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EDITION 



HARPER S ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

of 

UNITED STATES HISTORY 

FROM 458 A.D. TO 1905 

BASED UPON THE PLAN OF 

BENSON JOHN LOSSING, LL.D. 

SOMETIME EDITOR OF "THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL RECORD" AND AUTHOR OP 
"THE PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION " " THE PICTORIAL FIELD- 
BOOK OF THE WAR OF l8l2 " ETC., ETC., ETC. 

WITH SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS COVERING EVERY PHASE OF AMERICAN HISTORY AND 
DEVELOPMENT BY EMINENT AUTHORITIES, INCLUDING 



JOHN FISKE. 

THE AMERICAN HISTORIAN 

WM. R. HARPER, Ph.D., LL.D., D.D. 

PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSI I Y OF CHICAGO 

ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Ph.D. 

PROF. OF HISTORY AT HARVARD 

JOHN B. MOORE. 

PROF. OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AT COLUMBIA 

JOHN FRYER, A.M., LL.D. 

PROF. OF LITERATURE AT UNIl^. OF CALIFORNIA 

WILLIAM T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D. 

U. S. COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION 



WOODROW WILSON, Ph.D., LL.D. 

PRESIDENT OF PRIACETON UN1VERSI1 Y 

GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L., LL.D. 

PROF. OF HISTORY UNIIS. OF TORONTO 

MOSES COIT TYLER, LL.D. 

PROF. OF HISTORY AT CORNELL 

EDWARD G. BOURNE, Ph.D. 

PROF. OF HISTORY AT YALE 

R. J. H. GOTTHEIL, Ph.D. 

PROF. OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES AT COLUMBIA 

ALFRED T. MAHAN, D.C.L., LL.D. 

CAPTAIN UNITED STATES NA VY (Retired) 



ETC., ETC., ETC., ETC. 
WITH A PREFACE ON THE STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY BY 

WOODROW WILSON, PH.D., LL.D. 

PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 

AUTHOR OF 
"A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE* ETC., ETC. 

WITH ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, PORTRAITS, MAPS, PLANS, &>c. 

COMPLETE IN TEN VOLUMES 
VOL. IV 



HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS 
NEW YORK = 1905 = LONDON 



Copyright, 1905, by HARPER & BROTHERS. 



Copyright, 1901, by HARPER & BROTHERS. 
dll rights reserved. 



LIST OF PLATES 



PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT Frontispiece 

PRESIDENT J. A. GARFIELD ........ Facing page 16 

GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT "132 

PRESIDENT BENJAMIN HARRISON "256 

PRESIDENT W. H. HARRISON " 272 

PRESIDENT R. B. HAYES " 336 

MAP 

HAWAII Facing page 320 



HARPER S ENCYCLOPEDIA 



OF 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



G. 

Gabriel s Insurrection (1800). Thorn- 1818 he participated in the Seminole 
as Prosser, of Richmond, Va., owned a War. Later he went with Jackson to 
slave called " Jack Bowler," or " General Pensacola, when the latter took posses- 
Gabriel," who fomented an insurrection sion of Florida, and was the first white 
among the slaves, with the intention of man to cross that peninsula from the At- 
murdering the inhabitants of Richmond, lantic to the Gulf. In 1853 he was minis- 
The militia was ordered out; the ring- ter to Mexico, and on Dec. 10 of that year 
leaders were captured and punished. negotiated a treaty by which a new boun- 

Gadsden, CHRISTOPHER, patriot; born dary was made between the United States 

in Charleston, S. C., in 1724; was edu- and Mexico. He died in Charleston, S. C., 

cated in England; became a merchant in Dec. 25, 1858. 

Charleston, and a sturdy champion of Gadsden Purchase, the name applied 

the rights of the colonies. He was a dele- to the land bought from Mexico in 1853, 

gate to the Stamp Act Congress, and ever because its transfer was negotiated by 

advocated openly republican principles. Gen. James Gadsden, who was United 

He was also a member of the first Con- States minister to Mexico when the pur- 

tinental Congress. Chosen a colonel in chase was made. It includes a strip of 

1775, he was active in the defence of land extending from Rio Grande del 

Charleston in 1776, when he was made a Xorte, near El Paso, westward about 500 

brigadier-general. He was active in civil miles to the Colorado and the border of 

affairs, and was one of the many civil- Lower California, and from the Gila 

ians made prisoners by Sir Henry Clinton River to the border fixed by the treaty, 

and carried to St. Augustine. He was ex- Its greatest breadth is 120 miles; area, 

changed in 1781 and carried to Philadel- 45,535 square miles; cost, $10,000,000. 
phia. In 1782 he was elected governor of Gag-rule. Adopted by Congress on 

his State, but declined on account of in- motion of John C. Calhoun in January, 

firmity. He died in Charleston, S. C., 1836, providing that all anti-slavery peti- 

Aug. 28, 1805. See ST. AUGUSTINE. tions be laid on the table unnoticed. It 

Gadsden, JAMES, statesman; born in was abolished Dec. 3, 1844. 
Charleston, S. C., May 15, 1788; grad- Gage, LYMAN JUDSON, financier; born 
uated at Yale College in 1806. During in De Ruyter, Madison co., N. Y., June 
the War of 1812 his service was marked 28, 1836; was educated at the Academy 
with distinction, and when peace was in Rome, N. Y. ; entered the Oneida Cen- 
concluded he became aide to General tral Bank when seventeen years old, re- 
Jackson in the expedition to investigate maining there till 1855, when he re- 
the military defences of the Gulf of Mex- moved to Chicago. In 1868 he was made 
ico and the southwestern frontier. In cashier, in 1882 vice-president, and 
iv. A 



GAGE 



in 1891 president of the First National 
Bank of Chicago. He was the first presi 
dent of the board of directors of the 




LYMAN JUDSON GAGE. 

World s Columbian Exposition; served 
three times as president of the American 
Bankers Association; first president of 
the Chicago Bankers Club; and twice 
president of the Civil Federation of Chi 
cago. In 1897-1902, he was Secretary of 
the United States Treasury. See EM 
BARGO ACTS. 

Gage, MATILDA JOSLYN, social re 
former; born in Cicero, N. Y., March 24, 
1826; was an active writer and speaker 
on behalf of woman s suffrage and the 
abolition of slavery. In 1872 she was 
elected president of the National Woman s 
Suffrage Association. In connection with 
SUSAN B. ANTHONY (q. v.) and ELIZA 
BETH CADY STANTON (q. v.) she wrote 
The History of Woman Suffrage, and 
independently Woman as an Inventor. 
She died in Chicago, 111., March 18, 
1898. 

Gage, THOMAS, military officer; born 
in England about 1721; was second son 
of Viscount Gage; entered the army in 



his youth; was with Braddock at his 
defeat on the Monongahela, when he was 
lieutenant-colonel; and led the advance. 
In that hot encounter he was wounded. 
Late in 1758 he married a daughter of 
Peter Kemble, president of the council 
of New Jersey. Gage served under Am- 
herst in northern New York and Canada, 
and on the capture of Montreal by the 
English in 1760 he was made military 
governor of that city. He was promoted 
tc major-general, and in 1763 succeeded 
Amherst as commander-in-chief of the 
British forces in North America. In 1774 
he succeeded Hutchinson as governor of 
Massachusetts, and occupied Boston with 
troops, much to the annoyance and irri 
tation of the inhabitants. Acting under 
instructions from his government rather 
than in accordance with his conscience 
and judgment, he took measures which 
brought on armed resistance to British 
rule in the colonies. When his demand 
for 20,000 armed men at Boston was re 
ceived by the ministry they laughed in 
derision, believing that a few soldiers 
could accomplish all that was necessary 
to make the patriots cower. 

Lord Dartmouth wrote to Gage, in the 
King s name, that the disturbers of the 
peace in Boston appeared to him like a 
rude rabble " without a plan, without 
concert, and without conduct," and 
thought a small force would be able to 
encounter them. He instructed him that 
the first step to be taken towards the re- 
establishment of government would be to 
arrest and imprison the principal actors 
and abettors in the Provincial Congress, 
whose proceedings appeared like rebellion 
and treason. He suggested that the meas 
ure must be kept a secret until the mo 
ment of execution. " If it cannot be ac 
complished," said Dartmouth, "without 
bloodshed, and should be a signal for hos 
tilities, I must again repeat, that any 
efforts of the people, unprepared to en 
counter with a regular force, cannot be 
very formidable." This was written only 
a few weeks before the affairs at Lexing 
ton and Concord. Dartmouth continued, 
" The charter of Massachusetts empowers 
the governor to use and exercise the law 
martial in time of rebellion." It appears, 
from statements in official despatches, he 
believed there was an " actual and open 



GAGE, THOMAS 



rebellion " in that province, and therefore 
the exercise of his powers named were 
justifiable. The movements of ministers 
were keenly watched. " Your chief de- 





pendence," wrote Franklin to Massachu 
setts, " must be on your own virtue and 
unanimity, which, under God, will bring 
you through all difficulties." Gamier, the 
French ambassador at London, wrote to 
Vergennes, " The minister must recede 
or lose America forever." 

In his report of the battle of Bunker 
Hill, General Gage said to Lord Dart 
mouth, " The trials we have had show the 
rebels are not the despicable rabble too 
many have supposed them to be ; and I 
find it owing to a military spirit encour 
aged among them for a few years past, 
joined with uncommon zeal and enthu 
siasm. They intrench and raise batteries 
they have engineers. They have forti 
fied all the heights and passes around this 
town (Boston), which it is not impossible 
for them to annoy. The conquest of this 
country is not easy ; you have to cope with 



vast numbers. In all their wars against 
the French they never showed so much 
conduct, attention, and perseverance as 
they do now. I think it is my duty to let 
your lordship know the true situation of 
affairs." Franklin wrote to his English 
friends, "Americans will fight; England 
has lost her colonies forever." 

Gage, performing no act of courage dur 
ing the summer of 1775, while Washington 
was besieging Boston, endeavored to ter 
rify the Americans and to keep up the 
spirits of his own soldiers by warning the 
former that thousands of veteran warriors 
were coming from Russia and the German 
principalities to crush the " unnatural re 
bellion." He vented his ill humor upon 
American prisoners in his hands, casting 
into prison officers of high rank, thinking 
thus to terrify the common soldiery, whose 
intelligence and courage he entirely under 
rated in reality, though praising them 
when it suited his purpose. Against this 
treatment Washington remonstrated ; but 
Gage insolently scorned to promise " re 
ciprocity with rebels," and replied: 
" Britons, ever pre-eminent in mercy, have 
overlooked the criminal in the captive ; 
your prisoners, whose lives, by the laws 
of the land, are destined to the cord, have 
hitherto been treated with care and kind 
ness indiscriminately, it is true, for I 
acknowledge no rank that is not derived 
from the King." Washington remembered 
that Gage s want of presence of mind had 
lost the battle of the Monongahela and 
replied, in a dignified manner: "I shall 
not stoop to retort and invective. You 
affect sir, to despise all rank not de 
rived from the same source as your own. 
I cannot conceive one more honorable 
than that which flows from the uncor- 
rupted choice of a brave and free peo 
ple, the purest source and original foun 
tain of all power. Far from making it 
a plea for cruelty, a mind of true mag 
nanimity would comprehend and re 
spect it." 

After the affairs at Lexington, Concord, 
and Bunker Hill, Gage was ungenerously 
held responsible for the blunders of the 
ministry, and resigned his command in 
October, 1775, when he was succeeded by 
Gen. William Howe as chief of the forces in 
America. He died in England, April 2, 
1787. 



GAILLARDET GAINES 



Gaillardet, THEODORE FREDERIC, jour 
nalist; born in Auxerre, France, April 7, 
1808; emigrated to the United States and 
established the Courrier des Etats-Unis 
in New York; took part in the Presiden 
tial canvass of 1872 on behalf of Horace 
Greelcy. He is the author of Profession 
de foi et considerations sur le systeme re- 
publicain des Etats-Unis, and of a large 
number of communications on American 
subjects which appeared in the leading 
French newspapers. He died in Plessy- 
Bouchard, France, Aug. 12, 1882. 

Gaine, HUGH, journalist; born in Ire 
land in 1726; emigrated to America and 
became a printer in New York City in 
1750; established The Mercury in 1752, 
originally a Whig journal. After the capt 
ure of New York by the English, The 
Mercury was a strong advocate of the 
British. Upon the conclusion of the Rev 
olutionary War he was permitted to re 
main in New York, but was obliged to give 
up the publication of his newspaper. He 
died in New York City, April 25, 1807. 

Gaines, EDMUND PENDLETON, military 
officer; born in Culpeper coiinty, Va., 
March 20, 1777; removed with his family 
to Tennessee in 1790; entered the army as 
ensign in 1799; and was promoted to lieu 
tenant-colonel in the summer of 1812. He 
rcse to brigadier-general in March, 1814; 




KUMUND PENDLETON GAINES. 

his general good services during the war, 
Congress gave him thanks and a. gold 
medal. Gaines served under Jackson in. 
the Creek War, and fought the Seminoles 
in 1836. Late in life he married Myra 
Clark, of New Orleans, heiress of a large 
estate, who, after his death, became fa- 



BATTI.E OF ERIE 
AUG . IS. 1814. 




GENERAL GAIXES S MEDAL. 



and after his gallant conduct at Fort mous for her successful persistence in liti- 
Erie in August, that year, he was brevet- gation to secure her rights. He died in 
ted major-general. For that exploit, and New Orleans, June 6, 1849. 

4 



GAINES GAINES S MILL 

Gaines, FORT. See MOBILE; MORGAN under Gen. Philip St. George Cooke were 

AND GAINES, FORTS. on flanking service near the Chickahom- 

Gaines, MYRA CLARK, claimant; wife iny. The brunt of the battle first fell upon 

of Edmund Pendleton Gaines; daughter of Sykes, who threw the assailants back in 

Daniel Clark, who was born in Sligo, confusion with great loss. Longstreet 

Ireland, and emigrated to New Orleans, pushed forward with his veterans to their 

where Myra was born in 1805. Her fa- relief, and was joined by Jackson and D. 

ther inherited a large estate from his H. Hill. EwelPs division also came into 

uncle in 1799, and died in New Orleans, action. The Confederate line, now in com- 

Aug. 16, 1813, devising all his property plete order, made a general advance. A 

to his mother, Mary Clark. Myra married very severe battle ensued, 

first W. W. Whitney in 1832, and on his Slocum s division was sent to Porter s 

death General Gaines in 1839. She aid by McClellan, making his entire force 

claimed the estate of her father, who about 35,000. For hours the struggle 

was reputed a bachelor at the time of his along the whole line was fierce and per- 

death, and after a litigation of over fifty sistent, and for a long time the issue was 

years she succeeded in establishing her doubtful. At five o clock Porter called 

rights. She died in New Orleans, Jan. for more aid, and McClellan sent him the 

9, 1885. brigades of Meagher and French, of Rich- 

Gaines s Mill, BATTLE OF. In June, ardson s division. The Confederates were 
1862, General McClellan transferred his making desperate efforts to break the 
army from the Chickahominy and his line of the Nationals, but for a long time 
stores from the Pamunkey to the James it stood firm, though continually grow- 
Puver. He ordered the stores and muni- ing thinner. Finally a furious assault by 
tions of war to be sent to Savage s Sta- Jackson and the divisions of Longstreet 
tion, and what could not be removed to and Whiting was made upon Butterfield s 
be burned, and supplies to be sent to the brigade, which had long been fighting. It 
James as speedily as possible. He also gave way and fell back, and with it sev- 
sent his wounded to the same station, and eral batteries. Then the whole line fell 
prepared to cross the Chickahominy for back. Porter called up all of his reserves 
the flight with the right wing a perilous and remaining artillery (about eighty 
undertaking, for Jackson and Ewell were guns), covered the retreat of his infantry, 
prepared to fall on Porter s flank. This and checked the advance of the victors for 
movement was so secretly and skilfully a moment. Just then General Cooke, 
made, however, that Lee was not informed without orders, attacked the Confederate 
of the fact until twenty-four hours after flank with his cavalry, which was repulsed 
it was actually begun on the morning of and thrown into disorder. The horses, 
the 27th. The duty of protecting the terrified by the tremendous roar of nearly 
i-^tores in their removal was assigned to 200 cannon and the rattle of thousands 
General Porter. His corps (the 5th) was of muskets, rushed back through the 
dlso charged with the duty of carrying Union batteries, giving the impression 
away the siege-guns and covering the army that it was a charge of Confederate cav- 
in its march to the James. These troops airy. The artillerists recoiled,, and Por- 
were accordingly arrayed on the rising ter s whole force was pressed back to the 
ground near Gaines s Mills, on the arc of river. While flying in fearful disorder, 
a circle between Cold Harbor and the French and Meagher appeared, and gather- 
Chickahominy, when they were attacked inpr up the vast multitude of strugglers, 
l/y a Confederate force, in the afternoon, checked the flight. Behind these the scat- 
led by Generals Longstreet and A. P. Hill, tered brigades were speedily formed, while 
A few of the siege-guns were yet in posi- National batteries poured a destructive 
tion. Morell s division occupied the left, storm of shot and shell upon the head of 
Sykes s regulars and Duryee s Zouaves the Confederate column. Seeing fresh 
the right, and McCalFs division formed a troops on their front, and ignorant of their 
second line, his left touching Butterfield s number, the Confederates fell back and 
right. Seymour s brigade and horse-bat- rested upon the field they had won at a 
teries commanded the rear, and cavalry fearful cost. In this battle the Nationals 

5 



GAITHER GALLATIN 



lost about 8,000 men, of whom 6,000 were 
killed or wounded. The loss of the Con 
federates was about 5,000. General Reyn 
olds was made prisoner. Porter lost 
twenty-two siege-guns. During the night 
he withdrew to the right side of the 
Chickahominy, destroying the bridges be 
hind him. 

Gaither, HENRY, military officer; born 
in Maryland in 1751; was actively en 
gaged throughout the Revolutionary War; 
served under General St. Clair in the cam 
paign against the Miami Indians in 1791; 
and at one time was in command of Fort 
Adams and Fort Stoddart. He died in 
Georgetown, D. C., June 22, 1811. 

Gale, LEVIN, lawyer; born in Cecil coun 
ty, Md., in 1824; was admitted to the bar 
and began practice at Elkton, Md. He 
published A List of English Statutes Sup 
posed to be Applicable to the Several 
States of the Union. He died in Balti 
more, Md., April 28, 1875. 

Gales, JOSEPH, journalist; born near 
Sheffield, England, April 10, 1786. His 
father emigrated to the United States in 
1793, and established the Independent 
Gazetteer in Philadelphia, and in 1799 re 
moved to Raleigh. N. C., where he estab 
lished the Register. Joseph became a 
printer, and subsequently a partner of 
Samuel Harrison Smith, publisher of the 
National Intelligencer, in Washington, 
D. C., the successor of the Independent 
Gazetteer. In connection with William 
Winston Seaton he made the Intelligencer 
a daily newspaper. Both partners were 
efficient reporters, and to their interest 
and foresight is due the preservation of 
many important speeches, notably those 
of Webster and Hayne. Gales died in 
Washington, D. C., July 21, 1860. 

Gallagher, WILLIAM DAVIS, journalist; 
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 21, 1808; 
became a printer and eventually an edi 
tor; was connected with the Backwoods 
man at Xenia ; the Cincinnati Mirror; 
the Western Literary Journal and Month 
ly Review; The Hesperian; Ohio State 
Journal, and the Cincinnati Gazette. 
Among his writings are A Journey 
Through Kentucky and Mississippi; The 
Progress and Resources of the Northwest. 
He died In 1894. 

Gallatiii, ALBERT, financier; born in 
Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 29, 1761 ; was 



a graduate of the University of Geneva. 
Both of his parents were of distinguished 
families, and died while he was an infant. 
Feeling great sympathy for the Americans 




ALBERT GALLATIN. 

struggling for liberty, he came to Massa 
chusetts in 1780, entered the military 
service, and for a few months command 
ed the post at Passamaquoddy. At the 
close of the war he taught French in 
Harvard University. Having received his 
patrimonial estate in 1784, he invested 
it in land in western Virginia; and in 
1786 he settled on land on the banks of 
the Monongahela, in Fayette county, Pa., 
which he had purchased, and became 
naturalized. Having served in the Penn 
sylvania State convention and in the legis 
lature (1789 and 1790-92), he was chosen 
United States Senator in 1793, but was 
declared ineligible on the ground that he 
had not been a citizen of the United States 
the required nine years. He was instru 
mental in bringing about a peaceful ter 
mination of the " Whiskey Insurrection," 
and was elected a member of the House 
of Representatives in 1795. An active 
member of the Republican, or Democratic, 
party, he even went so far, in a speech 
in Congress (1796), as to charge Wash 
ington and Jay with having pusillani- 
mously surrendered the honor of their 
country. This, from the lips of a young 
foreigner, exasperated the Federalists. 
He was a leader of the Democrats in the 
House, and directed his attention par 
ticularly to financial matters. Mr. Gal- 
latin remained in Congress until 1801, 



GALLATIN GALLITZIN 



when President Jefferson appointed him 
Secretary of the Treasury, which office he 
held until 1813, and obtained the credit 
of being one of the best financiers of the 
age. 

The opponents of Jefferson s adminis 
tration complained vehemently, in 1808, 
that the country was threatened with 
direct taxation at a time when the sources 
of its wealth, by the orders and decrees 
of Great Britain and France, were drying 
up. Gallatin replied to these complaints 
by reproducing a flattering but delusive 
suggestion contained in his annual re 
port the preceding year. He suggested 
that, as the United States were not likely 
to be involved in frequent wars, a revenue 
derived solely from duties on imports, 
even though liable to diminution during 
war, would yet amply suffice to pay off, 
during long intervals of peace, the ex 
penses of such wars as might be under 
taken. Should the United States become 
involved in war with both France and 
Great Britain, no internal taxes would be 
necessary to carry it on, nor any other 
financial expedient, beyond borrowing 
money and doubling the duties on imports. 
The scheme, afterwards tried, bore bitter 
fruit. 

Gallatin s influence was felt in other de 
partments of the government and in the 
politics of the country. Opposed to going 
to war with Great Britain in 1812, he ex 
erted all his influence to avert it. In 
March, 1813, he was appointed one of the 
envoys to Russia to negotiate for the 
mediation of the Czar between the United 
States and Great Britain. He sailed for 
St. Petersburg, but the Senate, in special 
session, refused to ratify his appointment 
because he was Secretary of the Treasury. 
The attempt at mediation was unsuccess 
ful. When, in January, 1814, Great Brit 
ain proposed a direct negotiation for peace, 
Gallatin, who was still abroad, was ap 
pointed one of the United States commis 
sioners to negotiate. Ho resigned his 
Secretaryship. In 1815 he was appointed 
minister to France, where he remained 
until 1823. He refused a seat in the cabi 
net of Monroe on his return, and declined 
to be a candidate for Vice-President, to 
which the dominant Democratic party 
nominated him. President Adams ap 
pointed him minister to Great Britain, 



where he negotiated several important 
commercial conventions. Returning to the 
United States in 1827, he took up his resi 
dence in the city of New York. He was 
the chief founder (1842) and first presi 
dent of the American Ethnological Society, 
and was president of the New York His 
torical Society from 1843 until his death, 
in Astoria, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1849. Although 
strictly in private life, Mr. Gallatin took 
special interest in the progress of the 
country. 

Gallaudet, THOMAS HOPKINS, educator; 
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 10, 1787; 
graduated at Yale College in 1805, where 
he was a tutor for a while. At An- 
dover Theological Seminary he prepared 
for the ministry, and was licensed to 
preach in 1814. Becoming interested in 
the deaf and dumb, he began his labors 
for their instruction in 1817, with a class 
of seven pupils. He became one of the 
most useful men of his time, labored inces 
santly for the benefit of the deaf and 
dumb, and was the founder of the first in 
stitution in America for their instruction. 
He was president of it until 1830, when 
he resigned. The asylum was located at 
Hartford, where Dr. Gallaudet became 
chaplain for the Connecticut Retreat for 
the Insane in 1833, which office he re 
tained until his death, Sept. 9, 1851. Dr. 
Gallaudet published several works for the 
instruction of the young, besides other 
books. He was of Huguenot descent. 
His two sons, THOMAS and EDWARD 
MIXER, also devoted their lives to the in 
struction of the deaf and dumb. The 
former, an Episcopal clergyman, was in 
strumental in organizing churches for the 
deaf and dumb; and the latter established 
in Washington, D. C., the National Deaf- 
Mute College, in 1864, of which he became 
president. THOMAS died Aug. 27, 1902. 

Gallinger, JACOB H., legislator; born in 
Cornwall, Ont., March 28, 1837; was a 
printer; later studied medicine and prac 
tised till he became a member of Congress. 
He was a member of the New Hampshire 
legislature in 1872-73 and in 1891 ; of the 
State constitution convention in 1876; of 
the State Senate in 1878, 1879, and 1880, 
and its president in 1879 and 1880; mem 
ber of Congress in 1885-89; and United 
States Senator in 1891-1909. 

Gallitzin, PBINCE DEMETRIUS ATTOUS- 



GALLOWAY GAL VESTON 

TINE, clergyman; born in The Hague. Hoi- abandoned the Whig, or republican, cause, 
land, Dec. 22, 1770, where his father was and was thenceforward an uncompromis- 
Russian ambassador. He belonged to one ing Tory. When the British army evacu- 
of the oldest and richest families among ated Philadelphia, in 1778, he left his 
the Russian nobles. In 1792 he came country, with his daughter, went to Eng- 
to the United States for the purpose of land, and never returned. He died in 
travel, but determined to become a Roman Watford, Hertfordshire, Aug. 29, 1803. 
Catholic priest. He entered the St. Sul- Gaily, MERRITT, inventor; born near 
pice Seminary in Baltimore, and was or- Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1838; learned 
dained a priest March 18, 1795, being the the printer s trade; graduated at the Uni- 
first priest who had both received holy versity of Rochester in 1863, and at 
orders and been ordained in the United the Auburn Theological Seminary in 1866; 
States. He was sent on missions, but was was a Presbyterian minister for three 
recalled in consequence of his impetuos- years. In 1869 he founded a manufactory 
ity and over-zeal. In 1799 he was ap- for the construction of the "Universal" 
pointed pastor at Maguire s settlement, printing-press, which he had shortly before 
He purchased 20,000 acres in the present designed. His patents aggregate more 
Cambria county, Pa., which he divided than 400, including the " Orchestrone," 
into farms and offered to settlers on easy an automatic musical instrument; the 
terms. Although constantly hampered by back vent system, for tubular church 
lack of money to carry out the grand organs; the counterpoise pneumatic sys- 
schemes he contemplated, his colony took tern of the aeolian, pianola, and other 
root and soon sent out branches. He had automatic musical instruments; a ma- 
adopted the name of Schmettau, which chine for making type from cold metal; 
was anglicized into Smith, but in 1811 differential telephone; etc. 
he resumed his own name. He died in Galveston, city, seaport, and commer- 
Loretto, Pa., May 6, 1841. cial metropolis of Texas; on an island of 
Galloway, JOSEPH, loyalist; born near the same name. It was settled in 1837; 
West River, Anne Arundel co., Md., about captured by National forces in 1862; re- 
1730; was a member of the Pennsylvania taken by Confederates in 1863; was nearly 
Assembly in 1764, and at one time Speaker destroyed by fire in 1885; and was visited 
and, with Franklin, advocated a change of by a terrible tornado and flood, Sept. 8, 
the government of Pennsylvania from the 1900, which destroyed nearly 3,000 build- 
proprietary to the royal form. A mem- ings, catised a loss of between 8,000 and 
ber of the first Continental Congress, he 10,000 lives, and damaged property and 
Was conservative in his views, yet his line trade to the extent of more than $45,000,- 
of argument in his first debates tended 000. To prevent a recurrence of the dis- 
towards political independence. He pro- aster the city constructed a sea-wall, 17,- 
posed a plan of colonial government, which 593 feet long, 16 feet wide at the base, 5 
was rejected. It contemplated a govern- feet wide at the top, standing 17 feet 
ment with a president-general appointed above mean low tide, and having a rip- 
by the King, and a grand council, chosen rap apron extending 27 feet out on the 
every three years by the colonial assem- Gulf side. The wall was completed in 
blies, who were to be authorized to act July, 1904, and cost $1,198,118. The pro- 
jointly with Parliament in the regulation tective scheme also provided for the eleva- 
of the affairs of the colonies. Parliament tion of the grade of the city from one to 
was to have superior authority, with a fifteen feet, so that it will slope gradu- 
right to revise all acts of the grand coun- ally from the top of the sea-wall. This 
cil, which, in turn, was to have a negative work will cost $1,500,000 more. The 
in British statutes relating to the colonies, foreign commerce of the port in the fiscal 
This plan was, at first, favorably consid- year ending June 30, 1904, was: Imports, 
ered by many in the Congress; but it was $1,847,646; exports, $145,316,457; the 
rejected, and not permitted to be entered manufactures in the census year 1900 
on the minutes of the journal. aggregated in value $5,016,360; the assess- 
After the question of independence be- ed property valuation in 1903 was $20,- 
gari to be seriously agitated, Galloway 574,098; and the net city debt, $2,747,541. 

8 



GALVEZ GANSE 



The population in 1890 was 29,084; in 
1900, 37,789. 

In the early part of the Civil War at 
tempts were made to " repossess " impor 
tant posts in Texas, especially Galveston. 
On May 17, 1862, Henry Eagle, in com 
mand of war-vessels in front of Galves 
ton, demanded its surrender, under a 
threat of an attack from a large land and 
naval force that would soon appear. 
" When those forces appear," said the 
authorities, "we shall reply." So mat 
ters remained until Oct. 8, when Galves 
ton was formally surrendered by its civil 
authorities to Commodore Renshaw, of 
the National navy. To hold the city more 
securely, a Massachusetts regiment, under 
Colonel Burrill, was sent there from New 
Orleans. In front of the city (Dec. 28) 
lay six National war-vessels, under the 
command of Renshaw. General Magruder, 
of the Confederate army, then in com 
mand of the Department of Texas, col 
lected a land and naval force near Galves 
ton, and before daylight on Jan. 2, 1863, 
he attacked the National forces by land 
and water. At first the men from Massa 
chusetts repulsed those of Magruder, but, 
Confederate vessels coming up with a 
fresh supply, the National soldiers were 
overpowered. After a brief action, the 
Harriet Lane (one of the National ves 
sels) was captured, and the Westficld, 
Renshaw s flag-ship, was blown up by his 
order, to prevent her falling into the 
hands of the Confederates. The firing 
of the magazine of the Westficld was done 
prematurely, by an intoxicated man, and 
Commodore Renshaw, a lieutenant, and an 
engineer, with about a dozen of her crew, 
perished by the explosion. Nearly as 
many officers and men were killed in a gig 
lying by the side of the Westfield. Ma- 
gruder s victory was almost a barren one, 
for Farragut re-established the blockade 
before the Harriet Lane could be converted 
into a Confederate cruiser. 

Galvez, BERNARDO, military officer ; born 
in Malaga, Spain, in 1755; became govern 
or of Louisiana in 1776; secretly aided the 
Americans with military supplies and 
$70,000 in money in 1778. About the 
same time Spain s offer of mediation be 
tween the United States and Great Brit 
ain was declined, whereupon Spain de 
clared war against Great Britain, June 



16, 1779. Galvez, without waiting to be 
reinforced, marched north and took Fort 
Manchac, Baton Rouge, Fort Panmure, 
and Fort Natchez. In February, 1780, he 
captured Mobile ; and soon after invaded 
Florida, where he met with several suc 
cesses. On May 9, 1781, he forced the sur 
render of Pensacola and gained control of 
the whole western coast of Florida. He 
died in the city of Mexico, Nov. 30, 1786. 
See VASCO DA GAMA. 

Gamble, HAMILTON ROWAN, statesman; 
born in Winchester, Va., Nov. 29, 1798; 
admitted to the bar of Virginia in 1817; 
went to Missouri in 1818. In 1861 the 
State constitution convention appointed 
him provisional governor. He served in 
this office until his death in Jefferson City, 
Mo., Jan. 31, 1864. 

Gamble, ROBERT JACKSON, lawyer; 
born in Akron, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1851; was 
graduated at Lawrence University in 
1874; admitted to the bar in 1875, and 
began practice in Yankton, Dak. ; was a 
State Senator in 1885; a member of Con 
gress in 1895-97 and in 1899-1902; and a 
United States Senator from South Dakota 
in 1901-07 . 

Gammell, WILLIAM, educator; born in 
Medfield, Mass., Feb. 10, 1812; gradu 
ated at Brown University in 1831; be 
came professor of history and political 
economy there in 1880. His publications 
include the lives of Roger Williams and 
Gov. Samuel Ward, in Sparks s American 
Biographies. He died in Providence, R. I., 
April 3. 1889. 

Gannett, HENRY, scientist; born in 
Bath, Me., Aug. 24, 1846: graduated at 
Lawrence Scientific School in 1869; be 
came connected with the United States 
Geological Survey in 1882. He is the au 
thor of Statistical Outlines of the Tenth 
and Eleventh Censuses; Commercial Geog 
raphy; Building of a Nation; United 
States; and was employed on the 10th, 
llth, and 12th Censuses, and on those of 
Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines. 

Ganse, HERVEY DODDRIDGE, clergyman ; 
born in Fishkill, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1822; 
graduated at Columbia University in 
1839, and at the New Brunswick Theo 
logical Seminary in 1843; was ordained 
to the ministry of the Dutch Reformed 
Church. He was the author of Bible 
Slave-holding not Sinful, a reply to Dr. 



i) 



GANSEVOORT GAKCIA 



Samuel B. How s Slave-holding not Sin- general. General Gansevoort filled civil 
ful. offices, particularly that of commissioner 

Gansevoort, HENRY SANDFORD, military for Indian affairs, with great fidelity. In 
officer; born in Albany, N. Y., Dec. 15, 1803 he was made military agent and 
1835; grandson of Gen. Peter Ganse- brigadier-general in the regular army. He 
voort; entered the regular artillery ser- died in Albany, N. Y., July 2, 1812. 
vice, April, 1861, and fought gallantly Garakonthie, DANIEL, chief of the On- 
during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, ondaga Indians. In 1658, although the 
and in several battles afterwards. He French were compelled to flee from On- 
first became lieutenant-colonel and then ondaga, Garakonthie became a protector 
colonel of the 13th N. Y. Volunteer Cav- of Christian doctrines and an advocate for 
airy, with which he performed gallant peace. It was not, however, till 1669 
service in Virginia. In 1865 he was that he was converted and baptized. The 
brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers name Daniel was given him at his bap- 
" for faithful and meritorious services," tism, and he learned to read and write, 
and became captain of artillery in the reg- His influence went far in checking the 
ular army. His health failed, and when superstition of the Indians and in set- 
returning from the Bahama Islands he died, tling difficulties between Indian tribes, 
April 12, 1871. and also in protecting French colonists. 

Gansevoort, PETER, military officer; He died in Onondaga, N. Y., in 1676. 
born in Albany, N. Y., July 17, 1749; Garcia, CALIXTO, military officer; born 
was appointed major of a New York regi- in Holguin, Cuba, Oct. 14, 1836. He 
ment in July, 1775, and in August joined studied law and began practice, but subse- 
the army, under Montgomery, that in- quently joined the struggling patriots in 

Cuba, and in 1868 (with Carlos Manuel 
Cespedes and Marmol ) planned the revo 
lution which is known historically as 
the " Ten Years War." On Oct. 10, 1868, 
he took up arms with Marmol at the head 
of 150 men. For a time great success 
attended them, and they captured many 
towns. For courage and ability in these 
actions Garcia was made brigadier-gen 
eral under Gomez. Later the provisional 
government made him commander-in-chief 
of the Cuban forces in place of Gomez, 
removed. On Sept. 3, 1873, his victorious 
career suffered a decided reverse. With 
twenty men he was attacked by 500 Span 
iards at San Antonio del Babor. When 
commanded to surrender he determined to 
die by his own hand rather than submit 
to capture. Placing a revolver in his 
rnouth he fired upward. The ball came 
out at his forehead, and he carried a scar 
for life. He was taken to Manzanillo in 
vaded Canada. He rose to colonel the his wounded condition, and when he re- 
next year; and in April, 1777, he was covered was sent to Spain. After peace 
put in command of Fort Schuyler (see was made in 1878 he was pardoned and 
STANWIX, FORT), which he gallantly de- returned to Cuba. He did not, however, 
fended against the British and Indians in consider the peace either honorable or 
August. He most effectually co-operated binding, and took part in the " little 
with Sullivan in his campaign in 1779, war," in which he fought with Maceo. 
and afterwards in the Mohawk region. He was compelled to surrender, and was 
In 1781 he received from the legislature sent to Madrid, where he spent seventeen 
of New York the commission of brigadier- years under the surveillance of the po- 

10 




PETKR GAX3EVOORT. 



GARDE GARDNER 




CALIXTO GARCIA. 



ary, 1782. He was the author of Anec 
dotes of the Revolutionary War, with 
Sketches of Character of Persons most 
Distinguished in the Southern States for 
Civil and Military Services. He died in 
Charleston, Feb. 29, 1829. 

Gardiner, LION, military officer; born 
in England in 1599; was sent to America 
in 1635 by the proprietors for the pur 
pose of laying out a city, towns, and forts 
at the mouth of the Connecticut River. 
He built the fort which he called Say- 
brook after Lord Saye and Sele and Lord 
Brooke. In 1639 he purchased Gardiner s 
Island, at the extremity of Long Island, 
then known by the Indian name of Man- 
chonat, and at first called Isle of Wight 
by Gardiner. He secured a patent for the 
island, which made it a " plantation " en 
tirely distinct and separate from any of 

lice. In September, 1895, he crossed the the colonies. It contains about 3,300 
frontier into France, sailed to New York, acres, and has descended by law of entail 
and on Jan. 26, 1896, planned a filibuster- through eight lords of the manor, the 
ing expedition which was successful, last being David Johnson, who died in 
Afterwards, while fitting out another ex- 1829. From him the property was passed 
pedition, he was arrested by the United through the hands of his two brothers and 
States government. He forfeited his bail, two sons. This is believed to be the only 
and on March 15, 1896, met the Ber- property in the United States which has 
iintda, a filibustering steamer, off Cape descended by entail to its present holders 
Henlopen, and reached Cuba with sixty- (see ENTAIL OF ESTATES). The manor 
two Cubans, six field-guns, and a quantity house built in 1775 is still in existence. 
of dynamite. He won several brilliant The island was resorted to by Captain 
victories, among them that at Victoria de Kidd, who buried treasures there which 
los Yunos, the loss of which was one of were afterwards secured by Governor 
the reasons for the recall of General Wey- Bellomont, of New York. Gardiner died 
ler. After the occupation of Santiago in Easthampton, N. Y., in 1663. 
by the Americans, Garcia withdrew from Gardner, CALEB, military officer; born 
the Cuban army, because General Shatter in Newport, R. I., in 1739. When the 
would not turn over to him the command Revolutionary War began he recruited a 
of Santiago; but he was subsequently rec- company and joined Richmond s regiment; 
onciled to the new military conditions, in 1778 he greatly distinguished himself 
In November of the same year (1898), by piloting with his own hands to a place 
he came to the United States as chair- of safety the French fleet under Count 
man of a commission to present the views d Estaing, who was blockaded in the 
of the Cuban leaders to President Me- harbor at Newport by a large British 
Kinley, but before accomplishing his pur- squadron. As a reward for this feat the 
pose he suddenly died, Dec. 11. High French King sent him a money gift. He 
official and military honors were paid to died in Newport, R. I., Dec. 24, 1806. 
his remains in Washington. Gardner, CHARLES K., military officer; 

Garde, PIERRE PAUL FRANCIS DE LA. born in Morris county, N. J., in 1787; 
See JESUIT MISSIONS. joined the army in May, 1808; served 

Garden, ALEXANDER, military officer; in the War of 1812, being present at the 
born in Charleston, S. C., Dec. 4, 1757; actions of Chrysler s Field, Chippewa, 
was educated abroad; returning to Amer- Niagara, and Fort Erie; was in the Treas- 
ica, he entered the Continental army in ury Department in 1850-67. His publi- 
1780; was promoted lieutenant in Febru- cations include A Dictionary of Commis- 

11 



GABDNEB GABFIELD 



stoned Officers who have served in the 
Army of the United States from 1789 to 
1853; A Compendium of Military Tactics; 
and A Permanent Designation of Compa 
nies, and Company Books, by the First 
Letters of the Alphabet. He died in Wash 
ington, D. C., Nov. 1, 1869. 

Gardner, DORSET, lexicographer; born 
in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 1, 1842; was 
educated at Yale University. His publi 
cations include A Condensed Etymological 
Dictionary of the English Language; a 
rearrangement of Webster s American 
Dictionary of the English Language; etc. 
He died in Short Hills, N. J., Nov. 30, 1804. 

Gardner, JOHN LANE, military officer; 
born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 1, 1793; took 
part in the War of 1812 as lieutenant of 
infantry; was also in the war with the 



Seminoles in Florida and in the Mexican 
War, where he received brevets for gallant 
conduct at the battles of Cerro Gordo and 
Contreras. He was in conimand at Charles 
ton when South Carolina seceded, but was 
relieved from his command by order of 
Secretary Floyd. He was succeeded in 
the command of Fort Moultrie by Maj. 
Robert Anderson. He died in Wilming 
ton, Del., Feb. 19, 1869. See MOULTRIE, 
FORT. 

Gardner, THOMAS, military officer; 
born in Cambridge, Mass., in 1724; was 
a member of the committee of safety in 
1775, and in the same year raised a regi 
ment in accordance with instructions from 
the Provincial Congress. At the battle 
of Bunker Hill he was severely wounded, 
and died the next day. 



GABFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 

Garfield, JAMES ABRAM, twentieth President of the United States, and en- 
President of the United States; born in tered upon his duties on March 4, 1881. 
Orange, Cuyahoga co., O., Nov. 19, 1831. After an administration of four months, 
Left an orphan, his childhood and youth he was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a 
were spent alternately in school and in disappointed office-seeker, in Washing- 
labor for his support. He drove horses ton, July 2, 1881, and lingered until 
on the Ohio canal; learned the carpen 
ter s trade; worked at it during school 
vacations; entered the Geauga Academy, 
at Chester, O., in 1850, and, at the end 
of four years, had fitted himself for 
junior in college. He entered Williams 
College, Mass., that year; graduated in 
1S56; and then, till 1861, was first an in 
structor in Hiram College, and afterwards 
its president; gave his first vote for the 
Republican candidates, and took part in 
the canvass as a promising orator; stud 
ied law; was a member of the Ohio State 
Senate in 1859, and often preached to 
congregations of the Disciples Church, 
of which he was a member. A firm sup 
porter of the government, Garfield en 
tered the military service in its defence, 
and in eastern Kentucky and elsewhere 
proved himself a skilful soldier, becom- 








JAMES ABRAM GARPIKl.n AT 16. 



ing a major-general of volunteers in 1863. 
In that year he was elected to Congress, 
\\here his career as a statesman was 
marvellous. He grasped every topic in 

debate with a master s hand. In 1880 Sept. 19 following, when he died at El- 
he was elected to the United States Sen- beron, on the sea-shore, in New Jersey, 
ate, and in the same year was elected His death was sincerely mourned in all 

12 



GABFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 



purts of the civilized world. See ELAINE, 
JAMES GILLESPIE; GUITEAU, CHARLES J. 

Inaugural Address. On March 4, 1881, 
President Garfield delivered the following 
inaugural address, in which he eloquently 
considered the condition of the country at 
the turning of a century of its constitu 
tional existence: 

Fellow-Citizens, We stand to-day upon 
an eminence which overlooks 100 years 
of national life a century crowded with 
perils, but crowned with the triumphs of 
liberty and law. Before continuing the 
onward march let us pause on this height 
for a moment to strengthen our faith and 
renew our hope by a glance at the path 
way along which our people have trav 
elled. 

It is now three days more than 100 
years since the adoption of the first writ 
ten Constitution of the United States 
the Articles of Confederation and 
Perpetual Union. The new republic was 
then beset with danger on every hand. It 
had not conquered a place in the family 
of nations. The decisive battle of the war 
for independence, whose centennial an 
niversary will soon be gratefully cele 
brated at Yorktown, had not yet been 
fought. The colonists were struggling 
not only against the armies of a great 
nation, but against the settled opinions 
of mankind ; for the world did not then 
believe that the supreme authority of 
government could be safely intrusted to 
the guardianship of the people themselves. 

We cannot overestimate the fervent love 
of liberty, the intelligent courage, and the 
sum of common - sense with which our 
fathers made the great experiment of self- 
government. When they found, after a 
short trial, that the confederacy of States 
was too weak to meet the necessities of a 
vigorous and expanding republic, they 
boldly set it aside, and in its stead estab 
lished a national union, founded directly 
upon the will of the people, endowed with 
full power of self-preservation and ample 
authority for the accomplishment of its 
great object. 

Under this Constitution the boundaries 
of freedom have been enlarged, the foun 
dations of order and peace have been 
strengthened, and the growth of our peo 
ple in all the better elements of national 



life has indicated the wisdom of the 
founders and given new hope to their de 
scendants. Under this Constitution our 
people long ago made themselves safe 
against danger from without and secured 
for their mariners and flag equality of 
rights on all the seas. Under this Consti 
tution twenty-five States have been add 
ed to the Union, with constitutions and 
laws, framed and enforced by their own 
citizens, to secure the manifold blessings 
of local self-government. 

The jurisdiction of this Constitution 
now covers an area fifty times greater than 
that of the original thirteen States and a 
population twenty times greater than that 
of 1780. 

The supreme trial of the Constitution 
came at last under the tremendous press 
ure of civil war. We ourselves are wit 
nesses that the Union emerged from the 
blood and fire of that conflict purified and 
made stronger for all the beneficent pur 
poses of good government. 

And now, at the close of this first cen 
tury of growth, with the inspirations of 
its history in their hearts, our people have 
lately reviewed the condition of the na 
tion, passed judgment upon the conduct 
and opinions of political parties, and have 
registered their will concerning the future 
administration of the government. To in 
terpret and to execute that will in accord 
ance with the Constitution is the para 
mount duty of the executive. 

Even from this brief review it is mani 
fest that the nation is resolutely facing 
to the front, resolved to employ its best 
energies in developing the great possibili 
ties of the future. Sacredly preserving 
whatever has been gained to liberty and 
good government during the century, our 
people are determined to leave behind them 
all those bitter controversies concerning 
things which have been irrevocably set 
tled, and the further discussion of which 
can only stir up strife and delay the on 
ward march. 

The supremacy of the nation and its 
laws should be no longer a subject of de 
bate. That discussion, which for half a 
century threatened the existence of the 
Union, was closed at last in the high court 
of war by a decree from which there is no 
appeal that the Constitution and the 
laws made in pursuance thereof are and 



13 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM 



shall continue to be the supreme law of 
the land, binding alike upon the States 
and the people. This decree does not dis 
turb the autonomy of the States nor in 
terfere with any of their necessary rights 
of local self-government, but it does fix 
and establish the permanent supremacy of 
the Union. 

The will of the nation, speaking with 
the voice of battle and through the amend 
ed Constitution, has fulfilled the great 
promise of 1776 by proclaiming "liberty 
throughout the land to all the inhabitants 
thereof." 

The elevation of the negro race from 
slavery to the full rights of citizenship 
is the most important political change we 
have known since the adoption of the Con 
stitution of 1787. No thoughtful man can 
fail to appreciate its beneficent effect upon 
our institutions and people. It has 
freed us from the perpetual danger of 
war and dissolution. It has added im 
mensely to the moral and industrial 
forces of our people. It has liberated the 
master as well as the slave from a re 
lation which wronged and enfeebled both. 
It has surrendered to their own guardian 
ship the manhood of more than 5,000,000 
people, and has opened to each one of 
them a career of freedom and usefulness. 
It has given new inspiration to the power 
of self-help in both races by making labor 
more honorable to the one and more neces 
sary to the other. The influence of this 
force will grow greater and bear richer 
fruit with the coming years. 

No doubt this great change has caused 
serious disturbance to our Southern com 
munities. This is to be deplored, though 
it was perhaps unavoidable. But those 
who resisted the change should remember 
that under our institutions there was no 
middle ground for the negro race between 
slavery and equal citizenship. There can 
be no permanent disfranchised peasantry 
in the United States. Freedom can never 
yield its fulness of blessings so long as 
the law or its administration places the 
smallest obstacle in the pathway of any 
virtuous citizen. 

The emancipated race has already made 
remarkable progress. With unquestion 
ing devotion to the Union, with a patience 
and gentleness not born of fear, they 
have " followed the light as God gave 



them to see the light." They are rapidly 
laying the material foundations of self- 
support, widening their circle of intel 
ligence, and beginning to enjoy the bless 
ings that gather around the homes of the 
industrious poor. They deserve the gen 
erous encouragement of all good men. So 
far as my authority can lawfully extend, 
they shall enjoy the full and equal pro 
tection of the Constitution and the laws. 

The free enjoyment of equal suffrage 
is still in question, and a frank statement 
of the issue may aid its solution. It is 
alleged that in many communities negro 
citizens are practically denied the free 
dom of the ballot. In so far as the truth 
of this allegation is admitted, it is answer 
ed that in many places honest local gov 
ernment is impossible if the mass of un 
educated negroes are allowed to vote. 
These are grave allegations. So far as 
the latter is true, it is the only palliation 
that can be offered for opposing the free 
dom of the ballot. Bad local government 
is certainly a great evil, which ought to be 
prevented; but to violate the freedom and 
sanctities of the suffrage is more than an 
evil. It is a crime which, if persisted in, 
will destroy the government itself. Sui 
cide is not a remedy. If in other lands 
it be high treason to compass the death 
of the king, it shall be counted no less a 
crime here to strangle our sovereign power 
and stifle its voice. 

It has been said that unsettled ques 
tions have no pity for the repose of na 
tions. It should be said with the utmost 
emphasis that this question of the suffrage 
will never give repose or safety to the 
States or to the nation until each, within 
its own jurisdiction, makes and keeps the 
ballot free and pure by the strong 
sanctions of the law. 

But the danger which arises from 
ignorance in the voter cannot be denied. 
It covers a field far wider than that of 
negro suffrage and the present condition 
of the race. It is a danger that lurks 
and hides in the sources and fountains of 
power in every State. We have no stand 
ard by which to measure the disaster that 
may be brought upon us by ignorance and 
vice in the citizens when joined to cor 
ruption and fraud in the suffrage. 

The voters of the Union, who make and 
unmake constitutions, and upon whose will 



14 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABEA.M 

hang the destinies of our governments, to our moral and material well-being unite 

can transmit their supreme authority to us and offer ample employment of our 

no successors save the coming generation best powers. Let all our people, leaving 

of voters, who are the sole heirs of behind them the battle-fields of dead issues, 

sovereign power. If that generation comes move forward and in their strength of 

to its inheritance blinded by ignorance liberty and the restored Union win the 

and corrupted by vice, the fall of the re- grander victories of peace, 

public will be certain and remediless. The prosperity which now prevails is 

The census has already sounded the without parallel in our history. Fruitful 

alarm in the appalling figures which mark seasons have done much to secure it, but 

how dangerously high the tide of illit- they have not done all. The preservation 

eracy has risen among our voters and of the public credit and the resumption of 

their children. specie payments, so successfully attained 

To the South this question is of supreme by the administration of my predecessors, 

importance. But the responsibility for have enabled our people to secure the 

the existence of slavery did not rest upon blessings which the seasons brought, 

the South alone. The nation itself is re- By the experience of commercial nations 

sponsible for the extension of the suffrage, in all ages it has been found that gold 

and is under special obligations to aid in and silver afford the only safe foundation 

removing the illiteracy which it has added for a monetary system. Confusion has 

to the voting population. For the North recently been created by variations in the 

and South alike there is but one remedy, relative value of the two metals, but I 

All the constitutional power of the nation confidently believe that arrangements can 

and of the States, and all the volunteer be made between the leading commercial 

forces of the people, should be surrendered nations which will secure the general use 

to meet this danger by the savory in- of both metals. Congress should provide 

fluence of universal education. that the compulsory coinage of silver now 

It is the high privilege and sacred duty required by law may not disturb our 

of those now living to educate their sue- monetary system by driving either metal 

cessors and fit them, by intelligence and out of circulation. If possible, such an 

virtue, for the inheritance which awaits adjustment should be made that the pur- 

thom. chasing power of every coined dollar will 

In this beneficent work sections and be exactly equal to its debt-paying power 
races should be forgotten and partisan- in all the markets of the world, 
ship should be unknown. Let our people The chief duty of the national govern- 
find a new meaning in the divine oracle ment in connection with the currency of 
which declares that " a little child shall the country is to coin money and declare 
lead them," for our own little children its value. Grave doubts have been enter- 
will soon control the destinies of the re- tained whether Congress is authorized by 
public. the Constitution to make any form of pa- 

My countrymen, we do not now differ per money legal tender. The present issue 

in our judgment concerning the contro- of United States notes has been sustained 

versies of past generations, and fifty years by the necessities of war; but such paper 

hence our children will not be divided in should depend for its value and currency 

their opinions concerning our contro- upon its convenience in use and its prompt 

versies. They will surely bless their redemption in coin at the will of the 

fathers and their fathers God that the holder, and not upon its compulsory cir- 

Union was preserved, that slavery was culation. These notes are not money, but 

overthrown, and that both races were promises to pay money. If the holders 

made equal before the law. We may demand it, the promise should be kept, 

hasten or we may retard, but we cannot The refunding of the national debt at 

prevent, the final reconciliation. Is it a lower rate of interest should be accom- 

not possible for us now to make a truce plished without compelling the withdrawal 

with time by anticipating and accepting of the national bank notes, and thus dis- 

its inevitable verdict? turbing the business of the country. 

Enterprises of the highest importance I venture to refer to the position I have 

15 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 



occupied on financial questions during a 
long service in Congress, and to say that 
time and experience have strengthened the 
opinions I have so often expressed on 
these subjects. 

The finances of the government shall 
suffer no detriment which it may be pos 
sible for my administration to prevent. 

The interests of agriculture deserve 
more attention from the government than 
they have yet received. The farms of the 
United States afford homes and employ 
ment for more than one-half our people, 
and furnish much the largest part of all 
our exports. As the government lights 
our coasts for the protection of mariners 
and the benefit of commerce, so it should 
give to the tillers of the soil the best lights 
of practical science and experience. 

Our manufactures are rapidly making 
us industrially independent, and are open 
ing to capital and labor new and profit 
able fields of employment. Their steady 
and healthy growth should still be ma 
tured. Our facilities for transportation 
should be promoted by the continued im 
provement of our harbors and great in 
terior water-ways and by the increase of 
our tonnage on the ocean. 

The development of the world s com 
merce has led to an urgent demand for 
shortening the great sea voyage around 
Cape Horn by constructing ship-canals 
or railways across the isthmus which 
unites the continents. Various plans to 
this end have been suggested and will need 
consideration, but none of them has been 
sufficiently matured to \varrant the United 
States in extending pecuniary aid. The 
subject, however, is one which will im 
mediately engage the attention of the gov 
ernment with a view to a thorough pro 
tection to American interests. We will 
urge no narrow policy nor seek peculiar or 
exclusive privileges in any commercial 
route; but, in the language of my pred 
ecessor, I believe it to be the right " and 
duty of the United States to assert and 
maintain such supervision and authority 
over any interoceanic canal across the 
isthmus that connects North and South 
America as will protect our national in 
terests." 

The Constitution guarantees absolute 
religious freedom. Congress is prohibited 
from making any law respecting an estab 



lishment of religion or prohibiting the free 
exercise thereof. The Territories of the 
United States are subject to the direct 
legislative authority, of Congress, and 
hence the general government is respon 
sible for any violation of the Constitution 
in any of them. It is therefore a reproach 
to the government that in the most popu 
lous of the Territories the constitutional 
guarantee is not enjoyed by the people, and 
the authority of Congress is set at naught. 
The Mormon Church not only offends the 
moral sense of manhood by sanctioning 
polygamy, but prevents the administration 
of justice through ordinary instrumen 
talities of law. 

In my judgment it is the duty of Con 
gress, while respecting to the uttermost 
the conscientious convictions and relig 
ious scruples of every citizen, to prohibit 
within its jurisdiction all criminal prac 
tices, especially of that class which de 
stroy the family relations and endanger 
social order. Nor can any ecclesiastical 
organization be safely permitted to usurp 
in the smallest degree the functions and 
powers of the national government. 

The civil service can never be placed 
on a satisfactory basis until it is regu 
lated by law. For the good of the ser 
vice itself, for the protection of those 
who are intrusted with the appointing 
power against the waste of time and 
obstruction to the public business caused 
by the inordinate pressure for place, and 
for the protection of incumbents against 
intrigue and wrong, I shall at the proper 
time ask Congress to fix the tenure of the 
minor offices of the several executive de 
partments, and prescribe the grounds upon 
which removals shall be made during the 
terms for which incumbents have been 
appointed. 

Finally, acting always within the au 
thority and limitations of the Constitu 
tion, invading neither the rights of the 
[States nor the reserved rights of the peo 
ple, it will be the purpose of my adminis 
tration to maintain the authority of the 
nation in all places within its juris 
diction; to enforce obedience to all the 
laws of the Union in the interests of the 
people; to demand rigid economy in all 
the expenditures of the government, and 
to require the honest and faithful service 
of all executive officers, remembering that 



16 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM 

the offices were created, not for the bene- study in reference to our country, I will 

fit of incumbents or their supporters, but call attention to a few general facts con- 

for the service of the government. corning its discovery and settlement. 

And now, fellow-citizens, I am about to First. The Romantic Period of Dis- 

assume the great trust which you have covery on this Continent, 

committed to my hands. I appeal to you There can scarcely be found in the 

for that earnest and thoughtful support realms of romance anything more fasci- 

which makes this government in fact, nating than tne records of discovery and 

a? it is in law, a government of the adventure during the two centuries that 

people. followed the landing of Columbus on the 

I shall greatly rely upon the wisdom soil of the New World. The greed for 

and patriotism of Congress, and of those gold; the passion for adventure; the 

who may share with me the responsibilities spirit of chivalry; the enthusiasm and 

and duties of administration, and, above fanaticism of religion all conspired to 

all, upon our efforts to promote the wel- throw into America the hardiest and most 

fare of this great people and their gov- daring spirits of Europe, and made the 

ernments I reverently invoke the support vast wilderness of the New World the 

and blessings of Almighty God. theatre of the most stirring achievements 

The Western Reserve. On Sept. 1C, that history has recorded. 

1873, General Garfield delivered the ad- Early in the sixteenth century, Spain, 

dress that follows before the Historical turning from the conquest of Granada and 

Society of Geauga county, Ohio: her triumph over the Moors, followed her 

golden dreams of the New World with the 

From the historian s stand-point, our same spirit that in an earlier day ani- 
country is peculiarly and exceptionally mated her Crusaders. In 1528 Ponce de 
fortunate. The origin of nearly all great Leon began his search for the fountain of 
nations, ancient and modern, is shrouded perpetual youth, the tradition of which 
ia fable or traditionary legend. The story he had learned among the natives of the 
of the founding of Rome by the wolf- West Indies. He discovered the low-lying 
nursed brothers, Romulus and Remus, has coasts of Florida., and explored its in- 
long been classed among myths of history; terior. Instead of the fountain of youth, 
and the more modern story of Hengist and he found his grave among its everglades. 
Horsa leading the Saxons to England is A few years later De Soto, who had ac- 
almost equally legendary. The origin of companied Pizarro in the conquest of 
Paris can never be known. Its founda- Peru, landed in Florida with a gallant 
tion was laid long before Gaul had written array of knights and nobles, and corn- 
records. But the settlement, civilization, menced his explorations through the west- 
and political institutions of our country ern wilderness. In 1541 he reached the 
can be traced from their first hour by the banks of the Mississippi River, and, cross- 
cJear light of history. It is true that ing it, pushed his discoveries westward 
over this continent hangs an impenetrable over the great plains; but, finding neither 
veil of tradition, mystery, and silence, the gold nor the South Sea of his dreams, 
But it is the tradition of races fast pass- he returned to be buried in the waters of 
ing away; the mystery of a still earlier the great river he had discovered, 
race, which flourished and perished long While England was more leisurely ex- 
before its discovery by the Europeans, ploring the bays and rivers of the Atlan- 
The story of the Mound-builders can never tic coast, and searching for gold and pel- 
be told. The fate of the Indian tribes try, the chevaliers and priests of France 
will soon be a half-forgotten tale. But were chasing their dreams in the North, 
the history of European civilization and searching for a passage to China and the 
institutions on this continent can bo realms of Far Cathay, and telling the 
traced with precision and fulness, unless mystery of the Cross to the Indian tribes 
we become forgetful of the past, and neg- of the far West. Coasting northward, 
lect to save and perpetuate its precious her bold navigators discovered the mouth 
memorials. of the St. Lawrence; and in 1525 Cartiev 

In discussing the scope of historical sailed up its broad current to the rockv 

IV. B 17 



GABFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 



heights of Quebec, and to the rapids above 
Montreal, which were afterwards named 
La Chine, in derision of the belief that 
the adventurers were about to find China. 

In 1609 Champlain pushed above the 
rapids and discovered the beautiful lake 
that bears his name. In 1615 Priest La 
Caron pushed northward and westward 
through the wilderness and discovered 
Lake Huron. 

In 1635 the Jesuit missionaries founded 
the Mission St. Mary. In 1654 another 
priest had entered the wilderness of 
northern New York and found the salt 
springs of Onondaga. In 1659-60 French 
traders and priests passed the winter on 
Lake Superior and established missions 
along its shores. 

Among the earlier discoverers, no name 
shines out with more brilliancy than that 
of the Chevalier La Salle. The story of 
his explorations can scarcely be equalled 
in romantic interest by any of the stirring 
tales of the Crusaders. Born of a proud 
and wealthy family in the north of France, 
he was destined for the service of the 
church and of the Jesuit order. But his 
restless spirit, fired with the love of ad 
venture, broke away from the ecclesiasti 
cal restraints to confront the dangers of 
the New World, and to extend the empire 
of Louis XIV. From the best evidence ac 
cessible, it appears that he was the first 
white man that saw the Ohio River. At 
twenty-six years of age we find him with 
a small party, near the western extremity 
of Lake Ontario, boldly entering the do 
main of the dreaded Iroquois, travelling 
southward and westward through the win 
try wilderness until he reached a branch 
of the Ohio, probably the Alleghany. He 
followed it to the main stream, and de 
scended that, until in the winter of 1669 
and 1670 he reached the Falls of the Ohio, 
near the present site of Louisville. His 
companions refusing to go farther, he re 
turned to Quebec, and prepared for still 
greater undertakings. 

In the mean time the Jesuit missionaries 
had been pushing their discoveries on the 
northern lake. In 1673 Joliet and Mar- 
quette started from Green Bay, dragging 
their canoes up the rapids of Fox River; 
crossed Lake Winnebago; found Indian 
guides to conduct them to the waters of 
the Wisconsin ; descended that stream to 



the westward, and on the 16th of June 
reached the Mississippi near the spot 
where now stands the city of Prairie du 
Chien. To-morrow will be the 200th anni 
versary of that discovery. One hundred 
and thirty-two years before that time De 
Soto had seen the same river more than 
1,000 miles below; but during that in 
terval it is not known that any white man 
had looked upon its waters. 

Turning southward, these brave priests 
descended the great river, amid the awful 
solitudes. The stories of demons and 
monsters of the wilderness which abounded 
among the Indian tribes did not deter 
them from pushing their discoveries. 
They continued their journey southward 
to the mouth of the Arkansas River, tell 
ing as best they could the story of the 
Cross to the wild tribes along the shores. 
Returning from the Kaskaskias, and 
travelling thence to Lake Michigan, they 
reached Green Bay at the end of Septem 
ber, 1673, having on their journey pad 
dled their canoes more than 2,500 miles. 
Marquette remained to establish missions 
among the Indians, and to die, three years 
later, on the western shore of Lake Michi 
gan, while Joliet returned to Quebec to re 
port his discoveries. 

In the mean time Count Frontenac, a 
noble of France, had been made governor 
of Canada, and found in La Salle a fit 
counsellor and assistant in his vast 
schemes of discovery. La Salle was sent 
to France, to enlist the Court and the 
ministers of Louis; and in 1677-78 re 
turned to Canada, with full power under 
Frontenac to carry forward his grand en 
terprises. He had developed three great 
purposes: first, to realize the old plan of 
Champlain, the finding of a pathway to 
China across the American continent; 
second, to occupy and develop the regions 
of the northern lakes; and, third, to de 
scend the Mississippi and establish a for 
tified post at its mouth, thus securing an 
outlet for the trade of the interior and 
checking the progress of Spain on the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

In pursuance of this plan, we find La 
Salle and his companions, in January, 
1679, dragging their cannon and ma 
terials for ship-building around the Falls 
of Niagara, and laying the keel of a ves 
sel 2 leagues above the cataract, at the 



18 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM 

mouth of Cayuga Creek. She was a to read the history of these stirring days 

schooner of 45 tons burden, and was of discovery that opened up to Europe 

named The Griffin. On Aug. 7, 1679, the mysteries of this New World, 

with an armament of five cannon and As Irving has well said of their work: 

a crew and company of thirty-four men, "It was poetry put into action; it was 

she started on her voyage up Lake Eric, the knight-errantry of the Old World car- 

the first sail ever spread over the waters ried into the depths of the American 

of our lake. On the fourth day she en- wilderness. The personal adventures; the 

tered Detroit River; and, after en- feats of individual prowess; the pictu- 

countering a terrible storm on Lake resque descriptions of steel-clad cavaliers, 

Huron, passed the strait and reached with lance and helm and prancing steed, 

Green Bay early in September. A few glittering through the wilderness of 

weeks later she started back for Niagara, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and the 

laden with furs, and was never heard prairies of the far West would seem to 

from. us mere fictions of romance did they not 

While awaiting the supplies which The come to us in the matter-of-fact narra- 

Griffin was expected to bring, La Salle tives of those who were eye-witnesses, and 

explored Lake Michigan to its southern who recorded minute memoranda of every 

extremity, ascended the St. Joseph, crossed incident." 

the portage to Kankakee, descended the Second. The Struggle for National Do- 
Illinois, and, landing at an Indian vil- minion. 

lage on the site of the present village I next invite your attention to the less 
of Utica, 111., celebrated mass on New stirring but not less important struggle 
Year s Day, 1680. Before the winter for the possession of the New World which 
was ended he became certain that The succeeded the period of discovery. 
Griffin was lost. But, undaunted by At the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 
his disasters, on March 3, with five com- tury North America was claimed mainly 
panions, he began the incredible feat of by three great powers. Spain held pos- 
making the journey to Quebec on foot session of Mexico and a belt reaching 
in the dead of winter. This he accom- eastward to the Atlantic and northward 
plished. He reorganized his expedition, to the southern line of Georgia except a 
conquered every difficulty, and on Dec. portion near the mouth of the Mississippi 
21, 1681, with a party of fifty-four held by the French. England held from 
Frenchmen and friendly Indians, set out the Spanish line on the south to the 
for the present site of Chicago, and by northern lakes and the St. Lawrence and 
way of the Illinois River reached the westward to the Alleghanies. France held 
Mississippi, Feb. 6, 1682. He descended all north of the lakes and west of the Al- 
its stream, and on April 9, 1682, stand- leghanies, and southward to the posses- 
ing on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, sions of Spain. Some of the boundary- 
solemnly proclaimed to his companions lines were but vaguely defined, others 
and to the wilderness that, in the name were disputed; but the general outlines 
of Louis the Great, he took possession of were as stated. 

the Great Valley watered by the Missis- Besides the struggle for national pos- 

sippi River. He set up a column, and in- session, the religious element entered 

scribed upon it the arms of France, and largely into the contest. It was a strug- 

named the country Louisiana. Upon this gle between the Catholic and Protestant 

aet rested the claim of France to the vast faiths. The Protestant colonies of Eng- 

region stretching from the Alleghany to land were enveloped on three sides by the 

the Rocky Mountains, from the Rio vigorous and perfectly organized Catholic 

Grande and the Gulf to the farthest powers of France and Spain, 

springs of the Missouri. Indeed, at an early date, by the bull of 

I will not follow further the career of Pope Alexander VI., all America had been 

the great explorers. Enough has been said given to the Spaniards. But France, with 

to exhibit the spirit and character of their a zeal equal to that of Spain, had entered 

work. I would I were able to inspire the. the list to contest for the prize. So far 

young men of this country with a desire as the religious struggle was concerned, 

19 



GABFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 

the efforts of France and Spain were re- wisdom of Governor Spotswood, and per 
sisted only by the Protestants of the At- ceived that an empire was soon to be 
lantic coast. saved or lost. 

The main chain of the Alleghanies was In 1748 a company was organized by 

supposed to be impassable until 1714, Thomas Lee and Lawrence and Augustine 

when Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, Washington, under the name of " The Ohio 

led an expedition to discover a pass to Company," and received a royal grant of 

the great valley beyond. He found one 500,000 acres of land in the valley of the 

somewhere near the western boundary of Ohio. In 1751 a British trading-post was 

Virginia, and by it descended to the Ohio, established on the Big Miami; but in the 

On his return he established the " Trans- following year it was destroyed by the 

montane Order," or " Knights of the French. Many similar efforts of the Eng- 

Golden Horse-shoe." On the sandy plains lish colonists were resisted by the French ; 

of eastern Virginia horse-shoes were rare- and during the years 1751-53 it became 

ly used, but, in climbing the mountains, manifest that a great struggle was im- 

he had found them necessary, and, on minent between the French and the Eng- 

creating his companions knights of this lish for the possession of the West. The 

new order, he gave to each a golden horse- British ministers were too much absorbed 

shoe, inscribed with the motto, in intrigues at home to appreciate the im 
portance of this contest; and they did 

Sic juvat transcendere montes. v.,,i uxi-i- ,_ J.T, ., , n 

but little more than to permit the colonies 

He represented to the British ministry to protect their rights in the valley of the 

the great importance of planting settle- Ohio. 

ments in the western valley; and, with the I n 1753 the Ohio Company had opened 
foresight of a statesman, pointed out the a road > by " Will s Creek," into the west- 
danger of allowing the French the undis- ern valley, and were preparing to locate 
puted possession of that rich region. their colony. At the same time the 

The progress of England had been French had sent a force to occupy 
slower, but more certain, than that of her a " d hold the line of the Ohio. As the 
great rival. While the French were es- Ohio Company was under the especial 
tablishing trading-posts at points widely protection of Virginia, the governor of 
remote from each other, along the lakes that colony determined to send a mes- 
and the Mississippi, and in the wilderness senger to the commander of the French 
of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, the English forces nnd demand the reason for in- 
were slowly but firmly planting their set- vading the British dominions. For this 
tlements on the Atlantic slope, and pre- purpose he selected George Washington, 
paring to contest for the rich prize of the then twenty-one years of age, who, with 
great West. They possessed one great six assistants, set out from Williams- 
advantage over their French rivals. They burg, Va., in the middle of November, for 
had cultivated the friendship of the Iro- 1 >c waters of the Ohio and the lakes, 
quois Confederacy, the most powerful com- After a journey of nine days through 
bination of Indian tribes known to the sleet and snow, he reached the Ohio, at 
New World. That confederacy held pos- the junction of the Alleghany and the 
session of the southern shores of lakes Monongahela ; and his quick eye seemed 
Ontario and Erie ; and their hostility to to foresee the destiny of the place. " I 
the French had confined the settlements spent some time," said he, " in viewing 
of that people mainly to the northern the rivers. The land in the fork has the 
shores. absolute command of both." On this spot 

During the first half of the eighteenth Fort Pitt was afterwards built, and still 

century many treaties were made by the later the city of Pittsburg. 

English with these confederated tribes, As Bancroft has said, " After creating 

and some valuable grants of land were ob- in imagination a fortress and city, his 

tained on the eastern slope of the Missis- party swam across the Alleghany, and 

sippi Valley. wrapped their blankets around them for 

About the middle of that century the the night on the northwest bank." Pro- 
British government began to recognize the ceeding down the Ohio to Logstown, he 

20 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM 

held a council with the Shawnees and the the Maumee; and, setting out from the 

DelaWares, who promised to secure the point where Sandusky City now stands, 

aid of the Six Nations in resisting the crossed the Huron River to the northern 

French. He then proceeded to the French branch of White Woman s River, and, 

posts at Venango and Fort Le Boeuf (the passing thence by the English village of 

latter 15 miles from Lake Erie), and Beaverstown, and up the Ohio, reached 

warned the commanders that the rights Fort Pitt on Jan. 23, 1761, just a month 

of Virginia must not be invaded. He re- after he left Detroit. 

ceived for his answer that the French Under the leadership of Pitt, England 

would seize every Englishman in the Ohio was finally triumphant in this great 

Valley. struggle ; and by the treaty of Paris, of 

Returning to Virginia in January, Feb. 10, 1763, she acquired Canada and 

1754, he reported to the governor, and all the territory east of the Mississippi 

immediate preparations were made by River, and southward to the Spanish ter- 

Ihe colonists to maintain their rights in ritory, excepting New Orleans and the 

the West and resist the incursions of the island on which it is situated. 

French. In this movement originated the During the twelve years which followed 

first military union among the English the treaty of Paris, the English colonists 

colonists. were pushing their settlements into the 

Although peace existed between France newly acquired territory; but they en- 
and England, formidable preparations countered the opposition of the Six Na- 
were made by the latter to repel en- tions and their allies, who made fruitless 
croachments on the frontier, from Ohio efforts to capture the British posts De- 
to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Braddock troit, Niagara, and Fort Pitt, 
was sent to America, and in 1755, at At length, in 1768, Sir William John- 
Alexandria, Va., he planned four expe- son concluded a treaty at Fort Stanwix 
ditions against the French. with these tribes, by which all the lands 

It is not necessary to speak in detail south of the Ohio and the Allcghany were 
of the war that followed. After Brad- sold to the British, the Indians to re- 
dock s defeat, near the forks of the Ohio, main in undisturbed possession of the 
which occurred on July 9, 1755, England territory north and west of those rivers, 
herself took active measures for prose- New companies were organized to occupy 
cuting the war. the territory thus obtained. 

On Nov. 25, 1758, Forbes captured Fort " Among the foremost speculators in 

Duquesne, which thus passed into the pos- Western lands at that time," says the 

session of the English, and was named" author of Annals of the West, " was 

Fort Pitt, in honor of the great minister. George Washington." In 1769 he was one 

In 1759 Quebec was captured by General of the signers of a petition to the King for 

Wolfe; and the same year Niagara fell a grant of 2,500.000 acres in the West. In 

into the hands of the English. 1770 he crossed the mountains and de- 

In 1760 an English force, under Major scended the Ohio to the mouth of the 

Rogers, moved westward from Niagara, Great Kanawha, to locate the 10,000 

to occupy the French posts on the upper acres to which he was entitled for services 

lakes. They coasted along the south in the French War. 

snore of Erie, the first English-speaking Virginians planted settlements in Ken- 
people that sailed its waters. Near the tucky ; and pioneers from all the colonies 
mouth of the Grand River they met in began to occupy the frontiers, from the 
council the chiefs of the great warrior Alleghany to the Tennessee. 
Pontiac. A few weeks later they took Third. The War of the Revolution, and 
possession of Detroit. " Thus," says Mr. its Relations to the West. 
Bancroft, " was Michigan won by Great How came the thirteen colonies to pos- 
Britain, though not for itself. There sess the valley of the Mississippi? The 
were those who foresaw that the acquisi- object of their struggle was independence 
tion of Canada was the prelude of Ameri- and yet by the treaty of peace in 1783 
can independence." not only was the independence of the 

Late in December Rogers returned to thirteen colonies conceded, but there was 

21 



GABFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 

granted to the new republic a western with the importance of warding off these 

territory bounded by the northern lakes, dangers, he appealed to the governor, 

the Mississippi, and the French and Span- Patrick Henry, and received from him 

ish possessions. authority to enlist seven companies to go 

How did these hills and valleys become to Kentucky subject to his orders, and 

a part of the United States? It is true serve for three months after their arrival 

that by virtue of royal charters several in the West. This was a public commis- 

of the colonies set up claims extending to sion. 

the " South Sea." The knowledge which Another document, bearing date Will- 
the English possessed of the geography of iamsburg, Jan. 2, 1778, was a secret com- 
this country at that time is illustrated mission, which authorized him, in the 
by the fact that Capt. John Smith was name of Virginia, to capture the military 
commissioned to sail up the Chickahom- posts held by the British in the Northwest, 
iny and find a passage to China! But the Armed with this authority, he proceeded 
claims of the colonies were too vague to Pittsburg, where he obtained ammvmi- 
to be of any consequence in determining tion and floated it down the river to Ken- 
the boundaries of the two governments, tucky, succeeded in enlisting seven corn- 
Virginia had indeed extended her settle- panics of pioneers, and in the month of 
ments into the region south of the Ohio June, 1778, commenced his march through 
River, and during the Revolution had the untrodden wilderness to the region of 
annexed that country to the Old Do- the Illinois. With a daring that is scarce- 
minion, calling it the county of Kentucky, ly equalled in the annals of war, he capt- 
But previous to the Revolution the colo- ured the garrisons of Kaskaskia, St. Vin- 
iiies had taken no such action in refer- cent, and Cahokia, and sent his prisoners 
ence to the territory northwest of the to the governor of Virginia, and by his 
Ohio. energy and skill won over the French in- 

The cession of that great territory, un- habitants of that region to the Ameri- 

der the treaty of 1783, was due mainly to can cause. 

the foresight, the courage, and the en- In October, 1778, the House of Burgesses 

durance of one man, who never received passed an act declaring that " all the citi- 

from his country any adequate recogni- zens of the Commonwealth of Virginia, 

tion for his great service. That man was who are already settled there, or shall 

George Rogers Clark ; and it is worth your hereafter be settled on the west side of 

while to consider the work he accom- the Ohio, shall be included in the District 

plished. Born in Virginia, he was in early of Kentucky, which shall be called 

life a surveyor, and afterwards served in Illinois county." In other words, George 

Lord Dunmore s War. In 1776 he settled Rogers Clark conquered the Territory of 

in Kentucky, and was, in fact, the founder the Northwest in the name of Virginia, 

of that commonwealth. As the war of and the flag of the republic covered it at 

the Revolution progressed, he saw that the close of the war. 

the pioneers west of the Alleghanies were In negotiating the treaty of peace at 
threatened by two formidable dangers: Paris, in 1783, the British commission- 
first, by the Indians, many of whom had ers insisted on the Ohio River as the 
joined the standard of Great Britain; northwestern boundary of the United 
and, second, by the success of the war it- States; and it was found that the only 
self. For, should the colonies obtain their tenable ground on which the American 
independence while the British held pos- commissioners relied, to sustain our claim 
session of the Mississippi Valley, the Al- to the Lakes nnd the Mississippi as the 
leghanies would be the western boundary boundary, was the fact that George Rogers 
of the new republic, and the pioneers of Clark had conquered the country, and Vir- 
tlie West would remain subject to Great ginia was in undisputed possession of it 
Britain. at the cessation of hostilities. 

Inspired by these views, he made two In his Notes on the Early Settlement 
journeys to Virginia to represent the of the Northwest Territory, Judge Bur- 
case to the authorities of that colony, net says, "That fact [the capture of the 
Failing to impress the House of Burgesses British posts] was confirmed and admit- 

22 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABEA.M 

ted, and was the chief ground on which Washington a portrait of Clark, which 
the British commissioners reluctantly gives unmistakable evidence of a char- 
abandoned their claim." acter of rare grasp and power. No one 

It is a stain upon the honor of our can look upon that remarkable face with- 

country that such a man the leader of out knowing that the original was a man 

pioneers who made the first lodgment of unusual force. 

on the site now occupied by Louis- Fourth. Organization and Settlement 

ville, who was in fact the founder of the of the Northwest Territory. 

State of Kentucky, and who by his per- Soon after the close of the Revolution 

sonal foresight and energy gave nine great our Western country was divided into 

States to the republic was allowed to three territories the Territory of the 

sink under a load of debt incurred for Mississippi, the Territory south of the 

the honor and glory of his country. Ohio, and the Territory northwest of the 

In 1799 Judge Burnet rode some 10 Ohio. For the purposes of this address 

or 12 miles from Louisville into the I shall consider only the organization 

country to visit this veteran hero. He and settlement of the latter. 

says he was induced to make this visit It would be difficult to find any country 

by the veneration he entertained for so covered with conflicting claims of title 

Clark s military talents and services. as the territory of the Northwest. Sev- 

" He had," ?ays Burnet, " the appear- eral States, still asserting the validity of 
ance of a man born to command, and fit- their royal charters, set up claims more or 
ted by nature for his destiny. There was less definite to portions of this territory, 
a gravity and solemnity in his demeanor First by royal charter of 1662, confirm- 
resembling that which so eminently dis- ing a council charter of 1630, Connecticut 
tinguished the venerated Father of his claimed a strip of land bounded on the 
Country. A person familiar with the east by the Narraganset River, north by 
lives and character of the military vet- Massachusetts, south by Long Island 
erans of Rome in the days of her great- Sound, and extending westward between 
est power might readily have selected this the parallels of 41 and 42 2 north lati- 
remarliable man as a specimen of the tude, to the mythical "South Sea." Sec- 
model he had formed of them in his own ond New York, by her charter of 1614, 
mind; but he was rapidly falling a vie- claimed a territory marked by definite 
tim to his extreme sensibility, and to the boundaries, lying across the boundaries of 
ingratitude of his native State, under the Connecticut charter. Third by the 
whose banner he had fought bravely and grant to William Penn, in 1664, Pennsyl- 
with great success. vania claimed a territory overlapping part 

" The time will certainly come when of the territory of both these colonies, 

the enlightened and magnanimous citi- Fourth the charter of Massachusetts also 

zens of Louisville will remember the debt conflicted with some of the claims above 

of gratitude they owe the memory of that mentioned. Fifth Virginia claimed the 

distinguished man. He was the leader whole of the Northwest territory by right 

of the pioneers who made the first lodg- of conquest, and in 1779, by an act of her 

ment on the site now covered by their legislature, annexed it as a county, 

rich and splendid city. He was its pro- Sixth several grants had been made of 

tector during the years of its infancy, and special tracts to incorporated companies 

in the period of its greatest danger. Yet by the different States. And, finally, the 

the traveller, who had read of his achieve- whole territory of the Northwest was 

ments, admired his character, and visited claimed by the Indians as their own. 

the theatre of his brilliant deeds, discov- The claims of New York, Massachu- 

ers nothing indicating the place where his setts, and part of the claim of Pennsylva- 

remains are deposited, and where he can nia had been settled before the war by 

go and pay a tribute of respect to the royal commissioners; the others were still 

memory of the departed and gallant hero." unadjusted. It became evident that no 

This eulogy of Judge Burnet is fully satisfactory settlement could be made ex- 
warranted by the facts of history. There cept by Congress. That body urged the 
is preserved in the War Department at several States to make a cession of the 

23 



GABFIELD, JAMES ABRAM 



lands they claimed, and thus enable the 
general government to open the North 
west for settlement. 

On March 1, 1784, Thomas Jefferson, 
Samuel Hardy, Arthur Lee, and James 
Monroe, delegates in Congress, executed a 
deed of cession in the name of Virginia, 
by which they transferred to the United 
States the title of Virginia to the North 
west Territory, but reserving to that State 
150,000 acres of land which Virginia had 
promised to George Rogers Clark, and to 
the officers and soldiers who with him 
captured the British posts in the West. 
Also, another tract of land between the 
Scioto and Little Miami, to enable Vir 
ginia to pay her promised bounties to her 
officers and soldiers of the Revolutionary 
army. 

