Conjrress.  also  ihe  (il.dOd  reirulars  .icinally  in  service  or  in  process  of 
recruit in.u'.  the  milii:iry  forces  of  the  country  shortly  .-m.-iined  a  nom- 
inal strenirlh  of  1277.ri(i(l.  Consider.ible  additions  were  also  made  to  the 
uaviil  slren;:tli,  ('sjiecially  for  iialml  service  ;ilon,i:  the  .\llantic  seiiboard. 


WAR    FINANCIEKING.  39 

Tilt'  llousi-  of  l{('i)re!>t"Utativos  hurriedly  pnssed 
WAR  FINANCIERING.     ^  ^  .,j  ^,^^.  ^^.^.^^^  ^^,^„.  ,,,.,^,,,,,,  ,,,  early  as  April 

2'.»tli,  but  the  8euate  was  so  deliberate  aud  the  disagreenieuts  so 
marked  that  a  law  for  that  purpose  was  uot  euaeted  uutil  June  10th. 
It  authorized  the  ^eeretary  of  the  Treasury  to  issue  oertilicates  of 
indebtedut'ss,  to  au  amount  uot  exceeding  $10U,0O0.UUU  outstanding  at 
any  one  time,  aud  $40(),00(l.tK)()  in  bonds,  the  former  as  well  as  the 
latter  to  draw  three  per  cent  interest;  directed  the  coinage  of  silver 
from  the  bullion  stored  in  thegovernment  vaults  at  the  rate  of  .Hil,500.(X>0 
a  month,  and  imposed  direct  taxes,  including  stamp  duties,  estimated 
to  produce  a  revenue  of  from  $150,000,000  to  upward  of  $200,000,000 
per  annum.  The  government  immediately  placed  $200,000,000  of  bonds 
on  the  market  in  the  form  of  a  "popular  loan"  at  par.  with  the  result 
that  by  .July  loth  the  amount  had  been  subscribed  more  than  four 
times  over.    Ninety  millions  were  allotted  to  bidders  for  ."foOO  or  less. 

On  May  11th  four  boats'  crews  of  Americans 
CUTTING  CABLES.  ^.,j„,.^„.^>j{  .^^  the  entrance  of  Cienfuegos  harbor, 
Cuba,  in  cutting  the  submarine  telegraph  between  Havana  and  San- 
tiago, were  tired  up(»n  from  the  shore  and  one  man  killed  and  six 
wounded.  The  tire  was  vigorously  returned  by  the  lilockadiug  vessels 
Marblehead  and  Nashville,  and  converted  revenue  tutter  Wiudom, 
and  the  cable-cutting  completed.  It  was  not  until  the  si-cond  week  of 
.Tuly.  however,  that  the  utmost  efforts  of  the  Americans  succeeded 
in  cutting  the  last  remaining  cable  between  Cuba  aud  the  Old  World, 
thus  isolating  General  Blanco  at  Havana.  The  cable  from  Ilavami 
to  Key  ^^'est  and  New  York  has  uot  been  interfered  with  by  either  side. 
In  four  weeks,  ending  .June  12th.  the  Subsistence 
■  Department  loaded  twelve  solid  miles  of  freight-cars 
with  provisions  for  the  United  States  armies,  being  a  total  of  .'32.180 
tons— in  all  10,123,(54.5  rations  (the  ration  representing  a  soldier's  food 
allowance  for  one  day).  Results  equally  striking  were  secured  in  the 
Ordnance  and  Quart ermastor's  Departments. 

THE  CUBAN  BLOCKADE. 

The    tirst    aggressive    step   of    the    war    was    the 

INSTITUTING  l)locka<l('   proclaimed   by   President   McKinley  on 

I  nt  dHJI^IxAUi:.  .  , ,   , 

April  22(1,  coveruig  tlic  nortli  cojist  ot  Cuba  west- 
ward from  Cardenas  to  Kahia  Honda,  a  distancf  of  alxiut  one  hundred 
and  twenty  miles,  witli  Havana  a  little  west  of  tlie  central  point  aud 
also  including  the  ]ioi-t  of  Cienfuegos,  on  the  south  cojist.  To  enforce  it 
the  North  .Vtlantic  siiuadroii,  Caiit:iin  (now  rear  ;idniii';il)  W.  T.  Samp- 
son commanding.  sailtMl  for  Key  A\'csi  llie  same  (hiy,  capturing  the 
tirst  prize  within  two  hours,  the  Spanish  mei'chantnian  Huena  Ventura, 


40  CUBA   AND   SPANISU-AMERICAN    AVAR, 

l;i(l('ii  Willi  Tcx.'is  luinhcr.  Kigbt  additioual  prizes  were  taken  witliiii 
the  next  two  (lays:  at  tlic  end  of  one  week  this  nninber  had  more  than 
doubled,  to  the  a.L;,i;re.natf  value  of  upward  of  ,$3,0(M ),(»<)( ). 

Ai)out   .May  1st  Commodore  .John  C  A\'atsou  was 
EXTENDING  ,     •    ,     i  .,       ...       e       t       ■       .,      ,,  ,  ,     , 

THE  BLOCKADE  ''"^^'.-'"''l  •'""  duty  of  entoremj;  the  Havana  block- 
ade. JH'avy  work  havini;-  l)een  cut  out  for  Acting 
Admiral  Sampson  in  other  wjilers,  but  in  the  course  of  a  month  he  was 
in  turn  i-elieved  by  Commodore  John  A.  Flowell,  in  preparation  for  his 
assijiiiment  to  the  p]astern  squadron,  which  was  about  to  be  or.uani7.ed 
for  a  descent  on  the  Spanish  coast.  Despite  a  few  lapses,  the  blockade 
of  Havana  and  the  other  north  coast  iwrts  was  well  maintained.  lint 
on  the  southern  coast  were  many  ports,  mostly  small  ones,  still  open 
to  receive  whatever  supplies  from  ^Mexico,  .Tamaica  and  Yucatan 
could  be  slipix'd  in.  To  cut  olT  this  supply  source.  President  McKinley. 
on  .June  I'Sth,  proclaimed  an  extension  of  the  blockade  to  ;ill  the  ports 
on  the  south  coast  of  Cul>a  from  Cape  Frances  e;istw;ird  to  C.-ipe 
Cruz  inclusive  (see  inaj)!.  an<l  also  of  San  .Iu:in  In  Porto  Kico. 

_  On  the  nliiiit  of  April  l'.")lh  two  small  Spanish  steamers. 

creei)ln,i;'  alon.y  the  coast.  sli]iped  into  Havana,  and  on  the 
I'fiili  the  L-ir.ue  Spanish  mall  sicnniei-  Montsei-ral.  lirinsin.^-  .$800.00(1  in 
sllvci-  :iiid  elfihteen  larjLje  .sjuns.  ;iiid  which  h;id  doiililcd  b.-ok  from  near 
Havana,  safely  landed  1.000  Spanish  troops  and  her  valuable  car^o  at 
SantiaiLro.  May  0th  the  French  steamer  Lafayette  was  captured  as  a 
blockade  runner,  but  was  immediately  released  by  the  .government. 

'I'he  tirst  bombardment  of  shore  batteri(>s.  Avhich  soon  becanu'  so 
coiiinion  ;in  event,  was  made  Ai>rll  L'Ttli  otf  Matan/.as.  Iiy  the  cruisers 
New  York  iS;inips(ui's  ll;i,i;-shlpi  and  Cincinnati,  .and  the  monitor 
I'nril;in.  May  lltli  a  nnniatnre  cu-aucniciit  In  C;ii-denas  harbor 
i-esulted  in  t he  disablement  of  the  Cnlted  Sl.-itcs  Inrpcdo-boat  AVInslow. 
the  death  of  Fuslixn  l^audey  .-iiid  four  men  and  the  woiindluL:  of  others. 

ORGANIZING  THE  PHILIPPINE  CONQUEST. 

'111.-    Philippines    lie    southeast    of    the    continent 
PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS.       ^,,.  ^^.  ,    .,,  .,  ,,j^.,.,.^  ,„„.  ,„,,^.,.,.„    „„,,„„  ,„„ 

the  Island  of  I'ornio^a.  on  the  Clilncse  coast,  some  l.'Joo  miles  from  the 
former,  but  c((niln,i;  witliln  •Joo  miles  of  the  latter.     Their  nearest  n«'i.i.'h- 

l)or  Is  the  isl.-nid  of  P.ori on  the  southwest:  the  island  of  .New  CJuinea 

li-s  further  off  to  the  southeast.  Stret.'hlni:  almost  :i  thousand  miles 
from  north  to  south,  the  Philippines  re.'ich  lo  within  :i.".0  miles  of  the 
eipialor.  .-nid  are  thus  in  the  s.ime  latitude  as  Central  .\meric.i.  More 
inii;ortant  than  all  ilie  resi  juit  lo-clher.  the  isl.-md  of  I.u/.on.  In  the 
north,  is  believed  to  be  l;iru:er  tlian  the  st.-ite  of  Ohio,  and  to  ciuitain 
at  least  foiu-  unllion  bdiabilants.  The  next  in  size  is  Mind.inao.  in  the 
south,   with  ;i   few   Sp.misli  villai:es  on   the  coast,   but   otherwise  little 


ORGANIZING  THE   PHILIPPINE   CONQUEST.  41 

known.  While  the  Philippines  number  altogether  some  1,200  islands, 
less  than  half  are  said  to  admit  of  permanent  habitation,  and  only 
a  dozen  are  of  any  considerable  size.  Their  land  area  more  than 
equals  that  •€  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois  combined,  and  the  larger 
islands,  especially  Luzon,  though  for  the  most  part  hilly  or  even 
mountainous,  are  very  fertile.  The  archipelago  was  named  after  Philip 
II.,  the  oppressor  of  Holland  and  the  husband  of  England's  bloody 
Queen  Mary,  and  for  three  and  one  third  centuries  it  remained  almost 
uninterruptedly  under  the  rule  of  Spain,  in  spite  of  whose  bad  govern- 
ment it  latterly  became  a  valuable  source  of  revenue  to  the  crown, 
and  of  enrichment  to  the  haughty  and  grasping  Spanish  officials. 

Estimates    of    the    population    vary    from    7,000,000   to 

POPULATION.  15  000,000,  composed  principally  of  various  Malay  tribes, 
with  very  few  of  the  aboriginal  negritos  (Oriental  dwarfish  negroes) 
still  remaining.  There  is  a  considerable  infusion  of  mixed  blood,  and  of 
late  years  the  Chinese,  in  spite  of  all  restrictions,  have  become  quite 
numerous  in  Luzon  and  neighboring  islands.  Outside  of  the  army 
the  pure  Spaniards  in  the  Philippines  number  less  than  10,000. 

The  native-born  of  Spanish  descent  are  much  more 
'  numerous  than  the  peninsulars,  and,  as  in  Cuba,  this  is 
the  class  which  has  repeatedly  flamed  into  in.surrection.  Their  leader  in 
1897-98  was  the  well-educated  Aguinaldo,  and  they  have  the  general 
support  of  the  native  tribes,  who,  notwithstanding  a  thin  veneering 
of  Koman  Catholicism,  are  only  half  tamed  and  deeply  resentful  of 
Spanish  abuses.  They  are  practically  unarmed  except  for  the  long, 
heavy  knife  carried  by  the  Malays  everywhere.  Reinforced  by  many 
thousands  direct  from  Cadiz  and  Barcelona,  the  Spanish  troops  were 
nevertheless  in  hot  work  still,  when,  iu  November,  1897,  the  insurgent 
chiefs  were  bought  off  with  $-100,000,  cash  iu  hand,  and  the  promise  of 
certain  administrative  reforms.  These  promises,  they  now  declare, 
like  all  reform  promises  from  Spain,  have  not  been  kept. 

On  the  beautiful  land-locked  sea  which  indents  the 

CITY  AND  BAY  ^.^^^  coast  of  the  island  of  Luzon,  and  is  largeenough 
OF  MANILA.  ^^  Q^^^  ^j^g  navies  of  the  world,  the  Spaniards  for 
centuries  have  had  their  capital.  Manila  has  grown  to  a  population 
(with  its  suburbs)  of  2-50,000,  and  attained  vast  commercial  importance. 
For  Spain,  the  Philippines  have  not  only  been  the  seat  of  empire,  but 
the  center  of  trade  for  the  whole  Pacific  ocean;  and  whether  from 
the  commercial,  political  or  military  standpoint,  Manila  is  the  Phil- 
ippines. From  this  emporium  are  shipped  great  quantities  of  cigars 
(whose  manufacture  was,  till  1882.  a  government  monopoly),  sugar, 
tobacco,  coffee,  hemp,  cocoa,  rice,  mats  and  cordage,  and  cotton  or  mixed 
fabrics.  Here  is  a  university  conducted  liy  the  Domijican  order  of 
monks,  an  imposing  cathedral,  and  the  governor-general's  palace, 
whence  issued  orders  to  the  lieutenant-governor  of  each  of  the  nine 


42  CUBA   AND   SPANISH-AMERICAN   WAR. 

or  ten  larger  islands,  and  to  the  alcaldes  of  the  forty-three  provinces 
comprised  in  Spain's  island  empire  in  the  Far  East,  A  submarine  cable 
connects  Manila  with  the  rest  of  the  world  by  way  of  Hong  Kong, 
Cliina,  thence  to  Singapore,  capital  of  the  British  colony  known  as  the 
"Straits  Settlement,"  at  the  tip  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  then  to  and 
eight  hunderd  miles  across  India,  and  on  to  the  Ited  sea  and  Europe. 

The  bay  of  Manila,  dotted  continually  with  tlie  sliipping  of  many 
nations,  narrows  at  its  entrance  to  a  width  of  twelve  miles.  Several 
islands,  of  which  Corregidor  and  Caballo  are  the  two  largest,  stand 
right  in  the  entrance.  Ships  practically  use  only  the  two  channels 
known  as  Bocha  (irande,  five  miles  wide,  and  Bocha  Chico,  two  miles 
wide.  Manila  is  situated  twenty-six  miles  northeast  of  the  entrance, 
or  by  the  concave  eastern  shore-line  of  the  bay  perhaps  forty  miles. 

The  south  third  of  the  city  is  tlie  older  and  oHicial 

FORTIFICATIONS.  ^^^^.^_  rpj,;^  portion  is  fortilied.  but  no  fortilications 
protect  tlie  rest  of  the  city  (that  part  north  of  the  Pasig  rivi'r).  which 
is  tlie  Manila  of  modern  commerce..  On  the  antiquated  fortilications  of 
the  otlicial  city  the  Spaniards  mounted  some  heavy  guns  during  the 
winter  of  18!)7-',>8.  They  also  strengthened  the  shore  batteries,  espec- 
ially those  at  Cavite,  an  outlying  suburb  at  the  tip  of  a  promontory, 
seven  miles  below  Manila,  and  toward  the  entrance  of  the  bay.  The 
forts  on  Corregidor  island  were  showily  elaborated,  and  some  large 
guns  put  in  i)lace.  In  April.  180S,  the  Spaniards  sunk  mines  in  the 
harbor,  and  gave  out  that  they  were  stringing  torpedoes  across  l)oth  the 
main  clianncl,  Boclia  (Jrande.  and  tlie  narrower  one  of  Bocha  Chico. 

In     December,     1SU7,     the     navy     department 

COMMODORE  DEWEY.  ,.,.ii,.v,.d  Conimodvjre  (ieorge  Dewey,  president 
of  tlie  Board  of  Inspection  and  Survey,  from  duty  at  Washington, 
and  assigned  liini  tlie  command  of  tlie  Asiatic  squadron,  comprising 
the  greater  part  of  the  American  fleet  in  the  Pacilic  ocean. 
Known  to  his  friends  in  civil  life  as  a  quiet,  unassuming  gentleman 
of  sixty-one,  tlie  new  commander,  in  forty-tlir(>e  years  of  ctlicient 
and  more  tlian  usually  varied  service,  beginning  with  a  cadet- 
ship  from  Vermont,  and  including  thrilling  exiuniences  under  Admiral 
Farragnt  in  the  Civil  War.  had  Avon  the  higlu-st  coiirKlfiici'  of  tlie  naval 
authorities.  Tlie  Asiatic  squadron  assembled  at  Hong  Kong.  Cliina.  a 
port  belonging  to  (Jreat  Britain.  It  w:is  well  suiipli.'d  willi  ammunition 
and  stores,  and  early  in  April  reci-ived  <iuite  an  accession  in  the  cruiser 
Baltimore,  which  also  brought  a  ship-load  of  ammunition  that  the 
g(»veniiiient  had  dispatched  from  San  Fraiicisi-o  on  the  gunboat  Ben- 
nington, wliicli  vessel  transferred  it  at  Ilonolulu  to  the  Baltimore. 

\\:nned  to  le:iv««  lloiig  Kong  by  the  Britisli  oHicials. 


IN  MIRS  BAY. 


from  iieutralitv  c(Uisideratioiis.  the  American  fleet,  on 


tlie  twenty-seventh  of  .\pril.  moved  thirty  odd  miles  northward  to  Mirs 
bay.  in  Chinese  jurisdiction,  ami  th»>re  completed  its  preparations,  jilso 


OBGANlZrNG  THE   PHILIPPINE  CONQUEST. 


43 


awaiting,  meauwhile,  the  arrival  of  Mr.  O.  F.  Williams,  the  American 
consul  at  Manila,  whence  he  was  known  to  have  already  sailed.  Its 
commander  had  been  cabled  from  Washington  that  war  was  actually 
on,  and  been  given  instructions,  foreshadowed  previously,  to  crush  the 
Spanish  tleet  in  the  Pacific  and  take  the  Philippines.  The  details  of  this 
momentous  undertaking  were  left  to  his  own  judgment. 

Dewey  had  six  fighting  vessels  and  three  tenders, 
as  follows,  the  first-named  being  the  flag-ship: 


AMERICAN  FLEET. 


DISPLACK- 

SPEED, 

GUNS, 

MENT,  TONS. 

KNOTS. 

TOTAL. 

OLYMPIA,  first-class  protected  cruis- 
er, Capt.  Chas.  V  Gridley 

5,870 

211/2 

38 

BALTIMORE,       protected       cruiser, 
Capt.  N.   M.   Dyer. 

4,413 

20 

24 

RALEIGH,   protected   cruiser,    Capt. 
J.  B.  Coghlan 

3,213 

19 

25 

BOSTON,     protected    cruiser,     Capt. 
F     Wildes   

3,000 
1,710 

15Mi 
17 

20 

CONCORD,  gunboat,  Commander  A. 
S.   Walker 

15 

PETREL,    gunboat.    Commander    E. 
P    Wood 

892 

llVo 

11 

TOUPEDO 
TUBES. 