On Oct. 27, 1784, a treaty was made 
at Fort Stanwix (now Rome, N. Y.) with 
the Six Nations, by which these tribes 
ceded to the United States their vague 
claims to the lands north and west of 
the Ohio. On Jan. 31, 1785, a treaty was 
made at Fort Mclntosh (now the town 
of Beaver, Pa.) with the four Western 
tribes, the Wyandottes, the Delawares, 
the Chippewas, and the Tawas, by which 
all their lands in the Northwest Territory 
were ceded to the United States, except 
that portion bounded by a line from the 
mouth of the Cuyahoga up that river 
to the portage between the Cuyahoga and 
Tuscarawas, thence down that branch to 
the mouth of Sandy, thence westwardly to 
the portage of the Big Miami, which runs 
into the Ohio, thence along the portage 
to the Great Miami or Maumee, and down 
the southeast side of the river to its 
mouth, thence along the shore of Lake 
Erie to the mouth of the Cuyahoga. The 
territory thus described was to be forever 
the exclusive possession of these Indians. 

In 1788 a settlement was made at Ma 
rietta, and soon after other settlements 
were begun. But the Indians were dis 
satisfied, and, by the intrigues of their 
late allies, the British, a savage and 
bloody war ensued, which delayed for 
several years the settlement of the State. 
The campaign of General Harmar in 1790 
was only a partial success. In the fol 
lowing year a more formidable force was 
placed under the command of General 
St. Clair, who suffered a disastrous and 



overwhelming defeat on Nov. 4 of that 
year, near the head-waters of the Wa- 
bash. 

It was evident that nothing but a war 
so decisive as to break the power of the 
Western tribes could make the settlement 
of Ohio possible. There are but few 
things in the career of George Washington 
that so strikingly illustrate his sagacity 
and prudence as the policy he pursued in 
reference to this subject. He made prep 
arations for organizing an army of 5,000 
men, appointed General Wayne to the 
command of a special force, and early in 
1792 drafted detailed instructions for giv 
ing it special discipline to fit it for Indian 
warfare. During that and the following 
year he exhausted every means to secure 
the peace of the West by treaties with the 
tribes. 

But agents of England and Spain were 
busy in intrigues with the Indians in 
hopes of recovering a portion of the great 
empire they had lost by the treaty of 
1783. So far were the efforts of England 
carried that a British force was sent to 
the rapids of the Maumee, where they 
built a fort, and inspired the Indians 
with the hope that the British would join 
them in fighting the forces of the United 
States. 

All efforts to make a peaceable settle 
ment on any other basis than the abandon 
ment on the part of the United States 
of all territory north of the Ohio having 
failed, General Wayne proceeded with that 
wonderful vigor which had made him fam 
ous on so many fields of the Revolution, 
and on Aug. 20, 1794, defeated the Ind 
ians and their allies on the banks of the 
Maumee, and completely broke the power 
of their confederation. 

On Aug. 3, 1795, General Wayne con 
cluded at Greenville a treaty of lasting 
peace with these tribes and thus opened 
the State to settlement. In this treaty 
there was reserved to the Indians the 
same territory west of the Cuyahoga as 
described in the treaty of Fort Mclntosh 
of 1785. 

Fifth. Settlement of the Western Re 
serve. 

I have now noticed briefly the adjust 
ment of the several claims to the North 
western Territory, excepting that of Con 
necticut. It has alreadv been seen that 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 

Connecticut claimed a strip westward from missary, a physician, and thirty-seven 

the Narraganset River to the Mississippi, other employees. This party assembled 

between the parallels of 41 and 42 2 ; at Schenectady, N. Y., in the spring of 

but that portion of her claim which cross- 1796, and prepared for their expedition, 

ed the territory of New York and Penn- It is interesting to follow them on 

sylvania had been extinguished by adjust- their way to the Reserve. They ascended 

rnent. Her claim to the territory west of the Mohawk River in bateaux, passing 

Pennsylvania was unsettled until Sept. 14, through Little Falls, and from the present 

1786, when she ceded it all to the United city of Rome took their boats and stores 

States, except that portion lying between across into Wood Creek. Passing down 

the parallels above named and a line 120 the stream, they crossed the Oneida Lake, 

miles west of the western line of Penn- thence down the Oswego to Lake Ontario, 

sylvania and parallel with it. This tract coasting along the lake to Niagara. After 

of country was about the size of the pres- encountering innumerable hardships, the 

ent State, and was called " New Con- party reached Buffalo on June 17, where 

necticut." they met Red Jacket and the principal 

In May, 1792, the legislature of Con- chiefs of the Six Nations, and on the 23d 
necticut granted to those of her citizens or that month completed a contract with 
whose property had been burned or other- those chiefs, by which they purchased all 
wise spoliated by the British during the the rights of those Indians to the lands 
war of the Revolution half a million of en the Reserve, for 500, New York cur- 
acres from the west end of the reserve, rency, to be paid in goods to the Western 
These were called " The Fire Lands." Indians, and two beef cattle and 100 gal- 

On Sept. 5, 1795, Connecticut executed Ions of whiskey to the Eastern Indians, 

a deed to John Caldwell, Jonathan Brace, besides gifts and provisions to all of 

and John Morgan, trustees for the Con- them. 

necticut Land Company, for 3,000,000 Setting out from Buffalo on June 27, 

acres of reserve lying west of Pennsyl- they coasted along the shore of the lake, 

vania, for $1,200,000, or at the rate of some of the party in boats and others 

40 cents per acre. The State gave only marching along the banks. 

a quit-claim deed, transferring only such In the journal of Seth Pease, published 

title as she possessed, and leaving all the in Whittlesey s History of Cleveland, I 

remaining Indian titles to the reserve to lind the following: 

be extinguished by the purchasers them- "Monday, July 4, 1796. We that came 

selves. With the exception of a few hun- by land arrived at the confines of New 

dred acres previously sold in the neigh- Connecticut, and gave three cheers pre- 

borhood of the Salt Spring tract on the cisely at five o clock P.M. We then pro- 

Mahoning, all titles to lands on the re- ceeded to Conneaut, at five hours thirty 

serve east of "The Fire Lands" rest on minutes, our boats got on an hour after; 

this quit-claim deed of Connecticut to we pitched our tents on the east side." 

the three trustees, who were all living In the journal of General Cleavelaiid is 

as late as 1836, and joined in making the following entry: 

deeds to the lands on the reserve. "On this Creek ( Conneaugh ) , in New 

On the same day that the trust deed Connecticut Land, July 4, 1796, under 
was made, articles of association were General Moses Cleaveland, the surveyors 
signed by the proprietors, providing for and men sent by the Connecticut Land 
the government of the company. The Company to survey and settle the Con- 
management of its affairs was intrusted necticut Reserve, were the first English 
to seven directors. They determined to people who took possession of it. ... 
extinguish the Indian title, and survey " We gave three cheers and christen- 
their land into townships 5 miles square, ed the place Fort Independence ; and, af- 
Moses Cleaveland, one of the directors, ter many difficulties, perplexities, and 
was made general agent; Augustus Por- hardships were surmounted, and we were 
ter, principal surveyor; and Seth Pease, on the good and promised land, felt that 
astronomer and surveyor. To these were a just tribute of respect to the day ought 
added four assistant surveyors, a com- to be paid. There were in all, including 

25 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 

women and children, fifty in number. The There are townships on this Western 
men, under Captain Tinker, ranged them- Reserve which are more thoroughly New 
selves on the beach and fired a federal England in character and spirit than most 
salute of fifteen rounds, and then the of the towns of the -New England of to- 
sixteenth in honor of New Connecticut, day. Cut off as they were from the 
Drank several toasts. . . . Closed with metropolitan life that had gradually been 
three cheers. Drank several pails of grog, moulding and changing the spirit of New 
Supped and retired in good order." England, they preserved here in the wil- 
Three days afterwards General Cleave- derness the characteristics of New Eng 
land held a council with Paqua, chief of land, as it was when they left it at the 
the Massasagas, whose village was at Con- beginning of the century. This has given 
neaut Creek. The friendship of these Ind- to the people of the Western Reserve 
iuns was purchased by a few trinkets and those strongly marked qualities which 
$25 worth of whiskey. have always distinguished them. 

A cabin was erected on the bank of Con- For a long time it was difficult to as- 
neaut Creek; and, in honor of the com- certain the political and legal status 
missary of the expedition, was called of the settlers on the Reserve. The State 
" Stow Castle." At this time the white of Connecticut did not assume jurisdic- 
inhabitants west of the Genesee River and tion over its people, because the State 
silong the coasts of the lakes were as fol- had parted with her claim to the soil, 
lows : the garrison at Niagara, two fam- By a proclamation of Governor St. Clair, 
ilies at Lewiston, one at Buffalo, one at in 1788, Washington county had been or- 
Cleveland, and one at Sandusky. There ganized, having its limits extended west- 
were no other families east of Detroit; ward to the Scioto and northward to the 
and, with the exception of a few advent- mouth of the Cuyahoga, with Marietta as 
urers at the Salt Springs of the Mahon- the county seat. These limits included 
ing, the interior of New Connecticut was a portion of the Western Reserve. But 
an unbroken wilderness. the Connecticut settlers did not consider 
The work of surveying was commenced this a practical government, and most of 
at once. One pa.rty went southward on them doubted its legality, 
the Pennsylvania line to find the 41st By the end of the century seven coun- 
parallel, and began the survey; another, ties, Washington, Hamilton, Ross, Wayne, 
under General Cleaveland, coasted along Adams, Jefferson, and Knox, had been 
the lake to the mouth of the Cuyahoga, created, but none of them were of any 
which they reached on July 22, and there practical service to the settlers on the 
laid the foundation of the chief city of the Reserve. No magistrate had been ap- 
Reserve. A large portion of the survey pointed for that portion of the country, 
was made during that season, and the no civil process was. established, and no 
work Avas completed in the following mode existed of making legal conveyances, 
year. But in the year 1800 the State of Con- 
By the close of the year 1800 there necticut, by act of her legislature, trans- 
were thirty-two settlements on the Re- ferred to the national government all 
serve, though as yet no organization of her claim to civil jurisdiction. Congress 
government had been established. But assumed the political control, and the 
the pioneers were a people who "had been President conveyed by patent the fee of 
trained in the principles and practices of the soil to the government of the State 
civil order; and these were transplanted for the use of the grantees and the parties 
to their new home. In New Connecticut claiming under them. Whereupon, in pur- 
there was but little of that lawlessness suance of this authority, on Sept. 
which so often characterizes the people 22, 1800, Governor St. Clair issued 
of a new country. In many instances a proclamation establishing the county 
a township organization was completed of Trumbull, to include within its boun- 
and their minister chosen before the pio- daries the " Fire Lands " and adjacent 
neers left home. Thus they planted the islands, and ordered an election to be 
institutions and opinions of Old Connecti- held at Warren, its county seat, on 
cut in their new wilderness homes. the second Tuesday of October. At that 

26 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABBA.M 



election forty - two votes were cast, of 
which General Edward Paine received 
thirty-eight, and was thus elected a mem 
ber of the Territorial legislature. All 
the early deeds on the Reserve are pre 
served in the records of Trumbull county. 

A treaty was held at Fort Industry 
on July 4, 1805, between the commis 
sioners of the Connecticut Land Company 
and the Indians, by which all the lands 
in the Reserve west of the Cuyahoga be 
longing to the Indians were ceded to the 
Connecticut Company. 

Geauga was the second county of the 
Reserve. It was created by an act of 
the legislature, Dec. 31, 1805; and by a 
subsequent act its boundaries were made 
to include the present territory of Cuy 
ahoga county as far w T est as the Four 
teenth Range. 

Portage county was established on Feb. 
10. 1807; and on June 16, 1810, the acl 
establishing Cuyahoga county went into 
operation. But that act all of Geauga 
west of the Ninth Range was made a part 
of Cuyahoga county. Ashtabula county 
was established on Jan. 22, 1811. 

A considerable number of Indians re 
mained on the Western Reserve until the 
breaking out of the War of 1812. Most 
of the Canadian tribes took up arms 
against the United States in that struggle, 
and a portion of the Indians of the West 
ern Reserve joined their Canadian breth 
ren. At the close of that war occasional 
bands of these Indians returned to their 
old haunts on the Cuyahoga and the Ma- 
honing; but the inhabitants of the Re 
serve soon made them understand that 
they were unwelcome visitors after the 
part they had taken against us. Thus 
the War of 1812 substantially cleared the 
Reserve of its Indian inhabitants. 

In this brief survey I have attempted 
to indicate the general character of the 
leading events connected with the discov 
ery and settlement of our country. I 
cannot, on this occasion, further pursue 
the history of the settlement and building 
up of the counties and townships of the 
Western Reserve. 1 have already noticed 
the peculiar character of the people who 
converted this wilderness into the land of 
Imppy homes which we now behold on ev 
ery hand. But I desire to call the atten 
tion of the young men and women who 



hear me to the duty they owe to them 
selves and their ancestors to study care 
fully and reverently the history of the 
great work which has been accomplished 
in this New Connecticut. 

The pioneers who first broke ground 
here accomplished a work unlike that 
which fell to the lot of any succeeding 
generation. The hardships they endured, 
the obstacles they encountered, the life 
they led, the peculiar qualities they need 
ed in their undertakings, and the traits 
of character developed by their works 
stand alone in our history. The genera 
tion that knew these first pioneers is fast 
passing away. But there are sitting in 
this audience to-day a few men and wom 
en whose memories date back to the early 
settlement. Here sits a gentleman near 
me who is older than the Western Re 
serve. He remembers a time when the 
axe of the Connecticut pioneer had never 
awakened the echoes of the wilderness 
here. How strange and wonderful a 
transformation has taken place since he 
was a child! It is our sacred duty to 
rescue from oblivion the stirring recol 
lections of such men, and preserve them 
as memorials of the past, as lessons for 
our own inspiration and the instruction 
of those who shall come after us. 

The materials for a history of this Re 
serve are rich and abundant. Its pioneers 
were not ignorant and thoughtless ad 
venturers, but men of established charac 
ter, whose opinions on civil and religious 
liberty had grown with their growth and 
become the settled convictions of their 
maturer years. Both here and in Con 
necticut the family records, journals, and 
letters, which are preserved in hundreds 
of families, if brought out and arranged 
in order, would throw a flood of light 
on every page of our history. Even the 
brief notice which informed the citizens 
of this county that a meeting was to be 
held here to-day to organize a Pioneer 
Society has called this great audience to 
gether, and they have brought with them 
many rich historical memorials. They 
have brought old colonial commissions 
given to early Connecticut soldiers of the 
Revolution, who became pioneers of the 
Reserve and whose children are here to 
day. They have brought church and oth 
er records which date back to the begin- 
27 



GARIBALDI 




ning of these settlements. They have lowed the occupation of a soap-boiler 
shown us implements of industry which on Staten Island. In 1854 he returned 
the pioneers brought in with them, many to Italy, and purchased the northern part 
of which have been superseded by the supe- of Caprera, where he remained until 1859, 
rior mechanical contrivances of our time, when he organized and commanded an in- 
Some of these implements are symbols of dependent corps, known as the " Hunters 
the spirit and character of the pioneers 
of the Reserve. Here is a broad - axe 
brought from Connecticut by John Ford, 
father of the late governor of Ohio; and 
we are told that the first work done with 
this axe by that sturdy old pioneer, after 
he had finished a few cabins for the fam 
ilies that came with him, was to hew out 
the timbers for an academy, the Burton 
Academy, to which so many of our older 
men owe the foundation of their educa 
tion, and from which sprang the Western 
Reserve College. 

These pioneers knew well that the 
three great forces which constitute the 
strength and glory of a free government 
are the family, the school, and the church. 
These three they planted here, and they 
nourished and cherished them with an 
energy and devotion scarcely equalled in 
any other quarter of the world. On this 
height were planted in the wilderness the 
symbols of this trinity of powers; and 
here, let us hope, may be maintained for 
ever the ancient faith of our fathers in of the Alps," in the Sardinian service 
the sanctity of the home, the intelligence during the war of Sardinia and France 
of the school, and the faithfulness of the against Austria. Secretly abetted by Sar- 
church. Where these three combine in dinia, after peace was made, he organ- 
prosperous union, the safety and prosperity ized an expedition against the Two Sici- 
of the nation are assured. The glory of lies, having as his object the union of 
our country can never be dimmed while Italy. In May, 1860, he descended upon 
these three lights are kept shining with Sicily with 1,000 volunteers, and when 
an undimmed lustre. he had made himself dictator he crossed 

Garibaldi, GIUSEPPE, patriot; born at to the mainland and expelled Francis II. 
Nice, Italy, July 4, 1807; because of his from Naples and entered the capital, Sept. 
political opinions was driven into exile 7, 1860. Upon the union of the Two Sici- 
in 1834, and went to South America, where lies with Sardinia, and the proclamation of 
he was employed in the service first of Victor Emmanuel as King of Italy, March 
the republic of Rio Grande do Sul, and 17, 1860, he retired to Caprera. Anxious 
subsequently in that of Uruguay, in 1836- for the complete unification of Italy, he 
48. Returning to Italy, he entered the organized an expedition against Rome 
service of the Roman republic in 1849, and in 1862, but was defeated and taken pris- 
supreme command was given to him and oner by the Sardinians at Aspromonte, 
to General Roselli. The grand defence of in August. A few years later he was again 
Rome against French intervention in 1849 in arms against the Pope. Marching 
was due principally to his tact and brav- into the Campagna, he defeated the Papal 
ery. After this cause became hopeless, troops at Monterotondo on Oct. 25, 1867, 
in 1850, he came to the United States, but shortly after, while moving upon 
where he became a naturalized citizen, Rome, he was defeated by the French and 
and where for about three years he fol- Papal army near Mentana. In 1870 the 

28 



GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI. 



GARLAND GARRISON 

misfortunes of France and an appeal force of the National army at Carrick s 

from Gambetta decided him to take up Ford, in which action his troops were 

the French cause against the Germans, defeated and himself killed, July 13. 

He received the command of a corps call- Gamier, JULIEN. See JESUIT Mis- 

ed the "Volunteers of the Vosges." His SIGNS. 

son Ricciotti won a small victory over Garrard, KENNEE, military officer ; born 
the Germans on Oct. 19, and that the in Cincinnati, O., in 1830; graduated at 
latter advanced no further in that direc- the United States Military Academy in 
tion was due to the management of 1851; was taken prisoner by the Con- 
Garibaldi. He died at Caprera, June 1, federates while on frontier duty in 
1882. Texas, April 12, 1861, and paroled until 

Garland, AUGUSTUS HILL; born in Tip- exchanged in August, 1862; served with 

ton county, Tenn., June 11, 1832; was ad- marked distinction through the remainder 

mitted to the bar of Arkansas in 1853, to of the war, taking part in many impor- 

which State his parents had removed when tant actions, including that of Blakely, 

lie was a child. He opposed the secession which place was captured by his command; 

of his State, but accepted the same and was brevetted major-general, U. S. A., Nov. 

was sent as delegate to the Provisional 9, 1866. He died in Cincinnati, O., May 

Congress at Montgomery, Ala., in 1861. 15, 1879. 

He was also elected to the first Confederate Garrett, EDMUND H., author; born in 

Congress, and afterwards to the Confeder- Albany, N. Y., Oct. 19, 1853; was edu- 

ate Senate. In 1867 he was elected United cated in Paris. His publications include 

States Senator, but was not allowed to Three Heroines of New England Romance; 

take his seat; in 1876 was again elected Romance and Reality of the Puritan 

in place of Powell Clayton, and was ad- Coast; and the Pilgrim Shore. 

mitted. He remained in the Senate until Garrett, THOMAS, abolitionist; born in 

March, 1885, when he resigned to take Upper Darby, Pa., Aug. 21, 1783; acquired 

the post of Attorney-General of the United a fortune in the iron business. In 1807 

States, offered him by President Cleve- his sympathy for the slaves was first 

land. He resumed practice in 1889, and aroused, and for forty years thereafter 

died in court, in Washington, D. C., Jan. he aided escaping slaves so skilfully that 

26, 1899. when their owners found the fugitives 

Garlington, ERNEST A., military offi- had reached his house they generally 

cer; born in Newberry Court-house, S. C., abandoned the chase. He was instru- 

Feb. 20, 1853; graduated at the United mental within the limits of the law in 

States Military Academy in 1876; com- liberating about 3,000 slaves from Mary- 

manded the Greeley Relief Expedition in land, Delaware, and Virginia. Later, 

1883 (see ARCTIC EXPLORATION) ; was in- however, he was forced to part with his 

spector-general of a cavalry division in whole fortune in paying damages to the 

Cuba in 1898, and participated in the owners of runaway slaves. Afterwards 

siege of Santiago. His publications in- his friends loaned him money to again 

elude Historical Sketches of the 7th engage in business, and before his death 

Cavalry Regiment; Cavalry Outposts, Ad- he accumulated a second fortune. He 

nance and Rear Guards; Reconnaissance, died in Wilmington, Del., Jan. 23, 1871. 

etc. Garrison, JOSEPH FITHIAN, clergyman; 

Garnett, ROBERT SELDEN, military of- born in Fairton, N. J., Jan. 20, 1823; 
ficer; born in Essex county, Va., Dec. 16, graduated at Princeton College in 1842; 
1819; graduated at the United States Mill- became a Protestant Episcopal minister 
tary Academy in 1841; served as aide to in 1855; later accepted the chair of Litur- 
General Taylor in the war with Mexico, gics and Canon Law in the Philadelphia 
When the Civil War broke out he re- Divinity School. His publications in- 
signed from the National army, and in elude The Formation of the Protestant 
June, 1861, was appointed brigadier-gen- Episcopal Church in the United States, 
eral in the Confederate service, and assign- etc. 

ed to the western part of Virginia. In Garrison, WENDELL PHILLIPS, journal- 

the following month he was met by a large ist ; born in Cambridgeport, Mass., June 

29 



GARRISON 



4, 1840; graduated at Harvard in 18G1 ; received about $30,000 as a national tes- 
became literary editor of The Nation; tinionial from his friends for his ardu- 
iiuthor of Tin HI IIKOU Fa mill/ of AYir/ior/, ous labors in the cause, of humanity. He 
A . /. ; joint author of Life of Will in in (lied in New York, May 24, 1879. See 
Llai/tl. (I iirriNfin. ri;ii,i,ips, WKNDKLL. 

Garrison, WII.UAM LI.OYD, abolitionist; Lrnnonn of /ntli i>nnl< >icc Dili/. On July 
born in Newburyport, Mass., Dec. 12, 4, 1842, he delivered the following oration 
1S04; was a shoemaker s apprentice, but in Boston: 
finally learned the art of printing, and 

became a contributor to the press in early I present myself as the advocate of my 
life. In all his writings he showed a enslaved countrymen, at a time when 
philanthropic spirit, and a sympathy for their claims cannot be shuffled out of 
the oppressed everywhere. In 1827 he sight, and on an occasion which entitles 
edited the National Philanthropist, in me to a respectful hearing in their behalf. 
Boston; and, as assistant editor of a Ba - If I am asked to prove their title to lib- 
timore paper, he denounced the taking of erty, my answer is, that the Fourth of 
a cargo of slaves from that city to New July is not a day to be wasted in estab- 
Orleans as " domestic piracy." For this lishing " self-evident truths." In the 
he was lined, and imprisoned forty-nine r>ame of the God who has made us of one 
days, until Arthur Tappan, of New York, blood, and in whose image we are created; 
paid the fine. On Jan. 1, 1831, he began in the name of the Messiah, who came to 
the publication of his famous Liberator, a bind up the broken-hearted, to proclaim 
weekly newspaper and uncompromising liberty to the captives, and the opening 
opponent of slavery, which was discontin- of a prison to them that are bound 1 
ued in 1865, when the result for which he demand the immediate emancipation of 
had devoted the best energies of his life those who are pining in slavery on the 
had been effected by the Emancipation American soil, whether they are fatten- 
Proclamation of President Lincoln. Mr. ing for the shambles in Maryland and 
Garrison was a founder (1832) of the A T irginia. or are wasting, as with a pesti- 
American Anti-slavery Society, and was lent disease, on the cotton and sugar plan- 
its president from that time until 1865. tations of Alabama and Louisiana; wheth 
er they are male or femaJe, young or old, 
vigorous or infirm. I make this demand, 
not for the children merely, but the par 
ents also; not for one, but for all; not 
with restrictions and limitations, but un 
conditionally. I assert their perfect- 
equality with ourselves, as a part of the 
human race, and their inalienable right 
to liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 
That this demand is founded in justice, 
and is therefore irresistible, the whole 
ration is this day acknowledging, as upon 
oath at the bar of the world. And not 
until, by a formal vote, the people re 
pudiate the Declaration of Independence 
as a false and dangerous instrument, and 
cease to keep this festival in honor of lib 
erty, as unworthy of note or remem 
brance; not until they spike every cannon, 
and muffle every bell, and disband every 

Attending, as a delegate, the World s Anti- procession, and quench every bonfire, and 
slavery Convention, in London (1840), he gag every orator; not until they brand 
refused to take his seat, because the worn- Washington, and Adams, and Jefferson, and 
en delegates from the United States were Hancock as fanatics and madmen; not 
refused seats in that body. In 1866 he until they place themselves again in the 

30 




WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON. 



GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD 

condition of colonial subserviency to sequences! To save them from danger, I 
Great Britain, or transform this republic am not obligated to suppress the truth. 
into a.n imperial government; not until or to stop proclaiming liberty "through 
they cease pointing exultingly to Hunker out all the land, unto all the inhabitants 
Hill, and the plains of Concord and Lex- thereof." No, indeed. There are two 
ington; not, in fine, until they deny the important truths, which, as far as prae- 
authority of God, and proclaim them- ticable, I mean every slave shall be made 
selves to be destitute of principles and to understand. The first is, that he has 
humanity, will I argue the question, as a right to his freedom now; the other is, 
one of doubtful disputation, on an occa- that this is recognized as a self-evident 
sion like this, whether our slaves are en- truth in the Declaration of Independence, 
titled to the rights and privileges of free- Sedition, forsooth. Why, what are the 
men. That question is settled irrevoca- American people doing this day? In 
bly. There is no man to be found, un- theory, maintaining the freedom and equal- 
less he has a brow of brass and a heart ity of the human race; and, in practice, 
cf stone, who will dare to contest it on declaring that all tyrants ought to be 
a day like this. A state of vassalage is extirpated from the face of the earth! 
pronounced, by universal acclamation, to We are giving to our slaves the follow- 
be such as no man, or body of men, ought ing easy sums for resolution: If the 
to submit to for one moment. I there- principle involved in a threepenny tax 
fore tell the American slaves that the on tea justified a seven years war, how 
time for their emancipation is come; that, much blood may be lawfully spilt in 
their own task-masters being witnesses, resisting the principle that one human 
they are created equal to the rest of man- being has a right to the body and 
kind, and possess an inalienable right to soul of another, on account of the color 
liberty; and that no man has a right to of the skin? Again, if the impressment 
hold them in bondage. I counsel them of 6,000 American seamen by Great Brit- 
not to fight for their freedom, both on ac- ain furnished sufficient cause for a bloody 
count of the hopelessness of the effort, struggle with that nation, and the sac- 
and because it is rendering evil for evil; rifice of hundreds of millions of capital 
but I tell them, not less emphatically, it in self-defence, how many lives may bo 
is not wrong for them to refuse to wear taken, by way of retribution, on account 
the yoke of slavery any longer. Let them of the enslavement as chattels of more 
shed no blood enter into no conspiracies than 2,000,000 of American laborers? 
raise no murderous revolts; but, how- Oppression and insurrection go hand-m 
erer and wherever they can break their hand, as cause and effect are allied to- 
fetters, God give them courage to do so! gether. In what age of the w T orld have 
And should they attempt to elope from tyrants reigned with impunity, or the 
their house of bondage, and come to the victims of tyranny not resisted unto 
North, may each of them find a covert blood? Besides our grand insurrection 
from the search of the spoiler, and an against the authority of the mother coun- 
invincible public sentiment to shield them try, there have been many insurrections, 
from the grasp of the kidnapper! Sue- during the last 200 years, in various 
cess attend them in their flight to Can- sections of the land, on the part of the 
ada, to touch whose monarchical soil victims of our tyranny, but without the 
insures freedom to every republican success that attended our own struggle, 
slave ! The last was the memorable one in 
Is this preaching sedition? Sedition Southampton, Va., headed by a black 
against what? Not the lives of the patriot, nicknamed, in the contemptuous 
Southern oppressors, for I renew the nomenclature of slavery, " Nat " Turner, 
solemn injunction, "Shed no blood!" but The name does not strike the ear so 
against unlawful authority, and barba- harmoniously as that of Washington, or 
rous usage, and unrequited toil. If slave- Lafayette, or Hancock, or Warren; but 
holders are still obstinately bent upon the name is nothing. It is not in the 
plundering and starving their long-suf- power of all the slave - holders upon 
fering victims, let them look well to con- earth to render odious the memory of 

31 



GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD 



that sable chieftain. " Resistance to ty 
rants is obedience to God " was our Rev 
olutionary motto. We acted upon that 
motto what more did Nat Turner? Says 
George McDuffie : " A people who deliber 
ately submit to oppression, with a full 
knowledge that they are oppressed, are fit 
only to be slaves. No tyrant ever made 
a slave; no community, however small, 
having the spirit of freedom, ever yet had 
a master. It does not belong to men to 
count the costs and calculate the hazards 
of vindicating their rights and defending 
their liberties." So reasoned Nat Turner, 
and acted accordingly. Was he a patriot, 
or a monster? Do we mean to say to the 
oppressed of all nations, in the sixty-third 
year of our independence, and on July 4, 
that our example in 1776 was a bad one, 
and ought not to be followed? As a 
Christian non-resident I, for one, am pre- 



their rights, but also of their wrongs! 
That must be a rare piece of information 
to them, truly. Tell a man who has just 
had his back flayed by the lash, till a 
pool of blood is at his feet, that somebody 
has flogged him! Tell him who wears an 
iron collar upon his neck, and a chain 
upon his heels, that his limbs are fettered, 
as if he knew it not! Tell those who re 
ceive no compensation for their toil that 
they are unrighteously defrauded! In 
spite of all their whippings, and depriva 
tions, and forcible separations, like cattle 
in the market, it seems that the poor 
slaves realized a heaven of blissful igno 
rance, until their halcyon dreams were 
disturbed by the pictorial representations 
and exciting descriptions of the aboli 
tionists! What! have not the slaves 
eyes? Have they not hands, organs, di 
mensions, senses, affections, passions? 



pared to say so; but are the people ready Are they not fed with the same food, hurt 

with the same weapons, subject to the 
same diseases, healed by the same means, 
warmed and cooled by the same winter and 
summer, as freemen are? "If we prick 
them, do they not bleed? If we tickle 
them, do they not laugh? If we poison them, 
do they not die? And if we wrong them, 
will they not be revenged?" 

" For the slave-holders," we are told, 
" there is no peace, by night or by day ; 
but every moment is a moment of alarm, 
and their enemies are of their own house 
hold." It is the hand of a friendly vindi 
cator, moreover, that rolls up the cur 
tain! What but the most atrocious 
tyranny on the part of the masters, and 
the most terrible sufferings on the part 
of the slaves, can account for such alarm, 
such insecurity, such apprehensions that 
" even a more horrible catastrophe " than 
that of arson and murder may transpire 
nightly? It requires all the villany that 
has ever been charged upon Southern op 
pressors, and all the wretchedness that 
has ever been ascribed to the oppressed, 
to work out so fearful a result and that 
the statement is true, the most distin 
guished slave-holders have more than once 
certified. That it is true, the entire code 
of slave laws whips and yokes and fet 
ters the nightly patrol restriction of 
locomotion on the part of the slaves, ex 
cept with passes muskets, pistols, and 
bowie-knives in the bed-chambers during 



to say no chains ought to be broken by 
the hands of violence, and no blood spilt 
in defence of inalienable human rights, in 
any quarter of the globe? If not, then 
our slaves will peradventure take us 
at our word and there will be given unto 
us blood to drink, for we are worthy. 
Why accuse abolitionists of stirring them 
up to insurrection? The charge is false; 
but what if it were true? If any man 
has a right to fight for liberty, this right 
equally extends to all men subjected to 
bondage. In claiming this right for them 
selves, the American people necessarily 
concede it to all mankind. If, therefore, 
they are found tyrannizing over any part 
of the human race, they voluntarily seal 
their own death-warrant, and confess that 
they deserve to perish. 

" What are the banners ye exalt? the deeds 
That raised your fathers pyramid of 

fame? 
Ye show the wound that still in history 

bleeds, 

And talk exulting of the patriot s name 
Then, when your words have waked a kin 
dred flame 

And slaves behold the freedom ye adore, 
And deeper feel their sorrow and their 

shame, 

Ye double all the fetters that they wore, 
And press them down to earth, till hope 
exults no more !" 

But. it seems, abolitionists have the 
audacity to tell the slaves, not only of 



32 



GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD 

the hours of rest the fear of intercom- our character, can disturb the serenity of 
munication of colored freemen and the our minds; nor can any threats of vio- 
slaves the prohibition of even alphabet!- knee, or prospect of suffering, deter us 
cal instruction, under pains and penalties, from our purpose. That we manifest a 
lo the victims of wrong the refusal to bad spirit is not to be denied on the tes- 
admit their testimony against persons of timony of the Southern slave-driver, or his 
a white complexion the wild consterna- Northern apologist. That our philan- 
tion and furious gnashing of teeth exhib- thropy is exclusive, in the favor of but 
ited by the chivalric oppressors at the one pa.rty, is not proved by our denouncing 
sight of an anti-slavery publication the the oppressor, and sympathizing with his 
rewards offered for the persons of aboli- victim. That we are seeking popularity, 
tionists the whipping of Dresser, and is not apparent from our advocating an 
the murder of Lovejoy the plundering of odious and unpopular cause, and vindicat- 
the United States mail the application ing, at the loss of our reputation, the 
of lynch law to all who are found sym- rights of a people who are reckoned among 
pathizing with the slave population as the offscouring of all things. That our 
men, south of the Potomac the reign of motives are disinterested, they who swim 
mobocracy in place of constitutional law with the popular current, and partake 
and, finally, the Pharaoh-like conduct of of the gains of unrighteousness, and 
the masters, in imposing new burdens and plunder the laborers of their wages, are 
heavier fetters upon their down-trodden net competent to determine. That our 
vassals all these things, together with a language is uncharitable and un-Christian, 
long catalogue of others, prove that the they who revile us as madmen, fanatics, 
abolitionists have not " set aught down incendiaries, traitors, cut-throats, etc., 
in malice" against the South; that cannot be allowed to testify. That our 
they have exaggerated nothing. They measures are violent is not demon- 
warn us, as with miraculous speech, that, strated by the fact that we wield no 
unless justice be speedily done, a bloody physical weapons, pledge ourselves not to 
catastrophe is to come, which will roll a countenance insurrection, and present the 
gory tide of desolation through the land, peaceful front of non-resistance to those 
and may, peradventure, blot out the mem- who put our lives in peril. That our ob- 
ory of the scenes of Santo Domingo. They ject is chimerical or unrighteous is not 
are the premonitory rumblings of a great substantiated by the fact of its being 
earthquake the lava token of a heaving commenced by Almighty God, and sup- 
volcano! God grant that, while there is ported by His omnipotence, as well as ap- 
time and a way to escape, we may give proved by the wise and good in every age 
heed to these signals of impending retri- and in all countries. If the charge, so 
bution! often brought against us, be true, that 

One thing I know full well. Calumni- our temper is rancorous, and our spirit 
ated, abhorred, persecuted as the aboli- turbulent, how has it happened that, dur- 
tionists have been, they constitute the ing so long a conflict with slavery, not a 
body-guard of the slave-holders, not to single instance can be found in which an 
strengthen their opposition, but to shield abolitionist has committed a breach of 
them from the vengeance of their slaves, the peace, or violated any law of his 

Instead of seeking their destruction, country? If it be true that we are not 
abolitionists are endeavoring to save them actuated by the highest principles of rec- 
from midnight conflagration and sudden titude, nor governed by the spirit of for- 
death, by beseeching them to remove the bearance, I ask once more how it has 
cause of insurrection; and by holding come to pass that, when our meetings 
out to slaves the hope of a peaceful de- have been repeatedly broken up by lawless 
liverance. We do not desire that any men, our property burned in the streets, 
should perish. Having a conscience void our dwellings sacked, our persons brutally 
of offence in this matter, and cherishing assailed, and our lives put in imminerit 
a love for our race which is " without par- peril, we have refused to lift a finger in 
tiality and without hypocrisy," no im- self-defence, or to maintain our rights 
peachment of our motives, or assault upon in the spirit of worldly patriotism? 
iv. c 33 



GABRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD 



If it must be so, let the defenders of 
slavery still have all the brick-bats, 
bowie-knives, and pistols, which the land 
can furnish; but let us possess all the 
arguments, facts, warnings, and promises 
\\liich insure the final triumph of our 
holy cause. 

Nothing is easier than for the abo 
litionists, if they were so disposed, as it 
were in the twinkling of an eye, to " cry 
havoc and let slip the dogs of war," and 
fill this whole land with the horrors of a 
civil and servile commotion. It is only 
for them to hoist but one signal, to kindle 
but a single torch, to give but a single 
bugle-call, and the 3,000,000 of colored vic 
tims of oppression, both bond and free, 
would start up as one man, and make 
the American soil drunk with the blood 
of the slain. How fearful and tremen 
dous is the power, for good and evil, thus 
lodged in their hands! Besides being 
stimulated by a desire to redress the 
wrongs of their enslaved countrymen, 
they could plead in extenuation of their 
conduct for resorting to arms (and their 
plea would be valid, according to the 
theory and practice of republicanism), 
that they had cruel wrongs of their own 
to avenge, and sacred rights to secure, 
inasmuch as they are thrust out beyond 
the pale of the Constitution, excluded from 
one-half of the Union by the fiat of the 
lynch code, deprived of the protection ot 
the law, and branded as traitors, because 
they dare to assert that God wills all men 
to be free! Now, I frankly put it to 
the understandings of Southern men, 
whether, in view of these considerations, 
it is adding anything to their safety, or 
postponing the much-dreaded catastrophe 
a single hour whether, in fact, it is 
not increasing their peril, and rendering 
an early explosion more probable for 
them to persevere in aggravating the con 
dition of their slaves, by tightening their 
chains and increavsing the heavy burdens 
or wreaking their malice upon the free 
people of color or in adopting every base 
and unlawful measure to wound the char 
acter, destroy the property, and jeopard 
the lives of abolitionists, and thus leaving 
no stone unturned to inflame them to des 
peration? All this Southern men have 
done, and are still doing, as if animated 
by an insane desire to be destroyed. 



The object of the Anti-slavery Asso 
ciation is not to destroy men s lives, des 
pots though they be, but to prevent the 
spilling of human blopd. It is to en 
lighten the understanding, arouse the con 
science, affect the heart. We rely upon 
moral power alone for success. The 
ground upon which we stand belongs to 
no sect or party it is holy ground. 
Whatever else may divide us in opinion, 
in this one thing we are agreed, that 
slave-holding is a crime under all circum 
stances, and ought to be immediately and 
unconditionally abandoned. We enforce 
upon no man either a political or a re 
ligious test as a condition of membership; 
but at the same time we expect every 
abolitionist to carry out his principles 
consistently, impartially, faithfully, in 
whatever station he may be called to act, 
or wherever conscience may lead him to 
go. I hail this union of hearts as a 
bright omen that all is not lost. To the 
slave-holding South it is more terrible 
than a military army with banners. It is 
indeed a sublime spectacle to see men for 
getting their jarring creeds and party 
affinities, and embracing each other as one 
and indivisible in a struggle in behalf of 
our common Christianity and our com 
mon nature. God grant that no root of 
bitterness may spring up to divide us 
asunder! "United we stand, divided we 
fall," and if we fall what remains for our 
country but a fearful looking for of judg 
ment and of fiery indignation that shall 
consume it? Jail we cannot if our trust 
be in the Lord of Hosts and in the power 
of His might not in man, nor any body 
of men. Divided we cannot be if we truly 
" remember them that are in bonds as 
bound with them," and love our neighbors 
as ourselves. 

Genuine abolitionism is not a hobby 
got up for personal or associated aggran 
dizement; it is not a political ruse; it is 
not a spasm of sympathy which lasts but 
for a moment, leaving the system weak 
and worn ; it is not a fever of enthusiasm ; 
it is not the fruit of fanaticism; it is not 
a spirit of faction. It is of Heaven, not 
of men. It lives in the heart as a vital 
principle. It is an essential part of 
Christianity, and aside from it there can 
be no humanity. Its scope is not con 
fined to the slave population of the United 
34 



GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD 



States, but embraces mankind. Opposi 
tion cannot weary it out, force cannot put 
it down, fire cannot consume it. It is the 
spirit of Jesus, who was sent " to bind 
up the broken-hearted, to proclaim liberty 
to the captives, and the opening of the 
prison to them that are bound ; to pro 
claim the acceptable year of the Lord, 
and the day of vengeance of our God." 
Its principles are self-evident, its meas 
ures rational, its purpose? merciful and 
just. It cannot be diverted from the 
path of duty, though all earth and hell 
oppose; for it is lifted far above all 
earth-born fear. When it fairly takes 
possession of the soul, you may trust the 
soul-carrier anywhere, that he will not be 
recreant to humanity. In short, it is a 
life, not an impulse- a quenchless flame 
of philanthropy, not a transient spark of 
sentimentalism. 

Will it be retorted that we dare not 
resist that we are cowards? Cowards! 
no man believes it. They are the dastards 
who maintain might makes right; whose 
arguments are brick-bats and rotten eggs; 
whose weapons are dirks and bowie- 
knives ; and whose code of justice is lynch 
law. A love of liberty, instead of un 
nerving men, makes them intrepid, heroic, 
invincible. It was so at Thermopylae it 
was so on Bunker Hill. 

Who so tranquil, who so little agi 
tated, in storm or sunshine, as the abo 
litionists? But what consternation, what 
running to and fro like men at their wits 
end, what trepidation, what anguish of 
spirit, on the part of their enemies ! How 
Southern slave-mongers quake and tremble 
at the faintest whisperings of an abo 
litionist 1 For, truly, " the thief doth fear 
each bush an officer." Oh! the great poet 
of nature is right 

" Thrice is he arm d that hath his quarrel 

just: 

And he but naked, though lock d up in steel, 
Whose conscience with injustice is cor 
rupted." 

A greater than Shakespeare certifies 
the "wicked flee when no man pursueth; 
but the righteous are bold as a lion." In 
this great contest of right against wrong, 
of liberty against slavery, who are the 
wicked, if they be not those who, like 
Vultures and vampires, are gorging them- 



selves with human blood; if they be not 
the plunderers of the poor, the spoilers 
of the defenceless, the traffickers in 
" slaves and the souls of men " ? Who are 
the cowards, if not those who shrink from 
manly argumentation, the light of truth, 
the concussion of mind, and a fair field; 
if not those whose prowess, stimulated 
by whiskey potations or the spirit of mur 
der, grows rampant as the darkness of 
night approaches; whose shouts and yells 
are savage and fiend-like; who furiously 
exclaim: "Down with free discussion! 
down with the liberty of the press! down 
with the right of petition! down with 
constitutional law!"; who rifle mail-bags, 
throw type and printing-presses into the 
river, burn public halls dedicated to " vir 
tue, liberty, and independence," and assas 
sinate the defenders of inalienable human 
rights ? 

And who are the righteous, in this case, 
if they be not those who will " have no 
fellowship with the unfruitful words of 
darkness, but rather reprove them " ; who 
maintain that the laborer is worthy of his 
hire, that the marriage institution is sa 
cred, that slavery is a system cursed of 
God, that tyrants are the enemies of man 
kind, and that immediate emancipation 
should be given to all who are pining in 
bondage? Who are the truly brave, if 
not those who demand for truth and error 
alike free speech, a free press, an open 
arena, the right of petition, and no 
quarter? If not those, who, instead of 
skulking from the light, stand forth in the 
noontide blaze of day, and challenge 
their opponents to emerge from their 
wolf-like dens, that, by a rigid examina 
tion, it may be seen who has stolen ths 
wedge of gold, in whose pocket are the 
thirty pieces of silver, and whose gar 
ments are stained with the blood of inno 
cence ? 

The charge, then, that we are beside 
ourselves, that we are both violent and 
cowardly, is demonstrated to be false, in 
a signal manner. I thank God that the 
weapons of our warfare are not carnal, 
but spiritual. I thank Him that, by His 
grace, and by our deep concern for the op 
pressed, we have been enabled, in Chris 
tian magnanimity, to pity and pray for 
our enemies, and to overcome their evil 
with good. Overcome, I say: not merely 



GASPE GASPEE 

suffered unresistingly, but conquered glo- aground upon a low, sandy point (ever 

riously. since known as Gaspee Point) on the 

Gaspe, PHILIP IGNATIUS, military offi- west side of Narragans.et Bay. The same 

cer; born in Canada, April 5, 1714; joined night (June 9, 17 72), sixty-four armed men 

the army in 1727; served in a campaign went down from Providence in boats, capt- 




BURNING OF THE GASPEE. 



against the Natchez and Chicache Ind- ured the people on board the Gaspee, and 
ians in 1739; took part in the defeat of burned the vessel. A large reward was 
Washington at Fort Necessity; led the offered for the discovery of the perpetra- 
Canadian militia when Fort Carillon was tors (who were well known in 
attacked by the English, and was largely dence), but they were not betrayed 
instrumental in their defeat. He died in Joseph Wanton, the royal governor 
Canada June 19 1787. Rhode Island, issued a proclamation . 

" Gaspee, an armed schooner in the Brit- dering diligent search for the perpetra- 
ish revenue service, which greatly annoyed tors of the act. Admiral Montague made 
the American navigators in Narraganset endeavors towards the same end, and t 
Bay by her commander haughtily demand- home government offered a reward ot 
ing the lowering of their flags whenever $5,000 for the leader with the promise of 
th!y passed her? in token of submission, a pardon if the mformer should be an 
They often disobeyed. For this disobedi- accomplice. Not one of the men betra 
ence a Providence sloop was chased by the their trusted leader, ABRAHAM WHIPPLE 
schooner. The former, by taking a pe- (q. v.), afterwards a commodore m the 
culiar course, caused the latter to run Continental navy. When, subsequently, 

36 



GASFEE 



the colonists were at war with Great 
Britain, the act of Captain Whipple 
was avowed, and Sir James Wallace, 
in command of a British ship-of-war 
in Narraganset Bay, wrote as fol 
lows to the perpetrator of the act: 
" You, Abraham Whipple, on June 
9, 1772, burned his Majesty s vessel, 
the Gaspee, and I will hang you at 
the yard-arm." Whipple coolly re 
plied : " Sir, always catch your man 
before you hang him." A ballad was 
written at the time, containing fifty- 
eight lines of doggerel verse, which 
ended as follows: 

" Now, for to find these people out, 
King George has offered very stout, 
One thousand pounds to find out one 
That wounded William Duddington. 
One thousand more he says he ll spare 
For those who say the sheriff s were. 
One thousand more there doth remain 
For to find out the leader s name ; 
Likewise five hundred pounds per man 
For any one of all the clan. 
But, let him try his utmost skill, 
I m apt to think he never will 
Find out any of those hearts of gold, 
Though he should offer fifty-fold." 

After the destruction of the Gaspee, 
a commission, composed of Admiral 
Montague, the vice-admiralty judge at 
Boston, the chief-justices of Massachusetts 
(Peter Oliver), New York (D. Horsman- 
den), and New Jersey (F. Smyth), and 
the governor of Rhode Island (J. Wan 
ton), met at Newport to inquire into the 
affair. Robert Auchmuty took the place 




<e^7 




SIGNATURES OF THE COMMISSIONERS. 



of Montague. The commissioners were 
notified that there had been no neglect of 
duty or connivance on the part of the 
provincial government, and it was inti 
mated that this special court was unneces 
sary and alarming. The Assembly of Rhode 
Island met at East Greenwich to watch 




GASPEE POINT. 



37 



GASTON GATES 




\ 



HORATIO GATES. 



the commissioners, and Governor Wanton 
laid before it his instructions to arrest 
offenders, and send them to England for 
trial. Chief - Justice Stephen Hopkins 
asked the Assembly how he should act. 
They left it to his discretion, for they 
were assured of his patriotism and sound 
judgment. " Then," said Hopkins, in the 
presence of both Houses, " for the purpose 
of transportation for trial I will neither 
apprehend any person by my own order, 
nor suffer any executive officer in the 
colony to do it." The commissioners ad 
journed without eliciting any positive 
Knowledge of the persons who destroyed 
the vessel. See BROWN", JOHN. 

Gaston, WILLIAM, jurist; born at New- 
bern, N. C., Sept. 19, 1778; graduated 
at the College of New Jersey in 1796, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1798, 
when he soon became the leading lawyer 
in his State. Serving in his State legis 
lature, he was elected to Congress in 1812, 
and remained in that body until 1817. 
The laws and judicial organization of his made commander of the Southern Depart- 
State bear marks of his wisdom. He was ment, but made a disastrous campaign, his 
judge of the Supreme Court of North army being utterly defeated and routed 
Carolina from 1834 till his death, in by Corn wall is near Camden, S. C., in 
Raleigh, N. C., Jan. 23, 1844. Judge Gas- August, 1780. This defeat terminated 
ton was an advocate of free suffrage for Gates s military career. He was removed 
colored men. from command and suspended from ser- 

G-ates, HORATIO, military officer ; born vice, but was finally vindicated, and re 
in Maldon, England, in 1728 ; was a god- instated in command in 1782. He re- 
son of Horace Walpole ; entered the Brit- tired to his estate in Virginia, and in 
ish army in his youth, and rose rapidly 1790 made his residence in New York 
to the rank of major; came to America; City, having first emancipated all his 
was severely wounded at Braddock s de- slaves, and provided for such of them 
feat (1755); and was aide to General as could not take care of themselves. He 
Monckton in the expedition against Mar- wa s presented with the freedom of the 
tinique in 1762. After the peace he city of New York, and elected to the State 
bought an estate in Virginia, and when legislature, but declined to serve. He died 
the Revolutionary War broke out Con- i n New York City, April 10, 1806. 
gress appointed him (June, 1775) ad- Gates, SIR THOMAS, colonial governor; 
jutant-general of the Continental army, born in England in the sixteenth century, 
with the rank of brigadier-general. In and lived during a part of the seventeenth; 
1776-77 he was twice in command of the ] e ft England with 500 settlers for the Vir- 
Northern army, having, through intrigue, g ; n i a colony in 1009. The expedition con- 
displaced General Schuyler. He gained s j s ted of ten ships, three of which were 
undeserved honors as commander of the ] os t during the voyage, which did not end 
troops that defeated and captured Bur- till May 24, 1610*. Gates soon after re- 
goyne and his army in the fall of 1777. turned to England to report the affairs 
He soon afterwards intrigued for the po- O f t } ie co lony, and collected 300 new 
sition of Washington as commander-in- emigrants, with whom he arrived in Vir- 
chief, using his power as president of the g j n j a i n August, 1611. He then became 
board of war for the purpose, but igno- rr vernor of the colony, but returned 
miniously failed. In June, 1780, he was fi na iiy to England in 1614. 

38 



GATES GAYARRE 



Gates, WILLIAM, military officer; born sociate of the National Academy of Design 
in Massachusetts in 1788; graduated at in 1879, and academician in 1882. He has 
West Point in 180G; served throughout the made a specialty of historical paintings, 
War of 1812, the Florida War, and the war and has contributed many drawings il- 
with Mexico. He was retired from active lustrating the wars of the United States 
service in 1863, and died in New York to the illustrated periodicals. 
City, Oct. 7, 1868. Gray, EBENEZER, clergyman; born in 

Gatling, RICHARD JORDAN, inventor; Dedham, Mass., Aug. 26, 1696; gradu- 
born in Hertford county, N. C., Sept. 12, ated at Harvard in 1714; became pastor 
1818. His first invention was a screw of the Congregational church at Hing- 

ham, Mass., which he served for seventy 
years. During the Revolution he sympa 
thized with the British. The sermon 
which he preached upon the completion 
of his eighty-fifth year was published in 
America and reprinted in England. It 
is generally known as The Old Man s Cal 
endar. He died in Hingham,Mass.,in 1787. 
Gay, PICARD DU, explorer; born in 
France and lived in the seventeenth cen 
tury; was with Michael Ako and Father 
Hennepin on an expedition to discover the 
sources of the Mississippi River. On April 
11, 1680, they reached Wisconsin, and not 
long afterwards discovered the cataract 
which Hennepin named the " Falls of St. 
Anthony." They remained in this district 
about three months, and then returned 
to Canada by the way of the St. Lawrence 
River. 

Gay, SYDNEY HOWARD, historian; born 
in Hingham, Mass., in 1814; began the 
study of law, but abandoned it and con 
nected himself with the anti-slavery move- 

for propelling water-craft. Later he de- ment; was editor of the Anti - slavery 
signed a machine for sowing rice, and, Standard in 1844-57; managing editor of 
on removing to St. Louis in 1844, adapted the New York Tribune for some years; and 
it to sowing wheat in drills. In 1861 subsequently was connected with the Chi- 
he conceived the idea of his revolving bat- cago Tribune and the New York Evening 
tery gun. This was first manufactured Post. He wrote a History of the United 
in 1862, at Indianapolis. Subsequently St cites (4 volumes), to which William Cul- 
twelve were made and used on the James len Bryant furnished a preface, and also 
River, Va., by General Butler. In 1866 many valuable suggestions. He died on 
Gatling further improved this invention, Staten Island, N. Y., June 25, 1888. 
and after satisfactory trials at Washing- Gayarre, CHARLES ETIENNE ARTHUR, 
ton and Fort Monroe the Gatling gun was historian ; born in New Orleans, La., Jan. 
adopted by the United States government. 9, 1805; studied law in Philadelphia; ad- 
It is now in use also in nearly all Euro- mitted to the New Orleans bar in 1830; 
pean countries. In 1880 he invented a served his State in various capacities until 
new gun-metal, composed of steel and alu- 1835, when he was elected to the United 
minum. Later Congress voted him $40,000 States Senate, but was unable to take his 
for proof experiments in a new method of seat on account of ill health. He was 
casting cannon. He died in New York, abroad eight years, and on his return was 
Feb. 26, 1903. again sent to the State legislature; sub- 

Gaul, GILBERT WILLIAM, artist; born in sequently appointed secretary of state. 
Jersey City, March 31, 1855; elected as- Among his works are Louisiana as a 

39 




RICHARD JORDAN GATLING. 



GEARY GEIGER 



French Colony; Louisiana, under the 
Spanish Domination; Louisiana: Its Colo 
nization, History and Romance; A Com 
plete History of Louisiana, etc. He died 
in New Orleans, La., Feb. 11, 1895. 

Geary, JOHN WHITE, military officer; 
born in Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland 
co., Pa., Dec. 30, 1819; became a civil 
engineer, and served as lieutenant-colonel 
of a Pennsylvania regiment of volunteers 
in the war with Mexico, wherein he was 
wounded, and for gallant services was 
made colonel of his regiment. He was 
first commander of the city of Mexico 
after its capture. He went to San Fran 
cisco in 1848, and was the first mayor of 
that city. Returning to Pennsylvania, he 
was appointed territorial governor of 
Kansas in July, 1856, an office he held 
one year. Early in 1861 he raised and 
equipped the 28th regiment of Pennsyl 
vania volunteers. In the spring of 1862 



ernor of Savannah and brevet major-gen 
eral. In 1866 he was elected governor of 
Pennsylvania, and held the office till with 
in two weeks of his death, in Harris- 
burg, Feb. 8, 1873. 

Gedd.es, JAMES LORRAINE, military offi 
cer; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 
19, 1827; emigrated to Canada in 1837; 
subsequently returned to the continent and 
enlisted in the Indian army, serving in 
the Punjab campaign; emigrated to Iowa 
in 1857 ; at the outbreak of the Civil War 
enlisted as a private, but soon received a 
commission, and ultimately was made 
brevet brigadier-general of volunteers. He 
wrote a number of war songs which be 
came very popular, among them The Stars 
and Stripes and The Soldier s Battle-pray 
er. He died in Ames, la., Feb. 21, 1887. 

Geiger, EMILY, heroine; born in South 
Carolina about 1760. While General 
Greene was pursuing Lord Rawdon 




,. 
EMILY GEIQKR S ARREST. 



he was promoted brigadier general, and towards Orangeburg, he wished to send 
did good service throughout the war, be- a message to General Sumter, then on the 
coming, at the end of Sherman s march Santee, to take a position in front of the 
from Atlanta to the sea, military gov- enemy and impede his flight. The errand 

40 



GELELEMEND GENERAL ARMSTRONG 

was a most perilous one, and no man in General Armstrong, THE, a noted 
the army was bold enough to undertake it, privateer, fitted out in New York in 
for the Tories were everywhere on the 1812. The merchants of New York fitted 
alert. Emily Geiger, a girl of eighteen out no less than twenty-six fast-sailing 
years of age, volunteered to carry the let- privateers and letters-of-marque within 
ter to Sumter. Greene told her its con- 120 days after the declaration of war 
tents, so that, in case she found it neces- (1812), carrying about 200 pieces of artil- 
sary to destroy it, the message might be lery, and manned by over 2,000 seamen, 
delivered orally. The girl mounted a fleet Among the most noted of these privateers 
horse, crossed the Wateree at the Camden was the General Armstrong, a moderate- 
ferry, and, while passing through a dry sized schooner, mounting a " Long Tom " 
swamp, was arrested by some Tory scouts. 42-pounder and eighteen carronades. Her 
As she came from the direction of Greene s complement was 140 men; her first corn- 
army, her errand was suspected. She was mander was Captain Barnard; her sec- 
taken to a house at the edge of a swamp, ond, Capt. G. R. Champlin. Early in 
and a woman employed to search her. March, 1813, while Champlin was cruising 
When left alone, she ate up Greene s let- off the Surinam River, on the coast of 
ler, piece by piece, and no evidence being South America, he gave chase to the Brit- 
found against her, she was released with ish sloop-of-war Coquette, mounting twen- 
many apologies. She passed on to Sum- ty-seven guns and manned by 126 men 
ter s camp, and very soon he and Marion and boys. They engaged in conflict be- 
wcre co-operating with Greene. Emily tween nine and ten o clock (March 11, 
afterwards married a rich planter on the 1813). Supposing his antagonist to be a 
Congaree. British letter-of-marque, Champlin ran 

Gelelemend, or Kill-Buck, a chief of the Armstrong down upon her, with the 
the Delaware Indians; born in Penn- intention of boarding her. When it was 
sylvania in 1737. During the Revolution- too late, Champlin discovered that she 
ary War he did all in his power to keep was a heavier vessel than he suspected, 
his people neutral, a stand which aroused They poured heavy shot into each other, 
the animosity of those in his tribe who and for a while the fight was very obsti- 
had joined the English. In 1788 he join- nate, within pistol-shot distance. Champ 
ed the Moravian mission in Salem, 0., lin was wounded and his vessel severely 
receiving the name of William Henry, bruised, but, getting free from the Co- 
He died in Goshen, O., in 1811. quette by a vigorous use of sweeps, the 

Genealogies, AMERICAN. In recent Armstrong escaped under a heavy fire 
years, and especially since the organization from her antagonist. The Tammany So- 
of the various patriotic societies, there ciety of New York gave the captain an 
has been a much larger attention paid to elegant sword, and voted thanks to his 
the gathering and perfecting of family companions in the fight. In 1814 the 
records than ever before. The chief pres- General Armstrong was under the com- 
ent desire is confined in a large measure inand of Capt. Samuel C. Reid, and in 
to an ambition to become allied to one September she was in the harbor of Fayal, 
or more of the patriotic orders, and this one of the islands of the Azores, belong- 
desire has become so widely spread and ing to Portugal. It was a neutral port, 
deep-rooted that the public libraries of and Reid did not expect to be disturbed 
the country have found it necessary to there by British vessels. He was mis- 
assemble county histories and genealogical taken. 

works in one place for the convenience On the 26th Commodore Lloyd appeared 

of this class of investigators. The same off the harbor with his flag-ship, the 

desire has also increased the publication I iantagcnet, seventy-four guns; the frig- 

of family records. The genealogical lit- ate Rota, forty-four, Captain Somerville; 

erature of the United States is now ex- and the brig Carnation, eighteen, Captain 

ceedingly voluminous. One of the earliest Bentham; each with a full complement 

and most important publications of this of men. The Armstrong had only seven 

character is Savage s New England Gene- guns and ninety men, including her offi- 

alogies. cers. In violation of the laws and usages 

41 



GENERAL ARMSTRONG GENEST 



of neutrality, Lloyd sent into the harbor, 
at eight o clock in the evening, four large 
and well-armed launches, manned by 
about forty men each. At that time Reid, 
suspecting mischief, was warping his ves 
sel under the guns of the castle. The 
moon was shining brightly. The barges 
and the privateer opened fire almost 
simultaneously, and the launches were 
driven off with heavy loss. At midnight 
fourteen launches were sent in, manned 
by about 500 men. A terrible conflict en 
sued, which lasted forty minutes, when 
the launches were again repulsed, with a 
loss of 120 killed and 130 wounded. At 
daylight (Sept. 27) a third attack was 
made by the brig Carnation, which opened 
heavily, but was soon so cut up by the 
well-directed guns of the Armstrong that 
she hastily withdrew. The privateer was 
also much damaged, and it being evident 
that she could not endure a fourth attack, 
Captain Reid directed her to be scuttled, 
to prevent her falling into the hands of 
the British. She was then abandoned, 
when the British boarded her and set her 
on fire. While the British lost over 300 
men in the three attacks, the Armstrong 
lost only two men killed and seven wound 
ed during the ten hours. 

To Captain Reid and his brave men is 
justly due the credit of saving New 
Orleans from capture. Lloyd s squadron 
was a part of the expedition then gath 
ering at Jamaica for the invasion of 
Louisiana. The object of the attack on 
the Armstrong was to capture her, and 
make her a useful auxiliary in the work. 
She so crippled her assailants that they 
did not reach Jamaica until ten days 
later than the expedition intended to sail 
from there. It had waited for Lloyd, and 
when it approached New Orleans Jackson 
had made ample arrangements to receive 
the invaders. Had they arrived ten days 
sooner the city must have fallen. The 
State of New York gave Captain Reid 
thanks and a sword, and lie was greeted 
with enthusiasm on his return to the 
United States. The Portuguese government 
demanded and received from the British 
an apology for the violation of neu 
trality, and restitution for the destruc 
tion of Portuguese property at Fayal dur 
ing the action. That government also de 
manded satisfaction and indemnification 



for the destruction of the American vessel 
in their neutral port. This was refused, 
and neither the owners of the vessel nor 
their heirs ever received indemnification 
for their losses either from Great Britain 
or Portugal. 

Genest, or Genet, EDMOND CHARLES, 
diplomatist; born in Versailles, France, 
Jan. 8, 1765. His literary talent was 
early developed. At the age of twelve 
years he received from the King of Swe- 




EDMOND CHARLES GENEST. 

den a gold medal for a translation of the 
history of Eric XIV. into Swedish, with 
notes by himself. He was a brother of 
the celebrated Madame Campan, and was 
brought up in the French Court ; yet he 
was a republican. Attached to the em 
bassies of Berlin, Vienna, London, and 
St. Petersburg, he maintained his repub 
lican bias, and on his return from the 
Russian Court (1792) was appointed min 
ister to the United States. He had al 
ready been made adjutant-general of the 
armies of France and minister to Hol 
land by the revolutionists, and employed 
in revolutionizing Geneva and annexing 
it to France. He arrived at Charleston, 
S. C., April 9, 1793. He was received 
with open arms by the Republican, or 
Democratic, party. He was disposed to 
treat the United States government with 
contempt, believing the people would 



42 



GENEST, EDMOND CHARLES 

not sustain it in its coldness towards out of the presence of Washington, he be- 
the French revolutionists. He came with came the same defiant champion of the 
blank commissions for naval and military " rights of the people," affecting to be 
service, and before he proceeded to the shocked at the evidences of monarchical 
seat of government to present his creden- sympathies in the President s house. He 
tials he fitted out two privateers at there saw a bust of Louis XVI., and de- 
Charleston to prey on British commerce, clared its presence in the house of the 
and gave authority to every French con- President of the United States was an 
sul in America to constitute himself a " insult to France," and he was " aston- 
court of admiralty to dispose of prizes ished " to find that relatives of Lafayette 
brought into American ports by French had lately been admitted to the presence 
cruisers. One of these vessels, L Embus- of the President. His feelings were speed- 
cade, went prowling up the coast, seizing ily soothed in a great banquet-hall of his 
several small vessels, and finally captur- republican friends, May 23, 1793, where 
ing a British merchantman within the his ears were greeted with the Marseilles 
capes of the Delaware, when she proceeded Hymn, and his eyes delighted with a " tree 
in triumph to Philadelphia, where she of Liberty " on the table. His heart was 
was received with acclamations of joy by made glad by having the red cap of Lib- 
the excited people. Upon the bow of ej ty placed on his own head first and then 
L Embuscade, her foremast, and her stern upon the head of each guest, while the 
liberty-caps were conspicuous, and the wearer, under the inspiration of its sym- 
British colors were reversed in the prize, bolism, uttered some patriotic sentiment, 
with the French colors flying above them. At dinner, at which the governor of Penn- 
Fourteen days later Genest arrived by sylvania (Mifflin) was present, a roasted 
land at Philadelphia, where, according to pig received the name of the murdered 
preconcert, a number of citizens met him French King, and the head, severed from 
at the Schuylkill and escorted him into his body, was carried around to each of 
the city, while cannon roared and church the guests, who, after placing the cap of 
bells rang out merry peals of welcome. Liberty on his own head, pronounced the 
There he received addresses from various word " tyrant," and proceeded to mangle 
societies, and so anxious were his admir- with his knife that of the poor pig. One 
ers to do homage to the representative of of the Republican taverns in Philadelphia 
the authors of the Reign of Terror in displayed as a sign a revolting picture of 
France that they invited him to a public the mutilated and blood-stained corpse of 
dinner before he had presented his ere- Queen Marie Antoinette, 
dentials to the President of the United This madness ran a short course, and its 
States. victims became heartily ashamed of it. 
Genest presented his credentials to Genest took this for a genuine and settled 
Washington in person (April 19, 1793), feeling, and acted upon it. Meanwhile 
and found himself in an atmosphere of the the insulted government took most digni- 
most profound dignity. He felt his own fied action. The captured British mer- 
littleness as a mere political enthusiast chantman was restored to its owners, and 
while standing before the representative the privateers were ordered out of Ameri- 
of true democracy in America, and of the can waters. Orders were sent to the col- 
soundest principles of the American re- lectors at all American ports to seize all 
public. He withdrew from the audience vessels fitted out a-s privateers, and to 
abashed and subdued. He had heard ex- prevent the sale of any prize captured by 
pressions of sincere regard for the people such vessels. Chief- Justice Jay declared 
of France that touched the sensibilities it to be the duty of grand juries to present, 
of his heart, and he had felt, in the cour- all persons guilty of such violation of the 
tesy and severe simplicity and frankness laws of nations with respect to any of the 
of the President s manner, wholly free belligerent powers. The French ambassa- 
frora effervescent enthusiasm, a withering dor and his friends were greatly irritated, 
rebuke, not only of the adulators in pub- He protested, and the Secretary of State 
lie places, but also of his own pretensions. (Jefferson), who had favored the enthu- 
aspirations, and offensive conduct. Once siasm of Genest s reception, finding he had 

43 



GENEST GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY OF THE UNITED STATES 



a troublesome friend on his hands, plain 
ly told Genest that by commissioning pri 
vateers he had violated the sovereignty of 
the United States. With offensive per 
tinacity, Genest denied this doctrine as 
contrary to right, justice, and the laws 
of nations, and threatened to " appeal 
from the President to the people "; and in 
this the Republican newspapers sustained 
him. Secret Democratic societies which 
had been formed became more bold and 
active, and Genest, mistaking the popular 
clamor for the deliberate voice of the na 
tion, actually undertook to fit out a pri 
vateer at Philadelphia, in defiance of the 
government, during the President s ab 
sence at Mount Vernon. It was a vessel 
captured by L Embuscadc, and Genest 
named her The Little Democrat. 

Governor Mifflin, like Jefferson, had be 
come sick of the " Citizen," and he inter 
fered. Genest would not heed his threats 
nor the persuasion of Jefferson. He de 
nounced the President as unfaithful to 
the wishes of the people, and resolved to 
force him to call Congress together. 
Washington, on his return to Philadel 
phia, and informed of the insolence of 
Genest, exclaimed, " Is the minister of the 
French republic to set the acts of the gov 
ernment at defiance with impunity?" His 
cabinet answered "No!" The most ex 
acting country could not counsel longer 
forbearance, and the French government 
was requested, July, 1793, to recall its 
minister; and it was done. There was a 
reaction in the public mind towards a 
more patriotic attitude. The insolence of 
Genest had shocked the national pride. 
On April 22, 1793, the President issued 
a proclamation of neutrality, which the 
radical Democrats denounced as an 
edict of royalty." Genest succeeded by 
M. Fouchet, a man equally indiscreet 
did not leave the country, as he did not 
think it prudent to return. Marrying the 
daughter of Gov. George Clinton, he be 
came a naturalized citizen of the United 
States. He was twice married, his second 
wife being a daughter of Mr. Osgood, the 
first Postmaster-General under the new 
Constitution. Fond of agriculture, he 
took great interest in its pursuit; and his 
last illness was occasioned by attendance 
at a meeting of an agricultural society 
of which he was the president. He was 



known as " Citizen Genest/ a title as 
sumed by the French revolutionists, and 
imitated by their American admirers. He 
died in Schodak, N. Y., .July 14, 1834. 

Geneva Convention. See RED CROSS. 

Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration. See 
AL ABASIA CLAIMS. 

Gentry, MEREDITH POINDEXTEB, legis 
lator; born in North Carolina, Sept. 15, 
1809; removed with his father to Tennes 
see in 1813; elected to the State legislat 
ure in 1835; to Congress in 1839. When 
his State seceded he entered the Confed 
erate Congress. He died at Nashville, 
Tenn., Nov. 2, 1SG6. 

Geographical Society, AMERICAN, an 
organization established in 1852. It aims 
to encourage geographical exploration 
and discovery; to examine and spread 
new geographical information; and to 
found a suitable place in New York where 
accurate information of every part of the 
globe may be obtained. Its headquarters 
are at 11 West Twenty-ninth street, New 
York City. Its officers in 1900 were: 
President, Seth Low; vice-presidents, W. 
H. H. Moore, Gen. Egbert L. Viele, C. C. 
Tiffany, D.D. ; corresponding secretaries 
foreign, William Libbey ; domestic, Chand 
ler Robbins; recording secretary, Anton 
A. Raven. The membership in 1900 was 
1,200. 

Geological Society of America, 
founded in 1888. Officers: President, 
George M. Dawson, Canadian Geological 
Survey, Ottawa, Canada; secretary, H. L. 
Fairchild, University of Rochester; treas 
urer, I. C. White; editor of the Bulletin 
of the Geological Society of America, J. 
Stanley Brown. In 1900 there were 245 
fellows. The entrance fee is $10, and the 
annual dues $10. 

Geological Survey of the United 
States, a branch of the Department of 
the Interior, founded in 1879, when it in 
cluded only the geological examination of 
the Territories; but in 1881 it was en 
larged so as to comprise the entire 
country, and its corps were gradually in 
creased till the survey became the most 
important of all governmental organiza 
tions for the purpose of geological ex 
amination. The director of the surrey 
has charge of the classification of the 
public lands, the examination of the geo 
logical structures, mineral resources, and 



GEOBGE I. GEORGE II. 

products of the national domain, and of George (AUGUSTUS) II., King of Great 
the survey of the forest reserves. In Britain; son of the preceding and Sophia 
1900 the chief officers were: Director, Dorothea; born in Hanover, Oct. 20, 1683. 
Charles D. Wolcott; Division of Hydrog- In his childhood and youth he was neg- 
raphy, chief, F. H. Newell; Division of lected by his father, and was brought up 
Mineral Resources, chief, David T. Day; by his grandmother, the Electress So- 
Division of Physical and Chemical Re- phia. In 1705 he married a daughter of 
searches, chief, G. F. Becker; Division of the Margrave of Brandenburg-Anspach, a 
Topography, Forest Reserves, Henry woman of superior character and ability. 
Gannett. He was made a peer of England the next 
George (LEWIS) I., King of Great year, with the chief title of Duke of 
Britain, born in Osnabriick, Hanover, May Cambridge. He was a brave soldier under 
28, 1C60; eldest son of Ernest Augustus, the Duke of Marlborough. In 1714 he ac- 
Elector of Hanover, and the first sover- companied his father to England, and was 
cign of the Hanoverian line. His mother proclaimed Prince of Wales Sept. 22. The 
was Sophia, daughter of James I. of Eng- prince and his father hated each other 
land. In 1681 he went to England to cordially, and he was made an instrument 
seek the hand of his cousin, the Princess of intrigue against the latter. The Prin- 
Anne (afterwards Queen), in marriage, cess of Wales was very popular, and the 
but, being ordered by his father not to father also hated her. At one time the 
proceed in the business, he returned, and King proposed to send the prince to Amer- 
married his cousin Sophia Dorothea. By ica, there to be disposed of so that he 
act of the convention of Parliament in should have no more trouble with him. 
1689, and by Parliament in 1701, the sue- He was crowned King Oct. 11, 1727. His 
cession of the English crown was so fixed most able minister was Walpole (as he 
that in the event of a failure of heirs by was of George I.), and he and the clever 
William and Mary, and Anne, it should Queen ruled the realm for fourteen years, 
be limited to the Electress Sophia, of He, in turn, hated his son Frederick, 
Hanover, George s mother, passing over Prince of Wales, as bitterly as he had 
nearer heirs who were Roman Catholics, been hated by his father. It was during 
By the treaty of union with Scotland the later years of the reign of George II. 
(1707) the same succession was secured that the War of the Austrian Suc- 
for its crown. By the death of Sophia cession and the French and Indian Wai- 
three months before Queen Anne died, (in which the English- American colonies 
George became heir-apparent to the throne were conspicuously engaged) occurred, 
of the latter because of failure of heirs, During that reign England had grown 
arid he succeeded her. His son, the Prince amazingly in material and moral strength 
of Wales, became openly hostile to his among the nations. The wisdom of Will- 
father in 1718, and at Leicester House iam Pitt had done much towards the ac 
he established a sort of rival court. This quirement of the fame of England, which 
enmity arose from the treatment of the had never been greater than in 1760. 
prince s mother, the unfortunate Sophia George died suddenly, like his father, in 
Dorothea (to whom he was much at- Kensington Palace, Oct. 25, 1760. He had 
tached), who, accused of intrigue with never been popular with the English 
Count Konigsmarck, was divorced in 1694, people. 

and imprisoned from that time until her There had been peace between France 
death in 1726. George I. was a man of and England for about thirty years after 
moderate intellectual ability, a cruel hus- the death of Queen Anne, during which 
band, a bad father, but not a bad sover- time the colonists in America had enjoyed 
eign, for he allowed able men to manage comparative repose. Then the selfish 
the affairs of the kingdom. He was taken strifes of European monarchs kindled war 
with a fit in his carriage, while on his again. In March, 1744, France declared 
way to Osnabriick, and died before ho war against Great Britain, and the colo- 
reached that place, June 10, 1727. His nists cheerfully prepared to begin the con- 
son, George, by the unfortunate Sophia test in America as King George s War; in 
succeeded him. Europe, the War of the Austrian Succes- 

45 



GEORGE II. GEOBGE III. 

sion. A contest arose between Maria colonies. By a treaty made at Aix-la- 
Theresa, Empress of Hungary, and the Chapelle, all prisoners and property seized 
Elector of Bavaria, for the Austrian by either party were restored. The strug- 
throne. The King of England espoused gle had been costly, and .fruitless of good 
the cause of the empress, while the King except in making a revelation of the 
of France took part with her opponent, strength of the colonists. 
This caused France to declare war against George (WILLIAM FREDERICK) III., 
Great Britain. The French had built the King of Great Britain; born in London, 
strong fort of Louisburg, on the island of June 4, 1737; grandson of George II. 
Cape Breton, after the treaty of Utrecht, His mind was narrow, his disposition 
and, because of its strength, it was called was crafty and arbitrary, and during 
the Gibraltar of America. When the war his long reign, while he was sane, 
was proclaimed, Governor Shirley, of Mas- his years were passed in continual com- 
sachusetts, perceiving the importance of bat against the growing liberal spirit of 
that place in the coming contest, plans the age. Being a native of England (which 
for its capture were speedily laid before his two royal predecessors were not), and 
the Massachusetts legislature. That body young and moral, he was at first pop- 
hesitated, but the measure was finally ular on his accession to the throne, Oct. 
agreed upon by a majority of only one 2G, 17(50. In his first speech in Parlia- 
vote. Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and ment he expressed pride in his English 
Connecticut furnished their proper quota birth, and thereby great enthusiasm in 
of troops. New York sent artillery, and his favor was excited. On Sept. 8, 1761, 
Pennsylvania provisions. Commodore he married Charlotte Sophia, sister of the 
Warren was in the West Indies with a Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who shared 
fleet, and was expected to join the provin- his throne fifty-seven years, and bore him 
cials in the expedition. After waiting fifteen children, all but two of whom grew 
gome time, the colonial forces, under Sir to maturity. Unfortunately for his king- 
William Pepperell, sailed, April 4, 1745, dom, he neglected the wise counsels of 
for Louisburg. Warren joined them at Pitt, and made his preceptor, the Scotch 
Canso early in May, and on the llth Earl of Bute, his prime minister and con- 
the combined land forces, 4,000 strong, fidential friend. The minister and his 
debarked at Gabarus Bay, a short dis- master became very unpopular, and in 
tance from the fortress. The first intima- 1763 Bute resigned, and was succeeded by 
tion the French had of danger near was GEORGE GRENVILLE (q. v.) , who inaugu- 
the sudden appearance of this formidable rated the Stamp Act policy and other ob- 
armameut. Consternation prevailed in noxious measures towards the English- 
the fort and the town. A regular siege American colonies, which caused great dis- 
was begun on May 31. Other English content, a fierce quarrel, a long war, the 
vessels of war arrived, and the combined final dismemberment" of the British em- 
fleet and army prepared for attack on pire, and the political independence of the 
June 29. Unable to make a successful re- colonies. With the Stamp Act began the 
sistance, the fortress, the town of Louis- terribly stormy period of the reign of 
burg, and the island of Cape Breton were George III. In 1783 he was compelled to 
surrendered to the English on the 28th. acknowledge the independence of his lost 
This event mortified the pride of France, American colonies. Then he had continual 
and the following year the Duke d Anville quarrels with his ministry, and talked of 
was sent with a powerful naval armament leaving England and retiring to his little 
to recover the lost fortress, and to destroy kingdom of Hanover, but refrained on be- 
English settlements along the seaboard, ing assured that it would be much easier for 
Storms wrecked many of his vessels, sick- him to leave England than to return to it. 
ness swept away hundreds of his men, and Like his two royal predecessors, George 
D Anville abandoned the enterprise with- hated his oldest son, the Prince of Wales, 
out striking a blow. Anchoring at Che- because he was generally in political op- 
bucto (now Halifax), D Anville died position to him and led a loose life. After 
there by poison, it is believed. With the a serious dispute with Russia, which 
capture of Louisburg the war ended in the threatened to seize Turkey, and another 

46 



GEORGE III. 




GEORGE III. 



with Spain, war with revolutionized 
France began in 1793, and the most arbi 
trary rule was exercised in England, driv 
ing the people at times to the verge of 
revolution. Ireland was goaded into re 
bellion, which was suppressed by the most 
cruel methods equal in atrocity to any 
perpetrated by the French in La Vendee 
and Brittany. The union of Great Brit 
ain and Ireland was effected in 1800, the 
parliament of the latter ceasing to exist. 
Against the King s wishes, peace was made 
with France in 1802; but war was again 
begun the next year. Then came the 



struggle with Napoleon Bonaparte, which 

lasted until the overthrow of that ruler of York assumed the responsibility. 

47 



at Waterloo, June, 1815. In 1810 the 
King lost his youngest and favorite 
daughter, Amelia, by death. His anxiety 
during her illness deprived him of reason. 
He had been threatened with insanity once 
or twice before; now his mind was cloud 
ed forever. The first indication of his 
malady appeared on the day of the com 
pletion of the fiftieth year of his reign, 
Oct. 25, 1810. From that date his reign 
coased in fact, and his son George, Prince 
of Wales, was made regent of the king 
dom (Feb. 5, 1811). For nearly nine 
years the care of his person was intrusted 
to the faithful Queen. In 1819 the Duke 

The 



GEORGE III. 



Queen was simple in her tastes and habits, to the army. The same evening a large 
rjgid in the performance of moral duties, concourse of soldiers and civilians as- 
kind and benevolent. Their lives were sembled at the Bowling Green, pulled 
models of moral purity and domestic hap- down the statue, broke it in pieces, and 
piness. The King died in Windsor Castle, sent a portion to the house of Oliver Wol- 
Jan. 29, 1820. cott, on the western edge of Connecticut, 

There were members of the aristocracy where it was run into bullets by his 
that, through envy, hated Pitt, who, in family. In a letter to General Gates 
spite of them, had been called to the upon this event, Ebenezer Hazard wrote: 
highest offices in the kingdom. When " His tthe King s] troops will probably 
young Prince George heard of the death have melted majesty fired at them." The 
of the King, he went to Carleton House, venerable ZACHARIAH GREENE (q. v.), 
the residence of his mother, and sent for who was present at the pulling down of 
Newcastle, Pitt s political enemy. He the statue, said the artist had made an 
;uid Lord Bute prevailed upon the young omission of stirrups for the saddle of the 
King to discard Pitt and favor their own horse, and it was a common remark of the 
schemes. Newcastle prepared the first soldiers, " The King ought to ride a hard- 
speech from the throne of George III. ; trotting horse without stirrups." Por- 
and when Pitt, as prime minister, went tions of that statue are now in possession 
to him and presented the draft of an ad- of the New York Historical Society, 
dress to be pronounced at the meeting of 
the Privy Council, he was politely in 
formed that the speech was already pre 
pared and the preliminaries were ar 
ranged. Pitt immediately perceived that 
the King s tutor and warm personal 
friend of the young King s mother, the 
Earl of Bute, had made the arrangements, 
and would occupy a conspicuous place 
in the administration. George chose Bute 
for his counsellor and guide, and Pitt, 
to whom England, more than to any other 
man, owed its present power and glory, 
was allowed to retire and have his place 
filled by this Scotch adventurer. The 
people of England were disgusted, and 
by this blunder George created a power 
ful opposition party at the beginning of 
his reign. 

The people of New York City, grateful 
for the repeal of the Stamp Act, voted a 
statue to the King and to Pitt. That of 
the former was equestrian, made of lead, 
and gilded. It was placed in the centre 
of the Bowling Green, near Fort George, 
at the foot of Broadway. Raised upon a 
pedestal, with the head of the King and 
the horse facing westward, it made an 
imposing appearance. It was set up, with 
great parade, Aug. 21, 1770. Within six 
years afterwards the people pulled it 
down, with demonstrations of contempt. 