The  converted  revenue  cutter  McCulloch  accompanied  the  fleet  as 
dispatch-boat,  as  did  also  the  transport  Nanshan,  laden  with  coal  for  it, 
and  the  supply-boat  Zafiro.  The  combined  fleet  carried  ten  8-inch  guns, 
twenty-tliree  6-inch,  twenty  5-iuch  and  fifty-six  guns  of  smaller  caliber, 
besides  twenty-four  gatlings  or  machine-guns— 133  in  all. 

The  Spanish  squadron  at  Manila  had  been  rein- 
SPANISH  BOMBAST,  f^^f.^^  about  the  twentieth  of  April  by  the 
cruiser  Castilla.  whose  officers  lent  enthusiastic  assistance  to  the  work 
of  harbor  defense,  by  means  of  the  torpedoes  and  other  war  supplies 
which  she  had  brought  from  Spain.  Thus  encouraged.  General  Augusti, 
the  governor-general,  fulminated  an  absurdly  bombastic  proclamation, 
declaring: 

"The  North  American  people,  constituted  of  all  social  excres- 
cences, have  exhausted  our  patience  and  provoked  war  by  their 
perfidious  machinations,  their  acts  of  treachery,  their  outrages  against 
the  law  of  nations  and  international  conventions.  The  struggle  will 
be  short  and  decisive.  Spain  will  emerge  triumphant  from  the  new 
test,  humiliating  and  blasting  the  hopes  of  the  adventurers  from  those 
United  States,  that,  without  cohesion,  without  history,  offer  only  infa- 
mous traditions  and  ungrateful  spectacles  in  her  chambers,  in  which 
appear  insolence,  defamation,  cowardice  and  cynicism.  Iler  squadron, 
manned  by  foreigners,  possesses  neither  instruction  nor  discipline." 


44 


CUBA    AM)    SPANISII-AMMKKAX    WAU. 


THE  SPANISH  FLEET. 


Admiral  .Moiitijo  liad   in   his  Hrct   the  foUowiii.i 
vessels,  the  first-uauied  Iteiu^  liis  lla.i;-sliii): 


KEINA  -MAIME  CIIUISTINA.  steel 
cruiser    

('A8'i"lLL.\.   steel   eiuiser 

N'KLASCO.  small  cruiser 

I>().\  AXTOMO  DE  I'LLOA.  small 
cruiser    

DON  JUAN  DE  AT  STRIA,  small 
cruiser    

ISLA  DE  CT'BA.  small  i-ruiser 

ISLA   DE  EEZOX.  small  cruiser 

(JE.NEUAL   LEZO.    -iuuvessel 

EL  CA.NO.  -iuuvessel 

MARQUES  Df^L  DUERO.  dispatch- 
boat  


OlSl'L 
MENT, 


ACK- 

SPKED, 

TOiNS. 

KNOT.S. 

.".20 

171.'. 

•M2 

H 

1  .".2 

14', 

mo 

14 

l.-'.o 

14 

i:!o 

1(5 

Olio 

Ki 

.-)24 

ID.-- 

r.24 

IDo 

.-)00 

10 

<nji\.s, 

iO  lA  I. 


21 


la 
i:5 

12 
12 

t; 


roui'Euo 

TUBES. 


In  number  thp  guns  of  the  Spanish  tieet  were  inferior,  and  still 
more  so  in  c;iliber;  bur  this  disparity  in  Dewey's  favor  was  counter- 
balanced. .MS  tlie  Sjianiards  believed,  by  their  shore  batteries. 

COMMODORE  DEWEY'S  GREAT  VICTORY. 


THE  VOYAGE  TO 

MANILA  BAY. 


Tlie  Americ:m  llect  left  Mirs  liay  Wednesday 
alteriiooii.  April  27th.  At  dayli.uht  of  Saturday, 
April  riotli,  it  \v;is  siuhted  off  Cape  Boliuao.  .sonie- 
Ihin.L'  <tver  10(i  miles  from  Manila.  It  h.ad  already  sailed  over  r>()0  miles. 
It  i)rocee(led  steadily  southward,  and  early  in  the  afternoon  reached 
Hubic  bay.  thirty  miles  above  the  entrance  to  Maiula  harbor.  This 
was  where  Admiral  Montijo  had  taken  position,  in  bravado,  a  few  days 
earlier;  but  he  was  not  here  now.  havin.u'  i)rudently  retired  on  Eriday 
til  Manila  bay.  within  the  encirclin.ir  protection  of  the  forts  on  shore. 
Leavinji  Snbic  bay  Itefwcen  four  and  live  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  the 
American  vessels  stood  out  to  sea.  and  in  due  time  were  lost  to  view. 

The  niiiht  was  caltn.  witli  a  youm:  mooii  half  w:iy  to 


FORCING  THE 
ENTRANCE. 


Ilie  full.  P.etween  one  .•md  two  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing'—Sunday  mor.iinjr.  May  1st— the  bo<tmin,i:  of  truns 
Wiis  hc.ird  in  .Manila  from  the  direction  of  Correuichtr  island,  at  the 
eiitr.ance  to  the  bay.  Hut  it  was  <lawn  before  it  be<aine  ;:«'nerally 
known  that  the  Americans,  with  inconceivable  dariufr.  had  entered  the 
bay  by  the  m:iin  channel  (Hocha  Crandct.  and  had  come  fairly  up  to 
the  city.  In  spite  of  forts,  mines  and  torpedoes,  the  .\nu>ricau  fleet, 
unharm.d.  w.-is  safely  within  the  harlx.r  a  fc.it  almost  unparalleled 
in  naval  warf.-ire.  Tlie  ll;ii,'-shii)  leading',  and  .all  liL'lits  darkened,  .almost 
the  entire  licet  p.assed  in  before  the  (■oi're;j:id<ir  forts  discovered  it. 


COMMODORE    DKWEY'S    GREAT    VICTORY.  45 

As   in   ;ill   t  roiiicnl   coiiiurii  s.    dnyli.nlit    caiiu'   ou 
BATTLE  OF  MANILA.     ^^..^^^  .^  ^.^^^^^^    Chaii.uiu^-  position,   the  Aiuericau 

y^ij^sels  were  soon  faciii.u-  the  fortitied  pronioutof.v  of  Cavite  aud  the 
Spauish  tleet.  whose  line  rested  on  that  point  at  the  left,  and  thence 
stretched  northward,  under  the  shore  batteries,  toward  the  city.  Before 
six  o'cloclv  tlie  battle  l)ejiau.  The  actual  tig-hting  was  compressed  into 
four  hours.  A  lull  occurred  in  the  middle  of  it,  while  the  Americans 
steamed  acro.ss  toward  the  west  side  of  the  bay—to  estjiblish  (luarters 
for  their  wounded  on  land,  as  the  watchers,  with  their  spy-jilasses.  iu 
Manila  thought— and  from  their  supply-ships,  anchored  in  the  center 
of  the  bay.  replenished  their  coal  and  ammunition.  Not  withstanding 
the  disasters  which  had  befallen  their  side,  the  Spaniards  f()ndly  hoped 
the  enemy  had  been  beaten  off,  and  joyful  telegrams  were  hurried  to 
Madrid.  But  the  dreaded  Americans  soon  returned,  when  the  carnage 
for  one  side  became  terrific. 

Before  one  o'clock  the  fire  from  Cavite  point  had  been  silenced,  its 
seaward  fortifications  knocked  into  shapeless  heaps.  The  Spanish  tleet 
iu  the  rhilippines  was  a  tale  of  the  past.  Its  flag-ship,  the  lieina  Marie 
Christina,  fired  by  American  shells,  was  completely  burned.  The  next 
largest  vessel,  the  Castilla,  met  the  same  fate.  Other  shells  crashed 
through  the  side  of  the  Don  .Tnan  de  Austria  and  exploded,  and  she,  too, 
went  up  iu  flames.  A  number  of  other  vessels  were  sunk,  among  them 
the  armed  transport  Mindanao.  Montijo.  when  the  flag-ship  took  fire, 
had  been  obliged  to  shift  his  flag  to  the  Utile  gunboat  Isla  de  Cuba, 
aud  that  also  was  destroyed  a  little  later.  He  was  wounded,  though 
not  seriously.  The  loss  of  life  iu  his  command  was  frightful.  The 
captain  of  the  Reina  Marie  Christina  was  killed,  and  over  one  hundred 
of  his  crew,  besides  some  officers.  The  captain  of  the  Don  ,Juau  de 
Austria  was  also  killed,  with  ninety  of  his  men. 

Not  one  American  ship  was  seriously  injured,  thanks  to  the 
wretched  gunnery  of  the  forts  on  shore,  though  the  Spanish  seamen 
made  a  brave  effort  to  avert  their  doom.  The  skilful  maneuvering  of 
the  American  vessels  (in  an  ellipse)  not  only  mystified  the  enemy,  but 
much  increased  his  difiiculty  in  getting  range.  Their  fire  was  delivered 
with  wonderful  precision,  and  such  rapidity  as  fairly  overwhelmed  the 
Spaniards,  while  it  amazed  the  onlookers  from  shore. 

The  immunitv  of  the  Americans  was  marve- 
DETAILS  AND  RESULTS.  io„g_„o„e  killed  and  but  eight  wounded, 
though  the  lamented  death  of  Captain  Gridley,  of  the  Olympia,  ou  June 
4th,  was  at  least  hastened  by  some  obscure  accident  or  strain  during 
the  battle.  Two  powerful  submarine  mines  were  harmlessly  exploded 
in  front  of  the  Olympia  just  before  the  fight  began.  The  Baltimore  was 
set  on  fire  by  the  explosion  of  a  Spanish  shell  among  some  ammunition, 
but  the  flames  were  quickly  put  out.    As  for  the  lull  in  the  battle,  that 


4(i  CiltA    ANI)    SI'AMSll-AMi:i:l('AN    \VAl!. 

iiiiw  r.MiiKHis  ii)ci(lci)t  \v;is  by  (inlfi's.  lo  .-illnw  llir  Ainci-ii:iii  sc;iiiicii  to 
licr  ln-cnkr.-isl.  I  lie  iiH'ii  li;iviii.LL  li;ul  only  a  clip  (if  cuirci'  licrurc  tioiiiji 
iiiti)  .•K-lidii.  AlliT  lliis  lull  ihry  (•.■line  l(i  closci-  qiiarlfrs  willi  llic 
cmMiiy.  Mild  w  lien  tlic  liir.m'r  of  llir  SpMiiish  vcss.ls  had  hccii  drsl  royrd 
liic  miiihdMt  rclrcl  liiiislicd  llic  work  iiinou.n-  liic  siii.-illcr  (Uics  iusliorc 
Mild  ,11  ilic  UKiutli  (if  r.al^di'  hay.  hidiind  the  proiuoiitory  at  Cavitc. 
Tlic  Spanish  hisses  were  variously  cstiiiiaU'd  at  !M)(l  to  1.2(KI  men.  In 
iiKincy  value  they  readied  .•v(;.ii(Hi.(Hi().  wilhdiil  iiichidiii.i;  the  Siianish 
vessel  Ar.iios  or  the  revenue  Liiinlioal  Callan.  Ilie  (Uie  destroyed  and  the 
(ilher  caiiturcd  a  few  days  lalei-.  Addii  i(iiiai  captures  of  small  Spanish 
vi  ssels  were  made  diiriii.u  llie  foll(i\\iii.a  weeks. 

Ill  the  afternoon  the  IJritish  consul  went  to  meet 
AFTER  THE  VICTORY.  ^^^  victorious  commander,  lie.iriii.i;-  an  earnest 
plea,  on  liehalf  of  his  consular  collca.iiues.  to  spare  .Manilii  from  i»om- 
lijirdnient.  Commodore  Dewi'y  coiidilioiied  the  desired  promis(>  upon  the 
siii-i-endcr  of  the  torpedoes,  uuiis  and  military  stores  in  the  hands  of 
the  Siiaiiiards.  the  suinily  of  coal  lor  his  ships  ;iiid  ('(pial  privile.ires  in 
liie  us(>  of  the  cable.  Ceiiei'.al  .\ii,misti.  .after  commuiiica  t  in.;:-  with 
Madrid,  deli.antly  refused.  This  w:is  on  Monday  moriiim:.  Before 
ni.iihtfall  the  Americans  h:id  sei/.cd  Corre.uidor  island,  thus  securinu: 
their  rear,  and  had  received  the  formal  surrender  of  ("avile.  with  its 
milil.iiy  and  naval  stores,  dry-docks,  etc..  and  hundreds  of  the  Sp.-mish 
wounded.  That  afternoon  the  c.-ilile  was  cut  by  Hewey's  orders,  in 
retaliation  for  the  beaten  eiicmx's  refus.il  to  .illow  iiini  its  use.  The 
lii-<t  imp.atiently  awaited  disp;!tches  from  the  victorious  .\meric;in  were 
not  received  till  Saturday.  .M:iy  Tlh:  they  came  by  w;iy  of  Ilonu  Konjr. 
:iiid  their  publication  la-iated  lioiiiidless  eiithtisi.asm.  The  one  beariiiLr 
the  date  .May  Itli  conlaiiied  the  wei.^lity  s(>iitence.  "I  control  the  bay 
completely,  .and  can  t.ake  the  city  :it  .any  lime." 

THE  PHILIPPINE  EXPEDITIONS. 

rnrsn.aiit  to  the  president's  recommendation. 
HONORS  AND  AID^^^      <  •(muress   on    May    :.th    passed    a    resolution    of 

th.anks  to  ComiiKidore  1  lewey  and  to  Ids  otJlcers 
and    men.     It   .also  .appropri.atcd   .'«■•  1  (i.i i( ii t   to   iireseiii    him   a    sword,   and 

I l.als  to  :ill  under  his  conim.and.    Two  d.ays  later  he  w;is  nominated 

•and  contirmed  re.ar  .admiral.  Meanwhile  iire|);irat  ions  were  beiuir 
pushed  for  dispalchint,'  2it.<H«t  .\meric:iii  troops  from  San  I'lancisco. 
under  Major-Ceiier.al  Wesley  Merrilt.  of  the  reuular  aiaiiy.  whose  selec- 
tion as  niilit.ary  ;iovernor  of  the  IMiilipiiines  was  made  public  May  VJlh. 
tliMUirh  he  di<l  not  re.acli  San  Frain-isco  until  llie  'JTth.  The  cruiser 
('h.ailestoii.  the  earnest  of  coiuIiijj:  reinforcemenls.  sailed  from  Marc 
island  n.avv-v.ard.  S.in  I'r.ancisco.  for  .M.inil.i  b.iy  May  LMst. 


THE   I'llILU'PIAE   EXPEDITIONS.  4| 

SUCCESSIVE  ^"    May    25111    liie    trausport    stoaiiiers    City    of 

EXPEDITIONS.  Peking,  City  of  Sydney  and  Au.stialia  l(>ft  Sau 
Franei.sco  with  the  lirst  rhilipi)ine  expedition,  under  the  command  of 
Hrigadier-lJeneral  Thomas  M.  Anderson.  They  carried  115  officers  and 
•J.vI.SG  enlisted  men,  with  a  year's  supplies,  besides  more  ammunition 
and  stores  for  Dewey's  fleet.  This  expedition  reached  its  destination 
June  30th,  and  went  into  comfortable  quarters  at  Cavite. 

The  second  expedition,  which  sailed  .June  15th,  was  composed  of  15S 
officers  and  o,428  enlisted  men,  under  Brigadier-General  F.  Y.  (ireene, 
the  trans[)orts  being  the  China.  Colon,  Zealandia  and  Senator.  It 
reached  Manila  bay  .July  2()th.  Some  detachments  were  taken  ashore 
near  Cavite  and  Malate.  south  of  Manila,  wliile  Die  rest  landed  at 
Malabon,  just  north  of  the  city. 

^leauwhile,  on  .June  Uth,  the  powerful  nuniitor  Monterey,  accom- 
panied by  the  collier  steamer.  Brutus,  with  a  strong  towing  "bridle." 
had  started  for  Manila,  and  on  the  23(1  it  was  followed  by  the  monitor 
Monaduock  and  collier  Xero. 

The  third  Thilippiue  expedition,  Brigadier-C.eneral  Arthur  Mc.\rthur 
in  command,  left  San  Francisco  .June  27th,  consisting  of  1*J7  officers, 
4.<m(J  enlisted  men  and  35  civilians.  The  steamers  were  the  In.diana, 
City  of  I'ara,  Ohio.  Morgan  City  and  Valencia. 

Of  the  fourth  t'Xpedition  the  first  detachment,  nunil)ering  l,7ti3 
officers  and  men.  left  .Inly  1-lth  on  the  City  of  I'uebla  and  I'<'ru,  on 
the  former  being  Major-Ceneral  Ehvell  S.  Otis  and  staff.  Brigadier  II. 
(J.  Otis,  with  the  rest  of  the  expedition,  on  tlie  Pennsylvania.  St.  Paul 
and  City  of  Bio  .Janeiro,  sailed  several  days  later. 

The  fifth  land,  for  the  present,  last)  c'xpedition  was  billed  for  depar- 
ture early  in  August. 

(Jeneral  Mei-ritt  sailed  from  San  l'"riUicisco  .Tune  2!tth.  on  the 
stt'amer  Newport,  expecting  after  the  capture  of  Manila  to  devolve  the 
command  of  I  lie  troops  ui)on  Ma.ior-(Jenei'al  (^tis,  in  (M'dtn'  to  devote 
himself  wholly  to  the  duties  of  military  governor. 

r>urinii-  the  three  months  following  his  great  victory 


SITUATION 


Commodore  Dewev  won  new  laurels  by  his  ability  as 


AT  MANILA.      ,     ,  .      ,     .    ■ 

dipldinat  and  administr.atoi'.     Ills  position  was  a  very 

delicate  one.  net  (Uily  as  regarded  the  repri  seiitatives  of  European 
]Miwers  with  wiidin  lie  Inid  to  di'al.  but  also  tlie  insurgents,  who.  under 
Aguinaldo.  iiiadi  wonderful  i)rogress.  taking  outpost  after  outpost  from 
the  Spaniards,  and  at  length  obliging  them  to  wilhdr:iw  at  almost  every 
point  within  the  fort iticat ions  of  Old  Manila.  AVhile  Aguinaldo's  alti- 
tude after  procliiiming  himself  dictator,  in  .July,  occasioned  them  some 
solicitude,  .•uid  yet  more  the  airs  put  on  by  the  officers  of  the  formidable 
Oernian  siinadroii  in  Manila  liay.  all  Americans  reposed  unbounded 
contidence  in  both  the  shrewdness  and  the  pluck  of  Admiral  Dewey. 


48  CUBA   AND   SPANISH-AMERICAN   WAU. 

CERVERA'S  FATAL  CRUISE. 

I  On  April  2'.Mli  the  Cape  Verdo  Spanish  Hcot,  under 

AND  COMING  Atlin'i'^l  Cervera,  steamed  westward  under  warning 
to  leave  from  the  Portuguese  government.  It  con- 
sisted (if  tour  tirst-elass  armored  cruisers  and  three  torpedo-boat 
destroyers  (as  starred  in  the  list  of  Spanish  war-vessels  given  else- 
where), (ireat  secrecy  shrouded  its  movements.  May  10th  Madrid 
tclegrai)hed  that  it  had  returned  to  Cadiz.  Meanwhile,  liowever. 
Sampson,  with  his  heavier-armored  vessels,  had  sailed  for  I'orto  Kico, 
wher(>,  on  May  12th,  he  bombarded  the  seaward  forts  guarding  San 
Juan;  then  drew  off,  awaiting  orders  or— Cervera.  Cervera  actually 
turned  up  in  the  West  Indies  that  same  day.  On  the  13th  he  coaled 
off  the  French  island  of  ^lartinique,  four  hunderd  miles  southeast  of 
Porto  Rico,  and  on  tlic  l.">ih  off  Curacoa.  a  Dutch  West  Indian  island 
near  tlic  Veni'zui'lan  coast.  On  the  IKtli.  to  the  boundless  joy  of 
Havana  and  Madrid,  he  gained  tlie  port  of  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

M.iv    12th   Commodore   W.    S.    Schley,   coinmanding 
BOTTLED  UP 

AT  c*».iTiA/-i-w      the  Flving  squadron,  at  Hampton   Roads.   Virginia, 
AT  SANTIAGO. 

saili'd     southward,    and     within    twelve    days     had 

Cervera  bottled  up  at  Santiago.  Admiral  Sampson  joined  him  there  on 
June  1st.  and  took  command  of  the  combined  fleet  of  sixteen  vessels, 
and  continued  the  work  of  |)eriodical  bombarding  that  Schley  had 
betrun.  The  l)lockade  of  the  haibor  entrance  by  day  and  by  night  was 
unceasingly  vigilant— weary  work,  but  amply  rewarded  at  last.  June  'M 
witnessed  the  immortal  feat  of  .\ssistant  Naval  Constructor  Richmond 
Pciirson  Ilobson  and  his  crew  of  seven  heroes,  in  sinking  the  collier 
Merrimac  to  block  Ceivera's  egress.  They  were  exchanged  July  iJth. 
To  escape  tlie  impending  fate  of  Santiago,  Cervera  was 
FINAL  DOOM.     ^^,.,1, ,,.,,,,   ,,,  ,^.,^i,   „„f  ,^f  jjn.  harbor.    Tlu"  attenipt  was 

made  on  Sunday  rorrnoon.  .luly  .".d.  Ids  t1ag-shiii.  ilie  lnf:uita  Maria 
Teresa,  leading.  The  Vizcaya.  Cristobal  Colon  and  .Mmirante  Oquendo 
followed,  in  the  order  named,  and  then  the  torpedo-boat  (h'stroyi-rs  Plu- 
ton  ;ind  I'uror.  In  the  shortest  time  possible  tlie  American  vessels  closed 
in  and  beg:in  the  ch.-ise.  firing  i)rodigionsly.  ^^■ithin  twenty  nnnutes  the 
Fttror  was  beached,  and  lioth  it  ami  tlie  Pinion  sunk.  Tiie  Infanta 
Mari.a  Teresa,  on  tire.  \v;is  run  ashore  six  and  one  liall'  miles  west  of 
S.-intiago  h.arbor  entrance:  the  Alminmte  Oquendo.  on  tire,  seven  ndles 
west,  .-iiid  the  \'i/c:iya.  on  tire,  tifteen  miles  wesi.  The  Cristob.-il 
C'olon.  liii.-iUy  overhauled.  w;is  bc-olied  and  snrreiideicd  I'orty-eiglit 
miles  west  of  the  same  jtort.  Tlie  destruction  w;is  conqilele.  Not  less 
tli.in  ."no  Spajii.ards  were  killed  and  drowned,  including  many  officers, 
and  nearly  1..")(tii  taken  pi-isoners.  among  lliei^i  the  brokeii-liearled 
admiral,  whose  kindness  to  Hobsou  now  stood  him  lu  good  stead. 


THE    SANTIAGO    CAMPAIGN.  49> 

THE  SANTIAGO  CAMPAIGN. 

The  primary  object  of  the  hiud  oauipaigu  aj^aiust 
GUANTANAMO  BAY.     y^^„^i^,„.„    ,,.3,    ^^^    ^..,^,t^j,^    o,    fi^.^truotioii    of 

Cervera's  tleet.  To  secure  a  harbor  for  the  coming  transports  that 
shoukl  be  safe  against  -possible  cyclones,  Sampson  determined  to  seize 
the  bay  of  (Juantanamo,  thirty-six  miles  east.  Here,  on  Fisherman's 
Point,  six  hundred  United  States  marines  landed  on  June  10th  under 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Huntington,  and  had  four  days'  fighting. 

On  Monday,  June  20th,  the  Fifth  United 

SHAFTER'S  't'j^'Jj'^JJJ^^^j^pg  States  Army  Corps,  Major-General  William 
R.  Shafter  commanding,  arrived  off  Santi- 
ago on  thirty  transi)orts  sent  from  Tampa,  Florida,  under  a  strong- 
convoy.  Its  official  strength  of  773  officers  and  14,.")04  enlisted  men  was 
before  the  surrender  increased  to  about  22,500.  With  the  navy's  assis- 
tance, first  Baiquirl,  the  principal  landing-place,  and  then  Siboney, 
were  seized.  On  the  24th  occurred  the  desperate  fight  in  the  pathless 
chaparral  surrounding  La  Quasima,  in  which  the  First  United  States 
Volunteer  Cavalry  (the  famous  Rough  Riders)  and  the  First  and  Tenth 
regular  cavalry,  all  fighting  dismounted,  sustained  a  loss  of  16  killed 
and  52  wounded.  The  American  advance  was  pushed  steadily.  The 
Spaniards,  withdrawing  to  their  fortified  lines  near  Santiagoj  made 
a  determined  stand  at  El  Ganey  and  the  heights  of  San  Juan,  the 
former  northeast  and  the  latter  southeast  of  the  city.  To  capture  these 
apparently  impregnable  positions  cost  the  severest  struggle  of  the 
campaign,  one  continued  from  dawu  till  nearly  dark  of  July  1st,  with 
further  fighting  on  the  2d  to  hold  them.  General  Shafter  officially 
reported  1,508  killed,  wounded  and  missing  in  the  two-days'  battle. 

THF  (iiDDPNinFD  Ccucral  Linares  having  been  wounded  and  the  next 
ranking  officer  killed,  the  command  of  the  Spanish 
forces  devolved  on  General  Jose  Toral.  who,  after  repeated  refusals, 
finally  yielded  to  the  inevitable,  and  on  July  15th  agreed  to  surrender. 
General  Shafter  occupied  Santiago  on  the  17th— not  a  day  too  soon,  for 
yellow  fever  had  begun  its  work  among  his  men.  Toral  gave  up  the 
eastern  end  of  Cuba  and  a  total  force  of  about  24,0(H),  all  of  whom  the 
American  government  agreed  to  return  to  Spain  at  once. 

THE  PORTO  RICO  CAMPAIGN. 

An  expedition  of  30,000  troops  to  Porto  Rico,  under 

^c  rvVi^i*.!/-       the   rersonal   direction   of   Major-General    Nelson    A. 
Or  LANDING. 

Miles,    commanding   the   United   States   army,    came 

next  in  order.  Its  advance,  brought  over  by  General  Miles  from  San- 
tiago (troops  who  had  not  been  landed*,  seized  Gnanica,  on  the  south 
coast,  fifteen  miles  west  of  Ponce,  on  the  25th  of  July. 


50 


CUBA   ANP   SrANIHH-AMKRICAN   Wa6. 


UNITED  STATES  WAR-VESSELS. 

(See  "  Kinds  of  War-sliips,"  page  5!".    Also  "  Naval  Terms  Explained,"  page  57.) 


First-class  Battleships. 

Displace't,    Specii,     Guns,  Torpedo 
Tons.        KnoU.    Total.  Tubes. 

Iowa ll.-lHI        1<>  -ItJ  "J 

Indiana 10,2S8        15'<^  46  6 

Massiicliusetts....lo,'JSS        l.l  4b  () 

Oregon Ul,'J»«        l'"")  -KJ  « 

Second-class  Battleship. 

Texas (i,81.')        17  20  4 

Armored  Cruisers 

Brooklyn !),271        20  40  .5 

New  York 8,200       21  34  3 

Armored  Ram. 

KatalKliii '.i.lw        17  4 

Protected  Steel  Cruisers. 

Albany  (Detained  in  Knj-'land.) 

Atlanta 3,00(1  1.^34      22 

Baltimore 4,413  20         24         4 

Boston 3,000  lb%     20 

Charleston 3,7;%  18         22         4 

Cliieasio 4,.'J00  15         31 

Cincinnati 3,213  19         23         4 

Colnml)ia 7,375  23         31         5 

Minneapolis 7.375  2A]4     31         5 

Newark 4,098  19         30         6 

New  Orleans 3,600  20         28         3 

Olvmpia 5.870  2n/^      38         6 

Philadelphia 4,324  19^^      29         4 

KaleiKh 3,213  19         25         4 

San  Franoisco....  4,098  KV,      29         6 

Topeka  (Purchased  in  England.) 

Unprotected  Steel  Cruisers. 

Detroit 2.(iS!)  is'.,      18  3 

Marhleliciid 2.(»s0  IS'..      19  3 

M-.nt'ioiriciy 2,0s9  1!»'J      19  3 

Principal  Steamers  now  Auxiliary  Cruisers. 

St.  Louis 11,629  (Anieriean  Line) 

St.  Pan  1 ll.aSO  (AnuM-iean  Line) 

Harvard ll.t)74   (Atneriean  Line) 

(Fonnerly  New  York.) 

Ynle 11  6i;k  (American  Line) 

(Koniierly  City  of  Taiia.) 

Prairie 4..">2.i  (  Morgan  Line) 

(Formerly  K'  Sol.) 

Yosemite 4.ti.')!t  (Mors;aii  Line) 

(Formerly  Kl  Slid.) 

Yankee 4.<i.')9  (Morfian  Line) 

(Formerly  F,l  Nolle.) 
Dixie 4.66.S  (Morgan  Line) 

(K.iiiiH'rly  Kl  Hio.) 

Double-turret  Monitors. 

Amphltrite 3.!»!Mi  12  14 

Miantonoinoh....  3.9!)(1  10'/.  10 

Mnnadnock 3.9<)0  ]V!'.  M 

Monterey 4.084  WZ  Hi 

I'nrilan 6.060  12'^  IS 

Terror 3.990  12  12 

Gunboats. 

Bennington 1,710        17'.'.  It  li 

Castlne 1.177        10  II  I 

Coneon! 1.710        17  l.">  6 

Helena 1.392       13  18  1 


Ounboats^Continued. 

Displace'l,  Speed,  Guns,  Torped* 

Toas.  KnoUs.  Total.  Tubes. 

Machias 1,177  W/^  16  1 

Nashville 1,371  14  16  1 

Petrel 892  11'^  U 

Wilmington 1,392  13  IS 

Yorktown 1,710  16  14  <i 

Composite  Gunboats. 

Annapolis l.ooo  12  12 

Marietta 1,000  12  12 

Newport I.OU)  12  12 

Princeton 1.000  12  12 

Vicksbnrg 1,000  12  12 

Wheeling 1,000  12  12 

Dynamite  Cruisers. 

Vesuvins 929       213-.^       6 

Buffalo  (Bonght  from  Brazil), 
(Fornierly  the  Nictlieroy.) 

Special  Class. 

Bancroft s:i9        14'.^      11         2 

(Trainint-'-sliii).) 
Dolphin 1.4S(>        I5J4       8 

(Dispateh-lioat.) 
Torpedo  Cruisei'    

Torpedo-boats. 

Bailey 2.!.^)  .'50  4  2 

T.  A.  M.  Craven ..  146  ;W^  4  3 

Cashing lt«  22'/^  3  3 

Dahlgren 146  3H%  4  3 

Davies 128  22'4  2  2 

Dupont 180  27>i  4  3 

Ericsson 120  24  3  3 

Farragut 273  30  «  3 

Footer. 142  24'^  3  3 

Fox 128  2231  2  4 

Goldsborough....  2473^  .^l  4  2 

Gwin 463.^  20  1  2 

Mackenzie t>5  20  1  2 

McKee t>5  20  1  2 

Morris 103  22>..^  3  4 

Porter 180  27';  4  3 

Rodgers 142  24';;  3  3 

Rowan 182  26  4  3 

Somers  (Detained  in  England.) 

Stiletto 31  18  3 

Stringham 340  31)  7  2 

Tall.ot 46'.;;  20  J  3 

Winslow 11-  -'I' J  3  3 

Submarine  Torpedo-boats. 

Plnnger 1<>8         S  ..         2 

Holland  Diver 

Old  Monitors  (Coast  Defense). 

I'nd.T  thi-.  head  arc  t  liirt.-cn  single- 
turret  veterans  <.f  the  Civil  War.  as 
follow^:  Ajax,  Caniinicus,  Catskill, 
CiimiiiichP.  .Jason,  Lehigh,  Mahopric, 
Manhattiin,  M.MitauU,  Nalinnt,  ,Nan- 
tiicket,  Passaic  and  Wyandotte.  Iheir 
speed  Is  tive  to  six  knots.  :iiiii  each  has 
:iii  armament  of  two  heavy  smooth- 
Lores,  except  the  Canonicud,  which  UaH 
four. 


WAU-VESSEI.S. 


51 


x\DlJlTI()NAL  VESSELS.— We  also  have  tlie  old  iron  vessels  (available  for 
coa-<t-tlefyi]se)  Alert.  l,02(i  tons ;  Mouocacy,  l,37Utoiis;  Hauler,  1,021)  tons;  Micliijian, 
08o  Ions;  Pinta,  ooU  tons.  Incomparably  more  important  is  the  large  number  of 
recently  acquired  au.xiliary  cruisers  of  small  or  moderate  size,  steam  yachts 
(valuable  for  their  speed,  and  armored),  patrol-boats  of  various  liiuds  for  coast 
service,  tugs,  etc.  The  Treasury  Department  also  ha.s  in  commission  thirty-nine 
revenue  cutters,  a  number  of  which  (as  the  McC'ulloch,  under  Admiral  Dewey) 
have  been  transferred  to  the  naval  service.   For  war-ships  now  building  see  page  52. 


SPANISH  WAR-VESSELS. 


First-class  Battleship. 


Displace'!,    Speed,     Guns,  Torpedo 
Tons.        Knots.     Total.   Tubes. 
Pclayo 'J,'J(io       lU        ;>5        7 

Second-class  Battleships. 

Vitoria l/Sti)        II  iCiiiite  old.) 

Numancia T.UlliJ         S  (Coast  def.) 

Armored  Cruisers. 
Emperador  Car- 
los V <),2:5.5 

Cardinal    Cisne- 


20 


ros 

7.000 

20 

24 

,s 

Cataluna 

7,000 

20 

24 

Pi-incess  de  As- 

turias 

7,000 

20 

24 

s 

.\lmirante 

(Jquendo- 

7,000 

20 

;Jo 

,s 

Infanta      Maria 

Teresa- 

7,000 

20'-.; 

30 

8 

Vizi-aya-' 

7,1100 

20 

30 

K 

Cristobal  Colon-' 

6,S10 

20 

40 

4 

14 

14 

11 

hi 

171., 

2.'{ 

21 

14 

13 

14 

13 

14 

13 

Protected  Cruisers. 

Alfonso  XIII 5,(1011        20 

Lepanlo 4,S2(J        20 

Unprotected  Cruisers. 

Aragon 3.342 

Navarrju    3  312 

Alfonso  XII 3.091) 

ReinaMercpdest  3,090 
Conde    de    Ven- 

adlto 1,130 

Infant  1  Isabel....  1,130 

rsal)el  II 1,130 

Maniues  de  Eii- 

senada 1,0.30 

Qniras 31.5  In  tlie  Pa 

■Villabolos 315    "      " 

Gunboats  for  Cuban  Waters. 

Hernan   Cortes.. 

Pizarro 

Vasco  Nunez  de 

Balbo-i 

Diego  Velns(juez 
Ponce  de  Leon... 

Alvarado 

.Sandoval 

Thei-e  were  eighteen  otlv^r  smal 
gunboats,  each  carrying  two  guns 


15 


13 


3i)0 

12 

1 

.300 

12 

2 

,300 

121-.. 

1 

200 

12 

3 

200 

12 

3 

100 

12 

2 

100 

12 

2 

7oO 
371 

830 


571 


I 


Gunvesscls. 

Displace't,    Speed,    Guns,  Torpedo 
Tons.        Knots.    Total.  Tubes. 

M  a  ge  1 1  a  11  es 524        1 1 '-.; 

Creneial    Com-lia      520  ((Junbi 

Torpedo-gunboats. 

Don    Alvaro    tie 

Bezan S30 

Dona    iMaria    de 

Molina 8;i0 

Destructor 458 


7 
■at.) 


Fill  pi  lias 

Galicia 

Marques  de  la 
Vitoria 

Marques  de  Mo- 
lina  

Martin     Alonzo 

Pinzon 571 

Nueva  Espana...  G30 

Rapido ,570 

'J'emerario 590 

Vincente  Yanez 

Pinzon .571 

Torpedo-boat  Destroyers. 

Audaz ^011        :;o 

Furor- ,s,so        28 

Terrorft 380       2S 

Osada ,380       l'8 

Pluton- 3S0       L's 

Proserpina .380       28 

Torpedo-boats. 

Ariete ~i   r       2H 

Hayo E       25V<; 

.\zor "b       24" 

Halcon i^       24 

Habaiia a      22         

Barcelo •-       19V, 

Orion I  "^       21'.^      ...          '.. 

Retamosa (    '~       •>()'{, 

.Iiilia  Ordonez c       i'((  "      ". 

K.iercito *:       25 

Rj-el 5        II) 

Pollux "       19'.'. 

Castor ■"       19  "      

Aire J  ;^         s  

There    are    also  ff)ur    small    vidotte- 

boats,  with   speed  of  .-iliout    18'.,  knots, 

each  carrying  two  liirlit  guns   and  two 
or  three  torpedo-tubes. 