Washington occupied New York with The arrival of Richard Penn in London 
Continental troops in the summer of 1776. with the second petition of Congress 
There he received the Declaration of aroused the anger of the King towards, 
Independence (July 9), and it was read and his fixed determination concerning, 

48 




CSUAL APPEARANCE OF GEORGE III. ABOUT 1776. 
(From a iketch by Gear.) 



GEORGE III. 



the " rebellious colonies." He refused to 
see Perm or receive the petition, and on 
Aug. 23 he issued a proclamation for sup 
pressing rebellion and sedition in Amer 
ica. " There is reason/ said the procla 
mation, " to apprehend that such re 
bellion [in America] hath been much pro 
moted and encouraged by the traitorous 
correspondence, counsels, and comfort of 
divers wicked and desperate persons with 
in our realm," and he called upon all 
officers of the realm, civil and military, 
and all his subjects, to disclose all " trait 
orous conspiracies," giving information 
of the same to one of the secretaries of 
state, " in order to bring to condign pun 
ishment the authors, perpetrators, and 
abettors of such traitorous designs." This 
proclamation was aimed at Chatham and 
Camden in the House of Lords, and Barre 
in the House of Commons, and their ac 
tive political friends. When it was read 
to the people at the Royal Exchange it 
was received with a general hiss from the 
populace. But the stubborn King would 
not yield. He would rather perish than 
consent to repeal the alterations in the 
charter of Massachusetts, or yield the 
absolute authority of Parliament. And 
North, who in his heart thought the King 
wrong, supported him chiefly, as was al 
leged, because he loved office with its 
power and emoluments better than jus 
tice. When, in November, the wife of 
John Adams read the King s proclamation, 
she wrote to her husband, saying, " This 
intelligence will make a plain path for 
you, though a dangerous one. I could 
not join to-day in the petitions of our 
^orthy pastors for a reconciliation be 
tween our no longer parent state, but ty 
rant state, and the colonies. Let us sepa 
rate ; they are unworthy to be our 
brethren. Let us renounce them; and, 
instead of supplications as formerly for 
their prosperity and happiness, let us be 
seech the Almighty to blast their coun 
cils and bring to naught all their de 
vices." The proclamation stimulated Con 
gress to recommend the formation of State 
governments, and rilled the minds and 
hearts of the people with thoughts of, 
and desires for, independence. Encour 
aged by Franklin, Rush, and others, 
THOMAS PAINE (q. v.) , an emigrant from 
England, and a clear and powerful writer. 



prepared an appeal to the people of Amer 
ica in favor of independence. 

The British ministry, either blind or 
wicked, misled George III. into the be 
lief that a few regiments could subdue 
Massachusetts, and that New York could 
easily be seduced to the support of the 
crown by immunities and benefactions. 
The deceived monarch, therefore, ordered 
letters to be written to Gage, at the mid 
dle of April, 1775, to take possession of 
every colonial fort; to seize and secure 
all military stores of every kind col 
lected for " the rebels " ; to arrest and im 
prison all such as should be thought to 
have committed treason; to repress re 
bellion by force; to make the public 
safety the first object of consideration, 
and to substitute more coercive measures 
for ordinary forms of procedure, without 
pausing to require the aid of a civil 
magistrate. Four regiments, at first 
destined for Boston, were ordered to New 
York, to assist in the progress of in 
trigue; and a vessel carried out six pack 
ages of pamphlets, containing a very 
soothing and complimentary Address of 
the People of Great Britain to the In 
habitants of America, written by Sir John 
Dalrymple, at the request of Lord North. 
The Americans were not coaxed by this 
persuasive pamphlet, nor awed by the at 
tempts to execute the sanguinary orders 
of Lord Dartmouth to Gage. 

The great landholders in England, as 
well as the more warlike classes, had be 
come sick of trying to tax the Americans 
without their consent. Indeed, all classes 
were convinced of its futility, and yearned 
for a change in the policy. Even the stub 
born King, though unrelenting in his pur 
pose to bring the Americans into submis 
sion, declared that the man who should 
approve the taxing of them, in connection 
with all its consequences, was " more fit 
for a madhouse than for a seat in Parlia 
ment." In the House of Commons (June, 
1779), Lord John Cavendish moved for 
orders to withdraw the British forces em 
ployed in America; and the Duke of Rich 
mond, in the House of Lords, proposed a 
total change of measures in America and 
Ireland. In both Houses these sensible 
measures were supported by increasing 
numbers. North was frequently dropping 
hints to the King that the advantages to 



IV. D 



49 



GEORGE III. GEORGE IV. 



be gained by continuing the war would dent of the Royal Society in this wise: 
never repay its expenses. The King, dis- The King unjustly requested the society to 
turbed by these propositions and the yield- publish, with the authority of its name, 
ing disposition of his chief minister, sum- a contradiction of a scientific opinion of 
moned them all to his library, June 21, the rebellious Franklin. Pringle replied 
1779, where, in a speech of more than an that it was not in his power to reverse 
hour in length, he expressed to them " the the order of nature, and resigned. The 
dictates of his frequent and severe self- pliant Sir Joseph Banks, with the prac- 
examination." He declared his firm reso- tice of a true courtier, advocated the opin- 
lution to carry on the war against Amer- ion patronized by his majesty, and was 
ica, France, and Spain ; and that, "before appointed president of the Royal Society. 
he would hear of any man s readiness to As before stated, King George was 
come into office, he would expect to see it greatly disturbed by the action of Parlia- 
signed, under his own hand, that he was ment concerning the cessation of war in 
resolved to keep the empire entire, and America. He said they had lost the feel- 
that, consequently, no troops should be ings of Englishmen; and he took to heart 
withdrawn from America, nor its inde- what he called " the cruel usage of all the 
pendence ever be allowed." Stubbornly powers of Europe," who, excepting Spain, 
blind to well-known facts, he persisted in had expressed a desire for the freedom 
believing that, " with the activity of Clin- and independence of the United States. 
ton, and the Indians in the rear, the prov- His ministry (North s) having resigned, 
inces, even now, would submit." This ob- he was compelled to accept a liberal one. 
stinacy left him only weak men to sup- Lord Shelbourne brought about the call of 
port him; for it ranged every able states- Lord Rockingham (whom the King dis- 
man and publicist in the kingdom on the liked) to form a cabinet, and when his 
side of the opposition. majesty finally yielded, he said, " Neces- 
Wright, in his England under the House sity made me yield to the advice of Lord 
of Hanover, says that, notwithstanding Shelbourne." And when, finally, he was 
the King, in his speech from the throne, compelled to acknowledge the indepen- 
Dec. 5, 1783, had said, " I have sacrificed dence of the United States, he said, " I 
every consideration of my own to the feel sensibly this dismemberment of 
wishes and opinions of my people. I make America from the empire, and I should be 
it my humble and earnest prayer to Al- miserable, indeed, if I did not feel that- 
mighty God that Great Britain may not no blame on that account can be laid at 
feel the evils which might result from so my door," when he had been the chief 
great a dismemberment of the empire, and obstacle to reconciliation from the begin- 
that America may be far from those ning of the quarrel. He had such a poor 
calamities which have formerly proved, in opinion of the Americans that he consoled 
the mother country, how essential mon- himself for the dismemberment by saying, 
archy is to the enjoyment of constitu- " It may not in the end be an evil that 
tional liberty. Religion, language, inter- they will become aliens of tho kingdom." 
ests, affection may and I hope will yet George (AUGUSTUS FREDERICK) IV., 
prove a bond of permanent union between King of Great Britain; born in St. 
the two countries. To this end neither James s Palace, London, Aug. 12, 1762. 
attention nor disposition shall be want- In consequence of the insanity of George 
ing on my part," he nevertheless detest- III., George, the Prince of Wales, was 
ed everything American. The acknowledg- created by Parliament regent of the king- 
ment of the independence of the United dom. The act for that purpose passed 
States was wrung from him by dire ne- Feb. 5, 1811, and from that time until 
cessity. Ever since the beginning of the the death of his father, George was act- 
troubles he had thoroughly hated Frank- ing monarch. On Jan. 9, 1813, he issued 
lin personally, to whom, on account of his from the royal palace at Westminster a 
coolness and adroitness, he had given the manifesto concerning the causes of the 
name of " Arch Rebel." The King carried war with the United States, and the sub- 
his prejudices so far that Sir John Prin- jects of blockades and impressments. He 
gle was driven to resign his place as Presi- declared the war Avas not the consequence 

50 






GEORGE IV. GEORGE 




of any fault of Great Britain, but that States to harbor British seamen be added 
it had been brought on by the partial con- their asserted right to transfer the al- 
duct of the American government in over- legiance of British subjects, and thus to 
looking the aggressions of the French, cancel the jurisdiction of their legitimate 
and in their negotiations with them. He sovereign by acts of naturalization and 

certificates of citizenship, which they pre 
tend to be as valid out of their own 
territory as within it, it is obvious that 
to abandon this ancient right of Great 
Britain, and to admit these naval pre 
tensions of the United States, would be 
to expose the very foundations of our 
maritime strength." The manifesto 
charged the United States government 
with systematic efforts to inflame the 
people against Great Britain; of ungener 
ous conduct towards Spain, Great Brit 
ain s ally, and of deserting the cause of 
neutrality. He spoke of the subserviency 
of the United States to the ruler of 
France, and against this course of con 
duct the prince regent solemnly protested. 
He thought that while Great Britain was 
contending for the liberties of mankind, 
she had a right to expect from the United 
States far different treatment not an 

GEORGE iv. " abettor of French tyranny." George 

became King in 1820, and died in Windsor, 
alleged that a quarrel with Great Britain Jun e 26, 1830. 

had been sought because she had adopted George, FORT, the name of four de- 
measures solely retaliatory as to France, fensive works connected with warfare in 
and that as these measures had been tne United States. The first was erected 
abandoned by a repeal of the Orders in near the outlet of Lake George, N. Y., 
Council, the war was now continued on and , with FORT WILLIAM HENRY (q. v.) 
the questions of impressment and search. an( l other works, was the scene of im- 
On this point he took such a decisive po- portant operations during the FRENCH 
sition that the door for negotiation which AJS T n INDIAN WAR (q. v.) of 1755-59. 
the recommendation of the committee of The second was on Long Island. In 
the American Congress on foreign rela- the autumn of 1780, some Rhode Island 
tions proposed to open seemed irrevocably 
shut. " His royal highness," said the 
manifesto, " can never admit that the ex 
ercise of the undoubted and hitherto un 
disputed right of searching neutral mer 
chant vessels in time of war, and the 
impressment of British seamen when 
found therein, can be deemed any viola 
tion of a neutral flag; neither can he ad 
mit that the taking of such seamen from 
on board such vessels can be considered OLD RELIO AT FORT GEORGK. 

by any neutral state as a hostile measure 

or a justifiable cause of war." After re- Tory refugees took possession of the 
affirming the old English doctrine of the manor-house of Gen. John Smith, at 
impossibility of self-expatriation of a Smith s Point, L. I., fortified it and the 
British subject, the manifesto continued: grounds around it, and named the works 
" But if to the practice of the United Fort George, which they designed as a de- 

51 




GEORGE, FORT 



pository of stores for the British in New 
York. They began cutting wood for the 
British army in the city. At the solicita 
tion of General Smith, and the approval 
of Washington, Maj. Benjamin Tallmadge 
crossed the Sound from Fairfield, with 
eighty dismounted dragoons, and landed, 
on the evening of Nov. 21, at Woodville. 
There he remained until the next night, 
on account of a storm. At the mills, 2 
miles from Fort George, he found a faith 
ful guide, and at dawn he and his follow 
ers burst through the stockade, rushed 
across the parade, shouting " Washing 
ton and glory!" and so furiously assailed 



1,800. Besides that fort, they had several 
works along the Niagara River. The 
American troops were debarked May 8, 
and Chauncey sailed for jSackett s Harbor 
for supplies and reinforcements for the 
army. He returned to Dearborn s camp, 
in the Madison, on May 22, and the same 
evening Commodore Perry arrived there. 
Arrangements were immediately made for 
on attack on Fort George. The commo 
dore and Perry reconnoitred the enemy s 
batteries in the Lady of the Lake. Dear 
born was ill, but on the morning of the 
27th the troops were conveyed by the 
squadron to a point a little westward of 




FORT GEORGK, OLD NEW YORK CITT. 

the redoubt on three sides that the garri 
son surrendered without resistance. Tall 
madge demolished the fort, burned vessels 
lying at the wharf, and, with 300 prison 
ers, started for Fairfield. For this ex- the mouth of the Niagara, and landed 
ploit Tallmadge received the thanks of under cover of the guns of the fleet. The 
Congress. advance was led by Col. Winfield Scott, 
Another Fort George was near the accompanied by Commodore Perry, who 
mouth of the Niagara River. After the had charge of the boats. He and Scott 
capture of York, the victors left that both leaped into the water at the head of 
place early -in May, 1813, to attack Fort the first division of the men, and, in the 
George. Stormy weather had detained face of a galling fire and gleaming bay- 
them at York for a week. Losses and onets, they ascended the bank. The other 
sickness had reduced the number of the troops followed, and, after a severe con- 
troops to 1,000. These were again con- flict on the plain, the British fell back 
veyed by the fleet of Chauncey, who, with discomfited. General Vincent, satisfied 
Dearborn and other naval commanders, that he must retreat, and knowing Fort 
went before in the pilot-schooner Lady George to be untenable, ordered the gar- 
of the Lake, and selected a landing-place rison to spike the guns, destroy the am- 
4 miles east of Fort Niagara. The British munition, and abandon it. This was 
force at Fort George and vicinity, under done, and the whole British force retreat- 
General Vincent, then numbered about ed westward to a strong position among 

52 



GEORGE GEORGE GRISWOLD 



the hills, at a place called " The Beaver 
Dams," about 18 miles from the Niagara 
River. There Vincent had a deposit of 
stores and provisions. The garrisons of 
forts Erie and Chippewa abandoned them, 
and the whole Niagara frontier passed into 
the hands of the Americans. 

Still another Fort George was at the 
end of Manhattan Island. When the 
English captured New Amsterdam the 
name was changed to New York, and 
the fort to Fort James, and later to Fort 
George. 

George, HENRY, political economist; 
born in Philadelphia-, Pa., Sept. 2, 1839; 
was educated in the public school of his 
native place, and after working in a store 
for a short time, w r ent to sea and served 
as a cabin-boy for fourteen months. Later 
he shipped as an ordinary seaman on a 
coasting vessel running between Phila 
delphia and Boston. In 1858 he went to 
British Columbia in search of gold, but, 
meeting with disappointment, went to 
San Francisco in 1860,andwith two others 
established a paper called the Journal. 
His inability to secure news from the 
Eastern States because he was not a mem 
ber of the press association led to the 
speedy failure of this enterprise. After 
various other unsuccessful projects he was 
offered a place on the staff of the San 
Francisco Times, of which he later became 
managing editor. He was subsequently 
connected with the San Francisco Chron- 
it le. the San Francisco Herald, and the 
Oakland Recorder. In 1872 he was a dele- 
pate to the convention which nominated 
Horace Greeley for the Presidency, and 
in the same year he established the San 
Francisco Evening Post, the first one - cent 
paper on the Pacific coast. In 1880 he 
removed to New York, and in the following 
year went to Ireland to write up the land 
question for several American newspa 
pers. In ISRfi he was the candidate of 
the UNITED LABOR PARTY (q. v.) for 
mayor of New York, and in the election 
polled 68,110 votes. In 1887 he founded 
The Standard and with the REV. EDWARD 
McGLYNX, D.D. (q. v.) , an eminent Ro 
man Catholic priest, organized the Anti- 
poverty Society. In the same year he 
was an unsuccessful candidate for secre 
tary of state. In 1889 he went to Eng 
land, and in 1890 visited Australia. In 



the autumn of 1897 he was nominated for 
mayor of Greater New York, by several 
organizations. Later these bodies united 
under the name of the " Democracy of 




HESRT GEORGE. 

Thomas Jefferson," and Mr. George accept 
ed the nomination. He began the cam 
paign with great energy. On the night 
before his death he delivered four ad 
dresses. He retired about twelve o clock, 
was seized with apoplexy, and died before 
morning, Oct. 29. His son, Henry George, 
Jr., was placed at the head of the ticket, 
and continued the canvass. Mr. George s 
writings include Progress and Poverty; 
The Irish Land Question; Social Prob 
lems; Protection or Free Trade; a num 
ber of pamphlets on The Condition of 
Labor; An Open Letter to Pope Leo 
XIII.; A Perplexed Philosopher; and 
The Science of Political Economy. See 
SINGLE TAX. 

George, WILLIAM REUBEN, reformer; 
born in West Dryden, N. Y., June 4, 1866 ; 
settled in New York City in 1880. Later 
he became interested in the welfare of the 
children of the very poor. In 1895 he 
founded the " Jivnior Republic," a move 
ment in which children govern themselves, 
receiving pay for all the work they per 
form. Since this plan was instituted it 
has become a successful method in caring 
for delinquent and dependent children. 

George Griswold, THE, a ship sent 
from the United States in 1862 with food 
for starving English operatives. The 



53 



GEORGIA 



blockade of Southern ports had caused a V ice-President of the Confederacy. The 
lack of the cotton supply in England and governor of Georgia ordered the seizure 
the running of mills on half-time or shut- of the public property, of the United 
ting them up altogether. This produced States within the limits of his State, and 
wide-spread distress in the manufacturing war made havoc on its coasts and in 
districts. In Lancashire alone 1,000,000 the interior. Sherman swept through the 
depended for bread on the mills. In 1862 State with a large army late in 1864, 
a pitiful cry of distress came over the " living off the country," and within its 
sea. It was heard by the loyal people of borders the President of the Confederacy 
the North, who, repressing their just re- was captiwed in May, 1865 (see DAVIS, 
sentment against the British government JEFFERSON). Within its borders was the 
for the " aid and comfort " it had given famous Andersonville prison - pen ( see 
to the enemies of the republic, heeded the CONFEDERATE PRISONS). In June, 1865, 
cry, and the George Griswold was laden 
at New York, chiefly through the liberal 
ity of merchants there, with food for the 
starving English operatives of the value 
of more than $200,000. With her was 
sent a government war-vessel as a con 
voy to protect her precious freight from 
any possible attack of the Anglo - Con 
federate cruiser ALABAMA (q. v.), which 
was then lighting the ocean with a 
blaze of American merchant vessels 
which she had set on fire. See COTTON 
FAMINE. 

Georgia, the latest settled State of 
the original thirteen. It framed its first 
State constitution in 1777, its second in 
1789, and a third in 1798, which was 
several times amended. On June 2, 1788, 
Georgia ratified the national Constitution. 
The settlers on the frontier suffered 

much from incursions of the CREEK and a provisional governor was appointed for 
CHEROKEE INDIANS (qq. v.) , but their the State. A convention held at Milledge- 
friendship was secured by treaties in ville late in October repealed the ordinance 
1790-91. By a treaty in 1802 the Creeks of secession, declared the war debt void, 
ceded to the United States a large tract, amended the constitution so as to abolish 
which was afterwards assigned to Georgia, slavery, and in November elected a gov- 
now forming the southwestern counties of ernor, legislature, and members of Con- 
the State. The same year Georgia ceded gress. Congress did not approve these 
to the United States all its claims to the measures, and the Senators and Represent- 
lands westward of the boundaries of its atives chosen were not admitted to seats, 
present limits. Finally difficulties arose In 1867, Georgia, with Alabama and 
between the State and the national gov- Florida, formed a military district, an<l 
ernment respecting the Cherokees, and was placed under military rule. A con. 
on their removal to the country west of vention at Atlanta, in March, 1868 
the Mississippi, in 1838, Georgia came framed a constitution, which was rati 
into possession of all their lands. Imme- fied in April by a majority of nearly 18,. 
diately after the election of Mr. Lincoln 000 votes. On June 25, Congress, by act, 
in 1860, the politicians of Georgia took provided for the readmission of Georgia, 
measures for accomplishing the secession with other States, upon their ratification 
of the State. Its delegates in the Con- of the Fourteenth Amendment to the na- 
federate government organized at Mont- tional Constitution. For a violation of 
gomery, Ala., were conspicuous, ALEX- the RECONSTRUCTION ACT (q. v.) , in not 
ANDEB H. STEPHENS (q. v.) being made permitting colored men, legally elected, to 

54 




SEAL OP GEORGIA. 



GEORGIA 



occupy seats in the legislature, Georgia 
representatives were not permitted to take 
seats in Congress. The Supreme Court of 
the State declared that negroes were en 
titled to hold office. A new election was 
held, both houses of the State legislat 
ure were duly organized, Jan. 31, 1869, all 
the requirements of Congress were acceded 
to, and, by act of July 15, Georgia was 
readmitted into the Union. Its represent 
atives took their seats in December, 1869. 
Since the close of the war Georgia has 
had a most remarkable material develop 
ment, caused in large part by the intro 
duction of cotton manufacturing. Its 
mills are among the largest in the world, 
and their output is steadily increasing. 
The State was the first to feel the life 
of the "New South." The Cotton Expo- 
stition in 1881 and the Cotton States and 
International Exposition in 1895, both in 
Atlanta, showed to the world the prac 
tical accomplishments under the new 
order of things, and greatly stimulated 
all industrial efforts. In 1900 the as 
sessed valuation of all taxable property 
was $435,000,000, and the recognized 
bonded debt was $7,836,000. The popu 
lation in 1890 was 1,837,353; in 1900, 
2,216,331. 

When, in 1729, the proprietors of the 
Carolinas surrendered their charter to the 



crown, the whole country southward of 
the Savannah River to the vicinity of St. 
Augustine was a wilderness, peopled by 
native tribes, and was claimed by the 
Spaniards as a part of Florida. The Eng 
lish disputed the claim, and war clouds 
seemed to be gathering. At that juncture 
GEN. JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE (q. v.) , 
commiserating the wretched condition of 
prisoners for debt who crowded the Eng 
lish prisons, proposed in Parliament the 
founding of a colony in America, partly 
for the benefit of this unfortunate class, 
and as an asylum for oppressed Protes 
tants of Germany and other Continental 
states. A committee of inquiry reported 
favorably, and the plan, as proposed by 
Oglethorpe, was approved by King George 
II. A royal charter was obtained for a 
corporation (June 9, 1732) for twenty- 
one years, " in trust for the poor," to 
establish a colony in the disputed terri 
tory south of the Savannah, to be called 
Georgia, in honor of the King. Individ 
uals subscribed largely to defray the ex 
penses of emigrants, and within two years 
Parliament appropriated $160,000 for the 
same purpose. The trustees, appointed 
by the crown, possessed all legislative and 
executive power, and there was no politi 
cal liberty for the people. In November, 
1732, Oglethorpe left England with 120 




THE LANDING OF OGLETHORPE IN GEORGIA. 

55 



GEORGIA 




THE CAPITOL, ATLANTA, GEORGIA. 

emigrants, and, after a passage of fifty with 300 emigrants, among them 150 
days, touched at Charleston, giving great Highlanders skilled in military affairs, 
joy to the inhabitants, for he was about John and Charles Wesley and George 
to erect a barrier between them and the Whitefield came to spread the gospel 
Indians and Spaniards. Landing a large among the people and the surrounding 
portion of the emigrants on Port Royal heathen. Moravians had also settled in 
Island, he proceeded to the Savannah Georgia, but the little colony was threat- 
River with the remainder, and upon ened with disaster. The jealous Span- 
Yamacraw Bluff (the site of Savannah) lards at St. Augustine showed signs of 
he laid the foundations of the future hostility. Against this expected trouble 
State in the ensuing spring of 1733. The Oglethorpe had prepared by building forts 
rest of the emigrants soon joined him. in that direction. Finally, in 1739, war 
They built a fort, and called the place broke out between England and Spain, 
Savannah, the Indian name of the river, and Oglethorpe was made commander of 
ami there he held a friendly conference the South Carolina and Georgia troops, 
with the Indians, with whom satisfactory With 1,000 men and some Indians he in- 
arrangements for obtaining sovereignty vaded Florida, but returned unsuccessful, 
of the domain were made. Within eight In 1742 the Spaniards retaliated, and, 
years 2,500 emigrants were sent over from with a strong land and naval force, threat- 
England at an expense to the trustees of oned the Georgia colony with destruction. 
$400,000. Disaster was averted by a stratagem em- 
The condition upon which the lands ployed by Og ethorpe, and peace was re- 
\vcre parcelled out was military duty; and stored. 

so grievous were the restrictions, that Slavery was prohibited in the colony, 
many colonists went into South Carolina, and the people murmured. Many settle- 
where they could obtain land in fee. ments were abandoned, for tillers of the 
Nevertheless, the colony increased in num- soil were few. Finally, in 1750, the re- 
bers, a great many emigrants coming from strictions concerning slavery were re- 
Scotland and Germany. Oglethorpe Avent moved; and in 1752, the trustees having 
to England in 1734, and returned in 1736 surrendered their charter to the crown, 

56 



GEORGIA 

Georgia became a royal province, with dom. The code of laws and regulations 
privileges similar to the others. A Gen- adopted by the trustees provided that 
eral Assembly was established in 1755, each tract of land granted to a settler 
and in 1763 all the lands between the should be accepted as a pledge that the 
Savannah and St. Mary rivers were, by owner should take up arms for the corn- 
royal proclamation, annexed to Georgia, mon defence whenever required; that no 
The colony prospered from the time of the tract should exceed 25 acres in extent, 
transfer to the crown. The Georgians and no person should possess more than 
sympathized with their Northern breth- 500 acres; that no woman should be 
ven in their political grievances, and bore capable of succeeding to landed property; 
a conspicuous part in the war for inde- that, in default of male heirs, the prop- 
pendence. A State constitution was erty of a proprietor should revert to the 
adopted by a convention on Feb. 5, 1777, trustees, to be again granted to another 
and Georgia took its place among the emigrant; that if any portion of land 
independent States of the Union, with granted should not, within eighteen years 
BUTTON GWINXETT (q. v.), one of the thereafter, be cleared, fenced, and culti- 
signers of the Declaration of Indepen- rated, it should relapse to the trustees, 
dence, as acting governor. It was recommended that the daughters 

Under the King s charter for planting of a deceased proprietor having no male 
the new colony, there were twenty-one heirs, unless provided for by marriage, 
trustees. Lord (Viscount) Perceval was should have some compensation, and his 
chosen president of the trustees, and a widow have the use of his house and half 
code of regulations for the colony, with liis land during her life. No inhabitant 
agreements and stipulations, was speed- was permitted to leave the province with- 
ily prepared. The title of the association out a license; the importation of rum was 
was, Trustees for Settling and Estab- disallowed; trade with the West Indies 
lishing the Colony of Georgia. The was declared unlawful, and negro slavery 
trustees were: Anthony, Earl of Shaftes- was absolutely forbidden. It has been 
bury, John (Lord) Perceval, Edward well said that, with one or two exceptions, 
Digby, George Carpenter, James Edward this code did not exhibit a trace of com- 
Oglethorpe, George Heathcote, Thomas mon-sense. It is no wonder the colony 
Tower, Robert Moore, Robert Hucks, did not prosper, for the laws were hostile 
Roger Holland, William Sloper, Francis to contentment, discouraging every plant- 
1 yles, John La Roche, James Vernon, er whose children were girls, and offering 
William Beletha, John Burton, Richard very poor incentives to industry. When, 
Bundy, Arthur Beaford, Samuel Smith, in 1752, the trusteeship expired, and Geor- 
Adam Anderson, and Thomas Coram. gia was made a, royal province, its growth 
They were vested with legislative powers was rapid. 

for the government of the colony, for the In 1742 the Spaniards at St. Augus- 
space of twenty-one years, at the expira- tine determined to invade, seize, and hold 
tion of which time a permanent govern- Georgia, and capture or drive the English 
ment was to be established by the King or settlers from it. With a fleet of thirty- 
his successor, in accordance with British six vessels from Cuba and a land force 
law and usage. They adopted a seal for about 3,000 strong, they entered the harbor 
the colony, which indicated the avowed of St. Simon s in July. Oglethorpe, always 
intention of making it a silk-producing viilant, had learned of preparations for 
commonwealth. On one side was repre- this expedition, and he was on St. Simon s 
sented a group of toiling silk-worms, and Island before them, but with less than 
the motto, " Non sibi, sed alius" ; on the 1.000 men, including Indians, for the gov- 
other, the genius of the colony, between ernor of South Carolina had failed to fur- 
two urns (two rivers), with a cap of nish men or supplies. The task of defend- 
liberty on her head, in her hands a spear ing both provinces from invasion devolved 
and a horn of plenty, and the words, upon the Georgians. When the Spanish 
" Colonia Georgia Any." This was a fleet appeared Oglethorpe went on board 
strange seal for a colony whose toilers his own little vessels and addressed the 
and others possessed no political free- seamen with encouraging words ; but when 

57 



GEOBGIA 



he saw the ships of the enemy pass the 
English batteries at the southern end of 
the island, he knew resistance would be 
in vain, so he ordered his squadron to 
run up to Frederica, while he spiked the 
guns at St. Simon s and retreated with 
his troops. There, waiting for reinforce 
ments from South Carolina (which did 
not come), he was annoyed by attacks 
from Spanish detachments, but always re 
pulsed them. Finally, he proceeded to 
make a night attack on the Spanish camp 
at St. Simon s. When near the camp a 
Frenchman in his army ran ahead, fired 
his musket, and deserted to the enemy. 
The Spaniards were aroused, and Ogle- 
thorpe fell back to Frederica, and accom 
plished the punishment of the deserter in 
a novel way. He addressed a letter to 
the Frenchman as a spy in the Spanish 
camp, telling him to represent the Geor 
gians as very weak in numbers and arms, 
and to advise the Spaniards to attack 
them at once; and if they would not do 
so, to try and persuade them to remain at 
St. Simon s three days longer; for within 
that time a British fleet, with 2,000 land 
troops, would arrive to attack St. Augus 
tine. This letter was sent to the deserter 
by a Spanish prisoner, who, as it was ex 
pected he would, carried it to the Spanish 
commander. The Frenchman was put in 
irons, and afterwards hanged. A council 
of war was held, and while it was in 
session vessels from Carolina, seen at sea, 
were mistaken for the British fleet al 
luded to. The Spaniards determined to 
attack Oglethorpe immediately, and then 
hasten to the defence of St. Augustine. 
They advanced on Frederica, along a nar 
row road flanked by a forest and a 
morass ; and when within a mile of the 
fort Oglethorpe and his Highlanders, ly 
ing in ambush, fell upon them furiously. 
Nearly the whole of the advanced division 
were killed or captured, and a second, 
^pressing forward, shared their fate. The 
Spaniards retreated in confusion, leaving 
about 200 dead on the field. They fled 
to their ships, and in them to St. Augus 
tine, to find that they had been out 
generaled by Oglethorpe. The place of the 
slaughter is called " Bloody Marsh " to 
this day. This stratagem probably saved 
Georgia and South Carolina from utter 
destruction. 



Sir James Wright was appointed royal 
governor of Georgia in 1764. He ruled 
wisely, but was a warm adherent of the 
royal cause. His influence kept down 
open resistance to the acts of Parliament 
for some time; but when that resistance 
became strong, it was suddenly overpower 
ing. In January, 1776, Joseph Haber- 
sham, a member of the Assembly, raised 
a party of volunteers and made Governor 
Wright a prisoner, but set him free on 
his parole not to leave his own house. 
This parole he violated. A sentinel was 
placed before his door, and all intercourse 
between Wright and friends of the crown 
was forbidden. One stormy night (Feb. 
11, 1776), Governor Wright escaped from 
a back window of his house, with an at 
tendant, fled to a boat at the river-side, 
and went down the Savannah 5 miles to 
Bonaventure, the residence of his com 
panion; thence he was conveyed before 
daylight to the British armed ship Scar 
borough, in Tybee Sound. So ended the 
rule of the last royal governor in Georgia. 
Sir James was a native of Charleston, 
S. C. ; the son of a chief-justice (Robert 
Wright) of that province; agent of the 
province in Great Britain; and attorney- 
general; and in 1760 was appointed chief- 
justice and lieutenant-governor. In 1772 
he was created a baronet. After his 
escape from Savannah he retired to 
England, losing all his large estate in 
Georgia by confiscation. He died in 
1786. 

Late in 1771 Noble Wimberley Jones 
was chosen speaker of the Georgia As 
sembly. He was a man of exemplary life, 
but the royal governor, Sir James Wright, 
who had reported him a strong opposer 
of government measures, would not con 
sent to the choice. The Assembly voted 
this interference a breach of their privi 
leges. Hillsborough, the secretary of 
state for the colonies, censured the House 
for their " unwarrantable and inconsist 
ent arrogance," and directed the governor 
to " put his negative upon any person 
whom they should next elect for speaker, 
and to dissolve the Assembly in case they 
should question the right of such nega 
tive." So the affections of the colonies, 
one after another, were alienated from 
the mother country by her unwise 
rulers. 



58 



GEOBGIA 

The Provincial Congress of Georgia as- approach. He crossed and pursued, and 
sembled at Tondee s Long Room, in Savan- at Brier Creek, about half-way to Savan 
nah, July 4, 1775, at which delegates from nah, he lay encamped, when he was sur- 
fourteen districts and parishes were in prised, and, after a sharp skirmish, was 
attendance namely, from the districts defeated, and his troops dispersed. The 
of Savannah, Vernonburg, Acton, Sea Isl- British reoccupied Augusta and opened 
and, and Little Ogeechee, and the parishes a communication with the South Caro- 
of St. Matthew, St. Philip, St. George, lina Tories and the friendly Creek Ind- 
St. Andrew, St. David, St. Thomas, St. ians. Now secured in the quiet posses- 
Mary, St. Paul, and St. John. Archi- sion of Georgia, Prevost issued a procla- 
bald Bullock was elected president of the mation reinstating Sir James Wright as 
Congress, and George Walton secretary, governor, and the laws as they had 
The Congress adopted the American been before 1775. Savannah became the 
Association, and appointed as delegates headquarters of the British army in the 
to the Continental Congress Lyman Hall South. 

(already there), Archibald Bullock, Dr. By a compact between the national gov- 
Jones, John Houstoun, and Rev. Dr. Zub- eminent and Georgia, made in 1802, they 
ley, a Swiss by birth, who soon became a forever agreed, in consideration of the lat- 
Tory. Sir James Wright (the governor) ter relinquishing her claim to the Missis- 
issued proclamations to quench the flames sippi territory, to extinguish, at the na- 
of patriotism, but in vain. His power tional expense, the Indian title to the 
had departed forever. lands occupied by them in Georgia, " when- 

In the winter of 1778-79, General Lin- ever it could be peaceably done on reason- 
coin was sent to Georgia to take the place able terms." Since making that agree- 
of General Howe. General Prevost, com- ment, the national government had ex- 
manding the British forces in east Flor- tinguished the Indian title to about 
ida, was ordered to Savannah, to join 15,000,000 acres, and conveyed the same 
Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell for the sub- to the State of Georgia. There still re- 
jugation of Georgia to British rule. On mained 9,537,000 acres in possession of 
his way, Prevost captured Sunbury (Jan. the Indians, of which 5,292,000 acres be- 
9, 1779) and took 200 Continental prison- longed to the Cherokees and the remainder 
ers. As soon as he reached Savannah he to the Creek nation. In 1824 the State 
sent Campbell against Augusta, which government became clamorous for the en- 
was abandoned by the garrison, who es- tire removal of the Indians from the corn 
ea ped across the river. The State now monwealth, and, at the solicitation of 
seemed at the mercy of the invader. An Governor Troup, President Monroe ap- 
invasion of South Carolina was antici- pointed two commissioners, selected by 
pated. The militia of that State were the governor, to make a treaty with the 
summoned to the field. Lincoln was at Creeks for the purchase of their lands. 
Charleston. With militia lately arrived The latter were unwilling to sell and move 
from North Carolina and the fragments away, for they had begun to enjoy the 
of Howe s force, he had about 1,400 men, arts and comforts of civilization. They 
whom he stationed to guard the fords passed a law forbidding the sale of any 
of the Savannah. The force under Pre- of their lands, on pain of death. After 
vost was much larger, but he hesitated the breaking up of the general council, a 
to cross the river, the marshy borders of few of the chiefs violated this law by 
which were often overflowed to the width negotiating wiih the United States com- 
of 3 or 4 miles, threaded only at. missioners. By these chiefs, who were 
one or two points by a narrow causeway, only a fraction of the leaders of the tribes, 
A detachment sent by Prevost to take all the lands of the Creeks in Georgia 
possession of Port Royal Island was re- were ceded to the United States. The 
pulsed by Colonel Moultrie. Lincoln, be- treaty was ratified by the United ! 
ing reinforced, sent Colonel Ashe, of North Senate, March 3, 1825. When informa- 
Carolina, with 1,400 troops, to drive the tion of these proceedings reached 
British from Augusta. The British fled Creeks, a secret council determined not to 
down the Georgia side of the river at his accept the treaty and to slay Mclntosh, 

59 



GEORGIA 



the chief of the party who had assented to and with ease took possession of the Big 
it. He and another chief were shot, April Tybee Island, at the mouth of the Savan*- 
30. A new question now arose. Govern- nah River, from which Fort Pulaski. 
or Troup contended that upon the ratifi- which was within easy mortar distance, 
cation of the treaty the fee simple of the might be assailed, and the harbor of Sa- 
lands vested in Georgia. He took meas- vannah perfectly sealed against block- 
ures for a survey of the lands, under the ade runners. On the approach of the 
authority of the legislature of Georgia, National gunboats the defences were aban- 
and to distribute them among the white doned, and on Nov. 25, Dupont wrote to 
inhabitants of the State. The remon- the Secretary of War: " The flag of the 
strances of the Creeks caused President United States is flying over the territory 
Adams to appoint a special agent to in- of Georgia." Before the close of the year 
vestigate the matter, and General Gaines the National authority was supreme from 
was sent with a competent force to pre- Warsaw Sound, below the mouth of the 
vent any disturbance. The agent reported Savannah, to the North Edisto River, be- 
that bad faith and corruption had marked low Charleston. Every fort on the islands 
the treaty, and that forty-nine-fiftieths of of that region had been abandoned, and 
the Creeks were hostile to it. The Presi- there was nothing to make serious oppo- 
dent determined not to allow interference sition to National authority. When the 
with the Indians until the next meeting of National forces reached those sea islands 
Congress. Troup determined, at first, to along the coasts of South Carolina and 
execute the treaty in spite of the Presi- Georgia, there was a vast quantity of val- 
dent, but the firmness of the latter made uable sea-island cotton, gathered and un- 
the governor hesitate. A new negotia- gathered, upon them. When the first 
tion was opened with the Creeks, and panic was over the Confederates re- 
finally resulted in the cession of all the turned, stealthily, and applied the torch 

to millions of dollars worth of this 



Creek lands in Georgia to the United 
States. By this new treaty the Creeks staple. 
retained all their lands in Alabama, 
which had been ceded by a 
treaty. 

On the recommendation 



of 



On Jan. 2, 1861, elections were held 
former in Georgia for members of a convention 
to consider the subject of secession. The 
Senator people, outside of the leading politicians 



Toombs and others at Washington, in the and their followers, were opposed to seces- 
winter of 1860-61, the governor of Geor- sion; and Alexander H. Stephens, the most 
gia (Joseph Brown) ordered the seizure consistent and able statesman in Georgia, 
of the United States coast defences on the though believing in the right of secession, 
border of the State before the secession opposed the measure as unnecessary and 
convention met. Fort Pulaski, on Cock- full of danger to the public welfare. On 
spur Island, at the mouth of the Savan- the other hand, Robert Toombs, a shallow 
nah River, and Fort Jackson, near the city but popular leader, unscrupulous ir 
of Savannah, were seized on Jan. 3, 1861. methods of leadership, goaded the people 
On the same day the National arsenal at on to disaster by harangues, telegraphic 
Savannah was taken possession of by Con- despatches, circulars, etc. He was then 
federates, and 700 State troops, by the one of the most active of the conspirators 
orders and in the presence of the governor, in the national Congress, and worked 
took possession of the arsenal at Augusta, night and day to precipitate his State into 
Jan. 24, when the National troops there revolution. The vote at the election was 
were sent to New York. In the arsenal from 25,000 to 30,000 less than usual, and 
were 22 000 muskets and rifles, some can- there was a decided majority of the mem- 
non, and a large amount of munitions of bers elected against secession. The con- 
war. The forts were without garrisons, vention assembled at Milledgeville, the 
and each was in charge of only two or capital of the State, on Jan. 16. There 
three men. were 295 members present, who chose Mr. 

Late in November, 1861, Commodore Crawford to preside. " With all the ap- 
Dupont went down the coast from PORT pliances brought to bear, with all the 
ROYAL (q. v.) with a part of his fleet, fierce, rushing, maddening events of the 

60 



GEORGIA 

hour," said the writer of the day, " the While General Mitchel was holding the 
co-operationists had a majority, notwith- Charleston and Memphis Railway in 
standing the falling-off of nearly 30,000, northern Alabama, he set on foot one of 
and an absolute majority of elected dele- the most daring enterprises attempted 
gates of twenty-nine. But, upon assem- during the war. It was an effort to break 
bling, by coaxing, bullying, and all other up railway communications between Chat- 
arts, the majority was changed." On the tanooga and Atlanta, in Georgia. For 
18th a resolution was passed by a vote of this purpose J. J. Andrews, who had been 
105 to 130, declaring it to be the right engaged in the secret service by General 
and duty of the State to withdraw from Buell, was employed. In April, 1862, 
the Union. On the same day they ap- with twenty picked men, in the guise of 
pointed a committee to draft an ordinance Confederates from Kentucky seeking 
of secession. It was reported almost im- Georgia s freedom, Andrews walked to 
mediately, and was shorter than any of Marietta. At that place they took the 
its predecessors. It was in a single para- cars for a station not far from the foot 
graph, and simply declared the repeal and of Great Kenesaw Mountain, and there, 
abrogation of all laws which bound the while the engineer and conductor were at 
commonwealth to the Union, and that the breakfast, they uncoupled the engine, 
State of Georgia was in "full possession tender, and box-car from the passenger 
and exercise of all the rights of sover- train and started up the road at full 
eignty which belong and appertain to a speed. They told inquirers where they 
free and independent State." The ordi- were compelled to stop that they were con- 
nance elicited many warm expressions of veying powder to Beauregard s army. 
Union sentiments. Mr. Stephens made a They passed several trains before they 
telling speech in favor of the Union, and he began to destroy the road. The first train 
and his brother Linton voted against seces- that came to a broken spot had its engine 
sion in every form. When, at two o clock reversed and became a pursuer of the 
in the afternoon of Jan. 19, 1861, the or- raiders. Onward they dashed with the 
dinance of secession was adopted, by a speed of a gale, passing other trains, 
vote of 208 against 89, Stephens declared when, at an important curve in the road, 
that he should go with his State, and, alter destroying the track a considerable 
in accordance with a resolution adopted, distance, Andrews said, "Only one more 
he signed the ordinance. A resolution to train to pass, boys, and then we will put 
submit the ordinance to the people of the our engine at full speed, burn the bridges 
State for ratification or rejection was re- after us, dash through Chattanooga, and 
jected by a large majority. At that stage on to Mitchel, at Huntsville." The excit- 
of the proceedings, a copy of a resolution ing chase continued many miles. The 
passed by the legislature of the State of raiders cut telegraph wires and tore up 
New York, tendering to the President of tracks. The pursuers gained upon them, 
the United States all the available forces Finally their lubricating oil became ex- 
of the State, to enable him to enforce the hausted, and such was the speed of the 
laws, was received, and produced much ex- engine that the brass journals in which 
citement. Toombs immediately offered the the axles revolved were melted. Fuel fail- 
following resolution, which was adopted ing, the raiders were compelled to leave 
unanimously: " As a response to the reso- their conveyance, 15 miles from Chatta- 
hition of New York, that this convention nooga, and take refuge in the tangled 
highly approve of the energetic and pa- woods on Chickamauga Creek. A great 
triotic conduct of the governor of Georgia man-hunt was organized. The mountain 
in taking possession of FORT PULASKT passes were picketed, and thousands of 
(q. v.) by Georgia troops, and request horse and foot soldiers scoured the country 
him to hold possession until the relations in all directions. The whole party were 
of Georgia with the federal government finally captured, and Andrews and seven 
l>e determined by this convention, and that of his companions were hanged. To each 
a copy of this resolution be ordered to be of the survivors the Secretary of War gave 
transmitted to the governor of New a bronze medal in token of approval. See 
York." UNITED STATES, GEORGIA, vol. ix. 

61 



GEORGIA GEBABD DE BAYNEVAL 



GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA COLONIAL. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS (Continued). 



Name. 


Date. 


Remarks. 




1754 






1757 






1760 




Archibald Bullock, acting 
Button Gwinuott, acting.. 


1776 
1777 

1777 


( Appointed by the 
( Georgia Assembly. 
< Under the new State 




1778 


I constitution. 


Georgia in the hands of] 
the British, with Sir j 
James Wright as roy- [ 


1779 
1781 




John Martin 


1782 


Chosen by Assembly. 




1783 






1784 






1785 




Edward Telfair 


1786 






1787 




George Handley 


1788 





UNDER THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 



Name. 



George Walton 

Edward Telfair 

George Matthews 

Jarud Irwin 

James Jackson 

David Emanuel 

Josiah Tattnall 

John Milledge 

Jared Irwin 

David B. Mitchell 

Peter Early 

David B. Mitcheii 

William Rabun 

Matthew Talbot, acting. 

John Clark 

George M. Troup , 

John Forsyth 

George R. Gilmer 

Wilson Lumpkin 

William Schley 

George R. Gilmer 

Charles J. McDonald 

George W. Crawford 

George W. B. Towns... 

Howell Cobb 

Horschel V. Johnson 

Joseph E. Brown 

James Johnson 

Charles J. Jenkins 

Gen. T. H Ruger 

Rufus B. Bullock 

James Milton Smith 

Alfred H. Colquitt 

Alexander H. Stephens. 

Henry D. McDaniel 

John B. Gordon 

William J. Northen 

William Y. Atkinson... 

Allen D Caudler 

Joseph M. Terrell 



Date. 



1789-90 
1790-93 
1793-96 
1796-98 
1798-1801 
1801 
1801-2 
1802-6 
1806-9 
1809-13 
1813-15 
1815-17 
1817-19 
1819 
1819-23 
1823-27 
1827-29 
1829-31 
1831-35 
1835-37 
1837-39 
1839-43 
1843-47 
1847-51 
1851-53 
1853-57 
1857-65 
1865 
1865-67 
1867-68 
1868-72 
1872-77 
1877-82 
1882-83 
1883-86 
1886-90 
1890-94 



Name. 


No. of Congress. 


P;ite. 




llth 


1809 


William B Bullock 


13Jh 


1813 


William Wyatt Bibb 


13th to 14th 


1813 to 1816 


George M. Troup 


Uth " lf>ih 
15th 


1816 " 1819 
1819 


John Elliott 


ICth to 18th 


1819 to 1824 




IC.th 


1819 " 1821 


Nicholas Ware 


17th to 18th 


1821 " 1824 


Thomas W Cobb 


18th " 20th 


1824 " 1828 


John McPherson Berrieu. 


I Jth " 20th 
20th 


1825 " 1829 
1828 




21st to 23d 


1829 to 1834 


George M Troup . . 


21st " 22d 


1829 " 1833 


Alfred Cuthbert 


23d " 27tb 


1834 " 1843 


John P King 


23d " 24th 


1833 " 1837 


Wilson Lumpkin 


25th " 20th 


1837 " 1841 


John Mcl hersou Berrien. 
Walter T Colquitt 


27th " 32d 
28th " 30th 


1841 " 1852 
1843 " 1848 


Herschel V. Johnson 
William C. Dawsou 
Robert M Charlton 


30th 
31st to 33d 

32(1 


1848 
1849 to 1855 
1852 


Robert Toombs 


33d to 3f.th 


1853 to 1861 




34th " 36th 


1855 " 1861 




3(ith " 41st 


1861 " 1871 


Joshua Hill 


41st " 42d 


1871 " 1873 


H V M Miller. . . 


41st 


1871 


Thomas M. Norwood 
John B Gordon 


42d to 43d 
43d " 4Gth 


1871 to 1875 
1873 " 1881 




45th " 47th 


1877 " 1882 


Joseph E. Brown 
Pope Barrow 


47th " 51st 
47th 


1881 " 1891 
1882 


Alfred H Colquitt 


48th to 53d 


1883 to 1894 




52d " 55th 


1891 " 1897 




54th " 


1895 " 




55th " 


1897 " 









UNITED STATES SENATORS. 



Name. 



William Few 

James Gunn 

James Jackson 

George Watson 

Josiah Tattnall 

Abraham Baldwin 

James Jackson 

John Milledge 

George Jones 

William H. Crawford 



No. of Congress. 



1st and 2d 
1st to 7th 

3d 

4th 

4th to 3th 
6th " 9th 
7th " 8th 
9th " 12th 

10th 
lOtt to 12th 



Gerard, JAMES WATSON, lawyer; born 
in New York City in 1794; graduated 
at Columbia in 1811; practised law 
in New York till 1869; secured the incor 
poration of the House of Refuge for Ju 
venile Delinquents in New York, which 
was the first institution of this kind in 
the United States. He was also an ar 
dent advocate for a uniformed police. He 
died in New York, Feb. 7, 1874. 

Gerard de Bayneval, CONRAD ALEX- 
ANDRE, diplomatist; born in France. On 
the ratification of the treaty between 
France and the United States, of Feb. 6, 
1778, diplomatic relations were fully es 
tablished between the two governments by 
the French sending M. Gerard (who had 
been an active participator in the ne 
gotiations) as minister plenipotentiary 
to the young republic. He sailed for 
America in D Estaing s flag-ship, in corn- 
to 1793 p an y w ith Silas Deane, and arrived at 
Philadelphia early in July. There being 
no traditionary rules of etiquette suitable 
1799 l 1807 for the occasion, the ceremonials which 
1801 " 1806 took place at his reception by Congress, 

Is06 i807 1809 on Au - fi were entirelv new - R ichard 

1807 to 1813 Henry Lee and Samuel Adams, delegates 



1902 



Date. 



1789 
1789 
1794 " 1795 
1795 



62 



GEBABD Dfi BAYNEVAL^-GEBMAIN 

in Congress, in a coach drawn by six same manner in which he had been con- 
horses, provided by that body, waited upon ducted to the audience. Within the bar 
the minister at his lodgings. A few min- of the House, the Congress formed a semi- 
utes afterwards the two delegates and circle on each side of the president and 
M. Gerard entered the coach; the minis- the minister, the president sitting at one 
ter s chariot, being behind, received his extremity of the semicircle, at a table 
secretary. The carriages arrived at the upon a platform elevated two steps, the 
State-house a little before one o clock, minister sitting at the opposite extremity 
when the minister was conducted by of the semicircle, in an arm-chair, upon 
Messrs. Lee and Adams to a chair in the the same level with the Congress. The 
Congress chamber, the members of that door of the Congress chamber being 
body and the president sitting; M. thrown open below the bar, about 200 
Gerard, being seated, presented his ere- gentlemen were admitted to the audience, 
dentials into the hands of his secretary, among whom were the vice-presidents of 
who advanced and delivered them to the the supreme executive council of Penn- 
president of Congress. The secretary of sylvania, the supreme executive council, 
Congress then read and translated them, the speaker and members of the assembly, 
which being done, Mr. Lee introduced the several foreigners of distinction, and 
minister to Congress, at the same moment officers of the army. The audience being 
the minister and Congress rising. M. over, the Congress and the minister at a 
Gerard bowed to the president (Henry proper hour repaired to an entertainment 
Laurens) and Congress, and they bowed given by the Congress to the minister, 
to him, whereupon the whole seated them- at which were present, by invitation, sev- 
selves. In a moment the minister arose, era! foreigners of distinction and gentle- 
made a speech to Congress (they sitting), men of public character. Such was the 
and then, seating himself, he gave a copy unostentatious manner in which the first 
of his speech to his secretary, who pre- foreign minister of the United States was 
sented it to the president. The presi- received, and he from the gayest court in 
dent and Congress then rose, when the Europe. M. Gerard died in Strasburg 
former made a reply to the speech of the in April, 1790. 

minister, the latter standing. Then all Gerhardt, KARL, sculptor; born in Bos- 
were again seated, when the president ton, Mass., Jan. 7, 1853. He has made 
gave a copy of his answer to the secre- a specialty of portraiture. Among his 
tary of Congress, who presented it to the works are busts of General Grant, Henry 
minister. The president, the Congress, Ward Beecher, Mark Twain, and statues 
and the minister then arose again to- of General Putnam, Nathan Hale, and 
gether. The minister bowed to the presi- John Fitch. 

Germain, LORD GEORGE, VISCOUNT 
SACKVILLE, statesman; born in England, 
Jan. 26, 1716; third son of the first Duke 
of Dorset, lord-lieutenant of Ireland; was 
educated there; entered the army, and 
rose to the rank of lieutenant-general. 
He entered Parliament in 1761, and was 
made colonial secretary in 1775, ever 
evincing a most vindictive spirit towards 
the Americans. He became so unpopular 
at home that, during the London riots in 
1780, he felt compelled to barricade his 
M. GERARD. house in the city. So consonant were his 

views with those of the King that he was 

dent, who returned the salute, and then a great favorite at court. His influence 
to the Congress, who bowed in return ; over the young King at the time of his 
and the minister, having bowed to the coronation, and soon afterwards, was so 
president, and received his bow in return, well known that a handbill appeared 
withdrew, and was attended home in the with the words, " No Lord George Sack- 

63 




GERMAN FLATS GERMAN MERCENARIES 



ville! No Petticoat Government!" allud 
ing to the influence of the monarch s 
mother. He died in England, Aug. 26, 
1785. 

Lord George seemed to take pride and 
comfort in employing agents who would 




LORD GEORGE GERMAIN. 



incite the savages of the wilderness to 
fall on the Americans. He complained 
of the humanity of Carleton, who, in the 
autumn of 1776, hesitated to employ the 
Indians in war; but in Hamilton, govern 
or of Detroit, he found a ready agent in 
the carrying out of his cruel schemes. 
Early in September (1776) that function 
ary wrote he had assembled small parties 
of Indians in council, and that the Ot- 
tawas, Chippewas, Wyandottes, and Potta- 
wattomies, with the Senecas, would " fall 
on the scattered settlers on the Ohio and 
its branches " ; and saying of the Ameri 
cans, " Their arrogance, disloyalty, and 
imprudence has justly drawn upon them 
this deplorable sort of war." It was Ger 
main and his agents (sometimes un 
worthy ones) who excited the Indians to 
scalp and murder the white settlers, with 
out distinction of age or sex, all along 
the frontier line from New York to 
Georgia. He reproved every commander 
who showed signs of mercy in his conduct 
in this business. 

German Flats. Sir William Johnson 
concluded a treaty of peace with the West 
ern Indians at German Flats, N. Y., in 
1765. During the Revolution the Six Na 



tions were induced by him to aid the Brit 
ish, and were led by Joseph Brant and 
Walter Butler. The Indians plundered 
and burned Cobleskill,, Springfield, Ger 
man Flats, and Cherry Valley. In retali 
ation the Americans, led by Colonel Van 
Schaick and Colonel Willett, laid waste 
the Indian villages, seizing all provisions 
and weapons which they could find. 

German Mercenaries. Soon after the 
opening of the British Parliament in the 
autumn of 1775, that body, stimulated 
by Lord North, the premier, and Lord 
George Germain, secretary for the colo 
nies, and at the suggestion of Admiral 
Howe, promptly voted 25,000 men for 
service against the Americans. It was 
difficult to obtain enlistments in Great 
Britain, and mercenaries were sought in 
Germany. At the close of the year, and 
at the beginning of 1776, bargains were 
effected between representatives of the 
British government and the reigning 
princes of Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Hanau, 
Brunswick, Anhalt, Anspach, and Wai- 
deck. In the bargains, the fundamental 
law of trade supply and demand pre 
vailed. The King of England had money, 
but lacked troops ; the German rulers had 
troops, but wanted money. The bargain 
was a natural one on business principles : 
the morality of the transaction was an 
other affair. About 30,000 German 
troops, most of them well disciplined, 
were hired. The German rulers were to 
receive for each soldier a bounty of 
$35, besides an annual subsidy, the 
whole amounting to a large sum. 

The British government agreed to make 
restitution for all soldiers who might per 
ish from contagious disease while being 
transported in ships and in engagements 
during sieges. They were to take an oath 
of allegiance to the British sovereign dur 
ing their service, without its interfering 
with similar oaths to their respective 
rulers. Their chief commanders, when 
they sailed for America, were Generals 
Baron de Riedesel, Baron Knyphausen. 
and De Heister. The general name of 
" Hessians " was given to them by the 
Americans, and, because they were merce 
naries, they were heartily detested by the 
colonists. When any brutal act of op 
pression or wrong was to be carried out. 
such as a plundering or burning expedi- 



64 



GERMANTOWN 



tion, the Hessians were generally em- it was resolved to attack the British army 
ployed in the service. The transaction at Germantown. Washington had been 
was regarded by other nations as disgrace- reinforced by Maryland and New Jersey 
ful to the British. The King of Great troops. His army moved in four columns 
Britain shrank from the odium it inflict- during the night of Oct. 3, the divisions 
ed, and refused to give commissions to of Sullivan and Wayne, flanked by Gen- 
German recruiting officers (for he knew eral Conway s brigade on the right, mov- 
their methods of forcing men into the ing by way of Chestnut Hill, while Arm- 
service), saying, "It, in plain English, strong, with Pennsylvania militia, made 
amounts to making me a kidnapper, which a circuit to gain the left and rear of the 
1 cannot think a very honorable occupa- enemy. The divisions of Greene and 
tion." All Europe cried "Shame!" and Stephen, flanked by McDougall s brigade 
Frederick the Great, of Prussia, took every (two-thirds of the whole army), moved 
opportunity to express his contempt for on a circuitous route to attack the front 
the " scandalous man-traffic " of his neigh- of the British right wing, while the Mary- 
bors. Without these troops, the war land and New Jersey militia, under Small- 
would have been short. A part of them, wood and Forman, marched to fall upon 
under Riedesel, went to Canada (May, the rear of that wing. Lord Stirling, 
1776) ; the remainder, under Knyphausen with the brigades of Nash and Maxwell, 
and De Heister, join 
ed the British under 
Howe, before New 
York, and had their 
first encounter on 
Long Island, Aug. 27. 
See HESSIANS. 

Germantown, BAT 
TLE OF. There were 
formidable obstructions 
in the Delaware River 
below Philadelphia, 
placed there by the 
Americans, and also two 
forts and a redoubt that 
commanded the stream. 
The British fleet was in 
Delaware Bay, Sept. 
25, 1777, but could 
not reach Philadel 
phia before these ob 
structions were re 
moved. General Howe 
prepared to assist his 
brother in removing 
these obstructions, 
and sent strong de 
tachments from his 
army to occupy the 
shores of the Delaware 
below Philadelphia, 
which the Americans 
still held. Perceiving MAP OP BATTLB. 

the weakening of 

Howe s army, and feeling the neces- formed the reserve. Howe s force stretched 
sity of speedily striking a blow that across the country from Germantown, 
should revive the spirits of the Americans, with a battalion of light infantry and 
iv. E 65 





CHEW S HorsE. 



GEBMANTOWN GEBONIMO 

Simcoe s Queen s Rangers (American loy- American small-arms upon the building 
alists) in the front. In advance of the was ineffectual. Finally Maxwell s artil- 
left wing were other light infantry, to lerists brought cannon to bear upon the 
support pickets on Mount Airy, and the house, but its strong walls resisted the 

heavy, round shot. Then an attempt 
was made to set fire to the man 
sion. This check in the pursuit 
brought back Wayne s division, 
leaving Sullivan s flank uncovered. 
This event, and the failure of 
Greene to attack at the time or 
dered, disconcerted Washington s 
plans. Greene s troops had fallen 
into confusion in the fog, as they 
traversed the broken country, but 
they soon smote the British right 
with force. The failure of the other 
troops to co-operate with them by 
turning the British left caused 
Greene to fail, and the golden op 
portunity to strike a crushing blow 
had passed. 

In the fog that still prevailed, 
parties of Americans attacked each 

extreme left was guarded by Hessian other on the field; and it was after- 
yagers (riflemen). Near the large stone wards ascertained that, while the assault 
mansion of Chief-Justice Chew (see illus- on Chew s house was in progress, the whole 
tration), at the head of the village, was a British army were preparing to fly across 
strong regiment under Colonel Musgrave. the Schuylkill, and rendezvous at Chester. 
Washington s army, moving stealthily, At that moment of panic General Grey ob- 
tried to reach Chestnut Hill before the served that his flanks were secure, and 
dawn (Oct. 4), but failed. It was near Knyphausen marched with his whole force 
sunrise when they emerged from the woods to assist the beleaguered garrison and the 
on that eminence. The whole country contending regiments in the village, 
was enveloped in a thick fog. The Brit- Then a short and severe battle occurred in 
ish were surprised. The troops of Wayne the heart of Germantown. The Ameri- 
and Sullivan fell, unexpectedly and with cans could not discern the number of their 
heavy force, upon the British infantry in assailants in the confusing mist, when 
front, and they were hurled back upon suddenly the cry of a trooper, "We are 
their main line in confusion by a storm surrounded!" produced a panic, and the 
of grape-shot. This cannonade awakened patriots retreated in great confusion. 
Cornwallis, who was sleeping soundly in The struggle lasted about three hours. 
Philadelphia, unconscious of danger near. The Americans lost about 600 killed, 
Howe, too, nearer the army, was aroused wounded, and missing; the British about 
from slumber, and arrived near the scene 800. Washington fell back to his encamp- 
of conflict to meet his flying battalions, ment on Skippack Creek. General ^ Nash, 
Then he hastened to his camp, to prepare while covering the retreat with his bri- 
his troops for action. Musgrave sent a gade, was mortally wounded, 
part of his regiment to support the fugi- Geronimo, Apache Indian chief; became 
tives, and, with six companies, took refuge a war-chief when sixteen years old, and 
in Chew s strong dwelling. He barricaded for almost fifty years led a band of blood- 
the doors and lower windows, and made thirsty savages; was a constant terror to 
it a castle. From its upper windows he the settlers in the Southwest, where he 
poured such a volley of bullets upon perpetrated many frightful atrocities. He 
Woodford s pursuing brigade that their was captured near Prescott, Ariz., in 188G, 
march was checked. The fire of the by Generals Miles and Lawton, after a 

66 




GEBBISH GEBBYMANDEBING 

one of those who refused to sign the in- 
continued chase of four years, at the ex- slrument. He was a member of Congress 
pense of hundreds of lives. He was first from 1789 to 1793, and in 1797 was sent 

as one of the special envoys on a mission 
to France. He was elected governor of 
Massachusetts by the Democratic party 
in 1810, and in 1812 was chosen Vice- 
President of the United States. He died 
in Washington, D. C., while Vice-Presi 
dent, Nov. 23, 1814. 

Gerrymandering, a political term em 
ployed in the United States since 1812. 
After a bitter contest for power in Massa 
chusetts between the Federalists and 
Democrats, the latter succeeded, in 1811, 
in electing their candidate for governor, 
Elbridge Gerry, and a majority of both 
Houses of the legislature. In order to se 
cure the election of United States Senators 
in the future, it was important to per 
petuate this possession of power, and 
measures were taken to retain a Demo 
cratic majority in the State Senate in 
all future years. The senatorial districts 
had been formed without any division of 
counties. This arrangement, for the pur 
pose alluded to, was now disturbed. The 

imprisoned at Mount Vernon, Ala., but legislature proceeded to rearrange the 
later at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. senatorial districts of the State. They 

Gerrish, THEODORE, author; born in divided counties in opposition to the pro- 
Houlton, Me., June 19, 1846; received tests and strong constitutional arguments 
an academic education; served in the Civil 
War, being wounded four times. In 1871- 
88 he was a Methodist Episcopal min 
ister at various places in Maine. His pub 
lications include Reminiscences of the 
War; The Blue and the Gray, etc. 

Gerry, ELBRIDGE, signer of the Declara 
tion of Independence; born in Marblehead, 
Mass., July 17, 1744; graduated at Har 
vard in 1762; took part in the early 
strife before the Revolution, and in 1772 



OERONIMO. 



represented his native town in the State 
legislature. Gerry was the first to pro 
pose, in the Provincial Congress of Massa 
chusetts, a law for fitting out armed ves 
sels and establishing a court of admi 
ralty. He took a seat in the Continental 
Congress early in 1776, signed the Declara 
tion of Independence, and remained in 
that body, with few intermissions, until 
1785. He was an efficient member of 
finance committees in the Congress, and 
was president of the treasury board in 

1780. A delegate in the convention that of the Federalists; and those of 
framed the national Constitution, he was and Worcester were so divided as to form 

67 




KLBRIDGE GERRY. 



GERRYMANDERING GETTYSBURG 



a Democratic majority in each of those Gerstaecker, FRIEDBICH, German au- 
Federal counties, without any apparent thor; born in Hamburg, Germany, May 
regard to convenience or propriety. The 16, 1816; emigrated to America in 1837; 
work was sanctioned and became a law remained in the country about six years, 
by the signature of Governor Gerry, for when he returned to Germany, but sub- 
which act the opposition severely castigat- sequently made many trips to every quar- 
ed him through the newspapers and at ter of the globe. He is best known by his 
public gatherings. In Essex county the writings, originally published in German, 
arrangement of the district, in relation but many of which were translated and re- 
to the towns, was singular and absurd, published in the United States. Among 
Russell, the veteran editor of the Boston his writings are The Regulators of Ar- 
Centinel, who had fought against the kansas; Pictures of the Mississippi; Jour- 
soheme valiantly, took a map of that ney through the United States, Mexico, 
county, and designated by particular col- etc.; Incidents of Life on the Mississippi, 
oring the towns thus selected, and hung etc. He died in Vienna, Austria, May 31, 
it on the wall of his editorial room. One 1872. 

day Gilbert Stuart, the eminent painter, Getty, GEORGE WASHINGTON, military 
looked at the map, and said the towns officer; born in Georgetown, D. C., Oct. 
which Russell had thus distinguished re- 2, 1819; was graduated at West Point 
sembled some monstrous animal. He took in 1840; served in the war with Mexico, 
a pencil, and with a few touches repre- and in the Seminole War in Florida; and, 
sonted a head, wings, claws, and tail, becoming brigjidier-general of volunteers 
" There," said Stuart, " that will do for in 1862, did excellent service in the cam- 
a salamander." Russell, who was busy paign on the Peninsula. He was in the 
with his pen, looked up at the hideous battles of South Mountain, Antietam, and 
figure, and exclaimed, "Salamander! Fredericksburg in 1862; also in the cam- 
Call it Gerry-mander." The word was im- paign against Richmond in 1864 until 

August, when he was brevetted 
major - general of volunteers. 
He was in the army in the 
Shenandoah Valley the remain 
der of the year. He was also 
in the battle at Sailor s Creek, 
and at the surrender of Lee. 
On Aug. 1, 1864, he was bre 
vetted major-general of volun 
teers, and March 13, 1865, ma 
jor-general in the regular army. 
He was commissioned colonel 
of the 37th Infantry in 1866, 
and retired Oct. 2, 1883. His 
last service was as commander 
of the United States troops 
along the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad during the riots of 
1877. He died in Forest Glen, 
Md., Oct. 2, 1901. 

Gettysburg, BATTLE OF. On 
the day when General Meade 
took command of the Army of 
the Potomac, June 28, 1863, 
Lee was about to cross the Sus- 
mediately adopted into the political quehanna at Harrisburg and march on 
vocabulary as a term of reproach for Philadelphia. The militia of Pennsylvania, 
those who change boundaries of districts who had shown great apathy in responding 
for a partisan purpose. to the call for help, now, when danger was 

68 




THE GERRY-MANDER. 



GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF 




POSITION OF THE NORTHERN AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES, SUNSET, JUNE 30, 1863. 



at their door, turn 
ed out with con 
siderable spirit; 
and Lee, observing 
this, and hearing 
that the augment 
ed Army of the 
Potomac was in 
Maryland and 
threatening his 
rear and flanks, 
immediately aban 
doned his scheme 
for further inva 
sion, and ordered 
a retrograde move 
ment. On the 
same day, Stuart, 
with a large force 
of cavalry, crossed 
the Potomac, push 
ed on to Westmin 
ster, at the right 

of the Nationals, crossed over to Car- Marsh Creek, a few miles distant, was 
lisle, encountering Kilpatrick and his cav- then advancing with his own corps, fol- 
alry, and followed Ewell in his march lowed by Howard s, having those of Sickles 
towards Gettsyburg. Longstreet had been and Slocum within call. The sound of 
ordered to cross the South Mountain fire-arms quickened his pace, and he 
range, and press on through Gettysburg marched rapidly to the relief of Buford, 
to Baltimore to keep Meade from cutting who was holding the Confederates in 
Lee s communications. Lee hoped to crush check. While Reynolds was placing some 
Meade, and then march in triumph on of his troops on the Chambersburg road, 
Baltimore and Washington; or, in the Confederates made an attack, when a 
case of failure, to secure a direct line volley of musketry from the 56th Penn- 
of retreat into Virginia. Meanwhile sylvania led by Col. J. W. Hoffman, opened 
Meade was pushing towards the Susque- the decisive battle of Gettysburg, 
hanna with cautious movement, and on Meredith s " Iron Brigade " then 
the evening of June 30 he discover- charged into a wood in the rear of the 
ed Lee s evident intention to give bat- Seminary, to fall upon Hill s right, under 
tie at once. On the day before, Kil- General Archer. The Nationals were 
patrick and Custer s ca,,- 7 had de- pushed back, but other troops, under the 
feated some of Stuart s a few miles from personal direction of Reynolds, struck 
Gettysburg. Buford s cavalry entered Archer s flank, and captured that officer 
Gettysburg ; and on the 30th the left wing and 800 of his men. At the moment 
of Meade s army, led by General Reyn- when this charge was made, the bullet of 
olds, arrived near there. At the same a Mississippi sharp-shooter pierced Reyn- 
time the corps of Hill and Longstreet olds s neck, when he fell forward and ex- 
were approaching from Chambersburg, and pired. General Doubleday had just ar- 
Fwell was marching down from Carlisle rived, and took Reynolds s place, leaving 
in full force. On the morning of July 1 his own division in charge of General 
Buford, with 6,000 cavalry, met the van Rowley. Very soon the Mississippi bri- 
of Lee s army, led by General Heth, be- gade, under General Davis, was captured, 
tween Seminary Ridge (a little way from and at noon the whole of the 1st Corps, 
Gettysburg) and a parallel ridge a little under General Doubleday, was well post- 
farther west, when a sharp skirmish en- ed on Seminary Ridge, and the remain- 
sued. Reynolds, who had bivouacked at der of Hill s corps was rapidly approach- 

69 



GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF 



ing. Meanwhile, the advance division of of Reynolds, and he ordered General Han- 
Ewell s corps had taken a position on a cock, Howard s junior, to leave his corps 
ridge north of the town, connecting with with Gibbons and take the chief command 
Hill, and seriously menacing the National at Gettysburg. He arrived just as the 
right, held by General Cutler. Double- beaten forces were hurrying towards 
day sent aid to Cutler, when a severe Cemetery Hill. He reported to Meade 
struggle ensued for some time, and three that he was satisfied with Howard s dis- 
1 North Carolina regiments were captured, position of the troops. The latter had 
Now the battle assumed far grander pro- called early upon Slocum and Sickles, and 
portions. Howard s corps, animated by both promptly responded. Sickles joined 
the sounds of battle on its front, pressed the left of the troops on Cemetery Hill 
rapidly forward, and reached the field of that night. Hancock had gone back ; and, 
strife at a little past noon. He left Stein- meeting his own corps, posted it a mile 
wehr s brigade on Cemetery Hill, placed and a half in the rear of Cemetery Hill. 
General Schurz in temporary charge of Meade had now given orders for the con- 
the corps, and, ranking Doubleday, took centration of his whole army at Gettys- 
the chief command of all the troops in burg, and he aroused them at one o clock 
action. The Confederate numbers were in the morning of July 2, when only the 
continually augmented, and, to meet an corps of Sykes and Sedgwick were absent, 
expected attack from the north and w r est, Lee, too, had been bringing forward his 
Howard was compelled to extend the Na- troops as rapidly as possible, making his 
tional lines, then quite thin, about 3 headquarters on Seminary Ridge. On the 
miles, with Gulp s Hill on the right, morning of the 2d a greater portion of 
Round Top on the left, and Cemetery Hill the two armies confronted each other, 
in the centre, forming the apex of a Both commanders seemed averse to tak- 
redan. At about three o clock in the ing the initiative of battle. The Nation- 
afternoon there was a general advance als had the advantage of position, their 
of the Confederates, and a terrible battle lines projecting in wedge-form towards 
ensued, with heavy losses on both sides, the Confederate centre, with steep rocky 
The Nationals were defeated. They had acclivities along their front. It was late 
anxiously looked for reinforcements from in the afternoon before a decided move- 
the scattered corps of the Army of the ment was made. Sickles, on the left, be- 
Potomac. These speedily came, but not tween Cemetery Hill and Round Top, ex 
pecting an at 
tack, had ad 
vanced his corps 
well towards 
the heaviest 
columns of the 
Confederates. 
Then Lee at 
tacked him with 
L o ngstreet s 
corps. There 
was first a se- 
v e r e struggle 
for the posses- 
sion of the 
rocky eminence 
on Meade s ex- 
treme left, 
where Birney 

until the preliminary engagement in the was stationed. The Nationals won. 
great battle of Gettysburg was ended. Meanwhile there was a fierce contest 

General Meade was at Taneytown, 13 near the centre, between Little Round 
miles distant, when he heard of the death Top and Cemetery Hill. While yet there 

70 




WHERE THE BATTLE BEGAN. 



GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF 




BATTLE-GROUND OP LITTLE ROL .VD TOP. 



was strife for the former, General Craw- where General Slocum was in chief com 
ford, with six regiments of Pennsylvania mand. Ewell had attacked him with a 
reserves, swept down its northwestern part of his corps at the time Longstreet 
side with tremendous shouts, and drove assailed the left. The assault was vigor- 
the Confederates through the woods to ous. Up the northern slopes of Cemetery 
the Emmettsburg road, making 300 of Hill the Confederates pressed in the face 
them prisoners. Generals Humphreys of a murderous fire of canister and shrap- 
and Graham were then in an advanced nel to the muzzles of the guns. Another 
position, the former with his right on part of Swell s corps attempted to turn 
the Emmettsburg road, when Hill, ad- the National right by attacking its weak- 
vancing in heavy force from Seminary ened part on Gulp s Hill. The Confeder- 
Ridge, fell upon him and pushed him ates were repulsed at the right centre; 
back, with a loss of half his men and, after a severe battle on the extreme 
and three guns. In this onset Sickles right of the Nationals, the Confederates 
lost a leg, and Birney took command there were firmly held in check. So end- 
of the corps. Elated by this success, ed, at about ten o clock at night, the see 
the Confederates pushed up to the base ond day s battle at Gettysburg, when 
of Cemetery Hill and its southern slope, nearly 40,000 men of the two armies, who 
throwing themselves recklessly upon sup- were " effective " thirty-six hours before, 
posed weak points. In this contest were dead or w r ounded. 
Meade led troops in person. Finally The advantage seemed to be with the 
Hancock, just at sunset, directed a general Confederates, for they held the ground in 
charge, chiefly by fresh troops under advance of Gettysburg which the Na- 
Doubleday, who had hastened to his as- tionals had held the previous day. Dur- 
sistance from the rear of Cemetery Hill, ing the night Meade made provision for 
These, with Humphreys s shattered regi- expelling the Confederate intrusion on the 
ments, drove the Confederates back and National right by placing a heavy artil- 
recaptured four guns. The battle ended lery force in that direction. Under cover 
on the left centre at twilight. Then the of these guns a strong force made an at- 
battle was renewed on the National right, tack, and for four hours Geary s division 

71 



GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF 



kept up a desperate struggle. Then the 
Confederates fell back, and the right was 
made secure. Now Ewell was repulsed on 
the right, and Round Top, on the left, 
was impregnable; so Lee determined to 
strike Meade s centre with a force that 
should crush it. At noon (July 3) he 
had 145 cannon in battery along the line 
occupied by Longstreet and Hill. All 
night General Hunt, of the Nationals, had 
been arranging the artillery from Ceme 
tery Hill to Little Round Top, where the 
expected blow would fall. Lee determined 
to aim his chief blow at Hancock s posi 
tion on Cemetery Hill. At 1 o clock P.M. 
115 of his cannon opened a rapid concen 
trated fire on the devoted point. Four 
score National guns replied, and for two 
hours more than 200 cannon shook the 
surrounding country with their detona 
tions. Then the Confederate infantry, in 
a line 3 miles in length, preceded by 
a host of skirmishers, flowed swiftly over 



the undulating plain. Behind these waa 
a heavy reserve. Pickett, with his Vir 
ginians, led the van, well supported, in a 
charge upon Cemetery Hill. In all, his 
troops were about 15,000 strong. The 
cannon had now almost ceased thundering, 
and were succeeded by the awful roll of 
musketry. Shot and shell from Han 
cock s batteries now made fearful lanes 
through the oncoming Confederate ranks. 
Hancock was wounded, and Gibbons was 
placed in command. Pickett pressed on 
ward, when the divisions of Hayes and 
Gibbons opened an appalling and con 
tinuous fire upon them. The Confed 
erates gave way, and 2,000 men were 
made prisoners, and fifteen battle-flags be 
came trophies of victory for Hayes. Still 
Pickett moved on, scaled Cemetery Hill, 
burst through Hancock s line, drove back 
a portion of General Webb s brigade, and 
planted the Confederate flag on a stonewall. 
But Pickett could go no farther. Then 




GENERAL PICKETT AT CEMETERY BILL. 

72 



GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF 




VIEW FROM LITTLE ROUND TOP. 



Stannard s Vermont brigade of Double- 
day s division opened such a destructive 
fire on Pickett s troops that they gave 
way. Very soon 2,500 of them were made 
prisoners, and with them twelve battle- 
flags, and three-fourths of his gallant men 
were dead or captives. Wilcox supported 
Pickett, and met a similar fate at the 
hands of the Vermonters. Meanwhile 
Crawford had advanced upon the Confed 
erate right from near Little Round Top. 
The Confederates fled; and in this sortie 
the whole ground lost by Sickles was re 
covered, with 260 men captives, 7,000 
small-arms, a cannon, and wounded Union 
ists, who had lain nearly twenty-four 
hours uncared for. Thus, at near sunset, 
July 3, 1863, ended the battle of Gettys 
burg. During that night and all the next 
day Lee s army on Seminary Ridge pre 
pared for flight back to Virginia. His in 
vasion was a failure; and on Sunday 
morning, July 5, his whole army was 
moving towards the Potomac. 

This battle, in its far-reaching effects, 
was the most important of the war. The 
National loss in men, from the morning 
of the 1st until the evening of the 3d of 
July, was reported by Meade to be 23,186, 
of whom 2,834 were killed, 13,709 wound 
ed, and 6,643 missing. Lee s loss was 
probably about 30,000. The battle-ground 
is now the National Soldiers Cemetery, 



73 



nearly all of the Confederate dead having 
been removed to Southern cemeteries. 
The battle-field is now studded with State 
and regimental monuments marking the 
most important spots in the three-days 
battle. Near the centre of the battle-field 
stands a national monument of gray gran 
ite, erected at a cost of $50,000, and also 
a bronze statue of General Reynolds. 

Almost immediately after the battle the 
government determined to acquire and set 
apart the battle-field for a National Sol 
diers Cemetery. On Nov. 19, 1863, the 
field, which then contained the graves of 
3,580 Union soldiers, was dedicated by 
President Lincoln, who delivered the fol 
lowing memorable speech: 

" Fourscore and seven years ago our 
fathers brought forth on this continent a 
new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedi 
cated to the proposition that all men are 
created equal. 

" Now we are engaged in a great civil 
war, testing whether that nation, or any na 
tion so conceived and so dedicated, can long 
endure. We are met on a great battle 
field of that war. We have come to dedicate 
a portion of that field as a final resting- 
place for those who here gave their lives 
that thatnation might live. It is altogether 
fitting and proper that we should do this. 

" But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedi 
cate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot 



GETTYSBURG GHENT 



hallow this ground. The brave men, liv- and that government of the people, by the 
ing and dead, who struggled here have people, for the people, shall not perish 
consecrated it, far above our poor power from the earth." See ADAMS, CHARLES 
to add or detract. The world will little FRANCIS; EVERETT, EDWACD. 

Ghent, TREATY OF, the treaty between 
the United States and Great Britain, 
which terminated the War of 1812. The 
American commissioners were John 
Quincy Adams, James Bayard, Henry 
Clay, Jonathan Russell, and Albert Galla- 
tin ; the British commissioners were 
Lord Gambier, Henry Goulburn, and Will 
iam Adams. The American commis 
sioners assembled in the city of Ghent, 
Belgium, in July, 1814; the British com 
missioners early in the following month. 
The terms of the treaty were concluded 
Dec. 24, following, and the ratifications 
were exchanged Feb. 17, 1815. While the 
negotiations were in progress the leading 
citizens of Ghent took great interest in 
the matter. Their sympathies were with 
the Americans, and they mingled their 
rejoicings with the commissioners when 
the work was clone. On Oct. 27 the 
Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts at 
Ghent invited the American commis 
sioners to attend their exercises, when they 
were all elected honorary members of the 
academy. A sumptuous dinner w r as 
given, at which the intendant, or chief 
magistrate, of Ghent offered the following 
sentiment: "Our distinguished guests 
and fellow-members, the American minis 
ters may they succeed in making an 
honorable peace to secure the liberty and 
independence of their country." The 
band then played Hail, Columbia. The 
British commissioners were not present. 
After the treaty was concluded, the 
American commissioners dined the British 
commissioners, at which Count H. van 

note, nor long remember, what we say Steinhuyser, the intendant of the depart- 
here, but it can never forget what they ment, was present. Sentiments of mutual 
did here. It is for us the living, rather, friendship were offered. A few days after- 
to be dedicated here to the unfinished wards the intendant gave an entertainment 
work which they who fought here have to the commissioners of both nations, 
thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather The leading provisions of the treaty 
for us to be here dedicated to the great were: (1) Restoration of all territory, 
task remaining before us, that from these places, and possessions taken by either 
honored dead we take increased devotion party from the other during the war, ex- 
to that cause for which they gave the last cept the islands mentioned in Article IV. 
full measure of devotion, that we here Public property remaining in such places 
highly resolve that these dead shall not at the time of ratifying the treaty was 
have died in vain, that this nation, under not to be destroyed or carried away, and 
God, shall have a new birth of freedom, the same engagement was made as to 

74 







THE SOLDIERS MONUMENT AT GETTrSBURG. 



GHENT GIBAULT 



slaves and other private property (Article 
I. ) . ( 2 ) Article IV. provides the appoint 
ment of a commission to decide to which 
of the two powers certain islands in and 
near Passamaquoddy Bay belong; and if 
the commission should fail to come to a 
decision, the subject was to be referred 
to some friendly sovereign or state. (3) 
Articles V.-VIII. provide for several com 
missions to settle the line of boundary as 
described in the treaty of 1783, one com 
mission to settle the line from the river 
St. Croix to where the 45th parallel 
cuts the river St. Lawrence (called the 
Iroquois or Cataraqua in the treaty) ; an 
other to determine the middle of the wa 
ter communications from that point to 
Lake Superior; and a third to adjust the 



deavors to abolish the slave-trade, as be 
ing " irreconcilable with the principles of 
humanity and justice. 