-D-stroyed  .July  3,  1898,  while  attempting  to  escape  from  Santiago  hari>or 
tl>'«mantled  liy  Spaniards,  and  sunk  by  .\merican  fleet  olTSantlago  .In  Iv'fi,  1898 
vIDisabled  June  22,  1898,  ofrSun  Juan,  Porto  liico,  by  Aniericaij  crm.sef  "Ht,  Paul." 


52  CUBA    AND   SPANISH-AMERICAN   WAR. 

AMERICAN  AND  SPANISH  NAVIES  COMPARED 

\\'t'  have  tivf  iiiuuster  batth'ships  in  course  of 
AMERICAN  WARSHIPS  c-oustnu-tiou.  The  K-entucUy  aud  Kearsarjit', 
BUILDING,  ijnineliea  at  Newport  News,  March  24th.  will 
be  ready  by  November.  IS'.tS.  They  will  be  equally  powerful  witli  the 
Indiana.  'J  he  Alal)aiiia  was  huiuehed  at  Philadelphia.  May  IS,  bSVKS. 
and  the  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  (the  latter  building  at  Sau  Francisco) will 
bi'  launched  early  in  IS'.tlt.  These  three  are  designed  to  surpass  in  size 
and  p(>\v(>r  the  Iowa,  which  is  believed  to  be  the  equal  of  any  European 
battleship  afloat.  Immediately  after  the  breakinj;  out  of  the  Spanish- 
American  war  Congress  authorized  the  construction  of  three  additional 
battleships  (makiug  eight  now  luidi'r  way),  twelve  tori)edo-boats.  six- 
teen torpedo-boat  destroyers,  four  com st-defen.se  monitors,  and  one  guu- 
lioni  t(ir  service  on  the  Lakes.  These,  of  cour.se,  will  be  in  additiou  to 
the  vessels  that  were  in  course  of  construction  prior  to  Ai)ril.  ISitS. 

Spain  is  now  buil<ling  one  i>attleship  of  about 
SPANISH  WAR-SHIPS  lo.ooo  tons;  two  armored  cruisers,  one  of  lo.r)(MJ 
BUILDING.  ^,^yj^  .jjni  ,,jj,  „ther.  Pedro  d"Aragon,of  ().,S4b  tons; 
two  i)rnrected  cruisers,  the  Keina  Kegente  and  IJicj  de  la  Plata,  of 
r».:{TL'  and  1.775  tons  respectively;  one  torpedo  gunboat  of  7r»0  tons,  and 
lour  large-size  torpedo-boats.  She  can  also  command  for  arming  as 
criiisers  a  dozen  vi'ssels  of  the  Compania  Transatlantica  of  Cadiz, 
varying  in  size  from  ^.OM  to  ti.t)32  tous,  and  in  speed  from  ISVa  to  17 
knots.  ^The  transport  Mindanao,  destroyed  at  Manila,  belonged  to  this 
line.  So  did  the  Alplionso  XII.  (the  steamer,  not  tlie  war-ship  of  that 
name),  which,  early  in  .Inly.  is;>8.  was  beached  near  Mariel.  twenty 
miles  west  of  Havana,  to  escape  capture,  and  was  lost,  cargo  and  all. 

Defeuse  has  been  the  controlling  idea  on  the 
NAVIES  OF  SPAIN  AND  j,.,,.^  „f  Congress  iu  making  naval  approi»ri- 

THE  UNITED  STATES.  .,,j,,„^  hitherto.  Hence  our  thirteen  great 
floating  forlri'sses.  or  battleships  (including  the  eight  now  building  or 
autliori/.ed).  immensely  powerful,  but  of  only  moderate  speed,  as  also 
our  monitors,  avowedly  coast-defense  vessels,  and  the  best  of  thein 
sc.ircely  seaworthy.  Of  cruisers  with  large  coaling  capacity,  adapted 
for  long  voyages  and  aggressive  action  in  distant  waters,  we  have 
regrelt:il)ly  few,  though  this  deficiency  is  measurably  supplied  by  the 
large  .'ind  swift  auxiliary  crui^^ers  into  which  tin-  gov.'rnmeut  has 
transformed  ilie  American  t ra iis.it lantic  steamers  and  other  rnn-rs. 

Si.aiii  iias  but  one  really  elT.'ctive  battleship  in  commission,  the 
Pelayo.  with  another  of  the  tlrst  <lass  and  one  of  the  second  class  in 
an  advanced  stage  of  construction.  We  outclass  her  greatly  in  battle- 
ships. Spain's  superiority  in  armored  cruisers,  as  shown  by  the  pre- 
ceding list,  was  practically  wiped  out  by  the  destruction  of  Cervera'g 


NAVAL   CONTRASTS   AND   COMPARISONS.  53 

fleet,  July  3,  1898.  And  her  torpedo  craft  are  uo  longer  dreaded,  beiui? 
little  better  than  mere  shells,  helpless  lu  rough  weather,  or  even  dan- 
gerous for  their  crews,  while  their  coaling  capacity  is  very  limited. 

PAiiRPD   AwnniwvFDv       ^"    ^^^'^    ealil)er    of    guns    our    ships    surpass 
CALIBEK  AND  GUNNERY.       .  p    c.      •  m       ,    ^^,     ,  ■        ,     i- 

tliose   of    Spain.        ihe    battleships    Indiana, 

Massachusetts  and  Oregon  carry  four  13-inch  guns  each  (besides  other 

heavy  guns),  aud  the  battleships  Kearsarge.  Kentucky.  Alabama.  Illinois 

and  Wisronsiu,  now  building,  will  each  have  the  same.    There  is  not 

a  13-inch  gun  in  the  Spanish  navy,  and  only  two  12%-iuch  ones  (on  the 

I'elayoi   yet  mounted,  no  12-in(h,   and   no  more  tliau  eighteen   11-inch. 

The   superior   marksmanship   of   Amerifau    gunners    gives    us   auolher 

and  tremendous  advantage.  Not  only  are  our  gunners  thoroughly  drilled 

in  target-practice,  but  a  prize  of  four  dollars  is  offered  for  extra  good 

hits,  and  to  have  this  entered  on  the  next  monthly  pay-roll  is  a  coveted 

honor,  aside  from  its  money  aspect. 

^^..^^       'J'lit^  maximum  thickness  of  the  steel  armor  carried  on  the 
ARMOR.        .  ,     ,      TT    -^    ,  r..  ,     .       .    ,  .      , 

side  by  tnited  States  war-vessels  is  eighteen  inches,  on  the 

Indiana,  Massachusetts  and  Oregon.  The  Iowa  has  fourteen  and  the 
Ti>xas  twehe  inches.  Tlie  Kearsarge  aud  Kentucky,  now  completing, 
will  carry  hfteen  inches,  and  the  Alabama,  Illinois  and  Wisconsin, 
sixteen  and  one  half  inches.  The- thickness  of  metal  on  the  armored 
cruiser  Brooklyn  (Commodore  Schley's  flag-ship)  is,  in  inches,  as  fol- 
lows: Side,  three;  deck,  three  to  six;  turrets,  five  and  one  half;  barbette 
(over  which  the  great  eight-inch  guns  are  fired),  eight.  For  the 
armored  cruiser  New  York  (Admiral  Sampson's  flag-ship),  the  figures 
are:  Side,  four  inches;  deck,  three  to  six;  turrets,  five  aud  one  half; 
barbette,  ten.  The  maximum  thickness  of  armor  for  the  Spanish  navy 
is  represented  b.v  the  Pelayo's.  as  follows:  Armor  belt,  seventeen  and 
three  fourths  inches;  deck,  four;  barbette,  nineteen  and  one  fourth. 

The  '"armor  belt"  of  the  Pelayo  and  the  Spanish  armored  cruisers 
extends  for  several  feet  above  the  water-line,  but  between  the  armor 
belt  aud  the  barbette  is  an  unprotected  strip  eight  or  ten  feet  wide 
running  the  length  of  the  ship.  On  the  other  hand,  the  side  armor  of 
the  United  States  vessels  is  continuous  from  water-line  to  battle-deck. 

Of  Spain's  oight  large  armored  cruisers,  six  have  an  armor  belt 
twelve  inches  thick,  which  is  reduced  to  ten  and  one  half  inches  around 
the  gun  position,  with  a  2-inch  or  .3-inch  protective  steel  deck.  The 
Emperador  Carlos  V.  (see  list)  has  ten  inches  on  her  two  gun-turrets, 
but  her  armor  licit  consists  of  only  two  inches  of  Harveyized  steel.  The 
Cristobal  Colon  lind  six  inches  of  armor-plate  and  one  and  one 
half  inches  on  hor  deck.  Not  much  Harveyized  steel  lias  yet  found 
place  on  Si)anisli  war-shi))s.  wliereas  its  use  Ity  the  United  States  has 
become  extensive.  Three  inches  of  Harv(\viz;ed  steel  has  a  resisting 
power  equal  to  more  than  four  inches  of  the  best  steel  not  thus  treated, 


54  CUI5A    AND    SPAMSII-AMERICAN    WAR. 

THE  GREAT  GUNS  OF  MODERN  WARFARE. 

TIh'  iri-incli  siiKxitli  bores  used  uii  the  inuii- 
NAVAL  GUNNERY  ITEMS.  .,,,,.^  ,,,p,,senle.l  the  .naxinnu.,  etticieuey  of 
jiuiis  .-I  ueiieiatioii  a.uo.  They  would  peuetrate  six  inches  of  iron  at  the 
niuz/Je,  and  aliout  three  and  one  lialf  inches  at  tlfteen  Imndred  yards. 
(Jreat  ari'  llie  advances  since  tlie  Civil  War.  The  i:!-inch  rilled  ,i;nns 
now  in  use  on  ,\nierican  hatlli'shi]is  will  penetrate  twenty-seven  inches 
of  steel  at  the  muzzle,  or  twenty-three  inches  at  hfteeu  hundred  yards. 
No  ai'Hior  placed  on  vessels  can  withstand  the  penetration  of  these  yiins 
at  close  ran.^e.     The  (iT-ton  .^nns  of  the  I'.iitish  navy  are  no  better. 

To  lire  one  of  the  KJ-inch  .unns  on  the  Indiana,  which  is  the  most 
formidable  war-shii)  of  the  United  t^tatl>s  navy,  costs,  incrndin,::,-  the  .i;rcal 
tooled  steel  i)ro.iectile  of  l.loti  jtonnds'  wei.uiit.  .S700  each  time  i^^'>o  for 
the  powder  charge  and  .f.l.-iO  Utv  \\\r  project  ih').  and  it  uives  a  pressiu'e 
of  two  and  one  (|uai'ter  tons  to  the  sipiare  inch  on  tlie  protected  deck 
at  each  dischar.uc  It  is  said  the  l:j  and  K!  inch  uuns  can  be  tired  only 
about  one  hundred  times  with  eitlier  safety  or  aceuracy:  after  that  they 
must  be  discai-ded  cutii-ely.  or  used  only  with  a  low  service  of  iiowder 
at  closer  ranui',  or  soiuctimes  they  may  be  ritied  anew. 

A  rj-iiich  uMiii.willi  a  ran.uc  of  over  lennules. 
RANGE   RAPIDITY  AND         ^..,,,  ,^,,,1,.,,,  ,,ne  shot   in  three  minutes,  but  a 
VvEIOnT  Or  rlKt  ...  n   i       .    .1 

lew  shots   in   ipiick   sucerssion   will   heat    the 

iriui  s(t  that  it  must  be  ijiven  time  to  cool  off.  .\  .".-inch  ^un.  with  a 
raii.i;e  of  over  foui-  miles,  can  deliver  live  shots  .-i  minute,  and  a  l-inch 
nun,  with  a  raiiue  of  three  and  one  half  miles,  eiuht  shots  a  nnnute. 
Such  rapidity,  however,  is  pi'actically  impossible  in  actu.al  (>n.ua.-emcnts. 
••The  battleshij)  Texas."  said  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  "'is  able  to 
deliver  a  bow  or  stern  lire  of  two  12-inch  ,i;uns,  and  four  S-inch  .i,'uus 
Ihn.winu:  ?,:2i)()  pf)unds  of  steel  at  every  v<)llc:\-.  In  a  sin.de  broadside 
volley  there  will  be  thrown  over  two  anil  one  h;ilf  tons  (d"  metal."  Vet 
the  Ti'xas  li-ures  in  the  Tnited  States  n:iv;il  list  ;is  .-i  ser.md-dass 
b.ittlesliip.  and  is  quite  surpassed,  in  respect  to  armament,  by  our  tirsl- 
dass  battleships.  The  slndl  carried  Ity  the  IC-inch  brcech-loadin-  rilled 
•runs  emplaced  for  the  defen.><e  of  New  York  w.'iuhs  'J.I'.To  pounds. 

The  use  of  modern  rilled  jriins  of  lariu'c  caliber,  thirty  to 
POWDER.  ^,„.,.^.  f,,,.,  i„  i,,„irtli.  LTivintr  hii-h  veh.cily  and  lonj:  rani:c. 
was  ri'udereil  i.essible  by  certain  iui])roveinents  in  the  manufacture  of 
explosives  for  tiriuiT  them.  .\  .irreat  stride  was  made  when  lar-e  -rains 
of  llie  so-ea'led  prismatic  po\Mler  be^an  to  be  made.  It  is  n  iw  usually  in 
hexa.-onal  f<.rm.  the  -r.-iiiis  of  su.h  si/e  that  they  will  lii  each  other 
clos.'ly.  and  paek  in  the  eh:indier  of  tin-  -un  wiih  .-i  minimum  loss  of 
sitaee.  The  iiroibicfion  <.f  smokeless  powder  for  lar.ire  irnns.  tlioutrh  not 
vet  eutirelv  successful,  will  doubtless  become  so  at  no  distant  da,v. 


TORPEPO-KOATS    AND    nKSTROVEiSS.  55 

TORPEDO-BOATS  AND  DESTROYERS. 

The  ri.iilil  which  the  ITuitetl  States  recently  piir- 

^T^n^cn^^xMQcc       chased  to  use  the  Whitehead  torpedo  places  our 
lOKPtUU- 1  Uotb.  „       .  ...  .,.,,, 

navy  on  a  footing,  m  this  regai'd.  with  the  best 

Of  other  nations.  This  weapon  consists  of  a  cylindrical  steel  vessel, 
with  the  forward  end  pointed  and  the  rear  end  rigged  up  with  fin-like 
rudders.  It  is  eighteen  inches  in  diameter,  several  feet  long  and  weighs 
835  pounds;  and  its  forward  conipartuuMit  is  loaded  with  250  poiuuls  of 
guncotton,  one  of  the  most  tremendously  powerful  of  all  explosives. 
The  torpedo-tube  is  practically  a  light  sort  of  gun,  of  which  the  torpedo 
is  the  projectile.  The  latter  is  discharged  from  the  tube  either  by 
compressed  air  or  by  a  small  powder  charge.  It  is  driven  through  the 
water  l)y  a  propeller  whose  engines  are  set  going  in  the  act  of  dis- 
charge and  are  worked  by  compressed  air.  It  may  be  impelled  in  any 
desired  direction  to  a  distance  of  not  exceeding  800  yards,  the  ordinary 
range  being  about  one  third  of  a  mile.  The  depth  at  which  it  runs  is 
regulated  by  the  horizontal  rudders.  Torpedoes  are  usually  fired  from 
above  the  water-level,  but  in  some  cases  below  it.  When  the  torpedo 
strikes  a  solid  sulistance,  such  as  the  hull  of  a  ship,  its  charge  of  gun- 
cotton  is  immediately  fired,  with  an  effect  inconceivably  destructive. 
Four  officers  and  sixteen'  men  make  up  the  regular  crew  of  a  torpedo- 
boat  in  the  .American  navy,  though  the  larger  ones  require  rather  more. 

^^^„^..^  . .r~.,      I'reciselv   what  amount  of  service  torpedo- 

TORPEDOBOAT  ATTACK.     ,      ^        '  ,  ,       „         i     •       •      .„  :     , 

boats  are  capable  of  rendermg  is  still  to  be 

determined,  as  their  use  in  actual  warfare  is  as  yet  almost  untried.  The- 
oretically the  torpedo-boat's  method  of  attack  is  to  charge  upon  a  ship 
at  its  full  speed  of  twenty-five  to  thirty-eight  miles  an  hour,  and  when 
within  torpedo  range  to  swing  quickly  around  and  let  fly  from  the  tubes 
nmidshi]).  or  the  stern,  or  from  these  in  succession.  If  discovered,  she 
will  have  been  under  fire  of  the  enemy's  rapid-fire  gnns  since  coming 
within  a  distance  of  three  or  four  miles,  and  latterly  under  a  hailstorm 
of  missiles  rroiii  his  machine-gun  or  even  of  bullets  from  the  ritles  of  his 
nnirines.  It  is  hard  to  see  how  a  torpedo-boat  could  accomplish  its 
purpose  wlien  attackiug  in  bi'oad  daylight.  The  deadly  work  of  these 
little  craft  must  be  done  on  dark  nights  or  in  foggy  weather,  or  else 
under  cover  of  a  smoke-cloud  in  heavy  engagements. 

Xotwitlistailding  the  torpedo-boat  service  is  fraught  with  unusual 
danger,  it  has  l)eeu  eagerly  sought  by  many  of  the  younger  officers  of 
our  navy.  At  any  moment  of  iin  action  the  frail  craft  is  li;i])le  to  be 
destroyed  by  shot  from  thi'  enemy's  larger  vessels,  or  perchance  to 
he  run  down  by  one  of  his  destroyers  iset>  lielowl.  On  the  wnr-ships 
search-lights  sweep  the  sea  at  night  in  every  direction  to  guard  against 
the  approach  of  these  dreaded  intrmlers,  the  incessant  watch  for  whom 
is  weary,  wearing  work,  all  the  more  so  because  of  its  monotony.     In 


56  CfnA    AND    SrANiSli-AMERTrAN    WAR. 

the  darkness  llic  innvin.n-  torpedo  is  indic-ited  lo  Ilios*-  liuiiiebing  it  by 
lanterns,  whidi  .-ire  so  sliai»ed  as  to  lie  visible  oidy  from  the  rear,  and  iu 
the  dayiinie  by  siii;ill  llaus. 

'I'o  tliis  siiiule  and   vividly   imitresslve   name   the  enni- 

DESTROYEkS.  )),.,mf^  term  tori)edo-boat  (U>stroyers  will  doidilless  soou 
be  i-educed  in  current  literatui'e.  The  destroyer  is  simply  an  enlartred 
torpedo-boat,  provided  with  extra  motive  power  for  swiftness  and  extra 
lu'avy  unns.  It  is  thns  (Miuipiied  to  c.-itch  the  stealthy  little  assassin 
of  the  seas  and  send  him  to  the  bottom.  In  torpedo-boats  and  destroyers 
the  United  States  navy  has  bei-n  very  weak,  jndged  by  the  standard  of 
naval  strategists  abroad.  The  Porter  and  Dupont  (.see  list  on  page  ">0). 
while  carried  on  tlie  naval  list  as  torpedo-lioats.  conld  do  fair  service 
also  as  destroyers;  bnt  the  Hailey. Strin.uhani  and  (ioldsborough.  all  now 
approaching  comi)letion.  are  onr  first  ves.sels  distinctively  of  this  type. 
A  large  additional  number  of  destroyers,  besides  many  torpedo-boats, 
are  n(-\v  luider  way.  ;ind  liappily  we  liave  the  facilities  for  turning  them 
out  rapidly.  Our  new  desiioyers  will  have  a  spet>d  of  from  thirty  to 
tliiiiy-tliree  knots  an  liour,  and  eiicli  will  c.-irry  several  six-pounders 
and  two  or  more  torpedo-tnltcs. 

These  c<uistilnte   an    entirely    new   essay    in    naval 

SUBMARINE  -warfare,  one  which,  if  successful,  will  revolution- 

TORPEDOBOATS.  j^^.  ,,  .,^  completely  as  did  Ericsson's  nmnitor  that 
superseded  wooden  ships  with  armored  ones,  and  ushered  in  a  new 
era  in  the  use  of  war  projectiles.  The  rinnger.  now  nearly  completed  at 
I'liltiinore.  w;is  liuili  I'l'om  designs  by  liei'  inventor.  Mr.  .John  P.  Hol- 
land. Il  has  ;i  length  of  eighty-live  feet  and  :\  breadth  of  eleven  and 
one  hair  feet,  with  a  displacement  of  one  hundi'ed  and  sixty-eight  tons. 
Its  speed  of  sixt<'en  knots  on  tlie-surfiice  is  reduced  to  ten  when  sub- 
merged. Tlie  little  conning  lower  rising  scarcely  three  feet  above  its 
lo])  affords  the  ordinary  opportunity  for  steering  l»y  observation.  A 
small  tube  tit  ted  at  its  top  with  an  inclined  nurror  or  prism  can  be 
raised  .aliove  the  cynning  tower,  and  when  the  boat  is  entirely  sub- 
merged the  navigator  steers  by  the  piclure  thrown  down  before  hiin 
by  the  mirror.  Of  course,  he  h:is  a  compass,  and  the  boat  is  also  pro- 
vided witli  .MU  automatic  gage  \n  register  the  depth  at  which  it  is 
moving  bene.-ilii  the  surface. 

In    tlie    winter   of    b«!!lT-!»S    Mr.    Holland    finished    a 

THE  HOLLAND  sm.iller  bo.it  of  similar  type,  which  was  tested 
DIVING-BOAT.  ,,^.  ,,|^.  ^^.,^.^.  j ),,,,., ,ti,ient  in  April.  18'.)S.  bnt  not  then 
purchased.  This  boat,  commonly  spoken  of  as  the  "Holland."  is  fifty-five 
feet  long,  ten  and  om-  fourth  feet  wide,  and  its  displacement  is  fifty-five 
tons.  It  is  built  of  steel,  with  the  hull  shaped  like  a  cigar.  Its  motive 
power  is  of  iwn  kinds  gas-*'ngines  and  storage  batteries  of  great 
power.  Tlie  latU'i-  lelectric)  motor  is  for  use  when  the  boat  is  under 
waler.    ( "ompressed-air  tanks  supply  the  crew  with   fresh  air.  so  that, 


COMMON   NAVAL   TERMS   EXPLAINED.  57 

if  need  be,  complete  submersion  could  be  protracted,  according  to  its 
inventor's  ideas,  for  several  hours  at  a  stretch.  The  so-called  diving 
is  effected  by  altering  the  pitch  of  the  horizontal  rudders  as  the  vessel 
moves  tlirough  the  water,  a"lid  in  this  the  water-ballast  tanks  also 
assist.  Iteverse  operations  bring  about  the  rising.  For  maintaining 
the  little  craft  at  her  proper  depth  a  delicate  mechanism  is  employed 
similar  to  that  used  on  the  Whitehead  torpedo.  She  has  an  under-water 
discharge  tube  at  her  bow  for  launching  the  deadly  torpedo,  also  two 
other  tubes.  These  latter  two  are  inclined  upward.  The  forward  one, 
known  as  an  aerial  tori>edo-gun,  is  capable  of  throwing  a  shell  contain- 
ing one  hundred  pounds  of  guncotton  three  fourths  of  a  mile.  Mr. 
Holland  declared  that  with  this  gun  he  could  destroy  Morro  Castle  at 
Havana.  From  the  third  tube  an  under-water  torpedo-gun,  located 
astern,  can  throw  a  shell  accurately  two  hundred  yards  under  water. 

COMMON  NAVAL  TERMS  EXPLAINED. 

Armament.— A  collective  term  for  all  the  guns  (cannon)  of  a  ship,  their 
lumber  and  weight  determining  the  strength  of  the  armament.  Guns 
o"  six-inch  caliber  or  over  are  styled  great  guns,  and  for  these  the 
projectile  and  the  ex])losives  are  made  up  separately.  (See  Ilapld- 
tire  guns,  and  Machine-guns.) 

Armor.— The  iron  or  steel  sheathing  given  the  sides  and  exposed 
deck  of  a   war-vessel,   for  its  protection. 

Barbette.— Any  good  dictionary  will  give  the  meaning  of  this  word  as 
used  in  the  science  of  military  fortification.  In  sea  warfare  it 
means  the  steel  wall,  often  from  fifteen  to  nineteen  Inches  thick,  built 
up  from  below  and  inclosing  the  lower  half  or  more  of  the  revolving 
turret  where  the  heaviest  guns  of  a  fighting  ship  are  placed.  Its  main 
purpose  is  to  protect  the  turning-gear  of  the  turret,  and,  of  course, 
it  also  furnishes  a  strong  additional  protection  to  the  turret  itself. 

Battery.— A  number  of  guns  situated  near,  or  at  no  great  distance 
from,  one  another  considered  collectively.  Also,  the  place  where  they 
are  mounted. 

Conning-tower.  —The  armored  tower  forward  at  the  base  of  the  steel 
military  mast.  Directly  above  it  is  the  pilot-house,  which,  however, 
is  deserted  in  an  engagement  for  the  safer  steerage-room  aft  and  far 
below.  The  conning-tower  is  then  the  commander's  post,  whence  he 
directs  everything.  Telephones  and  speaking-tubes  put  him  in  direct 
communication  with  the  gun-stations,  engine-rooms,  steering-room,  etc. 

Displacement.— The  hull  of  a  vessel  riding  the  water  displaces,  of 
course,  a  certain  quantity  of  it,  Avhich,  estimated  by  tons'  weight,  is 
called  the  vessel's  displacement. 

Catling  Gun. —The  successful  pioneer  among  machine-guns,  so  called 
'from  its  inventor,  Dr.  R.  J.  Gatling,  of  Indianapolis, 


58  (  ri!A     ANM    SI'AMSII-AMKKICAN     WAK. 

Knot.  A  i::iiit  ic:il  mile  w  liicli.  liy  I  lie  I'liilcd  Stiitcs  (illici:il  rcck- 
(iiiiij.i;-.  consists  of  ('..(•Sd.liT  feet,  and  It.v  tin-  Eiiiilish  llic  saiiu-.  luiims  llic 
Irnctioii.  A  staititc  mile  is  r),2S0  tVct;  lionco.  a  knot  is  nearly  one  sixlh 
more,  so  that  a  vessel  niakin.u'  twelve  Icnots'  speed,  for  e.\ain])le.  is 
coverinii-  a  distance  eiiual  on  land  \o  nearly  ft)urteeu  miles. 

Larboard. -Tlie  left-hand  side  as  one  stands  looking  toward  the  Itow 
of  I  lie  ship.     Starl)oar(l  is  the  rijj;ht-hand  side. 

Machine-gun.  On  war-ve?isels  a  j;:un  llriui;'  shot  and  shell  (not  sniall- 
arnis  anmmnilioni.  and  eoustruetod  to  maintain  a  continuous  fire  by 
automatic  nicchauism. 

Marines.  Troops  enlisted  for  military  service  on  shipboard,  or  at 
dockyards,  instead  of  in  the  army.  The  Marine  ('orps  of  the  United 
States  had  a  strength  of  2,000  men  before  its  recent  increase. 

Privateer. —In  time  of  war  a  vessel  armed  and  otHcered  by  private 
[H'rsons.  but  actini;-  luuh'r  a  commission  (lotters  of  marquel  fnjm  some 
established  government.  I'rivateering  was  once  a  favorite  war  meas- 
uic.  bin.  being  so  iiuich  like  piracy,  has  now  Iieen  renounced  iiy 
almost  every  civilized  n.itioii.  except  Spain. 

Kapid-fire  Guns.-  Ordnance,  of  less  than  six-inch  caliber,  for  whii  h 
the  iirojeci  ilc  and  the  explosive  are  put  up  as  one  whole. 

Squadron.  A  division  of  a  lleet.  or  a  (h'taclnnent  of  sliips  eniploynl 
on  a  particular  service  or  station.  In  common  language,  a  sijuadron 
is  fri'qtieutly  sp(»ken  of  as  a  lleet. 

LOCATION  OF  UNITED  STATES   NAVY-YARDS. 

Tiie  r.idnUyn.  ^^^•lsllington  ("ily  and  I'ciisacola  navy  yjirds  ;ire 
located  as  indicated  by  their  names.  The  League  Island  navy-yard  is 
at  riii!a<lelphia:  Charleston,  at  Itoston;  (iosport.  near  Norfolk.  \a.' 
Killery,  opI""^ib'  rorlsmouth.  .\.  II.:  Mare  Island,  near  S;in  I'rancisco. 
The  uiivc!i;ment  dry-dvtcks  are  at  Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  Tort  Koyal,  S.  C, 
and  S.m  I'rancisco,  ('a!. 

THE  CUBAN  (SPANISH)  DEBT. 

The  so-called  Cuban  debt  iiractically  represents  the  amounts  which 
Spain  lu.n-owed  on  the  pledge  of  her  ('id»an  reveniu's  ;is  security, 
r.esidcs  a  lloaling  <lebl  tchietly  arrears  du«'  the  army,  navy  contractors, 
etc..  in  Cuba),  it  consists  of  three  series  of  bonds,  issued  in  lS.S(i.  1S!Ml 
;ind  ISIIC.  respectively.  These  issues  of  stock  aggreg:it(>  .^I.Ti.^Oit.L'IM. 
while  ilie  ilo.iiing  di>bl  at  tlic  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-. \nierican  war 
amounted  to  .-ilioul  .>^7i>.(I(»(1.(»(M).  Tlie  enormous  total  is  more  than  .^•"••Ht 
)ter  caiiiia  for  <'id>a's  entire  popnl.-itioii. 


CTJlBA   AND   SPANISH-AMERICAN   WAR.  5!:) 

KINDS  OF  WAR-SHIPS. 

Id  the  clays  of  sailing  vessels  a  "ship  of  the  line"  was  a  man-of-war 
sufficiently  powerful  to  talce  its  place  in  the  line  of  battle.  Its  successor 
in  our  times  is  the  battleship,  heavily  armored,  and  carrying  the  largest 
guns.  The  battleships  of  the  United  States  Navy  cost  on  an  average 
$3,000,000,  exclusive  of  armament.  Each  is  named  after  some  one  of  the 
states  of  the  Union.    The  Kearsarge  is  the  only  exception  to  this  rule. 

The  cruiser  comes  next  in  fighting  value,  more  especially  because  of 
its  speed,  which  quite  surpasses  that  of  the  battleship.  Cruisers  built 
for  the  navy  are  always  named  after  American  cities,  instead  of  states. 

An  armored  cruiser  has  both  side  and  decli  armor,  which,  however, 
is  not  nearly  so  thiclc  as  a  battleship's. 

A  protected  cruiser  has  deck  armor  only.  An  unprotected  cruiser,  tliough 
perhaps  carrying  powerful  guns,  is  without  armor,  either  on  deck  or 
side.  Such  are  the  great  transatlantic  or  the  Gulf  "liners,"  lately 
chartered  by  the  United  States  government  for  naval  service. 

Agunboat  is  a  small,  light-draft  vessel  of  SOO  to  2,000  tons,  designed 
for  gun-power  rather  than  speed  or  coal-carrying  capacity.  In  a 
loose  way  any  small  boat  fitted  up  with  one  or  more  guns  is  often 
called  a  gunboat.  A  special  class  of  rather  small  gunboats  recently 
added  to  the  United  States  navy  are  called  composite  gunboats, 

A  monitor  is  a  light-draft,  very  low,  heavily  armored  vessel  of  the 
peculiar  type  invented  by  Ericsson  (who  gave  the  name  Monitor  to  the 
first  specimen  of  it),  and  carrying  on  deck  one  or  two  revolving  turrets 
that  contain  one  or  more  great  guns.  Monitors  combine,  in  remarkable 
degree,  high  gun-power  and  limited  exposure,  but  at  sea  they  are 
slow,  clumsy  and  uncomfortable. 

A  ram  is-  built,  not  for  gun-power,  but  for  strength  combined  with 
speed,  its  purpose  being  to  crush  in  the  side  of  an  enemy's  vessel.  The 
United  States  ram  Katahdiu  is  the  only  vessel  of  its  type  in  the  world. 

A  converted  vessel  is  one  that  has  been  altered  from  a  revenue  cutter, 
merchantman,  tug,  or  the  like,  and  armed. 

First-class  Vessels,  Second-class,  etc.— The  rating  of  a  ship  must  not  be 
confounded  with  its  class.  In  the  United  States  Navy  the  rating  is 
determined,  not  as  formerly,  by  the  number  of  guns  carried,  but  wholly 
by  size.  A  vessel  of  the  first  rate  is  one  Avith  a  displacement  of  .5.000 
tons  or  over;  second  rate  is  below  5,000  down  to  3,000  tons;  third  rate, 
below  3,000  down  to  1,000  tons;  fourth  rate,  below  1,000  tons.  In  Euro- 
pean official  and  American  popular  usage  tlie  terms  first-class,  second- 
class,  etc.,  do  not  express  fighting  value  absolutely,  but  merely  the 
relative  importance  of  different  vessels  of  the  same  type— battleships 
compared  with  other  battleships,  cruisers  with  other  cruisers,  and  so 
on.  In  close  action  a  cruiser  of  the  first  class  might  be  no  match  for 
a  battleship  of  the  second  class. 


m 


CtrilA    AND   SVANIRlI-AMEmrAN   WAU. 


NAVIES  OF  LEADING  NATIONS  AND  SPAIN. 

At  the  lic.niniiin.L;'  of  IS'.tS  tlic  navies  of  tlic  Icadiii.i;-  nations  and 
Spain  (serviceable  vessels)  were  constitnled  as  below.  Of  "obsolete 
vessels"  Spain  had  5",),  nearly  all  wooden  craft,  and  tlie  I'nited  States  11. 
The  fightins'  strength  of  the  American  navy  was  largely  augmented 
during  the  lirst  live  months  of  IS'JS,  while  that  of  Spain  was  stationary, 
her  additions  no  more  than  offsetting  her  losses  in  Manila  bay,  on 
May  1st,  in  the  engagement  with  the  American  lleet  under  Com- 
modore Dewey 


Class  of  Vessels. 

X 

2 
i 

5 

6 

"C  Si. 

(f. 

D 

Battlesliip.s,  1st  class 

!) 

2 
45 

6 
84 
14 
30 

2 
74 

16 

401 

5 

34 

18 
230 

1 

2 
51 

29 
1,371 

24 

829 

(i 

](l(i 

11 
129 

JS 
863 

123 

2,897 

3 

72 

42 

117 
20 

103 
51 
32 

107 

219 

].■) 

672 

9 

292 

12 
224 

12 
104 

13 
337 

47 

1,131 

14 

349 
16 
67 
33 
17 
46 

149 
54 

•   105 

(> 

200 

10 

2.5.5 

8 

140 

11 

33 

7 

270 

13 

285 

6 

93 

2 

n 

a5:{ 

2 

i;59 
9'' 

14 

Guns  of  Same 

ii) 

2W 

lb 
4 

16 

2 

110 

8 
52 

2 
23 

45t) 

Battlesliips,  2d  and  3d  classes 

4 

Guns  of  Same 

Sea-goinsi  Const  Defense 

120 

7 

104 

2 

9 

8 

208 

12 
259 

4 

45 
11 
17 
13 
17 
11 
28 

9 

_25 

21 

Guns  of  Same 

2;«J 

Armored  Cruisers 

8 
343 

23 
547 

14 

424 

Protected  and  Partially  Protected 
Cruisers 

3 

Guns  of  Same 

79 

Unprotected  Cruisers 

20 

Guns  of  Same 

283 

Gunboats,  1st  class 

12 

Guns  of  Same 

68 

Gunt)oats,  2d  aiid  .fd  class 

1 

18 

104 

54 

16 

47 

2 

18 

117 

4 
70 

55 

8 
11 
36 

5 
.^5 

21 

2 

Torpedo-lioat  l)i'strovers 

3 

18 

1 
2 

39 

Torpe(lo-l)oats,  1st  class 

2d       "     

88 
6 

"                .'id       "    

97 

Dispatch,  Train! hr.  Transport,  Ko- 
pair.   Tugs    and    Miscellaneous 
Vessels 

98 

Total  Vessels 

164 

i,;«i 

■:■      982 
■:- 12,000 

143 
624 

1,009 

16,300 

400 

6,920 

78,S 
6,3S) 

2.243 

.58,916 

746 

17,842 

452 
3.176 

2.220 
49.3110 

1.04(1 
27,800 

.30.3 
l,27(i 

967 
17,820 

226 
2,.500 

314 
1,472 

795 

20,4(Mi 

83 

440 

Hi 

617 

11,9<I0 

76 

720 

425 

Total  (iuns 

1,773 

OfllccrR 

1.2riO 

Seamen 

:«>,(K)0 

;tS2 

"       — Soldiers 

2,890 

Total  Active  List 

13.582 
2.800 

24,629 
2,5,000 

79,947 
8.3,000 

80.920 
84,350 

21,513 
37,000 

21,724 
19.600 

1.3,.313 
2,060 

40,.5.32 

Naval  Reserves 

45,000 

'■'  Includes  marine  corps. 