Gherardi, BANCROFT, naval officer ; born 
in Jackson, La., Nov. 10, 1832; appointed 
midshipman June 29, 1846; took part in 
the attack on Fort Macon and in the bat 
tle of Mobile Bay; promoted to rear-ad 
miral in 1887; retired Nov. 10, 1894. 

Giauque, FLORIEN, author; born near 
Berlin, 0., May 11, 1843; served in the 
Civil War in 1862-65; graduated at 
Kenyon College in 1869; admitted to the 
bar in 1875. His publications include Re 
vised Statutes of Ohio; Present Value Ta 
bles; Naturalization and Election Laws of 
the United States; Ohio Election Laws, etc. 

Gibault, PETER, Roman Catholic priest. 




GHENT. 



limits from the " water-communication be- The bishop of Quebec in 1770 sent him to 

tween Lakes Huron and Superior to the the territory now included in Illinois and 

most northwestern point of the Lake of Louisiana. He lived a portion of the time 

the Woods." If either of these commis- in Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and St. 

sions should not make a decision, the sub- Genevieve. During the Revolutionary War, 

ject was to be referred to a friendly sover- through his influence, the settlers in this 

eign or state as before. (4) Article IX. territory, who were mostly French, became 

binds both parties to use their best en- ardent advocates of the American cause, 

75 



GIBBES GIBBON 



and he also induced the Indians to remain 
neutral. Judge Law says : " Next to Clark 
and Vigo, the United States are indebt 
ed more to Father Gibault for the acces 
sion of the States comprised in what was 
the original Northwest Territory than to 
any other man." 

Gibbes, ROBERT WILSON, historian; 
born in Charleston, S. C., July 8, 1809; 
graduated at the South Carolina Col 
lege in 1827 ; was the editor of the Week 
ly Banner and the Daily South-Carolini 
an, and was also twice elected mayor of 
Columbia. During the Civil War he was 
surgeon-general of South Carolina. Among 
his writings are A Documentary History 
of the American Revolution, consisting of 
letters and papers relating to the contest 
for liberty, chiefly in South Carolina. He 
died in Columbia, S. C., Oct. 15, 1866. 

Gibbes, WILLIAM HASELL, lawyer; born 
in Charleston, S. C., March 16, 1754; stud 
ied law in London, and was one of the 
thirty Americans living there who signed a 
petition to the King against the Parlia 
mentary enactments which resulted in the 
Revolutionary War. He entered the Con 
tinental army as captain-lieutenant of ar 
tillery. In 1783-1825 hewasmaster in chan 
cery of South Carolina. He died in 1831. 

Gibbon, EDWAKD, historian ; born in 
Putney, Surrey, England, April 27, 1737; 
was from infancy feeble in physical con 
stitution. His first serious attempt at 
authorship was when he was only a 
youth a treatise on the age of Sesostris. 
He was fond of Oriental research. Read 
ing Bossuet s Variations of Protestant 
ism and Exposition of Catholic Doctrine, 
he became a Roman Catholic, and at 
length a free-thinker. He was a student 
at Oxford when he abjured Protestantism, 
and was expelled. He read with avidity 
the Latin, Greek, and French classics, and 
became passionately fond of historical re 
search. He also studied practically the 
military art, as a member of the Hamp 
shire militia, with his father. In 1751 
he published a defence of classical studies 
against the attacks of the French phi 
losophers. In 1764 he went to Rome, and 
studied its antiquities with delight and 
seriousness, and there he conceived the 
idea of writing his great work, The De 
cline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 
" It was at Rome," he wrote, " on the 



15th of October, 1764, as I sat musing 
amid the ruins of the Capitol, while bare 
footed friars were singing < vespers in the 
Temple of Jupiter, that the idea of writ 
ing the decline and fall of the city first 
started to my mind." But that work 
was not seriously begun until 1770, and 
the first volume was completed in 1775. 
In 1774 he became a member of the House 
of Commons, and at first took sides with 
the Americans, writing much in their 
favor. He finally became a firm sup 
porter of the British ministry in their 
proceedings against the Americans, writ 
ing in their defence a pamphlet in the 
French language, when he was provided 
by them with a lucrative sinecure office 
worth $4,000 a year. His mouth (or, 
rather, pen) was thus stopped by the 
government favor. To this venality the 
following epigram alludes. It was writ 
ten, it is said, by Charles James Fox: 

" King George, in a fright, lest Gibbon should 

write 

The story of Britain s disgrace, 
Thought no means more sure his pen to 

secure 
Than to give the historian a place. 

" But his caution is vain, tis the curse of 

his reign 

That his projects should never succeed ; 
Though he write not a line, yet a cause of 

decline 
In the author s example we read." 




- 



EDWARD GIBBON. 



76 



On the downfall of the North adminis 
tration, and the loss of his salary, Gib 
bon left England and went to live at 




GIBBON GIBBONS 

Lausanne, Switzerland. There he com- Charles College, Maryland, and in 1857 
pleted his great work in June, 1787, and, was transferred to St. Mary s Seminary, 
sending the manuscript to England, it Baltimore. He was ordained a priest 
was issued on his fifty-first birthday. It June 30, 1861 ; was made an assistant in 
is said that his booksellers realized a 
profit on the work of $300,000, while the 
author s profits were only $30,000. On 
setting out for England, in the spring of 
1793, he was afflicted with a very serious 
malady, which he had long concealed, 
until it finally developed into a fatal dis 
order, which terminated his life suddenly 
in London, Jan. 16, 1794. 

Gibbon, JOHN, military officer; born 
near Holmesburg, Pa., April 20, 1827; 
graduated at West Point in 1847; served 
to the close of the Mexican War in the 
artillery. During the Civil War he was 
chief of artillery to General McDowell till 
May, 1862, when he was promoted briga 
dier-general of volunteers. His brigade 
was in constant service, and Gibbon was 
soon promoted colonel, U. S. A., and ma- CARDINAL GIBBONS. 

jor-general, U. S. V. He took part in the 

battles of the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, St. Patrick s Cathedral, Baltimore; and 
and Petersburg. He received the brevet soon after was appointed pastor of St. 
of major-general, U. S. A., March 13, 1865. Bridget s Church, in Canton, a suburb of 
He published The Artillerist s Manual. He Baltimore. Subsequently he was private 
died in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 6, 1896. secretary to Archbishop Spalding, and 

Gibbons, ABIGAIL HOPPER, philanthro- chancellor of the diocese. In October, 
pist; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 7, 1866, he was appointed assistant chan- 
1801; wife of James Sloan Gibbons; was cellor to the Second Plenary Council of 
the chief founder of the Isaac T. Hopper the American Roman Catholic Church, 
Home, and was interested in numerous which met in Baltimore, and in 1868 
other charitable movements. During the became vicar-apostolic of North Carolina, 
draft riots of 1863 her home was among with the title of bishop. On May 20, 
the first tcr be entered by the mob be- 1877, he was appointed coadjutor arch- 
cause of her abolition sympathies. She bishop of Baltimore, and on Oct. 3 of the 
died in New York City, Jan. 10, 1893. same year succeeded to the see. In No- 

Gibbons, EDWARD, colonist; born in vember, 1884, he presided at the Third 
England; came to America in 1629 and National Council at Baltimore. In 1886 
settled in Boston; became sergeant-major he was elevated to the dignity of cardi- 
of the Suffolk regiment in 1644; was nal, being the second prelate in the United 
major-general of militia in 1649-50. He States to attain that high distinction, 
was a member of the commission of 1643 Cardinal Gibbons boldly put an end to 
to establish the confederation of the CAHENSLEYISM (q. v.) in the United 
Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, States, and has shown himself to be a 
and New Haven colonies. He died in Bos- thorough American citizen. He is the 
ton, Mass., Dec. 9, 1654. author of The Faith of Our Fathers; Our 

Gibbons, JAMES, clergyman; born in Christian Heritage; and The Ambassador 
Baltimore, Md., July 23, 1834; removed of Christ. 

to Ireland with his parents at an early Gibbons, JAMES SLOAN, banker; born 
age, and there received his preliminary in Wilmington, Del., July 1, 1810; set- 
education, and in 1848 returned with his tied in New York City in 1835, and en- 
parents to the United States, settling in gaged in banking. His publications in- 
New Orleans. In 1855 he entered St. elude The Banks of New York, their Deal- 

11 



GIBBONS GIBSON 

ers, the Clearing-House, and the Panic In the battle, Nov. 4, 1791, in which St. 

of 1851 ; The Public Debt of the United Clair was defeated, Colonel Gibson was 

States; and a song, We are Coming, Father mortally wounded, dying in Fort Jeffer- 

Abraham, Three Hundred Thousand More son, 0., Dec. 14, 1791. Hi s brother JOHN 

( popular during the Civil War ) . He died was also a soldier of the Revolution ; born 

in New York City, Oct. 17, 1892. in Lancaster, Pa., May 23, 1730; was in 

Gibbons, JOSEPH, abolitionist; born in Forbes s expedition against Fort Duquesne, 
Lancaster, Pa., Aug. 14, 1818; grad- and acted a conspicuous part in Dunmore s 
uated at Jefferson College in 1845; was war in 1774. He commanded a Cond 
one of the principal conductors of the nental regiment in the Revolutionary War. 
" underground railroad," through which He was made a judge of the Common 
institution he and his father aided hun- Pleas of Alleghany county, and in 1800 
dreds of slaves to freedom. He died in was appointed by Jefferson secretary of 
Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 8, 1883. the Territory of Indiana. He died near 

Gibbs, ALFRED, military officer; born Pittsburg, Pa., April 10, 1822. 
in Sunswick, Long Island, N. Y., April Gibson, JAMES, merchant; born in Lon- 
23, 1823; graduated at West Point in don in 1690; became a merchant in Bos- 
1846: served under Scott in Mexico, and ton, Mass.; took part in the capture of 
afterwards against the Indians; and Louisburg, and after its surrender superin- 
when the Civil War broke out he was in tended the removal of the prisoners to 
Texas. He was made prisoner, and when France. He published an account of the 
exchanged in 18G2 he was made colonel Louisburg expedition, under the title of 
of the 130th New York Volunteers, and A Boston Merchant of 1745. He died in 
served under Sheridan, in the latter part the West Indies in 1752. 
of the war, in command of a cavalry Gibson, JOHN, military officer; born in 
brigade. He was active in the Army of Lancaster, Pa., May 23, 1740. While still 
the Potomac at all times, and was a a boy he was with the expedition which 
thoroughly trustworthy officer. In March, captured Fort Duquesne in 1757. He mar- 
18(i5, he was brevetted major-general of ried the Indian chief Logan s sister; took 
volunteers. He was mustered out of the part in the negotiations between Logan 
service Feb. 1, 1866; was commissioned and Lord Dunmore in 1774; was in active 
major of the 7th Cavalry on July 28 fol- service throughout the Revolutionary 
lowing; and served in Kansas till his War. In 1801 Jefferson appointed him sec- 
death, in Fort Leavenworth, Dec. 26, 1868. retary of the Indiana Territory, which of- 

Gibbs, GEORGE, historian ; born in fice he held till it became a State. He died 
Astoria, N. Y., July 17, 1815; was at- a t Braddock s Field, Pa., April 10, 1822. 
tached to the United States boundary Gibson, PARIS, legislator; born in 
commission for many years; did military Brownfield, Me., July 1, 1830; was gradu- 
duty in Washington during the Civil a t e d at Bowdoin College in 1851; re- 
War; was a member of the New York m0 v C d to Minneapolis, Minn., in 1858, 
Historical Society for many years and where with W. W. Eastman he built the 
its secretary for six years. Among his fi rs t flour and woollen mills in the city; 
works are Memoirs of the Administrations member of the convention that framed the 
of Washington and John Adams; A constitution of Montana in 1889; elected 
Dictionary of the Chinese Jargon; Ethnol- a State Senator in 1891; and a United 
ogy and Philology of America, etc. He States Senator in 1901. 
died in New Haven, Conn., April 9, 1873. Gibson, RANDALL LEE, statesman; born 

Gibson, GEORGE, military officer; born in Spring Hill, Ky., Sept. 10, 1832; grad- 
in Lancaster, Pa., Oct. 10, 1747. On the uated at Yale in 1853; at the begin- 
breaking-out of the Revolution he raised ning of the Civil War enlisted as a private, 
a company of 100 men at Fort Pitt, who but soon received a commission as captain 
were distinguished for their bravery and in the Louisiana Artillery, and sub- 
as sharp-shooters, and were called " Gib- sequently was elected colonel of the 13th 
son s Lambs." These did good service Louisiana Infantry. He took part in the 
throughout the war. A part of the time battles of Shiloh, Murfreesboro, and 
Gibson was colonel of a Virginia regiment. Chickamauga. At Nashville he covered. 

78 






GIBSO N GILBERT 



the retreat of Hood s army. After the 
war he resumed the practice of law and 
was elected to the United States House of 
Representatives, but was not allowed to 
take his seat until a subsequent election. 
In 1882 and 1888 he was elected to the 
United States Senate. He died in Hot 
Springs, Ark., Dec. 15, 1892. 

Gibson, TOBIAS, clergyman; born in 
Liberty, S. C., Nov. 10, 1771; became a 
minister of the Methodist Church in 1792; 
went as a missionary to Natchez in 1800; 
travelled alone through the forests for 
COO miles to the Cumberland River; sailed 
800 miles in a canoe to the Ohio River; 
and then went down the Mississippi. He 
is noted chiefly for the introduction of 
Methodism in the Southwest. He died in 
Natchez, Tenn., April 10, 1804. 

Giddings, FRANKLIN HENRY, educator; 
born in Sherman, Conn., March 23, 1855; 
graduated at Union College in 1877; be 
came Professor of Sociology in Colum 
bia University in 1894. He is the au 
thor of Democracy and Empire; The 
Principle of Sociology; Modern Distri 
butive Process; Theory of Socialization, 
etc. 

Giddings, JOSHUA REED, statesman; 
born in Athens, Pa., Oct. 6, 1795. His 
parents removed to Ohio, and in 1812 he 
enlisted in a regiment under Colonel 
Hayes, which was sent on an expedition 
against the Sandusky Indians. In 1826 
he was elected to the Ohio legislature; in 
1838 to the United States Congress. 
While still a young man Giddings was 
known to be an active abolitionist. In 
1841 the Creole sailed from Virginia to 
Louisiana with a cargo of slaves who, on 
the voyage, secured possession of the ves 
sel and put into Nassau, Bahama Isl 
ands. In accordance with British law 
these negroes were declared free men. 
The United States set up a claim against 
the British government for indemnity. 
Giddings offered a resolution in the House 
to the effect that slavery was an abridg 
ment of a natural right, and had no effect 
outside of the territory or jurisdiction 
that created it; and that the negroes on 
the Creole had simply asserted their nat 
ural rights. Under the leadership of 
John Minor Botts, of Virginia, the House 
censured Giddings, and as it gave him no 
opportunity for defence he resigned and 



appealed to his constituents for a re 
election. He was sent back within six 
weeks, and subsequently re-elected, serving 
in all twenty years. Giddings opposed the 
annexation of Texas. During the contro 
versy in reference to the northern boun 
dary of the United States he held that 
the United States was entitled to the line 
" Fifty-four, forty." He refused to support 
the candidates of his party if their views 
on the slavery question were not in con 
formity with his own. As a result of this 
opposition ROBERT C. WINTHROP (q. v.) 
failed of an election to the speakership 
in 1849, the Democratic candidate, HOWELL 
COBB (q. v.) , of Georgia, being success 
ful. Giddings opposed the Fugitive Slave 
Law and the repeal of the Missouri Com- 




79 



promise. He published a selection of hia 
speeches and The Rebellion: Its Authors 
and Causes. He died in Montreal, Canada, 
where he was United States consul-gen 
eral, May 27, 1864. 

Gilbert, DAVID McCoNAUGHY, clergy- 
man ; born in Gettysburg, Pa., Feb. 4, 
1836 ; graduated at Pennsylvania College 
in 1857; ordained to the ministry 
of the Lutheran Church in 1860. His 
publications include The Lutheran Church 
in Virginia, 1776-1876; The Synod of Vir 
ginia, Its History and Work; Miihlen- 
berg s Ministry in Virginia, a Chapter of 



GILBERT 



Colonial Luthero-Episcopal Church His- Discourse of a Discoverie for a New Pas- 
tory, etc. sage to Cathaia and the East Indies. He 

Gilbert, RUFUS HENBY, inventor; born obtained letters-patent from Queen Eliza- 
in Guilford, N. Y., Jan. 26, 1832; studied both, dated June 11, 1578, empowering 
medicine; served as surgeon throughout him to discover and possess any lands in 
the Civil War. He is best known through North America then unsettled, he to pay 
the Gilbert Elevated Eailroad Company, to the crown one-fifth of all gold and silver 
which extended from the Battery through which the countries he might discover and 
Greenwich Street and Ninth Avenue to colonize should produce. It invested him 
Thirtieth Street, New York City. This with powers of an absolute ruler over his 
was the first elevated railroad. Soon after colony, provided the laws should not be 
the Sixth Avenue railroad was built, and in derogation of supreme allegiance to the 
these two were merged into one with the crown. It guaranteed to his followers all 
other elevated railroads in New York the rights of Englishmen; and it also 
City, under the title of the Metropolitan guaranteed the absolute right of a ter- 
Elevated Eailroad Company. He died in ritcry where they might settle, within 
New York City, July 10, 1885. 200 leagues of which no settlement should 

Gilbert, SIB HUMPHREY, navigator; be permitted until the expiration of six 
born at Compton, near Dartmouth, Eng- years. This was the first colonial charter 
land, in 1539; half-brother of Sir Walter granted by an English monarch. Armed 
Raleigh. Finishing his studies at Eton and with this, Gilbert sailed for Newfound- 
Oxford, he entered upon the military pro- land in 157C with a small squadron; for 
fession; and being successful in suppress- he did not believe there would be profit 
ing a rebellion in Ireland in 1570, he was in searching for gold in the higher lati- 
made commander-in-chief and governor of tudes, to which Frobisher had been. 
Munster, and was knighted by the lord- He was accompanied by Raleigh; but 
deputy. Returning to England soon after- heavy storms and Spanish war-ships de- 
wards, he married a rich heiress. In stroyed one of his vessels, and the re 
mainder were compelled to turn back. 
Gilbert was too much impoverished 
to undertake another expedition until 
four years afterwards, when Raleigh 
and his friends fitted out a small 
squadron, which sailed from Plym 
outh under the command of Gilbert. 
The Queen, in token of her good-will, 
had sent him as a present a golden 
anchor, guided by a woman. The 
flotilla reached Newfoundland in 
August, and entered the harbor of St. 
John, where Cartier had found La 
Roque almost fifty years before. 
There, on the shore, Gilbert set up a 
column with the arms of England 
upon it, and in the presence of hun 
dreds of fishermen from western Eu 
rope, whom he had summoned to the 
spot, he took possession of the island 
in the name of his Queen. Storms 
had shattered his vessels, but, after 
making slight repairs, Gilbert pro 
ceeded to explore the coasts south- 

1572 he commanded a squadron of nine ward. Off Cape Breton he encountered a 
ships to reinforce an armament intended fierce tempest, which dashed the larger 
for the recovery of Flushing; and soon vessel, in which he sailed, in pieces on the 
after his return he published (1576) a rocks, and about 100 men perished. The 

80 




SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT. 



GILBERT GILLMORE 



commander was saved, and took refuge in 
a little vessel (the Squirrel) of ten tons. 
His little squadron was dispersed, and 
with the other vessel (the Hind), he 
turned his prow homeward. Again, in 
a rising September gale, the commander of 
the Hind shouted to Gilbert that they 
were in great peril. The intrepid navi 
gator was sitting abaft, with a book IP 
his hand, and calmly replied, " We are as 
near heaven on the sea as on land." The 
gale increased, and when night fell the 
darkness was intense. At about midnight 
the men on the Tlind saw the lights of 
the Squirrel suddenly go out. The little 
bark had plunged beneath the waves, and 
all on board perished, Sept. 9, 1583. Only 
the Hind escaped, and bore the news of the 
disaster to England. 

Gilbert, THOMAS, royalist; born in 
1714; took part in the capture of Louis- 
burg in 1745, and also in the attack on 
Crown Point in 1755. He raised a com 
pany of 300 royalists at the request of 
General Gage, but was obliged to leave 
the country, as the legislature of Massa 
chusetts had declared him " a public 
enemy." He died in New Brunswick in 
1796. 

Gilder, WILLIAM HENRY, explorer ; born 
in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 16, 1838; served 
through the Civil War and received the 
brevet of major at its close. In 1878 he 
was appointed second in command of the 
expedition to King William s Land, and 
while so engaged made a sledge-journey 
of 3,251 statute miles, the longest on 
record. In 1881 he was with the Rodgers 
expedition to look for the Jeannette. After 
the Rodgers was burned he journeyed from 
Bering Strait across Siberia, a distance of 
2,000 miles, in the depth of winter, and 
sent a despatch of the misfortune to the 
Secretary of the Navy. His publications 
include Schwatka s Search, and Ice-Pack 
and Tundra. He died in Morristown, 
N. J., Feb. 5, 1900. 

Giles, WILLIAM BRANCH, legislator; 
born in Amelia county, Va., Aug. 12, 1762; 
was a member of Congress in 1791-1803, 
with the exception of two years. Origi 
nally a Federalist he soon affiliated 
with the Democrats ; attacked Alexander 
Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, ac 
cusing him of corruption; he also opposed 
the ratification of the treaty with Great 



Britain in 1796, and opposed the proposed 
war with France in 1798. He was ap 
pointed United States Senator in 1804, 
and was subsequently elected, serving 
until March 3, 1815, when he resigned; 
governor of Virginia in 1826-30, resign 
ing to take part in the Constitutional 
Convention. He died in Albemarle county, 
Va., Dec. 4, 1830. 

Gillet, RANSOM H., legislator; born in 
New Lebanon, N. Y., Jan. 27, 1800; elected 
to Congress in 1833; appointed Indian 
commissioner in 1837; register of the 
Treasury in 1845; solicitor of the Court of 
Claims in 1858. He wrote a History of the 
Democratic Party; Life of Silas Wright; 
and The Federal Government. He died in 
Washington, D. C., Oct. 24, 1876. 

Gillett, EZRA HALL, educator; born in 
Colchester, Conn., July 15, 1823; gradu- 
ted at Yale in 1841 ; appointed Professor 
of Political Economy in the University of 
New York in 1868. Among his writings 
are History of the Presbyterian Church 
in the United States; Ancient Cities and 
Empires, etc. 

Gillmore, JAMES CLARKSON, naval offi 
cer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 10, 
1854; graduated at the United States 
Naval Academy in 1875; promoted lieu 
tenant in 1891. He was ordered to 
Manila, Jan. 14, 1899, where he was as 
signed to the Yorktown. In April of that 
year he was captured with seven others 
while scouting at Baler, Luzon. After 
spending over eighteen months in captiv 
ity and suffering great privations the 
party was rescued in the mountains near 
Cagayan by Col. Luther R. Hare, in De 
cember, 1899. 

Gillmore, QUINCY ADAMS, military offi 
cer; born in Black River, Lorain co., O., 
Feb. 28, 1825; graduated at West Point 
in 1849, and entered the engineer corps. 
He was for four years (1852-56) assist 
ant instructor of engineering at West 
Point. In October, 1861, he was appointed 
chief engineer of an expedition against 
the Southern coasts under Gen. W. T. 
Sherman. He superintended the construc 
tion of the fortifications at Hilton Head, 
and planned and executed measures for 
the capture of Fort Pulaski in the spring 
of 1862, when he was made brigadier-gen 
eral of volunteers. After service in west 
ern Virginia and Kentucky, he was brevet- 



IV. F 



81 



GILLON OILMAN 




Q0INCY ADAMS GILLMORE. 

ted colonel in the United States army, and 
succeeded Hunter (June, 18G3) in com 
mand of the Department of South Caro 
lina, when he was promoted to major- 
general. After a long and unsuccessful 
attempt to capture Charleston in 1862, he 
was assigned to the command of the 10th 
Army Corps, and in the autumn of 1863, 
resumed operations in Charleston Harbor, 
which resulted in his occupation of Mor 
ris Island, the reduction of Fort Sumter, 
and the reduction and capture of Fort 
Wagner and Battery Gregg. General 
GilJmore was the author of many works 
on engineering and a notable one on The 
Strength of the Building Stones of the 
United States (1874). For these services 
during the war he was bre vetted major- 
general in the regular army. He died in 
Brooklyn, N. Y., April 7, 1888. 

Gillon, ALEXANDER, naval officer ; born 
in Rotterdam, Holland, in 1741 ; came to 
America and settled in Charleston, S. C., 
in 1766. He captured three British 
cruisers in May, 1777; was promoted com 
modore in 1778; and captured the Bahama 
islands in May, 1782, while commander 
of a large fleet. He died at Gillon s Ee- 
treat, on the Congaree River, S. C., Oct. 
G, 1794. 

Oilman, ARTHUR, author; born in Al 
ton, 111., June 22, 1837; was the executive 
officer of the Harvard Annex, and its re 
gent when it became Radcliffe College. 
Among his works are Tales of the Path 
finders; The Discovery of America; The 



Colonization of* America; The Making of 
the American Nation, etc. 

Gilman, DANIEL COIT, educator; born 
in Norwich, Conn., July 6, 1831; grad 
uated at Yale University in 1852; and 
continued his studies in Berlin. In 1856- 
72 he served as librarian, secretary of 
the Sheffield Scientific School, and Pro 
fessor of Physical and Political Geog 
raphy at Yale University; in 1872 be 
came president of the University of Cali 
fornia, where he remained until 1875, 
when he was chosen president of Johns 
Hopkins University, which had just been 
founded. In 1893-99 he was president of 
the American Oriental Society; in 1896- 
97 a member of the United States com 
mission on the boundary - line between 
Venezuela and British Guiana ; in 1901 re 
signed the presidency of the university 
and became editor-in-chief of The New 
International Cyclopcedia and president 
of the National Civil Service Reform 
League ; and in 1902 was elected president 
of the Carnegie Institution. He has writ 
ten Life of James Monroe; University 




82 



DANIEL COIT OILMAN. 

Problems; Introduction to De Tocque- 
ville s Democracy in America; etc. 

Gilman, NICHOLAS, legislator; born in 
Exeter, N. H., Aug. 3, 1755; entered the 
Continental army in 1776; and served dur 
ing the remainder of the war. He was 
with Washington at the surrender of 
Yorktown, where it became his duty to 
take an account of the prisoners. In 
September, 1787, he was a delegate to the 



GILMAN GILMOBE 

convention to frame the Constitution of dcred in 1863, although the spirit of 
the United States; and in 1805-14 held patriotism had somewhat waned, he re- 
a seat in the United States Senate. He cruited the 18th Infantry, the 1st Heavy 
died in Exeter, N. H., May 2, 1814. Artillery, and the 1st Cavalry, which 

Gilman, NICHOLAS PAINE, educator; brought the whole number of New Hamp- 
born in Quincy, 111., Dec. 21, 1849; was shire troops supplied during the war up 
graduated at Harvard Divinity School in to 31,000, about 10 per cent, of the popu- 
1871; became Professor of Sociology and lation. He died in Concord, N. H., April 
Ethics in the Meadville Theological School 17, 1867. 

in 1895. He published Socialism and the Gilmore, PATRICK SARSFIELD, musi- 
American Spirit, etc. cian and composer; born near Dublin, Ire- 

Gilmer, GEORGE ROCKINGHAM, lawyer; land, Dec. 25, 1830; was employed for a 
born in Wilkes (now Oglethorpe) county, short time in a mercantile house in Ath- 
Ga., April 11, 1790. He was made lieu- lone, when his employer, having noticed 
tenant of the 43d Infantry in 1813, and his remarkable taste for music, hired him 
sent against the Creek Indians; was gov- to instruct his son in music. In 1849 he 
ernor of Georgia in 1829-31 and 1837-39. came to the United States, went to Bos- 
He was the author of Georgians (a his- ton, and became the leader of a band, 
torical work). He died in Lexington, Ga., His fame as a cornet player soon spread 
Nov. 15, 1859. throughout the country. After having 

Gilmer, THOMAS WALKER, statesman; been bandmaster in nearly 1,000 concerts 
born in Virginia; governor of the State he established in 1858 what became popu- 
in 1840; member of Congress, 1841-44, larly known as Gilmore s Band, and which 
when he became Secretary of the Navy; later gave concerts throughout the United 
killed by the explosion of a gun on the States and in more than half of Europe. 
Princeton ten days later, Feb. 28, 1844. When the Civil War broke out Gilmore 

Gilmor, HARRY, military officer; born and his band volunteered and went to the 
in Baltimore county, Md., Jan. 24, 1838; f ron t with the 24th Massachusetts Regi- 
entered the Confederate army at the be- ment. He was with General Burnside in 
ginning of the Civil War. In May, 1863, North Carolina, and later, while in New 
he recruited a battalion of cavalry and Orleans, General Banks placed him in 
was commissioned major. He was the charge of all the bands in the Department 
author of Four Years in the Saddle. He o f the Gulf. After the war he returned 
died in Baltimore, Md., March 4, 1883. to Boston and resumed his profession. In 

Gilmore, JAMES ROBERTS, author; born 1869 he organized a great peace jubilee 
in Boston, Mass., Sept. 10, 1823. In July, i n Boston, in which over 20,000 people, 
1864, with Colonel Jaquess he was sent 2,000 musicians, and the best military 
on an unofficial mission to the Confederate bands of Europe took part. He conducted 
government to see if peace could be estab- a similar grand musical event in 1872. 
lished. Jefferson Davis gave answer that In 1873 he removed to New York, and be- 
no proposition of peace would be con- came bandmaster of the ?2d Regiment, 
sidered except the independence of the During 1873-76 he gave more than 600 
Confederacy. Mr. Gilmore s publications concerts in what was known as Gilmore s 
include My Southern Friends; Down in Garden. In the latter year his band was 
Tennessee; Life of Garfield; the Rear- employed to play at the Centennial Expo- 
Guard of the Revolution ; Among the Pines sition in Philadelphia. Later he took 
(a novel which had a remarkable sale) ; the band to Europe, where he gave con- 
John Sevier as a Commonwealth-Builder; certs in all the principal cities. Two 
The Advance-Guard of Western Civilisa- d a ys before his death he was appointed 
tion; etc. He died in Glens Falls, N. Y., musical director of the World s Columbian 
Nov. 16, 1903. Exposition. Among his most popular 

Gilmore, JOSEPH ALBREE, "war gov- compositions are Good News from Home; 
ernor"; born in Weston, Vt., June 10, When Johnny Comes Marching Home; and 
1811; settled in Concord, N. H., in 1842; The Voice of the Departing Soul, or Death 
elected governor of New Hampshire in at the Door (which was rendered at his 
1863 and 1864. When a draft was or- own funeral). His anthems are Co- 

83 



GILPIN GIST 



lunibia; Ireland, to England; and a na 
tional air for the republic of Brazil. He 
died in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 24, 1892. 

Gilpin, HENRY DILWOOD, lawyer; born 
in Lancaster, England, April 14, 1801; 
graduated at the University of Pennsyl 
vania in 1819; began law practice in 
Philadelphia in 1822; was Attorney-Gen 
eral of the United States in 1840-41. His 
publications include Reports of Cases in 
the United States District Court for the 
Eastern District of Pennsylvania, 1828- 
36; Opinions of the Attorney-Generals of 
the United States, from the Beginning of 
the Government to 1841. He also edited 
The Papers of James Madison. He died 
in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 29, 1860. 

Girard, STEPHEN, philanthropist; born 
near Bordeaux, France, May 24, 1750; 
engaged in the merchant service in early 
life; established himself in mercantile 
business in Philadelphia in 1769, and 
traded to the West Indies until the be 
ginning of the Revolutionary War. Re 
suming his West India trade after the 
war, he accumulated a large fortune; but 
the foundation of his great wealth was 
laid by events of the negro insurrection 
in Santo Domingo. Two of his vessels 
being there, planters placed their effects 
on board of them, but lost their lives in 
the massacre that ensued The property 
of owners that could not be found was 
left in Girard s possession. In 1812 he 
bought the building and much of the stock 
of the old United States Bank, and began 
business as a private banker. He amassed 
a large fortune, and at his death, in Phil 
adelphia, Dec. 26, 1831, left property 
valued at almost $9,000,000. Besides 
large bequests to public institutions, he 
gave to Philadelphia $500,000 for the im 
provement of the city. His most note 
worthy gift was $2,000,000 and a plot of 
ground in Philadelphia for the erection 
and support of a college for orphans, 
which was opened Jan. 1, 1848. In it as 
many poor white orphan boys as the en 
dowment will support are admitted. By 
a provision of the will of the founder, no 
ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister of any 
sect whatever is to hold any connection 
with the college, or be admitted to the 
premises as a visitor; but the officers of 
the institution are required to instruct 
the pupils in the purest principles of 



morality, leaving them to adopt their own 
religious opinions. The beneficiaries are 
admitted between the age of six and ten 
years; fed, clothed, and educated; and 
between the age of fourteen and eighteen 
are bound out to mechanical, agricultural, 
or commercial occupations. At the end 
of 1900 the college reported sixty-seven 
professors and instructors; 1,731 students, 
16,800 volumes in the library, 4,754 grad- 
uates, and $15,958,293 in productive funds. 
A. H. Fetterolf, LL.D., was president. 

Girard College. See GIRAKD, STEPHEN. 

Girty, SIMON, partisan; born in Penn- 
sylvania about 1750; was a spy for the 
British at Fort Pitt in 1774. When the 
Revolutionary War broke out he became a 
leader of the Indians and took part in 
numerous atrocities. In 1778 he went to 
Detroit, inciting the Indians on the way 
to hostility against the United States. 
He was present when COL. WILLIAM CRAW- 
FORD (q. v.) was tortured to death by the 
savages, and it is alleged that he mani- 
fested joy in Crawford s agony. In 1791 
he was present at the defeat of Gen. 
Arthur St. Clair, and while Gen. William 
Butler lay wounded he ordered an Indian 
to kill and scalp him. He also took up 
the cause of the British in the War of 
1812. He died in Canada about 1815. 







MORDECAI GIST. 



Gist, MORDECAI, military officer; born 
in Baltimore, Md., in 1743; was captain 



GLADDEN GLENDALE 



of the first troops raised in Maryland at 
the breaking out of the Revolution; was 
made major of Smallwood s regiment in 
1776; and commanded it at the battle of 
Long Island. Promoted to colonel in 
1777, and brigadier-general early in 1779, 
he did good service throughout the war, 
saving the remnant of the army after 
Gutes s defeat, and being present at the 
surrender of Cornwallis. He died in 
Charleston, S. C., Sept. 2, 1792. 

Gladden, WASHINGTON, clergyman ; 
born at Pottsgrove, Pa., Feb. 11, 1836; 



Gleig, GEORGE ROBERT, author ; born in 
Stirling, Scotland, April 20, 1796; was 
educated at Glasgow and Baliol College. 
His publications include Campaigns of 
Washington and New Orleans, etc. He 
died in Berkshire, England, July 11, 
1888. 

Glendale, or Frazier s Farm, BATTLE 
OF. There was a sharp contest at White 
Oak Swamp Bridge on the morning of 
June 30, 1862, after the Army of the Po 
tomac had passed on its way to the James 
River. General Franklin had been left 




BATTLE OP GLENDALE, OR FRAZIER S FARM. 



ordained in 1860; connected with the In 
dependent as editor, 1871-75, and Sunday 
Afternoon, 1875-82. He has been a suc 
cessful lecturer and writer for many 
years. See PROTESTANTISM IN THE UNIT 
ED STATES. 

Glass. The oldest bottle glass man 
ufactory in the United States was estab 
lished at Glassboro, N". J., in 1775; a cut- 
glass manufactory was established at 
White s Mill, Pa., in 1852. To-day the 
United States manufactures more glass of 
almost every variety than any country in 
the world. 



85 



with a rear-guard to protect the passage 
of the bridge and to cover the withdrawal 
of the wagon-trains at that point. The 
Confederate piirsuers, in two columns, 
were checked by the destruction of the 
bridges. Jackson, at noon, was met at 
the site of the destroyed bridge by the 
troops of Smith, Richardson, and Nablee, 
and the batteries of Ayres and Hazard, 
who kept him at bay during the day and 
evening. Hazard was mortally wounded, 
and his force was cut up, but Ayres kept 
up a cannonade with great spirit. Dur 
ing the night the Nationals retired, leav- 



GLENDALE GLYNN 

ing 350 sick and wounded behind, and was in a strong position on Malvern Hill, 

some disabled guns. At the same time a about 18 miles from Richmond, 
sharp battle had been going on at Glen- Glendy, JOHN, clergyman; born in Lon- 

dale, or Nelson s, or Frazier s Farm, about donderry, Ireland, June 24, 1755 ; edu- 

2 miles listant. cated at the University of Glasgow; came 

Near Willis s Church General McCall s to the United States in 1799, and settled 

division was posted in reserve, General in Norfolk, Va. ; was chaplain of the 

Meade s division on the right, Seymour s House of Representatives in 1815-16. He 

on the left, and that of Reynolds (who was the author of Oration in Commemora- 

was a prisoner) under Col. S. G. Sim- tion of Washington. He died in Phila- 

mons. The artillery was all in front of delphia, Pa., Oct. 4, 1832. 
the line. Sunnier was some distance to Glenn, JAMES, colonial governor; was 

the left, with Sedgwick s division; Hooker governor of South Carolina in 1744-55; 

was at Sumner s left; and Kearny was made a treaty with the Cherokee Indians 

at the right of McCall. Longstreet and by which a large piece of territory was 

Hill had tried to intercept McCIellan s ceded to the British government. He was 

army there, but were too late, and found the author of A Description of South 

themselves confronted by these Nationals. Carolina. 

General Lee and Jefferson Davis were with Glisson, OLIVER S., naval officer ; born 
Longstreet. The Confederates waited for in Ohio in 1809; entered the navy in 1826; 
Magruder to come up, and it was between in 1862 was commander of the Mount 
three and four o clock in the afternoon be- Vernon, which rescued the transport Mis- 
fora they began an attack. Longstreet sissippi, on which were General Butler 
then fell heavily vipon McCall s Pennsyl- and 1,500 men. This vessel had grounded 
vania reserves, 6,000 strong. He was re- on the Frying-Pan Shoals, off North Caro- 
pulsed by four regiments, led by Colonel lina, while on the way to New Orleans. 
Simmons, who captured 200 of his men He was promoted rear-admiral in 1870; 
and drove them back to the woods. Then retired in 1871. He died in Philadelphia, 
the fugitives turned, and, by a murder- Pa., Nov. 20, 1890. 

ous fire, made the pursuers recoil a-nd flee Glover, JOHN, military officer; born in 

to the forest. In that encounter the Salem, Mass., Nov. 5, 1732; at the begin- 

slaughter was dreadful. ning of the Revolution raised 1,000 men 

The first struggle was quickly followed at Marblehead and joined the army at 
by others. The contending lines swayed Cambridge. His regiment, being corn- 
in charges and counter-charges for two posed almost wholly of fishermen, was 
hours. The Confederates tried to break called the " Amphibious Regiment," and 
the National line. Finally General in the retreat from Long Island it manned 
Meagher appeared with his Irish brigade, the boats. It also manned the boats at 
and made such a desperate charge across the crossing of the Delaware before the 
an open field that the Confederates were victory at Trenton. Glover was made 
driven to the woods. Then Randall s bat- brigadier-general in February, 1777, and 
tery was captured by the Confederates, joined the Northern army under General 
when McCall and Meade fought desperate- Schuyler. He did good service in the cam- 
ly for the recovery of the guns and carried paign of that year, and led Burgoyne s 
them back. Meade had been severely captive troops to Cambridge. He was 
wounded. Just at dark McCall was capt- afterwards with Greene in New Jersey, 
ured, and the command devolved on Sey- and Sullivan in Rhode Island. He died in 
mour. Very soon afterwards troops of Marblehead, Jan. 30, 1797. 
Hooker and Kearny came to help the re- Glynn, JAMES, naval officer; born about 
serves, the Confederates were driven to 1800; joined the navy in March, 1815; 
the woods, and the battle at Glendale served in the Mexican War. In June, 
ended. Before dawn the next morning 1846, eighteen Americans were wrecked 
the National troops were all silently with- in Yeddo and made prisoners in Nagasaki, 
drawn; and early the next day the Army Japan. Later Glynn, in command of the 
of the Potomac, united for the first time Prcble, ran within a mile of Nagasaki, and 
since the Chickahominy first divided it, through the urgency of his demand 

86 



GMEINER GOFFE 

secured the release of all the seamen, racy; Unforeseen Tendencies of Democ- 

This success led Glynn to propose that the racy; Reflections and Comments, etc. He 

United States attempt to open trade with died in Brixham, England, May 20, 1902. 

Japan by diplomacy. The plan was sue- See NEWSPAPERS. 

cessfully carried out by Commodore God Save the King- (or Queen), 

Perry. Glynn was promoted captain in the national hymn of Great Britain ; sup- 

1855. He died May 13, 1871. posed to have been written early in the 

Gmeiner, JOHN, clergyman; born in eighteenth century as a Jacobite song, 

Baernan, Bavaria, Dec. 5, 1847 ; came to and the air has been, by some, attributed 

the United States in 1849; was ordained to Handel. It was sung with as much 

a Roman Catholic priest in 1870; became unction in the English- American colonies 

professor of ecclesiastical history and as in England. The air did not originate 

homiletics in the Seminary of St. Francis with Handel in the reign of George I., for 

of Sales, Milwaukee, in 1876. His publica- it existed in the reign of Louis XIV. of 

tions include The Church and the Various France. Even the words are almost a 

Nationalities of the United States, etc. literal translation of a canticle which was 

Gobin, JOHN PETER SHINDEL, lawyer; sung by the maidens of St. Cyr whenever 

born in Sunbury, Pa., Jan. 26, 1837; be- King Louis entered the chapel of that 

came a brevet brigadier-general in the establishment to hear the morning prayer. 

Civil War; brigadier-general of United The a\ithor of the words was De Brinon, 

States volunteers in the war against and the music was by the eminent LullL 

Spain (1898); lieutenant-governor of The following is a copy of the words: 
Pennsylvania in 1898; commander of the 

National Guard of Pennsylvania during "Grand Bieu sauve le Roi ! 

the coal strike of 1902; State Senator Gl V a ,? d Dieu venge le Roi ! 

V ive le Roi 

since 1884; and commander-in-chief G. A. Q, ie toujours glorieux, 

R. in 1897-98. Louis victorieux ! 

Godfrey, THOMAS, inventor; born in v y e ses cnnemis 

Bristol, Pa in 1704; was by trade a Gr *g u ~ \ e Roli 

glazier, and became a self-taught mathe- Grand Dieu sauve le Roi! 

matician. In 1730 he communicated to Vive le Roi!" 
James Logan, who had befriended him, 

an improvement on Davis s quadrant. In Other authorities credit Henry Carey with 
May, 1742, Logan addressed a letter to the authorship of both words and music 
Dr. Edmund Hadley, in England, describ- of the English hymn. The music of Mi/ 
ing fully Godfrey s instrument. Hadley Country, tis of Thee (words by REV. S. F. 
did not notice it, when Logan sent a copy SMITH, D.D., q. v.) , is the same as that 
of this letter to Hadley, together with of God Save the King. 
Godfrey s account of his inventions, to a Godwin, PARKE, author; born in Pater- 
friend, to be placed before the Royal So- son, N. J., Feb. 25, 1816; graduated at 
ciety. Hadley, the vice-president, had Princeton in 1834; one of the editors of 
presented a paper, a year before, describ- the New York Evening Post from 1836 
ing a reflecting-quadrant like Godfrey s, to 1886. Among his works are Pacific 
They both seem to have hit upon the same and Constructive Democracy ; Dictionary 
invention; and the society, deciding that <->f Biography; Political Essays; etc. He 
both were entitled to the honor, sent God- died in New York, Jan. 7, 1904. 
frey household furniture of the value of Goff, NATHAN, statesman; born in 
$1,000. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., in Clarksburg, W. Va., Oct. 9, 1843; enlisted 
December, 1749. in the National army in 1861 ; Secretary 

Godkin, EDWIN LAWRENCE, journalist; of the Navy in 1881; member of Congress, 

born in Ireland, Oct. 2, 1831; graduated 1883-89. 

at Queen s College, Belfast, in 1851; was Goffe, WILLIAM, regicide: born in Eng- 
the first editor of the Nation, which was land about 1605; son of a Puritan cler- 
merged with the New York Evening Post gyman. With his father-in-law. General 
in 1882, which he also edited till 1899. Whalley, he arrived in Boston in the sum- 
He is the author of Problems of Democ- nier of 1660, and shared his fortunes in 

87 



GOIOGWEN GOLDEN HILL 



America, becoming a major-general in 
1665. When, during King Philip s War, 
Hadley was surrounded by the Indians, 
and the alarmed citizens every moment 
expected an attack (1675), Goffe sud 
denly appeared among them, took com 
mand, and led them so skilfully that 
the Indians were soon repulsed. He as 
suddenly disappeared. His person was 
a stranger to the inhabitants, and he was 
regarded by them as an angel sent for 
their deliverance. Soon after Goffe s ar 
rival in Boston, a fencing-master erected 
a platform on the Common, and dared any 
n;an to fight him with swords. Goffc, 
armed with a huge cheese covered with a 
cloth for a shield, and a mop filled with 
muddy water, appeared before the cham 
pion, who immediately made a thrust at 
his antagonist. Goffe caught and held 
the fencing-master s sword in the cheese 
and besmeared him with the mud in his 
mop. The enraged fencing-master caught 
up a broadsword, when Goffe cried, 
" Hold ! I have hitherto played with you ; 
if you attack me I will surely kill you." 
The alarmed champion dropped his sword, 
and exclaimed, " Who can you be ? You 
must be either Goffe, or Whalley, or the 
devil, for there are no other persons who 
could beat me." He died, either in Hart 
ford, Conn., in 1679, or in New Haven, 
in 1680. See KKGICIDES. 

Goiogwen. See CAYUGA INDIANS. 

Gold. The total production of the 
world of this metal in the calendar year 
WOO amounted in value to $256,462,438, 
a decrease from $313,645,534 in 1899, 
owing to the British-Boer war in the 
former South African (or Transvaal) re 
public. Among countries the United 
States led, with $78,658,785; Australia 
ranking second with $75,283,215; Canada 
third (because of the Klondike produc 
tion) with $26,000,000; and Russia, 
fourth with $23,000,862. The production 
in the American States and Territories 
was, in round numbers, as follows : Ala 
bama, $4,300; Alaska, $5,450,500; Ari 
zona, $2,566,000; California, $15,198,000; 
Colorado, $25,892,000; Georgia, $113.000; 
Idaho, $1,889,000; Maine, $3,600; Mary 
land, $800; Michigan, $100; Missouri, 
$100; Montana, $4,760,000; Nevada, 
$2,219,000; New Mexico, $584,000; North 
Carolina, $34,500 ; Oregon, $1,429,500; 



South Carolina, $160,000; South Dakota, 
$6,469,500; Texas, $6,900; Utah, $3,450,- 
800; Vermont, $100; Virginia, $7,000; 
Washington, $685,000 ; , and Wyoming, 
$29,200. 

Golden Circle, THE. The scheme for 
establishing an empire whose corner-stone 
should be negro slavery contemplated for 
the area of that empire the domain in 
cluded within a circle the centre of which 
was Havana, Cuba, with a radius of 16 
degrees latitude and longitude. It will 
be perceived, by drawing that circle upon 
a map, that it included the thirteen slave- 
labor States of the American republic. 
It reached northward to the Pennsylvania 
line, the old " Mason and Dixon s 
line," and southward to the Isthmus of 
Darien. It embraced the West India Isl 
ands and those of the Caribbean Sea, 
with a greater part of Mexico and Central 
America. The plan of the plotters seems 
to have been to first secure Cuba and then 
the other islands of that tropical region, 
with Mexico and Central America; and 
then to sever the slave-labor States fro7n 
the Union, making the former a part of 
the great empire, within what they called 
"The Golden Circle." In furtherance of 
this plan, a secret association known as 
the " Order of the Lone Star " was formed. 
Another association was subsequently 
organized as its successor, the members 
of which were called " KNIGHTS OF THE 
GOLDEN CIRCLE " ( q. v . ) . Their chief 
purpose seems to have been the corrupt 
ing of the patriotism of the people to 
facilitate the iniquitous design. The lat 
ter association played a conspicuous part 
as abettors of the enemies of the republic 
during the Civil War. They were the effi 
cient allies of those who openly made war 
on the Union. 

Golden Gate. See SAN FRANCISCO. 

Golden Hill, BATTLE OF. The Bos 
ton Massacre holds a conspicuous place 
in history; but nearly two months before, 
a more significant event of a similar 
character occurred in the city of New 
York. British soldiers had destroyed the 
Liberty Pole (Jan. 16, 1770), and, two 
days afterwards, two of them caught post 
ing scurrilous handbills throughout the 
city, abusing the Sons of Liberty, were 
taken before the mayor. Twenty armed 
soldiers went to their rescue, when they 



88 



GOLDEN HORSESHOE GOLDSBOROTJGH 



were opposed by a crowd of citizens, who Nearly all the National troops in North 
seized stakes from carts and sleds stand- Carolina were encamped that night 
ing near. The mayor ordered the soldiers around Goldsboro. Gen. Joseph E. John- 
to their barracks. They obeyed, and were ston, with the combined and concentrated 
followed by the exasperated citizens to forces of Beauregard, Hardee, Hood, tlie 
Golden Hill (on the line of Cliff Street, garrison from Augusta, Hoke, and the 
between Fulton Street and Maiden Lane), cavalry of Wheeler and Hampton, was at 
where the soldiers, reinforced, charged Smithfield, half-way between Goldsboro 
upon their pursuers. The citizens re- a.nd Raleigh, with about 40,000 troops, 
sisted with clubs, and a severe conflict en- mostly veterans. 

sued, during which an old sailor was Goldsborough, CHARLES WASHINGTON, 
mortally wounded by a bayonet. The author; born in Cambridge, Md., April 
mayor appeared and ordered the soldiers 18, 1779; became secretary of the naval 
to disperse; but they refused, when a board in 1841. He was the author of 
party of "Liberty Boys," who were play- The United States Naval Chronicle; and 
ing ball on the corner of John Street and History of the American Navy. He died 
Broadway, dispersed them. The soldiers in Washington, D. C., Sept. 14, 1843. 
made another attack on citizens in the Goldsborough, JOHN RODGERS, naval 
afternoon; and these conflicts continued, officer; born in Washington, D. C., July 
with intermissions, about two days, dur- 2, 1808; entered the navy in 1824; was 
ing which time several persons were badly midshipman on the Warren in 1824-30, 
injured. Twice the soldiers were dis- when the Mediterranean fleet was search- 
armed by the citizens. See LIBERTY ing for Greek pirates. He captured the 
POLES. Helene, on which were four guns and fifty- 

Golden Horseshoe, KNIGHTS OF THE. eight pirates, with a launch and nineteen 
Sir Alexander Spottswood in 1716 headed men. During the Civil War, while in 
an expedition to visit the country beyond command of the Union, he sunk the York, 
the Blue Ridge Mountains. On their re- a Confederate steamer, and rendered other 
tarn to Williainsburg, Spottswood had important service; retired in 1870. He 
small golden horseshoes made, set with died in Washington, D. C., June 22, 1877. 
garnets, and inscribed " Sic juvat tran- Goldsborough, Louis MALESHERBES, 
scendere monies" which he presented to naval officer ; born in Washington, D. C., 
those who had taken part in the expedi- Feb. 18, 1805; was appointed midship- 
tion. 

Goldsboro, JUNCTION OF NATIONAL 
AKMIES AT. The Confederates under Hoko 
fled from Wilmington northward, towards 
Goldsboro, towards which the Nationals 
I nder Schofield were pressing. It was at 
the railroad crossing of the Neuse River. 
General Cox, with 5,000 of Palmer s 
troops, crossed from Newbern and es- 
toblished a depot of supplies at Kingston, 
after a moderate battle on the way with 
Hoke. Perceiving the Confederate force 
to be about equal to his own, Schofield or 
dered Cox to intrench and wait for ex- 
peted reinforcements. On March 10, 
18(i5, floke pressed Cox and attacked him, 
but was repulsed with severe loss 1,500 
men. The Nationals lost about 300. The 
Confederates fled across the Neuse, and 
Schofield entered Goldsboro on the 20th. 
Then Terry, who had been left at Wil 

mington, joined Schofield (March 22), and man in 1821, and lieutenant in 1825. Tn 
the next day Sherman arrived there, the SEMINOLE WAR (q. v.) he commanded 

89 




LOUIS 



GOLDSBOROUGH. 



GOLD STANDABD ACT 

a company of mounted volunteers, and R reserve fund of $150,000,000 In gold coin 

also an armed steamer. Made commander and bulll n which fu nd sha.ll be used for 

, , . , r XT , such redemption purposes only, and whenever 

in 1841, he took part in the Mexican War. and as often as any of said notes snal , be re _ 

From 1853 to 1857 he was superintendent deemed from said fund it shall be the duty of 

of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. In tne Secretary of the Treasury to use said 

the summer of 1861 he WEB placed in com- g S^fSS 

mand of the North Atlantic blockading to wit : 
squadron, and with Burnside commanded "First. By exchanging the notes so re- 

the joint expedition to the sounds of deemed for any gold coin in the general fund 

, T , ? , . , . . , . of the treasury. 

North Carolina. For his services in the Sec ond. By accepting deposits of gold 

capture of Roanoke Island Congress coin at the treasury or at any sub-treasury 

thanked him. He afterwards dispersed in exchange for the United States notes so 

the Confederate fleet under Lynch in "* By procui , ng ^ coin by the uge 

He was made O f sa i(j notes, in accordance with the pro- 

rea.r-admiral July 16, 1862; became com- visions of Section 3,700 of the Revised Stat- 

mander of the European squadron in ute , 8 f the United States. 

,,,,. , . 10 <7o TT j- 3 If the Secretary of the Treasury is unable 

1865; and was retired in 1873. He died to restore and maintaln the go id coin in the 

in Washington, D. C., Feb. 20, 1877. reserve fund by the foregoing methods, and 

Gold Standard Act. The bill in the the amount of such gold coin and bullion in 

fift : tl r> nT10 . rpe . s fi rs f session entitled said fund sha11 at any time fal1 below $ 10 .- 

SS > r )n e , 000,000, then it shall be his duty to restore 

An act to define and fix the standard the same to the maximum sum of $150,000,000 

of value, to maintain the parity of all by borrowing money on the credit of the 

forms of money issued or coined by the United States, and for the debt thus incurred 

e j XT UT j 1.4. to issue and sell coupon or registered bonds 

United States, to refund the public debt, of the Un ited States, in such form as he may 

and for other purposes," as reported from prescribe, in denominations of $50 or any 

the conference committee of the two multiple thereof, bearing interest at the rate 

seH thp Spmtp Marrh fi 1QOO of not exceeding 3 per centum per annum, 

%* JU > payable quarterly, such bonds to be payable 

by a party vote of 44 to 26 (one Demo- at tne pleasure of the United States after 

crat, Mr. Lindsay, of Kentucky, support- one year from the date of their issue, and to 

ing the bill, and one Republican, Mr. be . Payable, principal and interest, in gold 

1 ,. ,. com of the present standard value, and to be 

Chandler, of New Hampshire, voting exemp t from the payment of all taxes or 

against it), and the House of Represen- duties of the United States, as well as from 

tatives March 13, by a vote of 166 yeas taxation in any form by or under State, mu- 

to 120 nays, ten members present and ^^tJ^tS^Sff^ Sw^S Zu 

not voting. The President signed the fi rs t be covered into the general fund of the 

bill March 14. treasury and then exchanged, in the manner 

By this act the dollar consisting of hereinbefore provided, for an equal amount of 

. , , . , the notes redeemed and held for exchange, 

twenty-five and of and the ge cretary of the Treasury may, in 

old, nine-tenths fine, shall be the stan- his discretion, use said notes in exchange for 

dard of value, and all forms of money Rld. or to purchase or redeem any bonds of 

j i i 11 i, i A the United States, or for any other lawful 

issued or coined shall be maintained at purp08e the public inte rests may require, ex- 

a parity of value with this gold standard. cep t that they shall not be used to meet de- 

The United States notes and treasury ficiencies in the current revenues, 
notes shall be redeemed in gold coin, and " Tha t United States notes when redeemed 

in accordance with the provisions of this sec- 

a redemption fund of $loO,000,000 of gold tion shall be re issued, but shall be held in the 

coin and bullion is set aside for that pur- reserve fund until exchanged for gold, as 

iiose only. The following is the text of herein provided; and the gold coin and bull- 

.. . , . . . ion in the reserve fund, together with the 

the section carrying out this provision: redeemed notes held for use as provided in 

this section, shall at no time exceed the max- 

" SEC. 2. That United States notes, and imum sum of $150,000,000." 
Treasury notes issued under the act of July 

14. 1890, when presented to the treasury for mi i , ^A^ , n iu, ^f -n^ !, 
redemption, shall be redeemed in gold coin of The le g al tender quality of the ^silver 

the standard fixed in the first section of this dollar and other money coined or issued 

act, and in order to secure the prompt and by the United States is not affected by 

certain redemption of such notes as herein ,; . 

provided it shall be the duty of the Secretary 

of the Treasury to set apart in the treasury The deposit of gold com with the treas- 

90 



GOLD STANDABD ACT GOMEZ 

urer, and the issue of gold certificates difference between their present worth, com- 

therefor, and the coinage of silver bullion P" ted as aforesaid and their par value, and 

... the payments to be made hereunder shall 

in the treasury into subsidiary silver be held to be payable on account of the sink- 
coin are provided for. ing-fund created by Section 3,694 of the Re- 

The National Bank Law is amended to vised t Statutes. 

., , , , , j ,, <t,r>~ t\i\i\ And provided further, That the 2 per cen- 

permit banks to be created with $2o,000 tum bonds to be lssued undel . the pl .^ visions 

capital in places whose population does of this act shall be issued at not less than 

not exceed 3,000. Provision is made for par, and they shall be numbered consecutively 

the refunding of outstanding bonds at a ! n tne ? rd r * th * 1 * issl f and wlie / Payment 

is made the last numbers issued shall b<> 

low rate of interest, and under it bonds flrst paidi and tnis order snall be followed 

hearing 3, 4, and 5 per cent, interest have until all the bonds are paid, and whenever 

been refunded for bonds bearing 2 per anv of the outstanding bonds are called for 

rr,, r ,, . .. payment interest thereon shsUl cease three 

cent. I he following are the sections mon ths after such call ; and there is hereby 

covering these amendments: appropriated out of any money in the treas 
ury not otherwise appropriated, to effect the 

SEC. 10. That Section 5,138 of the Re- exchanges of bonds provided for in this act, a 

vised Statutes is hereby amended so as to sum not exceeding one-fifteenth of 1 per cen- 

read as follows : turn of the face value of said bonds, to pay 

"Section 5,138. No association shall be the expense of preparing and issuing the 

organized with a less capital than $100,000, same and o ther expenses incident thereto." 
except that banks with a capital of not less 

than $50,000 may, with the approval of the Section 12 provides for the issue of cir- 

Secretary of the Treasury, be organized in , ,. ., ,. 

any place the population of which does not gating notes to banks on deposit of 

(xceed 6,000 inhabitants, and except that bonds, and for additional deposits when 

banks with a capital of not less than $25,000 there is a depreciation in the value of 

may with the sanction of the Secretary of bonds> The t tol amount of notes igsued 
the Treasury, be organized in any place the 

population of which does not exceed 3,000 V any national banking association may 

inhabitants. No association shall be organ- equal at any time, but shall not exceed, 

ized in a city the population of which ex- lhe amoun t a t any such time of its capi- 

ceeds 50,000 persons with a capital of less . , . .-, . 

than $200,000* ral stock actually paid m. 

" SEC. 11. That the Secretary of the Treas- Every national banking association 

ury is hereby authorized to receive at the shall pay a tax in January and July 

treasury any of the outstanding bonds of f one . fourth of l per cent> on the aver . 

the United States bearing interest at 5 ? . . 

per centum per annum, payable February 1, age amount of such of its notes in circula- 

1904, and any bonds of the United States tion as are based on its deposit of 2 per 

bearing interest at 4 per centum per annum, cent bonds, and such taxes shall be in 

payable July 1, 1907, and any bonds of the , . , ,, ., ... 

United States bearing interest at 3 per cen- heu of the taxes on lts notes in Circula- 

tnm per annum, payable August 1, 1908, and tion imposed by Section 5,214 of the Re- 

to issue in exchange therefor an equal amount vised Statutes. Provision for interna- 

of coupon or registered bond, of the United ti j bimetallism is made in the fmal 
States in such form as he may prescribe, in 

denominations of $50 or any multiple thereof, section of the act, which is as follows: 
hearing interest at the rate of 2 per centum 

per annum, payable quarterly, such bonds " SEC. 14. That the provisions of this act 

to be payable at the pleasure of the United are not intended to preclude the accomplish- 

States after thirty years from the date of ment of international bimetallism whenever 

their issue, and said bonds to be payable, conditions shall make it expedient and prar- 

principal and interest, in gold coin of the ticable to secure the same by concurrent 

present standard value, and to be exempt action of the leading commercial nations of 

from the payment of all taxes or duties of the world and at a ratio which shall insure 

the United States, as well as from taxation permanence of relative value between gold 

In any form by or under State, municipal, or and silver." 
local authority. 

" Provided, That such outstanding bonds Goliad, MASSACRE AT. See FANNIN, 

may be received in exchange at a valuation JAMES W. 

not greater than their present worth to yield Qomez, MAXIMO, military officer; born 

an income of 2^4 per centum per annum ; and . 

in consideration o f the reduction of interest of Spanish parents in Bam, San Domingo, 

effected, the Secretary of the Treasury is in 1838. He entered the Spanish army, 

authorized to pay to the ho ders of the out- and ; served as a lieutenant of cavalry dur- 

f^^ffS^SS S^Si * the last occupation of that island by 

appropriated, a sum not greater than the Spam. In the Avar with Haiti he greatly 

91 



GOMEZ GOOD 



distinguished himself in the battle of San 
Tome, where with twenty men he routed 
a much superior force. After San Domin 
go became free he went with the Spanish 
troops to Cuba, and for a time was in 
Santiago. Becoming dissatisfied with the 
way in which the Spanish general, Villar, 
treated some starving Cuban refugees he 
called him a coward and personally as 
saulted him. He at once became a bitter 
enemy of Spain, left the Spanish army, 
and settled down as a planter ; but when 
the Ten Years War broke out in 1868 
he joined the insurgents and received a 
command from the Cuban president^ 
Cespedes. Along with the latter and Gen 
eral Agramonte, he captured Jugnani, 
Bayamo, Tunas, and Holguin. He also 
took Guaimaro, Nuevitas, Santa Cruz, and 




MAXIMO GOMEZ. 

Cascorro, and fought in the battles of 
Palo Sico and Las Guasimas. Later he 
invaded Santa Clara and defeated Gen 
eral Jovellar. He was promoted to the 
rank of major-general, and when General 
Agramonte died succeeded him as com- 
mander-in-chief. When Gen. Martinez 
Campos was sent to Cuba in 1878 and 
succeeded in persuading the Cuban leaders 
to make terms of peace, General Gomez 
withdrew to Jamaica, refusing to remain 
under Spanish rule. Subsequently he 
went to San Domingo, where he lived on 
a farm until the beginning of the revolu 
tion in 1895. When Jose Marti, who had 



92 



been proclaimed president of the new revo 
lutionary party, sent for him he promptly 
responded. Landing secretly on the 
Cuban shore with Maceo and Marti, he 
pledged his faith with theirs, and began 
the war which ended with the American 
occupation in 1898. On Feb. 24, 1899, 
he was permitted to march through 
Havana with an escort of 2,500 of his 
soldiers, and on the following night was 
given a grand reception and banquet in 
that city by the United States military 
authorities. In the following month the 
Cuban military assembly removed him 
from his command as general-in-chief of 
the Cuban army, because the United States 
authorities treated with him instead of 
it concerning the distribution of $3,000,- 
000 among the bona-fide Cuban soldiers; 
but he ignored the action of the as 
sembly and gave invaluable assistance to 
General Brooke, then American gov 
ernor-general. See CUBA; GARCIA, CA- 
LIXTO. 

Gonannhatenha, FRANCES, Indian 
squaw ; born in Onondaga, N. Y. ; con 
verted to Christianity; captured by a 
hostile party; was tortured, and entreat 
ed by a relative to recant. She refused, 
and was killed in Onondaga, N. Y., in 1692. 

Gompers, SAMUEL, labor leader; born 
in England, Jan. 27, 1850; an advocate 
of trades-unions for thirty-five years ; one 
of the founders of the American Federa 
tion of Labor and its president, with the 
exception of one year, since 1882. He has 
written largely on the labor question. 

Gooch, SIR WILLIAM, colonial governor; 
born in Yarmouth, Eng., Oct. 21, 1681: 
had been an officer under Marlborough, 
and in 1740 commanded in the unsuccess 
ful attack on Carthagena. In 1746 he 
was made a brigadier - general and wa 
knighted, and in 1747 a major-general. 
He ruled with equity in Virginia, and was 
never complained of. He returned to Eng 
land in 1749, and died in London, Dec. 17, 
1751. 

Good, JAMES ISAAC, clergyman; born 
in York, Pa., Dec. 31, 1850; graduated 
at Lafayette College in 1872, and later at 
Union Theological Seminary; ordained a 
minister of the German Reformed Church ; 
became Professor of Dogmatics and Pas 
toral Theology at Ursinus College, Phila 
delphia, in 1893. His publications in- 



GOODE GOODWIN 

elude History of the Reformed Church in country, particularly in suburban dis- 
the United States, etc. tricts, was almost entirely in the hands 

Goode, WILLIAM ATHELSTANE MERE- of county, township, and village officials. 
DITH, author; born in Newfoundland, As the wheel grew in popularity, and peo- 
June 10, 1875; was a correspondent on pie found it an admirable means of travel 
board the flag-ship New York for the an agitation sprang up for the better 
Associated Press during the war with improvement of roads leading through 
Spain. He is the author of With Sampson various parts of the country which the 
Through the War. devotees of the wheel had come to pat- 

Goodrich, AARON, jurist; born in ronize. This agitation by petitions and 
Sempronius, N. Y., July 6, 1807; was ad- bills personally introduced was soon mani- 
mitted to the bar and began practice in fested in State legislatures and boards 
Stewart county, Tenn. ; secretary of the of county commissioners. In the Middle 
United States legation at Brussels in States, particularly, the movement for 
1861-69. He published A History of the good roads was actively promoted by the 
Character and Achievements of the So- League of American Wheelmen, which 
called Christopher Columbus. issued numerous guide-maps for " cen- 

Goodrich, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, clergy- tury " runs, showing the best roads for 
man; born in Kidgefield, Conn., in 1790; wheelmen between popular points. State 
graduated at Yale College in 1812. His Good Roads associations were formed, 
publications include Lives of the Signers; and these in turn formed a national, or 
History of the United States of America; interstate, association. The latter body 
Child s History of the United States; held a convention in Chicago in November, 
Great Events of American History, etc. 1900, with delegates from thirty - eight 
He died in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 4, 1862. States present. The State associations 

Goodrich, FRANK BOOTT, author; born operate principally in their respective ter- 
in Boston, Mass., Dec. 14, 1826; grad- ritories with a view of securing the im- 
uated at Harvard College in 1845. His provements of the roads therein, while 
publications include History of Maritime the national association seeks to secure 
Adventure, Exploration, and Discovery; congressional action for the improvement 
The Tribute-book, a Record of the Munifi- of the highways of the country. Much 
cence, Self-sacrifice, and Patriotism of had already been accomplished at the 
the American People during the War for time of this convention, and the radical 
the Union. He died in Morristown, N. J., improvements were undoubtedly due first 
March 15, 1894. to the wide-spread use of the bicycle and 

Goodrich, SAMUEL GRISWOLD, author; more recently to that of the automobile, 
popularly known as " Peter Parley " ; born Good Templars, INDEPENDENT ORDER 
in Ridgefield, Conn., Aug. 19, 1793; was OF > a n organization the members of which 
a publisher in Hartford in 1824; soon pledge themselves not to make, buy, 
afterwards he settled in Boston, and for sell, furnish, or cause to be furnished, in- 
many years edited The Token. He began toxicating liquors to others as a beverage, 
the issuing of Peter Parley s Tales in 1827, It originated in the United States in 1851, 
and continued them until 1857. He also and in Birmingham, England, in 1868. 
published geographical and historical The order has since developed into an in- 
school-books. From 1841 to 1854 he ternational organization, with supreme 
edited and published Merry s Museum and headquarters in Birmingham, England. 
Parley s Magazine. Of 170 volumes writ- In 1901 there were over 100 grand lodges 
ten by him, 116 bear the name of "Peter and a membership of nearly 500,000. The 
Parley " ; and more than 7,000,000 copies order has a membership in nearly every 
of his books for the young have been sold. State in the Union, and it also has a 
Mr. Goodrich was American consul at juvenile branch comprising about 200,000 
Paris during Fillmore s administration, members. 
He died in New York City, May 9, 1860. Goodwin, DANIEL, lawyer; born in New 

Good Roads. Prior to the advent and York City, Nov. 26, 1832; graduated at 
popularity of the bicycle, the matter of Hamilton College in 1852; admitted to the 
improving the public thoroughfares of the bar; became United States commissioner 

93 



GOODWIN GORDON 

for Illinois in 1861. He published James 1879. His publications include Congres- 

Pitts and His Kons in the American Rev- sional Currency; Befo de War; Echoes 

olation, etc. in Negro Dialect (with Thomas Nelson 

Goodwin, NATHANIEL, genealogist; born Page) : and For Trutfi, and Freedom: 

in Hartford, Conn., March 5, 1782. His Poems of Commemoration. 

publications include Descendants of Gordon, GEORGE HENRY, military offi- 

Thomas Olcott; The Foote Family; and cer; born in Charlestown, Mass., July 19, 

Genealogical Notes of Some of the First 1825; graduated at the United States 

Settlers of Connecticut and Massachu- Military Academy in 1846; served in the 

setts. He died in Hartford, Conn., May 29, war with Mexico, participating in the 

1855. siege of Vera Cruz, the actions of Cerro 

Goodwin, WILLIAM FREDERICK, author; Gordo, Contreras, and Chapultepec, and 

born in Limington, Me., Sept. 27, 1823; the capture of the city of Mexico. During 

graduated at Bowdoin College in 1848; the Civil War his bravery was conspicu- 

began law practice in Concord, N. H., in ous in many battles. He received the 

1855; served with distinction in the Civil brevet of major-general of volunteers in 

War; was promoted captain in 1864. His April, 1865. He was the author of The 

publications include a History of the Con- Army of Virginia from Cedar Mountain 

stitution of New Hampshire of 1776, 17S4, to Alexandria; A War Diary; and From 

1792; Record of Narragansett Toivnship, Brook to Cedar Mountain. He died in 

No. 1, etc. He died in Concord, N. H., Framingham, Mass., Aug. 30, 1886. 

March 12, 1872. Gordon, JOHN BROWN, military officer; 

Goodyear, CHARLES, inventor; born in born in Upson county, Ga., Feb. 6, 1832; 
North Haven, Conn., Dec. 29, 1800; was was educated at the University of Geor- 
an early manufacturer of India rubber, gia; studied law; was admitted to the 
and made vast improvements in its prac- bar, and shortly after he began to prac 
tical use in the arts. His first impor- tise the Civil V\ r ar broke out, and he en- 
tant discovery was made in 1836 a tered the Confederate army as a captain 
method of treating the surface of the gum. of infantry. He passed successively 
This process was superseded by his dis- through all grades to the rank of lieuten- 
covery early in 1849 of a superior method ant-general. During the war he was 
of vulcanization. He procured patent wounded in battle eight times, the wound 
after patent for improvements in this received at Antietam being very severe, 
method, until he had more than sixty in He was a candidate for governor of Geor- 
number, in America and Europe. He gia on the Democratic ticket in 1868, and 
obtained the highest marks of distinction claimed the election, but his Republican 
at the international exhibitions at London opponent, Rufus B. Bullock, was given 
and Paris. He saw, before his death, his the office. He was a member of the Na- 
material applied to almost 500 uses, and tional Democratic conventions of 1868 
to give employment in England, France, and 1872, and presidential elector for the 
Germany, and the United States to about same years. He was elected to the United 
60,000 persons. He died in New York States Senate in 1873; re-elected in 1879; 
City, July 1, 1860. resigned in 1880, and again elected in 

Gookin, DANIEL, military officer; born 1891; and was governor of Georgia in 
in Kent, England, about 1612; removed 1887-90. On May 31, 1900, he was elected 
to Virginia with his father in 1621 ; set- commander - in - chief of the United Con- 
tied in Cambridge, Mass., in 1644; be- federate Veterans. General Gordon at- 
came major-general of the colony in 1681. tained wide popularity as a lecturer on the 
He was author of Historical Collections events of the Civil War. He died in 
of the Indians of Massachusetts. He died Miami, Fla., Jan. 9, 1904. 
in Cambridge, Mass., March 19, 1687. Gordon, PATRICK, colonial governor; 

Gordon, ANTHONY. See JESUIT Mis- born in England in 1644; became governor 

STONS. of Pennsylvania in 1726. He was the au- 

Gordon, ARMISTEAD CHURCHILL, law- thor of Two Indian Treaties at Conesto- 

yer; born in Albemarle county, Va., Dec. goe. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 

20, 1855; was admitted to the bar in 5, 1736. 

94 



GORDON GOEGES 

Gordon, THOMAS F., historian; born associates. In 1015, after the return of 

in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1787; practised CAPT. JOHN SMITH (q. v.) , he set sail 

law. His publications include Digest of for New England, but a storm compelled 

the Laws of the United States; History the vessel to put back, while another 

of Pennsylvania from its Discovery to vessel, under CAPT. THOMAS DERMEB 

1776; History of New Jersey from its Dis- (q. v.), prosecuted the voyage. Gorges 

covery to 1789; History of America; Gaz- sent out a party (1616), which encamped 

etteer of New Jersey; Gazetteer of New on the River Saco through the winter; 

York, and Gazetteer of Pennsylvania. He and in 1619-20 Captain Dernier repeated 

died in Beverly, N. J., Jan. 17, 1860. the voyage. The new charter obtained 

Gordon, WILLIAM, historian; born in by the company created such a despotic 
Hitchin, England, in 1730; came to monopoly that it was strongly opposed 
America in 1770; and was ordained at in and out of Parliament, and was finally 
Roxbury in 1772. He took an active dissolved in 1635. Gorges had, mean- 
part in public affairs during the Revolu- while, prosecuted colonization schemes 
tion, and in 1778 the College of New Jer- with vigor. With John Mason and others 
s-ey conferred upon him the degree of he obtained grants of land (1622), which 
doctor of divinity. Returning to Eng- now compose a part of Maine and New 
land in 1786, he wrote and published a Hampshire, and settlements were at- 
history of the Revolution, in 4 volumes, tempted there. His son Robert was ap- 
octavo. He died in Ipswich, England, pointed " general governor of the 
Oct. 19, 1807. country," and a settlement was made 

Gordy, WILBUR FISK, educator; born (1624) on the site of York, Me. After 
near Salisbury, Md., June 14, 1854; grad- the dissolution of the company (1635), 
uated at Wesleyan University in 1880 ; Gorges, then a vigorous man of sixty 
later became supervising principal of the years, was appointed (1637) governor- 
Hartford (Conn.) public schools. He is general of New England, with the powers 
author of A School History of the United of a palatine, and prepared to come to 
States, and joint author of The Pathfind- America, but was prevented by an acci- 
er in American History. dent to the ship in which he was to sail. 

Gorges, SIB FERDINANDO, colonial pro- He made laws for his palatinate, but 
prietor; born in Ashton Phillips, Somer- they were not acceptable. Gorges en- 
set, England, about 1565; was associated joyed his viceregal honors a few years, 
with the courtiers of Queen Elizabeth; and died in England in 1647. 
was engaged in the conspiracy of the His son Robert had a tract of land be- 
Earl of Essex against the Queen s council stowed upon him in New England, on 
(1600) ; and testified against him at his the coast of Massachusetts Bay, extend- 
trial for treason (1601). Having served ing 10 miles along the coast and 30 miles 
in the royal navy with distinction, he inland. He was appointed lieutenant- 
was appointed governor of Plymouth in general of New England, with a council, 
1604. A friend of Raleigh, he became of whom Francis West, who had been 
imbued with that great man s desire to commissioned " Admiral of New En- 
plant a colony in America, and when Cap- land," by the council of Plymouth, and 
tain Weymouth returned from the New the governor of New Plymouth for the 
England coast (1605), and brought cap- time being, were to be members, having 
tive natives with him, Gorges took three the power to restrain interlopers. West, 
of them into his own home, from whom, as admiral, attempted to force tribute 
after instructing them in the English from the fishing-vessels on the coast, 
language, he gained much information Goi-ges brought to New England with 
about their country. Gorges now became him a clergyman named Morrell, ap- 
chiefly instrumental in forming the pointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
PLYMOUTH COMPANY (q. v.), to settle to act as commissioner of ecclesiastical 
western Virginia, and from that time affairs ; also a number of indentured 
he was a very active member, defending servants. After being a year at Plymouth, 
its rights before Parliament, and stimu- Gorges attempted to plant a colony at 
lating by his own zeal his desponding Wissagus. He had encountered Weston, 

95 



GORHAM GOSNOLD 



who came over to look after his colony, 
and took proceedings against him as an 
interloper. See WESTON S COLONY. 

Gorham, NATHANIEL, statesman; born 
in Charlestown, Mass., May 27, 1738; 
was a delegate to the Continental Congress 
(1782-83 and from 1785 to 1787); and 



London, and embarked for Boston in 
1636, where he soon became entangled in 
theological disputes and removed to Plym 
outh. There he preached such heterodox 
doctrines that he was banished as a heretic 
in the winter of 1637-38. With a few 
followers he went to Rhode Island, where 



was chosen its president in June, 1786. He he was publicly whipped for calling the 
was a member of the convention that magistrates " just-asses," and other re- 
framed the national Constitution, and ex- bellious acts. In 1641 he was compelled 
erted great power in procuring its ratifica- to leave the island. He took refuge with 
tion by Massachusetts. He died in Roger Williams at Providence, but soon 
Charlestown, June 11, 1796. See HOLLAND made himself so obnoxious there that he 
LAND COMPANY. escaped public scorn by removing (1642) 
Gorman, ARTHUR PUE, legislator; born to a spot on the west side of Narraganset 



in Howard county, Md., March 11, 1839; 
was a page in the United States Senate in 



Bay, where he bought land of Mianto- 
nomoh and planted a settlement. The next 



1852-66; collector of internal revenue for year inferior sachems disputed his title 



the Fifth District of Maryland in 1866- 
69 ; appointed director of the Chesapeake 
& Ohio Canal Company in the latter 
year, becoming president in 1872; was a 
State Senator in 1875-81; member of the 
Maryland House of Delegates in 1869-75; 
and a United States Senator in 1881-99 



to the land; and, calling upon Massa 
chusetts to assist them, an armed force 
was sent to arrest Gorton and his follow 
ers, and a portion of them were taken to 
Boston and tried as " damnable heretics." 
For a while they endured confinement and 
hard labor, in irons, and in 1644 thev 



and in 1903-09. In March, 1903, he was were banished from the colony. Gorton 
chosen the Democratic leader in the United went to England and obtained from the 
States Senate. 
Gorrie, PETER 



DOUGLAS, clergyman ; 
born in Glasgow, Scotland, April 21, 1813; 
came to the United States in 1820, and 
was ordained in the Methodist Epis 
copal Church. He was the author of 
The Churches and Sects in the United 
States, Black River Conference Memori 
al; etc. He died in Potsdam, N. Y., Sept. 
12, 1884. 

Gorring-e, HENRY HONEYCHURCH, naval 
officer; born in Barbadoes, W. I., Aug. 
11, 1841; came to the United States in 
early life; served through the Civil War 
with marked distinction; was promoted 
lieutenant-commander in December, 1868. 
He became widely known in 1880-81 



Earl of Warwick an order that the cler 
gyman and his followers should have 
peace at the settlement they had chosen. 
He called the place Warwick when he re 
turned to it in 1648. There he preached 
on Sunday and performed civil service 
during the week. He died in Rhode Isl 
and late in 1677. 

Gosnold,, BARTHOLOMEW, navigator ; 
born in England; date unknown; became 
a stanch friend of Sir Walter Raleigh. 
Because of Raleigh s failure, he did not 
lose faith. The long routes of the vessels 
by way of the West Indies seemed to him 
unnecessary, and he advocated the feasi 
bility of a more direct course across the 
Atlantic. He was offered the command of 



through having charge of the transporta- an expedition by the Earl of Southampton, 

tion of the Egyptian obelisk (Cleopatra s to make a small settlement in the more 

Needle) presented to the United States northerly part of America; and on April 

by the Khedive of Egypt, and erected in 26, 1602, Gosnold sailed from Falmouth, 

Central Park, New York City, Jan. 23, England, in a small vessel, with twenty 

1881. The total cost of transportation colonists and eight mariners. He took 

$100,000 was paid by William H. Van- the proposed shorter route, and touched 

derbilt. Gorringe published a History of the continent near Nahant, Mass., it is 

Egyptian Obelisks. He died in New York supposed, eighteen days after his depart- 



City, July 7, 1885. 



ure from England. Finding no good har- 



Gorton, SAMUEL, clergyman ; born in bor there, he sailed southward, discovered 
England about 1600; was a clothier in and named Cape Cod, and landed there. 

96 



GOSNOLD GOUGE 



This was the first time the shorter (pres 
ent) route from England to New York 
and Boston had been traversed; and it was 
the first time an Englishman se foot on 
New England soil. Gosnold passed 
around the cape, and entered Buzzard s 
Bay, where he found an attractive group 
of Islands, and he named the westernmost 
Elizabeth, in honor of his Queen. The 
wliole group bear that name. He and his 
followers landed on Elizabeth Island, and 
\vere charmed with the luxuriance of veg 
etation, the abundance of small fruits, 
and the general aspect of nature. 

Gosnold determined to plant his colony 
there, and on a small rocky island, in the 
bosom of a great pond, he built a fort; 
and, had the courage of the colonists held 
out, Gosnold would have had the im 
mortal honor of making the first perma 
nent English settlement in America. 
Afraid of the Indians, fearing starvation, 
wondering what the winter would be, and 
disagreeing about the division of profits, 
they were seized with a depressing home 
sickness. So, loading the vessel with 
sassafras-root (then esteemed in Europe 
for its medicinal qualities ) , furs gathered 
from the natives, and other products, 
they abandoned the little paradise of 
beauty, and in less than four months after 
their departure from England they had 
returned; and, speaking in glowing terms 
of the land they had discovered, Raleigh 
advised the planting of settlements in 
that region, and British merchants after 
wards undertook it. Elizabeth Island 
now bears its original name of Cottyunk. 
Gosnold soon afterwards organized a com 
pany for colonization in Virginia. A 
charter was granted him and his associ 
ates by James I., dated April 10, 1606, 
the first under which the English were 
settled in America. He sailed Dec. 19, 
1606, with three small vessels and 105 
adventurers, of whom only twelve were 
laborers; and, passing between Capes 
Henry and Charles, went up the James 
River in April, 1607, and landed where 
they built Jamestown afterwards. The 
place was an unhealthful one, and Gos 
nold remonstrated against founding the 
settlement there, but in vain. Sickness 
and other causes destroyed nearly half the 
number before autumn. Among the vic 
tims was Gosnold, who died Aug. 22, 1607. 