.Japan  at  the  end  of  1897  had  in  her  navy  5  first-class  and  2  smaller  battleships, 
carrj'iiig  in  all  2.33  guns;  6  coast-defense  vessels,  with  34  guns;  4  armored  and  22 
unarmored  cruisers;  9  gunboats;  147  torpedo-boats,  nearly  all  second  aud  third 
class;  other  vessels,  9. 


KANK   AND   I'AY    IN   TlIK   ARMY   AND   NAVY. 


61 


RANK  AND  PAY  IN  THE  ARMY  AND   NAVY. 

FoUowiun'  is  tlic  iHiiiivaleiit  rank  of  eoiuuiissioued 
EQUIVALENT  RANK.     ^^^^^^  ,^  ^^^^  ^,^^,^  ]yrauches  of  service: 


Army.  Navy. 

Second  Lieutenant Ensign 

First  Lieutenant.. ..Lieutenant  (Junior) 

Captain Lieutenant 

Major Lieutenant-Commander 

Lieutenant-Colonel Commander 


Army.  Navy. 

Colonel Captain 

Brigadier-General Commodore 

Major-General Rear-Admiral 

Lieu  tenant-General Viee- Admiral 

General Admiral 


The  grades  of  General  and  Lieutenaut-General  in  the  army,  and  Admiral 
and  Vice-Admiral  in  the  navy,  have  been  abolished,  but  are  subject  to  revival 
at  the  pleasure  of  Congress.  Cadets,  whether  military  or  naval,  are  not  com- 
missioned officers,  though  drawing  pay  as  named  below. 


PAY  OF  ARMY  OFFICERS. 


Army    officers,    in    active    service,    receive 
yearly  pay  as  follows: 


Grade. 


Major-General 

Brigadier-General 

Colonel 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

Major 

Captain,  mounted 

Captain,  not  mounted 

First  Lieutenant,  mounted 

First  Lieutenant,  not  mounted 

Second  Lieutenant,  mounted 

Second  Lieutenant,  not  mounted.... 


Firsts 
Years' 
Service. 


87,500 
5,5(10 
3,500 
3,000 
2.500 
2,000 
1,800 
1,600 
1,500 
1,500 
1,400 


After  5 

Years' 

Service. 


8^,850 
3,300 
2,7.50 
2,200 
1,980 
1,760 
1,650 
1,6.50 
1,540 


After  10 
Years' 
Service. 


«4,200 
3,600 
3,000 
2,400 
2,160 
1,920 
1,800 
1,800 
1,680 


After  15 

Years' 

Service. 


-«4,.500 
3,900 
3,2.50 
2,600 
2,340 
2,080 
1,9.50 
1,9.50 
1,820 


After  20 
Years' 
Service. 


-$4,500 
-4,000 
3,500 
2,800 
2,520 
2,240 
2,100 
2,100 
1,960 


'■'The  maximum  pay  of  Colonels  is  limited  to  J4,.500,  and  of  Lieutenant- 
Colonels  to  $4,000. 

Besides  free  instruction,  cadets  at  the  West  Point  Military  Academy  receive 
$•540  yearly  pay.  A  Chaplain's  pay  is  the  same  (including  successive  increases  of 
10,  20,  30  and  40  per  cent  for  continued  service)  as  given  in  the  table  for  First 
Lieutenant,  not  mounted. 


PAY  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 


Naval    officers   on    the    active    list    receive 
yearly  pay  as  follows: 


Rank. 


At  Sea. 


On  Shore 
Duty. 


On  Leave 

orWaiting 

Orders, 


Rear- Admirals 

Commodores 

Captains 

Commanders 

Lieutenant-Commanders* ... 

Lieutenants'-' 

Lieutenants  (.Junior  Grade) 

Ensigns'^'  

Chaplains  t 


$6,000 
5,000 
4,.500 
3,500 
2,800 
2,400 
1,800 
1,200 
2.500 


S5,000 
4,000 
3,.500 
3,000 
2,400 
2,000 
1,.500 
1,000 
2,000 


84,000 
3,000 
2,800 
2,300 
2,000 
1,600 
1,200 
800 
1,600 


*Pay  increases  S200  per  annum  four  years  from  date  of  commission. 
tPay  increases  $300  per  annum  five  years  from  date  of  commission. 
Besides  free   instruction,  cadets  at  the  Annapolis  Naval  Academy  receive 
8500  yearly  p^y. 


Q2  CrBA    AND    SPAMSll-AMKRICAN    WAtt. 

CAPE  VERDE  AND  CANARY  ISLANDS. 

A  m-Hiii  of  islands  bclou.uinfi-  lo  Portujxal,  in 
CAPE  VERDE  ISLANDS,  ^j^^'  ^,, .,,„•„.  ,,,.,..111.  off  llic  wcstcruiiiost  point 
of  Afr'H'a.  'I'lH-y  lie  in  the  siinic  latitndc  as  the  C.-ntral  Anua-ican  state 
of  Honduras.  'I'olal  area,  about  I.CSO  sqn.aro  miles,  with  a  poinilation 
of  ll.->.(Mii).  nine  tenths  Itcin,;:-  nc.urocs  and  uiulaltoos.  Porto  Trayo  is  the 
capilal.  ri-oni  St.  Vincent,  the  piiiK-ipal  harbor  of  the  Caite  Verde 
islands,  to  Porto  Piieo  is  2.(i<»0  niiU's. 

("Do'u:  islands."  front  llio  Latin  word  Canis.  a  dog.) 
CANARY  ISLANDS.      ^  ^.^^^^jj^  ^^^.  i^i,,„,|„  ,,,•,•  ,i„.  ,vost  coast  of  Africa,  in 

Mboul  tlic  saiur  lalittide  as  'lainpa.  I'Morida.  In  round  nunil)ers  tliey  are 
srvru  hundred  miles  from  Cadiz.  S|>ain.  and  nine  hundred  miles  from 
llii"  Cipe  \erde  isl.ands.  ToLal  area.  2.Si).s  s<iuare  mih's.  Population 
iiicaiiy  all  of  Spanish  or  mixed  oriiiini.  about  :!l(t.(MM».  The  capital  is 
Sant.a  Cm/,  de  San1ia.i;o  ("Holy  Cross  of  St.  .I;i.Li-o"».  but  is  often  spoken 
of  as  'I'eiierilfe.  beinji'  near  the  famous  pc^ak  of  that  name.  The  former 
cai»ital  was  Las  Pabnas.  The  Canaries  are  a  valued  possession  of  Spain. 

LADRONE  AND  CAROLINE  ISLANDS. 

The  Ladrone  and  Caroline  .uroups.  with  the  Marshall 
THELADRONES.  j^,.,,,,,^  (C.-rmant  .and  (iilbert  islands  (British),  hun- 
dreds of  miles  eastward,  constitute  Micronesia,  a  name  well  and 
once  hapiiily  known  in  missiomiry  circles  the  world  over.  They  are  all 
coral  islets,  a  thousand  of  them,  risinj;  only  a  few  feet  out  of  the  sea 
anil  steepeil  in  jierpetual  summer.  The  Ladrones  r(>ach  u])  to  the  direct 
paihw.iy  of  liie  ste.amer  and  at  about  live  sevenths  of  the  distance 
from  Ijoncdulu  to  M.anila.  The  princi])al  island.  (Juam.  which  lies  a  few 
hundred  nnies  south  of  the  direct  route,  was  taken  possession  of  .Tune 
•Jlsl  by  the  lirst  Pliilippine  exix'ditioii.  one  comiiai'.y  of  the  L'ourteenth 
Lnited  Slates  regulars  reiil.-ieinL;-  Hie  Siianish  u.aia'ison  of  lifty-folir 
men.  who,  with  the  .uovernor  and  other  otHcers.  were  carried  ])risoners 
to  Civile.  The  score  or  two  of  Ladrone  islands  have  a  total  area  not 
mueii  exceediiii,'  KMt  square  miles,  with  a  population  .if  about  Id.tMKI. 

These  lie  south  of  Hie  Ladrones.  and  exli'iid  further 
THE  CAROLINES.        .^^^      jj^,|,^_  ^..iiii^,  Aineri<an  missionaries  in  lS.-)2.  in 

the  barU.-iniiiie  .Mornin.n-  Star. paid  for  with  moneyraised  by  th(>  children 
in  Christian  homes  ihrouirhout  the  Tniled  States.  Their  work  prospered 
-really  till,  in  an  evil  hotn-.iu  1SNT.  the  Spaniards  ai)peared  with  a  claim 
of  sovereii:nty.  and  be-^an  harryiiiL'  the  n.alives  (who  later  turned  upon 
and  massaia-ed  their  opi)ressorsi.  and  in  violalicui  of  repeated  pledges 
comiiclled  tin-  missionaries,  by  successive  encro.-icliments.  to  abandon 
liieir  work.  They  eventually  coHeclcil  .<17..".<»>  for  the  mission  property 
destroveil.  but  were  never  able  to  return. 


PORTO    RICO.  63 

PORTO  RICO. 

Porto  (or  Puerto)  Rico  is  tbe  fourth  in  size  of  tlie 
LOCATION  AND  West  Indiau  Islands,  Hayti  being  the  second  and 

DIMENSIONS.      Jamaica  the  third.    It  was  discovered  by  Colum- 
bus iu  141)3,  on  his  second  voyage,  and  in  the  early  years  of  the  foUow- 
iug  century   was  governed   by   Ponce  de   Leon,   famous   in   American 
history  froin  his  fruitless  search  for  the  fountain  of  youth  among  the 
wilds  of  Florida.    Spain  held  the  island  for  upward  of  four  centuries, 
though  she  had  to  fight  for  it  more  than  once  with  the  Dutch  and  the 
English.    It  is  about  450  miles  east  of  Cuba  (in  latitude  a  trifle  further 
soutli),  and  is  separated  from  it  by  Hayti  and   the  adjoining  straits. 
From   Havana  to   San  Juan,   Porto  Eico,   the  voyage   is  at  least  one 
thousand  miles.      The  island's  length  is  variously  given  by  different 
authorities  as  from  ninety  to  one  hundred  and  eight  miles.    Its  greatest 
breadth  is  thirty-seven  miles, and  its  total  area  about  3,550  square  miles. 
Between  Porto  Rico  and  Hayti  flow  the  waters  of  the  Mona  Passage. 
From  east  tO'  west  Porto  Rico  is  traversed  by 
SURFACE,  STREAMS         ^   range  of  hills  so  situated  that  the  streams 
AND  FORESTS,     flowing  northward  are  much  longer  than  those 
flowing  south.    The  highest  district  is  situated  near  the  southeast  corner 
where  the  peak  of  El  Yunque  attains  an  altitude  of  3,G00  feet.    As 
the  hills  interc'^-ijt  the  northwest  trade-winds,  with  their  rain-clouds, 
there  is  sometimes  a  superabundance  of  moisture  in  the  northern  low- 
lauds,  yet  severe  droughts  in  the  south.    The  island  is,  upon  the  whole, 
exceptionally  well  watered,  1,300  streams  being  enumerated,  of  Avhich 
forty-seven  are  large  enough,   from   the   European   standard,   to   pass 
for  rivers.    Its  general  appearance  is  very  beautiful.    Forests  in  tlieir 
tropical  depth  of  green  still  cover  all  tlie  higher  portions  of  tlie  hills. 
Roads    and    bridges,    though    somewliat    improved    of    late   years,    are 
still  the  great  want  of  the  island. 

The  two  great  staples  of  this  fertile  island  are  sugar  and 
coffee,  besides  which  tobacco,  cotton,  rice  and  Indian 
corn  are  extensively  raised.  Yams  and  plantains  are  also  cultivated. 
Oranges,  cocoanuts  and  other  tropical  fruits  likewise  receive  attention 
and  thrive  luxuriantly.  The  principal  food  of  the  agricultural  laboring 
clasis  is  a  variety  of  mountain  rice,  grown  without  flooding.  On  the 
loAvland  pastures  large  herds  of  excellent  cattle  are  reared  to  supply 
butcher-meat  for  St.  Thomas  (Danish)  and  the  French  islands  of  the 
Lesser  Antilles.  Porto  Rico's  exports  ($18,000,000  annually)  exceed 
Jamaica's  more  than  two  to  one,  consisting  mainly  of  sugar  and 
molaKses,  coffee,  honey,  tobacco,  beef  and  hides.  A  large  part  of  the 
tobacco  has  always  been  sent  to  Havana,  there  to  be  manufactured, 
under  the  government  monopoly,  into  cigars.  Gold,  iron,  copper,  coal 
and  salt  ai"e  all  found  in  Porto  Rico,  but  only  the  last  is  worked. 


PRODUCTS. 


t>4  CUBA   AND   SI'ANISH-AMEUICAN   WAR. 

Tlic  population  of  sonu'  SOO.OOO  is  about   three   tiftlis 

POPULATION.  ^yi,i,^.  .,i„i  t^y^^  lifths  i)lack.  Ainon.i,'  the  people  of 
Europeau  origlu  are  Si)auiartls,  (iermaus,  fSwedes,  Daues,  liussiaiis  aud 
Fri'neluuen,  besides  the  deseeudauts  of  Moorish  Jews  aud  natives  of  the 
Canary  Islands.    There  are  also  a  uumber  of  Chinese. 

San  Juan  de  Puerto  Rico  (commonly  abbreviated  to 

bAN  JUAN,  gg^jj  Juan),  on  the  north  coast,  is  the  principal  town, 

Tnt  CAPITAL  ^^  ^,^^1  as  the  capital.  It  was  founded,  by  Ponce  de 
Leon,  in  l")!!,  and  is  built  on  an  island  named  Morro,  connected  with 
the  mainland  by  bridges.  The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  West 
Indies,  having  a  comparatively  unobstructed  entrance,  and  even  at  the 
wharves  a  depth  of  ten  to  fifteen  feet.  The  toA\  n  of  San  Juan,  with  its 
district,  has  a  population  of  about  oO.OOO.  It  figures  in  history  as  a 
place  of  some  military  strength,  and  contains  the  palace  of  the  governor- 
general  in  the  old  fort  of  Santa  Catalina,  bishop's  palace,  cathedral, 
government  arsenal,  town-house,  theater,  etc.  It  is  regularly  laid  out, 
well  drained,  and  one  of  the  nicxst  healthful  towns  in  the  West  Indies. 
Tho  fortifications  of  San  Juan  Avere  materially  strengthened  during  the 
early  mouths  of  IS'.KS,  and  the  harbor  is  said  to  have  been  mined. 

Ponce,   three   miles  inland  from   the  south   coa.st,   is 

OTHEK  TOWNS,  ^j^^  ^^^^^  most  important  town,  and  in  general  appear- 
ance rather  more  modern,  containing  among  other  public  buildings  a 
towu  hall,  hospital  and  Episcopal  church,  and  it  is  lighted  with  ga.s  by 
an  English  company.  Mayaguez,  on  the  west  coast,  is  also  situated 
several  miles  inland,  and  is  separated  from  its  port  by  a  river,  of 
late  years  liridgtMl.  The  only  other  towns  of  any  importance  are 
(Juayama  on,  aud  Coama  near,  the  south  coast,  Aguadilla  in  the  north- 
west corner  of  the  island,  and  Ar(>cibo  on  the  north  coast. 

I'esides  San  Juan   there  are  only  two  or  three 

HARBORS,  ROADS  s.>(ure  harbors  in  the  whole  island.  The  others 
AND  RAILROADS.  .,,.,.  „.,..,,i„.,iiy  tilling  up.  and  can  be  utilized  by 
light-draft  vessels  only.  This  and  the  greatly  iufericn'  size  of  Porto 
Uico  would  make  its  blockade  much  easier  of  accomplishment  tli.iu 
Cub.a's.  Since  1S,S."»  several  miniature  railroads  have  been  built  along 
(he  easier  grades  near  the  coast.  The  latest  and  best  mai>s  still  show 
hoiise-trails  to  be  .almost  (he  only  means  of  communication  (hroughou( 
(he  greater  part  of  (he  interior.    Koads  are  still  the  great  want. 

The   aboriginal   inhabitants  were   soon   swept   away 

SPANISH  RULE.  ^^^.  ,j|^.j|.  s^,,;,„jj.i,  conipierors.  and  aluuKst  no  vestiges 
of  llieni  niiiMiii.  In  isi'o  ,1  mov*'ment  looking  toward  independence  was 
set  on  Inoi  in  Porto  Itico.  but  by  ISi.':!  Sjuiin  had  completely  re-estab- 
lished her  sui)reniacy.  Porto  Kico  h.is  its  own  governor-general  aud  a 
measure  of  autonomy,  having  been  decreed  in  1870  a  province  of 
Spain.  I'or  administrative  purposes  it  is  divided  into  seven  depart- 
ments.   The  l:ist  traces  of  slavery  were  abolished  in  1ST3. 


The  PHiLiPrixNE  islands.  B5 

THE  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 

[Other  important  in  formation  is  given  on  page  4ii.] 

The  Pliilippiue  Islands  were  discovered  by 
GENEKAL  DESCRIPTION.  jjjjio-,.iiau  iu  ir,21.  Spanish  conquest  besan 
in  incf),  and  in  1571  the  capital  was  established  at  Manila.  The  Phil- 
ippines constitute  an  important  archipelago  southeast  of  the  continent 
of  Asia,  extending  from  4°  40'  to  20°  north  latitude,  and  from  116°  40' 
to  126°  80'  east  longitude  from  Greenwich.  The  principal  ones,  from 
north  to  south,  are  Luzon,  Camarines,  Mindoro,  Samar,  Leyte,  Penay, 
NegTos,  Cebu,  Bohol,  Mindanao.  Palawan  and  the  Sulu  group  of  islands. 
The  most  northerly  groups  are  the  Batanes  and  Babuyanes,  between 
Luzon  and  Formosa.  They  are  quite  unimportant.  All  the  islands  may 
be  characterized  as  mountainous  and  hilly,  and  much  of  the  archipelago 
has  imdoubtedly  been  heaved  from  below  the  sea-level  within  compar- 
atively recent  times.  It  is  believed  to  contain  a  considerable  amount 
of  undeveloped  mineral  wealth. 