Gospel, SOCIETY FOR THE PROPAGATION 
OF THE. EDWARD WINSLOW (q. v.) , the 
third governor of the Plymouth colony, 
became greatly interested in the spiritual 
concerns of the Indians of New England; 
and when, in 1649, he went to England 
on account of the colony, he induced lead 
ing men there to join in the formation of 
a society for the propagation of the Gos 
pel among the natives in America. The 
society soon afterwards began its work 
in America, and gradually extended its 
labors to other English colonies. In 1701 
(June 16) it was incorporated under the 
title of the Society for the Propagation 
of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Will 
iam III. zealously promoted the opera 
tions of the society, for he perceived that 
in a community of religion there was se 
curity for political obedience. The society 
still exists, and its operations are widely 
extended over the East and West Indies, 
Southern Africa, Australia, and islands 
of the Southern Ocean. 

Gosport Navy- Yard. See NORFOLK. 

Goss, ELBRIDGE HENRY, author; born 
in Boston, Mass., Dec. 22, 1830; received 
a common-school education. His publica 
tions include Early Bells of Massachu 
setts; Centennial Fourth Address ; Life of 
Col. Paul Revere-; History of Melrose, etc. 

Goss, WARREN LEE, author; born in 
Brewster, Mass., Aug. 19, 1838; received 
an academic education and studied law; 
served in the Civil War; was captured 
and imprisoned in Libby, Belle Isle, 
Andersonville, Charleston, and Florence, 
S. C. ; released in November, 1805. His 
publications include The Soldier s Story 
of Captivity at Andersonville; The Recol 
lections of a Private; In the Navy, etc. 

Gottlieil, GUSTAVE, rabbi; born in 
Pinne, Germany, May 28, 1827; educated 
at the University of Berlin ; was assist 
ant rabbi at Berlin in 1855-60; rabbi at 
Manchester, England, in 1860-72; rabbi 
of the Temple Emanuel in New York City 
after 1873. He died in New York, April 
15, 1903. His son, RICHARD GOTTHEIL, 
is the Professor of Rabbinical Literature 
and Semitic Languages in Columbia Uni 
versity, and the author of the article on 
Jews and Judaism in vol. v., p. 146. 

Gouge, WILLIAM M., author; born in 
Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 10, 1796; was 
connected with the United States Treasury 



IV. 



97 



GOUGH GOULD 



Department for thirty years. His publi- his life to the cause of temperance be- 
cations include History of the American came irresistible. He left Worcester, and 
Banking System; Fiscal History of Texas, with a carpet-bag in hand travelled on 
etc. He died in Trenton, N. .7., July 14, foot through the New England States, 
1863. lecturing wherever he could gain auditors. 

Gough, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW, temper- His intense earnestness and powers of ex- 
ance lecturer; born in Sandgate, Kent, pression and imitation enabled him to 
England, Aug. 22, 1817; was educated sway audiences in a manner attained by 
principally by his mother, and when few speakers. For more than seventeen 
twelve years old came to the United years he lectured on temperance, speaking 
States. In 1831 he was employed in a to more than 5,000 audiences. In 1854 
publishing house in New York City, and ne went to England, intending to remain 
there learned the bookbinding trade. In but a short time. His success, however, 
1833 he lost his place and soon drifted was so great that he stayed for two years, 
into the worst habits of dissipation. For In 1857 he again went to England and 
several years he spent his time in drink- lectured for three years. In 1859 he be 
ing resorts, making his meagre living by gan to speak before lyceums on literary 
singing and by his wonderful powers of and social topics, though his chief subject 
comic delineation. In 1842 he went to was always temperance. He published a 
work in Worcester, Mass., where he was number of works, including Autobiog- 
soon looked upon as a hopeless drunkard, raphy ; Orations; Temperance Addresses; 
In October of that year a little kindness Temperance Lectures; and Sunlight and 
extended to him by a Quaker led him to a Shadow, or Gleanings from My Lifework. 
temperance meeting, where he signed a He died in Frankford, Pa., Feb. 18, 1886. 
pledge which he faithfully kept for sev- Gould, BENJAMIN APTHORP, astrono- 
eral months, when some old companions mer; born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 27, 

1824; graduated at Harvard in 1844. 
and went abroad for further study in 
1845. Returning to the United States in 
1848 he settled in Cambridge, Mass., and 
early in 1849 started the Astronomical 
Journal, in which were published the re 
sults of many original investigations. In 
1851 he took charge of the longitude oper 
ations of the United States Coast Survey. 
After the Atlantic cable was laid in 1866, 
he went to Valencia, Ireland, and founded 
a station where he could determine the 
difference in longitude between America 
and Europe. He also, by exact observa 
tions, connected the two continents. 
These were the first determinations, by 
telegraph, of transatlantic longitude, and 
they resulted in founding a regular series 
of longitudinal measurements from Louisi 
ana to the Ural Mountains. In 1856-59 
Dr. Gould was director of the Dudley Ob 
servatory in Albany, N. Y. In this build 
ing the normal clock was first employed 
to give time throughout the observatory 
by telegraph. He later greatly improved 
this clock, which is now used in all parts 
JOHN B. GOUGH. of the world. In 1868 he organized and 

directed the national observatory at Cor- 

led him astray. He soon, however, con- doba, in the Argentine Republic. He 
quered his appetite, and a desire to give there mapped out a large part of the 

98 




GOULD 




the war with Spain began in 1898 
she gave the United States gov 
ernment $100,000 to be used at 
the discretion of the authorities. 
She was also actively identified 
with the Woman s National War 
Relief Association and freely con 
tributed to its work. When the 
sick, wounded, and convalescent 
soldiers from Cuba were taken to 
Camp Wikoff on Long Island, she 
gave her personal services and 
also $25,000 for needed supplies. 
Among her other benefactions are 
$250,000 to the University of New 
York for a new library (secretly 
given in 1895), and later $60,000 
for additional cost; $60,000 to 
Rutgers College, New Brunswick, 
N. J.; $10,000 for the engineering 
school of the University of New 
York; $8,000 to Vassar College; 
$100,000 to the University of New 
York for a Hall of Fame; $250,- 
000 for the erection of a Presby 
terian church at Roxbury, N. Y., 
and $50,000 for a building for the 
Naval Branch of the Young Men s 
Christian Association in Brook 
lyn, N. Y. 

Gould, JAY, capitalist; born in 
Roxbury, N. Y., May 27, 1836; 
studied in Hobart Academy and 

southern heavens. He also organized a afterwards was employed as book-keeper in 
national meteorological office, which was a blacksmith shop. Later he learned sur- 
connected with branch stations extending veying and was given employment in 
from the tropics to Terra del Fuego, and making surveys for a map of Ulster 
from the Andes Mountains to the Atlan- county. After completing the survey 
tic. He returned from South America in of several other counties, he became 
1885, and died in Cambridge, Mass., Nov. interested in the lumbering business with 
2(5, 1896. His publications include In- Zadock Pratt, whose share he later pur- 
tfstigations in the Military and Anthro- chased. Just before the panic of 1857 he 
r-ological Statistics of American Soldiers; sold his lumber business and went to 
Investigations of the Orbit of Comet V.; Stroudsburg, Pa., where he entered a 
Report of the Discovery of the Planet bunk. It was at this time that he 
Neptune; Discussions of Observations first became interested in railroad en- 
Madc by the United States Astronomical terprises. Removing to New York City 
Expedition to Chile to Determine the Solar he became a broker, dealing at first in 
I arallax; The Transatlantic Longitude as Erie Railroad bonds. In 1868 he \\;ts 
l)i termined by the Coast Survey; Ura- elected president of that company and re- 
nometry of the Southern Heavens; Ances- mained in that office till 1872, when the 
try of Zaccheus Gould, etc. company was reorganized, and he was 

Gould, HELEN MILLEB, philanthropist; forced as a result of long litigation to re 
born in New York City, June 20, 1868; store $7,550,000, a portion of the amount 
daughter of Jay Gould; has been actively which it was alleged he had wrongfully ac- 
associated with benevolent work. When quired. While president of the Erie com- 

99 



BENJAMIN A. GOULD. 



GOURGES GOVERNMENT 



pany he invested heavily in stocks of 
various railroads and telegraph companies. 
After losing his office in the Erie company 
he applied himself to the Pacific railroads, 
in which he had become interested, the 
elevated railroads of New York, and the 
Western Union Telegraph Company. He 
built many branch roads, took a number 
of roads from receivers, and brought 
about combinations which effected what 
was known as the " Gould System." He 
was actively connected with the BLACK 
FRIDAY (q. v.) and other financial sen 
sations. His financial standing having 
been assailed in 1882, he exhibited to a 
committee of financiers stocks and bonds 
to the face value of $53,000,000, and slated 



an important place in English political 
history, but in the general history of the 
development of the idea of a written con 
stitution. 

The following is its text: 




JAY GOULD. 

that he could produce $20,000,000 more if 
desired. He died in New York City, Dec. 
2, 1892. 

Gourges, DOMINIC DE. See FLORIDA. 

Government, INSTRUMENT OF. A con 
stitution adopted by Cromwell and his 
council of officers when the Little Parlia 
ment dissolved itself in December, 1653, 
surrendering authority to Cromwell as 
Lord Protector. It is therefore to be re 
garded as the constitutional basis of defini 
tion of the Protectorate; and under it the 
reformed Parliament met in September, 
1054. This assembly proceeded to settle 
the government on a Parliamentary basis, 
taking the " Instrument " as the ground 
work of the new constitution, and carry 
ing it clause by clause. The Instrument 
of Government holds therefore not only 



The government of the Commonwealth 
of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and 
the dominions thereunto belonging. 

I. That the supreme legislative author 
ity of the Commonwealth of Englanl 
Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions 
thereunto belonging, shall be and reside in 
one person, and the people assembled in 
Parliament; the style of which person 
shall be the Lord Protector of the Com 
monwealth of England, Scotland, and Ire 
land. 

II. That the exercise of the chief magis 
tracy and the administration of the gov 
ernment over the said countries and 
dominions, and the people thereof, shall be 
in the Lord Protector, assisted with a 
council, the number whereof shall not 
exceed twenty-one, nor be less than thir 
teen. 

III. That all writs, processes, commis 
sions, patents, grants, and other things, 
which now run in the name and style 
of the keepers of the liberty of England, 
by authority of Parliament, shall run in 
the name and style of the Lord Protector, 
from whom, for the future, shall be de 
rived all magistracy and honours in these 
three nations; and have the power of par 
dons (except in case of murders and trea 
son) and benefit of all forfeitures for 
the public use; and shall govern the said 
countries and dominions in all things by 
the advice of the council, and accord 
ir-p to these presents and the laws. 

IV. That the Lord Protector, the Par 
liament sitting, shall dispose and order 
the militia and forces, both by sea a-nd 
land, for the peace and good of the three 
nations, by consent of Parliament; and 
that the Lord Protector, with the advice 
and consent of the major part of the 
council, shall dispose and order the militia 
for the ends aforesaid in the intervals of 
Parliament. 

V. That the Lord Protector, by the ad 
vice aforesaid, shall direct in all things 
concerning the keeping and holding of a 
good correspondency with foreign kings, 
princes, and states; and also, with the 



100 



GOVERNMENT, INSTRUMENT OF 

consent of the major part of the council, Plymouth, 2 ; Clifton, Dartmouth, Hardness, 

have the power of war and peace. ] : Totnes, 1 ; Barnstable, 1 ; Tiverton, 1 ; 

VT That flip laws stvill not hp alfprpd Honiton, 1; Dorsetshire, 6; Dorchester, 1; 

a > Weymouth and Melcomb-Regis, 1; Lyme- 

suspended, abrogated, or repealed, nor Regis, 1 ; Poole, 1 ; Durham, 2 ; City of Dur- 

any new law made, nor any tax, charge, ham, 1 ; Essex, 13 ; Maiden, 1 ; Colchester, 2 ; 

or imposition laid upon the people, but Gloucestershire, 5; Gloucester, 2; Tewkes- 

-P, ,. bury, 1; Cirencester, 1; Herefordshire, 4; 

by common consent in Parliament, save Hereford> 1; Leominster, 1; Hertfordshire, 

only as is expressed in the thirtieth ar- 5 ; St. Albaa s, 1 ; Hertford, 1 ; Huntingdon- 
tide shire, 3 ; Huntingdon, 1 ; Kent, 11 ; Canter- 

VII. That there shall be a Parliament ?"* Rochester, 1; Maidstone, 1; Dover, 

1 ; Sandwich, 1 ; Queenborough, 1 ; Lan- 

summoned to meet at Westminster upon cas hire, 4 ; Preston, 1 ; Lancaster, 1 ; Liver- 
tho third day of September, 1654, and pool, 1 ; Manchester, 1 ; Leicestershire, 4 ; 
that successively a Parliament shall be Leicester, 2; Lincolnshire, 10; Lincoln, 2; 
, 1, j Boston, 1 ; Grantham, 1 ; Stamford, 1 ; Great 
summoned once in every third year, to Grimsbyi l . M i ddlese x, 4 ; London, 6 ; West- 
be accounted from the dissolution of the minster, 2 ; Monmouthshire, 3 ; Norfolk, 10 ; 
present Parliament. Norwich, 2 ; Lynn-Regis, 2 ; Great Yarmouth, 

VIII. That neither the Parliament to 2; Northamptonshire 6 ; Peterborough 1; 

Northampton, 1 ; Nottinghamshire, 4 ; Not- 

be next summoned, nor any successive t i ngham> 2 ; Northumberland, 3; New- 
Parliaments, shall, during the time of castle-upon-Tyne, 1 ; Berwick, 1 ; Oxford- 
five months, to be accounted from the shire, 5 ; Oxford City, 1 ; Oxford University, 

day of their last meeting, be adjourned, ^^T^ewJbuT^f 8 Brio-gn^T 

prorogued, or dissolved, without their own Ludlow, 1 ; Staffordshire, 3 ; Lichfleld, 1 ; 

consent. Stafford, 1 ; Newcastle-under-Lyne, 1 ; Som- 

IX. That as well the next as all other ersetshire, 11 ; Bristol, 2 ; Taunton 2 ; Bath, 

1 ; Wells, 1 ; Bridgewater, 1 ; Southampton- 
successive Parliaments, shall be sum- shll . e> 8 . Winch ester, 1; Southampton, 1; 
ntoned and elected in manner hereafter Portsmouth, 1 ; Isle of Wight, 2 ; Andover, 
expressed; that is to say, the persons to 1; Suffolk, 10; Ipswich, 2; Bury St. Ed- 
be chosen within England, Wales, a.nd ^ thwaT ^ GuildforfYf R^gST; 
Isles of Jersey, Guernsey, and the town Sussex, 9 ; Chichester, 1 ; Lewes, 1 ; East 
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, to sit and serve; Grinstead, 1 ; Arundel, 1 ; Rye, 1 ; Westmore- 

111 Parliament shall be and not exceed land - 2; Warwickshire, 4; Coventry, 2; War- 
in Parliament, s oe, < -u, wic ^ 1 . wiltshirei 10 . New S arum, 2 ; Marl- 

the number of four hundred. The per borough, 1 ; Devizes, 1 ; Worcestershire, 5 ; 

sons to be chosen within Scotland, to sit Worcester, 2. 

and serve in Parliament, shall be and not ^ j*g^5j-J ; "^- f > 2 . *[ 

exceed, the number of thirty; and the per ton . upon . Hull , i ; Beverley, 1 ; Scarborough, 

sons to be chosen to sit in Parliament for i ; Richmond, 1 ; Leeds, 1 ; Halifax, 1. 

Ireland shall be, and not exceed, the num- Wales. Anglesey, 2 ; Brecknockshire, 2 ; 

f -i : f Cardiganshire, 2 ; Carmarthenshire, 2 ; Car 
narvonshire, 2; Denbighshire, 2; Flintshire, 

X. That the persons to be elected to 2 ; Glamorganshire, 2 ; Cardiff, 1 ; Merioneth- 
sit in Parliament from time to time, for shire, 1 ; Montgomeryshire, 2 ; Pembrokeshire, 
ihe several counties of England, Wales, 2; Haverfordwest, 1; Radnorshire, 2. 

the Isles of Jersey and Guernsey, and 

the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and all The distribution of the persons to be 
places within the same respectively, shall ^^ for Scotland and Ireland, and 
be according to the proportions and ^eral cotmties, cities, and places there- 
numbers hereafter expressed: that is to . ^\ be according to such proper- 
ga , tions and number as shall be agreed upon 

and declared by the Lord Protector and 

Bedfordshire, 5 ; Bedford Town, 1 ; Berk- the major part of the council, before the 

shire, 5 ; Abingdon, 1 ; Reading, 1 ; Bucking- sending forth writs of summons for the 

hamshire, 5 ; Buckingham Town, 1 ; Ayles- nex ^ Parliament. 

XI. That the summons to Parliament 



bury, 1 ; Wycomb, 1 : Cambridgeshire, 4 
Cambridge Town, 1 ; Cambridge University 
1 ; Isle of Ely, 2 ; Cheshire, 4 ; Chester, 1 
Cornwall, 8 ; Launceston, 1 ; Truro, 1 
Penryn, 1 ; East Looe and West Looe, 1 
Cumberland, 2 ; Carlisle, 1 ; Derbyshire, 4 
Derby Town, 1 ; Devonshire, 11 ; Exeter, 2 



shall be by writ under the Great Seal of 
England, directed to the sheriffs of the 
several and respective counties, with such 
alteration as may suit with the present 



101 



GOVERNMENT, INSTBXTMENT OF 



government, to be made by the Lord 
Protector and hie council, which the 
Chancellor, Keeper, or Commissioners of 
the Great Seal shall seal, issue, and send 
abroad by warrant from the Lord Pro 
tector. If the Lord Protector shall not 
give warrant for issuing of writs of sum 
mons for the next Parliament, before the 
tirst of June, 1054, or for the Triennial 
Parliaments, before the first day of 
August in every third year, to be ac 
counted as aforesaid; that then the 
Chancellor, Keeper, or Commissioners of 
the Great Seal for the time being, shall, 
without any warrant or direction, within 
seven days after the said first day of 
June, 1654, seal, issue, and send abroad 
writs of summons (changing therein 
what is to be changed as aforesaid) to 
the several and respective sheriffs of 
England, Scotland, and Ireland, for sum 
moning the Parliament to meet at West 
minster, the third day of September next: 
and shall likewise, within seven days 
after the said first day of August, in every 
third year, to be accounted from the dis 
solution of the precedent Parliament, 
seal, issue, and send forth abroad several 
writs of summons (changing therein 
what is to be changed) as aforesaid, for 
summoning the Parliament to meet at 
Westminster the sixth of November in 
that third year. That the said several 
and respective sheriffs, shall, within ten 
days after the receipt of such writ as 
aforesaid, cause the same to be pro 
claimed and published in every market- 
town within his county upon the market- 
days thereof, between twelve and three 
of the clock; and shall then also publish 
and declare the certain day of the week 
and month, for choosing members to serve 
in Parliament for the body of the said 
county, according to the tenor of the said 
writ, which shall be upon Wednesday five 
weeks after the date of the writ ; and 
shall likewise declare the place where the 
election shall be made: for which pur 
pose he shall appoint the most con 
venient place for the whole county to 
meet in; and shall send precepts for elec 
tions to be made in all and every city, 
town, borough, or place within his 
county, where elections are to be made 
by virtue of these presents, to the Mayor, 
Sheriff, or other head officer of such city, 



I own, borough, or place, within three 
days after the receipt of such writ and 
writs; which the said < Mayors, Sheriffs, 
and officers respectively are to make pub 
lication of, and of the certain day for 
such elections to be made in the said 
city, town, or place aforesaid, and to 
cause elections to be made accordingly. 

XII. That at the day and place of elec 
tions, the Sheriff of each county, and the 
said Mayors, Sheriff s, Bailiffs, and other 
head officers within their cities, towns, 
boroughs, and places respectively, shall 
take view of the said elections, and shall 
make return into the chancery within 
twenty days after the said elections, of 
the persons elected by the greater num 
ber of electors, under their hands and 
seals, between him on the one part, and 
the electors on the other part; wherein 
shall be contained, that the persons 
elected shall not have power to alter the 
government as it is hereby settled in one 
single person and a Parliament. 

XIII. That the Sheriff, who shall wit 
tingly and willingly make any false re 
turn, or neglect his duty, shall incur the 
penalty of 2000 marks of lawful English 
money; the one moiety to the Lord Pro 
tector, and the other moiety to such per 
son as will sue for the same. 

XIV. That all and every person and 
persons, who have aided, advised, assisted, 
or abetted in any war against the Par 
liament, since the first day of January 
1641 (unless they have been since in the 
service of Parliament, and given signal 
testimony of their good affection there 
unto) shall be disabled and incapable to 
be elected, or to give any vote in the elec 
tion of any members to serve in the next 
Parliament, or in the three succeeding 
Triennial Parliaments. 

XV. That all such, who have advised, 
assisted, or abetted the rebellion of Ire 
land, shall be disabled and incapable for 
ever to be elected, or give any vote in 
the election of any member to serve in 
Parliament; as also all such who do or 
shall profess the Roman Catholic religion. 

XVI. That all votes and elections given 
or made contrary, or not according to 
these qualifications, shall be null and 
void ; and if any person, who is hereby 
made incapable, shall give his vote for 
election of members to serve in Parlia- 



J02 



GOVERNMENT, INSTRUMENT OF 

ment, such person shall lose and forfeit sities, cities, boroughs, and places afore- 
one full year s value in his real estate, said, by such persons, and in such man- 
and one full third part of his personal ner, as if several and respective writs of 
estate; one moiety thereof to the Lord summons to Parliament under the Great 
Protector, and the other moiety to him Seal had issued and been awarded accord- 
or them who shall sue for the same. ing to the tenor aforesaid: that if the 

XVII. That the persons who shall be sheriff, or other persons authorized, shall 
elected to serve in Parliament, shall be neglect his or their duty herein, that all 
such (and no other than such) as are and every such sheriff and person author- 
persons of known integrity, fearing God, ized as aforesaid, so neglecting his or their 

and of good conversation, and being of duty, shall, for every such offence, be 

the age of twenty-one years. guilty of high treason, and shall suffer 

XVIII. That all and every person and the pains and penalties thereof. 

persons seized or possessed to his own XXI. That the clerk, called the clerk 
use, of any estate, real or personal, to of the Commonwealth in Chancery for the 
the value of 200, and not within the time being, and all others, who shall after- 
aforesaid exceptions, shall be capable to wards execute that office, to whom the 
elect members to serve in Parliament for returns shall be made, shall for the next 
counties. Parliament, and the two succeeding Trien- 

XIX. That the Chancellor, Keeper, or nial Parliaments, the next day after such 
Commissioners of the Great Seal, shall return, certify the names of the several 
be sworn before they enter into their of- persons so returned, and of the places for 
fices, truly and faithfully to issue forth, which he and they were chosen respec- 
and send abroad, writs of summons to tively, unto the Council; who shall peruse 
Parliament, at the times and in the man- the said returns and examine whether the 
ner before expressed; and in case of neg- persons so elected and returned be such as 
lect or failure to issue and send abroad is agreeable to the qualifications, and not 
writs accordingly, he or they shall for disabled to be elected: and that every per- 
every such offence be guilty of high trea- son and persons being so duly elected, and 
son, and suffer the pains and penalties being approved of by the major part of the 
thereof. Council to be persons not disabled, but 

XX. That in case writs be not issued qualified as aforesaid, shall be esteemed 
out, as is before expressed, but that there a member of Parliament, and be admitted 
be a neglect therein, fifteen days after the to sit in Parliament and not otherwise, 
time wherein the same ought to be issued XXII. That the persons so chosen and 
out by the Chancellor, Keeper, or Com- assembled in manner aforesaid, or any 
missioners of the Great Seal; that then sixty of them, shall be, and be deemed 
the Parliament shall, as often as such the Parliament of England, Scotland, and 
failure shall happen, assemble and be held Ireland; and the supreme legislative 
at Westminster, in the usual place, at power to be and reside in the Lord Pro- 
the time prefixed, in manner and by the tector and such Parliament, in manner 
means hereafter expressed; that is to herein expressed. 

say, that the sheriffs of the several and XXIII. That the Lord Protector, with 
respective counties, sheriffdoms, cities, bor- the advice of the major part of the Coun- 
oughs, and places aforesaid, within Eng- cil, shall at any other time than is before 
land, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, the expressed, when the necessities of the 
Chancellors, Masters, and Scholars of the State shall require it, summon Par- 
Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, liaments in manner before expressed, which 
and the Mayor and Bailiffs of the borough shall not be adjourned, prorogued, or dis- 
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and other places solved without their own consent, during 
aforesaid respectively, shall at the sev- the first three months of their sitting. 
eral courts and places to be appointed as And in case of future war with any for- 
aforesaid, within thirty days after the cign State, a Parliament shall be forth- 
said fifteen days, cause such members with summoned for their advice concern- 
to be chosen for their said several and ing the same. 

respective counties, sheriffdoms, univer- XXIV. That all Bills agreed unto by 

103 



GOVERNMENT, INSTRUMENT OF 

the Parliament, shall be presented to the may, at any time before the meeting of 
Lord Protector for his consent; and in the next Parliament, add to the Council 
case he shall not give his consent thereto such persons as they shall think fit, pro- 
within twenty days after they shall be pre- vided the number of the Council be not 
sented to him, or give satisfaction to the made thereby to exceed twenty-one, and 
Parliament within the time limited, that the quorum to be proportioned according- 
then, upon declaration of the Parliament ly by the Lord Protector and the major 
that the Lord Protector hath not con- part of the Council. 

sented nor given satisfaction, such Bills XXVII. That a constant yearly reve- 

shall pass into and become laws, although nue shall be raised, settled, and estab- 

he shall not give his consent thereunto; lished for maintaining of 10,000 horse and 

provided such bills contain nothing in dragoons, and 20,000 foot, in England, 

them contrary to the matters contained Scotland and Ireland, for the defence and 

in these presents. security thereof, and also for a convenient 

XXV. That Henry Lawrence, Esq., number of ships for guarding of the seas; 
&c., or any seven of them, shall be a Coun- besides 200,000 per annum for defraying 
cil for the purposes expressed in this the other necessary charges of admin- 
writing; and upon the death or other re- istration of justice, and other expenses of 
moval of any of them, the Parliament the Government, which revenue shall be 
shall nominate six persons of ability, in- raised by the customs, and such other 
tegrity, and fearing God, for every one ways and means as shall be agreed upon 
that is dead or removed ; out of which the by the Lord Protector and the Council, 
major part of the Council shall elect two, and shall not be taken away or dimin- 
and present them to the Lord Protector, ished, nor the way agreed upon for raising 
of which he shall elect one; and in case the same altered, but by the consent of 
the Parliament shall not nominate within the Lord Protector and the Parliament, 
twenty days after notice given unto them XXVIII. That the said yearly revenue 
thereof, the major part of the Council shall be paid into the public treasury, 
shall nominate three as aforesaid to the and shall be issued out for the uses afore- 
Lord Protector, who out of them shall said. 

supply the vacancy; and until this choice XXIX. That in case there shall not be 

be made, the remaining part of the Coun- cause hereafter to keep up so great a de- 

cil shall execute as fully in all things, as fence both at land or sea, but that there 

if their number were full. And in case be an abatement made thereof, the money 

of corruption, or other miscarriage in any which will be saved thereby shall remain 

of the Council in their trust, the Parlia- in bank for the public service, and not be 

ment shall appoint seven of their number, employed to any other use but by con- 

and the Council six, who, together with sent of Parliament, or, in the intervals of 

the Lord Chancellor, Lord Keeper, or Com- Parliament, by the Lord Protector and 

missioners of the Great Seal for the time major part of the Council, 

being, shall have power to hear and de- XXX. That the raising of money for 

t ermine such corruption and miscarriage, defraying the charge of the present ex- 

and to award and inflict punishment, as traordinary forces, both at sea and land, 

the nature of the offence shall deserve, in respect of the present wars, shall be by 

which punishment shall not be pardoned consent of Parliament, and not otherwise: 

or remitted by the Lord Protector; and, save only that the Lord Protector, with 

in the interval of Parliaments, the major the consent of the major part of the Coun- 

part of the Council, with the consent of cil, for preventing the disorders and dan- 

the Lord Protector, may, for corruption or gers which might otherwise fall out both 

other miscarriage as aforesaid, suspend by sea and land, shall have power, until 

any of their number from the exercise of the meeting of the first Parliament, to 

their trust, if they shall find it just, until raise money for the purposes aforesaid ; 

the matter shall be heard and examined as and also to make laws and ordinances for 

aforesaid. the peace and welfare of these nations 

XXVI. That the Lord Protector and where it shall be necessary, which shall 
the maior part of the Council aforesaid be binding and in force, until order shall 

104 



GOVERNMENT, INSTRUMENT OF 



be taken in Parliament concerning the 
same. 

XXXI. That the lands, tenements, 
rents, royalties, jurisdictions and heredit- 
aments which remain yet unsold or undis- 
posed of, by Act or Ordinance of Parlia- 
nient, belonging to the Commonwealth 
(except the forests and chases, and the 
honours and manors belonging to the 
same; the lands of the rebels in Ireland, 
lying in the four counties of Dublin, Cork, 
Kildare, and Carlow; the lands forfeited 
by the people of Scotland in the late 
v/ars, and also the lands of Papists and 
delinquents in England who have not yet 
compounded), shall be vested in the Lord 
Protector, to hold, to him and his sue- 
cessors, Lords Protectors of these nations, 
ard shall not be alienated but by consent 
in Parliament. And all debts, fines, is- 
sues, amercements, penalties and profits, 
certain and casual, due to the Keepers 
of the liberties of England by authority 
of Parliament, shall be due to the Lord 
Protector, and be payable into his public 
receipt, and shall be recovered and pros- 
ecuted in his name. 

XXXII. That the office of Lord Pro- 
tector over these nations shall be elective 
and not hereditary; and upon the death 
of the Lord Protector, another fit person 
shall be forthwith elected to succeed him 
in the Government; which election shall 
be by the Council, who, immediately upon 
the death of the Lord Protector, shall as- 
seinble in the Chamber where they usu- 
ally sit in Council; and, having given 
notice to all their members of the cause 
of their assembling, shall, being thirteen 
at least present, proceed to the election; 
and, before they depart the said Chamber, 
shall elect a fit person to succeed in the 
Government, and forthwith cause procla- 
mation thereof to be made in all the threo 
nations as shall be requisite; and the 
person that they, or the major part of 
them, shall elect as aforesaid, shall be, 
and shall be taken to be. Lord Protector 
over these nations of England, Scotland 
ond Ireland, and the dominions thereto 
belonging. Provided that none of the 
children of the late King, nor any of his 
line or family, be elected to be Lord Pro- 
tector or other Chief Magistrate over 
these nations, or any the dominions there- 
to belonging. And until the aforesaid 



election be past, the Council shall take 
care of the Government, and administer 
in all things as fully as the Lord Pro- 
tector, or the Lord Protector and Council 
are enabled to do. 

XXXIII. That Oliver Cromwell, Cap- 
tain - General of the forces of England, 
Scotland and Ireland, shall be, and is here- 
by declared to be, Lord Protector of the 
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and 
Ireland, and the dominions thereto be- 
longing, for his life. 

XXXIV. That the Chancellor, Keeper 
or Commissioners of the. Great Seal, the 
Treasurer, Admiral, Chief Governors of 
Ireland and Scotland, and the Chief Jus- 
tices of both the Benches, shall be chosen 
by the approbation of Parliament; and, 
in the intervals of Parliament, by the 
approbation of the major part of the 
Council, to be afterwards approved by 
the Parliament. 

XXXV. That the Christian religion, as 
contained in the Scriptures, be held forth 
and recommended as the public profession 
of these nations ; and that, as soon as may 
be, a provision, less subject to scruple and 
contention, and more certain than the 
present, be made for the encouragement 
and maintenance of able and painful 
teachers, for the instructing the people, 
and for discovery and confutation of er- 
ror, hereby, and whatever is contrary to 
sound doctrine; and until such provision 
be made, the present maintenance shall 
not be taken away or impeached. 

XXXVI. That to the public profession 
hold forth none shall be compelled b\ 
penalties or otherwise; but that endeav- 
ours be used to win them by sound doc- 
trine and the example of a good converse - 
tion. 

XXXVII. That such as profess faith in 
God by Jesus Christ (though differing 
in judgment from the doctrine, worship 
or discipline publicly held forth) shall 
not be restrained from, but shall be pro- 
tected in, the profession of the faith and 
exercise of their religion; so as they abuse 
not this liberty to the civil injury of 
others and to the actual disturbance of 
the public peace on their parts; provided 
this liberty be not extended to Popery or 
Prelacy, nor to such as, under the pro- 
fession of Christ, hold forth and practice 
licentiousness. 



105 



GOVERNMENT GBADY 



XXXVIII. That all laws, statutes and ing to the best of their knowledge; and 
ordinances, and clauses in any law, that in the election of every successive 
statute or ordinance to the contrary of Lord Protector they shall proceed therein 
the aforesaid liberty, shall be esteemed as impartially, and do nothing therein for 
null and void. any promise, fear, favour or reward. 

XXXIX. That the Acts and Ordinances Government of the United States, 
of Parliament made for the sale or other See CALHOUN, JOHN CALDWELL. 
disposition of the lands, rents and here- Grady, HENRY WOODFEN, journalist; 
ditamenta of the late King. Queen, and born in Athens, Ga., in 1851 ; was educated 
Prince, of Archbishops and Bishops, &c., in the universities of Georgia and Vir- 
Deans and Chapters, the lands of delin- ginia, and entered journalism soon after 
quents and forest-lands, or any of them, the close of the Civil War. From the 
or of any other lands, tenements, rents beginning he made a specialty of seeking 
and hereditaments belonging to the Com- the requirements of the South for its re- 
monwealth, shall nowise be impeached or habilitation in prosperity. His early pub- 
made invalid, but shall remain good and lications, relating to the resources and 
firm; and that the securities given by possibilities of the State of Georgia, were 
Act and Ordinance of Parliament for published in the Atlanta Constitution. 
any sum or sums of money, by any of the The clearness and practical vein of these 
said lands, the exercise, or any other pub- letters attracted the attention of the editor 
He revenue; and also the securities given of the New York Herald, who appointed 
by the public faith of the nation, and the Mr. Grady a correspondent for that paper, 
engagement of the public faith for satis- In 1872 he became interested in the At- 
faction of debts and damages, shall re- lanta Herald, and in 1880 he bought a 
main firm and good, and not be made void 

and invalid upon any pretence whatso 
ever. 

XL. That the Articles given to or made 
with the enemy, and afterwards confirmed 
by Parliament, shall be performed and 
made good to the persons concerned there 
in ; and that such appeals as were de 
pending in the last Parliament for relief 
concerning bills of sale of delinquent s 
estates, may be heard and determined the 
next Parliament, any thing in this writ 
ing or otherwise to the contrary notwith 
standing. 

XLI. That every successive Lord Pro 
tector over these nations shall take and 
subscribe a solemn oath, in the presence 
of the Council, and such others as they 
shall call to them, that he will seek the 
peace, quiet and welfare of these nations, 
cause law and justice to be equally ad 
ministered; and that he will not violate 
or infringe the matters and things con 
tained in this writing, and in all other 
things will, to his power and to the best 
of his understanding, govern these nations 
according to the laws, statutes and cus 
toms thereof. quarter interest in the Atlanta Constitu- 

XLII. That each person of the Council tion for $20,000, which sum was loaned 
shall, before they enter upon their trust, him by Cyrus W. Field, and was repaid 
take and subscribe an oath, that they will with interest within two years. During 
be true and faithful in their trust, accord- these years Mr. Grady was known chiefly 

10G 




HEXRY WOODFEN GRADY. 



GEADY, HENRY WOODFEN 

a? a painstaking journalist, warmly de- courtesy to-night. I am not troubled 
voted to the promotion of the interests about those from whom 1 come. You re- 
of the Southern States. In 1886 he ac- member the man whose wife sent him to 
cepted an invitation from the New Eng- a neighbor with a pitcher of milk, and 
land Society of New York to deliver the who, tripping on the top step, fell, with 
formal speech at its annual dinner (Dec. such casual interruptions as the landings 
22). He chose for his subject "The New afforded, into the basement; and, while 
South," and the speech in its composition picking himself up, had the pleasure of 
and delivery gave him a sudden and wide hearing his wife call out: 
fame as an orator. On Dec. 12, 1889, he "John, did you break the pitcher?" 
delivered by invitation an address before "No, I didn t/ said John, "but I be 
the Merchants Association in Boston on dinged if I don t." 

" The Future of the Negro," and this So, while those who call to me from 
speech still farther increased his fame, behind may inspire me with energy, if not 
He was ill at the time of its delivery, be- with courage, I ask an indulgent hearing 
came worse before leaving Boston, and from you. I beg that you will bring 
died in Athens, Ga., on the 23d of that your full faith in American fairness and 
month. The citizens of Atlanta, grateful frankness to judgment upon what I shall 
for what he had done for the city, State, say. There was an old preacher once 
and the South, testified their appreciation \vho told some boys of the Bible lesson he 
of his worth by erecting in that city the was going to read in the morning. The 
Grady Memorial Hospital, which was for- boys, finding the place, glued together 
mally opened June 2, 1892. the connection pages. The next morning 

he read on the bottom of one page: 

The Neiv South. " There was a South " When Noah was 120 years old he took 
of slavery and secession that South is unto himself a wife, who was" then 
dead. There is a South of union and turning the page " 140 cubits long, 40 
freedom that South, thank God, is living, cubits wide, built of gopher wood, and 
breathing, growing every hour." These covered with pitch inside and out." He 
words, delivered from the immortal lips was naturally puzzled at this. He read 
of Benjamin H. Hill, at Tammany Hall, it again, verified it, and then he said: 
in 1866, true then, and truer now, I " My friends, this is the first time I ever 
shall make my text to-night. met this in the Bible, but I accept it as 

Mr. President and Gentlemen, Let me an evidence of the assertion that we are 
express to you my appreciation of the fearfully and wonderfully made." If I 
kindness by which I am permitted to ad- could get you to hold such faith to-night, 
dress you. I make this abrupt acknowl- I could proceed cheerfully to the task I 
edgment advisedly, for I feel that if, when otherwise approach with a sense of con- 
T raised my provincial voice in this ancient secration. 

and august presence, I could find courage Pardon me one word, Mr. President, 
for no more than the opening sentence, spoken for the sole purpose of getting 
it would be well if, in that sentence, I had into the volumes that go out annually 
met in a rough sense my obligation as a freighted with the rich eloquence of your 
guest, and had perished, so to speak, with speakers the fact that the Cavalier, as 
courtesy on the lips and grace in my heart, well as the Puritan, was on the conti- 

Permitted, through your kindness, to nent in its early days, and that he was 
catch my second wind, let me say that I " up and able to be about." I have read 
appreciate the significance of being the your books carefully, and I find no men- 
first Southerner to speak at this board, tion of that fact, which seems to me an 
which bears the substance, if it surpasses important one for preserving a sort of 
the semblance, of original New England historical equilibrium, if for nothing else, 
hospitality, and honors a sentiment that Let me remind you that the Virginia 
in turn honors you, but in which my per- Cavalier first challenged France on this 
sonality is lost and the compliment to my continent; that Cavalier John Smith 
people made plain. gave New England its very name, and 

I bespeak \. _ e utmost stretch of your was so pleased with the job that he has 

107 



GBADY, HENRY WOODFEN 

been handing his own name around ever ting crown to a life consecrated from the 
since; and that, while Miles Standish cradle to human liberty. Let us, each 
was cutting oft men s ears for courting cherishing the traditions and honoring his 
a girl without her parents consent, and fathers, build with revere nt hands to the 
forbade men to kiss their wives on Sun- type of his simple but sublime life, in 
day, the Cavalier was courting everything which all types are honored; and in our 
in sight; and that the Almighty had common glory as Americans there will be 
vouchsafed great increase to the Cavalier plenty and some to spare for your fore- 
colonies, the huts in the wilderness being fathers and for mine, 
as full as the nests in the woods. In speaking to the toast with which 

But having incorporated the Cavalier you have honored me, I accept the term, 
as a fact in your charming little book, I The New South." as in no sense dis- 
shall let him work out his own salva- paraging to the old. Dear to me, sir, is 
tion, as he has always done with engag- the home of my childhood and the tradi- 
ing gallantry, and we will hold no con- tions of my people, I would not, if I 
troversy as to his merits. Why should could, dim the glory they won in peace 
we? Neither Puritan nor Cavalier long and war, or by word or deed take aught 
survived as such. The virtues and tradi- from the splendor and grace of their civ- 
tions of both happily still live for the ilization, never equalled, and, perhaps, 
inspiration of their sons and the saving never to be equalled in its chivalric 
of the old fashion. Both Puritan and strength and grace. There is a New 
Cavalier were lost in the storm of the South, not through protest against the 
first Revolution, and the American citi- old, but because of new conditions, new 
zen, supplanting both, and stronger than adjustments, and, if you please, new ideas 
either, took possession of the republic and aspirations. It is to this that I ad- 
bought by their common blood and fash- dress myself, and to the consideration of 
ioned to wisdom, and charged himself which I hasten, lest it become the Old 
with teaching men government and estab- South before I get to it. Age does not 
lishing the voice of the people as the endow all things with strength and virtue, 
voice of God. nor are all new things to be despised. 

My friend, Dr. Talmage, has told you The shoemaker who put over his door, 
that the typical American has yet to "John Smith s Shop, Founded in 1760," 
come. Let me tell you that he has al- was more than matched by his young rival 
ready come. Great types, like valuable across the street, who hung out his sign, 
plants, are slow to flower and fruit. But "Bill Jones, Established 1886. No Old 
from the union of these colonist Puritans Stock Kept in This Shop." 
and Cavaliers, from the straightening of Dr. Talmage has drawn for you, with a 
their purposes and the crossing of their master hand, the picture of your return- 
blood, slow perfecting through a century, ing armies. He has told you how, in the 
came he who stands as the first typical pomp and circumstance of war, they came 
American, the first who comprehended back to you, marching with proud and vie- 
within himseli all the strength and gen- torious tread, reading their glory in a 
tleness, all the majesty and grace of this nation s eye. Will you bear with me 
republic Abraham Lincoln. He was the while I tell you of another army that 
sum of Puritan and Cavajier; for in his sought its home at the close of the late 
ardent nature were fused the virtues of war? An army that marched home in de- 
both, and in the depths of his great soul feat and not in victory; in pathos and not 
the faults of both were lost. He was in splendor, but in glory that equalled 
greater than Puritan, greater than Cava- yours, and to hearts as loving as ever wel- 
lier, in that he was American, and that corned heroes. Let me picture to you the 
in his homely form were first gathered footsore Confederate soldier as, button- 
the vast and thrilling forces of his ideal ing up in his faded gray jacket the parole 
government, charging it with such tre- which was to bear testimony to his chil- 
mendous meaning, and so elevating it dren of his fidelity and faith, he turned 
above human suffering that martyrdom, his face southward from Anpomattox in 
though infamously aimed, came as a fit- April, 1865. Think of 1 .01 as ragged, 

108 



GRADY, HENRY WOODFEN 



half starved, heavy hearted, enfeebled by 
want and wounds; having fought to ex 
haustion he surrenders his gun, wrings 
the hands of his comrades in silence, and, 
lifting his tear-stained and pallid face 
for the last time to the graves that dot 
the old Virginia hills, pulls his gray cap 
over his brow and begins the slow and 
painful journey. What does he find? 
Let me ask you who went to your homes 
eager to find, in the welcome you had 
justly earned, full payment for four years 
sacrifice, what does he find when, having 
followed the battle-stained cross against 
overwhelming odds, dreading death not 
half so much as surrender, he reaches the 
home he left so prosperous and beautiful ? 
He finds the house in ruins, his farm de 
vastated, his slaves free, his stock killed, 
his barn empty, his trade destroyed, his 
money worthless, his social system, feudal 
in its magnificence, swept away; his peo 
ple without law or legal status; his com 
rades slain, and the burdens of others 
heavy on his shoulders. Crushed by de 
feat, his very traditions gone, without 
money, credit, employment, material train 
ing, and besides all this, confronted with 
the gravest problem that ever met human 
intelligence the establishing of a status 
for the vast body of liberated slaves. 

What does he do this hero in gray 
with a heart of gold? Does he sit down 
in sullenness and despair? Not for a day. 
Surely God, who has stripped him of his 
prosperity, inspired him in his adver 
sity. As ruin was never before so over 
whelming, never was restoration swifter. 
This soldier stepped from the trenches 
into the furrow; horses that had charged 
Federal guns marched before the plough, 
ar;d field that ran red with human blood 
in April were green with the harvest of 
June; women reared in luxury cut up 
their dresses and made breeches for their 
husbands, and, with a patience and hero 
ism that fit women always as a garment, 
gave their hands to work. There was lit 
tle bitterness in all this. Cheerfulness 
and frankness prevailed. " Bill Arp " 
struck the key-note when he said: "Well, 
I killed as many of them as they did of 
me, and now I am going to work." Or 
the soldier returning home from defeat 
and roasting some corn on the road-side, 
who made the remark to his comrades: 



109 



You may leave the South if you want 
to, but I am going to Sandersville, kiss 
my wife and raise a crop, and if the 
Yankees fool with me any more I will 
whip em again." I want to say of Gen 
eral Sherman who is considered an able 
man in our parts, though some people 
think he is kind of careless about fire 
that from the ashes he left us in 1864, 
we have raised a brave and beautiful city; 
that somehow or other we have caught the 
sunshine in the bricks and mortar of our 
homes, and have builded therein not one 
ignoble prejudice or memory. 

But in all this what have we accom 
plished? What is the sum of our work? 
We have found out that in the general 
summary the free negro counts more than 
he did as a slave. We have planted the 
school-house on the hill-top and made it 
free to white and black. We have sowed 
towns and cities in the place of theories, 
and put business above politics. We have 
challenged your spinners in Massachu 
setts and your iron-makers in Pennsyl 
vania. We have learned that the $4,000,- 
000 annually received from our cotton 
crop will make us rich, when the supplies 
that make it are home-raised. We have 
reduced the commercial rate from 24 to 
4 per cent., and are floating 4 per cent, 
bonds. We have learned that one North 
ern emigrant is worth fifty foreigners, 
and have smoothed the path to the 
southward, wiped out the place where 
Mason and Dixon s line used to be, and 
hung out our latch-string to you and 
yours. 

We have reached the point that marks 
perfect harmony in every household, when 
the husband confesses that the pies which 
his wife cooks are as good as those his 
mother used to bake; and we admit that 
the sun shines as brightly and the moon 
as softly as it did " before the war." We 
have established thrift in the city ant , 
country. We have fallen in love with 
work. We have restored comfort to homes 
fiom which culture and elegance never 
departed. We have let economy take root 
and spread among us as rank as the crab- 
grass which sprung from Sherman s cav 
alry camps, until we are ready to lay 
odds on the Georgia Yankee, as he manu 
factures relics of the battle-field in a one- 
story shanty and squeezes pure olive oil 



GEADY, HENRY WOODFEN 



out of his cotton-seed, against any down- 
Easter that ever swapped wooden nutmegs 
for flannel sausages in the valley of Ver 
mont. 

Above all, we know that we have 
achieved in these " piping times of peace," 
a fuller independence for the South than 
that which our fathers sought to win in 
the forum by their eloquence, or compel 
on the field by their swords. 

It is a rare privilege, sir, to have had 
part, however humble, in this work. Never 
was nobler duty confided to human hands 
than the uplifting and upbuilding of the 
prostrate and bleeding South, misguided, 
perhaps, but beautiful in her suffering, 
and honest, brave, and generous always. 
In the record of her social, industrial, 
and political illustrations we await with 
confidence the verdict of the world. 

But what of the negro ? Have we solved 
the problem he presents, or progressed in 
honor and equity towards the solution? 
Let the record speak to the point. No 
section shows a more prosperous laboring 
population than the negroes of the South ; 
none in fuller sympathy with the employ 
ing and land-owning class. He shares our 
school fund, has the fullest protection 
of our laws and the friendship of our 
people. Self-interest, as well as honor, de 
mand that they should have this. Our 
futvire, our very existence, depends upon 
our working out this problem in full and 
exact justice. We understand when Lin 
coln signed the Emancipation Procla 
mation, your victory was assured; for he 
then committed you to the cause of hu 
man liberty, against which the arms of 
man cannot prevail ; while those of our 
statesmen who trusted to make slavery 
the corner - stone of the Confederacy 
doomed us to defeat as far as they could, 
committing us to a cause that reason 
could not defend or the sword maintain 
in the sight of advancing civilization. 
Had Mr. Toombs said, which he did not 
say, that he would call the roll of his 
slaves at the foot of Bunker Hill, he would 
have been foolish, for he might have known 
that whenever slavery became entangled 
in war it must perish, and that the chat 
tel in human flesh ended forever in New 
England when your fathers, not to be 
blamed for parting with what did not 
pay, sold their slaves to our fathers, not 



to be praised for knowing a paying thing 
when they saw it. 

The relations of the Southern people 
with the negro are close find cordial. We 
remember with what fidelity for four years 
he guarded our defenceless women and 
children, whose husbands and fathers were 
fighting against his freedom. To his 
credit be it said that whenever he struck 
a blow for his own liberty he fought in 
open battle, and when at last he raised 
his black and humble hands that the 
shackles might be struck off, those hands 
were innocent of wrong against his help 
less charges, and worthy to be taken in 
loving grasp by every man who honors 
loyalty and devotion. 

Ruffians have maltreated him, rascals 
have misled him, philanthropists estab 
lished a bank for him, but the South with 
the North protest against injustice to this 
simple and sincere people. To liberty and 
enfranchisement is as far as the law can 
carry the negro. The rest must be left 
to conscience and common - sense. It 
should be left to those among whom his 
lot is cast, with whom he is indissolubly 
connected, and whose prosperity depends 
upon their possessing his intelligent sym 
pathy and confidence. Faith has been 
kept with him in spite of calumnious 
assertions to the contrary by those who 
assume to speak for us, or by frank op 
ponents. Faith will be kept with him 
in future if the South holds her reason 
and integrity. 

But have we kept faith with you? In 
the fullest sense, yes. When Lee sur 
rendered I don t say when Johnston sur 
rendered, because I understand he still al 
ludes to the time when he met General 
Sherman last as the time when he " de 
termined to abandon any further prose 
cution of the struggle" when Lee sur 
rendered, I say, and Johnston quit, the 
South became, and has been, loyal to the 
Union. We fought hard enough to know 
that we were whipped, and in perfect 
frankness accepted as final the arbitra 
ment of the sword to which we had ap 
pealed. The South found her jewel in 
the toad s head of defeat. The shackles 
that had held her in narrow limitations 
fell forever when the shackles of the 
negro slave were broken. 

Under the old regime the negroes were 
10 



GBADY, HENRY WOODFEN 

glares to the South, the South was a slave tage he left me in his soldier s death. To 

to the system. The old plantation, with the feet of that shaft I shall send my 

its simple police regulation and its feudal children s children to reverence him who 

habit, was the only type possible under ennobled their name with his heroic blood, 

slavery. Thus was gathered in the hands But, sir, speaking from the shadow of 

of a splendid and chivalric oligarchy the that memory, which 1 honor as I do noth- 

substance that should have been diffused ing else on earth, I say that the cause in 

among the people, as the rich blood, under which he suffered and for which he gave 

certain artificial conditions, is gathered his life was adjudged by higher and fuller 

at the heart, filling that with affluent wisdom than his or mine, and I am glad 

rapture, but leaving the body chill and that the omniscient God held the balance 

colorless. of battle in His almighty hand, and that 

The Old South rested everything on human slavery was swept forever from 

slavery and agriculture, unconscious that American soil the American Union saved 

these neither give nor maintain healthy from the wreck of war. 
growth. The New South presents a per- This message, Mr. President, comes to 

feet democracy, the oligarchs leading in you from consecrated ground. Every foot 

the popular movement a social system of the soil about the city in which I live 



compact and closely knitted, less splendid 
on the surface but stronger at the core; 



is sacred as a battle-ground of the re- 
Every hill that invests it is 



public. Every hill that invests it 

a hundred farms for every plantation, hallowed by the blood of your brothers 

fifty homes for every palace, and a di- who died for your victory, and doubly 

versified industry that meets the complex hallowed to us by the blood of those who 

needs of this complex age. died hopeless, but undaunted, in defeat 

The New South is enamored of her new sacred soil to all of us, rich with memo- 
work. Her soul is stirred with the breath ries that make us purer and stronger and 
of a new life. The light of a grander day better, silent but stanch witnesses in its 
is falling fair on her face. She is thrill- red desolation of the matchless valor of 
ing with the consciousness of a growing American hearts and the deathless glory 
power and prosperity. As she stands up- of American arms speaking an eloquent 
right, full-statured and equal among the witness in its white peace and prosperity 
people of the earth, breathing the keen to the indissoluble union of American 
air and looking out upon the expanding States and the imperishable brotherhood 
horizon, she understands that her emanci- of the American people, 
pation came because, in the inscrutable Now, what answer has New England 
wisdom of God, her honest purpose was to this message? Will she permit the 
crossed and her brave armies were beaten, prejudice of war to remain in the hearts 

This is said in no spirit of time-serving of the conquerors, when it has died in 

or apology. The South has nothing for the hearts of the conquered? Will she 

which to apologize. She believes that the transmit this prejudice to the next gener- 

late struggle between the States was war ation, that in their hearts, which never 

and not rebellion, revolution and not con- felt the generous ardor of conflict, it 

spiracy, and that her convictions were as may perpetuate itself? Will she with- 

honest as yours. I should be unjust to hold, save in strained courtesy, the hand 

the dauntless spirit of the South and to which, straight from the soldier s heart, 

my own convictions if I did not make this Grant offered to Lee at Appomattox? 

plain in this presence. The South haa Will she make the vision of a restored 

nothing to take back. In my native town and happy people, which gathered above 

of Athens is a monument that crowns its the. couch of your dying captain, filling 

central hills a plain, white shaft. Deep his heart with grace, touching his lips 

cut into its shining side is a name dear with praise and glorifying his path to 

to me above the names of men, that of a the grave will she make this vision 

brave and simple man who died in brave on which the last sigh of his expiring 

and simple faith. Not for all the glories soul breathed a benediction, a cheat and 

of New England from Plymouth Rock a delusion? If she does, the South, never 

all the way would I exchange the heri- abject in asking for comradeship, must 

111 



GRAEBNER GRAHAME 

accept with dignity its refusal; but if have been instrumental in saving the gov- 
she does not if she accepts with frank- ernment $250,000 by successfully con- 
ness and sincerity this message of good- eluding the " Indian factorage " affairs, 
will and friendship, then will the proph- He died in Washington, D. C., in August, 
eey of Webster, delivered in this very 1830. 

society forty years ago, amid tremendous Graham, JAMES DUNCAN, military offi- 
applause, be verified in its fullest and cer; born in Prince William county, Va., 
final sense, when he said: "Standing April 4, 1799; graduated at the United 
hand to hand, and clasping hands, we States Military Academy in 1817; ap- 
should remain united as we have been pointed a topographical engineer in 1829; 
for sixty years, citizens of the same made the survey of the northeast boun- 
country, members of the same govern- dary of the United States ; represented the 
ment, united, all united now and united United States under the treaty of Wash- 
forever." There have been difficulties, ington in determining the boundary be- 
contentions, and controversies, but I tell tween the United States and the British 
you that, in my judgment, provinces, etc.; promoted colonel of engi 
neers, June 1, 18G3. He died in Boston, 
"Those opposed eyes, -..- -p. OQ nope 
Which like the meteors of a troubled heaven, J- Viass - J ec - -^ J 

All of one nature, of one substance bred, Graham, JOSEPH, military officer ; born 
Did lately meet in th intestine shock, in Chester county, Pa., Oct. 13, 1759; re- 
Shall now in mutual well beseeming ranks moved to North Carolina at an early age. 

In 1778 he joined the Continental army 

Graebner, AUGUST L., theologian; born an a served through the remainder of the 
in Frankentrost, Mich., July 10, 1849; wa r with gallantry; in 1780 received 
graduated at Concordia College, Fort three bullet wounds and six sabre-thrusts 
Wayne, Ind., and at the Concordia Theo- while guarding the retreat of Maj. W. R. 
logical Seminary, St. Louis, where he be- Davie, near Charlotte; later, after his re- 
came Professor of Theology in 1887. He CO very, he defeated 600 Tories near Fay- 
is the author of History of the Lutheran etteville with a force of 136 men. In 1814 
Church in America,; Half a, Century of he was commissioned major-general, when 
Bound Lutheranism in America, etc. he led 1,000 men from North Carolina 

Graham, DAVID, lawyer; born in Lon- against the Creek Indians. He died in 

don, England, Feb. 8, 1808; came to the Lincoln county, N. C., Nov. 12, 1836. 
United States with his father ; was ad- Graham, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, Senator ; 

mitted to the bar and gained renown in born in Lincoln county, N. C., Sept. 5, 

his profession. He was the author of 1804; graduated at the University of 

Practice of the Supreme Court of the North Carolina in 1824 ; admitted to the 

State of New York; New Trials; Courts bar; began practice in Hillsboro, N. C.; 

of Law and Equity in the State of New United States Senator in 1840-43; gov- 

York, etc. He died in Nice, France, May ernor of North Carolina in 1844-48; and 

27, 1852. Secretary of the Navy in 1850-52. He 

Graham, GEORGE, lawyer; born in was a Senator in the Confederate Con- 
Dumfries, Va., about 1772; graduated gress from 1864 until the close of the 
at Columbia College in 1790; began the war. He died in Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 
practice of law in Dumfries, but later Aug. 11, 1875. 

settled in Fairfax county, where he re- Grahame, JAMES, historian; born in 
cruited the "Fairfax Light-horse" which Glasgow, Scotland, Dec. 21, 1790; grad- 
he led in the War of 1812. He was act- uated at Cambridge University; and ad- 
ing Secretary of War in 1815-18; and was mitted to the Scottish bar in 1812. His 
then sent on a perilous mission to Gal- publications include History of the Rise 
veston Island, where General Lallemande, and Progress of the United States of 
the chief of artillery in Napoleon s army, North America till the British Revolution 
had founded a colony with 600 armed set- of 1688; Who is to Blame? or Cursory 
tiers, whom he persuaded to give up their Review of the American Apology for 
undertaking and submit to the United American Accession to Negro Slavery, etc. 
States government. He is also said to He died in London, England, July 3, 1842. 

112 



GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC 



Grand Army of the Republic, THE. 
The order of the Grand Army of the Re 
public was organized in the State of Illi 
nois, early in the year 1866. To Dr. B. F. 
Stephenson, of Springfield, 111., belongs 
the honor of suggesting the formation 
of this union of veteran soldiers, and of 
launching the organization into exist 
ence. The object of the combination was 
to afford assistance to disabled and un 
employed soldiers. Dr. Stephenson had 
been a surgeon in a volunteer regiment 
during the war, and was firmly convinced 
that an organization of the returned 
volunteers, for mutual benefit, was im 
peratively needed. A ritual was drafted 
under his supervision, and the first post 
of the new order was formed at Decatur, 
111. Other posts were soon mustered 
throughout Illinois and contiguous 
States, and the first department (State) 
convention was held at Springfield, 111., 
July 12, 18G6. Gen. John M. Palmer was 
there elected department commander. 
Oct. 31, 1866, Dr. Stephenson, as pro 
visional commander-in-chief, sent out an 
order to all the posts then formed, call 
ing for the first national convention of 
the Grand Army of the Republic. This 
was held in Indianapolis, Ind., on Nov. 
20 following, and representatives were 
present from the States of Illinois, Mis 
souri, Kansas, Wisconsin, New York, 
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Kentucky, Indi 
ana, and the District of Columbia. Gen. 
S. A. Hurlbut was elected as com 
mander-in-chief. During the year 1867 
the order spread rapidly. The various 
States completed their work of depart 
ment organization, and posts were formed 
in all the large cities and in many coun 
ties. The second national encampment, 
meeting in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 15, 
1868, found the order in a most promis 
ing condition. In 1868, the first ob 
servance of May 30 as a memorial day 
by the Grand Army was ordered, and on 
May 11, 1870, May 30 was fixed upon for 
the annual observance by an article 
adopted as part of the rules and regula 
tions of the order. Unfortunately, dur 
ing the warmly contested political cam 
paign of 1868, the idea that the Army 
was intended as a political organization 
gained currency, with the result of in 
juring the order greatly. A heavy de 



crease of membership followed, causing 
almost a total disruption of the order in 
the West. In May, 1869, a change in the 
ritual was made, providing for three 
grades of membership, but this met with 
little favor, and in 1871 all sections pro 
viding for degrees or ranks among mem 
bers were stricken from the rules. At 
the same time, a rule was adopted pro 
hibiting the use of the organization for 
any partisan purpose whatever, a prin 
ciple which has ever since been strictly 
adhered to. Following is the record of 
the national encampments of the Grand 
Army of the Republic held thus far, with 
the names of the commanders-in-chief 
elected: 

\. Indianapolis, Ind., 1866 ; S. A. Hurl- 
but, Illinois. 

2. Philadelphia, Pa., 1868 ; John A. Logan, 
Illinois. 

3. Cincinnati, O., 1869 ; John A. Logan, 
Illinois. 

4. Washington, 1870 ; John A. Logan, Illi 
nois. 

5. Boston, Mass., 1871 ; A. E. Burnside, 
Rhode Island. 

6. Cleveland, O., 1872 ; A. E. Burnside, 
Rhode Island. 

7. New Haven, Conn., 1873 ; Charles 
Devens, Jr., Massachusetts. 

8. Harrisburg, Pa., 1874 ; Charles Devens, 
Jr., Massachusetts. 

9. Chicago, 111., 1875 ; John F. Hartranft, 
Pennsylvania. 

10. Philadelphia, Pa., 1876; John F. Har 
tranft, Pennsylvania. 

11. Providence, R. I., 1877 ; John C. 
Robinson, New York. 

12. Springfield, Mass., 1878 ; John C. Robin 
son, New York. 

13. Albany, N. Y., 1879; William Earn- 
shaw, Ohio. 

14. Dayton, O., 1880 ; Louis Wagner, Penn 
sylvania. 

15. Indianapolis, Ind., 1881 ; George S. 
Merrill, Massachusetts. 

16. Baltimore, Md., 1882; Paul Van Der 
Voort, Nebraska. 

17. Denver, Col., 1883 ; Robert B. Beatte, 
Pennsylvania. 

18. Minneapolis, Minn., 1884 ; John S. 
Kountz, Ohio. 

19. Portland, Me., 1885 ; S. S. Burdett, 
Washington. 

20. San Francisco, Cal., 1886 ; Lucius Fair- 
child, Wisconsin. 

21. St. Louis, Mo., 1887; John P. Rea, 
Minnesota. 

22. Columbus, O., 1888; William Warner, 
Missouri. 

23. Milwaukee, Wis., 1889; Russell A. 
Alger, Michigan. 

24. Boston, Mass., 1890; Wheelock G. 
Veasey, "Vermont. 

25. Detroit, Mich., 1891 ; John Palmer, 
New York. 



IV. H 



113 



GBAND GULF GBAND BEMONSTBANCE 



26. Washington, 1892 ; A. G. Weissert, 
Wisconsin. 

27. Indianapolis, Ind., 1893 ; John G. B. 
Adams, Massachusetts. 

28. Pittsburg, Pa., 1894 ; Thomas G. Law- 
ler, Illinois. 

29. Louisville, Ky., 1895 ; Ivan N. Walker, 
Indiana. 

30. St. Paul, Minn., 1896; Thaddeus S. 
Clarkson, Nebraska. 

31. Buffalo, N. Y., 1897 ; John P. S. Gobin, 
Pennsylvania. 

32. Cincinnati, O., 1898 ; *James A. Sexton, 
Illinois. 

33. Cincinnati, O., 1898 ; W. C. Johnson, 
Ohio. 

34. Philadelphia, Pa., 1899; Albert D. 
Shaw, New York. 

35. Chicago, 111., 1900 ; Leo Rassieur, 
Missouri. 

30. Denver, Col., 1901 ; Eli Torrance, Mis 
souri. 

37. Washington, D. C., 1902 ; Thomas J. 
Stewart, Pennsylvania. 

38. San Francisco, Cal., 1903 ; John C. 
Black, Illinois. 

39. Boston, Mass., 1904 ; W. W. Black- 
mar, Massachusetts. 



Grand Gulf, BATTLE AT. On the morn 
ing of April 29, 1863, Admiral Porter at 
tacked the Confederate batteries at Grand 



transports, as he had done at Vicksburg 
and Warrenton, while the army (on the 
west side of the river) should move down 
to Rodney, below, where; it might cross 
without much opposition. At six o clock 
in the evening, under cover of a heavy fire 
from the fleet, all the transports passed by 
in good condition. 

Grand Bemonstrance, THE. This re 
markable document was a statement of 
the cause of the British Parliament 
against King Charles I., and was laid be 
fore the House of Commons by John 
Pym in November, 1641. It was adopted 
after a few days debate, and was pre 
sented to the King on Dec. 1. As a reply, 
the King undertook the arrest and im 
peachment of Pym and four of his most 
active associates on Jan. 3, 1642; with 
drew from London in the following week. 
On Aug. 9 the King issued a proclama 
tion " for suppressing the present rebel 
lion under the command of Robert, Earl 
of Essex," and inaugurated the Civil War 
by raising his standard at Nottingham on 
Aug. 22. 




ATTACK OF THE GUNBOATS OX GKAND G0LF, 

Gulf, on the Mississippi, and after a con- The remonstrance and its introductory 
test of over five hours silenced the lower petition are here given in full: 
batteries. Grant, becoming convinced that 

Porter could not take the batteries, ordered Most Gracious Sovereign, Your Maj- 
him to run by them with gunboats and esty s most humble and faithful subjects 

the Commons in this present Parliament 

* Died Feb 5 1899 assembled, do with much thankfulness 

114 



GBAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

and joy acknowledge the great mercy great danger of this kingdom, and most 

and favour of God, in giving your Maj- grievous affliction of your loyal subjects, 

esty a safe and peaceful return out of have so far prevailed as to corrupt divers 

Scotland into your kingdom of England, of your Bishops and others in prime 

where the pressing dangers and dis- places of the Church, and also to bring 

tempers of the State have caused us with divers of these instruments to be of your 

much earnestness to desire the comfort of Privy Council, and other employments of 

your gracious presence, and likewise the trust and nearness about your Majesty, 

unity and justice of your royal authority, the Prince, and the rest of your royal 

to give more life and power to the dutiful children. 

and loyal counsels and endeavours of your And by this means have had such an 
Parliament, for the prevention of that operation in your counsel and the most 
eminent ruin and destruction wherein important affairs and proceedings of your 
your kingdoms of England and Scotland government, that a most dangerous 
are threatened. The duty which we owe division and chargeable preparation for 
to your Majesty and our country, cannot war betwixt your kingdoms of England 
but make us very sensible and apprehen- and Scotland, the increase of jealousies 
give, that the multiplicity, sharpness and betwixt your Majesty and your most 
malignity of those evils under which we obedient subjects, the violent distraction 
have now many years suffered, are fo- and interruption of this Parliament, the 
mented and cherished by a corrupt and insurrection of the Papists in your king- 
ill-affected party, who amongst other their dom of Ireland, and bloody massacre of 
mischievous devices for the alteration of your people, have been not only en- 
religion and government, have sought by deavoured and attempted, but in a great 
many false scandals and imputations, measure compassed and effected, 
cunningly insinuated and dispersed For preventing the final accomplishment 
amongst the people, to blemish and dis- whereof, your poor subjects are enforced 
grace our proceedings in this Parliament, to engage their persons and estates to 
and to get themselves a party and fac- the maintaining of a very expensive and 
tion amongst your subjects, for the better dangerous war, notwithstanding they 
strengthening themselves in their wicked have already since the beginning of this 
courses, and hindering those provisions Parliament undergone the charge of 150,- 
and remedies which might, by the wisdom 000 sterling, or thereabouts, for the neces- 
of your Majesty and counsel of your Par- sary support and supply of your Majesty 
liament, be opposed against them. in these present and perilous designs. 

For preventing whereof, and the better And because all our most faithful en- 
information of your Majesty, your Peers deavours and engagements will be in- 
and all other your loyal subjects, we have effectual for the peace, safety and pres- 
been necessitated to make a declaration of ervation of your Majesty and your peo- 
the state of the kingdom, both before and pie, if some present, real and effectual 
since the assembly of this Parliament, course be not taken for suppressing this 
unto this time, which we do humbly pre- wicked and malignant party: 
sent to your Majesty, without the least We, your most humble and obedient 
intention to lay any blemish upon your subjects, do with all faithfulness and 
royal person, but only to represent how humility beseech your Majesty, 
your royal authority and trust have been 1. That you will be graciously pleased 
abused, to the great prejudice and danger to concur with the humble desires of your 
of your Majesty, and of all your good sub- people in a parliamentary way, for the 
jects. preserving the peace and safety of the 

And because we have reason to believe kingdom from the malicious designs of 

that those malignant parties, whose pro- the Popish party: 

ceedings evidently appear to be mainly For depriving the Bishops of their votes 

for the advantage and increase of Popery, in Parliament, and abridging their im- 

is composed, set lip, and acted by the sub- moderate power usurped over the Clergy, 

tile practice of the Jesuits and other engi- and other your good subjects, which they 

neers and factors for Rome, and to the have perniciously abused to the hazard 

115 



GBAND BEMONSTBANCE, THE 

of religion, and great prejudice and op- and faithfulness of affection and zeal 
pression of the laws of the kingdom, and to the public good of this kingdom, and 



just liberty of your people: 

For the taking away such oppressions in 
religion, Church government and disci 
pline, as have been brought in and foment 
ed by them: 

For uniting all such your loyal subjects 
together as join in the same fundamental 



His Majesty s honour and service for the 
space of twelve months, wrestled with 
great dangers and fears, the pressing 
miseries and calamities, the various dis 
tempers and disorders which had not only 
assaulted, but even overwhelmed and ex 
tinguished the liberty, peace and pros- 



truths against the Papists, by removing perity of this kingdom, the comfort and 

hopes of all His Majesty s good subjects, 
and exceedingly weakened and under- 

have been scrupled, and seem to be divided mined the foundation and strength of his 



some oppressions and unnecessary cere 
monies by which divers weak consciences 



from the rest, and for the due execution 
of those good laws which have been made 
for securing the liberty of your sub 
jects. 

2. That your Majesty will likewise be 
pleased to remove from your council all 
such as persist to favour and promote 



own royal throne, do yet find an abound 
ing malignity and opposition in those 
parties and factions who have been the 
cause of those evils, and do still labour 
to cast aspersions upon that which hath 
been done, and to raise many difficulties 
for the hindrance of that which remains 



any of those pressures and corruptions yet undone, and to foment jealousies be- 



wherein your people have been grieved, 
and that for the future your Majesty will 
vouchsafe to employ such persons in your 
great and public affairs, and to take such 
to be near you in places of trust, as your 
Parliament may have cause to confide in; 
that in your princely goodness to your 
people you will reject and refuse all 
mediation and solicitation to the con 
trary, how powerful and near soever. 

3. That you will be pleased to forbear 
to alienate any of the forfeited and 
escheated lands in Ireland which shall 
accrue to your Crown by reason of this 
rebellion, that out of them the Crown may 
be the better supported, and some satisfac 
tion made to your subjects of this king 
dom for the great expenses they are like 
to undergo [in] this war. 

Which humble desires of ours being 



tween the King and Parliament, that so 
they may deprive him and his people of 
the fruit of his own gracious intentions, 
and their humble desires of procuring 
the public peace, safety and happiness of 
this realm. 

For the preventing of those miserable 
effects which such malicious endeavours 
may produce, we have thought good to 
declare the root and the growth of these 
mischievous designs: the maturity and 
ripeness to which they have attained be 
fore the beginning of the Parliament: the 
effectual means which have been used for 
the extirpation of those dangerous evils, 
and the progress which hath therein been 
made by His Majesty s goodness and the 
wisdom of the Parliament: the ways of 
obstruction and opposition by which that 
progress hath been interrupted: the 



graciously fulfilled by your Majesty, we courses to be taken for the removing those 



will, by the blessing and favour of God, 
most cheerfully undergo the hazard and 
expenses of this war, and apply ourselves 
to such other courses and counsels as may 
support your real estate with honour and 
plenty at home, with power and reputa 
tion abroad, and by our loyal affections, 
obedience and service, lay a sure and last 
ing foundation of the greatness and pros 
perity of your Majesty, and your royal 
prosperity in future times. 

The Grand Remonstrance. The Com- 
this present Parliament 



obstacles, and for the accomplishing of 
our most dutiful and faithful intentions 
and endeavours of restoring and estab 
lishing the ancient honour, greatness and 
security of this Crown and nation. 

The root of all this mischief we find 
to be a malignant and pernicious design 
of subverting the fundamental laws and 
principles of government, upon which the 
religion and justice of this kingdom are 
firmly established. The actors and pro 
moters hereof have been: 

1. The Jesuited Papists, who hate the 



mons in this present jfarnament as 
sembled, having with much earnestness laws, as the obstacles of that change and 

116 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



subversion of religion which they so much 
long for. 

2. The Bishops, and the corrupt part of 
the Clergy, who cherish formality and 
superstition as the natural effects and 
more probable supports of their own 
ecclesiastical tyranny and usurpation. 

3. Such Councillors and Courtiers as for 
private ends have engaged themselves to 
further the interests of some foreign 
princes or states to the prejudice of His 
Majesty and the State at home. 

The common principles by which they 
moulded and governed all their particular 
counsels and actions were these: 

First, to maintain continual differences 
and discontents between the King and the 
people, upon questions of prerogative and 
liberty, that so they might have the ad 
vantage of siding with him, and under 
the notions of men addicted to his service, 
gain to themselves and their parties the 
places of greatest trust and power in the 
kingdom. 

A second, to suppress the purity and 
power of religion, and such persons as 
were best affected to it, as being contrary 
to their own ends, and the greatest im 
pediment to that change which they 
thought to introduce. 

A third, to conjoin those parties of the 
kingdom which were most propitious to 
their own ends, and to divide those who 
were most opposite, which consisted in 
many particular observations. 

To cherish the Arminian part in those 
points wherein they agree with the 
Papists, to multiply and enlarge the dif 
ference between the common Protestants 
and those whom they call Puritans, to 
introduce and countenance such opinions 
and ceremonies as are fittest for accom 
modation with Popery, to increase and 
maintain ignorance, looseness and profane- 
ness in the people; that of those three 
parties, Papists, Arminians and Liber 
tines, they might compose a body fit to 
act such counsels and resolutions as were 
most conducible to their own ends. 

A fourth, to disaffect the King to Par 
liaments by slander and false imputations, 
and by putting him upon other ways of 
supply, which in show and appearance 
were fuller of advantage than the ordinary 
course of subsidies, though in truth they 
brought more loss than gain both to the 



King and people, and have caused the 
great distractions under which we both 
suffer. 

As in all compounded bodies the oper 
ations are qualified according to the pre 
dominant element, so in this mixed party, 
the Jesuited counsels, being most active 
and prevailing, may easily be discovered 
to have had the greatest sway in all their 
determinations, and if they be not pre 
vented, are likely to devour the rest, or 
to turn them into their own nature. 

In the beginning of His Majesty s reign 
the party began to revive and flourish 
again, having been somewhat damped by 
the breach with Spain in the last year of 
King James, and by His Majesty s mar 
riage with France; the interests and coun 
sels of that State being not so contrary to 
the good of religion and the prosperity of 
this kingdom as those of Spain; and the 
Papists of England, having been ever more 
addicted to Spain than France, yet they 
still retained a purpose and resolution to 
weaken the Protestant parties in all parts, 
and even in France, whereby to make way 
for the change of religion which they 
intended at home. 

1. The first effect and evidence of their 
recovery and strength was the dissolution 
of the Parliament at Oxford, after there 
had been given two subsidies to His 
Majesty, and before they received relief 
in any one grievance many other more 
miserable effects followed. 

2. The loss of the Rochel fleet, by the 
help of our shipping, set forth and de 
livered over to the French in opposition 
to the advice of Parliament, which left 
that town without defence by sea, and 
made way not only to the loss of that im 
portant place, but likewise to the loss of 
all the strength and security of the Prot 
estant religion of France. 

3. The diverting of His Majesty s course 
of wars from the West Indies, which was 
the most facile and hopeful way for this 
kingdom to prevail against the Span 
iard, to an expenseful and successless 
attempt upon Cadiz, which was so order 
ed as if it had rather been intended to 
make us weary of war than to prosper 
in it. 

4. The precipitate breach with France, 
by taking their ships to a great value 
without making recompense to the Eng- 



117 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



lish, whose goods were thereupon imbarred 
and confiscated in that kingdom. 

5. The peace with Spain without consent 
of Parliament, contrary to the promise of 
King James to both Houses, whereby the 
Palatine s cause was deserted and left to 
chargeable and hopeless treaties, which for 
the most part were managed by those who 
might justly be suspected to be no friends 
to that cause. 

6. The charging of the kingdom with 
billeted soldiers in all parts of it, and the 
concomitant design of German horse, that 
the land might either submit with fear or 
be enforced with rigour to such arbitrary 
contributions as should be required of 
them. 

7. The dissolving of Parliament in the 
second year of His Majesty s reign, after 
a declaration of their intent to grant five 
subsidies. 

8. The exacting of the like proportion 
of five subsidies, after the Parliament dis 
solved, by commission of loan, and divers 
gentlemen and others imprisoned for not 
yielding to pay that loan, whereby many 
of them contracted such sicknesses as cost 
them their lives. 

9. Great sums of money required and 
raised by privy seals. 

10. An unjust and pernicious attempt 
to extort great payments from the subject 
by way of excise, and a commission issued 
under the seal to that purpose. 

11. The Petition of Right, which was 
granted in full Parliament, blasted, with 
an illegal declaration to make it destruc 
tive to itself, to the power of Parliament, 
to the liberty of the subject, and to that 
purpose printed with it, and the Petition 
made of no use but to show the bold and 
presumptuous injustice of such ministers 
as durst break the laws and suppress the 
liberties of the kingdom, after they had 
been so solemnly and evidently declared. 

12. Another Parliament dissolved 4 
Car., the privilege of Parliament broken, 
by imprisoning divers members of the 
House, detaining them close prisoners for 
many months together, without the liberty 
of using books, pen, ink or paper ; denying 
them all the comforts of life, all means of 
preservation of health, not permitting 
their wives to come unto them even in the 
time of their sickness. 

13. And for the completing of that 

1 



cruelty, after years spent in such miser 
able durance, depriving them of the neces 
sary means of spiritual jconsolation, not 
suffering them to go abroad to enjoy God s 
ordinances in God s House, or God s min 
isters to come to them to minister com 
fort to them in their private chambers. 

14. And to keep them still in this op 
pressed condition, not admitting them to 
be bailed according to law, yet vexing 
them with informations in inferior courts, 
sentencing and fining some of them for 
matters done in Parliament; and extort 
ing the payments of those fines from them, 
enforcing others to put in security of 
good behavior before they could be re 
leased. 

15. The imprisonment of the rest, which 
refused to be bound, still continued, 
which might have been perpetual if neces 
sity had not the last year brought another 
Parliament to relieve them, of whom one 
died by the cruelty and harshness of his 
imprisonment, which would admit of no 
relaxation, notwithstanding the imminent 
danger of his life did sufficiently appear 
by the declaration of his physician, and 
his release, or at least his refreshment, 
was sought by many humble petitions, 
and his blood still cries either for 
vengeance or repentance of those Ministers 
of State, who have at once obstructed the 
course both of His Majesty s justice and 
mercy. 

16. Upon the dissolution of both these 
Parliaments, untrue and scandalous dec 
larations were published to asperse their 
proceedings, and some of their members 
unjustly ; to make them odious, and colour 
the violence which was used against them ; 
proclamations set out to the same pur 
pose; and to the great dejecting of the 
hearts of the people, forbidding them even 
to speak of Parliaments. 

17. After the breach of the Parliament 
in the fourth of His Majesty, injustice, 
oppression and violence broke in upon 
us without any restraint or moderation, 
and yet the first project was the great 
sums exacted thorough the whole kingdo?n 
for default of knighthood, which seemed 
to have some colour and shadow of a law, 
yet if it be rightly examined by that 
obsolete law which was pretended for it, 
it will be found to be against all the rules 
of justice, both in respect of the persons 

18 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



charged, the proportion of the fines de 
manded, and the absurd and unreasonable 
manner of their proceedings. 

18. Tonnage and Poundage hath been 
received without colour or pretence of 
law; many other heavy impositions con 
tinued against law, and some so unrea 
sonable that the sum of the charge ex 
ceeds the value of the goods. 

19. The Book of Rates lately enhanced 
to a high proportion, and such mer 
chants that would not submit to their il 
legal and unreasonable payments, were 
vexed and oppressed above measure; and 
the ordinary course of justice, the com 
mon birthright of the subject of England, 
wholly obstructed unto them. 

20. And although all this was taken 
upon pretence of guarding the seas, yet 
a new unheard-of tax of ship-money was 
devised, and upon the same pretence, by 
both of which there was charged upon 
the subject near 700,000 some years, 
and yet the merchants have been left 
so naked to the violence of the Turkish 
pirates, that many great ships of value 
and thousands of His Majesty s subjects 
have been taken by them, and do still re 
main in miserable slavery. 

21. The enlargements of forests, con 
trary to Carta de Forcsta, and the com 
position thereupon. 

22. The exactions of coat and conduct 
money and divers other military charges. 

23. The taking away the arms of 
trained bands of divers counties. 

24. The desperate design of engrossing 
all the gunpowder into one hand, keep 
ing it in the Tower of London, and set 
ting so high a rate upon it that the poorer 
sort were not able to buy it, nor could 
any have it without license, thereby to 
leave the several parts of the kingdom 
destitute of their necessary defence, and 
by selling so dear that which was sold to 
make an unlawful advantage of it, to 

the great charge and detriment of the 
subject. 

25. The general destruction of the 
King s timber, especially that in the For 
est of Deane, sold to Papists, which was 
the best store-house of this kingdom for 
the maintenance of our shipping. 

26. The taking away of men s right, 
under the colour of the King s title to 
land, between high and low water marks. 



27. The monopolies of soap, salt, wine, 
leather, sea-coal, and in a manner of all 
things of most common and necessary 
use. 

28. The restraint of the liberties of the 
subjects in their habitation, trades and 
other interests. 

29. Their vexation and oppression by 
purveyors, clerks of the market and salt 
petre men. 

30. The sale of pretended nuisances, as 
building in and about London. 

31. Conversion of arable into pasture, 
continuance of pasture, under the name 
of depopulation, have driven many mill 
ions out of the subjects purses, with 
out any considerable profit to His Maj 
esty. 

32. Large quantities of common and 
several grounds hath been taken from the 
subject by colour of the Statute of Im 
provement, and by abuse of the Commis 
sion of Sewers, without their consent, and 
against it. 

33. And not only private interest, but 
also public faith, have been broken in 
seizing of the money and bullion in the 
mint, and the whole kingdom like to be 
robbed at once in that abominable project 
of brass money. 