The   working   volcanoes  are   now   comparatively 
VOirANOF^  AND 

VULV.Al'MWCi    AINU  ^^^^     ^^^     g^j^jg    ^^    ^j^gj^     ^^^^     jjggjj     ^^j.y     yiolj^ut 

EARTHQUAKES,  ^j^jji^  q„j|g  i-^eent  times.  In  1814  a  terrible 
eruption  of  the  Albay,  or  Mayon,  volcano,  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Luzon,  partially  destroyed  seA^eral  large  villages,  and  proved  fatal  to 
12,000  persons,  the  matter  thrown  out  forming  vast  deposits  deep 
enough  in  some  places  near  the  mountain  to  bury  the  loftiest  trees.  A 
similar  fate  befell  the  same  district  during  the  eruption  of  1867.  On 
the  thirty-lirst  of  October,  1876,  one  of  the  terrible  storms  for  which 
the  Philippines  are  notorious  burst  on  this  same  mountain,  pouring 
down  whose  sides  and  sweeping  along  the  loose  volcanic  debris,  the 
floods  brought  destruction  on  many  settlements  below,  tilling  up  the 
roads,  breaiving  doAvn  the  bridges  and  completely  mining  upward  of 
6,000  houses.  In  the  great  wild  island  of  Mindanao  three  volcanoes 
have  been  destructively  active,  at  intervals,  up  to  a  late  date.  Earth- 
quakes are  so  frequent  and  violent  as  to  determine  the  styles  adopted 
in  the  erection  of  the  buildings.  In  1874  they  were  felt  daily  for  several 
weeks.  But  the  most  violent  on  record  occurred  in  July,  1880,  when 
the  destruction  of  property  was  immense. 

The  climate  is  genuinelv  tropical,  with  three  seasons — the 
cold,  hot  and  wet.  The  cold  extends  from  November  to 
February  or  March.  The  winds  are  then  northerly,  and,  though  there  is 
no  need  for  fire,  woolen  garments  can  be  worn  with  comfort  in  the 
mornings;  the  sky  is  usually  clear  and  the  atmosphere  bracing;  and  for- 
eigners look  forward  to  this  period  as  the  most  enjoyable  of  the  year. 
During  the  hot  season,  from  March  to  .Tune,  the  heat  becomes  very 
oppressive  before  the  beginning  of  the  southerly  monsoon.  Thunder- 
storms, often  of  terrific  violence,  are  liable  to  occur  in  May  and  June. 


66  CUBA    AND    SPAXTSII-AMERTCAN    WAR. 

Tlio  wi't  st'jisOu  covers  .Inly,  Auiiust,  Si'itlciiiluT  .iiiil  OcIoIxt.  avIicii  the 
fain  comes  down  in  torrents,  and  lari[j;e  ti'Mcts  of  the  h)wer  country  are 
tlooth'd.  The  northern  islands  lie  in  the  re.uion  of  the  typhoons.  At 
Manila  tlie  mean  temperature  for  the  cold  season  is  about  72;  hot 
season.  S7,  and  wet  season.  S4i/1>  degrees. 

KicG  is  the  staple  food  of  the  natives,   wlio  cultivate  it 

^  extensively.      But   the   plants   of   prime   importance   are 

Manila  hemp,  sugar-cane,  tobacco,  cotfee  and  cocoa.  Abaca,  or  Manila 
hemp,  is  grown  in  the  southeast  of  Luzon  and  in  Samar.  Leyte  and 
ISohol.  Its  cultivation  requires  little  trouble,  and  the  plantations,  usually 
small,  are  each  the  property  of  a  native  family.  Hand  labor  and  u  few 
simple  machines  of  native  construction  are  all  that  is  required  in  tlie 
I)reparation  of  the  fiber,  from  which  are  made  ropes  and  cables  of 
great  durability,  while  its  finer  grades  are  Avoveu  into  fabrics  suitable 
for  wearing-ajiparel.  which  is  often  beautiful  and  of  high  cost.  Other 
qualities  fnniisli  tli>'  material  for  maidng  the  mMiula-i)ap('r  so  famil- 
iar to  all. 

The  exports  of  sugar,  as  of  other  products,  are  mostly  sliipped  from 
Manila,  thougli  nearly  2.0()(),0(M>  pounds  are  exported  from  lloilo  (on  the 
island  of  I'anay).  which  is  tlie  port  next  in  inq)ortance.  Most  of  the 
larger  plantations,  some  of  them  exceeding  one  tlKuisand  acres,  are 
monastic  property,  and  are  leased  out  to  Chinese  half-breeds,  who  are 
said  to  succeed  mucii  Ix'tter  than  Euroi)eans.  Colfee  was  introduced, 
probably  from  Brazil,  in  the  latter  i)art  of  the  eighteeutli  century,  but 
it  was  182(i  befor(>  the  first  plaulatioii  on  a  larg(>  scale  was  formed. 
Tobacco  was  m.ade  a  government  monopoly  in  17S1.  and  remained  such 
till  1SS2.  Thougli  any  one  might  grow  tlic  i)iaiit  to  any  extent  he 
pleased,  the  governiiUMit  was  the  only  luirchaser.  fixed  its  own  price, 
and.  ])aying  its  debts  according  to  its  own  convenience,  was  sometimes 
thr(>e  or  four  years  in  arrears.  Besides,  certain  districts  were  bound 
to  furnisli  a  certain  (piality  of  the  leaf,  and  thus  the  peasant  was  forc«'d. 
under  severe  penalties,  to  devote  himself  to  the  tobacco  crop,  when 
ofttMitimes  he  would  have  obtaini'd  better  results  from  something  els<>. 
Nearly  ;'()().(MM >.()()()  cigars  have  been  manufactured  annually,  in  .six 
factories,  ('mploying  twenty  thousand  hands,  about  oii(>  third  for  for- 
eign ex|(ort  and  liie  rest   fur  lioiiic  consumption. 

TiKlrr   il;ite   of   I'cltniarv   2S,    1S!>S.   the    T'nil»Ml 

IMPORTANCE  OF  ^,.„„^  ,.„„^„,  .„   ,,,„n,;Mr.  Oscar  F.  Williams. 

AMERICAN  TRADE.  ,||.|^,^,  .,,|  ,.].,i„„.;ite  olticial  report  resp.'cting  the 
riiilip|)ines.  in  wliicli  lie  said:  "Local  authorities  estimate  the  area  of 
tlu'  l'iiiliiii)incs  :il  1.".ii.(mmi  v;i|u;ire  miles,  aiid  Ilie  population  at  l.".(MMt.()00. 
Twenty-two  consulates  are  (>stablislicd  .'it  Manila.  The  volume  of  tlie 
export  trade  coming  under  my  official  siqiervision  equals  that  of  my 
twenty-one  consular  colleagues  coml)iiied.  The  trade  of  the  Philiiipines 
with   tlie   T'nit«'d  States   is  growing  at    a    remarkable   rate.    To-day  I 


THE    PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 


67 


have  authenticated  invoices  for  export  amountius  to  $13S.0(;6.  During 
the  last  three  uiontlis  210,000  bales  of  hemp  were  exported;  of  these 
13(3,7!>2  went  to  the  United  States,  and  7'J,20S  to  Great  Britain  and  other 
countries.  Last  year  the  increase  of  hemp  shipments  to  the  United 
Slates  was  137.000  bales.  Of  tlie  total  increased  shipments  from  the 
I'hilippiues,  those  to  the  United  States  Avere  fifty-four  per  cent  .urealer 
than  to  all  other  countries  together.  In  the  item  of  sugar,  which  is 
the  second  in  importance  among  the  exports,  the  shipment  to  the  United 
States  was  lifty-tive  per  cent  of  the  total  to  all  points." 

This   is  one  of  the  great  emporiums  of  the  East. 

CITY  OF  MANILA,  rj^j^^,  principal  street  of  New  Manila  (that  part  north 
of  Pasig  river),  is  the  Escolta,  lined  with  innumerable  shops  and 
stalls,  and  crowded  with  a  strange  and  motley  population  of  various 
races.  The  Rosario  is  given  over  to  the  Chinese  shops.  In  New  Manila 
the  streets  are  straight,  but  most  of  them  unpaved,  and  during  the 
rains  almost  impassable.  The  outlying  districts  of  New  Manila  consti- 
tute the  Binondo  suburb,  where  many  of  the  residences  are  airy  cot- 
tages, reared  amid  groves  of  tropical  trees,  raised  on  posts  to  permit  the 
free  passage  of  the  waters  in  the  rainy  season,  and  so  constructed  as-, 
by  their  elasticity,  to  withstand  earthquake  shoclvS.  Manila  is  a  city 
of  suburbs.  Cavite,  seven  miles  to  the  south,  is  very  important  as  the 
location  of  the  naval  arsenal,  etc.  The  northern  suburbs  are  mostly 
given  over  to  different  lines  of  textile  and  other  manufactures.  Bulacan, 
five  miles  above  Binondo,  is  a  hive  of  fabricating  industries.  On  the 
Avest  shore  of  the  bay,  twenty-five  miles  across  from  ^Manila,  is  the 
fashionable  resort  of  Balauga. 

Manila  has  six  daily  newspapers,  three  banks,  a  mint,  a  chamber 
of  commerce  and  complete  electric-light  and  telegraph  plants.  The 
Mexican  silver  dollar  is  in  general  use.  There  are  four  regular  steam- 
ship lines  to  Hong  Kong  and  a  monthly  line  to  Uiverpool.  The  leading 
railroad  into  the  interior  is  first-class,  having  steel  rails,  stone  culverts, 
and  English  engines  capable  of  drawing  trains  forty-five  miles  an  hour. 
Under   Spain   the   Philippines   have  been   subject 

SPANISH  ^^^  j^  governor-general  with  supreme  powers,  assist- 

ADMINISTRATION.  ^^^  ^^  ^  "junta  of  authorities,"  consisting  of  the 
archbishop,  tlie  commander  of  the  forces,  the  admiral,  the  president  of 
the  supreme  court,  etc.;  also  by  a  central  junta  of  agriculture,  industry 
and  commerce,  and  by  a  council  of  administration.  In  the  provinces 
and  districts  the  chief  power  was  in  the  hands  of  alcades,  and  of 
governors  combining  both  civil  and  military  power.  The  Spanish 
method  of  raising  revenues  was  simple  enough.  It  consisted  of  naming 
some  prominent  and  wealthy  native  the  "cabeca  de  baraugay"  of  a 
certain  village  or  group  of  fnmilies,  and  making  him  responsible,  some- 
times to  his  complete  beggary,  for  the  collection  of  the  tribute  that  had 
been  assessed  on  his  district.    Chinese  were  subject  to  special  taxes. 


68  CUBA  AND  SPANISU-AMERICAN   WAU. 


POPULATION. 


The  great  bulk  of  the  population  is  made  up  of  different 
tribes  of  Malays,  some  of  them  semi-civilized  and 
uoiniiially  Christian  (Roman  Catholics),  some  pagan  savages;  while 
others,  a  little  higher  in  civilization  than  the  latter,  arc  Molianunedans. 
The  strougliokl  of  these  last  is  the  island  of  Miudauau,  though 
there  are  iudcpcudent  native  tribes  in  the  interior  of  nearly  all 
the  other  larger  islands  as  well.  Of  Europeans  other  than  Spaniards, 
tlie  number  in  the  Philippines  is  few,  divided  between  many  nation- 
alities. Many  half-breeds,  especially  Chinese  mestizos,  are  seen  in 
Manila  and  elsewhere  in  Luzon,  Chinese  immigrants,  in  spite  of  mas- 
sacres and  administrative  restrictions,  form  a  powerful  element  in  the 
riiilippiues.  There  is  hardly  a  town  or  large  village  in  which  they 
are  not  found,  petty  trade  and  banlcing  being  nearly  all  in  their  hands. 

HAWAII  (OR  SANDWICH)  ISLANDS. 

The  Sandwich  Islands  were  discovered  in  1778  by  Captain  James 
Cook,  who  was  afterward  killed  there  by  the  cannibal  natives.  They 
were  civilized  and  Christianized  chiefly  through  the  efforts  of  American 
missionaries,  who  began  their  work  in  1820.  The  group  comprises 
tifteen  islands,  the  eight  inhabited  ones  having  a  total  area  of  G.740 
s(piare  miles  (one  sixth  that  of  Ohio),  as  follows:  Hawaii.  4.121(J; 
Maui,  7()();  Oahu,  000;  Kauai,  590;  Molokai,  270;  Lauai.  1.10;  Niliau,  1)7; 
Kahoolawe,  (53.  They  are  2,100  miles  from  San  Francisco,  in  a  south- 
west direction,  being  about  one  third  the  total  sailing  distance  from 
San  Francisco  to  Manila.  They  owe  their  importance  chiefly  to  their 
position,  far  out  in  the  broad  Pacific,  in  the  line  of  commerce  between 
the  Pacific  states  and  British  Columbia  on  the  one  side,  and  Japan, 
(Miina  and  Australasia  on  the  other.  The  climate  is  healthful,  with 
sca-brei'zes  and  moderate  rains;  mean  temperature  about  seventy-five 
degrees,  the  tliermonieter  having  a  range  of  only  tliirty  degrees.  The 
Hawaii  Islands  and  Cul)a  are  in  precisely  the  same  latitude. 

The    most    striking   feature    under    this    head    is    the 

POPULATION.  Qt.^.,.j.ase  of  the  natives  from  about  200,000  in  1878  to 
less  tliMii  sixteen  per  cent  of  that  number.  A  census  taken  early  lu 
1S07  gave  a  total  population  of  100.020.  as  follows:  Ilawaiians,  31.019; 
part  Ilawaiians,  8,18.");  .lapauese,  2-i.l(»7:  Cliiuese.  21.(il(;;  Portuguese, 
l."».l(Hi;  Americans,  3.080:  Uritisli.  2.2.">(t;  otlier  nationalities.  3.0."^7.  The 
,\mericans  tlius  number  not  (piite  three  per  cent  of  the  wliole.  while  the 
natives  are  (luite  exceeded  by  the  combined  count  of  the  .lapauese  and 
Clnnese,  nearly  all  imported  l.-iborers  on  the  sugar  plantations. 

Sugar  Is  the  gre:it   slajile.       Kice.  coffee,  liides.  bananas 

PRODUCTS,  .jiii^  ^^.^,|,j  .ij.^.  .jj^^^  exported.  Fine  crops  of  wheat  are 
raised  in  the  upl:uiils,  .iiid  live  stock  of  all  the  ordinary  varieties  thrive 
well.    Among  the  minor  crops  in  the  valleys  are  cotton,  tobacco,  yams. 


HAWAII    (OK    SAXDWICH)    ISI.ANDS.  69 

iUTowfoot  and  cacao.  Ninety  per  cent  of  the  conmierco  is  with  the 
United  States.  The  hitest  anuiial  report  gives  the  value  of  .sugar 
exports  at  Jf'T.OTG.OOO:  rice,  .');1C)2.0(I0:  bananas,  ^103,000. 

i.rx».^. .,. .,      '^'li'=^  '*^  ^lif  l»i'iiit-ipal  port,  as  well  as  the  capital.    It  is 
HONOLULU.        ■.      .    1         v^i      •  1       1     4--  />   ,  1  ,      ,  ,     . 

situated  on  the  island  ot  Oahu,  and  had  a  population  in 

1S07  of  2S.0(il.    Nearly  all  its  trade  is  in  the  hands  of  Americans  and 

Europeans.    Honolulu  has  most  of  the  local  features  of  an  enterprising 

American  city,  ami  is  lighted  by  electricity.      There  are  seventy-one 

miles  of  railroad  iu  the  islands,  and  two  hundred  aud  tifty  miles  of 

telegraph.    A  submarine  telegraph  between  Honolulu  and   San   Frau- 

ci.sco  is  likely  to  l)e  laid  at  lio  distant  date. 

HAWAIIAN  Each  of  the  islands  originally  had  its  own  chief,  but 

nci/r>i  iiTirkM        «liortly  before  the  American  missionaries  went  there 
REVOLUTION.       ^,  ^  ,. ,        ,  . 

the  government  was  consolidated  into  one  kingdom 

by  Kamehameha  I.  Constitutions,  increasingly  liberal,  were  granted  in 
1.S40,  is:y2  and  1.SS7.  Queen  Liliuokalani,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne 
in  1891,  desired  more  power  for  herself  aud  the  native  population,  and 
in  January,  1SU3,  attempted  to  force  her  cabinet  to  approve  a  new 
constitution  drafted  on  those  lines.  In  consequence  she  Avas  deposed 
January  17th,  bj'  a  Committee  of  Public  Safety,  aud  a  provisional  gov- 
ernment was  formed  under  the  presidency  of  Sauford  W.  Dole  (sou 
of  an  American  missionary),  to  continue  until  a  treaty  of  annexation 
with  the  United  States  should  l)e  concluded.  The  treaty  to  this  end 
which  President  Harrison  sent  to  the  United  States  Senate  was  with- 
drawn iu  ;March,  1803,  by  Pre.sident  Cleveland. 

On   the  fourth   of  Juiy.   18!t4,   a   republic   was  pro- 
ANNEXATION  claimed,  with  Mr.  Dole  as  president  for  a  six-yi«ars' 

ACCOMPLISHED.  ^^^.^^^^  ^^^^^  world  soon  grew  accustomed  to  the 
idea  of  the  absorption  of  HaAvaii  by  the  Uuited  States,  aud  at  length  the 
advantages  of  utilizing  the  island  as  a  naval  base  for  our  operations  iu 
the  Philippines  broke  down  the  opposition  of  Cougress.  The  fate  of  the 
annexation  treaty  in  the  Senate  being  still  in  doubt,  Ivepreseutative 
F.  (4.  Newlauds,  of  Nevada,  proposed  a  joint  resolution  designed  to 
accomplish  the  same  end.  It  passed  the  Hou.se  June  15,  1898,  by  a  vote 
of  209  to  01;  the  Senate  July  0th,  by  42  to  21,  and  the  next  day  was 
signed  by  the  president.  The  resolution  provided  for  a  commission  of 
five,  tAvo  of  them  resident  HaAvaiians  (the  Americans  appointed  by 
the  president  being  Senators  Morgan  aud  Culloiu  and  Congressman 
Hitt),  to  recommend  to  Congress  such  legislation  as  they  might  deem 
advisable;  assumed  the  public  debt  of  HaAvaii,  not  to  exceed  $■4,000,000; 
prohibited  Chinese  immigration;  .abrogated  Hawaiian  treaties  Avith  for- 
eign powers;  and,  pending  p<'rma!ieiit  l(\gislation  by  Congress,  placed 
the  island  under  control  of  the  president,  who  was  lik(«wise  empowered 
to  appoint  persons  to  put  into  effect  a  pnnisional  government. 


7(t 


CtTBA    AND    SI'AMSU-AMERICAN    WAK. 


INDEX 


AcciTiKli'i'iis    Y  ;{(! 