34. Great numbers of His Majesty s 
subjects for refusing those unlawful 
charges, have been vexed with long and 
expensive suits, some fined and censured, 
others committed to long and hard im 
prisonments and confinements, to the loss 
of health in many, of life in some, and 
others have had their houses broken up, 
their goods seized, some have been re 
strained from their lawful callings. 

35. Ships have been interrupted in their 
voyages, surprised at sea in a hostile 
manner by projectors, as by a common 
enemy. 

36. Merchants prohibited to unlade 
their goods in such ports as were for 
their own advantage, and forced to bring 
them to those places which were much 
for the advantage of the monopolisers 
and projectors. 

37. The Court of Star Chamber hath 
abounded in extravagant censures, not 
only for the maintenance and improvement 
of monopolies and other unlawful taxes, 
but for divers other causes where there 
hath been no offence, or very small; 



119 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



whereby His Majesty s subjects have been 
oppressed by grievous fines, imprison 
ments, stigmati sings, mutilations, whip 
pings, pillories, gags, confinements, ban 
ishments; after so rigid a manner as hath 
not only deprived men of the society of 
their friends, exercise of their professions, 
comfort of books, use of paper or ink, but 
even violated that near union which God 
hath established between men and their 
wives, by forced and constrained separa 
tion, whereby they have been bereaved of 
the comfort and conversation one of an 
other for many years together, without 
hope of relief, if God had not by His over 
ruling providence given some interruption 
to the prevailing power, and counsel of 
those who were the authors and promot 
ers of such peremptory and heady courses. 

38. Judges have been put out of their 
places for refusing to do against their 
oaths and consciences; others have been 
so awed that they durst not do their 
duties, and the better to hold a rod over 
them, the clause Quam diu se bene ges- 
serit was left out of their patents, and a 
new clause, Durante bene placito, inserted. 

39. Lawyers have been checked for be 
ing faithful to their clients; solicitors 
and attorneys have been threatened, and 
some punished, for following lawful suits. 
And by this means all the approaches to 
justice were interrupted and forecluded. 

40. New oaths have been forced upon 
the subject against law. 

41. New judicatories erected without 
law. The Council Table have by their 
orders offered to bind the subjects in their 
freeholds, estates, suits and actions. 

42. The pretended Court of the Earl 
Marshal was arbitrary and illegal in its 
being and proceedings. 

43. The Chancery, Exchequer Chamber, 
Court of Wards, and other English Courts, 
have been grievous in exceeding their ju 
risdiction. 

44. The estate of many families weak 
ened, and some ruined by excessive fines, 
exacted from them for compositions of 
wardships. 

45. All leases of above a hundred years 
made to draw on wardship contrary to 
law. 

46. Undue proceedings used in the find 
ing of officers to make the jury find for 
the King. 



120 



47. The Common Law Courts, feeling 
all men more inclined to seek justice there, 
where it may be fitted to their own desire, 
are known frequently to forsake the rules 
of the Common Law, and straying beyond 
their bounds, under pretence of equity, 
to do injustice. 

48. Titles of honour, judicial places, 
sergeantships at law, and other offices 
have been sold for great sums of money, 
whereby the common justice of the king 
dom hath been much endangered, not only 
by opening a way of employment in places 
of great trust, and advantage to men of 
weak parts, but also by giving occasion 
to bribery, extortion, partiality, it seldom 
happening that places ill-gotten are well 
used. 

49. Commissions have been granted for 
examining the excess of fees, and when 
great exactions have been discovered, com 
positions have been made with delin 
quents, not only for the time past, but 
likewise for immunity and security in 
offending for the time to come, which 
under colour of remedy hath but con 
firmed and increased the grievance to the 
subject. 

50. The usual course of pricking Sher 
iffs not observed, but many times Sheriffs 
made in an extraordinary way, sometimes 
as a punishment and charge unto them; 
sometimes such were pricked out as would 
be instruments to execute whatsoever they 
would have to be done. 

51. The Bishops and the rest of the 
Clergy did triumph in the suspensions, ex 
communications, deprivations, and degra 
dations of divers painful, learned and 
pious ministers, in the vexation and griev 
ous oppression of great numbers of His 
Majesty s good subjects. 

52. The High Commission grew to such 
excess of sharpness and severity as was 
not much less than the Romish Inquisi 
tion, and yet in many cases by the Arch 
bishop s power was made much more 
heavy, being assisted and strengthened by 
authority of the Council Table. 

53. The Bishops and their Courts were 
as eager in the country; although their 
jurisdiction could not reach so high in 
rigour and extremity of punishment, yet 
were they no less grievous in respect of 
the generality and multiplicity of vexa 
tions, which lighting upon the meaner 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



sort of tradesmen and artificers did im 
poverish many thousands. 

54. And so afflict and trouble others, 
that great numbers to avoid their miseries 
departed out of the kingdom, some into 
New England and other parts of America, 
others into Holland. 

55. Where they have transported their 
manufactures of cloth, which is not only 
a loss by diminishing the present stock of 
the kingdom, but a great mischief by im 
pairing and endangering the loss of that 
particular trade of clothing, which hath 
been a plentiful fountain of wealth and 
honour to this nation. 

56. Those were fittest for ecclesiastical 
preferment, and soonest obtained it, who 
were most officious in promoting supersti 
tion, most virulent in railing against god 
liness and honesty. 

57. The most public and solemn sermons 
before His Majesty were either to advance 
prerogative above law, and decry the prop 
erty of the subject, or full of such kind 
of invectives. 

58. Whereby they might make those 
odious who sought to maintain the re 
ligion, laws and liberties of the kingdom, 
and such men were sure to be weeded out 
of the commission of the peace, and out 
of all other employments of power in the 
government of the country. 

59. Many noble personages were coun 
cillors in name, but the power and author 
ity remained in a few of such as were 
most addicted to this party, whose resolu 
tions and determinations were brought to 
the table for countenance and execution, 
and not for debate and deliberation, and 
no man could offer to oppose them with 
out disgrace and hazard to himself. 

60. Nay, all those that did not wholly 
concur and actively contribute to the fur 
therance of their designs, though other 
wise persons of never so great honour and 
abilities, were so far from being employed 
in any place of trust and power, that they 
were neglected, discountenanced, and upon 
all occasions injured and oppressed. 

61. This faction was grown to that 
height and entireness of power, that now 
they began to think of finishing their 
work, which consisted of these three parts. 

62. I. The government must be set free 
from all restraint of laws concerning our 
persons and estates. 



63. II. There must be a conjunction be 
tween Papists and Protestants in doctrine, 
discipline and ceremonies; only it must 
not yet be called Popery. 

64. III. The Puritans, under which 
name they include all those that desire to 
preserve the laws and liberties of the king 
dom, and to maintain religion in the 
power of it, must be either rooted out of 
the kingdom with force, or driven out 
with fear. 

65. For the effecting of this it was 
thought necessary to reduce Scotland to 
such Popish superstitions and innovations 
as might make them apt to join with Eng 
land in that great change which was in 
tended. 

66. Whereupon new canons and a new 
liturgy were pressed upon them, and when 
they refused to admit of them, an army 
was raised to force them to it, towards 
which the Clergy and the Papists were 
very forward in their contribution. 

67. The Scots likewise raised an army 
for their defence. 

68. And when both armies were come to 
gether, and ready for a bloody encounter, 
His Majesty s own gracious disposition, 
and the counsel of the English nobility 
and dutiful submission of the Scots, did 
so far prevail against the evil counsel of 
others, that a pacification was made, and 
His Majesty returned with peace and 
much honour to London. 

69. The unexpected reconciliation was 
most acceptable to all the kingdom, ex 
cept to the malignant party; whereof the 
Archbishop and the Earl of Strafford 
being heads, they and their faction begun 
to inveigh against the peace, and to ag 
gravate the proceedings of the states, 
which so increased His Majesty, that he 
forthwith prepared again for war. 

70. And such was their confidence, that 
having corrupted and distempered the 
whole frame and government of the king 
dom, they did now hope to corrupt that 
which was the only means to restore all 
to a right frame and temper again. 

71. To which end they persuaded His 
Majesty to call a Parliament, not to seek 
counsel and advice of them, but to draw 
countenance and supply from them, and 
to engage the whole kingdom in their 
quarrel. 

72. And in the meantime continued all 



121 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

their unjust levies of money, resolving 78. Thereupon they wickedly advised 

either to make the Parliament pliant to the King to break off the Parliament and 

their will, and to establish mischief by a to return to the \vays of confusion, in 

law, or else to break it, and with more which their own evil intentions were most 

colour to go on by violence to take what likely to prosper and succeed, 

they could not obtain by consent. The 79. After the Parliament ended the 

ground alleged for the justification of 5th of May, 1640, this party grew so bold 

this war was this, as to counsel the King to supply himself 

73. That the undutiful demands of the out of his subjects estates by his own 
Parliaments in Scotland was a sufficient power, at his own will, without their con- 
reason for His Majesty to take arms sent. 

against them, without hearing the reason 80. The very next day some members 

of those demands, and thereupon a new of both Houses had their studies and cabi- 

avmy was prepared against them, their nets, yea, their pockets searched: another 

ships were seized in all ports both of of them not long after was committed 

England and Ireland, and at sea, their close prisoner for not delivering some peti- 

petitions rejected, their commissioners re- tions which he received by authority of 

fused audience. that House. 

74. The whole kingdom most miserably 81. And if harsher courses were in- 
distempered with levies of men and tended (as was reported) it is very prob- 
money, and imprisonments of those who able that the sickness of the Earl of Straf- 
denied to submit to those levies. ford, and the tumultuous rising in South- 

75. The Earl of Strafford passed into wark and about Lambeth were the causes 
Ireland, caused the Parliament there to that such violent intentions were not 
declare against the Scots, to give four brovight to execution. 

subsidies towards that war, and to en- 82. A false and scandalous Declaration 

gage themselves, their lives and fortunes, against the House of Commons was pub- 

for the prosecution of it, and gave direc- lished in His Majesty s name, which yet 

tions for an army of eight thousand foot wrought little effect with the people, but 

and one thousand horse to be levied there, only to manifest the impudence of those 

which were for the most part Papists. who were authors of it. 

76. The Parliament met upon the 13th S3. A forced loan of money was at- 
of April, 1640. The Earl of Strafford and tempted in the City of London. 
Archbishop of Canterbury, with their 84. The Lord Mayor and Aldermen in 
party, so prevailed with His Majesty, that their several wards, enjoined to bring in 
the House of Commons was pressed to a list of the names of such persons as 
yield a supply for maintenance of the war they judged fit to lend, and of the sums 
with Scotland, before they had provided they should lend. And such Aldermen as 
any relief for the great and pressing refused to do so were committed to prison, 
grievances of the people, which being 85. The Archbishop and the other 
against the fundamental privilege and Bishops and Clergy continued the Convo- 
proceeding of Parliament, was yet in cation, and by a new commission turned 
humble respect to His Majesty, so far ad- it into a provincial Synod, in which, by 
nutted as that they agreed to take the an unheard-of presumption, they made 
matter of supply into consideration, and canons that contain in them many mat- 
two several days it was debated. ters contrary to the King s prerogative, to 

77. Twelve 1 subsidies were demanded for the fundamental laws and statutes of the 
the release of ship-money alone, a third realm, to the right of Parliaments, to the 
day was appointed for conclusion, when property and liberty of the subject, and 
the heads of that party begun to fear the matters tending to sedition and of dan- 
people might close with the King, in gerous consequence, thereby establishing 
falsifying his desires of money; but that their own usurpations, justifying their 
withal they were like to blast their altar-worship, and those other supersti- 
malicious designs against Scotland, find- tious innovations which they formerly in- 
ing them very much indisposed to give troduced without warrant of law. 

any countenance to that war. 86. They imposed a new oath upon 

122 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



divers of His Majesty s subjects, both 
ecclesiastical and lay, for maintenance of 
their own tyranny, and laid a great tax 
on the Clergy, for supply of His Majesty, 
and generally they showed themselves very 
affectionate to the war with Scotland, 
which was by some of them styled Bellum 
Episcopate, and a prayer composed and en 
joined to be read in all churches, calling 
the Scots rebels, to put the two nations 
in blood and make them irreconcileable. 

87. All those pretended canons and con 
stitutions were armed with the several 
censures of suspension, excommunication, 
deprivation, by which they would have 
thrust out all the good ministers, and 
most of the well-affected people of the 
kingdom, and left an easy passage to their 
own design of reconciliation with Rome. 

88. The Popish party enjoyed such ex 
emptions from penal laws as amounted to 
a toleration, besides many other encour 
agements and Court favours. 

89. They had a Secretary of State, Sir 
Francis Windebanck, a powerful^gent for 
speeding all their desires. 

90. A Pope s Nuncio residing here, to 
act and govern them according to such in 
fluences as he received from Rome, and to 
intercede for them with the most powerful 
concurrence of the foreign Princes of that 
religion. 

91. By his authority the Papists of all 
sorts, nobility, gentry, and clergy were 
convocated after the manner of a Parlia 
ment. 

92. New jurisdictions were erected of 
Romish Archbishops, taxes levied, an 
other state moulded within this state in 
dependent in government, contrary in in 
terest and affection, secretly corrupting 
the ignorant or negligent professors of our 
religion, and closely uniting and combin 
ing themselves against such as were 
found in this posture, waiting for an op 
portunity by force to destroy those whom 
they could not hope to seduce. 

93. For the effecting whereof they were 
strengthened with arms and munitions, 
encouraged by superstitious prayers, en 
joined by the Nuncio to be weekly made 
for the prosperity of some great design. 

94. And such power had they at Court, 
that secretly a commission was issued out, 
or intended to be issued to some great 
men of that profession, for the levying of 

1 



soldiers, and to command and employ 
them according to private instructions, 
which we doubt were framed for the ad 
vantage of those who were the contrivers 
of them. 

95. His Majesty s treasure was con 
sumed, his revenue anticipated. 

96. His servants and officers compelled 
to lend great sums of money. 

97. Multitudes were called to the 
Council Table, who were tired with long 
attendances there for refusing illegal pay 
ments. 

98. The prisons were filled with their 
commitments ; many of the Sheriffs sum 
moned into the Star Chamber, and some 
imprisoned for not being quick enough 
in levying the ship-money; the people 
languished under grief and fear, no vis 
ible hope being left but in desperation. 

99. The nobility began to weary of 
their silence and patience, and sensible 
of the duty and trust which belongs to 
them: and thereupon some of the most 
ancient of them did petition His Majesty 
at such a time, when evil counsels were 
so strong, that they had occasion to ex 
pect more hazard to themselves, than re 
dress of those public evils for which they 
interceded. 

100. Whilst the kingdom was in this 
agitation and distemper, the Scots, re 
strained in their trades, impoverished by 
the loss of many of their ships, bereaved 
of all possibility of satisfying His Maj 
esty by any naked supplication, entered 
with a powerful army into the kingdom, 
and without any hostile act or spoil in 
the country they passed, more than forc 
ing a passage over the Tyne at Newburn, 
near Newcastle, possessed themselves of 
Newcastle, and had a fair opportunity to 
press on further upon the King s army. 

101. But duty and reverence to His 
Majesty, and brotherly love to the Eng 
lish nation, made them stay there, where 
by the King had leisure to entertain bet 
ter counsels. 

102. Wherein God so blessed and di 
rected him that he summoned the Great 
Council of Peers to meet at York upon 
the 24th of September, and there declared 
a Parliament to begin the 3d of Novem 
ber then following. 

103. The Scots, the first day of the 
Great Council, presented an humble Pe- 

23 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

tition to His Majesty, whereupon the 119. Besides the inferior monopolies, 

Treaty was appointed at Ripon. which, if they could be exactly computed, 

104. A present cessation of arms would make up a great sum. 

agreed upon, and the full conclusion of 120. That which is more beneficial than 

all differences referred to the wisdom and all this is, that the root of these evils 

care of the Parliament. is taken away, which was the arbitrary 

105. At our first meeting, all oppo- power pretended to be in His Majesty of 
sitions seemed to vanish, the mischiefs taxing the subject, or charging their es- 
were so evident which those evil counsel- tates without consent in Parliament, 
iors produced, that no man durst stand which is now declared to be against law 
up to defend them: yet the work itself by the judgment of both Houses, and like- 
afforded difficulty enough. wise by an Act of Parliament. 

106. The multiplied evils and corrup- 121. Another step of great advantage 
tion of fifteen years, strengthened by cus- is this, the living grievances, the evil 
torn and authority, and the concurrent counsellors and actors of these mischiefs 
interest of many powerful delinquents, have been so quelled. 

were now to be brought to judgment and 122. By the justice done upon the Earl 

reformation. of Stratford, the flight of the Lord Finch 

107. The King s household was to be and Secretary Windebanck. 

provided for: they had brought him to 123. The accusation and imprisonment 

that want, that he could not supply his of the Archbishop of Canterbury, of 

ordinary and necessary expenses without Judge Berkeley; and 

the assistance of his people. 124. The impeachment of divers other 

108. Two armies were to be paid, which Bishops and Judges, that it is like not 
amounted very near to eighty thousand only to be an ease to the present times, 
pounds a month. but a preservation to the future. 

109. The people were to be tenderly 125. The discontinuance of Parliaments 
charged, having been formerly exhausted is prevented by the Bill for a triennial 
with many burdensome projects. Parliament, and the abrupt dissolution 

110. The difficulties seemed to be insu- of this Parliament by another Bill, by 
perable, which by the Divine Providence which it is provided it shall not be dis- 
we have overcome. The contrarieties in- solved or adjourned without the consent 
compatible, which yet in a great measure of both Houses. 

we have reconciled. 126. Which two laws well considered 

111. Six subsidies have been granted may be thought more advantageous than 
and a Bill of poll-money, which if it be all the former, because they secure a full 
duly levied, may equal six subsidies more, operation of the present remedy, and af- 
in all 600,000. ford a perpetual spring of remedies for 

112. Besides we have contracted a debt the future. 

to the Scots of 220,000, yet God hath so 127. The Sta.r Chamber. 

blessed the endeavours of this Parliament, 128. The High Commission. 

that the kingdom is a. great gainer by all 129. The Courts of the President and 

these charges. Council in the North were so many forges 

113. The ship-money is abolished, which of misery, oppression and violence, and 
cost the kingdom about 200,000 a year, are all taken away, whereby men are more 

114. The coat and conduct-money, and secured in their persons, liberties and es- 
other military charges are taken away, tates, than they could be by any law or 
which in many countries amounted to example for the regulation of those Courts 
little less than the ship-money. or terror of the Judges. 

115. The monopolies are all suppressed, 130. The immoderate power of the 
whereof some few did prejudice the sub- Council Table, and the excessive abuse of 
ject, above 1,000,000 yearly. that power is so ordered and restrained, 

116. The soap 100,000. that we may well hope that no such 

117. The wine 300,000. things as were frequently done by them, 

118. The leather must needs exceed to the prejudice of the public liberty, will 
both, and salt could be no less than that, appear in future times but only in stories, 

124 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

to give us and our posterity more occasion government of the kingdom, may be more 

to praise God for His Majesty s goodness, certainly provided for. 

and the faithful endeavours of this Par- 140. The regulating of courts of justice, 

liament. and abridging both the delays and charges 

131. The canons and power of canon- of law-suits. 

making are blasted by the votes of both 141. The settling of some good courses 

Houses. for preventing the exportation of gold 

132. The exorbitant power of Bishops and silver, and the inequality of exchanges 
and their courts are much abated, by some between us and other nations, for the 
provisions in the Bill against the High advancing of native commodities, increase 
Commission Court, the authors of the of our manufactures, and well balancing 
many innovations in doctrine and cere- of trade, whereby the stock of the king- 
monies, dom may be increased, or at least kept 

133. The ministers that have been scan- from impairing, as through neglect hereof 
dalous in their lives, have been so terri- it hath done for many years last past, 
fled in just complaints and accusations, 142. Improving the herring-fishing upon 
that we may well hope they will be more our coasts, which will be of mighty use 
modest for the time to come; either in- in the employment of the poor, and a 
wardly convicted by the sight of their plentiful nursery of mariners for enabling 
own folly, or outwardly restrained by the the kingdom in any great action. 

fear of punishment. 143. The oppositions, obstructions and 

134. The forests are by a good law re- other difficulties wherewith we have been 
duced to their right bounds. encountered, and which still lie in our way 

135. The encroachments and oppressions with some strength and much obstinacy, 
of the Stannary Courts, the extortions of are these: the malignant party whom we 
the clerk of the market. have formerly described to be the actors 

136. And the compulsion of the subject and promoters of all our misery, they 
to receive the Order of Knighthood against have taken heart again. 

his will, paying of fines for not receiving 144. They have been able to prefer 

it, and the vexatious proceedings there- some of their own factors and agents to 

upon for levying of those fines, are by degrees of honour, to places of trust and 

other beneficial laws reformed and pre- employment, even during the Parliament, 

vented. 145. They have endeavoured to work in 

137. Many excellent laws and provisions His Majesty ill impressions and opinions 
are in preparation for removing the in- of our proceedings, as if we had alto- 
ordinate power, vexation and usurpation gether done our own work, and not his; 
of Bishops, for reforming the pride and and had obtained from him many things 
idleness of many of the clergy, for easing very prejudicial to the Crown, both in 
the people of unnecessary ceremonies in respect of prerogative and profit, 
religion, for censuring and removing un- 146. To wipe out this slander we think 
worthy and unprofitable ministers, and good only to say thus much: that all 
for maintaining godly and diligent preach- that we have done is for His Majesty, his 
ers through the kingdom. greatness, honour and support, when we 

138. Other things of main importance yield to give 25,000 a month for the 
for the good of this kingdom are in relief of the Northern Counties; this 
proposition, though little could hith- was given to the King, for he was bound 
erto be done in regard of the many other to protect his subjects. 

more pressing businesses, which yet be- 147. They were His Majesty s evil 

fore the end of this Session we hope counsellors, and their ill instruments 

may receive some progress and perfec- that were actors in those grievances 

tion. which brought in the Scots. 

139. The establishing and ordering the 148. And if His Majesty please to force 
King s revenue, that so the abuse of offi- those who were the authors of this war 
cers and superfluity of expenses may be to make satisfaction, as he might justly 
cut off, and the necessary disbursements and easily do, it seems very reasonable 
for His Majesty s honour, the defence and that the people might well be excused 

125 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



from taking upon them this burden, being 
altogether innocent and free from being 
any cause of it. 

149. When we undertook the charge 
of the army, which cost above 50,000 
a month, was not this given to the King? 
Was it not His Majesty s army? Were 
not all the commanders under contract 
with His Majesty, at higher rates and 
greater wages than ordinary? 

150. And have not we taken upon us 
to discharge all the brotherly assistance 
of 300,000, which we gave the Scots? 
Was it not toward repair of those dam 
ages and losses which they received from 
the King s ships and from his ministers? 

151. These three particulars amount to 
above 1,100,000. 

152. Besides, His Majesty hath received 
by impositions upon merchandise at least 
400,000. 

153. So that His Majesty hath had 
out of the subjects purse since the Par 
liament began 1,500,000, and yet these 
men can be so impudent as to tell His 
Majesty that we have done nothing for 
him. 

154. As to the second branch of this 
slander, we acknowledge with much 
thankfulness that His Majesty hath 
passed more good Bills to the advantage 
of the subjects than have been in many 
ages. 

155. But withal we cannot forget that 
these venomous councils did manifest 
themselves in some endeavours to hinder 
these good acts. 

156. And for both Houses of Parlia 
ment we may with truth and modesty say 
thus much: that we have ever been care 
ful not to desire anything that should 
weaken the Crown either in just profit or 
useful power. 

157. The triennial Parliament for the 
matter of it, doth not extend to so much 
as by law we ought to have required 
(there being two statutes still in force 
for a Parliament to be once a year), and 
for the manner of it, it is in the King s 
power that it shall never take effect, if 
he by a timely summons shall prevent 
any other way of assembling. 

158. In the Bill for continuance of this 
present Parliament, there seems to be 
some restraint of the royal power in 
dissolving of Parliaments, not to take it 



out of the Crown, but to suspend the 
execution of it for this time and occasion 
only: which was so necessary for the 
King s own security and the public peace, 
that without it we could not have under 
taken any of these great charges, but 
must have left both the armies to dis 
order and confusion, and the whole king 
dom to blood and rapine. 

159. The Star Chamber was much more 
fruitful in oppression than in profit, the 
great fines being for the most part 
given away, and the rest stalled at long 
times. 

160. The fines of the High Commis 
sioner were in themselves unjust, and sel 
dom or never came into the King s purse. 
These four Bills are particularly and more 
specially instanced. 

161. In the rest there will not be found 
so much as a shadow of prejudice to the 
Crown. 

162. They have sought to diminish our 
reputation with the people, and to bring 
them out of love with Parliaments. 

163. The aspersions which they have 
attempted this way have been such as 
these : 

164. That we have spent much time 
and done little, especially in those griev 
ances which concern religion. 

165. That the Parliament is a burden 
to the kingdom by the abundance of 
protections which hinder justice and 
trade; and by many subsidies granted 
much more heavy than any formerly en 
dured. 

166. To which there is a ready answer; 
if the time spent in this Parliament be 
considered in relation backward to the 
long growth and deep root of those griev 
ances, which we have removed, to the 
powerful supports of those delinquents, 
which we have pursued, to the great 
necessities and other charges of the 
commonwealth for which we have pro 
vided. 

167. Or if it be considered in relation 
forward to many advantages, which not 
only the present but future ages are like 
to reap by the good laws and other pro 
ceedings in this Parliament, we doubt not 
but it will be thought by all indifferent 
judgments, that our time hath been much 
better employed than in a far greater 
proportion of time in many former Parlia- 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



ments put together; and the charges 
which have been laid upon the subject, 
and the other inconveniences which they 
have borne, will seem very light in re 
spect of the benefit they have and may 
receive. 

168. And for the matter of protections, 
the Parliament is so sensible of it that 
therein they intended to give them what 
soever ease may stand with honour and 
justice, and are in a way of passing a 
Bill to give them satisfaction. 

169. They have sought by many subtle 
practices to cause jealousies and divisions 
betwixt us and our brethren of Scotland, 
by slandering their proceedings and inten 
tions towards us, and by secret endeavours 
to instigate and incense them and us one 
against another. 

170. They have had such a party of 
Bishops and Popish lords in the House 
of Peers, as hath caused much opposition 
and delay in the prosecution of delin 
quents, hindered the proceedings of di 
verse good Bills passed in the Commons 
House, concerning the reformation of sun 
dry great abuses and corruptions both in 
Church and State. 

171. They have laboured to seduce and 
corrupt some of the Commons House to 
draw them into conspiracies and combina 
tions against the liberty of the Par 
liament. 

172. And by their instruments and 
agents they have attempted to disaffect 
and discontent His Majesty s army, and 
to engage it for the maintenance of their 
wicked and traitorous designs; the keep 
ing up of Bishops in votes and functions, 
and by force to compel the Parliament to 
order, limit and dispose their proceedings 
in such manner as might best concur with 
the intentions of this dangerous and po 
tent faction. 

173. And when one mischievous design 
and attempt of theirs to bring on the 
army against the Parliament and the City 
of London, hath been discovered and pre 
vented ; 

174. They presently undertook another 
of the same damnable nature, with this 
addition to it, to endeavour to make the 
Scottish army neutral, whilst the Eng 
lish army, which they had laboured to 
corrupt and envenom against us by their 
false and slanderous suggestions, should 

127 



execute their malice to the subversion of 
our religion and the dissolution of our 
government. 

175. Thus they have been continually 
practising to disturb the peace, and plot 
ting the destruction even of all the King s 
dominions; and have employed their 
emissaries and agents in them, all for 
the promoting their devilish designs, 
which the vigilancy of those who were 
well affected hath still discovered and de 
feated before they were ripe for execu 
tion in England and Scotland. 

176. Only in Ireland, which was farther 
off, they have had time and opportunity 
to mould and prepare their work, and had 
brought it to that perfection that they 
had possessed themselves of that whole 
kingdom, totally subverted the govern 
ment of it, routed out religion, and de 
stroyed all the Protestants whom the con 
science of their duty to God, their King 
and country, would not have permitted 
to join with them, if by God s wonder 
ful providence their main enterprise upon 
the city and castle of Dublin, had not 
been detected and prevented upon the" 
very eve before it should have been exe 
cuted. 

177. Notwithstanding they have in other 
parts of that kingdom broken out into 
open rebellion, surprising towns and 
castles, committed murders, rapes and 
other villainies, and shaken off all bonds 
of obedience to His Majesty and the laws 
of the realm. 

178. And in general have kindled such 
a fire, as nothing but God s infinite 
blessing upon the wisdom and en 
deavours of this State will be able to 
quench it. 

179. And certainly had not God in His 
great mercy unto this land discovered and 
confounded their former designs, we had 
been the prologue to this tragedy in Ire 
land, and had by this been made the la 
mentable spectacle of misery and con 
fusion. 

180. And now what hope have we but 
in God, when as the only means of our 
subsistence and power of reformation is 
under Him in the Parliament. 

181. But what can we the Commons, 
without the conjunction of the House of 
Lords, and what conjunction can we ex 
pect there, when the Bishops and recu- 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

sant lords are so numerous and prevalent liament, to be there allowed of and con- 
that they are able to cross and interrupt firmed, and receive the stamp of authority, 
our best endeavours for reformation, and thereby to find passage and obedience 
by that means give advantage to this throughout the kingdom, 
malignant party to traduce our proceed- 186. They have maliciously charged us 
ings? that we intend to destroy and discourage 

182. They infuse into the people that learning, whereas it is our chiefest care 
we mean to abolish all Church govern- and desire to advance it, and to provide a 
ment, and leave every man to his own competent maintenance for conscionable 
fancy for the service and worship of God, and preaching ministers throughout the 
absolving him of that obedience which he kingdom, which will be a great encourage- 
owes under God unto His Majesty, whom ment to scholars, and a certain means 
we know to be entrusted with the ecclesi- whereby the want, meanness and ignor- 
astical law as well as with the temporal, ance, to which a great part of the clergy 
to regulate all the members of the Church is now subject, will be prevented. 

of England, by such rules of order and 187. And we intended likewise to re- 
discipline as are established by Parlia- form and purge the fountains of learning, 
ment, which is his great council, in all the two Universities, that the streams 
affairs both in Church and State. flowing from thence may be clear and 

183. We confess our intention is, and pure, and an honour and comfort to the 
our endeavors have been, to reduce within whole land, 

bounds that exorbitant power which the 188. They have strained to blast our 

prelates have assumed unto themselves, proceedings in Parliament, by wresting 

so contrary both to the Word of God and the interpretations of our orders from 

to the laws of the land, to which end we their genuine intention, 
passed the Bill for the removing them 189. They tell the people that our med- 

from their temporal power and employ- dling with the power of episcopacy hath 

ments, that so the better they might with caused sectaries and conventicles, when 

meekness apply themselves to the dis- idolatrous and Popish ceremonies, intro- 

charge of their functions, which Bill them- duced into the Church by the command of 

selves opposed, and were the principal in- the Bishops have not only debarred the 

struments of crossing it. people from thence, but expelled them 

184. And we do here declare that it is from the kingdom. 

far from our purpose or desire to let loose 190. Thus with Elijah, we are called by 

the golden reins of discipline and govern- this malignant party the troublers of the 

ment in the Church, to leave private per- State, and still, while we endeavour to 

sons or particular congregations to take reform their abuses, they make us the 

up what form of Divine Service they authors of those mischiefs we study to 

please, for we hold it requisite that there prevent. 

should be throughout the whole realm a 191. For the perfecting of the work 

conformity to that order which the laws begun, and removing all future impedi- 

enjoin according to the Word of God. And ments, we conceive these courses will be 

we desire to unburden the consciences of very effectual, seeing the religion of the 

men of needless and superstitious cere- Papists hath such principles as do cer- 

monies, suppress innovations, and take tainly tend to the destruction and extir- 

away the monuments of idolatry. pation of all Protestants, when they shall 

185. And the better to effect the in- have opportunity to effect it. 

tended reformation, we desire there may 192. It is necessary in the first place 

be a general synod of the most grave, to keep them in such condition as that 

pious, learned and judicious divines of they may not be able to do us any hurt, 

this island; assisted with some from for- and for avoiding of such connivance and 

eign parts, professing the same religion favour as hath heretofore been shown unto 

with us, who may consider of all things them. 

necessary for the peace and good govern- 193. That His Majesty be pleased to 

ment of the Church, and represent the re- grant a standing Commission to some 

suits of their consultations unto the Par- choice men named in Parliament, who 

128 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE GRANGER 

may take notice of their increase, their proceed against them in any legal way of 

counsels and proceedings, and use all due charge or impeachment. 

means by execution of the laws to pre- 202. That all Councillors of State may 

vent all mischievous designs against the be sworn to observe those laws which con- 

peace and safety of this kingdom. cern the subject in his liberty, that they 

194. Thus some good course be taken to may likewise take an oath not to receive 
discover the counterfeit and false con- or give reward or pension from any for- 
formity of Papists to the Church, by eign prince, but such as they shall within 
colour whereof persons very much dis- some reasonable time discover to the 
affected to the true religion have been Lords of His Majesty s Council. 
admitted into place of greatest authority 203. And although they should wicked- 
and trust in the kingdom. ly forswear themselves, yet it may herein 

195. For the better preservation of the do good to make them known to be false 
laws and liberties of the kingdom, that and perjured to those who employ them, 
all illegal grievances and exactions be pre- and thereby bring them into as little 
sented and punished at the sessions and credit with them as with us. 

assizes. 204. That His Majesty may have cause 

196. And that Judges and Justices be to be in love with good counsel and good 
very careful to give this in charge to the men, by shewing him in an humble and 
grand jury, and both the Sheriff and dutiful manner how full of advantage it 
Justices to be sworn to the due execution would be to himself, to see his own estate 
of the Petition of Right and other laws, settled in a plentiful condition to support 

197. That His Majesty be humbly peti- his honour; to see his people united in 
tioned by both Houses to employ such ways of duty to him, and endeavours of 



counsellors, ambassadors and other minis- 
ters, in managing his business at home and 



public god, etc. 
Granger, FRANCIS, statesman ; born in 



abroad as the Parliament may have cause Suffield, Conn., Dec. 1, 1792; graduated at 

to confide in, without which we cannot Yale in 1811 ; Wlli g candidate for Vice- 

give His Majesty such supplies for sup- President in 1836; member of Congress, 

port of his own estate, nor such assist- 1835-37 and 1839-41; Postmaster-General 

ance to the Protestant party beyond the in 1841. He died in Canandaigua, N. Y., 



Aug. 28, 1868. 

Granger, GIDEON, statesman; born in 



sea, as is desired. 

198. It may often fall out that the 

Commons may have just cause to take ex- Suffield, Conn., July 19, 1767; graduated 
ceptions at some men for being council- at Yale College in 1787; became a lawyer; 
lors, and yet not charge those men with Postmaster-General in 1801-14. His pub- 
crimes, for there be grounds of diffidence lications include a Fourth of July oration 
which lie not in proof. and Political Essays. He died in Canan- 

199. There are others, which though daigua, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1822. 

they may be proved, yet are not legally Granger, GORDON, military officer ; born 



criminal. 



in New York City, in 1821; graduated at 



200. To be a known favourer of Papists, West Point in 1845; served in the war 
or to have been very forward in defending with Mexico. He served under Halleck 
or countenancing some great offenders and Grant in the West, and was made 
questioned in Parliament ; or to speak major-general of volunteers, Sept. 17, 1862. 
contemptuously of either Houses of Par- He commanded the district of central 
liament or Parliamentary proceedings. Kentucky, was put in command of the 

201. Or such as are factors or agents 4th Army Corps after the battle of Chicka- 
for any foreign prince of another religion ; mauga, was engaged in the struggle on 
such are justly suspected to get council- Missionary Ridge, November, 1863, and 
lors places, or any other of trust concern- was active in the military movements that 
ing public employment for money; for all ] e d to the capture of Mobile in 1864. He 
these and divers others we may have great W as mustered out of the volunteer service 
reason to be earnest with His Majesty, \ n isOG; was promoted to colonel in the 
not to put his great affairs into such regular army the same year; and died in 
hands, though we may be unwilling to Santa F\ N. M . Jan. lo", 1870. 

iv. i 129 



GRANGER GRANT 



Granger, MOSES MOORHEAD, lawyer; Kew York, and in 1889 President Ham- 
born in Zanesville, O., Oct. 22, 1831; grad- son appointed him minister to AuBtria- 
uated at Kenyon College in 1850; prac- Hungary, where he remained till 1893. He 
tised law at Zanesville from 1853 to 1861 ; was a police commissioner in New York 
served throughout the Civil War in the City through the administration of Mayor 
National army with much distinction, and Strong. In 1898, on the call for volun- 
received the brevet of colonel. He is teers for the war with Spain, Colonel 
the author of Washington Versus Jeffer- Grant offered his services to the Presi- 
son, and The Case Tried ~by Battle in dent, and went to the front as colonel of 
1861-65. the 14th New York regiment. On May 

Grangers. See HUSBANDRY, PATRONS 27 he was appointed a brigadier-general 
or. of volunteers; served in the Porto Rico 

Granite State, a popular name for the campaign; and after the war was ap- 
State of New Hampshire, because the pointed commander of the military dis- 
mountainous portions of it are largely trict of San Juan. While holding this 
composed of granite. post he organized an effective police 

Grant, FREDERICK DENT, military offi- force for the city similar in plan to that 
cer; born in St. Louis, Mo., May 30, 1850; of New York City. Subsequently he was 
eldest son of Ulysses S. Grant; was with ordered to the Philippine Islands, where 
his father at various times during the he rendered such valuable service in 
Civil War ; graduated at the United operations against the insurgents, and also 
States Military Academy in 1871; accom- as an administrative officer, that on the 
panied General Sherman on his European reorganization of the regular army in 
trip in 1872; was appointed aide-de-camp February, 1901, President McKinley ap- 
on the staff of General Sheridan with the pointed him one of the new brigadier- 
rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1873; took generals. In August, 1904, he was given 

command of the Department of the 
East. 

Grant. JAMES, military officer; born in 
Ballendalloch, Scotland, in 1720; was 
major of the Montgomery Highlanders in 
1757. He was in the expedition against 
Fort Duquesne in 1758, and in 1760 was 
governor of East Florida. He led an ex 
pedition against the Cherokees in May, 
1761, was acting brigadier-general in the 
battle of Long Island in 1776, and was 
made major-general in 1777. He was with 
Howe in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in 
1777. He fought the Americans at Mon- 
mouth in 1778, and in November sailed in 
command of troops sent against the 
French in the West Indies, taking St. 
Lucia in December. In 1791 he was made 
governor of Stirling Castle, and was sev 
eral years in Parliament. It is said that 
he was such a notorious gourmand in his 
laler life that he required his cook to 
sleep in the same room with him. He died 
April 13, 1806. 

Grant, ROBERT, author; born in Boston, 
against the Indians; accompanied his Mass., Jan. 24, 1852; graduated at 
father on his trip around the world; and Harvard College in 1873; later began law 
resigned his commission in the army in practice in his native city. He is the 
1881. In 1887 he was defeated as Repub- author of Yankee Doodle; The Oldest 
lican candidate for secretary of state of School in America, etc. 

130 




FREDERICK DENT GRANT. 



part in the campaign on the frontier 



GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 



Grant, ULYSSES SIMPSON, eighteenth of the 21st Illinois Infantry. In May, 

President of the United States; named at 1861, he was appointed a brigadier-general 

birth HIRAM ULYSSES, but, through an of volunteers, and placed in command at 

error when he entered the Military Cairo. He occupied Paducah, broke up 

Academy, he was given the Christian the Confederate camp at Belmont, and in 

names which he afterwards adopted; born February, 1862, captured Forts Henry and 




ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT AS LIEUTENANT IN TUB MEXICAN WAR. 



in Point Pleasant, O., April 27, 1822; 
graduated at West Point in 1843. He 
served in the war with Mexico, first under 
General Taylor, and then under General 
Scott, taking part in every battle between 
Vera Cruz and the city of Mexico. He 
was made captain in 1853, and resigned 
the next year, when he settled in St. 
Louis. He was one of the first to offer 
his services to the national government 
when the Civil War broke out, but, as no 
notice was taken of him, became colonel 



Donelson. He was then promoted to 
major - general ; conducted the battle of 
Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, and for a 
while was second in command to Halleck. 
He performed excellent service in the 
West and Southwest, especially in the 
vicinity of the Mississippi River, and at 
and near the Tennessee River, in 1863. 
He was promoted to lieutenant-general 
March 1, 1864, and awarded a gold medal 
by Congress. He issued his first order as 
general-in-chief of the armies of the Unit- 



131 



GBANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 



ed States at Nashville, March 17, 1864. 
In the grand movements of the armies in 
1S64, he accompanied that of the Potomac, 
with his headquarters " in the field," and 
he remained with it until he signed the 
articles of capitulation at Appomattox 
Court-house, April 9, 1865. In 1866 he 
was promoted to general of the United 
States army. After the war Grant fixed 
his headquarters at Washington. When 
President Johnson suspended Stanton from 
the office of Secretary of War, Grant 
was put in his place ad interim. Stan- 
ton was reinstated by the Senate, Jan. 14, 
1868. In 1868, Grant was elected Presi 



dent of the United States by the Republi 
can party, and was re-elected in 1872. 
He retired from the office March 4, 1877, 
and soon afterwards made a journey 
around the world, receiving great honors 
everywhere. 

Towards the close of his life he was 
financially ruined by an unprincipled 
sharper. Congress created him a general 
on the retired list; and, to make further 
provision for his family, he began com 
piling Personal Memoirs of U. 8. Grant, a 
work that was completed shortly before 
his death, on Mount McGregor, N. Y., 
July 23, 1885. His remains lie in the 




BIRTHPLACE OF GKNKRAL GRANT. 

132 




GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT 



GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 




THE GRANT MEDAL. 



proper, to lay down a policy to be adhered 
to, right or wrong. Through an admin 
istration of four years, new political is 
sues, not foreseen, are constantly arising, 
the views of the public on old ones are 
constantly changing, and a purely ad 
ministrative officer should always be left 
free to execute the will of the people. I 
always have respected that will, and al- 



magnificent mausoleum in Riverside 
Park, New York City, that cost $500,000, 
raised principally by popular subscrip 
tion. See ARMY (Army in the Civil War; 
Disbanding of the Union Armies) ; LEE, 
ROBERT EDWARD. 

Let Us Have Peace. On the receipt 
of the official notification of his first 
nomination for the Presidency, he ad 
dressed to General Hawley the following 
letter, concluding with one of those brief 
phrases for which this " silent man " was 
noted : 

WASHINGTON, D. C., May 29, 1868. 
To Gen. Joseph R. Hawley, President 

National Republican Convention: 

In formally accepting the nomination 
of the " National Union Republican Con 
vention " of the 21st of May last, it seems 
proper that some statement of views, be 
yond the mere acceptance of the nomina 
tion, should be expressed. 

The proceedings of the convention 
were marked with wisdom, moderation, 
and patriotism, and, I believe, expressed 
the feelings of the great mass of those 
who sustained the country through its 
recent trials. I endorse their resolu 
tions. 

If elected to the office of President of 
the United States, it will be my endeavor 
to administer all the laws in good faith, 
with economy, and with the view of giv 
ing peace, quiet, and protection every- ways shall. Peace and universal pros- 
where. In times like the present, it is perity, its sequence, with economy of ad- 
impossible, or at least eminently im- ministration, will lighten the burden of 

133 




TOMli OF GENERAL GRANT. 



GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 



taxation, while it constantly reduces the 
national debt. Let us have peace. 

With great respect, your obedient ser 
vant, U. S. GRANT. 

The following is General Grant s ad 
dress at his first inaugural March 4, 1869: 

Citizens of the United States, Your 
.suffrages having elected me to the 



bring to it a conscientious desire and de 
termination to fill it to the best of my 
ability to the satisfaction of the people, 
On all leading questions agitating the 
public mind, I will always express my 
views to Congress, and urge them accord 
ing to my judgment; and, when I think it 
advisable, will exercise the constitutional 
privilege of interposing a veto to defeat 
measures which I oppose. But all laws 




THE HOUSE IN WHICH GENERAL GRANT DIED, MOUNT McGREGOR, NEW YORK. 

office of President of the United States, will be faithfully executed whether they 

I have, in conformity with the Con- meet my approval or not. 

stitution of our country, taken the oath I shall, on all subjects, have a policy 

of office prescribed therein. I have taken to recommend, but none to enforce 

this oath without mental reservation, against the will of the people. Laws are 

and with the determination to do to to govern all alike, those opposed as 

the best of my ability all that it requires well as Chose who favor them. I know no 

of me. The responsibilities of the po- method to secure the repeal of bad or ob- 

sition I feel, but accept them without noxious laws so effective as their gtringenj 

fear. The office has come to me unsought, execution. 

I commence its duties untrammelled. I The country having just emerged from 

134 



GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 

a great rebellion, many questions will lock to meet the very contingency that is 

come before it for settlement in the next now upon us. 

four years, which preceding adminis- Ultimately it may be necessary to ni 
trations have never had to deal with. In sure the facilities to reach these riches, 
meeting these, it is desirable that they and it may be necessary also that the 
should be approached calmly, without general government should give its aid 
prejudice, hate, or sectional pride, re- to secure this access. But that should 
membering that the greatest good to the only be when a dollar of obligation to 
greatest number is the object to be at- pay secures precisely the same sort of 
tained. dollar to use now, and not before. While 

This requires security of person, prop- the question of specie payments is in 

crty, and for religious and political opin- abeyance, the prudent business man is 

ions, in every part of our common coun- careful about contracting debts payable 

try, without regard to local prejudice, iu the distant future. The nation should 

All laws to secure these ends will receive follow the same rule. A prostrate com- 

my best efforts for their enforcement. rnerce is to be rebuilt and all industries 

A great debt has been contracted in encouraged. 

securing to us and our posterity the The young men of the country, those 
Union; the payment of this, principal who from their age must be its rulers 
and interest, as well as the return to a twenty-five years hence, have a peculiar in- 
specie basis, as soon as it can be accom- terest in maintaining the national honor, 
plished without material detriment to the A moment s reflection as to what will be 
debtor class or to the country at large, our commanding influence among the na- 
must be provided for. To protect the na- tions of the earth in their day, if they 
tional honor, every dollar of government are only true to themselves, should in- 
indebtedness should be paid in gold un- spire them with national pride. All di- 
less otherwise expressly stipulated in the visions, geographical, political, and relig- 
contract. Let it be understood that no ious, can join in this common sentiment, 
repudiator of one farthing of our public How the public debt is to be paid, or specie 
debt will be trusted in public place, and payments resumed, is not so important 
it will go far towards strengthening a as that a plan should be adopted and ac 
credit which ought to be the best in the quiesced in. 

world, and will ultimately enable us to A united determination to do is worth 

replace the debt with bonds bearing less more than divided counsels upon tho 

interest than we now pay. To this should method of doing. Legislation upon this 

be added a faithful collection of the rev- subject may not be necessary now, nor 

enue, a strict accountability to the treas- even advisable, but it will be when the 

ury for every dollar collected, and the civil law is more fully restored in all 

greatest practicable retrenchment in ex- parts of the country, and trade resumes 

penditure in every department of govern- its wonted channels, 
ment. It will be my endeavor to execute all 

When we compare the paying capac- laws in good faith, to collect all revenues 

ity of the country now with the ten States assessed, and to have them properly ac- 

in poverty from the effects of war, but counted for and economically disbursed, 

soon to emerge, I trust, into greater pros- I will, to the best of my ability, appoint 

perity than ever before, with its paying to office those only who will carry out this 

capacity twenty-five years ago, and cal- design. 

culate what it probably will be twenty- In regard to foreign policy, I would 

five years hence, who can doubt the feasi- deal with nations as equitable law requires 

bility of paying every dollar then with individuals to deal- with each other, and 

more ease than we now pay for useless I would protect the law-abiding citizen, 

luxuries? Why, it looks as though Provi- whether of native or foreign birth, wher- 

dence had bestowed upon us a strong box ever his rights are jeopardized or the flag 

in the precious metals locked up in the of our country floats. I would respect 

sterile mountains of the far West, of the rights of all nations, demanding equal 

which we are now forging the key to un- respect for our own. If others depart 

135 



GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 

from this rule in their dealings with us, seems to me oftener in the selections made 

we may be compelled to follow their prece- of the assistants appointed to aid in 

dent. carrying out the various duties of admin- 

The proper treatment of the original istering the government, in nearly every 

occupants of this land, the Indians, is one case selected without a personal acquaint- 

deserving of careful study. I will favor ance with the appointee, but upon recom- 

any course towards them which tends to mendations of the representatives chosen 

their civilization and ultimate citizenship, directly by the people. It is impossible, 

The question of suffrage is one which where so many trusts are to be allotted, 
is likely to agitate the public so long as that the right parties should be chosen in 
a portion of the citizens of the nation are every instance. History shows that no 
excluded from its privileges in any State, administration, from the time of Wash- 
It seems to me very desirable that this ington to the present, has been free from 
question should be settled now, and I en- these mistakes. But I leave comparisons 
tertain the hope and express the desire to history, claiming that I have acted in 
that it may be by the ratification of the every instance from a conscientious desire 
fifteenth article of amendment to the Con- to do what was right, constitutional with- 
stitution. in the law, and for the very best interests 

In conclusion, I ask patient forbear- of the whole people. Failures have been 

ance one towards another throughout the errors of judgment, not of intent, 

land, and a determined effort on the part My civil career commenced, too, at a 

of every citizen to do his share towards most critical and difficult time. Less than 

cementing a happy Union ; and I ask the four years before the country had emerged 

prayers of the nation to Almighty God in from a conflict such as no other nation 

behalf of this consummation. had ever survived. Nearly one-half of the 

Last Message to Congress. The follow- States had revolted against the govern 
ing is the opening of his last message to ment; and, of those remaining faithful to 
Congress (Dec. 5, 1876). the part in which the Union, a large percentage of the popu- 
he reviews the events of his double term lation sympathized with the rebellion and 
of office : made an " enemy in the rear," almost as 

dangerous as the more honorable enemy 

To the Senate and House of Representa- in the front. The latter committed errors 
tives, In submitting my eighth and last of judgment, but they maintained them 
annual message to Congress, it seems openly and courageously; the former re- 
proper that I should refer to, and in some ceived the protection of the government 
degree recapitulate, the events and official they would see destroyed, and reaped all 
acts of the past eight years. the pecuniary advantage to be gained out 

It was my fortune, or misfortune, to of the then existing state of affairs, 

be called to the office of chief executive Immediately on the cessation of hos- 

without any previous political training, tilities, the then noble President, who had 

From the age of seventeen I had never carried the country so far through its 

even witnessed the excitement attending perils, fell a martyr to his patriotism at 

a Presidential campaign but twice antece- the hands of an assassin, 

dent to my own candidacy, and at but one The intervening time to my first in- 

of them was I eligible as a voter. auguration was filled up with wranglings 

Under such circumstances it is but between Congress and the new executive 
reasonable to suppose that errors of judg- as to the best mode of " reconstruction," 
ment must have occurred. Even had they or, to speak plainly, as to whether the con- 
not, differences of opinion between the trol of the government should be thrown 
executive, bound by an oath to the strict immediately into the hands of those who 
performance of his duties, and writers and had so recently and persistently tried to 
debaters, must have arisen. It is not destroy it, or whether the victors should 
necessarily evidence of blunder on the part continue to have an equal voice with 
of the executive because there are these them in this control. Reconstruction, as 
differences of views. Mistakes have been finally agreed upon, means this and only 
made, as all can see and I admit, but it this, except that the late slave was en- 

136 



GBANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 



franchised, giving an increase as was sup 
posed, to the Union-loving and Union-sup 
porting votes. If free, in the full sense of 
the word, they would not disappoint this 
expectation. Hence, at the beginning of 
my first administration the work of re 
construction much embarrassed by the 
long delay virtually commenced. It was 
the work of the legislative branch of the 
government. My province was wholly in 
approving their acts, which I did most 
heartily, urging the legislatures of States 
that had not yet done so to ratify the 
fifteenth pmendment to the Constitution. 
The country was laboring under an enor 
mous debt, contracted in the suppression 
of rebellion, and taxation was so oppres 
sive as to discourage production. Another 
danger also threatened us a foreign war. 
The last difficulty had to be adjusted, and 
was adjusted without a war, and in a 
manner highly honorable to all parties 
concerned. Taxes have been reduced 
within the last seven years nearly $300,- 
000,000, and the national debt has been 
reduced in the same time over $435,000,- 
000. By refunding the 6 per cent, bonded 
debt for bonds bearing 5 and 4% per cent, 
interest, respectively, the annual interest 
has been reduced from over $130,000,000 
in 1869 to but little over $100,000,000 in 
1876. The balance of trade has been 
changed from over $130,000,000 against 
the United States in 1869 to more than 
$120,000,000 in our favor in 1876. 

Opening the Centennial Exhibition. 
On May 10, 1876, he formally opened the 
Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia 
with the following speech: 



My Countrymen, It has been thought 
appropriate, upon this centennial occa 
sion, to bring together in Philadelphia, 
for popular inspection, specimens of our 
attainments in the industrial and fine 
arts, and in literature, science, and phi 
losophy, as well as in the great business 
of agriculture and of commerce. 

That we may the more thoroughly ap 
preciate the excellences and deficiencies 
of our achievements, and also give em 
phatic expression to our earnest desire to 
cultivate the friendship of our fellow- 
inoinbors of this great family of nations, 
the enlightened agricultural, commercial, 
and manufacturing people of the world 



have been invited to send hither corre 
sponding specimens of their skill to ex 
hibit on equal terms in friendly competi 
tion with our own. To this invitation 
they have generously responded; for so 
doing we tender them our hearty thanks. 

The beauty and utility of the con 
tributions will this day be submitted to 
your inspection by the managers of this 
exhibition. We are glad to know that 
a view of specimens of the skill of all 
nations will afford you unalloyed pleasure, 
as well as yield to you a valuable practi 
cal knowledge of so many of the remark 
able results of the wonderful skill exist 
ing in enlightened communities. 

One hundred years ago our country 
was new and but partially settled. Our 
necessities have compelled us to chiefly ex 
pend our means and time in felling for 
ests, subduing prairies, building dwellings, 
factories, ships, docks, warehouses, roads, 
canals, machinery, etc., etc. Most of our 
schools, churches, libraries, and asylums 
have been established within a hundred 
years. Burdened by these great primal 
works of necessity, which could not be de 
layed, we yet have done what this exhibi 
tion will show, in the direction of rival 
ling older and more advanced nations in 
law, medicine, and theology; in science, 
literature, philosophy and the fine arts. 
While proud of what we have done, we 
regret that we have not done more. Our 
achievements have been great enough, 
however, to make it easy for our people 
to acknowledge superior merit wherever 
found. 

And now, fellow - citizens, I hope a 
careful examination of what is about to 
be exhibited to you will not only inspire 
you with a profound respect for the skill 
and taste of our friends from other na 
tions, but also satisfy you with the attain 
ments made by our own people during the 
past 100 years. I invoke your generous 
co-operation with the worthy commission 
ers to secure a brilliant success to this 
international exhibition, and to make the 
stay of our foreign visitors to whom we 
extend a hearty welcome both profitable 
and pleasant to them. 

I declare the international exhibition 
now open. 

Yin<Vu>ntion of Fits-John Porter. Gen 
eral Grant s magnanimity was never more 



137 



GBANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 

touchingly illustrated than in his efforts to be placed in a position where he could 

to secure justice for GEN. Frrz-JoHN be made responsible for his indifference, 

POUTER (q. v.). The story of his actions and that the punishment was not a se- 

in this matter is most fittingly told in vere one for such an offence. I am now 

his own language. On Dec. 22, 1881, he convinced that he rendered faithful, 

addressed the following appeal in behalf efficient, and intelligent service, and the 

of General Porter to the President : fact that he was retained in command of a 

corps for months after his offences were 

NEW YORKJ Dec. 22, 1881. sa id to have been committed is in his 

The President, Washington, D. C.: favor. What I would ask in General Por- 

DEAB SIR, At the request of Gen. ter s behalf, from you, is, if you can pos- 

Fitz - John Porter, I have recently re- sibly give the time, that you give the 

viewed his trial and the testimony fur- subject the same study and thought that 

nished before the Schofield Court of In- I have given it, and then act as your 

quiry held in 1879, giving to the subject judgment shall dictate. But, feeling that 

three full days of careful reading and you will not have the time for such an 

consideration, and much thought in the investigation (for it would take several 

intervening time. The reading of this days time), I would ask that the whole 

record has thoroughly convinced me that matter be laid before the Attorney-Gen- 

for these nineteen years I have been do- eral for his examination and opinion, 

ing a gallant and efficient soldier a very Hoping that you will be able to do this 

great injustice in thought and sometimes much for an officer who has suffered for 

in speech. I feel it incumbent upon me nineteen years a punishment that never 

now to do whatever lies in my power to should be inflicted upon any but the most 

remove from him and from his family guilty, I am, 

the stain upon his good name. I feel Very truly yours, U. S. GRANT. 
this the more incumbent upon me than On Feb. 4, 1882, in order to still fur- 
I should if I had been a corps commander ther impress his convictions of General 
only, or occupying any other command in Porter s innocence upon influential mem- 
the army than the one which I did; but bers of Congress, he addressed the follow- 
as general I had it, possibly, in my power ing detailed letter to J. Donald Cameron, 
to have obtained for him the hearing United States Senator from Pennsylvania: 
which he had only got at a later day, 

and as President I certainly had the NEW YOBK Feb - * 1882 - 

power to have ordered that hearing. In Hon. /. D. Cameron, U. 8. Senate, Wash- 
justification for my injustice to General ington, D. C.: 

Porter, I can only state that shortly after DEAR SIR, It has been my intention 

the war closed his defence was brought to until within the last few days to visit 

my attention, but I read in connection Washington this winter to spend some 

with it a sketch of the field where his time, and there to have a conversation 

offences were said to have been commit- with you and with General Logan on the 

ted, which I now see, since perfect maps subject of the Fitz-John Porter case; 

have been made by the engineers depart- but having now pretty nearly decided not 

inent of the whole field, were totally in- to go to Washington, I have determined 

correct as showing the position of the two to write, and write to you so that you 

armies. I have read it in connection may state my position to your friends, 

with the statements made on the other and particularly to General Logan, and, 

side against General Porter, and, I am if you choose, show this letter to any 

afraid, possibly with some little prejudice such people. 

in the case, although General Porter was When I commenced the examination 

a man whom I personally knew and liked of the Fitz-John Porter case as it now 

before; but I got the impression, with stands, it was with the conviction that 

many others, that there was a half-hearted his sentence was a just one, and that hh 

support of General Pope in his campaigns, punishment had been light for so hideous 

and that General Porter, while possibly an offence; but I tried to throw off all 

not more guilty than others, happened prejudice in the case, and to examine it 

138 



GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 

on its merits. I came out ot that exami- General Porter was convicted of dis- 
nation with the firm conviction that an obedience of the order of General Pope s, 
entirely innocent man had been most un- dated at 4.30 P.M., on the 29th of August, 
justly punished. I cast no censure upon to attack the enemy on his right flank, and 
the court which tried him, because the iu his rear, if possible. Despatches of Gen- 
evidence which now proves his entire inno- era! Pope of that day show that he knew 
fence of disobedience of orders it was im- General Lee was coming to the support of 
possible to have before that court. Jackson, whom he thought commanded 

When I completed the investigation the only force in his front at that time; 

and came to the conclusion that I did but that he could not arrive until the 

of his innocence my first thought was evening of the following day, or the morn- 

to write to General Logan, because I re- ing of the day after. It was sworn to be- 

gard him as my friend, and I am sure I fore the court that this order of 4.30 P.M. 

am his, and he has made, probably, the reached General Porter at about five or 

ablest speech of his life in opposition to half -past five in the afternoon, but it 

the bill for General Porter s restoration must be recollected that this testimony 

to the army. I thought, therefore, it was was given from memory, and unquestion- 

due to him that I should inform him of ably without any idea at the time of the 

the conclusion that I had come to after occurrence that they were ever to be called 

the investigation. But as the President upon to give any testimony in the case, 

was just about visiting this city when my Investigation shows a despatch from 

letter to him was written, and it was de- General Porter, dated six o clock of that 

sired to present it to him here, I re- afternoon, which makes no mention of 

quested, in lieu of a letter to General li uving received the order to attack, and 

Logan, to have a copy of my letter to it is such a despatch as could not b^ 

the President sent to him. This was done, written without mentioning the receipt 

You are aware that when General of that order, if it had been received. 
Logan made his speech against General There is other testimony that makes it 
Porter, it was in opposition to a bill entirely satisfactory to my mind that the 
pending in Congress. He, like myself, order was not received until about sun- 
was thoroughly convinced of the guilt of down, or between sundown and dark. It 
General Porter, and was therefore opposed was given, as stated before, to attack the 
to the bill. His investigations therefore enemy s right, and, if possible, to get into 
were necessarily to find arguments to sus- his rear. This was on the supposition 
tain his side of a pending question. I that Jackson was there alone, as General 
of course had no knowledge of the papers Pope had stated he would be until the 
l.e would refer to, or would examine, evening of the next day, or the morning 
to find such arguments; but I knew that of the day following. I believe that the 
he could have the testimony which was court was convinced that on the evening 
taken before the court-martial which con- of the 29th of August Jackson, with his 
victed; probably also the arguments of force, was there alone; but now it is 
the officer who acted as prosecutor when proved by testimony better than sworn 
the case was before the Schofield court, evidence of any persons on the Union side 
and arguments that have been made by that by 11 o clock A.M., of the 29th, 
lawyers, J. D. Cox and others possibly, I.ongstreet was up and to the right of 
all of which were in opposition to General Jackson with a force much greater than 
Porter as much as that of paid attorneys General Porter s entire force. The attack 
in cases before the civil courts. upon Jackson s right and rear was, there- 

But my investigation of all the facts fore, impossible, without first wiping out 

that I could bring before mo of the oc- the force of Longstreet. The order did 

currence from the 27th of August, 1862, not contemplate, either, a night attack, 

and for some little time prior, to the and, to have obeyed it, even if Longstreet 

1st of September, the same year, show had not been there, General Porter would 

conclusively that the court and some of have been obliged to make a night attack, 

the witnesses entirely misapprehended the But, even as it was, I find that General 

position of the enemy on that day. Porter, notwithstanding the late hour, did 

139 



GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 

all he could to obey that order. He had gallant and devoted commanders. Then, 
previously given a feommand to General too, in re-examining the case, my atten- 
Morell, who commanded the most ad- tion was called again to General Pope s 
vanced division, or one most fronting the early order in taking Command of the 
enemy, to throw out a skirmish line to Army of Virginia. I send you a copy of 
engage the enemy, or to keep him occu- this order. You will see that it was cal- 
pied, and on the receipt of this order, al- dilated to make the army to whom it was 
though at this late hour, he immediately addressed feel that it was a reflection 
sent orders to General Morell to increase upon their former services and former 
it from a skirmish line to a large force, commanders, from that of a company to 
and that he would be with him as soon as the commander of the whole, and that 
he could get there. even as amiable people as General Logan 

He did actually go to the front, al- and myself are would have been very apt 
though it was dark, to superintend this to have made some very uncomplimentary 
movement, and as far as possible to pre- remarks if they had been addressed by an 
vent the enemy detaching anything from Eastern officer sent West to command over 
his front, thus showing a desire to obey us in our field of duty. I commenced 
the order strictly and to the best of his reading up this case with the conviction 
ability. I find the Schofield board acquit that General Porter had been guilty, as 
him entirely, but throw some censure found by the court, but came out of the 
upon him for having expressed a lack of investigation with a thorough conviction 
confidence in his commanding officer. Such that I, and the public generally, had done 
conduct might be censured, although if him a fearful injustice, and entirely satis- 
every man in the army had been punished fied that any intelligent man, or lawyer, 
who had expressed lack of confidence in who will throw aside prejudice and ex- 
his superior officer many of our best sol- amine the case as I have done, will come 
diers would have been punished. But, in to the same conclusion, 
fact, if this was not stated in the sum- As stated in my letter to the Presi- 
ming up of the case by the board, I should dent, I feel it incumbent upon me, in view 
not have found that he had expressed any of the positions that I have held hereto- 
such lack of confidence. On the contrary, fore, and my failure then to do what I 
to my mind now, he was zealous in giving now wish I had done, to do all in my 
a support to General Pope, and more so, power to place General Porter right before 
possibly, for the reason that he knew the public and in future history, and to 
among his former army associates there repair my own intentional injustice, 
was a good deal of apprehension, to say I address this letter to you, knowing 
the least, of his fitness for his new place, that you will have a desire to do just what 
It must be recollected that General Pope your judgment dictates as being right in 
was selected from a Western army and the matter, and that you will state to 
brought East to command an army where whomsoever it may seem to you proper 
there were a great many generals who and necessary my present convictions upon 
had had experience in a previous war, and this case. 

who had, like himself, a military educa- Very truly yours, U. S. GRANT. 

tion, and there may (improperly) have Perhaps no person unconnected with the 
been a feeling that it was a reflection army contributed in so great a degree to 
upon them to go out of their own command General Grant s success in the Civil War 
to find a suitable commander; and it is as the Hon. Elihu B. Washburne, to whom 
also very probable that expression was the following extremely interesting letter 
freely given to that feeling. But it would was addressed. It is certainly of great 
be well to reflect what would have been historical value, and reveals in a very in- 
the sentiment in the West if an officer teresting way some of the strongest and 
from the Eastern army had been sent out. most admirable traits of General Grant s 
to supersede all of them and to command character. Mr. Washburne (1816-87) 
them, and whether or not there might was the member of Congress from Galena, 
have not been some harsh criticisms, even 111., where Grant was employed at the be- 
by men who proved to be among our most ginning of the war. The two men first 

HO 



GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 

met at that time ; they immediately became contracts, and a change of quartermaster 

friends, and during the great struggle having taken place in the mean time the 

Washburne was the constant supporter and new quartermaster would not receive them 

sturdy defender of the Silent Commander, without my order, except at rates he could 

who would never defend himself from the then get the same articles for from other 

shameful charges that were frequently parties. This I refused to give. The 

made against his private character, and contractors then called on me, and tried to 

also as a soldier. When Grant became convince me that the obligation was bind- 

President he appointed Mr. Washburne his ing, but finding me immovable in the mat 

Secretary of State, but after occupying ter, asked if General Allen s approval to 

that high office for a few weeks, he was the contract would not be sufficient. My 

sent as the American representative to reply was, in substance, that General Allen 

France. He filled that position with pre- was chief quartermaster of the depart- 

eminent ability and signal distinction, ment, and I could not control him. They 

publishing after his return to the United immediately left me, and, thinking over 

States a valuable and interesting work, in the matter, it occurred to me that they 

2 octavo volumes, entitled Recollections would go immediately to St. Louis and 

of a Minister to France, 1869-1877: present their contract for approval without 

mentioning the objection I made to it. 

LA GRANGE, TENN., Nov. 1, 1862. i then telegraphed to General Allen the 

Not having much of special note to write facts, and put him on his guard against 

you since your visit to Jackson, and know- these men. For some reason, however, my 

ing that you were fully engaged, I have despatch did not reach St. Louis for two 

not troubled you with a letter. I write days. General Allen then replied to it, 

now a little on selfish grounds. stating that those parties had been to him 

I see from the papers that Mr. the day before, and knowing no objection 

is to be called near the President in some to the contract he had approved it. 

capacity. I believe him to be one of my The parties then returned to Cairo evi- 

bitterest enemies. The grounds of his dently thinking they had gained a great 

enmity I suppose to be the course I triumph. But there being no money to 

pursued while at Cairo towards certain pay at that time and because of the bad 

contractors and speculators who wished repute the quartermaster s department 

to make fortunes off of the soldiers and was in, they were afraid to take vouchers 

government, and in which he took much without my approval. They again called 

interest, whether a partner or not. He call- on me to secure this. My reply to them 

ed on me in regard to the rights of a post was that they had obtained their contract 

sutler for Cairo (an appointment not without my consent, had got it approved 

known to the law) whom he had got ap- against my sense of duty to the govern- 

pointed. Finding that I would regard him ment, and they might go on and deliver 

in the light of any other merchant who their forage and get their pay in the same 

might set up there, that I would neither way. I would never approve a voucher 

secure him a monopoly of the trade nor for them under that contract if they never 

his pay at the pay-table for such as he got a cent. I hoped they would not. This 

might trust out, the sutler never made his forced them to abandon the contract and 

appearance. If he did he never made him- to sell the forage already delivered for 

self known to me. what it was worth. 

In the case of some contracts that were Mr. took much interest in this 

given out for the supply of forage, they matter and wrote me one or more let- 
were given, if not to the very highest ters on the subject, rather offensive in 
bidder, to far from the lowest, and full their manner. These letters I have pre- 
30 per cent, higher than the articles could served, but they are locked up in Mr. 
have been bought for at that time. Learn- Safford s safe in Cairo. I afterwards 
ing these facts, I immediately annulled learned from undoubted authority that 
the contracts. there was a combination of wealthy and 

Quite a number of car-loads of grain influential citizens formed, at the begin- 

and hay were brought to Cairo on these ning of this war, for the purpose of 

141 



GBANTS FOB STATE COLLEGES GBASSE-TILLY 




monopolizing the army contracts. One of American Revolutionary War; and died 

their boasts was that they had sufficient in Paris, Jan. 11, 1788. 

influence to remove any general who did On Aug. 3, 1781, the French fleet, under 

not please them. his command, appeared on the American 

The modus operandi for getting con- coast. He had sailed from France, tow- 
tracts at a high rate, I suppose, was for ards the end of March, with twenty-six 
a member of this association to put in 
bids commencing at as low rates as the 
articles could be furnished for, and after 
they were opened all would retire up to 
the highest one who was below any out 
side person and let him take it. In many 
instances probably they could buy off this 
one for a low figure by assuring him that 
he could not possibly get the contract, for 
if he did not retire it would be held by 
the party below. 

Grants for State Colleges. On July 
8, 1901, the United States Treasury De 
partment drew warrants aggregating 
$1,200,000, or $25,000 each, for the State 
and Territorial agricultural colleges, being 
the maximum amount provided for by 
Congress in the act of Aug. 30, 1890, for 

the endowment and maintenance of col- ships-of-the-line, followed by an immense 

leges for the benefit of agriculture and convoy of about 250 merchantmen. That 

mechanic arts. This act provided a min- convoy he put safely into the harbor of 

imum sum of $15,000 for that year, with Port Royal, having carefully avoided a 

an annual increase of $1,000 for ten years close engagement with a part of Rodney s 

up to $25,000. The maximum was reach- fleet, under Admiral Hood. He engaged 

ed in 1901, and hereafter each of the with British vessels at long range (April 

States and Territories will receive an- 29), and so injured them that they were 

nnally this sum for its agricultural col- obliged to go to Antigua for repairs, and, 

leges. This money is the proceeds of the meanwhile, he accomplished the conquest 

sale of public lands. of Tobago in June. He then proceeded 

Grape Island, AFFAIR AT. In Boston with the fleet of merchantmen to Santo 
Harbor was Grape Island, to which, on Domingo, and soon afterwards sailed with 
Sunday morning, May 21, 1775, some Brit- an immense return convoy, bound for 
ish troops repaired to secure hay; for so France. After seeing it well on its way, 
closely were they besieged in Boston, that he steered for the Chesapeake, and, de- 
only on the isla-nds in and near the har- spite the activity of British fleets watch- 
bor could they procure grass or straw ing for him, he was safe within the capes 
or fresh meat. Three alarm-guns were of Virginia, and at anchor, with twenty- 
fired; the drums beat to arms; the bells four ships-of-the-line, at the beginning of 
of neighboring towns were rung; and very September. He found an officer of Lafay- 
soon about 2,000 of the men of that region ette s staff at Cape Henry, sent to request 
were flocking to the water s edge. They him to blockade the York and James riv- 
scon obtained a lighter and a sloop, when ere, so as to cut off- Cornwallis s retreat, 
many jumped on board, pushed off, a-nd This was done by four ships-of-the-line 
landed on the island. The British fled, and several frigates; and 3,000 French 
and the Americans burned the hay they troops were sent to join Lafayette, 
had gathered. Admiral Rodney supposed part of the 

Grasse-Tilly, FRANCOIS JOSEPH PAUL, French fleet had left the West Indies for 

COUNT DE, naval officer; born in Valette, America, but did not suppose the whole 

France, in 1723; entered the navy when fleet would take that direction. He 

eleven years old; was conspicuous in the thought it only necessary to reinforce A"d- 

142 



GRASSE-TILLY GRAVES 



miral Graves, so he sent Admiral Hood 
with fourteen ships-of-the-line for the pur 
pose. He reached the Chesapeake (Aug. 
25, 1781) before the French. Not finding 
Graves there, he proceeded to New York, 
where news had just arrived that the 
French squadron at Newport had gone to 
sea, plainly with intent to join the new 
French fleet. In the hope of cutting off 
one or the other of the French fleets be 
fore the junction could be effected, Graves 
sailed with the united British fleets, nine 
teen ships-of-the-line, and was astonished, 
when he arrived at the capes of Virginia, 
to find the French anchored within. De 
Grasse, also surprised at this sudden ap 
pearance of a heavy British fleet, ordered 
his ships to slip their cables and put to 
sea. For five days the contending ves 
sels manoeuvred in sight of each other. 
De Grasse avoided a close contact, his ob 
ject being to cover the arrival of the 
squadron from Newport. So a distant 
cannonade was kept up. De Barras en 
tered the Chesapeake. Graves finding his 
vessels badly shattered, returned to Xew 
York to refit, leaving the French in un 
disturbed possession of the bay, and the 
French transports were then sent to An 
napolis to convey to the James River the 
allied armies. 

On April 12, 1782, a fierce naval en 
gagement occurred in the West Indies be- 




COUNT DE GRASSE-TILLT. 



tween Count de Grasse and Admiral Sir 
George Rodney. The count s flag-ship was 
the Ville de Paris, the same as when he 
assisted in the capture of Cornwallis at 



Yorktown. She was a magnificent vessel, 
which the city of Paris had presented to 
the King (Louis XV.). The count fought 
his antagonist with such desperation that 
when he was compelled to strike his colors 
only two men besides himself were left 
standing on the upper deck. By this de 
feat and capture there fell into the hands 
of the English thirty-six chests of money 
and the whole train of artillery intended 




COUNT DE GRASSE S AUTOGRAPH. 

for an attack on Jamaica. The French 
lost in the engagement, in killed and 
wounded, about 3,000 men; the British 
lost 1,100. For more than a century the 
French had not, in any naval engagement, 
been so completely beaten. 

The family of De Grasse were ruined 
by the fury of the French Revolution, 
and four of his daughters (Amelia, 
Adelaide, Melanie, and Silvia) came to 
the United States in extreme poverty. 
Congress, in February, 1795, gave them 
each $1,000, in consideration " of the ex 
traordinary services rendered the United 
States in the year 1781 by the late Count 
de Grasse, at the urgent request of the 
commander-in-chief of the American forces, 
beyond the term limited for his co-opera 
tion with the troops of the United States." 

Grassi, JOHN, clergyman; born in 
Verona, Italy, Oct. 1, 1778; settled in 
Maryland as the superior of Jesuit mis 
sions in 1810; returned to Italy in 1817. 
He was the author of Various Notices of 
the Present State of the Republic of the 
United States of America. He died in 
Italy, Dec. 12, 1849. 

Graves (LORD), THOMAS, was born in 
1725. Having served under Anson, Hawke, 
and others, he was placed in command of 
the Antelope, on the North American sta 
tion, in 1761, and made governor of New 
foundland. In 1779 he became rear- 
admiral of the blue, and the next year 
camo to America with reinforcements for 
Admiral Arbuthnot. On the return of 



143 



GRAVEYARD INSURANCE GRAY 

the latter to England in 1781, Graves be- Bell. In 1893 Professor Gray invented 

came chief naval commander on the Amer- the telautograph, which so far improved 

ican station. He was defeated (Sept. 5) the telephone and the telegraph as to 

by De Grasse. In 1795 he was second in transmit the actual handwriting of mes- 

command under Lord Howe, and was sages. He established the Gray Electric 

raised to an Irish peerage and admiral of Company at Highland Park, 111., and 

the white on June 1, the same year. He organized the Congress of Electricians, in 

died Jan. 31, 1802. connection with the World s Columbian 

Graveyard Insurance, the popular des- Exposition in 1893, and was its chairman, 

ignation of a form of life insurance that His works include Experimental Re- 

at one time was extensively carried on in searches in Electro-Harmonic Telegraphy 

several of the Northern States, especially and Telephony; and Elementary Talks on 

Pennsylvania. It was an outgrowth of Science. He died in Newtonville, Mass., 

what is known as industrial insurance, Jan. 21, 1901. 

in which policies were issued for small Gray, GEORGE, patriot; born in Phila- 
amounts from childhood up to extreme old delphia, Pa., Oct. 26, 1725 ; became a mem- 
age, the premiums being paid in small and ber of the board of war in 1777, and 
frequent instalments. For a time no later was chairman of that body till the 
medical examination nor personal identi- conclusion of peace. He wrote the cele- 
fication was required from agents, and brated Treason Resolutions. He died near 
because of this they added largely to Philadelphia in 1800. 
their income by presenting applications Gray, GEORGE, lawyer; born in New 
to their respective companies in the names Castle, Del., May 4, 1840; graduated 
of people, long dead, taken from head- at Princeton College in 1859; studied law 
stones in cemeteries. at the Harvard Law School, and was ad- 
Gray, ASA, botanist; born in Paris, mitted to the bar in 1863. In 1879-85 
N. Y., Nov. 18, 1810; studied botany he was attorney-general of Delaware; in 
under Dr. John Torrey, Professor of Nat- 188C-99 United States Senator. In the 
ural History at Harvard College in 1842- Presidential campaign of 1896 he was 
73; became widely known by his text- affiliated with the National (gold-stand- 
books on botany, which are in general use ard) Democratic party. In 1898 he was 
throughout the United States. He was first appointed a member of the ANGLO- 
the author of Elements of Botany; Struct- AMERICAN COMMISSION (q. v.), and soon 
ural and Systematic Botany; Manual of afterwards one of the commissioners to 
the Botany of the Northern United States; negotiate peace between the United States 
Gray s Botanical Text-Book, and many and Spain. On Oct. 17, 1900, he was ap- 
others. He died in Cambridge, Mass., pointed one of the American members of 
Jan. 30 1888. The Hague Arbitration Commission; and 
Gray) ELISHA, electrician; born in in 1902 a member of the Coal-Strike Com- 
Barnesville, O., Aug. 2, 1835; in early life mission; and judge of the U. S. Circuit 
was a blacksmith, carpenter, and boat- Court since 1899. He is popular as an 
builder. Later he went to Oberlin Col- arbitrator in labor troubles, 
lege, where he followed special studies in Gray, HENRY PETERS, artist; born in 
physical science, supporting himself by New York City, June 23, 1819; established 
working at his trade. In 1867 he in- a studio in New York in 1869. His 
vented a self-adjusting telegraph relay, works include Wages of War; The Birth 
and soon afterwards designed the tele- of our Flay; etc. He died in New York- 
graphic switch and annunciator for hotels, City, Nov. 2, 1877. 

the private telegraph line printer, the tele- Gray, HORACE, jurist; born in Boston, 

graphic repeater, etc. In 1872 he organ- Mass., March 24, 1828; graduated at Har- 

ized the Western Electric Manufacturing vard in 1845; justice of the United States 

Company, but in 1874 withdrew from it. Supreme Court in 1882. He died in Na- 

In 1876 he claimed to have invented the hant, Mass., Sept. 15, 1902. 

speaking telephone, but after a memora- Gray, ROBERT, explorer; born in Tiver- 

ble litigation that honor was awarded by ton, R. I., in 1755; was captain of the 

the courts to Prof. Alexander Graham Washington, which was sent in 1787 to 

144 



GRAYDON GREAT BRITAIN 



the northwest coast to trade with the Ind 
ians by a number of Boston merchants. 
In 1790 he returned by way of the Pa 
cific Ocean on board the Columbia, which 
vessel had accompanied the Washington, 
and was thus the first to sail around the 
world under the American flag. Later he 
made a second trip to the Northwest, and 
on May 11, 1791, discovered the mouth 
of the great river, which he named Colum 
bia. He died in Charleston, S. C., in 1806. 

Graydon, ALEXANDER, author; born in 
Bristol, Pa., April 10, 1752; studied law; 
entered the Continental army in 1775; 
was captured in the engagement on Har 
lem Heights and imprisoned in New York, 
and later in Flatbush; was paroled and in 
1778 exchanged. He was the author of 
Memoirs of a Life, chiefly passed in Penn 
sylvania, within the Last Sixty fears, 
with Occasional Remarks upon the Gen 
eral Occurrences, Character, and Spirit 
of that Eventful Period. He died in 
Philadelphia, Pa., May 2, 1818. 

Graydon, WILLIAM, lawyer; born near 
Bristol, Pa., Sept. 4, 1759; brother of 



1809; began law practice at Beaufort; 
member of Congress in 1833-37; was op 
posed to the Civil War. He was the au 
thor of The Hireling and Slave; The Coun 
try (a poem) ; The Life of James Lewis 
Petigru, etc. He died in Newberry, Oct. 
4, 1863. 

Great Bridge, BATTLE AT THE. On the 
invasion of the Elizabeth River by Lord 
Dunrnore (November, 1775), Colonel 
Woodford called the militia to arms. 
Dunmore fortified a passage of the Eliza 
beth River, on the borders of the Dismal 
Swamp, where he suspected the militia 
would attempt to cross. It was known as 
the Great Bridge. There he cast up in- 
trenchments, at the Norfolk end of the 
bridge, and amply supplied them with 
cannon. These were garrisoned by Brit 
ish regulars, Virginia Tories, negroes, and 
vagrants, in number about 600. Wood- 
ford constructed a small fortification at 
the opposite end of the bridge. On Satur 
day morning, Dec. 9, Captains Leslie and 
Fordyce, sent by Dunmore, attacked the 
Virginians. After considerable manoeu- 




GREAT BRIDGE. 



Alexander Graydon ; studied law ; removed 
to Pittsburg, where he began practice. In 
1794-95 he was a prominent leader in the 
" Mill-dam troubles." He published a 
Digest of the Laics of the United States; 
Forms of Conveyancing and of Practice 
in the Various Courts and Public Offices, 
etc. He died in Harrisburg, Pa., Oct. 13, 
1840. 

Grayson, WILLIAM JOHN, lawyer; born 
in Beaufort, S. C., Nov. 10, 1788; grad 
uated at the College of Charleston in 



IV. K 



145 



vring and skirmishing, a sharp battle en 
sued, lasting about twenty-five minutes, 
when the assailants were repulsed and 
fled, leaving two spiked field-pieces behind 
them. The loss of the assailants was 
fifty-five killed and wounded. Not a Vir 
ginian was killed, and only one man was 
slightly wounded in the battle. 

Great Britain. Although this name 
was applied by the French at a very early 
period to distinguish it from " Little Brit 
ain," the name of the western peninsular 



GREAT BBITAIN GREAT CHARTER 

projection of France, called by the Ro- between England and Scotland in 1707, 

mans America, it was seldom used on that Great Britain became the legal title of the 

island until the accession of James I. to kingdom. The official style of the empire 

the crown of England (1603), when the is now United Kingdom of Great Britain 

whole of the island, comprising England, and Ireland. 

Scotland, and Wales, was united under Great Britain, ARRAIGNMENT OF. See 

one sovereign. By the legislative union HANCOCK, JOHN. 



GREAT CHARTER (MAGNA CHARTA) 



Great Charter (MAQN A CHAKTA). The 
corner-stone of personal liberty and civil 
rights. The basis of the British consti 
tution and the formal beginning of mod 
ern constitutional government. See MAG- 
NA CHARTA. 

John, the only John who ever sat on the 
throne of England, and reputed to be one 
of the most detestable wretches that ever 
lived, will have his name associated to the 
end of time with one of the most memor 
able epochs of history. 

In 1207, a few years after John came to 
the throne, he quarrelled with the pope 
over the appointment of an archbishop of 
Canterbury, which at last culminated in 
the whole country being placed under an 
interdict, the most terrible form of whole 
sale excommunication the Roman Catholic 
Church could impose, and in those times 
it was dreaded; it is indubitable, however, 
that personally John deserved all the pun 
ishment he received, and no historian has 
a word of pity for him. 

About three years before this time the 
French provinces had been lost, and the 
barons, who held estates both in England 
and Normandy, had been obliged to choose 
the one or the other, so that the barons 
who wrested from John the great charter 
were English barons, and some of them 
were smarting over the loss of their conti 
nental possessions. 

As the barons found that every promise 
that had been made at his coronation had 
been broken, and that nothing but force 
had any effect, they determined to bring 
the matter to a climax, and took up arms 
against the King. 

The clergy, though John was the vassal 
of the pope, and specially under his pro 
tection, ranged themselves mostly on the 
side of the barons, and the freemen, many 
of whom had had their goods seized ille 



gally, and some had suffered in person, 
were also on the same side. Stephen 
Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
supported the barons and the people, and 
when it was seen that nothing but force 
would do, the barons set out, and gather 
ing men as they went, came up with the 
King at the historic Runnymede, near 
Windsor, and he, seeing their forces, was 
constrained on June 15, 1215, to sign the 
great charter, the text of which is as fol 
lows : 

MAGNA CHARTA 

John, by the grace of God, King of Eng 
land, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy 
and Aquitaine, and Count of Anjou; to all 
archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors, earls, 
barons, sheriffs, officers, and to all bailiffs 
and other his faithful subjects, greeting. 

Know ye, that we, in the presence of 
God, and for the health of our soul, and 
the souls of our ancestors and heirs, and 
to the honour of God and the exaltation 
of Holy Church, and amendment of our 
kingdom ; by advice of our venerable fa 
thers, Stephen archbishop of Canterbury, 
primate of all England, and cardinal of 
the Holy Roman Church; Henry arch 
bishop of Dublin, William bishop of Lon 
don, Peter of Winchester, Jocelin of Bath 
and Glastonbury, Hugh of Lincoln, Walter 
of Worcester, William of Coventry, Bene 
dict of Rochester, bishops; and Master 
Pandulph the pope s sub-deacon and famil 
iar, Brother Aymerick master of the 
Knights Templars in England, and the no 
ble persons, William the marshal, earl of 
Pembroke, William earl of Salisbury, 
William earl of Warren, William earl 
of Arundel, Alan de Galloway, constable 
of Scotland, Warin Fitzgerald, Peter Fitz- 
Herbert, and Hubert de Burgh, seneschal 
of Poictou, Hugo de Nevil, Matthew Fitz- 
Herbert, Thomas Basset, Alan Basset, 



146 



GBEAT CHARTER (MAGNA CHART A) 



Philip of Albiney, Robert de Ropele, John 
Marshall, John Fitz-Hugh, and others our 
liegemen, have in the first place granted 
to God, and by this our present Charter 
confirmed for us and our heirs forever. 

I. That the Church of England shall be 
free, and shall have her whole rights, and 
her liberties inviolable; and I will this to 
be observed in such a way that it may ap 
pear thence, that the freedom of elections, 
which is reckoned most necessary to the 
English Church, which we granted, and by 
our charter confirmed, and obtained the 
confirmation of it from Pope Innocent III 
before the discord between us and our 
barons, was of our own free will. Which 
charter we shall observe; and we will it 
to be observed faithfully by our heirs for 
ever. 

II. We have also granted to all the 
freemen of our kingdom, for us and our 
heirs forever, all the underwritten liber 
ties, to be held and enjoyed by them and 
their heirs, of us and our heirs. If any 
of our earls or barons, or others who hold 
of us in chief by military service, shall die, 
and at his death his heir shall be of full 
age, and shall owe a relief, he shall have 
his inheritance for the ancient relief, viz., 
the heir or heirs of an earl, a whole earl s 
estate for one hundred pounds; the heir 
or heirs of a baron, a whole barony, for 
one hundred pounds; the heir or heirs 
of a knight, a whole knight s fee, for one 
hundred shillings at most; and he who 
owes less, shall pay less, according to the 
ancient custom of fees. 

III. But if the heir of any such be a 
minor, and shall be in ward, when he 
comes of age he shall have his inheritance 
without relief and without fine. 

IV. The guardian of an heir who is a 
minor, shall not take of the lands of the 
heir any but reasonable issues, and rea 
sonable customs, and reasonable services, 
and that without destruction and waste of 
the men or goods; and if we commit the 
custody of any such lands to a sheriff, or 
to any other person who is bound to an 
swer to us for the issues of them, and he 
shall make destruction or waste on the 
ward lands, we will take restitution from 
him, and the lands shall be committed to 
two legal and discreet men of that fee, 
who shall answer for the issues to us, or 
to him to whom we shall assign them; and 



if we grant or sell to any one the custody 
of any such lands, and he shall make de 
struction or waste, he shall lose the cus 
tody; which shall be committed to two le 
gal and discreet men of that fee, who shalj 
answer to us, in like manner as afore 
said. 

V. Besides, the guardian, so long as he 
hath the custody of the lands, shall keep 
in order the houses, parks, warrens, ponds, 
mills, and other things belonging to them, 
out of their issues; and shall deliver to the 
heir, when he is full age, his whole lands, 
provided with ploughs and other imple 
ments of husbandry, according to what the 
season requires, and the issues of the lands 
can reasonably bear. 

VI. Heirs shall be married without dis 
paragement, and so that, before the mar 
riage is contracted, notice shall be given 
to the relations of the heir by consanguin 
ity. 

VII. A widow, after the death of her 
husband, shall immediately, and without 
difficulty, have her marriage goods and her 
inheritance; nor shall she give anything 
for her dower, or her marriage goods, or 
her inheritance, which her husband and 
she held at the day of his death. And 
she may remain in the mansion house of 
her husband forty days after his death ; 
within which time her dower shall be as 
signed, if it has not been assigned before, 
or unless the house shall be a castle, and 
if she leaves the castle, there shall forth 
with be provided for her a suitable house, 
in which she may properly dwell, until 
her dower be to her assigned, as said 
above ; and in the mean time she shall have 
her reasonable estover from the common 
income. And there shall be assigned to her 
for her dower the third part of all the 
lands, which were her husband s in his 
lifetime, unless a smaller amount was set 
tled at the church door. 

VIII. No widow shall be distrained to 
marry herself so long as she has a mind 
to live without a husband. But yet she 
shall give security that she will not marry 
without our assent, if she holds of us; or 
without the consent of the lord of whom 
she holds, if she holds of another. 

IX. Neither we nor our bailiffs shall 
seize any land or rent for any debt, so 
long as the chattels of the debtor are 
sufficient to pay the debt, and the debtor 



147 



GREAT CHARTER (MAGKNA CHARTA) 



is prepared to give satisfaction. Nor shall 
the sureties of the debtor be distrained, 
so long as the principal debtor be sufficient 
for the payment of the debt. And if the 
principal debtor fail in the payment of the 
debt, not having wherewithal to discharge 
it, or will not discharge it when he is able, 
then tne sureties shall answer the debt, 
and if they will they shall have the lands 
and rents of the debtor, until they shall 
be satisfied for the debt which they paid 
for him; unless the principal debtor can 
show himself acquitted thereof against the 
said sureties. 

X. If any one have borrowed anything 
of the Jews,* more or less, and dies before 
the debt is satisfied, there shall be no in 
terest paid for that debt, so long as the 
heir is a minor, of whomsoever he may 
hold: and if the debt falls into our hands, 
we will take only the chattel mentioned in 
the deed. 

XI. If any one shall die indebted to 
Jews, his wife shall have her dower, and 
pay nothing of that debt ; and if ihe- de 
ceased left children under age, they shall 
have necessaries provided for them accord 
ing to the tenement of the deceased, and 
out of the residue the debt shall be paid; 
saving however the service of the lords. In 
like manner the debts due to other persons 
than Jews shall be paid. 

XII. No scutage or aid shall be im 
posed in our kingdom, unless by the com 
mon council of our kingdom, except to 
ransom our person, and to make our eldest 
son a knight, and once to marry our eld 
est daughter; and for these there shall 
only be paid a reasonable aid. 

XIII. In like manner it shall be concern 
ing the aids of the City of London ; the 
City of London shall have all its ancient 
liberties and free customs, as well by land 
as by water. Furthermore we will and 
grant that all other cities and boroughs, 
and towns and ports shall have all their 
liberties and free customs. 

XIV. And for holding the common coun 
cil of the kingdom concerning the assess 
ment of aids, otherwise than in the three 
aforesaid cases, and for the assessment of 
scutages, we will cause to be summoned 

* Christians in those days were forbidden 
by the canon law to lend on usury ; the 
whole of the money-lending was therefore in 
the hands of the Jews. 



the archbishops, bishops, earls, and greater 
barons, singly, by our letters; and besides, 
we will cause to be summoned generally by 
our sheriffs and bailiffs, all those who hold 
of us in chief, for a certain day, that is to 
say, forty days before their meeting at 
least, and to a certain place; and in all 
the letters of summons, we will declare 
the cause of the summons; and the sum 
mons being thus made, the business shall 
go on at the day appointed, according to 
the advice of those who shall be present, 
although all who had been summoned have 
not come. 

XV. We will not authorize any one, for 
the future, to take an aid of his freemen, 
except to ransom his body, to make his 
eldest son a knight, and once to marry his 
eldest daughter; and for these only a rea 
sonable aid. 

XVI. No one shall be distrained to do 
more service for a knight s fee, nor for any 
other free tenement, than what is due from 
thence. 

XVII. Common pleas shall not follow 
our court, but shall be held in some certain 
place. 

XVIII. Assizes upon the writs of Novel 
Disseisin, Mort d Ancestre and Darrein 
presentment,* shall not be taken but in 
their proper counties, and in this manner. 
We, or our chief justiciary when we are 
out of the kingdom, shall send two jus 
ticiaries into each county four times a 
year, who, with four knights chosen out 
of every shire by the people, shall I old the 
said assizes at a stated time and place, 
within the county. 

XIX. And if any matters cannot be de 
termined on the day appointed for holding 
the assizes in each county, let as many 
knights and freeholders of those who were 
present remain behind, as may be neces 
sary to decide them, according as there is 
more or less business. 

XX. A freeman shall not be amerced for 
a small offence, but only according to the 
degree of the offence; and for a great 
crime, according to the heinousness of it, 
saving to him his contenement ; and after 
the same manner a merchant, saving to 
him his merchandise ; and a villein shall 
be amerced after the same manner, saving 
to him his wainage, if he falls under our 

* Last presentation to a benefice. Sheldon 
Amos. 



148 



GREAT CHARTER (MAGNA CHARTA) 



mercy; and none of the aforesaid amercia- 
ments shall be assessed but by the oath of 
honest men in the neighbourhood. 

XXI. Earls and barons shall not be 
amerced but by their peers, and according 
to the degree of the offence. 

XXII. No ecclesiastical person shall be 
amerced for his lay-tenement, but accord 
ing to the proportion of the others afore 
said, and not according to the value of his 
ecclesiastical benefice. 

XXIII. Neither a town nor any tenant 
shall be distrained to make bridges or 
banks, unless that anciently and of right 
they are bound to do it. No river for the 
future shall be imbanked but what was 
imbanked in the time of King Henry I., 
our grandfather. 

XXIV. No sheriff, constable, coroner, or 
other our bailiffs, shall hold pleas of the 
crown. 

XXV. All counties, hundreds, wapen- 
takes, and tithings shall stand at the old 
rents, without any increase, except in our 
demesne manors. 

XXVI. If any one holding of us a. lay- 
fee, dies, and the sheriff or our bailiff show 
our letters patent of summons for debt 
which the deceased did owe to us, it shall 
be lawful for the sheriff or our bailiff to 
attach and register the chattels of the de 
ceased found upon his lay-fee, to the value 
of the debt, by the view of lawful men, so 
as nothing be removed until our whole debt 
be paid; and the rest shall be left to the 
executors to fulfil the will of the deceased; 
and if there be nothing due from him to 
us, all the chattels shall remain to the de 
ceased, saving to his wife and children 
their reasonable shares. 

XXVII. If any freeman dies intestate, 
his chattels shall be distributed by the 
hands of his nearest relations and friends 
by view of the church, saving to every 
one his debts, which the deceased owed. 

XXVIII. No constable or bailiff of ours 
shall take the corn or other chattels of any 
man, without instantly paying money for 
them, unless he can obtain respite by the 
good-will of the seller. 

XXIX. No constable shall distrain any 
knight to give money for castle-guard, if 
he is willing to perform it in his own per 
son, or by another able man if he cannot 
perform it himself through a reasonable 
cause. And if we have carried or sent 



him into the army, he shall be excused 
from castle-guard for the time he shall be 
in the army at our command. 

XXX. No sheriff or bailiff of ours or 
any other person shall take the horses 
or carts of any freeman to perform car 
riages, without the assent of the said 
freeman. 

XXXI. Neither we, nor our bailiffs, 
shall take another man s timber for our 
castles or other uses, without the consent 
of the owner of the timber. 

XXXII. We will not retain the lands of 
those who have been convicted of felony 
above one year and one day, and then 
they shall be given up to the lord of the 
fee. 

XXXIII. All kydells* for the future 
shall be removed out of the Thames, the 
Medway, and throughout all England, ex 
cept upon the sea-coast. 

XXXIV. The writ which is called Prse- 
cipe, for the future, shall not be made out 
to any one concerning any tenement by 
which any freeman may lose his court. 

XXXV. There shall be one measure of 
wine and one of ale through our whole 
realm ; and one measure of corn, viz., the 
London quarter; also one breadth of dyed 
cloth and of russets, and of halberjects,** 
viz., two ells within the lists. It shall be 
the same with weights as with measures. 

XXXVI. Nothing shall be given or 
taken for the future for the writ of in 
quisition of life or limb, but it shall be 
granted freely, and not denied. 

XXXVII. If any one hold of us by fee- 
farm, or socage, or burgage, and holds 
lands of another by military service, we 
shall not have the custody of the heir, or 
of his land, which is held of the fee of 
another, through that fee-farm, or socage, 
or burgage; nor will we have the ward 
ship of the fee-farm, socage, or burgage, 
unless the fee-farm is bound to perform 
knight s service to us. We will not have 
the custody of an heir, nor of any land 
which he holds of another by military ser 
vice, by reason of any petit-sergeantry he 
holds of us, as by the service of paying a 
knife, an arrow, or such like. 

XXXVIII. No bailiff from henceforth 
shall put any man to his law upon his 

* A dam made across a river for diverting 
water to a mill or taking fish. 
** A coarse kind of cloth. 



149 



GREAT CHARTER (MAGNA CHARTA) 



own saying, without credible witnesses to XTA 7 I. All barons who have founded jib- 



prove it. 

XXXIX. Xo freeman shall be taken, or 
imprisoned, or disseized, or outlawed, or 
banished, or any ways destroyed, nor will 
we pass upon him, nor will we send upon 
him, unless by the lawful judgment of his 
peers, or by the law of the land. 

XL. We will sell to no man, we will not 
deny to any man, either justice or right. 

XLI. All merchants shall have safe and 
secure conduct, to go out of, and to come 
into England, and to stay there, and to 
pass as well by land as by water, for buy 
ing and selling by the ancient and allowed 
customs, without any evil tolls; except in 
time of war, or when they are of any na 
tion at war with us. And if there be found 
any such in our land in the beginning of 
the war, they shall be attached, without 
damage to their bodies or goods, until it 
be known unto us or our chief justiciary 
how our merchants be treated in the coun 
try at war with us; and if ours be safe 
there, the others shall be safe in our do 
minions. 

XLII. It shall be lawful for the time to 
come for any one to go out of our king 
dom, and return, safely and securely, by 
land or by water, saving his allegiance to 
us; unless in time of war, by some short 
space, for the common benefit of the realm, 
except prisoners and outlaws, according to 
the law of the land, and people in war 
with us, and merchants who shall be in 
such condition as is above mentioned. 

XLIII. If any man hold of any escheat, 
as of the honour of Wallingford, Notting 
ham, Boulogne, Lancaster, or of other es 
cheats which are in our hands, and are 
baronies, and shall die, his heir shall give 
no other relief, and perform no other ser 
vice to us, than he should have done to 
the. baron if it had been in the hands of 
the baron; and we will hold it in the same 
manner that the baron held it. 

XLIV. Men who dw r ell without the for 
est shall not come, for the future, before 
our justiciary of the forest on a common 
summons, unless they be parties in a plea, 
or sureties for some person who is attach 
ed for something concerning the forest. 

XLV. We will not make any justici 
aries, constables, sheriffs, or bailiffs, but 
from those who understand the law of the 
realm, and are well-disposed to observe it. 



beys, which they hold by charters of the 
kings of England, or by ancient tenure, 
shall have the custody of them when they 
become vacant, as they ought to have. 

XLVII. All forests which have been 
made in our time, shall be immediately 
disforested; and the same shall be done 
with water banks which have been made 
in our time. 

XLVIII. All evil customs connected 
with forests and warrens, foresters and 
warreners, sheriffs and their officers, wa 
ter-banks and their keepers, shall at once 
be inquired into in each county by twelve 
sworn knights of the county who shall 
be chosen by creditable men of the same 
county; and within forty days after the 
inquiry is made, they shall be utterly 
abolished by them, never to be restored; 
provided notice be given to us before it is 
done, or to our justiciary, if we are not in 
England. 

XLIX. We will at once give up all host 
ages and writings that have been given to 
us by our English subjects, as securities 
for their keeping the peace, and faithfully 
performing their services to us. 

L. We will remove absolutely from their 
bailiwicks the relations of Gerard de 
Athyes, that henceforth they shall have 
no bailiwick in England; we will also re 
move Engelard de Cygony, Andrew, Peter, 
and Gyon from the Chancery; Gyon de 
Cygony, Geoffrey de Martyn, and his 
brothers; Philip Mark, and his brothers; 
his nephew, Geoffrey, and all their fol 
lowers. 

LI. As soon as peace is restored we will 
send out of the kingdom all foreign sol 
diers, crossbow-men, and stipendiaries, 
who are come with horses and arms, to the 
injury of our people. 

LII. If any one has been dispossessed or 
deprived by us, without the legal judg 
ment of his peers, of his lands, castles, lib 
erties, or right, we will forthwith restore 
them to him; and if any dispute arise 
upon this head, let the matter be decided 
by the five-and-twenty barons hereafter 
mentioned, for the preservation of the 
peace. As for all those things for which 
any person has, without the legal judg 
ment of his peers, been dispossessed or de 
prived, either by King Henry our father, 
or our brother King Richard, and which 



150 



QBE AT CHABTEB (MAGNA CHABTA) 



we have in our hands, or are possessed by pute shall arise about it, the matter shall 

others, and we are bound to warrant and be determined in the marches by the ver- 

make good, we shall have a respite till the diet of their peers; for tenements in Eng- 

term usually allowed the crusaders; ex- land, according to the law of England; 

cepting those things about which there is ior tenements in Wales, according to the 



a plea depending, or whereof an inquest 
hath been made, by our order, before we 
undertook the crusade, but when we return 
from our pilgrimage, or if perchance we 
stay at home and do not make the pilgrim 
age, we will immediately cause full justice 
to be administered therein. 



law of Wales; for tenements in the 
marches, according to the law of the 
marches. The Welsh shall do the same 
to us and our subjects. 

LVII. As for all those things of which 
any Welshman hath been disseized or de 
prived, without the legal judgment of his 



LIII. The same respite we shall have, peers, by King Henry our father, or King 

and in the same manner, about administer- Richard our brother, and which we have 

ing justice, disafforesting or continuing in our hands, or others hold with our 

the forests, which Henry our father and warranty, we shall ha-ve respite, till the 

our brother Richard have afforested; and time usually allowed the crusaders, ex- 

for the wardship of the lands which are cept those concerning which a suit is de- 

in another s fee in the same manner as we pending, or an inquisition has been taken 



have hitherto enjoyed those wardships, by 
reason of a fee held of us by knight s ser 
vice; and for the abbeys founded in any 
other fee than our own, in which the lord 
of the fee says he has right; and when we 



by our order before undertaking the cru 
sade. But when we return from our pil 
grimage, or if we remain at home without 
performing the pilgrimage, we shall forth 
with do them full justice therein, accord- 



return from our pilgrimage, or if we stay ing to the laws of Wales, and the parts. 



at home and do not make the .pilgrimage, 
we will immediately do full justice to all 
the complainants in this behalf. 



LVIII. We will, without delay, dismiss 
the son of Llewellin, and all the Welsh 
hostages, and release them from the en- 



LIV. No man shall be taken or im- gagements they have entered into with us 

prisoned upon the accusation of a woman, for the preservation of the peae. 

for the death of any other than her hus- LIX. We will treat with Alexander, 

band. King of Scots, concerning the restoring 

LV. All unjust and illegal fines made his sisters and hostages, and his right and 
by us, and all amerciaments that have been 
imposed unjustly, or contrary to the law 



liberties, in the same form and manner 
as we shall do to the rest of our barons 



of the land, shall be remitted, or left to of England; unless by the charters which 
the decision of the five-and-twenty barons we have from his father, William, late 
of whom mention is made below for the King of Scots, it ought to be otherwise; 
security of the peace, or the majority of and this shall be left to the determination 
them, together with the aforesaid Stephen of the peers in our court, 
archbishop of Canterbury, if he can be LX. All the aforesaid customs and lib- 
present, and others whom he may think evties, which we have granted to be holden 
fit to bring with him : and if he cannot be in our kingdom, as much as it belongs to 
present, the business shall proceed notwith- us, towards our people of our kingdom, 
standing without him ; but so, that if one both clergy and laity shall observe, as far 
or more of the aforesaid five-and-twenty as they are concerned, towards their de- 
barons be plaintiffs in the same cause, they pendents. 

must be removed from this particular LXI. And whereas for the honour of God 

trial, and others be chosen instead of them and the amendment of our kingdom, and 

out of the said five-and-twenty, and sworn for the better quieting the strife that has 

by the rest to decide the matter. arisen between us and our barons, we have 

LVT. If we have disseized or dispossess- granted all these things aforesaid; willing 

ed the Welsh of their lands, or other to render them firm and lasting, we do 

things, without the legal judgment of their give and grant our subjects the under- 

peers, in England or in Wales, they shall written security, namely, that the barons 

be at once restored to them; and if a dis- may choose five-and-twenty barons of the 

151 



GREAT CHARTER (MAGNA CHARTA) 



kingdom whom they think convenient, who 
shall take care, with all their might, to 
hold and observe, and cause to be observed, 
the peace and liberties we have granted 
them, and by this our present charter con 
firmed; so that if we, our justiciary, our 
bailiffs, or any of our officers, shall in any 
circumstance fail in the performance of 
them towards any person, or shall break 
through any of these articles of peace and 
security, and the offence be notified to four 
barons chosen out of the five-and-twenty 
above mentioned, the said four barons 
shall repair to us, or our justiciary, if we 
are out of the kingdom, and laying open 
the grievance shall petition to have it re 
dressed without delay; and if it not be re 
dressed by us, or if we should chance to be 
out of the kingdom, if it should not be re 
dressed by our justiciary within forty 
days, reckoning from the time it has been 
notified to us, or our justiciary (if we 
should be out of the kingdom ) , the four 
barons aforesaid shall lay the cause before 
the rest of the five-and-twenty barons ; and 
the said five-and-twenty barons, together 
with the community of the whole kingdom, 
shall distrain and distress us in all possi 
ble ways, by seizing our castles, lands, 
possessions, and in any other manner they 
can, till the grievance is redressed accord 
ing to their pleasure; saving harmless our 
own person, and the persons of our queen 
and children; and when it is redressed 
they shall obey us as before. And any per 
son whatsoever in the kingdom may swear 
that he will obey the orders of the five-and- 
twenty barons aforesaid, in the execution 
of the premises, and will distress us joint 
ly with them, to the utmost of his power, 
and we will give public and free liberty to 
any one that shall please to swear to this, 
and never will hinder any person from 
taking the same oath. 

LXII. As to all those of our people who 
of their own accord will not swear to the 
five-and-twenty barons, to join them in dis 
tressing and harassing us, we will issue 
orders to compel them to swear as afore 
said. And if any one of the five-and- 
twenty barons die, or remove out of the 
land, or in any way shall be hindered from 
executing the things aforesaid, the rest of 
the five-and-twenty barons shall elect an 
other in his place, at their own free will, 
who shall be sworn in the same manner as 



the rest. But in all these things which 
are appointed to be done by these five-and- 
twenty barons, if it happens that the whole 
number have been present,- and have differ 
ed in their opinions about anything, or if 
some of those summoned would not or could 
not be present, that which the majority of 
those present shall have resolved will be 
held to be as firm and valid, as if all the 
five-and-twenty had agreed. And the afore 
said five-and-twenty shall swear that 
they will faithfully observe, and, to the 
utmost of their power, cause to be observ 
ed, all the things mentioned above. And 
we will procure nothing from any one by 
ourselves, or by another, by which any of 
these concessions and liberties may be re 
voked or lessened. And if any such thing 
be obtained, let it be void and null; and 
we will neither use it by ourselves nor by 
another. And all the ill-will, indigna 
tions, and rancors, that have risen be 
tween us and our people, clergy and laity, 
from the first breaking out of the discord, 
we do fully remit and forgive; in addi 
tion all transgressions occasioned by the 
said discord from Easter, in the sixteenth 
year of our reign, till the restoration 
of peace and tranquillity, we do fully re 
mit to all, both clergy and laity, and as 
far as lies in our power, forgive. More 
over, we have caused to be made to them 
letters patent testimonial of my lord 
Stephen archbishop of Canterbury, my 
lord Henry archbishop of Dublin, and 
the bishops aforesaid, as also of Master 
Fandulph, for the security and concessions 
aforesaid. 

LXIIT. Wherefore we will and firmly 
enjoin that the Church of England be free, 
and that all men in our kingdom have and 
hold all the aforesaid liberties, rights, 
and concessions truly and peaceably, freely 
and quietly, fully and wholly to themselves 
and their heirs, of us and our heirs, in all 
things and places, forever, as is aforesaid. 
It is also sworn, as well on our part as on 
the part of the barons, that all the things 
aforesaid shall be observed bond fide and 
without evil subtlety. Given under our 
hand, in the presence of the witnesses 
above named and many others, in the 
meadow called Runnymede, between Wind 
sor and Staincs, the fifteenth day of 
June, in the seventeenth year of our 
reign. 



152 



GREAT CHARTER GREAT EASTERN 



Coke points out the evils from which the 
charter is a protection, in their proper 
order. 

1st. Loss of Liberty. 

2d. Loss of Property. 

3d. Loss of Citizen Rights. 

Creasy remarks that a> careful examina 
tion of the great charter will show that the 
following constitutional principles may be 
found in it, either in express terms or by 
logical inference: 

" The government of the country by a 
hereditary sovereign ruling with limited 
powers, and bound to summon and consult 
a parliament of the whole realm, compris 



ing hereditary peers and elected represent 
atives of the commons. 

That without the sanction of Parlia 
ment no tax of any kind can be imposed, 
and no law can be made, repealed, or altered. 

" That no man be arbitrarily fined or im 
prisoned; that no man s properties or lib 
erties be impaired; and that no man be in 
any way punished except after a lawful 
trial. 

" Trial by jury. 

" That justice shall not be sold or de 
layed." 

Great Eastern, THE. This vessel, in 
her day, was remarkable as being the 




THE GKKAT EASTERN. 



153 



GBEAT LAKES AND THE NAVY 



largest steamship ever built. She was 
692 feet in length, and 83 feet in breadth. 
28 feet in draught, and of 24,000 tons 
measurement. At 30 feet draught she 
displaced 27,000 tons an enormous total 
for an unarmored merchant vessel. As 
early as 1853, this vessel was projected 
for the East India trade around the Cape 
of Good Hope. There were then no ac 
cessible coal-mines in South Africa, and 
the Eastern Steam Navigation Company 
wanted a vessel that could carry its own 
fuel to India and return, besides, a large 
number of passengers and a great cargo. 
The vessel was designed by I. K. Brunei, 
and was built at the ship-yards of Messrs. 
Scott, Russell & Co., Millwall, near Lon 
don. The operation of launching her last 
ed from Nov. 3, 1857, to Jan. 31, 1858. A 
new company had to be formed to fit her 
for sea, as the capital first subscribed for 
her had all been spent. She was fitted up 
to convey 4,000 persons from London to 
Australia, 800 first-class, 2,000 second- 
class, and 1,200 third-class. She had, be 
sides, capacity for 5,000 tons of mer 
chandise and 15,000 tons of coal. Curi 
ously enough, after all these vast prepa 
rations, the ship, during all of her varied 
career, was never used in the East India 
trade at all. From the first she was un 
fortunate. In a test trip from Deptford 
to Portland Roads, in 1860, an explosion 
of one of the boilers occurred, when ten 
firemen were killed and many persons 
were wounded. The steamer started on 
her first trip from Liverpool to New York, 



June 17, 1860, making the trip in eleven 
days. She made her return trip in 
August in ten days. She made a number 
of trips to and from New York during the 
three years following, but, owing to the 
lack of freight at profitable rates, she 
was a source of loss to her owners. In 
1864 she was chartered to convey the 
Atlantic submarine cable; carried the 
first cable in 1865, which broke in mid- 
ocean, and also that of 1866, which was 
laid successfully. During this time, also, 
the British government occasionally em 
ployed her as a transport ship. In 1867 
she was again fitted up for a passenger 
vessel to ply between New York and 
Europe; sailed for New York March 26, 
1867, with accommodations for 2,000 first- 
class passengers, and returned with 191, 
and was immediately seized by the sea 
men as security for their unpaid wages. 
After this matter was adjusted, the ves 
sel was leased by a cable construction 
company. She laid the French Atlantic 
telegraph cable in 1869; went to the 
Persian Gulf and laid the cable from 
Bombay to Suez in 1870; in 1873 laid the 
fourth Atlantic telegraph cable; in 1874 
laid the fifth, and was further used to 
some extent in cable construction. When 
there seemed to be no more use for her in 
that line, she was made to serve as a 
" show." After the vessel had been tried 
by the government as a coal barge, and 
proved too unwieldy to do good service, 
she was condemned to be broken up and 
sold as junk. 



GREAT LAKES AND THE NAVY, THE 

Great Lakes and the Navy, THE. interest to those who are watching the 

The following careful study of the close progress of our merchant marine ; and as 

connection between our navy, the Great this progress is intimately associated with 

Lakes and connecting waterways is by the growth of the navy, it becomes an im- 

Lieut. J. H. Gibbons, U. S. N. : portant question how far this industrial 

movement on the Great Lakes may be 

The report of the commissioner of navi- made a factor in our naval policy, 

gation for 1897 contains the following The coast lines of the Great Lakes 

statement : " The Great Lakes region, border upon nine States containing more 

for the first time in our history, has built than one-third of our population. The 

more tonnage than all the rest of the coun- six large cities on this coast line will 

try: One hundred and twenty vessels of easily aggregate a population of 3,000,000, 

116,937 tons, compared with 137 vessels and to this must be added hundreds of 

of 115,296 tons for the rest of the United prosperous towns. Until within a few 

States." This statement is fraught with years agricultural products and lumber 

154 



GREAT LAKES AND THE NAVY, THE 

wore the principal freights in the lake other sources of supply, Sweden, for ex- 
carrying traffic, but the discoveries of ample; but they are not easily accessible, 
iron-ore in the Lake Superior region and cheapness of transportation is essen- 
brought about an unparalleled commercial tial. The condition of affairs promises, 
and maritime growth. This latter industry therefore, to be very much the same, so 
must necessarily prove far-reaching in its far as materials go, as it was at that 
effects; for we are living in the age of period when England passed from the use 
steel, and whatever tends to place us of ^ood to that of metal in building ships, 
abreast of our rivals in the production of Let us now look at the condition of 
steel tends at the same time to increase the steel industry in the United States. 
our prosperity, and to make us great In 1892 there were put out 16,036,043 
among the nations of the earth. tons of iron ore, of which the Lake Su- 

Turning to the particular branch of the perior region contributed 9,564,388 tons, 
steel industry that is of the most impor- The ore from the Great Lakes surpasses 
tance to the navy viz., ship-building, a in richness the ores from any other part 
brief historical retrospect will show that, of the country. New discoveries are be- 
after years of exclusion, everything ing constantly reported, and the deposits 
points to our again entering the contest are so easily accessible as to make it pos- 
for commercial supremacy on the ocean, sible to supply any demand. Since 1888 
In the transitory period from wood to there has been an enormous development 
metal in ship construction, a period in this new industry in the Lake Superior 
roughly estimated as extending from 1840 region, until the amount of capital in 
to 1880, the American flag practically dis- vested in mining and transportation is 
appeared from the high seas, while Eng- estimated at $234,000,000. The rapid 
land, who had held for over 200 years the growth of this industry justifies the pre- 
first place as a ship-building and ship-own- diction that with access to the ocean by 
ing power, still maintained her position, a practicable deep water-way we can not 
Finding her home supply of ship timber only balance our domestic iron and steel 
exhausted, she began to import it, and as trade, but also compete in the foreign mar- 
this was necessarily incompatible with the ket. At present many iron and steel 
maintenance of her supremacy, the next plants on the seaboard import foreign 
step was to take advantage of her increas- iron ores, as the low value of iron ore 
ing production of metals. The evolution in proportion to its weight shuts out 
of the iron ship and its successor, the transportation by rail from the West, 
steel ship, was the result. The period But with a deep-water canal reaching from 
since 1863 has witnessed the production the Great Lakes to the ocean, the ores 
of the English steam fleet, until now Brit- required by the manufacturers on the 
ish steamers carry the freight and passen- Atlantic seaboard could be supplied more 
gers of the greater part of the world. The cheaply than the foreign ores, thus in- 
British ship-yards, too, can now undertake creasing the field for capital and industry, 
the construction of at least twenty battle- while at the same time the iron and steel 
ships and more than twice this number of the establishments on the Great Lakes 
of cruisers at the same time, a potential could be shipped through by water with- 
strength that adds immensely to the out breaking bulk and seek the markets 
maintenance of her present sea power. of the world. 

But England will in time be confronted This brings us to the subject of deep- 
with a new difficulty. The ores in that water canals. For several years, while 
country are not suitable for steel making, the national government has been busy 
and for some years past large quantities \\ith the projected Nicaraguan canal, the 
of ore have been imported from mines people of the West, through private en- 
in the northern part of Spain. These deavor and public discussion, have been 
mines are being rapidly exhausted. Four- agitating the question of deep water-ways, 
fifths of the output goes to England, and from the Great Lakes to the seaboard, 
it has been estimated that at the present The International Deep Water-ways Con- 
rate ten years will exhaust the mines of vention met at Cleveland, O., Sept. 24, 
the Biscay region. Of course there are 1895, and among the delegates were many 

155 



GBEAT LAKES AND THE NAVY, THE 



business men, noted capitalists, and civil 
engineers from the Lake States, and also 
from the Dominion of Canada. Through 
the efforts of this association the matter 
was brought before Congress by Senator 
William Vilas, of Wisconsin, who, on 
Feb. 8, 1895, introduced a joint resolution 
authorizing a preliminary inquiry con 
cerning deep water-ways between the ocean 
and the Great Lakes. This resolution 
was incorporated in the sundry civil ap 
propriation bill, and became a law on 
March 2, 1895. On Nov. 4 the President, 
in conformity with its provisions, appoint 
ed three commissioners, James B. Angell, 
of Michigan ; John E. Russel, of Massa 
chusetts; and Lyman E. Cooley, of Illi 
nois. Soon after this, the Dominion of 
Canada appointed a similar commission, 
and a joint meeting was held in January, 
1896. The United States commission 
spent a year in thoroughly investigating 
the canal question, and submitted their 
report to the President Jan. 8, 1897. In 
this letter transmitting the report to Con 
gress, President Cleveland says: 

" The advantages of a direct and un 
broken water transportation of the prod 
ucts of our Western States and Territories 
from a convenient point of shipment to 
our seaboard ports are plainly palpable. 
The report of the commissioners contains. 
in my opinion, a demonstration of the 
feasibility of securing such transportation, 
and gives ground for the anticipation that 
better and more uninterrupted commerce, 
through the plan suggested, between the 
Great West and foreign ports, with the 
increase of national prosperity which 
must follow in its train, will not long 
escape American enterprise and activity/ 

Meanwhile American " enterprise and 
activity" have been giving the world an 
object-lesson in canal building. The Chi 
cago drainage canal, designed primarily 
to furnish an adequate system of drainage 
for the city of Chicago, but containing all 
the features of a ship canal, is a munici 
pal undertaking that is particularly valu 
able in showing the immense improvement 
in excavating machines and the resultant 
low cost of canal building. The main 
drainage channel extends from the west 
fork of the south branch of the Chicago 
River southwest to Lockport, a distance 
of about 29 miles. The width at the top 



is from 162 feet to 300 feet, and at the 
bottom from 160 feet to 200 feet. The 
depth of water varies from 23 feet to 26 
feet. According to present estimates, it 
will cost $27,303,216. A statement has 
been made that the work of excavation 
will be carried out for less than half the 
cost of similar work on the Manchester 
ship canal, the dimensions of which are ; 
length, 30% miles; width at top, 172 feet; 
width at bottom, 120 feet; depth, 26 feet. 

President Cleveland s prediction, there 
fore, that the feasibility of deep-water 
transportation from the Great Lakes to 
the ocean will not long escape American 
enterprise, bids fair to be realized. If the 
city of Chicago can demonstrate practi 
cally that deep-water canal building has 
been brought within the bounds of reason 
able cost, the general government must, 
in response to urgent appeals from a large 
section of the country interested, soon 
pass beyond the stage of preliminary in 
vestigation to that of definite action. 
Thus far the question of cost has not been 
thoroughly dealt with, but valuable data 
have been collected. Among the more im 
portant conclusions reached by the United 
States Deep Water-ways Commission are 
the following: 

1. That it is entirely feasible to con 
struct such canals and develop such chan 
nels as will give 28 feet of water from the 
Great Lakes to the seaboard. 

2. That, starting from the heads of 
Lakes Michigan and Superior, the most 
eligible route is through the several Great 
Lakes and their intermediate channels 
and the proposed Niagara ship canal 
(Tonawanda to Olcott) to Lake Ontario. 
From Lake Ontario the Canadian seaboard 
can be reached by the way of the St. Law 
rence River, while the American seaboard 
can be reached by way of the St. Lawrence 
River, Lake Champlain and the Hudson 
River, or by way of the Oswego-Oneida- 
Mohawk Valley route and the Hudson 
River. 

3. That while our policy of canal build 
ing should contemplate the ultimate de 
velopment of the largest useful capacity, 
and all work should be planned on that 
basis, at the same time it is practicable 
to develop the work in separate sections, 
each step having its economic justifica 
tion. The Niagara ship canal should 



156 



GREAT LAKES AND THE NAVY, THE 

first be undertaken, and incidentally the placement, and has a main battery of four 

broadening and deepening of the inter- 6-pounder guns. In the building up of the 

mediate channels of the lakes. new navy, some of the ship-builders on 

Such then is a brief resume of this im- the Great Lakes, whose energy and enter- 
portant industrial movement and its col- prise had gone so far as to build whale- 
lateral engineering undertakings. From backs that were towed through the canals 
a military point of view, a series of canals in sections and put together at Montreal, 
entirely within the limits of the United began to inquire whether these methods 
States could be more readily defended, would not be extended to war vessels. In 
But the advantages of following, as far 1890 F. W. Wheeler & Co., of West 
as possible, the natural waterways will at Bay City, Mich., were the lowest bid- 
first probably outweigh the question of ders for the construction of an armored 
defence. If the lake coast - line of over cruiser, one protected cruiser, and a prac- 
3,000 miles is brought into deep-water tice ship. In 1895, the Detroit Dry-Dock 
connection with the Atlantic seaboard, its Company proposed the construction of 
permanent defence will be a question for parts of vessels of war. Both of these 
the army. On the other hand, if perma- bids were rejected by the Navy Depart- 
nent arbitration is to be depended upon ment as being in violation of the Rush- 
as a warrant for following natural com- Bagot agreement. The clause of the 
mercial routes without any thought of agreement which was adjudged to pro- 
ultimate defence, the international char- hibit such construction is as follows-; 
acter of parts of the work and the riparian "All other armored vessels (besides 
interests involved will make the readjust- those authorized to be retained) on these 
ment of the existing treaty relations a lakes shall be forthwith dismantled, and 
question for our statesmen. no other vessels of war shall be there 

Coming now to the direct interests of built or armed." On account of this de- 
the navy in this politico-economic ques- cision, the activity in shipbuilding for 
tion, it will be found that under existing government purposes has been confined, 
conditions there is little hope of any on the Great Lakes, to revenue cutters 
immediate addition from this new source and light ships. The Mississippi Valley, 
to our war-vessel tonnage. The Rush- unhampered by these restrictions, has 
Bagot convention of 1817, entered into built one torpedo-boat, the Ericsson. 
by the United States and Great Britain, Although vessels of war cannot be built 
provides that the naval forces to be main- on the Great Lakes, the building there of 
tained on the Great Lakes shall be con- merchant vessels that by means of the 
fined on each side to one vessel on Lake projected canals will be able to reach the 
Ontario, one vessel on Lake Champlain, seaboard will have an indirect bearing 
and two vessels on the Upper Lakes. These on the future of the navy. Captain Ma- 
vessels are limited to 100 tons burden and han and other writers have pointed out 
an armament of one 18-pounder cannon that we have practically reversed the 
each. This treaty has not taken the shape natural order of things in building ves- 
of a formal international treaty, but has sels of war before building up the mer- 
been practically accepted as binding by chant marine. For more than twenty 
both countries for a period of three- years the government has been a steady 
quarters of a century. Its stipulations customer of the ship-builders on the At- 
have twice during its history been not- lantic and Pacific coasts. As a result 
ably disregarded, once by each country, ship-building plants have been improved, 
but only on occasions of serious public workmen have been trained, and contrib- 
emergency. In view of the great prog- utory industries have been developed. But 
ress made in ship-building and marine it is claimed by these builders that the 
engineering, it is not strange that there patronage of the government is a tempo- 
has been an evasion of the spirit of these rary help only and that the demands of 
antique stipulations, if not a direct viola- our coastwise trade are insufficient to 
tion of the letter of the law. The United promote ship-building on a large scale. 
States steamer Michigan, now in service The main demand for ships must be cre- 
on the Upper Lakes, is of 685 tons dis- ated by an extensive foreign trade carried 

157 



GREAT LAKES AND THE NAVY, THE 

on in American bottoms. It has been officers that we really possess a strong 
demonstrated that the economic changes naval reserve in our seafaring population, 
which will be brought about by a deep- Careful investigation will prove that this 
water route from the Great Lakes to the is not a fact. In the merchant marine 
seaboard will enable us to compete with and deep-sea fisheries from 50 per cent, to 
England in the ocean-carrying trade. 70 per cent, of the men are foreigners, 
Since the Civil War, all our energies have and the number of men available, even if 
been directed towards purely domestic de- they all enlisted, which of course would 
velopment, and capital has sought invest- be impossible, would not serve to put the 
ments in the extension of railways, the navy on a war footing. The Naval Wai- 
settlement of new territory, and the in- College has been investigating the vari- 
dustrial regeneration of the South. The ous phases that war on our coast might 
events of more recent years force us to assume, and has found that we shall need 
look beyond the limits of our own shores, a great number of officers, in addition to 
and our diplomacy has made the Monroe those of the regular navy. Where are 
Doctrine something more than a rhetorical these additional officers to come from ? 
declaration. If we boldly aspire to com- The sources from which they were ob- 
mercial and political supremacy in the tained in 1861 no longer exist, for our 
western hemisphere, and to the creation deep-sea merchant shipping has practical- 
of a foreign carrying trade, we must ad- ly disappeared. Captain Taylor, of the 
mit the absolute necessity for a steadily War College, has given the following brief 
increasing navy. summary of the present condition of af- 

The canal-builders and the ship-build- fairs: 

ers of the Great Lakes have shown that, "... The same conditions do not 
if they are accorded the proper encourage- exist now as did during the Rebellion, 
ment by the national government, the That war, especially on the part of the 
country may rest satisfied with its re- navy, was offensive and attacked an 
sources for establishing a foreign com- enemy upon its own coast, and required 
merce carried in domestic bottoms and a large number of deep-sea ships and deep- 
to provide naval war material to protect sea officers. 

it. Behind these industrial leaders stand, " The wars for which we must plan, at 
as has been said before, more than one- least for the next few years, are de- 
third of the entire population of the fensive for our part, and to be waged 
United States. Nothing can be more against enemies probably superior to us 
gratifying to the navy than the growth on the sea. This throws upon us as a 
of a sentiment favorable to it in a region principal r6le the defence of our coast and 
that a few years ago was most apathetic, the supplementing of our small sea-going 
To-day the citizens of the Middle West navy by a formidable flotilla of small 
show a lively interest in naval affairs, craft, which when thoroughly organized 
and are taking a prominent part in naval and drilled, shall dominate our channels, 
militia work. Chicago, Saginaw, De- sounds, and bays, and make their comfort- 
troit, Toledo, Cleveland, and Rochester able or permanent occupation by hostile 
have large, flourishing naval militia organ- fleets an impossibility." 
izations. The Detroit organization re- Our small sea-going navy is now mani- 
cently took the old Yantic from Montreal festly undermanned. As additions are 
to Detroit without either State or national made to its material, the deficiency in 
aid. In Rochester the boat reconnois- personnel is partly made tip by stop-gap 
sance work on Lake Ontario performed legislation always an unsatisfactory 
by the local organization has received process. As a business proposition, there 
well-merited praise from the War Col- has been among our legislators a desire 
lege. These are only two instances, but to build up an adequate navy, but as 
they show the existence of a patriotic a purely naval undertaking there has 
spirit that ought to be fostered and di- always been opposition to providing the 
rected to the proper ends. Here is a new necessary personnel. England is now 
field for recruiting the naval personnel, going through an interesting experience, 

There is a vague idea among many naval of which we may well take heed. For 

158 



GBEAT LAKES AND THE NAVY, THE 

several years the naval policy of that into closer relations with the other mari- 
country has tended towards maintaining time States kindred interests that have 
in time of peace a personnel that is prac- already produced such excellent ship- 
tically on a war footing. The objection builders, and such skilled seamen, 
to this policy has been that it involves an To those who doubt the possibility of 
immense expenditure in pay, provisions, recruiting inland men for general service 
and pensions, besides the maintenance of in the navy, and who question the ulti- 
ships to give the necessary instruction at mate efficiency of the men thus recruited, 
sea. The alternative has been to develop it is only necessary to point out that 
the efficiency of the naval reserve. But in a single summer the bureau of navi- 
here the supporters of such a plan have gation established recruiting stations on 
met with the same difficulties that beset the Great Lakes, during the busiest part 
us i. e., the merchant marine, which of the navigation season, and from more 
ought to be the source of supply of the than 500 applications enlisted 300 men, 
naval reserve, is becoming honeycombed seamen and mechanics. These men, ac- 
with foreigners. Reliable calculations cording to the reports from the officers of 
show that the number of foreigners in ships to which they were assigned, were 
British ships increased 22 3-10 per cent, in all of very high standard, 
eight years. Poor wages and the natural They were self-respecting Americans, 
discomforts of sea life caused men of This in itself is a great gain. After re- 
British birth to seek employment as cruiting the general service to three-quar- 
skilled workers ashore. ters of its full war strength, which can be 
But the United States has one advan- done as occasion demands, by the enlist- 
tage over England. The latter, in inspect- ment of seamen and mechanics, and by 
ing the source of supply for the naval re- fostering the apprentice system, a naval 
serve, has turned to her widely scattered reserve will have to be depended upon to 
colonies, and reasonably expects that in supply the remaining fourth, and to make 
time of war they Avill contribute their up the wastage of war. This is the Eng- 
share of men. The peculiar system of lish estimate, and it is apparently sound, 
federal government of the United States Until the national government takes up 
permits it to rely, in a measure, upon the naval reserve question the business 
thft States to organize and maintain and professional men who, combining a 
volunteers for national defence, although patriotic spirit with aquatic tastes, enlist 
until recently the system was applied al- in the naval militia, will be very valuable 
most exclusively to recruiting the land aids in examining into and keeping in- 
forces. In 1888 an unsuccessful attempt formed concerning the seafaring personnel 
was made in Congress to create a naval of their States. The energy and execu- 
reserve of officers and men from the tive ability of the men that have taken 
merchant marine. Several States border- hold of this movement in the West (many 
ing upon the sea-coast then made the mat- of them graduates of the Naval Acad- 
ter a local issue, and what were called emy) can be depended upon in case of 
" naval battalions to be attached to the sudden need to enroll a very desirable set 
volunteer militia" was the result. With of men, and thus relieve the regular navy 
the Great Lakes brought into deep-water of preliminary work which its scarcity of 
communication with the Mississippi and regular officers would otherwise make a 
the Atlantic seaboard, a cordon of coast- very difficult undertaking, 
line States will be formed whose similar- One word more about our seafaring 
ity of interests will greatly increase the population. Recent investigation by the 
source from which the country can draw War College has developed the fact that 
for that second line of defence required during the Civil War a large number of 
in time of war to " dominate our chan- men fishermen and local watermen 
nels, sounds, and bays." Barred by the along the North Atlantic coast did not en- 
Rocky Mountains, the Pacific coast stands list for service in the regular navy. The 
apart from any immediate benefits from long term of enlistment required, coupled 
interior waterway improvements, but the with the fact that the sea had no novelty 
building of an isthmian canal will bring for them, may have blunted their patriot- 

159 



GBEAT LAKES AND THE NAVY GBEELEY 

ism. An inquiry among their successors their quota of men that have the handi- 
confirms the opinion that they would ness of the seaman, the skill of the gun- 
much prefer to he utilized for local de- ner, and the ingenuity of the artisan, 
fence. Torpedo-boat flotillas, mosquito The scene changes to the high seas, but 
fleets, coast signal stations, and submarine in the ranks of the militia coast-defenders* 
mining squads would therefore be able will be found the same spirit that ani- 
to obtain among this class very valuable mated the volunteers at Put-in-Bay and 
recruits, while the cruising navy, especial- Sackett s Harbor. 

ly with its term of enlistment extended, Great Seal of the Confederacy, TIIIO, 
as has frequently been recommended, from was made in England, and completed 
three to four years, would not succeed in July, 1864, at a cost of $600. It reach- 
attracting them. ed Richmond in April, 1865, but was never 
The foregoing propositions and the con- used. It is now in the office of the State 
elusions to be drawn from them may be secretary of South Carolina, 
briefly summarized as follows: Great Seal of the United States. See 

1. The Great Lakes region has de- SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
veloped the iron and steel industry to a Great Water. See MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
degree that enables it to surpass all the Greek Fire, a combustible composition 
rest of the United States in the important (unknown, thought to have been princi- 
industry of ship-building. pally naphtha) invented by Callinicus, an 

2. The improvements in canal building engineer of Heliopolis, in Syria, in the 
make it only a question of time when this seventh century, and used by the Greek 
region will have a deep-water outlet to emperors. A so-called Greek fire, prob- 
the sea. ably a solution of phosphorus in bi- 

3. The result of this deep water-way sulphide of carbon, was employed at the 
will be the rehabilitation of our mer- siege of Charleston, S. C., in 1863. The 
chant marine and the creation of an ex- use of all such substances in war is 
tensive foreign trade carried in American now prohibited, under a decision of the 
bottoms. International Peace Conference at The 

4. The expansion of our merchant Hague in 1889. 

marine will be followed necessarily by the Greeley, HORACE, journalist ; born in 

expansion of the navy. Amherst, 1ST. H., Feb. 3, 1811. Fond of 

5. The Great Lakes region is debarred reading almost from babyhood, he felt a 
by existing treaty relations from contrib- strong desire as he grew to youth to be- 
uting material for naval warfare, but, come a printer, and in 1826 was appren- 
containing as it does more than one-third ticed to the art in Poultney, Vt., where 
of our entire population, the navy should, he became an expert workman. His pa- 
as a peace precaution, give immediate en- rents had moved to Erie, Pa., and during 
couragement to the naval-militia move- his minority he visited them twice, walk- 
ment in that part of the United States, ing nearly the whole way. In August, 
thus developing a source of supply for the 1831, he was in New York in search of 
large increase in our personnel that war work, with $10 in his pocket. He worked 
will render necessary. See SHIP-BUILDING, as a journeyman until 1833, when he began 

The names of Perry and Chauncey re- business on his own account, with a part- 
mind us that Lake Erie and Lake Ontario ner, printing the Morning Post, the first 
were once the scene of important naval penny daily paper (owned by Dr. H. D. 
battles. In the hurried preparations of Shepard) ever published. His partner 
those days, when officers and men were (Storey) was drowned in July, and Jonas 
brought from the seaboard over rough Winchester took his place. The new firm 
trails to improvise and man flotillas on issued the New Yorker, devoted mainly to 
the lakes, the frontiersman stood ready current literature, in 1834, of which Mr. 
with his rifle to aid the sailor. To-day, Greeley was editor. The paper reached a 
when the brig has given place to the circulation of 9,000, and continued seven 
battle-ship, and the 32-pounder to the 13- years. In 1840 he edited and published 
inch gun, the descendants of these fron- the Log Cabin, a campaign paper that ob- 
tiersmen may be depended upon to furnish tained a circulation of 80,000 copies; and 

160 



GBEELEY, HORACE 







HORACE GREELET. 



on April 10, 1841, he issued the first num- War. in 2 volumes. The American Conf/id. 
her of the Daily Tribune, a small sheet Mr. Greeley died in a full belief in the 
that sold for one cent. In the fall of that doctrine of universal salvation, which he 
year the Weekly Tribune was issued. Mr. had held for many years, 
preeley formed a partnership with Thomas In the summer of 1864 a number of 
McElrath, who took charge of the busi- leading conspirators against the life of 
ness department, and from that time until the republic were at the Clifton House, 
his death he was identified with the New at Niagara Falls, in Canada, where they 

plotted schemes for exciting hostile feel 
ings between the United States and Great 
Britain; for burning Northern cities; 
rescuing the Confederate prisoners on and 
near the borders of Canada; spreading 
contagious diseases in the national mili 
tary camps; and, ultimately, much 
greater mischief. These agents were vis 
ited by members of the PEACE PARTY 
( q. v. ) . At the suggestion, it is said, 
of a conspicuous leader of that faction, 
a scheme was set on foot to make the 
loyal people, who yearned for an honor 
able peace, dissatisfied with the adminis 
tration. The Confederates at the Clifton 
House employed a Northern politician to 
address a letter to Mr. Greeley, informing 
him that a delegation of Confederates 
were authorized to go to Washington in 
the interest of peace if full protection 

York Tribune. Of Mr. Greeley s career could be guaranteed them. The kindly 
in connection with that paper it is not heart of Mr. Greeley sympathized with 
necessary here to speak, for it is generally this movement, for he did not suspect a 
known. His course on political and so- trick. He drew up a " Plan of Adjust- 
cial questions was erratic. He believed it ment," which he sent, with the letter of 
better, before the Civil War broke out, to the Confederates, to President Lincoln, 
let the States secede if the majority of and urged the latter to respond to it. The 
the people said so. When Jefferson Davis more sagacious President had no confi- 
was to be released on bail he volunteered dence in the professions of these con- 
his signature to his bail-bond; and yet spirators; yet, unwilling to seem heed- 
during the whole war he was thoroughly less of any proposition for peace, he de- 
loyal. In 1869 he was defeated as the puted Mr. Greeley to bring to him any 
Eepublican candidate for comptroller of person or persons " professing to have any 
the State of New York; and in 1872 he proposition of Jefferson Davis, in writing, 
accepted a nomination for President of the for peace, embracing the restoration of 
United States from the LIBERAL REPUB- the Union and abandonment of slavery," 
LICAN PARTY ( q. v. ) , and the nomination with an assurance of safe conduct for him 
was endorsed by the Democratic conven- or them each way. Considerable corre- 
tion (see WILSON, HENRY). It is evident spondence ensued. Mr. Greeley went to 
now that for a year or more Mr. Greeley Niagara Falls. Then the Confederates 
was overworked; and when the election pretended there was a misunderstanding, 
that year was over, and he was defeated, The matter became vexatious, and the 
his brain, doubly taxed by anxiety at the President sent positive instructions to 
bedside of a dying wife, was prostrated Greeley prescribing explicitly what propo- 
with disease. He died in Pleasantville, sitions he would receive namely, for a 
N. Y., Nov. 29, 1872. Mr. Greeley was the restoration of peace, the integrity of the 
author of several books, his most consid- whole Union, and the abandonment of 
erable work being a history of the Civil slavery, and which might come by and 

IV. L 161 



GREELEY, HOBACE 

with the authority that could control the to condemn your every act, hardly a sylla- 
armies then at war with the United ble of criticism or cavil has been aimed at 
States. This declaration was the grand your platform, of which the substance 
object of the Confederates at Niagara, and may be fairly epitomized as follows: 
they used it to " fire the Southern heart " 1. All the political rights and fran- 
and to sow the seeds of discontent among chises which have been acquired through 
the loyal people of the land. our late bloody convulsion must and shall 

Accepting Presidential Nominations. be guaranteed, maintained, enjoyed, re- 
The Liberal Republican Convention, held spected evermore. 

in Cincinnati, gave him the nomination 2. All the political rights and fran- 
for the Presidency on May 1, 1872, and on chises which have been lost through that 
the 3d the committee on notifications in- convulsion should and must be promptly 
formed him of the convention s choice, restored and re-established, so that there 
On the day following the nomination Mr. shall be henceforth no proscribed class 
Greeley retired from all connection with and no disfranchised caste within the 
the editorial department of the Tribune, limits of our Union, whose long-estranged 
and on May 20 he accepted the nomination people shall unite and fraternize upon the 
in the following letter to the committee: broad basis of universal amnesty with im 
partial suffrage. 

NEW YORK, May 20, 1812. 3. That, subject to our solemn con- 

Gentlemen, I have chosen not to ac- stitutional obligation to maintain the 
knowledge your letter of the 3d inst. until equal rights of all citizens, our policy 
I could learn how the work of your con- should aim at local self-government and 
vention was received in all parts of our not at centralization; that the civil 
great country, and judge whether that authority should be supreme over the 
work was approved and ratified by the military; that the writ of habeas corpus 
mass of our fellow-citizens. Their re- should be jealously upheld as the safe- 
sponse has from day to day reached me guard of personal freedom; that the in- 
through telegrams, letters, and the com- dividual citizen should enjoy the largest 
ments of journalists independent of offi- liberty consistent with public order, and 
cial patronage and indifferent to the that there shall be no federal subversion 
smiles or frowns of power. The number of the internal polity of the several States 
and character of these unconstrained, un- and municipalities, but that each shall be 
purchased, unsolicited utterances satisfy left free to enforce the rights and pro- 
me that the movement which found ex- mote the well-being of its inhabitants by 
pression at Cincinnati has received the siich means as the judgment of its own 
stamp of public approval, and been hailed people shall prescribe, 
by a majority of our countrymen as the 4. There shall be a real and not mere- 
harbinger of a better day for the repub- Ty a simulated reform in the civil service 
lie. of the republic; to which end it is indis- 

I do not misinterpret this approval as pensable that the chief dispenser of its 
especially complimentary to myself, nor vast official patronage shall be shielded 
even to the chivalrous and justly esteemed from the main temptation to use his 
gentleman with whose name I thank your power selfishly, by a rule inexorably for- 
convention for associating mine. I re- bidding and precluding his re-election, 
ceive and welcome it as a spontaneous 5. That the raising of revenues, wheth- 
and deserved tribute to that admirable er by tariff or otherwise, shall be recog- 
platform of principles wherein your con- nized and treated as the people s immedi- 
vention so tersely, so lucidly, so forcibly ate business, to be shaped and directed by 
set forth the convictions which impelled, them throiigh their representatives in Con- 
and the purposes which guided its course; gress, whose action thereon the President 
a platform which, casting behind it the must neither overrule by his veto, at- 
wreck and rubbish of worn-out conten- tempt to dictate, nor presume to punish, 
tions and by-gone feuds, embodies in fit by bestowing office only on those who 
and few words the needs and aspirations agree with him or withdrawing it from 
of to-day. Though thousands stand ready those who do not. 

162 



GREELEY, HORACE 

6. That the public lands must be sa- in the joyful consciousness that they are 
credly reserved for occupation and acquisi- and must henceforth remain brethren, 
tion by cultivators, and not recklessly Yours gratefully, 
squandered on the projectors of railroads, HORACE GREELEY. 
for which our people have no present need, The National Democratic Convention 
and the premature construction of which met in Baltimore on July 9, and also 
is annually plunging us into deeper and gave its nomination to Mr. Greeley. To 
deeper abysses of foreign indebtedness. the address of the committee on notifica- 

7. That the achievement of these tions Mr. Greeley responded as follows: 
grand purposes of universal beneficence 

is expected and sought at the hands of Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the 

all who approve them, irrespective of past Committee of the Convention, I should 

affiliations. require time and consideration to reply 

8. That the public faith must at all fitly to the very important and, I need 
hazards be maintained and the national not say, gratifying communication that 
credit preserved. you have presented to me. It may be 

9. That the patriotic devotedness and that I should present in writing some re- 
inestimable services of our fellow-citizens, ply to this. However, as I addressed the 
who, as soldiers or sailors, upheld the Liberal convention, of Cincinnati, in a let- 
dag and maintained the unity of the re- ter somewhat widely considered, it is, 
public, shall ever be gratefully remembered perhaps, unnecessary that I should make 
and honorably requited. any formal reply to the communication 

These propositions, so ably and forci- made, other than to say I accept your 
bly presented in the platform by your nomination, and accept gratefully with it 
convention, have already fixed the atten- the spirit in which it has been presented, 
tion and commanded the assent of a large My position is one which many would 
majority of our countrymen, who joyfully consider a proud one, which, at the same 
adopt them as I do, as the basis of a true, time, is embarrassing, because it subjects 
beneficent national reconstruction of a me to temporary I trust only temporary 
new departure from jealousies, strifes, and misconstruction on the part of some old 
hates, which have no longer adequate mo- and lifelong friends. I feel assured that 
tive or even plausible pretext, into an at- time only is necessary to vindicate, not 
mosphere of peace, fraternity, and mutual only the disinterestedness, but the patriot- 
good-will. In vain do the drill-sergeants ism, of the course which I determined to 
of decaying organizations flourish men- pursue, which I had determined long be- 
acingly their truncheons and angrily in- fore I had received so much sympathy and 
sist that the files shall be closed and support as has, so unexpectedly to me, 
straightened; in vain do the whippers-in been bestowed upon me. I feel certain 
of parties once vital, because rooted in the that time, and, in the good Providence of 
vital needs of the hour, protest against God, an opportunity, will be afforded me 
straying and bolting, denounce men no- to show that, while you, in making this 
wise their inferiors as traitors and renc- nomination, are not less Democratic, but 
gades, and threaten them with infamy rather more Democratic, than you would 
and ruin. I am confident that the Ameri- have been in taking an opposite course, 
can people have already made your cause I am no less thoroughly and earnestly 
their own. fully resolved that their brave Republican than ever I was. But these 
hearts and strong arms shall bear it on matters require grave consideration be- 
to triumph. In this faith and with the fore I should make anything that seems 
distinct understanding that, if elected, I a formal response. I am not much ac- 
shall be the President not of a party but customed to receiving nominations for the 
of the whole people, I accept your nomina- Presidency, and cannot make responses so 
tion, in the confident trust that the masses fluently as some other might do. I can 
of our countrymen North and South are only say that I hope some, or all, if you 
eager to clasp hands across the bloody can make it convenient, will come to my 
chasm which has too long divided them, humble farm-house, not far distant in the 
forgetting that they have been enemies country, where I shall be glad to meet all 

163 



GREELEY, HOBACE 

of you, and where we can converse more itself deliberately, by a vote nearly unani- 

freely and deliberately than we can here, mous, upon the fullest and clearest enun- 

and where I shall be glad to make you elation of principles which are at once 

welcome well, to the best the farm incontestable Republican and emphati- 

afl ords. I hope that many of you all cally Democratic, gives trustworthy as- 

of you will be able to accept this invi- surance that a new and more auspicious 

tation, and I now simply thank you and era is dawning upon our long - distracted 

say farewell. Take the S.io train. country. 

On July 18, he addressed a fuller ex- Some of the best years and best efforts 

pression of his views on the political situ- of my life were devoted to a struggle 

tion to the committee in the following let- none the less earnest or arduous because 

ter: respect for constitutional obligations con 
strained me to act, for the most part, on 

Gentlemen, Upon mature delibera- the defensive, in resistance to the diffusion 
tion, it seems fit that I should give to your rather than in direct efforts for the ex- 
letter of the 10th inst. some further and tension of human bondage. Throughout 
fuller response than the hasty, unpremedi- most of those years my vision was un- 
tated words in which I acknowledged and cheered, my exertions were rarely ani- 
accepted your nomination at our meeting mated by even so much as a hope that I 
on the 12th. should live to see my country peopled by 
That your convention saw fit to ac- freemen alone. The affirmance by your 
cord its highest honor to one who had convention of the Cincinnati platform is 
been prominently and pointedly opposed a most conclusive proof that not merely 
to your party in the earnest and some- is slavery abolished, but that its spirit 
times angry controversies of the last forty is extinct; that, despite the protests of 
years is essentially noteworthy. That a respectable but isolated few, there re- 
many of you originally preferred that the mains among us no party and no formid- 
Liberal Republicans should present an- able interests which regret the overthrow 
other candidate for President, and would or desire the re-establishment of human 
more readily have united with us in the bondage, whether in letter or in spirit, 
support of Adams or Trumbull, Davis or I am thereby justified in my hope and 
Brown, is well known. I owe my adoption trust that the first century of American 
at Baltimore wholly to the fact that I independence will not close before the 
had already been nominated at Cincinnati, grand elemental truths on which its 
and that a concentration of forces upon rightfulness was based by Jefferson and 
any new ticket had been proved impracti- the Continental Congress of 1776 will no 
cable. Gratified as I am at your concur- longer be regarded as glittering generali- 
rence in the nominations, certain as I am ties, but will have become the universally 
that you would not have thus concurred accepted and honored foundations of our 
had you not deemed me upright and political fabric. 

capable, I find nothing in the circum- I demand the prompt application of 
stance calculated to inflame vanity or those principles to our existing conditions, 
nourish self-conceit. Having done what I could for the coin- 
But that your convention saw fit. in plete emancipation of blacks, I now insist 
adopting the Cincinnati ticket, to reaffirm on the full enfranchisement of all my 
the Cincinnati platform, is to me a white countrymen. Let none say that the 
source of profoundest satisfaction. That ban has just been removed from all but 
body was constrained to take this im- a few hundred elderly gentlemen, to whom 
portant step by no party necessity, real eligibility to office can be of little con- 
or supposed. It might have accepted the sequence. My view contemplates not the 
candidates of the Liberal Republicans hundreds proscribed, but the million* 
upon grounds entirely its own, or it who are denied the right to be ruled and 
might have presented them (as the first represented by the men of their unfet- 
Whig national convention did Harrison tered choice. Proscription were absurd 
and Tyler) without adopting any plat- if these did not wish to elect the very 
form whatever. That it chose to plant men whom they were forbidden to choose. 

164 



GREELEY GREELY 

I have a profound regard for the peo- also mine, assures me that Democracy is 
pie of that New England wherein I was not henceforth to stand for one thing and 
horn, in whose common schools I was Republicanism for another, but that those 
taught. I rank no other people above them terms are to mean in politics, as they al- 
in intelligence, capacity, and moral worth, ways have meant in the dictionary, sub- 
But, while they do many things well, and stantially one and the same thing 
some admirably, there is one thing which namely, equal rights regardless of creed, 
I am sure they cannot wisely or safely or clime, or color. I hail this as a 
undertake, and that is the selection, for genuine new departure from out-worn 
States remote from and unlike their own, feuds and meaningless contentions, in the 
of the persons by whom those States shall direction of progress and reform. Whether 
be represented in Congress. If they do I shall be found worthy to bear the stand- 
all this to good purpose, then republican ard of the great liberal movement which 
institutions were unfit, and aristocracy the American people have inaugurated is 
the only true political system. to be determined not by words but by 

Yet what have we recently witnessed? deeds. With me if I steadily advance, over 

Zebulon B. Vance, the unquestionable me if I falter, its grand army moves on to 

choice of a large majority of the present achieve for our country her glorious, 

legislature of North Carolina a major- beneficent destiny. 
ity backed by a majority of the people I remain, gentlemen, yours, 

who voted at its election refused the HORACE GREELEY. 

seat in the federal Senate to which he was Greely, ADOLPHUS WASHINGTON, ex- 

fairly chosen, and the legislature thus plorer; born in Newburyport, Mass., 

constrained to choose another in his stead March 27, 1844; was liberally educated; 

or leave the State unrepresented for and at the breaking out of the Civil War 

years. The votes of New England thus joined the volunteer army and served 

deprived North Carolina of the Senator faithfully until the close of the strife, 

of her choice, and compelled her to send when he was commissioned a lieutenant 

another in his stead another who, in our in the regular army and assigned to the 

late contest, was, like Vance, a Confeder- signal service. In 1881 he commanded an 

ate, and a fighting Confederate, but one expedition sent into the arctic regions 

who had not served in Congress before by the government to establish a series of 

the war as Vance had, though the latter circumpolar stations for scientific obser- 

remained faithful to the Union till after vations, in accordance with a plan of the 

the close of his term. I protest against International Geographical Congress held 

the disfranchisement of a State pre- at Hamburg in 1879. He landed with his 

sumptively, of a number of States on party of twenty-five at Discovery Harbor, 

grounds so narrow and technical as this, in lat. 81 44 N., on Aug. 12, 188 1. 

The fact that the same Senate which re- They made their permanent camp at Cape 

fused Vance his seat proceeded to remove Sabine in October, 1883, where they suf- 

his disabilities after that seat had been fered intensely for want of supplies which 

filled by another only serves to place in had failed to reach them. There all but 

stronger light the indignity to North six of the twenty-five died of starvation. 

Carolina, and the arbitrary, capricious The six, of whom Lieutenant Greely was 

tyranny which dictated it. one, were rescued by a relief party under 

I thank you, gentlemen, that my name CAPT. WINFIELD S. SCHLEY (q. v.) on 

is to be conspicuously associated with June 22, 1884. Had the rescuers been 

yours in the determined effort to render forty-eight hours later, not one of the 

amnesty complete and universal in spirit party would have been found alive. The 

as well as in letter. Even defeat in such living, and the dead bodies, were brought 

a cause would leave no sting, while tri- home. Two officers of the party, Lieuten- 

umph would rank with those victories ant Lockwood and Sergeant Brainerd, had 

which no blood reddens and which in- penetrated to lat. 83 24 N"., and hoisted 

voke no tears but those of gratitude and the American flag. It was the highest 

joy. northerly point that had then been at- 

Gentlemen, your platform, which is tained. On the death of GEN. WILLIAM 

165 



GREEN 



24, 1704, issued the 
first number of the 
Boston News Letter. 
He died in Boston, 
Dec. 28/1732. 

Green, BERIAH, re 
former; born in New 
York in 1794; gradu 
ated at Middlebury 
College in 1819; settled 
in Ohio in 1821, and 
became president of the 
Oneida Institute in 
1824; was a leader in 
the organization of the 
American Anti-Slavery 
Society, and for some 
time its president. He 
was the author of 
History of the Quakers. 
He died in Whitestown. 
N. Y., May 4, 1874. 

Green, DUFF, jour 
nalist; born in Ken- 
;^ tucky, Aug. 15, 1791. 
In 1829-33 he conduct- 
\- ed the United States 
Telegram. It was de 
clared that he exerted 
a large influence over 
President Jackson, and 
the opponents of the 
President included 
Green in what they 
termed the " kitchen 

B. HAZEN (q. v.), Greely was appointed cabinet." Green published Facts and Sug- 
his successor. gestions. He died in Dalton, Ga., June 

Green, ANDREW HASWEIX, lawyer; 10, 1875. 

born in Worcester, Mass., Oct. 6, 1820; Green, SAMUEL, second printer in the 
studied law and began practice in New United States; born in England in 1615; 
York City. He was at different times succeeded Day (see DAY, or DA YE, STE- 
city comptroller, president of the Board of PHEN) in 1648. He printed the Cam- 
Kducation, comptroller of Central Park, bridge Platform in 1649, the entire Bible 
president of the Park Commission, a and Psalter, translated into the Indian 
trustee of the New York Public Library language by John Eliot the Apostle, in 
and of the Museum of Natural History, 1663, and many other books. He died in 
originator of the Metropolitan Museum of Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 1, 1792. 
Art, etc. He was popularly known as the Green, SAMUEL ABBOTT, physician ; born 
"Father" of the park system of New in Groton, Mass., March 16, 1830; grad- 
York, and as the " Father " of the Greater uated at Harvard College in 1851, and 
New York. He was murdered in New at Harvard Medical School in 1854; 
York, Nov. 13, 1903. served in the Civil War as assistant sur- 

Green, BARTHOLOMEW, publisher; born geon and surgeon; and received the bre- 
in Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 12, 1666; son vet of lieutenant-colonel in 1864. He is 
of Samuel Green ; succeeded his father the author of History of Medicine in Mas- 
as printer, in Boston, and on April sachusetts ; Groton During the Indian 

166 




ADOLPHCS W. GREELY. 



GREEN GREENBACK PARTY 

Wars; and of several volumes in the Gro- cumstance gave birth also to the name of 
ton Historical Series. Greenbacker, applied to those who op- 
Green, SETH, pisciculturist ; born in posed the resumption of specie payments, 
Rochester, N. Y., March 19, 1817; was according to the act of Congress of Jan. 
educated in the public schools of his 7, 1875, which designated Jan. 1, 1879, as 
native city. He early showed a passion the day on which the government and 
for fishing and hunting, and in 1837 dis- national banks would make such resump- 
covered how to propagate fish artificially, tion. The opponents of the measure fa 
in 1838 he went to Canada and studied vored the continual issue of a paper cur- 
the habits of salmon, which he observed rency that should be given the quality of 
ate their spawn as soon as it was cast, a full legal tender. For several years the 
He established methods to prevent this Greenbackers formed a considerable body 
and increased the yield of fish to 95 per of citizens and maintained a national 
cent. In 1864 he settled in Caledonia, political organization. See FIAT MONEY; 
N. Y., where he propagated fish by im- CURRENCY, NATIONAL; FINANCES, UNITED 
pregnating dry spawn by an artificial STATES; GREENBACK PARTY; SPECIE PAY- 
method. In 1867 the fish commissioners MENTS. 

of New England invited him to experi- Greenback Party, a political organiza- 
ment in the hatching of shad. Going to tion founded at a convention at Indiau- 
Holyoke, he made improvements which in apolis, Ind., on Nov. 25, 1874. At that 
an incredibly short time hatched 15,000,- time three propositions which have been 
000, and in 1868 40,000,000. In the latter the foundation of all greenback platforms 
year he was made superintendent of the were endorsed. These read as follows: 1. 
New York State fisheries. In 1871 he That the currency of all national and 
sent the first shad ever transported State banks and corporations should be 
to California. As a result of this trial withdrawn; 2. That the only currency 
more than 1,000,000 shad were sent to should be a paper one, issued by the gov- 
the Pacific coast in 1885. During his eminent, " based on the faith and re- 
life he hatched by artificial methods the sources of the nation," exchangeable on 
spawn of about twenty kinds of fish, demand for bonds bearing interest at 3.65 
He was the author of Trout Culture per cent. ; and 3. That coin should only be 
and Fish Hatching and Fish Catching, paid for interest on the present national 
He died in Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 20, debt, and for that portion of the principal 
1888. for which coin had been specifically prom- 
Green, THOMAS, military officer; born ised. For a time the progress of the 
in Virginia in 1816; settled in Texas early Greenback party was hindered by the 
in life; served in the war with Mexico; adoption of these three propositions in 
and when the Civil War began joined the Democratic State conventions, but in 
the Confederate army, and took part in 1876 the party was again revived. A na- 
the engagements of Valverde, Bisland, and tional convention was held in Indian- 
Galveston, and the capture of the United apolis, May 17, 1876, and Peter Cooper, 
States revenue-cutter Harriet Lane. In of New York, was nominated for Presi- 
1863 he defeated the National army dent, with Samuel F. Cory, of Ohio, for 
in the action of Bayou la Fourche ; Vice-President. The election returns show- 
was promoted major-general in recogni- ed a popular vote of 81,737 for these can- 
tion of his gallantry; and was fatally didates. On Feb. 22, 1878, the Labor-re- 
wounded at Pleasant Hill, La., by a form and Greenback parties were united in 
shot from a United States war - ship, a national convention held in Toledo, O., 
April 12, 1864, and died two days after- and a few new resolutions in favor of leg- 
wards, islative reduction of working-men s hours 
Greenbacks, the name popularly given of labor and against the contract system 
to issues of paper currency by the national of using inmates of prisons were added 
government in the Civil War and recon- to the Greenback platform. This fusion 
struction periods, because the lettering of the two parties met with much ap- 
and devices on the back of the notes probation, as was evidenced in the State 
were printed with green ink, This cir- and congressional elections of 1878, when 

167 



GREENE 

more than 1,000,000 votes were polled and roe, Va. ; and at various posts in North 
fourteen congressmen were elected. The Carolina till June 10, 1872, when he was 
next national convention of the party was transferred to the engineer corps, and 
held in Chicago, June 9-10, 1880, when served as assistant astronomer on the 
James B. Weaver, of Iowa, was nominated northern boundary of the United States 
for President, and B. J. Chambers, of till 1876. He was promoted to first lieu- 
Texas, for Vice- President. The whole tenant, Jan. 13, 1874. He was military 
number of votes then cast was 307,306. In attache to the United States legation at 
1884 the Greenback party united with an St. Petersburg in 1877-79, and during 
Anti-Monopolist party in nominating the Russo-Turkish War was with the 
Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, for Russian army, being present at the bat- 
President, and in the election he received ties of Shipka Pass, Plevna, the passage 
133.825 votes. In succeeding Presidential of the Balkans, Taskosen, Sofia, and Phil- 
campaigns the Greenback party had no opopolis. For bravery in several of these 
candidates in the field, the bulk of its battles he received the Orders of St. Anne 
former adherents probably uniting with and St. Vladimir, and a campaign medal 
the PEOPLE S PARTY (q.v.). from the Emperor of Russia. In 1879- 

Greene, ALBERT GORTON, lawyer; born 85 he was assistant to the engineer corn- 
in Providence, R. I., Feb. 10, 1802; grad- missioner of the District of Columbia, 
uated at Brown University in 1820; ad- In 1883 he was promoted to captain. In 
mitted to the bar in 1823, and began 1885 he became Professor of Practical Mili- 
practice in Providence; president of the tary Engineering at West Point; and Dec. 
Rhode Island Historical Society in 1854- 31, 1886, resigned from the army. When 
68. He was the author of the poems The the war with Spain broke out in 1898 he 
Militia Muster; Old Grimes; Adelheid; was commissioned colonel of the 7lst New 
The Baron s Last Banquet; and Canon- York Regiment, but before this regiment 
diet. He died in Cleveland, O., Jan. 4, embarked for Cuba he was sent to Manila 

with the rank of brigadier-general of 

Greene, CHRISTOPHER, military officer; volunteers, and had command of the 
born in Warwick, R. L, May 12, 1737; United States forces in the battle of Ma- 
was major in the " army of observation " late, June 30, 1898, and in other actions 
authorized by the legislature of Rhode around Manila in August. On Aug. 13, 
Island. He accompanied Arnold through 1898, he was promoted to major-general, 
the wilderness to Quebec in the fall of Returning from the Philippines in Oc- 
1775, and was made prisoner in the at- tober he was placed in command of the 2d 
tack on that city at the close of Decem- Division of the 7th Army Corps, and was 
ber. In October, 1776, he was put in com- on duty at Jacksonville (Fla.), Savannah 
mand of a regiment, and was placed in (Ga.), and Havana. He resigned his COTII- 
cliarge of Fort Mercer, on the Delaware, mission Feb. 28, 1890; police commis- 
which he gallantly defended the next year, sioner of New York in 1903-04. He is 
He took part in Sullivan s campaign in the author of The Russian Army and Its 
Rhode Island in 1778, and in the spring Campaigns in Turkey: Army Life in Rus- 
of 1781 his quarters on the Croton River, wr; The Mississippi Campaign of the Civil 
Westchester co., N. Y., were surrounded War; Life of Nathanael Greene, Major- 
by a party of loyalists, and he was slain General in the Army of the Revolution; etc. 
May 13, 1781. For his defence of Fort Greene, GEORGE SEARS, military officer; 
Mercer, Congress voted him a sword in born in Warwick, R. I., May 6, 1801 ; 
1786, and it was presented to his eldest graduated at West Point in 1823. He re- 
son, signed in 1836; became a civil engineer; 

Greene, FRANCIS VINTON, military and was employed in the construction of 
officer ; born in Providence, R. I., June 27, the High Bridge and Croton reservoir in 
1850; son of Gen. George Sears Greene; New York City. In January, 1 862, he was 
graduated at the United States Mili- appointed colonel of the 60th New York 
iary Academy in 1870, and commissioned Regiment, and commanded in Auger s di- 
a second lieutenant of the 4th Artillery, vision in Banks s corps. Having been ap- 
He served at Fort Foote, Md. ; Fort Mon- pointed brigadier-general, he took com- 

168 



GREENE 



mand of Auger s division on the latter s struction at the Brandywine; was in the 
promotion, and fought gallantly under battle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777, and 
Mansiield at Antietam. He was in the in March, 1778, accepted the office of 
battles of Chancel lorsville and Gettys- quartermaster-general, but with a guar- 
burg. He was wounded at Wauhatchie in antee that he should not lose his right of 
1SG3; and was in eastern North Carolina command in action. This office he resign- 
early in 1865; was brevetted major-gen- ed in August, 1780. In the battle of 
eral of volunteers, March 13, 1865; and Springfield, in June, 1780, he was con- 
was mustered out of the service, April spicuous. During Washington s visit to 
30, 1866. As the oldest graduate of West Hartford (September, 1780) he was in 
Point, Congress authorized his reappoint- command of the army, and was president 
nient to the regular army as a first lieu- of the court of inquiry in the case of 
tenant of artillery, Aug. 2, 1894, and he Major Andre 1 soon afterwards (see ANDKE, 
was retired on the llth. He, died in Mor- JOHN). Greene succeeded Gates in com- 
ristown, N. J., Jan. 28, 1899. mand of the Southern army, Oct. 14, 1780, 

Greene, GEORGE WASHINGTON, author; which he found a mere skeleton, while a 
born in East Greenwich, R. I., April 8, powerful enemy was in front of it. He 
1811; was educated at Brown College; took command of it at Charlotte, N. C., 
became Professor of History at Cornell Dec. 4. By skill and energy he brought 
University in 1872. His publications in- order and strength out of confusion, and 
elude Historical View of the American soon taught Cornwallis that a better 
Revolution; Nathanael Greene; An Ex 
amination of the Ninth Volume of Ban 
croft s History; The German Element in 
the War of American Independence; Short 
History of Rhode Island, etc. He died in 
East Greenwich, R. I., Feb. 2, 1883. 