Amiihli.ns Y::8 

Al.|iii/.:ir    N  11 

Arimuiii.ih    M  11 

Aiii..vri    liliiuco T  •_•!• 

Arlriiiis;!     M  in 

It.'ililii     (!<■     (iiianlaii- 

Jiiiiii    Y  :{!l 

r.:ilii.ili(.li(l:i    M  !) 

Itillics    L  11 

I'.ar.-icoa    \\'  4:i 

I'larraiicMS    W  :!4 

I'.a.    SaiiiM    Maria.  . .  .S  2<i 

l!a.    SI  a.    Clara I.  IS 

I'.alabario    S  V2 

I'.a.vaiiii.    W  :» 

W.   lie   Malaiizas L  IT. 

r..'.|u«a.l     M  I'J 

r.'Tiiif.ja    M  1") 

r.(ii-a   tif   <'aral)i'las.  J}  :\\ 

I'.nia  i1.'  .rarnct, L  1."? 

I'.iK-a    (Ic    la    Yaua    u* 

(Ic  Mnmii ()  1.'7 

r.'y  Alliiil'cra  ilrCiia- 

•  liaiia   I'  4 

Calianas    M  10 

Caliip  ill'  Ciir/. Y  :10 

«'al.n    ill'    S.    Alllollin.  .(}  1 
(  aiharicii    N  L':! 

<  'aiiiiaiirra     Y  XO 

Ca.iio     \11 

Caliiiii'li'    \  IS 

•  'alvaiio     L  12 

( 'aiiia^'iu'.v    (iiorlhcrii 

piiiiit      of     Eastern 

TriHlia    P27 

Caniariix-a     L  Ifi 

t'aiias    L  ir> 

< 'a nasi    I>  IT. 

Caiii'V     X  :!S 

<'aii(.     M  l-J 

Caiil.'l     L  If! 

Carahalli-     I.  14 

Caiilciias   I,  17 

('artam'na   <M!) 

<'asimia     M  l.-, 

Caiili.  Alia.i.0 W  :\7 

•  'aiitii    del    Kiiihai'ca- 

(l.ri.   V.l:! 

Cayamas    V  :!.'{ 

Cirin  (Jiiayaliii X  40 

cii'iia^a    (If    /aiiala  .N  lo 

<  'li'iifMCK<i«  ( I'lip-  -Jf'.- 

!m;|i    PI!) 

Cirili'lllrs    M  -Jl 

Tniii'lia     M  21 

Ci.iral    Nn.'vi. M  i:! 

•  'iirral     Nih-vd L  ir« 

<'i.nl.'iilis  liay K  :'. 

Cuirli'iili'S    (CaiiiM.  .  .  .K  4 
<'s.    lie    Maiizanilli).  .\V  :!2 

Ciilillas    U  .'10 

Kl  C.l.n. X  .•?7 

Kni-ariiaila     X  .'!" 

?:iis.   .1.'    Mariaiiau.  ..1,11 

Katii  ••nmlia    X  14 

Kan.     I!i>ii<all (/  2 

l'"ar>i    Vai}:as Y  :!0 

Cranial. 's     O  .". 

(;ni|)i)    (itiaiiiKiiaiilfo.o  4 


OF  THE  MAP  OF 

<  iiiailaliipi'    r  2r( 

<  iiiaiinaii)    T  .■'.2 

<;iiala.i     M  11 

(Jiiaiialiaciia    L  12 

< ;  nana  liana     >I  l.". 

Cuanahai. M  11 

(Jnaiialid    L  i:! 

(inaiialiacabibi's  d'e- 

iiinsula    nf) Q  :'> 

(Jtiana.jay    M  11 

(iiiaiiajayaliii     M  17 

(•iiantaiiaiiK)  Bay  . .  .  .Y  •'!)! 

(Jiiaslnias    L  Id 

Cnhics     M  K! 

(iiiinia  di'  Solo (j  22 

<;uira(l.'  .M.'l.na M  11 

Halo    Nucv.i .\I  is 

Havana  I  I'op.200.40Si  I,  12 

lloiiruin   r  :!(i 

Iloyo   Coloiado L  11 

.larnco    I,  l:{ 

.lihacoa     1,14 

.1  i^cnani    \V  ."!.' 

.li(|iiial)o    I,  1:'. 

.hnaro    I{  2.'. 

I. a    i;nci-nci jada \  22 

I, a    .Tajrini.  .'. M  14 

I, a     I'lava     do     I'.ala- 

bano     N  12 

I,a    Saind M  12 

Las    Arenas V  Xi 

I, as    CriKfs (»  20 

La  Si'il.a M  11 

Las     .Tnnia;;iias .M  2ii 

La     T.'ia LIS 

.Madnifra    M  14 

.Mafsa    i('api'> X  44 

Maiaua        I'.av       (a  t 

sontli  end  of  Wi'st- 

ci'n    'Profliai X  lo 

ALma^rna     M  12 

Man/.anllli.    \V  .••.2 

.Mariana   L  12 

Ma  rid       (northern 

point     of     \Yestern 

Troeliat     L  10 

Malanzas(I'op..".(i.:!T!iiL  1.". 

Melena    .M  l:{ 

Mi'iinns    L  15 

Minas    S  :!0 

Mojan^a       (sonlhern 

point      of      \YeslerM 

Troeha    N  10 

Moron    X  :!s 

Moron     P2(; 

Xavajas     X  Ki 

Xenva    I'az X  14 

Xnevllas    U  .-{2 

X\a.      C.'n.na      Usla 

de    IMnos oil 

I',   de   Herraen Y  .IS 

I',    d.'    Salin.'s X  10 

I'en.    de    Latorre    o" 

del    Uann.n T  .'{S 

I'.-pe    Aiilonl.. I,  12 

rinar  del    Kio O  7 

I'lava    M  1!> 

IM.iv.i  .l<l  CaliniK..  .  .X  14 

P.     Mava L  IT, 

P.    Xnevd M  10 


CUBA. 

pi.  xipc V  :',s 

I'to.  de  P.ahialK.nda.  .M  S 

Plo.   de   P.anes r  :w 

Plo.     de     Caliainis L  !1 

Plo.   de   Casilda It  22 

Plo.  di'  C.  hollas V  40 

Plo.    de    (JIbara T  ::c. 

Pto.    de    .laicua P  I'.l 

Plo.  de  la  Ciiira M  10 

Plo.  de  la  IIabana...L  12 

I'lo.    del    Padre S  35 

Pto.  de  .Mariel  lat 
north  end  of  West- 
ern  'rro.h.i L  lo 

Plo.    de    .X.-iianjo.  .  .  .T  .•;7 

Plo.  de  xipe. .; T'  :;o 

Plo.  de  Xne\  iias U  :?2 

Plo.    de    'r.inanio V  40 

Plo.      .Maiiali S  .S4 

Piierlo  de  Cnba Y  ;i7 

Pinrlo  Prin<-ipeiPop. 

4(;.(!41)    S2<.» 

Ha 1    Y  X^ 

Ui'tiUi    L  12 

Kosario    S  V.i 

Sa.   del   Cobre X  :'.6 

Sa.    de    Xipo Y  :!S 

Sairna  la  (Jrande M  21 

S.    Afrnsiin V  2S 

Sandam.    M  12 

S.   Andres <)  2a 

S.    Andres V  .".fi 

SMni.'na   ile  Tananio.  .  V  41 

Santa   ("lara O  21 

Sanlia;;o      di-      Cuba 

(Pop.     71.:!n7l Y  X8 

Santo    Ksplriln (}  24 

S.    Anionio L  K! 

S.   Anion!,, M  n 

S.   Cristobal X  !> 

S.     Felipe M  12 

S.    Franeo   de    Fanla.M  14 

S.  <;eroninio S  2S 

Sib.-iriinar    LI.". 

S.  .lose  de  las  Laias.M  13 
S.  Jose  de  los  KainosM  IS 
S.  .Tnaii  de  los  Ueni- 

edios    X  23 

S.    Malias L  14 

S.    Miu'nel    de    Xnevi- 

las    S  32 

S.    M.    Kosario L  12 

S.     Xi<-olas M  14 

Sta.    Ana M  ir. 

Sta.    Catalina X  40 

Sta.    Crnz Y  2!l 

Sta.    Itosa X  40 

Tapasli-    L  13 

Torri.nle     X  Ifi 

Triniilad    <^  22 

Troeha,    Eastern.  . .  . 

!•<}  l:  S2<i 

Trofdnt,     AYestern..M  X  lo 

Tnnas    U  23 

A'leioria  de  las  Tn- 
nas   r  33 

VIdna    X  31 

AYesiern   Troeha.  .M  N  lo 

Yark'iia    T  .a 

Yulleriiii    X  7 


:J 


Gunboat. 
Length, 


HELENA.  Speed,  13  knots. 

250f  feet;  breadth,  40  feet.      Displacement,  1,392  tons.      Guns,  eight 


4-inch  rapid-fire,  four  6-pounder  and  four  1-pounder  rapid-fire,  and  two  Gatlings. 
One  torpedo-tube.  Armor,  in  inches,  deck  5-16,  slope  |.  Officers,  10;  men,  160. 
Cost,  $280,000. 


Dispatch-boat.  DOLPHIN.  Speed,  15^  knots. 

Length,  240  feet;  breadth,  32  feet.  Displacement,  1,486  tons.  Guns,  two  4-inch 
rapid-fire,  two  6-pounder  rapid-fire,  two  47-millimeter  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and 
two  Gatlings,     Officers,  7;  men,  108.     Cost,  $315,000. 

—  71  — 


Training-ship.  BANCROFT.  Speed,  14J  knots. 

Length,  187^  feet;  breadth,  32  feet.  Displacement,  839  tons.  Guns,  four  4-inch 
rapid-fire,  two  6-pounder  and  two  3-pounder  rapid-fire,  one  1-pounder  rapid-fire  cannon, 
one  37-millimeter  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and  one  Catling.  Two  torpedo-tubes. 
Armor,  in  inches,  deck  |,  slope  5-16.     Officers,  10;  men,  113.     Cost,  $250,000. 


Gunboat.  'i  URKTOWN.  Speed,  IG  knots. 

Length,  230  feet;  breadth,  36  feet.  Displacement,  1,710  tons.  Gun.s,  six  6-inch 
breech-loading  rifles,  two  6-pounder,  two  3-pounder  and  one  1-pounder  rapid-fire,  two 
37-millimet('r  Hotchkis.><  revolving  cannon,  and  two  Catlings.  Six  torpedo-tubes. 
Armor,  in  inches,  deck  and  slope  §.     Officers,  14;  men.  181.     r^)st,  $455,000, 

—  72  — 


Protected  Steel  Cruiser. 


BOSTON.  Speed,  15J  knots. 

Length,  271i  feet,  breadth,  42  feet.  Displacement,  3,000  tons.  Guns,  six 
6-inch  and  two  8-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  two  6-pounder,  two  3-pounder  and  two 
1-pounder  rapid-fire,  two  37  and  two  47  millimeter  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and 
two  Catlings.  Armor,  in  inches,  deck  and  slope  IJ.  Officers,  19;  men,  265.  Contract 
price,  $619,000. 


Proii.  I,  I  ,-' -el  Cruiber.  ATLANTA. 

Length,  271i  feet;  breadth,  42  feet.  Displacement,  3,000  tons.  Guns,  six  G-inch 
and  two  8-inch  breach-loading  rirtes,  two  6-pounder,  two  3-pounder  and  four  1-pounder 
lapid-fire,  two  47-millimet9r  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and  two  Gatlings.  Armor, 
in  inches,  deck  and  slope  IJ.     Officers,  19;  men,  265.     Contract  price,  $617,000. 


Unprotected  Steel  Cruiser.  MARBLEHEAD.  Speed,  18^  knots.. 

Length,  257  feet;  breadth,  37  feet.  Displacement,  2,089  tons.  Guns,  nine  5-inclt 
rapid-fire,  six  6-pounder  and  two  1-pounder  rapid-fire,  and  two  Gatlings.  Three  torpedo- 
tubes.  Armor,  in  inches,  deck  5-16,  slope  7-16.    Officers,  20;  men,  254.   Cost,  $674,000. 


Unprotected  Steel  Cruiser.  MONTGOMERY.  Speed,  19J  knots. 

Length,  257  feet;  breadth,  37  feet.  Displacement,  2,089  tons.  Guns,  two  6-inch 
and  eight  5-inch  rapid-fire,  si.x  6-pounder  and  two  l-pounder  rapid-fire,  and  eleven 
Gatlings.  Three  tor])edo-tubes.  Armor,  in  inches,  deck  5-16,  .slope  7-16.  OHicers, 
13;  men,  228.     Cost,  .$612,500. 

—  74- 


Gunboat.  CONCORD.  Speed,  17  knots. 

Length,  230  feet ;  breadth,  36  feet.  Displacement,  1,710  tons.  Guns,  six 
6-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  two  6-pounder  and  two  3-pounder  rajiid-fire,  two  37-milIi- 
meter  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and  two  Gatiings.  Six  tdrpeilo-tubes.  Armor,  in 
inches,  deck  and  slope  §.     Officers,  13;  men,  180.     Cost.  $490,000 


Dynamite  Cruiser.  VESUVIUS.  Speed,  21J  knots. 

Length,  252 J  feet;  breadth,  26 J  feet.  Displacement,  929  tons.  Guns,  three 
15-inch  dynamite,  and  three  3-pounder  rapid-fire.  Armor,  in  inches,  deck  and  slope 
3-16.     Officers,  6;  men,  64.     Cost,  $350,000. 


Protected  steel  Cruiser.  SAN  FRANCISCO.  -; i.',Kn..ts. 

Length,  310  feet;  bread tii,  48  feet.  Displacement,  4,098  tons.  Guns,  twelve 
6-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  four  6-pounder,  four  3-pounder  and  two  1-pounder  rapid- 
fire,  three  37-millimeter  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and  four  Catlings.  Four  torpedo- 
tubes.     Armor,  in  inches,  deck  2,  slope  3.     Officers,  33;  men,  350.    Cost,  $1,428,000. 


BALTIMORE. 


Displacement,  4,413  tons. 


Protected  Steel  Cruiser. 

Speed,  20  knots.  Length,  327i  feet;  breailth,  48i  feet.  Guns,  four  8-ineh  and  six 
6-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  four  tl-pounder,  two  3-pounder  and  two  1-pounder  rapid-fire, 
four  37-millimeter  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and  two  Catlings.  Four  torpedo-tubes. 
Armor,  in  inches,  deck  2J,  slope  4.    Oflicers,  36;  men,  350.    Contract  price,  $1,325,000. 

—  76  — 


Protert.MJ  Sn.,.1  (Yii;  .  CINCINNATI.  Speed,  19  knots. 

Length,  300  feet;  breadth,  42  feet.  Displacement,  3,213  tons.  Guns,  ten 
5-inch  and  one  6-inch  rapid-fire,  eight  6-pounder  and  two  1-pounder  rapid-fire,  and  twO' 
Gatlings.  Two  torpedo-tubes.  Armor,  in  inches,  deck  1,  slope  2^.  Officers,  20;  men,. 
293.     Cost,  $1,100,000. 


Protected  Steel  Cruiser.  MINNEAPOLIS.  Speed,  23i  knots. 

Length,  412  feet;  breadth,  .58i  feet.  Displacement,  7,375  tons.  Guns,  one  8-inch 
breech-loading  rifle,  two  6-inch  and  eight  4-inch  rapid-fire,  twelve  6-pounder  and  four 
1-pounder  rapid-fire,  and  four  Gatlings.  Five  torpedo-tubes.  Armor,  in  inches,  deck 
2i  slope  4.     Officers,  38;  men,  456.     Cost,  $2,690,000. 

—  77   - 


y 


«  I       •  ■  ■  ■ 


Unprotected  Steel  Cruiser.  Ul£  I'ROIT.  Speed,  isj  knots. 

Length,  257  feet;  breadth,  37  feet.     Displacement,  2,089  tons.     Guns,  nine  5-inch 

rapid-fire,  six  6-pounder  and  two  l-pounder  rapid-fire,  and  one  Catling.     Three  torpedo- 

iubes.    Armor,  in  inches,  deck  5-16,  slope  7-lC.    Officers,  20;  men  23fi.    Cost,  $612,500. 


.MONTEREY.  Sj  m 

59   feet.      Displacement,    4,084   tons. 


i.  l: 


DouliK-iuii.-i  Monitor. 

Length,  256  feet;  breadth,  59  feet.  Displacement,  4,084  tons.  Guns  two 
12-inch  and  two  10-inch  breech-loading  rifles,  six  6-pounder  rapid-fire,  two  Catlings, 
-and  four  l-pounder  rapid-fire  cannon.  Armor,  in  inches,  sides  13,  turrets  8,  bar- 
bettes 14,  deck  3.     Oflicers.  19;  men,  1V2.     Cost,  $1,628,950. 

—  78  — 


::^S^i^Sm^ 


:all^^^*^5f^ 


Steel  Torpedo-boat. 

Length,   138f   feet;  breadth, 
1-pounder  rapid-tire.     Torpedo-tubes,  three  18-inch  Whitehead. 
Cost,  $82,750. 


CUSHINQ.  Speed,  22^  knots. 

14J  feet.     Displacement,   105  tons.     Guns,  three 


Officers,  3;  men,  20. 


<junboat. 


BENNINGTON 


knots. 


Speed,  l". 

Length,  230  feet;  breadth,  36  feet.  Displacement,  1,710  tons.  Guns,  six  6-inch 
breech-loading  rifles,  two  6-pounder  and  two  3-pounder  rapid-fire,  two  37-millimeter 
Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon,  and  two  Gatlings.  8ix  torpedo-tubes.  Armor,  in  inches, 
deck  and  slope  |.     Officers,  16;  men,  179.     Cost,  $490,000. 

—  79  — 


Protected  Steel  Cruiser.  RALEIGH.  Speed,  19  knots. 

Length,  300  feet;  breadth,  42  feet.  Dii^placement,  3,213  tons.  Guns,  one  6-inch 
and  ten  5-inch  rapid-fire,  eight  6-pounder  and  four  1-pounder  rapid-fire,  and  eleven 
Gatlings.  Four  torpedo-tubes.  Armor,  in  inches,  deck  1,  slope  2^.  Officers,  20; 
men,  293.     Cost,  $1,100,000. 


Double-turret  Monitor. 


TERROR 


Speed,  12  knots. 

Length.  259J  feet;  breadth,  ooj  feet.  Displacement,  3,990  tons.  Guns,  four 
10-inch  breech-loading  rifies,  and  eight  rapid-fire  and  machine-guns.  Armor,  in  inches, 
sides  7,  turrets  llj,  deck  li     Officers.  26;  men.  IHl.     Cost,  $3,178,046. 


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