Greene, NATHANAEL, military officer; 
born in Warwick, R. I., May 27, 1742; 
was the son of a member of the Society of 
Friends or Quakers. His education was 
confined to the English of the common 
school, and his youth was spent on the 
farm, in a mill, or in a blacksmith s shop. 
At the age of twenty years he studied law 
and afterwards military tactics. He was 
fond of books from his childhood. In 
1770 he was elected a member of the 
Rhode Island legislature, wherein he held 
a seat until appointed to the command of 
the Southern army in 1780. His military 
proclivities caused him to be " disowned " general than Gates confronted him. He 
by Friends, and he became a member of a made a famous retreat through Carolina 
military company. Three regiments of into Virginia, and, turning back, fought 
militia were organized in Rhode Island the British army at Guildford Court- 
after the affair at Lexington, as an " army house, N. C., March 15, 1781. Greene 
of observation," and these Greene, as pro- then pushed into South Carolina, and 
vincial brigadier-general, led to Cain- was defeated by Lord Rawdon in the 
bridge, where he was created a brigadier- battle of Hobkirk s Hill, April 25. Soon 
general in the Continental army, June 22, afterwards he besieged the fort of Ninety- 

1775. Washington saw and appreciated six, and on Sept. 8 gained a victory at 
his soldierly qualities, and in August, Eutaw Springs, S. C., for which Congress 

1776, he was made a major-general. He gave him thanks, a British standard, and 
commanded the left wing of the army at a gold medal. Expelling the British from 
Trenton ; was active in New Jersey : by a the Southern country, Greene returned to 
rapid movement saved the army from de- Rhode Island at the close of the war. 

169 




NATHANAEL GRBEN K. 



GBEENE, NATHANAEL 

Congress presented him with two pieces the hero was settled early in March, 1901, 

of artillery. The State of Georgia gave when Col. Asa Bird Gardiner, acting in 

him a fine plantation a few miles from behalf of the Rhode Island Society of 

Savannah, where he settled in the fall of the Cincinnati, made an exploration of the 




. 






GREENE S MEDAL. 

1785, and died June 19, 1786. South cemeteries in Savannah, Ga., and, in the 
Carolina also gave him a valuable tract Jones vault of the long-abandoned colo- 
of land. A monument dedicated jointly nial cemetery, found the plate that had 
to Greene and Pulaski stands in the city been on General Greene s coffin and three 
of Savannah, and the State of Rhode metal buttons, with the American eagle on 
Island has erected an equestrian statue of them, doubtless from the uniform in 
him at the national capital, executed by which it is known that General Greene 
H. K. Browne. The doubt that had long was buried. 

existed as to the actual burial-place of While Greene and his army remained 

on the Santee Hills 
until late in the 
fall, his partisan 
corps, led by Mari 
on, Sumter, Lee, 
and others, were 
driving the British 
forces f rom post to 
post, in the low 
country, and smit 
ing Tory bands in 
every direction. 
The British finally 
evacuated all their 
interior stations 
and retired to 
Charleston, pur 
sued almost to the 
edge of the city 
by the partisan 
troops. The main 

i 3 

army occupied a 

TRADING FORD ON THE CATAWBA. 

170 




GREENE, NATHANAEL 




GENERAL GREENE CROSSING THE RIVER DAN. 



that city and Jacksonboro, where the 
South Carolina legislature had resumed 
its sessions. Greene had failed to win 
victories in battle, but had fully ac 
complished the object of his campaign 
namely, to liberate the Carolinas and 
Georgia from British rule. In the course 
of nine months he had recovered the three 
Southern States, and at the close of 1781 
he had all the British troops below Vir- 

17 



ginia hemmed within the cities of Charles 
ton and Savannah. 

After the disaster at the Cowpens, 
Cornwallis placed his force in light 
marching order and started in pursuit of 
Morgan, hoping to intercept him before 
he could cross the Catawba River. The 
earl ordered all his stores and superflu 
ous baggage to be burned, and his whole 
army was converted into light infantry 
I 



GREENE GBEEN MOUNTAIN BOYS 

corps. The only wagons saved were those Academy in 1859. When the Civil War 

with hospital stores, salt, and ammuni- broke out he was assigned to the iron- 

tion, and four empty ones for sick and clad Monitor, and during her action with 

wounded. Sensible of his danger, Morgan, the Merrimac he directed every shot that 

leaving seventy of his wounded under a was fired, until he took command in place 

flag of truce, crossed the Broad River of Lieutenant Worden, who had been 

immediately after the battle at the Cow- wounded. He served on the Monitor till 

PENS ( q. v. ) , and pushed for the Catawba. she sank near Cape Hatteras. He was 

Cornwallis followed the next morning, promoted commander in 1872. He died 

Two hours before the van of the pursuers in Portsmouth Navy-yard, N. H., Dec. 11, 

appeared, Morgan had passed the Catawba 1884. 

at Trading Ford, and before the British Greene, ZEOHARIAH, chaplain; born in 
could begin the passage, heavy rains pro- StafTord, Conn., Jan. 11, 1760; was a sol- 
duced a sudden rise in the waters, and dier in the army of the Revolution; be- 
time was given to Morgan to send off his came a minister of the Gospel and a sot- 
prisoners, and to refresh his weary tied pastor on Long Island, and was a 
troops. When Greene heard of the affair chaplain in the army in the War of 1812- 
at the Cowpens 3 he put his troops in mo- 15. He died in Hempstead, L. I., June 20, 
tion to join Morgan. Pressing forward 1858. 

with only a small guard, he joined Mor- Greener, RICHARD THEODORE, lawyer; 
gan two days after he had passed the born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 30, 1844; 
Catawba (Jan. 29, 1781), and assumed, was the first negro graduate at Harvard 
in person, the command of the division. College, where he finished with a brilliant 
And now one of the most remarkable record in 1870; became a lawyer in 1877; 
military movements on record occurred. United States consul at Vladivostok, Si- 
It was the retreat of the American army, beria, in 1898. His addresses include 
under Greene, from the Catawba through Charles Sumner, the Idealist, Statesman, 
North Carolina into Virginia. When the and Scholar; Eulogy on the Life and 
waters of the Catawba subsided, Corn- Services of William Lloyd Garrison; The 
wallis crossed and resumed his pursuit. Intellectual Position of the Negro; etc. 
He reached the right bank of the Yadkin Greenhow, ROBERT, author; born in 
(Feb. 3), just as the Americans were Richmond, Va., in 1800; graduated at 
safely landed on the opposite shore. Again William and Mary College in 1816; re- 
he was arrested by the sudden swelling moved to California in 1850. He publish- 
of the river. Onward the flying patriots ed History of Tripoli, and a Report on the 
sped, and after a few hours Cornwallis Discovery of the Northwest Coast of 
was again in full pursuit. At Guilford North America, which was later enlarged 
Court-house Greene was joined (Feb. 7) and republished under the title of His- 
by his main army from Cheraw, and all tory of Oregon and California. He died 
continued their flight towards Virginia, in San Francisco, Cal., in 1854. 
for they were not strong enough to give Greenland. See VINLAND, VOYAGES TO. 
battle. After many hardships and nar- Greenleaf, JONATHAN, clergyman; born 
row escapes, the Americans reached the in Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 4, 1785. 
Dan (Feb. 15, 1781), and crossed its ris- His publications include Sketches of the 
ing waters into the friendly bosom of Ecclesiastical History of Maine; History 
Halifax county, Va. When Cornwallis of New York Churches, etc. He died in 
arrived, a few hours afterwards, the Brooklyn, N. Y., April 24, 1865. 
stream was so high and turbulent that he Greenleaf, MOSES, author; born in 
could not cross. There, mortified and dis- Newburyport, Mass., in 1778. He was the 
appointed, the earl abandoned the chase, author of Statistical Vieic of the District 
and, moving sullenly southward through of Maine, and Survey of the State of 
North Carolina, established his camp at Maine. He died in Williamsburg, Me., 
Hillsboro. March 20, 1834. 

Greene, SAMUEL DANA, naval officer; Green Mountain Boys. Some of the 

born in Cumberland, Md., Feb. 11, 1839; settlers who had received grants of land 

graduated at the United States Naval from Governor Wentworth, of New Hamp- 

172 



GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS GREENOUGH 



sli ire, had crossed the Green Mountains 
and occupied lands on the shores of 
Lake Champlain. Emigration flowed over 
the mountains rapidly after the close of the 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAB (q. v.), and the 
present State of Vermont was largely cov 
ered by Wentworth s grants. The authori 
ties of New York now proceeded to assert 
their claims to this territory under the 
charter given to the Duke of York. Act 
ing-Governor Golden issued a proclama 
tion to that effect, Dec. 28, 1763, to which 
Wentworth replied by a counter-proclama 
tion. Then the matter, on Colden s appli 
cation, was laid before the King in coun 
cil. A royal order was issued, March 13, 
1764, which declared the Connecticut 
Eiver to be the eastern boundary of New 
York. The settlers did not suppose this 
decision would affect the titles to their 
lands, and they had no care about politi 
cal jurisdiction. Land speculators caused 
the New York authorities to assert fur 
ther claims that were unjust and impoli 
tic. On the decision of able legal author 
ity, they asserted the right of property in 
the soil, and orders were issued for the 
survey and sale of farms on the " Grants " 
in the possession of actual settlers, who 
had bought, paid for, and improved them. 
The settlers, disposed to be quiet, loyal 
subjects of New York, were converted into 
rebellious foes, determined and defiant. 

A new and powerful opposition to the 
claims of New York was created, composed 
of the sinews and muskets and determined 
wills of the people of the " Grants," backed 
by New Hampshire, and, indeed, by all 
New England. New York had left them 
no alternative but the degrading one of 
leaving or repurchasing their posses 
sions. The governor and council of New 
York summoned the people of the 
" Grants " to appear before them at Al 
bany, with their deeds and other evidences 
of possession, within three months, failing 
in which it was declared that the claims 
of all delinquents would be rejected. No 
attention was paid to the summons. 
Meanwhile speculators had been purchas 
ing from New York large tracts of these 
estates, and were preparing to take pos 
session. The settlers sent an agent to 
England to lay their case before the King. 
He came back in 1767 with an order for 
the governor of New York to abstain from 



issuing any more patents for lands east 
ward of Lake Champlain. The order was 
not ex post facto, and the New York 
patentees proceeded to take possession of 
their purchased lands. The settlers 
aroused for resistance, led by a brave and 
determined commander from Connecticut, 
ETHAN ALLEN (q. v.). The men under 
his command called themselves the " Green 
Mountain Boys " ; and for some years the 
New Hampshire Grants formed a theatre 
where all the elements of civil war, ex 
cepting actual carnage, were in active 
exercise. In 1774 Governor Tryon, of New 
York, issued a proclamation, ordering 
Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, and other lead 
ers of the Green Mountain Boys, to sur 
render themselves within thirty days, or 
be subjected to the penalty of death. These 
leaders retorted by offering a reward for 
the arrest of the attorney-general of New 
York. The war for independence soon 
broke out and suspended the controversy. 
In that war the Green Mountain Boys took 
a conspicuous part. 

Green Mountain State. A popular 
name of Vermont, the principal mountain 
range being the Green Mountains. 

Greenough, HORATIO, sculptor; born in 
Boston, Mass., Sept. 6, 1805; gradu 
ated at Harvard in 1825; evinced a taste 
and talent for the cultivation of art in 



* 




HORATIO GREEXOrGH. 



his early youth; and soon after his 
graduation he went to Italy, where he 
remained about a year. On his return to 



173 



GREENVILLE GREGORY 



Boston in 1826 he modelled several busts, 
and then returned to Italy, making Flor 
ence his residence. Ever active, ever 
learning, and exceedingly industrious, he 
executed many pieces of sculpture of gi eat 
merit. Among them was a group The 
Chanting Cherubs the first of the kind 
ever undertaken by an American sculptor. 
He made a colossal statue of Washington, 
half nude, in a sitting posture, for the 
Capitol at Washington, but it was so large 
that it could not be taken into the rotunda, 
its destined resting-place, and it occupies 
a position before the eastern front of the 
great building. He also executed a colos 
sal group for the government The 
Rescue which occupied the artist about 
eight years. Besides numerous statues 
and groups, Mr. Greenough made busts of 
many of our statesmen. His Life and 
Essays were published in 1853 by his 
friend Henry T. Tuckerman. Mr. Green 
ough was greatly beloved by those who 
were favored with his personal acquaint 
ance as a noble, generous, and kind- 
hearted man. He died in Summerville, 
Mass., Dec. 18, 1852. 

Greenville, TREATY AT. After the 
successful campaigns of Gen. Anthony 
Wayne against the Northwestern Indian 
tribes in 1793-94, his army lay in winter 
quarters in Greenville, Darke co., O., and 
there, on Aug. 3, 1795, he concluded a 
treaty with several of the tribes namely, 
Wyandottes, Delawares, Shawnees, Otta- 
was, Chippewas, Pottawatomies, Miamis, 
Eel River Indians, Weas, Piankshaws, 
Kickapoos, and Kaskaskias. There were 
1,130 Indian participants in making the 
treaty. The principal chiefs present were 
Tarhe, Buckhongehelas, Black Hoof, Blue 
Jacket, and Little Turtle. The basis of 
the treaty was that hostilities should per 
manently cease and all prisoners be re 
stored. The boundary-line between the 
United States and the lands of the several 
tribes was fixed. 

Greenwood, GRACE. See LIPPINCOTT, 
SARA JANE. 

Greer, JAMES ATJGUSTIN, naval officer; 
born in Cincinnati, 0., Feb. 28, 1833; 
joined the navy in January, 1848; com 
manded the iron-clad Benton, April 16, 
1863, during the passage of the batteries 
at Vicksburg and in subsequent actions. 
In 1873 as commander of the Tigress he 

17 



found the wreck of the Polaris at Little 
ton Island, North Greenland; was pro 
moted rear-admiral in April, 1892; retired 
in February, 1895. 

Gregg, DAVID, clergyman; born in 
Pittsburg, Pa., March 25, 1846; grad 
uated at Washington and Jefferson Col 
lege in 1865; and settled in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., in 1889. He is the author of 
Makers of the American Republic, etc. 

Gregg, DAVID McMuRTRiE, military 
officer ; born in Huntingdon, Pa., April 
10, 1833; graduated at West Point in 
1855, entering the dragoon service. He 
was in expeditions against the Indians in 
Washington Territory and the State of 
Oregon (1858-60), and was promoted to 
captain of cavalry in May, 1861. He was 
colonel of the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry 
through the campaign in Virginia in 
1862, and in November of that year was 
promoted to brigadier-general of volun 
teers. He commanded a division of 
cavalry in the Army of the Potomac from 
December, 1862, until February, 1865, 
when he resigned. In August, 1864, he 
was brevetted major-general of volunteers. 
He was appointed United States consul 
at Prague, Bohemia, in 1874. 

Gregory, FRANCIS HOYT, naval officer; 
born in Norwalk, Conn., Oct. 9, 1789; en 
tered the United States navy as mid 
shipman in 1809 ; was made lieutenant in 
1814, and captain in 1828. He served 
under Chauncey on Lake Ontario; was 
made a prisoner and confined in England 
eighteen months. In the war with Mex 
ico he commanded the frigate Raritan. 
His last sea service was in command of 
the African squadron. During the Civil 
War he superintended the construction of 
iron-clads. On July 16, 1862, Captain 
Gregory was made a rear-admiral on the 
retired list. During the War of 1812, 
supplies for the British were constantly 
ascending the St. Lawrence. Chauncey 
ordered Lieutenant Gregory to capture 
some of them. With a small force he lay 
in ambush among the Thousand Islands 
in the middle of June, 1814. They were 
discovered, and a British gunboat was 
sent to attack them. They did not wait 
for the assault, but boldly dashed upon 
and captured their antagonist. She car 
ried an 18-pounder carronade, and was 
manned by eighteen men. These were 
4 



GRENVILLE 




FRANCIS H. GREGORY. 



the Turks, and on his return was ap 
pointed to a command in Ireland, 
and made sheriff of Cork. In 1571 
he had a seat in Parliament and was 
knighted by Queen Elizabeth. The 
colonization schemes of his kinsman 
commanded his ardent approval, and 
on April 9, 1585, he sailed from 
Plymouth, England, in command of 
some ships fitted out by Raleigh, 
bearing 180 colonists and a full com 
plement of seamen, for the coast of 
Virginia. Ralph Lane, a soldier of 
experience, accompanied him as gov 
ernor of the colony. Thomas Har 
riott, a distinguished mathematician 
and astronomer, was with them as 
historian and naturalist (see HAR 
RIOTT, THOMAS) ; also Thomas Cav 
endish, the eminent English naviga 
tor, who sailed around the earth. 
Grenville was more intent upon 
plunder and finding gold than plant 
ing a colony; the choice of him for 
commander was unfortunate. Sail 
ing over the usual long southern 

taken prisoners to Sackett s Harbor. This route, they did not reach the coast of 
and other exploits, though appreciated at Florida until June, and as they went up 
the time, were not then substantially re- the coast they encountered a storm off a 
warded, except by promotions; but, thirty point of land that nearly wrecked them, 
years afterwards, Congress gave Gregory and they called it Cape Fear, 
and his companion officers in the capture 
of the gunboat ( Sailing-Masters Vaughan 
and Dixon) $3,000. He died in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., Oct. 4, 1866. 

Grenville, GEORGE, statesman; born in 
England, Oct. 14, 1712. A graduate of 
Cambridge University, a fine mathema 
tician, and a student of law, he gave 
promise of much usefulness. Entering 
Parliament in 1741, he represented Buck 
inghamshire for twenty-nine years, until 
his death, Nov. 13, 1770. In 1702 he was 
made secretary of state; chancellor of 
the exchequer and first lord of the 
treasury in 1763; and in 1764 he pro 
posed the famous STAMP ACT (q. v.). He 
was the best business man in the House 
of Commons, but his statesmanship was 
narrow. THOMAS GRENVILLE, who was 
one of the agents employed in negotiating 
the treaty of peace in 1783, was his son. 
Grenville, SIR RICHARD, born in Eng 
land in 1540; was a cousin of Sir Walter 
Raleigh. When a mere youth he served 
in the imperial army of Germany against 




GEORGE GRENVILLE. 



175. 



GRESHAM GREY 



They finally landed on Roanoke Island, 
with Manteo, whom they had brought back 
from England, and who had been created 
Lord of Roanoke. Grenville sent him to 
the mainland to announce the arrival of 
the English, and Lane and his principal 
companions soon followed the dusky peer. 
For eight days they explored the country 
and were hospitably entertained every 
where. At an Indian village a silver cup 
was stolen from one of the Englishmen, 
and was not immediately restored on de 
mand. Grenville ordered the whole town 
to be destroyed, with all the standing 
maize, or Indian corn, around it. This 
wanton act kindled a flame of hatred in 
the bosoms of the natives that could not 
be quenphed. Not observing this, the com 
mander left the colony and returned to 
England with his ships. These all be 
came piratical cruisers on the seas, and 
entered the harbor of Plymouth on Sept. 
18, laden with plunder from Spanish 
galleons. 

Governor Lane also treated the natives 
cruelly, and they became greatly exas 
perated in spite of the soothing influence 
of Harriott, their benefactor. In mortal 
fear of the Indians, their provisions ex 
hausted, and no ship arriving from Eng 
land, they hailed with joy the appearance 
of Sir Francis Drake, who, returning from 
the West Indies, touched at Roanoke 
Island (see DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS). They 
gladly entered his ship and returned to 
England. About three weeks afterwards 
Grenville arrived there with three ships, 
laden with provisions. Leaving fifteen 
men on the deserted spot to keep posses 
sion of the country, Grenville again sailed 
for England. He afterwards, as vice-ad 
miral, performed notable exploits against 

the Spaniards, but finally, in a battle with de-camp to Wolfe, 
a large Spanish fleet off the Azores, in was commissioned 
1591, he was wounded, made prisoner, and 
soon afterwards died. 

Gresham, WALTER QUINTON, jurist; 
born near Lanesville, Harrison co., Ind., 
March 17, 1832. He attended the State 
University of Indiana ; and in 1854 was ad 
mitted to the bar and began the practice of 
law. He had served in the legislature when 
the Civil War broke out. As colonel of the 
52d Indiana Volunteers he served credit 
ably in the Western army. After the war 



for Congressman, and from 1869 to 1882 
held the post of United States district 
judge in Indiana. In President Arthur s 
administration Gresham was Postmaster- 
General from 1882 to 1884, and Secretary 
of the Treasury from September to Decem 
ber, 1884. He then became United States 
circuit judge, and held that post until 
1893. Meanwhile he was in 1888 a promi 
nent candidate for the Republican nomina 
tion to the Presidency, and in 1892 he de 
clined the Populist invitation to stand for 
the same office. His views on public ques 
tions had somewhat changed, so that his 
appointment by President Cleveland to 




WALTER 



GKESH^M. 



the office of Secretary of State was not 
entirely a surprise. He held this office at 
the time of his death, in Washington, May 
28, 1895. 

Grey, CHARLES, EARL, military officer; 
born in England Oct. 23, 1729; was aide- 

at Quebec, in 1759; 

lieutenant-colonel in 

1761; and, as colonel, accompanied Gen 
eral Howe to Boston in 1775, who gave 
him the rank of major-general. He led 
the party that surprised General Wayne 
in the night. He was an active com 
mander in the battle of GERMANTOWN 
(q. v.) and as a marauder on the New 
England coast in the fall of 1778. He 
surprised and cut in pieces Baylor s 
dragoons at Tappan. For these and other 



services in America he 



he was defeated as Republican candidate tenant-general in 1783. 

176 



was made a lieu- 
He became a gen- 



GREYTOWN GRIERSON 



eral in 1795; was elevated to the peerage bridge. When the American fleet drew 
in 1801 ; and was the father of the cele- near to the Spanish vessels, Commodore 
brated English statesman of the same Dewey gave the laconic order: "You 
name. He died Nov. 14, 1807. may fire when you are ready, Mr. Grid- 

Grey town, the only seaport of Nicara- ley," and almost immediately the battle 
gua ; at the mouth of the San Juan River, was opened. Captain Gridley managed 
It is locally known as San Juan del Norte. his ship superbly throughout the fight, 
The town lias considerable trade, which, and fired the broadside which destroyed 
however, was for many years held in check the Spanish flag-ship. During the battle 
by the choking up of the harbor. It is he was very ill, but insisted on command- 
the Atlantic terminus of the projected ing his ship. Soon afterwards his sick- 
Nicaragua Canal, and, as such, was ness grew worse, and he died in Kobe, 
neutralized by the CLAYTON-BULWER Japan, June 4, 1898, while on his way 
TREATY ( q. v. ) . Considerable work has home. 

been done towards improving the harbor Gridley, RICHARD, military officer; 
under the direction of the United States born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 3, 1711; chief 
government. On June 13, 1854, the former engineer in the siege of Louisburg, in 
town was bombarded and destroyed by the 1745. He entered the service, as colonel 
United States naval ship Cyane under of infantry, in 1755; was in the expedi- 
command of GEOKGE N. HOLLINS (q. v.). tion to Crown Point, under General Wins- 
Gridley, CHARLES VERNON, naval offi- low; planned the fortifications at Lake 
cer; born in Logansport, Ind., in 1845. George; served under Amhevst, and was 
He was appointed an acting midshipman with Wolfe at Quebec. He retired as a 
in the United States navy in 1860; was British officer on half-pay for life. Was 
promoted to midshipman July 16, 1862; appointed chief engineer of the army that 
lieutenant, Feb. 21, 1867; lieutenant-corn- gathered at Cambridge; planned the works 
mander, March 12, 1868; commander, on Bunker Hill and Dorchester Heights; 
March 10, 1882; and captain, March 4, and was in the battle there, in which he 
1897; and was assigned to the Asiatic was wounded. In 1775 he was commis- 
squadron. Upon his arrival at Hong- sioned a major-general. He was corn- 
Kong, China, he was given command of mander of the Continental artillery until 
the protected cruiser Olympia, the flag- superseded by Knox. He died in Stough- 

ton, Mass., June 20, 1796. 

Grier, ROBERT CASPER, jurist; born in 
Cumberland county, Pa., March 5, 1794: 
graduated at Dickinson in 1812; justice 
of the United States Supreme Court, 
1846-70. He died in Philadelphia, Sept. 
26, 1870. 

Grierson, BENJAMIN HENRY, military 
officer; born in Pittsburg, Pa., July 8, 
1826; went on the staff of General Pren- 
tiss when the Civil War broke out, and 
became an active cavalry officer. Some of 
Grant s cavalry, which he had left in Ten 
nessee, were making extensive and de 
structive raids while he was operating 
against Vicksburg. On April 17 Colonel 
Grierson, then commanding the 6th Illi 
nois Cavalry, left La Grange, Tenn., with 
his own and two other regiments, and, de 
scending the Mississippi, swept rapidly 

ship. Just before the battle of Manila through the rich western portion of that 
Bay, on May 1, 1898, Captain Gridley State. These horsemen were scattered in 
took his place in the conning tower of the several detachments, striking Confederate 
Olympia, with Commodore Dewey on the forces here and there, breaking up rail- 
iv. K 177 




CHARLKS VERXON GRIDLKT. 



GRIERSON GRIFFIN 



ways and bridges, severing telegraph of volunteers in May, 1865, and for his 
wires, wasting public property, and as services in the war was brevetted major- 
much as possible diminishing the means general, United States army, in March, 
of transportation of the Confederates in 1867. He had been commissioned lieuten- 
their efforts to help their army at Vicks- ant-colonel of United States cavalry in 
burg. Finally, on May 2, having pene- July, 1866. From 1868 till 1873 he was 

in command of the Indian Territory dis 
trict, and was actively employed in cam 
paigns against hostile Indians; and in 
1873-81 was similai ly engaged in western 
Texas and New Mexico. In 1886 he be 
came commander of the District of New 
Mexico, and in 1890 he was retired with 
the rank of brigadier-general in the reg 
ular army. 

Griffin, APPLETON PKENTISS CLARK, au 
thor; born in Wilton, N. H. ; became 
assistant librarian of the Library of Con 
gress in 1897. His publications include 
Discovery of the Mississippi; Index of 
Articles upon American Local History in 
Collections, etc. 

Griffin, CHARLES, military officer; born 
in Licking county, O., in 1826; gradu 
ated at West Point in 1847, and entered 
the artillery. He was made captain of 
artillery in April, 1861, and with his bat 
tery fought bravely in the battle of Bull 
Run. He was promoted brigadier-general 
of volunteers in July, 1862; served under 
General Potter in the campaign against 
Richmond, and was active in the Army 
trated Louisiana, this great raid ceased, of the Potomac until the surrender of Lee 
when Grierson, with his wearied troops at Appomattox Court - house, where, as 
and worn-out horses, entered Baton Rouge, commander of the 5th Corps, he received 
where some of General Banks s troops were the arms and colors of the Army of North- 
stationed. In the space of sixteen days ern Virginia. In March, 1865, he was 
he had ridden 600 miles, in a succession of brevetted major-general, United States 
forced marches, often in drenching rain, army, and received other brevets for 
and sometimes without rest for forty- "meritorious services during the Rebel- 
eight hours, through a hostile country, Hon." In the winter of 1865-66 he was 
over ways most difficult to travel, fighting placed in command of the Department of 
men and destroying property. His troops Texas, with headquarters in Galveston. 
had killed and wounded about 100 Con- On Sept. 5, 1867, when that city was 
federates, captured and paroled full 500, scourged with yellow fever, he was given 
destroyed 3,000 stand of arms, and in- a temporary command in New Orleans, 
flicted a loss on their foes of property but he refused to leave his post, and died 
valued at $6,000,000. Grierson s loss was of the fever on the 15th. 
twenty-seven men and a number of horses. Griffin, CYRUS, jurist; born in Vir- 
During the twenty-eight hours preceding ginia in 1749; was educated in England; 
the arrival of the raiders at Baton Rouge was connected by marriage there with a 
they had travelled 76 miles, engaged in noble family; and when the Revolution 
four skirmishes, and forded the Comite broke out he espoused the cause of the pa- 
River. Grierson declared that he found triots. From 1778 to 1781, and in 1787-88, 
the Confederacy to be only a shell. This he was a member of the Continental Con- 
was in 1863. He was made major-general gress, and in the latter year its president. 

178 




BENJAMIN HENRY GKIKRSON. 



GRIFFIN GROVETON 



He was commissioner to the Creek nation 
in 1789, and from that year until his 
death in Yorktown, Va., Dec. 14, 1810, he 
was judge of the United States District 
Court in Virginia. 

Griffin, SIMON GODDELL, military offi 
cer; born in Nelson, N. H., Aug. 9, 1824; 
began law practice in Concord in 1860; 
served with marked distinction through 
the Civil War; was commissioned briga 
dier-general of volunteers in 1864 ; and 
on June 16 of that year led an assault at 
Petersburg, capturing 1.000 Confederates 
and their works. Subsequently he was 
brevetted major-general of volunteers. He 
died in Keene, N. H., Jan. 14, 1902. 

Griffin, THE, the vessel of La Salle, on 
Lake Erie; built early in 1667, at the 
mouth of Cayuga Creek, not far below the 
site of Buffalo, and near the foot of Squaw 
Island. She was armed with a battery of 
seven small cannon and some muskets, 
and floated a flag bearing the device of an 
eagle. In August, the same year, she 
sailed for the western end of Lake Erie. 
This was the beginning of the commerce on 
the Great Lakes. 

Griggs, JOHN WILLIAM, lawyer; born 
in Xewton, N. J., July 10, 1849; grad 
uated at Lafayette College in 1868; ad 
mitted to the bar in 1871 ; and began prac 
tice in Paterson, N. J. In 1876-77 he was 
a member of the Xew Jersey House of Rep 
resentatives, and in 1882-88 of the State 
Senate, of which he was president in 1886. 
He was elected governor of Xew Jersey in 
Xovember, 1895, and served till January, 
1898, when he was appointed Attorney- 
General of the United States. In March, 
1901, he resigned this office to resume 
private practice. 

Grijalva, JUAN DE, adventurer; born in 
Cuellar, Spain, near the close of the fif 
teenth century. His uncle, DIEGO VELAS 
QUEZ (q. v.) , the first governor of Cuba, 
sent him, in command of four vessels, to 
complete the discoveries of Cordova. He 
sailed from Santiago, Cuba, in the spring 
of 1518. He cruised along the peninsula 
of Yucatan as far as the region of the 
Panuco, where he held friendly communi 
cation with the Aztecs, the subjects of 
Montezuma. Grijalva afterwards settled 
in Nicaragua, where he was killed by the 
natives, Jan. 21, 1527, He was the dis- 
coTerer of Mexico, 



Grimke, JOHN FAUCHERAUD, jurist; 
born in South Carolina, Dec. 16, 1752; 
studied law in London, England; was one 
of the thirty Americans who petitioned 
the King to stay the acts of Parliament 
infringing on American rights. He pub 
lished Revised Edition of the Laws of 
South Carolina to 1189; Public Law of 
South Carolina; Duty of Justices of the 
Peace; etc. He died in Long Branch, 
X. J., Aug. 9, 1819. 

Grimshaw, WILLIAM, author; born in 
Greencastle, Ireland, in 1782; came to the 
United States in 1815; settled in Phila 
delphia. He was author of the American 
Chesterfield; a school history of the 
United States, etc., and editor of a re 
vised edition of Ramsey s Life of Wash 
ington. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., in 
1852. 

Griswold, FORT, a defensive work on 
the east bank of the Thames River in 
Connecticut. On Sept. 6, 1781, while de 
fended by Col. William Ledyard and 150 
men, it was captured by the British, who, 
under Benedict Arnold, acted treacher 
ously after the surrender, Colonel Ledyard 
being killed when delivering his sword. 
Xo quarter was given, and only twenty- 
six men escaped. 

Groesbeck, WILLIAM SLOCOMB, lawyer; 
born in Xew York City, July 24, 1815; 
received an academic education ; admitted 
to the bar, and practised in Cincinnati, 
O. ; member of Congress in 1857-59 ; 
State Senator in 1862; and one of the 
counsel for President Johnson in the im 
peachment trial of 1868. He died in Cin 
cinnati, O., July 7, 1897. 

Grover, CUVIER, military officer; born 
in Bethel, Me., July 24, 1829; graduated 
at West Point in 1850; was made briga 
dier-general of volunteers in April, 1861 ; 
and commanded a brigade in Heintzel- 
man s corps in the Army of the Potomac. 
He was in the Shenandoah campaign in 
1864; and from January till June, 1865, 
was in command of the District of Savan 
nah. General Grorer was brevetted briga 
dier-general and major-general in the 
regular army, March 13, 1865; was pro 
moted to colonel of the 1st Cavalry in 1875, 
which command he held till his death in 
Atlantic City, N. J., June C, 1885. 

Groveton, BATTLE OF. After the bat 
tle at CEDAR MOUNTAIN ( q. v. ) , Pope 



179 



GBOVETON, BATTLE OF 



took position with his army along the line 
of the Rapidan, where he was reinforced 
by troops from North Carolina, under 
Burnside and Stevens. The Confederates 
now concentrated their forces for a dash 
on Washington in heavy columns. Hal- 
leek, perceiving possible danger to the 
capital, issued a positive order to McClel- 
lan, Aug. 3, 1862, for the immediate trans 
fer of the Army of the Potomac from 
the James Eiver to the vicinity of Wash 
ington. The commander of that army in 
structed Halleck that the " true defence 
of Washington " was " on the banks of 
the James." The order was at once re 
peated, but it was twenty days after it 



ery hour. Troops were coming with tardy 
pace from the Peninsula, and on the 25th, 
when those of Franklin, Heintzelman, and 
Porter had arrived, Pope s army, some 
what scattered, numbered about 60,000 
men. Jackson crossed the Rappahannock, 
inarched swiftly over Bull Run Mountain, 
through Thoroughfare Gap, to Gainesville 
(Aug. 26), where he was joined by Stuart, 
with two cavalry brigades. At twilight 
Stuart was at Bristow Station, in Pope s 
rear, and between the latter and Wash 
ington. He and Banks had no suspicion 
of this movement. Jackson knew the 
perils of his position, and the necessity 
for quick action. He sent Stuart forward 




MAP OF THE OPERATIONS AT GROVETON. 



was first given before the transfer was 
accomplished. Meanwhile, General Lee 
having massed a heavy force on Pope s 
front, the latter had retired behind the 
forks of the Rappahannock. Lee pushed 
forward to that river with heavy columns, 
and on Aug. 20-21 a severe artillery duel 
was fought above Fredericksburg, for 
7 or 8 miles along that stream. Find 
ing they could not force a passage 
of the river, the Confederates took a cir 
cuitous route towards the mountains to 
flank the Nationals, when Pope made 
movements to thwart them. 

But danger to the capital increased ev- 



to Manassas Junction before daylight 
( Avig. 27 ), to break up Pope s communi 
cations with the capital. The alarm in 
stantly spi-ead among the Nationals. 
Jackson, with his whole force, pressed 
to the Junction, and Pope attempted to 
capture him before he should form a junc 
tion with Longstreet, at the head of Lee s 
column, then approaching. Pope ordered 
McDowell, with Sigel and the troops of 
Reynolds, to hasten to Gainesville to inter 
cept Longstreet. Reno was ordered to 
move on a different road, and support 
McDowell, while Pope moved along the 
railway towards Manassas Junction with 



180 




GBOVETON, BATTLE OF 

Hooker s division. He directed General Junction) to move upon Centreville at 
Porter to remain at Warrenton Station dawn. Before these movements could 
until Banks should arrive there to hold be executed, Lon^treet and Jackson had 
it, and then hasten to Gainesville, formed a partial junction. Near the en- 
McDowell reached Gainesville without trance to Thoroughfare Gap, through 
interruption; but near Bristow Station, which Longstreet had marched, there was 
Hooker encountered General Ewell, and in 
the struggle that ensued each lost about 
300 men. 

The latter hastened towards Manassas, 
but Hooker s ammunition failing, he was 
unable to pursue. Pope now ordered a 
rapid movement upon the Confederates 
at the Junction, while General Kearny 
was directed to make his way to Bristow 
Station, whgre Jackson might mass his 
troops and attempt to turn the National 
right. This movement was made early 
on the morning of Aug. 28, 1862. Porter 
was ordered to move towards Bristow Sta 
tion at one o clock, but did not march 
before daylight, at which time Jackson 
had taken another direction. He de 
stroyed an immense amount of captured 
stores, and hastened to join Longstreet, 
then approaching through Thoroughfare 
Gap. Some of Pope s troops failed to exe 
cute orders. The latter arrived at the 
Junction just after Jackson had left, 
and pushed all of his available forces 
upon Centreville in pursuit. Kearny drew a sharp engagement, which ended at twi- 
Jackson s rear-guard out of Centreville light. Longstreet was held in check for 
late in the afternoon (Aug. 28), and the a while by Elcketts s division, and the 
forces of the Confederates were turned cavalry of Buford and Bayard, which had 
towards Thoroughfare Gap, from which fought the battle. Early the next morn- 
was coming their help. Towards evening ing (Aug. 29), Ricketts fled to Gaines- 
the troops under Ewell and Taliaferro en- ville, closely pursued. Pope s army was 
camped near the battle-ground of Bull now scattered and somewhat confused. 
Run nearly a year before. King s division Lee s whole army, now combined, pressed 
of McDowell s corps was in close pursuit, forward. Pope ordered Sigel, supported 
and when they had reached a point desired by Reynolds, to advance from Groveton 
by the watching Confederates, the latter and attack Jackson on wooded heights 
fell fiercely upon them. A sanguinary near. He ordered Heintzelman, with the 
battle ensued. The brunt of it was borne divisions of Hooker and Kearny, towards 
by Gibbons s brigade, supported by that of Gainesville, to be followed by Reno, while 
General Doubleday. The struggle con- Porter, with his own corps and King s 
tinned until dark. The losses were heavy, division, was to move upon the road to 
and in that battle General Ewell lost a Gainesville from Manassas, for the turn 
ip ing of Jackson s flank on the Warrenton 

Pope, at Centreville, now attempted to pike, and to fall heavily on his rear, 
crush Jackson before Longstreet could Lee was then approaching along that pike, 
join him. McDowell and King were di- and Jackson determined to hold his ad- 
rected to maintain their position, while vantageous position, at all hazards, until 
Kearny should follow Jackson closely at the main army should arrive, 
one o clock in the morning (Aug. 29), and At five o clock in the morning, Sigel, 
Porter (whom he believed to be at the with the divisions of Schurz, Schenck, and 

181 



SOLDIERS MONUMENT AT GROVKTON. 



GROW GUAM 



Milroy, advanced to attack Jackson. A 
battle began at seven o clock, and con 
tinued with great fury until ten, Sigel 
constantly advancing, while it was evi 
dent that Jackson had been reinforced. 
Jt was so. Longstreet, with the vanguard 
of Lee s whole army, which had been 
streaming through Thoroughfare Gap all 
the morning unopposed, had now reached 
the field of action. Sigel maintained his 
ground until noon, when Kearny s division 
arrived, and took position on Sigel s right. 
Reynolds and Reno also came up, followed 
soon afterwards by Hooker. Then the 
Nationals outnumbered the Confederates, 
and for some hours the battle assumed 
the aspect of a series of skirmishes. Pope 
ordered Porter into action, and other 
troops were directed to support him; but 
Porter, as he alleged, did not receive the 
order until dusk, and the brunt of the 
battle fell upon his intended supports. 
It was desperately and gallantly fought 
on both sides. Jackson was hourly re 
inforced by fresh divisions of Lee s army. 
Soon after dusk this sharp and important 
battle at Groveton ended, without victory 
on either side, and each having lost about 
7 ; 000 men. Pope s entire army (except 
ing Banks s forces at Bristow Station) 
and a part of McClellan s were in this 
action. Pope s effective men had been re 
duced in numbers by various causes, and 
it was estimated that his army fit for 
service did not exceed 40,000 men. 

Grow, GAIAJSHA AARON, statesman; 
born in Eastford, Conn., Aug. 31, 1824; 
graduated at Amherst College in 1844: 
admitted to the bar of Pennsylvania in 
1847; elected a member of Congress in 
1851 ; served as speaker from 1861 to 
1863, when his term of office expired. He 
continued to take an active part in politics 
for many years, and was re-elected to 
Congress as member - at - large from the 
State of Pennsylvania in 1894. 

Grundy, FELIX, statesman; born in 
Berkeley county, Va., Sept. 11, 1777; re 
moved to Tennessee in 1808; member of 
Congress, 1811-14; United States Senator. 
1829-38; Attorney-General of the United 
States, 1838-39; " United States Senator, 
1839-40. He died in Nashville, Tenn.. 
Dec. 19, 1840. 

Guadalupe-Hidalgo, TREATY OF, Feb. 
2, 1848, between the United States and 



Mexico, by which the hitter ceded to the 
T nit eel Stales all the country north of the 
Rio Grande to the point where that river 
strikes the southern boundary of New 
Mexico, and westward to one league south 
of San Diego, Cal. 

Guam, the chief island in the Ladrone 
group, in the Pacific. During the war with 
Spain it was seized by the United States 
naval authorities, June 21, 1898; 
the treaty of peace was 
United States. On Feb. 1 
American possession was 
Richard P. Leary, U. S. N., becoming the 
first governor. The United States govern 
ment has established a navai and coaling 
station in the harbor of San Luis d Apra. 
There is to be a breakwater, a coaling 
wharf and repair shops, and shore bat 
teries for protection. On Nov. 13, 1900, 
a typhoon of unprecedented violence swept 
over Guam, causing the wreck of the 
United States auxiliary cruiser Yoscmite. 
Although the vessel had two anchors down 
the terrific wind drove her a mile across 
the harbor of San Luis d Apra, where she 



and by 
ceded to the 
1899, formal 
taken, Capt. 




struck a reef and was then driven to 
sea, and sank Nov. 15. A launch con 
taining five men had been sent to find 
shelter, but it capsized and the occupants 



182 



GUANICA GTJAYAMO 



were drowned. The remainder of the 
crew, numbering 173, were rescued on the 
afternoon of Nov. 15 by the United 
States collier Justin. There was also a 
loss of more than thirty natives upon the 
island. The principal city of Guam is 
AGANA (q. v.) . 

Guanica, a seaport in the southwestern 
corner of the province of Ponce, about 
15 miles from the city of Ponce, Porto 
Rico. In the early part of the war be 
tween the United States and Spain 
(1898), when it became known that a 
military expedition under GEN. NELSON 
A. MILES (q. v.) was to be sent to Porto 
Rico, it was reported with apparent offi 
cial sanction that the objective point was 
San Juan, which Admiral Sampson would 
cover with the guns of his fleet while a 
landing was being made by the troops. 
This, however, was a ruse to mislead the 
Spanish spies in New York and Washing 
ton, and while the Spaniards in San Juan 
were completing preparations to resist 
invasion, General Miles quietly debarked 
his army at Guanica on July 25, opposed 
only by a small force of Spaniards in a 
block-house. On the following day the 
Americans advanced to Yauco, and capt 
ured the railroad leading into Ponce. 
By July 29 all of the Americans, number 
ing 16,973 officers and men, had landed 
and concentrated in the neighborhood of 
Ponce for a forward movement against 
SAN JUAN (q. v.) . 

Guantanamo Bay, a harbor lying 38 
miles east of Santiago, Cuba; one of the 
best on the southern coast, The town and 
fort of the same name are located about 
5 miles back. of the bay. Just outside of 
this bay United States war-ships made an 
attempt in the early days of the war of 
1898 to cut the very important cables 
which ran from Santiago to Guantanamo 
and thence to Spain. Had this attempt 
succeeded Cuba would have been entirely 
isolated from the mother-country. On 
May 18, the St. Louis and the tug Wampa- 
tuck approached the mouth of the harbor, 
but the heavy fire from the Spanish bat 
teries and the gunboat in the bay forced 
the Wampatuck to retire after grappling 
one of the cables within 800 yards of the 
shore. On the hills before mentioned the 
Spaniards had constructed earthworks 
and rifle-pits commanding the entrance of 



the bay. On June 10, 1898, the United 
States cruiser Marblehead was sent to 
shell the bluffs. Captain McCalla found 
this task easy, two dozen shells sufficing 
to drive the enemy away. On the follow 
ing day the transport Panther landed 600 
marines at CAIMANERA (q. v.). In 1903 
an agreement was signed between the 
United States and Cuba for the cession of 
territory on Giiantanamo bay for the 
establishment of a United States naval 
station. See LAS GUASTMAS. 

Guayamo, a town about 40 miles east 
of Ponce, in the district of Guayamo, 
Porto Rico. Early in August, 1898, Gen 
eral Brooke, of the United States army, 
decided to capture the town and make it 
a base of operations, as it was the only 
town of importance on the main road 
leading to the military road between 
Ponce and San Juan. On the morning of 
Aug. 5 General Hains, with the 4th Ohio 
and the 3d Illinois regiments, under the 
orders of General Brooke, moved against 
the place. There was no sign of the 
enemy until the advance entered a cut 
leading up a steep hill about a mile from 
the town, when a hail of Spanish bullets 
whistled over their heads. Owing to their 
small force, the advance were compelled 
to retire. As soon as this firing was 
heard the main body of American troops 
hurried forward and up the hill-sides. At 
a short turn in the road the Spaniards 
had built a barricade, but a flanking move 
ment forced them to retire. For about a 
half-hour the Americans pushed forward, 
meeting with little resistance. The enemy 
then rallied, made a stand, and wounded 
three Americans. Soon, however, the 
Spaniards were driven from their posi 
tion. At 11 A.M. General Hains entered 
the town, and shortly afterwards a flag of 
truce was raised and Guayamo surren 
dered. The inhabitants greeted the Amer 
icans with manifestations of joy and 
friendliness. At about the same time the 
Spaniards in the hills began to bombard 
the town. This action lasted about a half- 
hour, when the Americans sent six dyna 
mite shells into the midst of the enemy 
and nothing more was heard from them. 
The entire action lasted about five hours 
and was notable for its slight casualties. 
The town of Guayamo has a population of 
16,000. 
183 



GTJEBBER GTJILFOKD 



Guerber, HELENS ADELINE, author. Her arms and munitions of war captured by 

publications include Story of the Thirteen them. This act was repealed Feb. 15, 

Colonies; Story of the Great Republic ; etc. 1804, and provision made for uniting all 

Guerillas. The name guerilla was the ranger bands under the discipline of 

first given to bands of irregular soldiery, the regular army. 

or armed peasants, in Spain, who har- Guernsey, ALFRED HUDSON, journalist; 
assed Napoleon s armies during the Pen- born in Brandon, Vt., May 12, 1818; con- 
insular War, in 1808-14. The name is nected with Harper s Magazine from 1850 
from the Spanish and means "a little to 1869 as contributor and editor; associ- 
war." One of the bands, led by the no- ate editor of the American Cyclopaedia. 
torious General Mina, joined Wellington, With Henry M. Alden he wrote Harper s 
and after having undergone a course of Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion. 
discipline, did good service as regular He died in New York, Jan, 17, 1902. 
troops. From Spain the name guerilla Gueslis, FRANCIS VAILLANT DE. See 
was brought to Central America, and JESUIT MISSIONS. 

thence to the United States. Guerilla Guild, REUBEN ALDBIDGE, author; born 
bands of Mexico and Texas were a source in West Dedham, Mass., May 4, 1822; 
of great annoyance during the Mexican graduated at Brown University in 1847, 
War. In the Civil War guerillas, or and served there as librarian for forty- 
" partisan rangers," as they were called,, six years. His publications include Life 
were commanded by officers duly commis- and Journals of Chaplain Smith; Life of 
sioned by the Confederate President for Jfor/cr Williams; Early History of Brown 
such service. By an act of the Confeder- University: Documentary History of 
ate Congress, passed April 21, 1862, it was Brown University ; etc. He died in 1899. 
provided that these " partisan rangers " Guilford, BATTLE OF. Resting his troops 
should receive the full pay of regular a while in Virginia, after his race with 
soldiers and be paid the full value of all Cornwallis. GEX. NATHANAEL GREENE (q. 

v.) recrossed the Dan 
into North Carolina ; 
and as he moved cau 
tiously forward to foil 
the efforts of Cornwallis 
to embody the Tories of 
that State, he found him 
self, March 1, 1781, at 
the head of about 5,000 
troops in good spirits. 
Feeling strong enough to 
cope with Cornwallis, he 
sought an engagement 
with him ; and on the 
15th they met near Guil 
ford Court - house, where 
they fiercely contended 
for the mastery. The bat 
tle - field was about 5 
miles from the (present) 
village of Greensboro, in 
Guilford county, N- C. 
Greene had encamped 
within 8 miles of the 
earl, on the evening of 

THE BATTLE OF GUILFORD tlie . 14tll ^ n thC 

G. Brittsh advancing; 1. First position of British ; B. Front line of Americans- North Care- m0rnin g I 
Jinians; C. Second line of Americans ; A. American right wine; E. Mars-land and Virginia Con- ITlOVed against his 
tinentals; . Second position of British; D. Fight between Hessians and Americans; 3. Third 







position of British. 



184 



The latter was prepared 



GUILFOBD, BATTLE OF 

to receive him. Greene had disposed his with the right division in the face of a 

army in three positions the first at the terrible storm of grape-shot and musketry, 

edge of woods on a great hill; the second Nearly the whole of the two armies were 

in the forest, 300 yards in the rear; and now in conflict. The battle lasted almost 




THE BATTLE FIKLD OF GCILFORD. 



the third a little more than one-fourth two hours, when Greene, ignorant of the 
of a mile in the rear of the second. The heavy losses sustained by the British, 
first line was composed of North Caro- ordered a retreat, leaving his cannon be- 
lina militia, mostly raw recruits, nearly hind and Cornwallis master of the field. 
1,100 in number, commanded by Generals It was one of the most sanguinary battles 
Butler and Eaton. These had two can- of the war. The Americans lost about 
non, with Washington s cavalry on the 400 killed and wounded, besides 1,000 who 
right wing, and Lee s legion, with Camp- deserted to their homes. The British loss 
bell s militia, on the left wing. The was about 600. Among the fatally wounded 
whole were commanded by Greene in was Colonel Webster. That battle ended 
person. British domination in North Carolina. 
The British appeared in front of the The army of Cornwallis was too much 
Americans at a little past noon in full shattered for him to maintain the advan- 
force, the right commanded by General tage he had gained. After issuing a procla- 
Leslie, and the left by Colonel Webster, mation boasting of his victory, calling 
Under cover of a severe cannonade the upon the Tories to rally to his standard, 
British advanced, delivering a volley of and offering pardon to the " rebels " who 
musketry as they approached, and then, should submit, he moved with his whole 
with a shout, rushed forward with fixed army towards Wilmington, near the sea- 
bayonets. The American militia fled after board. The news of the battle produced a 
tke firing of one or two volleys, when profound sensation in England. " Another 
the victors pressed on and attacked the such victory," said Charles J. Fox, in the 
second line, composed of Virginia militia House of Commons, " will ruin the British 
under Generals Stevens and Lawson. After army;" and he moved, June 12, 1781, to 
a stout resistance they, too, fell back upon recommend the ministers to conclude a 
the third line. Up to this time the battle peace with the Americans at once. Will- 
had been carried on, on the part of the iam Pitt (son of the great Chatham) 
British, by their right, under Leslie. Now spoke of the war against the Americans 
Webster, with the left, pressed forward with great severity. 

J85 



GUILLOTINE GUNBOATS 



after the shooting, Guiteau was arrested, 
and letters found in his pockets made it 
evident that he had premeditated the 
murder of the President. On Aug. 7 he 
attempted to murder William McGill, one 
of his jail guards, and on Sept. 13, Sergt. 
John Mason, another guard, fired at him. 
On Oct. 7 he was indicted for murder, 
and on Nov. 14 was placed on trial be 
fore Judge Cox, in the Supreme Court 
of the District of Columbia. The prose 
cution was conducted by United States 
District Attorney George B. Corkhill, 



Guillotine, Soxo OF THE. During the 
prevailing madness occasioned by the 
French Revolution of 1793, Thelwall, a 
celebrated English Jacobin, wrote and put 
forth the following song, adapted to the 
air of " God Save the King," calling it 
" God Save the Guillotine ": 

" God save the guillotine 
Till England s king and queen 

Her power shall prove; 
Till each anointed knob 
Affords a clipping job, 
Let no rude halter rob 

The guillotine. 

" France, let thy trumpet sound 
Tell all the world around 

How Capet fell; 
And when great George s poll 
Shall in the basket roll, 
Let mercy then control 

The guillotine. 

" When all the sceptred crew 
Have paid their homage due 

The guillotine, 

Let Freedom s flag advance 
Till all the world, like France, 
O er tyrants graves shall dance, 

And peace begin." 

Joel Barlow, an American, who had be 
come a radical French Democrat, was in 
vited to a Jacobin festival at Hamburg, 
on July 4, 1793, where he furnished Thel- 
wall s song, at dinner, and it was sung, 
with great applause. It was supposed to 

have been written by Barlow, who, on his while the counsel for the defence was 

return, was coldly received in New Eng- George M. Scoville. The trial continued 

land, not only on that account, but be- through the remainder of the year and 

cause he had assisted Paine in publishing to the latter part of January, 1882. Dur- 

bis Age of Reason-. The Song of the Guil- ing the last month, ex-Judge John K. 

lotine was republished in Boston. See Porter became associated with the prose- 

BARLOW, JOEL. cution, and on Jan. 23 began the final ad- 

Guiteau, CHARLES J., assassin; born dress to the jury. On Jan. 25 the jury 

about 1840, of P rench-Canadian garents; was charged by Judge Cox, and within 

became an inconspicuous lawyer in Chi- an hour a verdict of guilty of murder in 

cago. When James A. Garfield was elect- the first degree was agreed upon. During 

ed President (1880), Guiteau went to most of the trial Guiteau was violent and 

Washington to seek the office of Ameri- abusive, and was frequently threatened by 

can consul at Marseilles, but was unsuc- Judge Cox with removal from the court- 

cessful. This failure, along with the polit- room. In accordance with the verdict 

ical antagonism between Garfield and Ros- and its consequent sentence, Guiteau was 

coe Conkling, greatly incensed him, and on hanged in the district jail, June 30, 1882. 

July 2, 1881, in the waiting-room of the Gunboats. By the act of Congress ap- 

Baltimore and Potomac Railroad depot, proved April 21, 1806, provision was made 

in Washington, he fired two shots at the for the construction of fifty gunboats. 

President, one of which took effect. The President Jefferson had imbibed very 

President lingered until Sept. 19, when strong prejudice in favor of such vessels, 

he died at Elberon, N. J. Immediately A flotilla of them, obtained from Naples, 

186 




CHARLES J. GUITEAU. 



GUNBOATS 




GUNBOATS IX 1807. 



had been used effectively in the war with 
Tripoli in 1804; and they were favorites 
in the service, because they afforded com 
mands for enterprising young officers. A 
few had been built in the United States 
in 1805, their chief contemplated use being 
the defence and protection of harbors and 
rivers. Then was inaugurated the " gun 
boat policy " of the government, so much 
discussed for three or four years after 
wards. Towards the close of the year 
(1806) the President announced that the 
fifty gunboats were so far advanced that 
they might be put into commission the 
following year. In December, 1807, the 
President was authorized to procure 188 



additional gunboats, by purchase or con 
struction, making in all 257. These gun 
boats were variously rigged as seen in 
the engraving. Some carried a single 
swivel amidship, and others one in the 
bow, and sometimes one in the stern. Jef 
ferson, who had urged the construction 
of these little vessels of war, appears to 
have conceived the idea that such a- flotilla 
should merely be kept in readiness, prop 
erly distributed along the coast, but not 
actually manned until necessity should 
call for their being put into commission. 
For this proposition he was ridiculed not 
only by naval officers, but among the peo 
ple at large, and he was denounced by the 




FOOTE S GUNBOAT FLOTILLA IX 1862. 

187 



GUNBOATS GUNNISON 




- 



opposition as " a dreaming philosopher," lery, and were placed under the command 
and the whole gunboat system as "waste- of FLAG-OFFICER A. H. FOOTE (q. v.), of 
ful imbecility called by the name of the navy. 

economy." Grant withdrew his fprces from the 

Quite different were the gunboats that bayous above Vicksburg, and sent them 

performed most efficient service on the down the west side of the Mississippi, to 

cross and gain the rear of 
Vicksburg, on the line of 
the Black River. Porter 
prepared, at the same 
time, to run by the bat 
teries at Vicksburg with 
all his gunboat and mor 
tar lleet, with transports 
and barges. The object 
was to cover and assist 
Grant s movement below. 
The armored vessels were 
laden with supplies; so, 
also, were the transports. 
It was arranged for the 
gunboats to go down in 
single file, a few hundred 
yards apart, attack the 
THK NEW ERA. batteries as they passed, 

and allow the transports 

Western rivers during the Civil War. to pass under cover of the sinoke. This 
They were largely covered with plates of was done on the evening of April 16, 
iron, moved by steam, and armed with 1863. These vessels were terribly pound- 
very heavy guns. Foote commanded the ed by the batteries on the heights, but re- 
first flotilla of gunboats on the Mississippi turned the fire with spirit. One of the 
River. Some of them were wooden vessels was set on fire, which burned to the 
structures only, while others were of iron water s edge and sank. The gantlet was 
or covered with heavy plates of iron. The successfully run, and only one man lost 
Manassas had no appearance of a boat, his life in the operation. Grant imrne- 
but looked like a huge water - mon 
ster. The Louisiana showed another 
form of boat. Indeed, it was a float 
ing battery movable by steam. This 
was a Confederate structure. The 
New Era was another form. It was 
two boats covered by one common 
deck, and all heavily armored. 

When the Confederate line across 
Kentucky had been broken, the na 
tional government determined to con 
centrate the forces of Halleck and 
Buell for a great forward movement 
to push the Confederates towards 
the Gulf of Mexico, according to 

Fremont s plan (see FREMONT, JOHN diately ordered six more transports to do 
CHARLES). Twelve gunboats (some of likewise, and it was done, 
them iron -plated) had been construct- Gunnison, JOHN W., military engineer; 
ed at St. Louis and Cairo, and at the born in New Hampshire in 1812; grad- 
close of January, 1862, these were armed uated at the United States Military Acad- 
with 126 heavy guns and some light artil- cmy; commissioned second lieutenant of 

188 




THK LOUISIANA. 



GUNPOWDER GWIN 




RECENT TYPE OF GUXBOAT (U. S. 3. BENNINGTON.) 



jects. His publications include biog 
raphies of Carl Hitter, James H. Coffin, 
and Louis Agassiz; A Treatise on Physi 
cal Geography; Creation, or the Biblical 
Cosmogony in the Light of Modern 
Sciences; and also numerous lectures. 
He died in Princeton, N. J., Feb. 8, 1884. 
Gwin, WILLIAM MCKENDREE, politician ; 
born in Sumner county, Tenn., Oct. 9, 
1805; acquired a classical education; and 
for a time studied law, and later entered 
topographical engineers, July 7, 1838; en- the medical department at Transylvania 
gaged with Capt. Howard Stansbury in University, where he took his degree in 
drawing maps of the Great Salt Lake 1828. He went to Clinton, Miss., and 
region in 1849-51. He was author of practised there till 1833, when he was 
a History of the Mormons of Utah: Their appointed United States marshal for the 
Domestic Polity and Theology. He was Mississippi district. In 1840 he was 
murdered, with seven others, by a band of elected to Congress by the Democratic 
Mormons and Indians near Sevier Lake, party. He refused a renomination, and 
Ut., Oct. 26, 1853. was later appointed to superintend the 

Gunpowder. See DTJ PONT, ELEUTHERE construction of the new custom-house at 
IRENEE. New Orleans. In 1849 he removed to Cali- 

Gurowski, ADAM, COUNT, author; fornia, and in September served in the 
born in Poland, Sept. 10, 1805; came to convention at Monterey called to draw up 
the United States in 1849. His publica- a constitution. In December he became a 
tions include America and Europe; Sla- United States Senator, and during his 
very in History; My Diary (notes on the term secured a survey of the Pacific coast, 
Civil War), etc. He died in Washing- a mint in San Francisco, a navy -yard 
ton, D. C., May 4, 1866. (Mare Island), and got a bill passed for 

Guthrie, JAMES, statesman; born in the establishment of a line of steamers 
Nelson county, Ky., Dec. 5, 1792; member between San Francisco, Japan, and 
of State legislature, 1827-40; Secretary of China. He was re-elected, but when the 
Treasury, 1853-57; United States Sen- Civil War began was accused of disloy- 
ator, 1865-68. He died in Louisville, Ky.. alty, arrested, and imprisoned till 1863, 
March 13, 1869. when he was released. He interested the 

Guyot, ARNOLD HENRY, geologist; born Emperor of France in a plan to colonize 
in Bondcvilliers, Neuchatel, Switzerland, Sonora, Mexico, with Confederates. It is 
Sept. 28, 1807; was educated at the Col- alleged that the French minister of for- 
lege of Neuchatel. In 1838 he made ex- eign affairs encouraged him to draft a 
aminations of the Swiss glaciers, at the scheme for the colony, which, after meet- 
request of PROF. Louis AGASSIZ (q. v.). ing the approbation of the Emperor, was 
In 1839-48 he was Professor of History given into the hands of Emperor Maxi- 
and Physical Geography at Neuchatel. In milian. After the latter had been in 
1848 he came to the United States. In 1854 Mexico two years, Dr. Gwin also went 
he became Professor of Geography and there, but received no promises of support 
Geology at Princeton. He established the from Maximilian in his colonization plans, 
museum in Princeton, which has become Returning to France in 1865 he again 
widely known. In 1866-75 he was en- laid the matter before Napoleon, at whose 
gaged in the preparation of a series of solicitation he returned to Mexico with 
geographies and a series of wall-maps, orders to Marshal Bazaine to provide 
For this work the Vienna Exposition of whatever force was necessary to make his 
1873 awarded him a medal. In 1873-77 plans successful. Dr. Gwin, however, re- 
he edited Johnson s New Universal Cyclo- ceived no encouragement and returned to 
pcedia (with Frederick A. P. Barnard), California, He engaged actively in pol- 
and was the author of many articles in itics, and in 1876 supported Samuel J. 
it on physical geography and like sub- Tilden for President. He was for many 

189 



GWINNETT GWYN S ISLAND 



years known as " Duke Gwin, of Sono- 
ra." He died in New York City, Sept. 3, 
1885. 

Gwinnett, BUTTON, a signer of the 
Declaration of Independence; born in Eng 
land about 1732; was a merchant at Bris 
tol, and emigrated to Charleston, S. C., 
in 1770. He settled on St. Catharine s 
Island, off the coast of Georgia, in 1772. 
Cautious and doubtful, he took no part 
in political affairs until after the Revo 
lutionary War was begun, when he be 
came active in the patriot cause. He was 
chosen a Representative in Congress in 
1770, Avhere he voted for and signed the 
Declaration of Independence. In 1777 he 
was president of the provincial council 
of Georgia, and by hostility to General 
Mclntosh excited the resentment of the 
latter, who challenged Gwinnett to fight 
a duel. He accepted the challenge, and on 



May 15, 1777, was mortally wounded, 
dying on the 27th. 

Gwyn, WILLIAM M. See GWIN, WILL 
IAM M. 

Gwyn s Island (Va. ). After the de 
struction of NORFOLK ( q. v.) by Lord Dun- 
more, the Tory governor of Virginia, the 
Americans, under Stevens, held the town 
until late in February, 1776, when they 
abandoned the place. Dunmore sailed 
down the Elizabeth River and landed at 
Gwyn s Island, which he fortified. GEN. 
ANDREW LEWIS (q. v.) erected two bat 
teries, with which he attacked Dunmore on 
July 8, 1776. The next day the British 
fled to their ships, and, after plundering 
a number of plantations on the Potomac, 
divided their fleet, sending some of the 
ships to the Bermudas, some to the West 
Indies, and the remainder, with Dunmore, 
to New York City. 



190 



H. 

Haanel, EUGENE, educator; born in old common-law) is next in importance 

Breslau, Germany, May 24, 1841 ; came to magna charta. Parliament may 

to the United States in 1859; taught in suspend the habeas corpus act for a 

Adrian, Hillsdale, and Albion colleges in specified time in great emergency. Then 

Michigan; was professor in Victoria Col- the nation parts with a portion of liberty 

lege, Coburg, Ontario, in 1873-88; then to secure its permanent welfare, and 

became Professor of Physical Science in suspected persons may then be arrested 

Syracuse University. He resigned the last without cause assigned. Blackstone. 

charge in June, 1901, on being appointed Act suspended for a short time .i689, 

superintendent of mines in Canada. Pro- 1696, 1708 

fessor Haanel is a charter member of the Suspended for Scots Rebellion 1715-16 

Roval Society of Canada Suspended for twelve months 1722 

r uu Suspended for Scots Rebellion 1744-45 

Habberton, JOHN, author; born in Suspended for American War 1777-79 

Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 24, 1842; was edu- Again by Mr. Pitt, owing to French 

cated in the public schools of Illinois, and Revolution 1794 

in 1859 went to New York and learned the ^^ in . Ir . eland . in . * he . great . re ; 1798 

printer s trade. In the Civil War he Suspended in England.Aug. 28, 1799, and 

served in the Union army from 1862 to April 14, 1801 

1865, rising from private to lieutenant. Again, on account of Irish insurrection. 1803 

. ,., , , Again, on alleged secret meetings 

After the war he entered the service of FeD 2 i 1817 

Harper & Brothers, where he remained till Bill to restore habeas corpus intro- 

1872. In 1874-77 he was literary editor duced Jan. 28, 1818 

of the Christian Union; in 1876-93 was Suspended in Ireland (Insurrection) _ ^ 

on the editorial staff of the New York Restored there March~l[ 1849 

Herald; and in 1893-94 on the editorial Suspended again Feb. 17, 1866 ; Feb! 

staff of Godey s Magazine. His writings 2Q > and May 31, 1867 ; and Feb 28, 

i A n 7 > T> ? 7> 1868, till March 25, 1869 

include Helen s Babies; Other People s Because O f the affair of John Anderson, 

Children; The Barton Experiment ; The an act of 1862 enacted that no writ of habeas 

Jericho Road; Who Was Paul Grayson? corpus should issue out of Kngland to any 

The Scripture Club of Valley Rest; Conn- ^^^^ a C Urt With auth rity 
try Luck; Grown-up Babies; Life of 

Washington; My Mother - in - law ; The In United States history the Constitu- 
Worst Boy in Town; All Re Knew ; Honey tion provides that " the privilege of 
and Gall; The Lucky Lover ; etc. Deacon habeas corpus shall not be suspended, un- 
Crankett, his only drama, has been per- less when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, 
formed with much success. the public safety may require it " ; but 
Habeas Corpus, in English history, does not specify what department of the 
the subjects writ of right, passed " for government may suspend it. A series of 
the better securing the liberty of the sub- contests on this subject began with the 
ject," 31 Charles II., c. 2, May 27, 1679. Civil War and continued throughout, both 
If any person be imprisoned by the order as to the legality of suspension and the 
of any court, or of the King, he may have jurisdiction. The writ of habeas corpus was 
a writ of habeas corpus to bring him be- first suspended by President Lincoln be 
fore the King s bench or common pleas, tween Washington and Philadelphia, April 
which shall determine whether his com- 27, 1861, in instructions to General Scott 
mittal be just. This act (founded on the (it had been suspended by State authority 

191 



HABERSHAM 



in Rhode Island for a brief time during 
Dorr s rebellion). See DORK, THOMAS WIL 
SON. 

President suspends the writ in Key 
West, Tortugas, and Santa Rosa.... 

May 10, 1861 

Further extension July 2, 1861 

Chief-Justice Taney issues a writ of 
habeas corpus May 27, to Gen. Geo. 
Cadwallader on appeal by John 
Merryman, of Baltimore, then con 
fined In Fort McIIenry May 25, 1861 

[On the general s refusal to obey 
the writ Taney attempts to arrest 
him, but fails.] 
Theophilus Parsons supports President s 

power to suspend June 5, 1861 

Attorney-General Bates asserts the 
President s power to declare martial 
law and suspend the writ of habeas 

corpus July 5, 1861 

One hundred and seventy-four persons 
committed to Fort Lafayette, July to 

Oct., 1861 
Suspension of the writ made general. 

Sept. 24, 1862 
Congress by act upholds this power. 

March 3, 1863 

Vallandlgham arrested May 4 1863 

President suspends by proclamation. 

Sept. 15, 1863 
All persons held under suspension of the 

writ discharged May, 1864 

Suspends in Kentucky July 5, 1864 

President Johnson restores the writ of 
habeas corpus except in the late in 
surrectionary States, District of 
Columbia, New Mexico, and Arizona, 

by proclamation Dec. 11, 1865 

In all States and Territories except 

Texas April 2, 1866 

Throughout the United States.. Aug. 20, 1866 

Thirty-eight thousand arrests were 
made according to the provost-mar 
shal s record, Washington, during the 
Civil War. 

Habersham, ALEXANDER WYLLY, naval 
officer; born in New York City, March 24, 
1826; joined the navy in 1841; promoted 
lieutenant in 1855; resigned in May, 
1860; went to Japan as a tea merchant; 
and was the first to introduce that plant 
from Japan into the United States. At 
the beginning of the Civil War he returned 
home and was a prisoner at Fort Mc- 
Henry for six months. He was the author 
of a narrative of the United States North 
Pacific Exploring Expedition. He died 
in Baltimore, Md., March 26, 1883. 

Habersham, JAMES, statesman; born 
in Beverly, England, in 1712; emigrated 
to Georgia in 1738; was appointed coun 
cillor and secretary of the province in 
1754; president of the Assembly in 1767; 
and was acting governor of Georgia dur 



ing the absence of Sir James Wright from 
1769 to 1772. He was the first person 
to plant cotton in Georgia. He died in 
New Brunswick, N. J., Aug. 28, 1775. 

Habersham, JOHN, military officer; 
born in Savannah, Ga., in 1754; appointed 
major of the 1st Georgia Regiment of Con 
tinentals; served throughout the Revolu 
tionary War in the army, and after peace 
was declared was appointed Indian agent; 
was elected to the Continental Congress 
from Georgia in 1785. He died in Sa 
vannah, Ga., Nov. 19, 1799. 

Habersham, JOSEPH, statesman; born 
in Savannah, Ga., July 28, 1751. Hia 
father, James, who was born in England 
in 1712, and died at New Brunswick, 
N. J., in 1775, accompanied Whitefield to 
Georgia in 1738, and was secretary of the 
province in 1754; president of the coun 
cil and acting governor in 1769-72. Jo 
seph was a member of the first patriotic 
committee in Georgia in 1774, and ever 
afterwards took an active part in the de 
fence of the liberties of his country. He 
helped to seize gunpowder in the arsenal 




192 



JOSEPH HABERSHAM. 

in 1775, and was a member of the council 
of safety. He was one of a company who 
captured a government ship (July, 1775), 
with munitions of war, including 15,000 
Ibs. of gunpowder. He led some volun 
teers who made the royal governor, 
Wright, a prisoner (Jan. 18, 1776), and 
confined him to his house under a guard. 
When Savannah was taken by the Brit- 



HADLEY " HAIL, COLUMBIA " 



ish, early in 1778, he took his family to 
Virginia; but in the siege of Savannah 
(1779) by Lincoln and D Estaing, he held 
the office of colonel, which he retained till 
the close of the war. He was Postmaster- 
General in 1795-1801, and president of the 
Savannah branch of the United States 
Bank from 1802 till its charter expired. 
He died in Savannah, Nov. 17, 1815. 

Hadley, ARTHUR TWINING, educator; 
born in New Haven, Conn., April 23, 
1856; graduated at Yale University in 
1876, and then studied in the Univer- 




ARTHUR TWINING HADLEY. 

sity of Berlin. Eeturning to the United 
States he was a tutor at Yale in 1879-83, 
and university lecturer on railroad ad 
ministration in 1883-86. In the latter 
year he was made Professor of Political 
Science in the graduate department, where 
he remained till 1899, when he was elected 
president of the university by a unani 
mous vote. The only public office he has 
ever held was of commissioner of labor 
of Connecticut in 1885-87. He is the 
author of Economics, an Account of the 
Relations Between Private Property and 
Public Welfare; Railroad Transportation, 
Its History and Laws; and Report on the 
System of Weekly Payments. He is a mem 
ber of the American Economic Association. 
Hadley, ATTACK ON. At Hadley, on 
the Connecticut River, the Indians, in the 
absence of the little garrison, attempted 
the destruction of life and property, Sept. 



1, 1675. The inhabitants were in the 
meeting-house, it being fast-day. The men 
seized their arms to defend themselves, 
their wives, and their little ones from the 
savages. Just as the latter seemed about 
to strike a destructive blow, and the men, 
unskilled in military affairs, felt them 
selves almost powerless, a man with a 
long, flowing white beard and military air 
suddenly appeared, drew his sword, and, 
putting himself at the head of the armed 
men, filled them with courage and led them 
to victory. The Indians fell back and fled, 
when the mysterious leader as suddenly 
disappeared, none knowing whence he came 
or whither he went. It was COL. WILL 
IAM GOFFE (q. v.), the "regicide," who 
was then concealed in the house of Mr. 
Russell, at Hadley. 

Hague, PARTIIENIA ANTOINETTE VAB- 
DAIIAN, author; born in Harris county, 
Ga., Nov. 29, 1838; is the author of A 
Blockaded Family, or Life in Southern 
Alabama during the Civil War. 

Hague, WILLIAM, clergyman; born in 
Pelham, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1808; graduated 
at Hamilton College in 1826, and at the 
Newton Theological Institution in 182!) 
He wrote 1 he Baptist Church; Review of 
Fuller and Wayland on Slavery; etc. He 
died in Boston, Mass., Aug. 1, 1887. 

Hague Court of Arbitration. See 
ARBITRATION. 

Hahn, MICHAEL, jurist; born in Bava 
ria, Germany, Nov. 24, 1830; graduated 
at the University of Louisiana in 1854. 
He was opposed to secession and did all 
in his power to keep Louisiana in the 
Union. When New Orleans was captured 
in April, 1862, he immediately took the 
oath of allegiance to the United States; 
was elected governor of the State in 1864; 
and United States Senator in 1865, but 
was unable to obtain his seat. He served 
in the legislature for several years and in 
1879 was elected district judge, which 
office he held until his resignation on being 
elected to the national House of Repre 
sentatives in 1885. He died in Washing 
ton, D. C., March 15, 1886. 

" Hail, Columbia," a stirring, patri 
otic song written in the spring of 1798, 
when war between the United States and 
France seemed inevitable. Mr. Fox, a 
young singer and actor in the Phila 
delphia Theatre, was to have a benefit. 



iv. N 



193 



" HAIL, COLUMBIA " HAINES 

There was so little novelty in the play- for it touched the public heart with elec- 

house that he anticipated a failure. On trical effect at that moment. Eight times 

the morning before the appointed day he the singer was called out to repeat the 

called upon JOSEPH HOPKINSON (q. v.}, a song. When it was sung the ninth time 

lawyer and man of letters, who indulged the whole audience arose and joined in 

in writing verses, and said : " Not a single the chorus. On the following night, 

box has been taken, and I fear there will April 30, President Adams and his wife, 

be a thin house. If you will write me and some of the heads of departments, 




ME. FOX SINGING "HAIL, COLUMBIA 1" 

some patriotic verses to the air of the with their families, were present, and the 
President s March I feel sure of a full singer was called out time after time. It 
house. Several people about the theatre was repeated night after night in the 
have attempted it, but they have come to theatres of Philadelphia and other places, 
the conclusion it can t be done. I think and it became the universal song of the 
you may succeed." Hopkinson retired to boys in the streets. On one occasion a 
his study, wrote the first verse and throng of people gathered before the 
chorus, and submitted them to Mrs. Hop- author s residence, and suddenly the song, 
kinson, who sang them with a harpsichord Hail, Columbia! from 500 voices broke the 
accompaniment. The tune and words stillness of the night, 
harmonized. The song was soon finished, Haines, ALANSON AUSTIN, clergyman; 
and the young actor received it the same born in Hamburg, N. J., March 18, 1830; 
evening. Next morning the theatre plac- graduated at Princeton in 1857; appoint- 
ards contained an announcement that Mr. ed chaplain of the 15th New Jersey Regi- 
Fox would sing a new patriotic song. The ment in 1862; and was present in thirty- 
house was crowded; the song was sung, six battles. In 1873-76 he was engineer of 
and the audience were wild with delight, the United States Palestine Exploration 

194 



HAINES S BLUFF HALDIMAND 

Society, and made maps, sketches, and same year. It contains many curious 

copies of rock inscriptions in the Holy documents, and is illustrated by maps. 

Land, Egypt, and Turkey. His pub- Anthony a Wood, writing late in the 

lications include History of the 15th Rcgi- seventeenth century, referring to this 

ment New Jersey Volunteers. He died in great work, spoke of it as an " honor to 

Hamburg, N. J., Dec. 11, 1891. the realm of England, because possessing 

Haines s Bluff. At this point on the many ports and islands in America that 

Yazoo River there were stirring military are bare and barren, and only bear a name 

events preparatory to the siege of Vicks- for the present, but may prove rich 

burg. General Sherman, with the 15th places in future time." Hakluyt was ap- 

Corps, had been operating in the Yazoo pointed prebendary of Westminster in 

region, and when Grant determined to 1605, having been previously prebendary 

change his base of supplies to Grand Gulf, of Bristol. Afterwards he was rector of 

below Vicksburg, Sherman was ordered Wetheringset, Suffolk, and at his death, 

to make a feint against Haines s Bluff, Oct. 23, 1616, was buried in Westminster 

which the Nationals had been unable to Abbey. Henry Hudson, who discovered 

pass. On the morning of April 29, 1863, Spitzbergen in 1608, gave the name of 

he proceeded from Milliken s Bend, with Hakluyt s Head to a point on that island; 

Blair s division, in ten steamboats, and and Bylot gave his name to an island in 

armored and other gunboats, and went up Baffin Bay. A society founded in 1846, 

the Yazoo. On the morning of May 6 the for the republication of early voyages and 

armored gunboats assailed the fortifica- travels, took his name, 

tions at Haines s Bluff, and in the evening Haldeman, SAMUEL STEHMAN, natu- 

Blair s troops were landed, as if with the ralist; born in Locust Grove, Pa., Aug. 

intention of making an attack. The bom- 12, 1812; was educated in a classical 

bardment was kept up until dark, when school in Harrisburg and in Dickinson 

the troops were quietly re-embarked. The College. In 1836 he was assistant to 

assault and menace were repeated the next Henry D. Rogers, State geologist of New 

day, when Sherman received an order Jersey, and in the following year he joined 

from Grant to hasten with his troops the Pennsylvania survey, in which he was 

down the west side of the Mississippi and engaged till 1842. He was Professor of 

join him at Grand Gulf. See VICKSBURG. Natural Sciences in the University of 

Hakluyt, RICHARD, author; born in Pennsylvania in 1851-55, and then took 
England about 1553. Educated at Ox- the similar chair in Delaware College, 
ford University, he was engaged there as From 1869 till his death, Sept. 10, 1880, 
a lecturer on cosmography, and was the he was Professor of Comparative Philology 
first who taught the use of globes. In in the University of Pennsylvania. Pro- 
li>83 he published an account of voyages fessor Haldeman had a wonderfully del- 
of discovery to America; and four years icate ear. In 1848 he described in the 
afterwards, while with the English am- American Journal of Science a new 
bassador at Paris, Sir Edward Stafford, crigin of sound which he had discovered 
probably as his chaplain, he published in in lepidopterous insects. He also deter- 
French a narrative of the voyages of mined more than forty varieties of vocal 
Laudonniere and others; and in 1587 he repertoire in the human voice. His pub- 
published them in English, under the title lications include Fresh - Water Univalve 
of Four Voyages unto Florida. On his Molluska of the United States; a prize 
return to England in 1589, Hakluyt was essay on Analytical Orthography; Zoologi- 
appointed by Raleigh one of the company cal Contributions; Elements of Latin Pro 
of adventurers for colonizing Virginia, nunciation; an edition of Taylor s Sta- 
His greatest work, The Principal Navi- tistics of Coal; Tours of a Chess Knight; 
gations, Voyages, Trafficks, and Discov- Affixes in their Origin and Application; 
cries of the English Nation, made ~by Sea Rhymes of the Poets; Pennsylvania Dutch; 
or over Land, to the most remote and Outlines of Etymology; Word Building, 
farthest distant Quarters of the Earth, etc. 

at any time within the Compass of these Haldimand, SIR FREDERICK, military 

Fifteen Hundred Tears, was published the officer; born in Neuchatel, Switzerland, in 

195 



HALE 



October, 1728; served for some time in One is Ten; Margaret Percival in Amer- 
the Prussian army, and, in 1754, entered icaj In His Name; Mr. Tangiers Vaca- 
the British military service. He came to tions; Mrs. Merriam s Scholars; His Level 
America in 1757, and as lieutenant-colonel Best; Ups and Doivns;, Fortunes of 
distinguished himself at Ticonderoga Rachel; Four and Five; Crusoe in 
(1758) and Oswego (1759). He accom- Ncio York; Christmas Eve and Christmas 
panied Amherst to Montreal in 1760. In Day ; Our Christmas in a, Palace; Sketches 
1767 he was employed in Florida, and be- in Christian History; Kansas and be 
came major-general in 1772. Returning braska; What Career? Boys Heroes; 
to England in 1775 to give the ministry Sybaris, and Other Homes; For Fifty 
information respecting the colonies, he Years; A New England Boyhood; Chau- 
was commissioned a major-general (Jan. tauquan History of the United States, 
1, 1776), and in 1777 a lieutenant-general etc. See LEND-A-HAND CLUBS. 
and lieutenant-governor of Quebec, where Hale, EUGENE, lawyer; born in Turner, 
he succeeded Carleton as governor in 1778. Me., June 9, 1836; admitted to the bar in 
He ruled arbitrarily until 1784, when he 1857; was county attorney for Hancock 
returned to England. He died in Yver- county nine years; elected to the State 
dun, Switzerland, June 5, 1791. legislature in 1867 and to Congress in 

Hale, CHARLES REUBEN, clergyman; 1869, where he served ten years. In 1881 
born in Lewiston, Pa., in 1837 ; graduated he was elected to the United States Senate, 
at the University of Pennsylvania in 1858; and re-elected in 1887, 1893, and 1899. 
was made a bishop of the Protestant Hale, GEORGE SILSBEE, lawyer; born in 
Episcopal Church in 1892. He published Keene, N. H., Sept. 24, 1825; graduated 
the Universal Episcopate; The American at Harvard College in 1844; admitted to 
Church and Methodism, etc. He died in the bar in 1850, and began practice in 
Cairo, 111., Dec. 25, 1900. Boston. His publications include Memoirs 

Hale, EDWARD EVERETT, clergyman; of Joel Parker and Theron Metcalf. He 
born in Boston, April 3, 1822; gradu- also edited the sixteenth, seventeenth, and 
ated at Harvard College in 1839; studied eighteenth volumes of the United States 
theology and was minister of the Church Digest. He died in Schooner Head, Me., 
of the Unity, Worcester, Mass., in 1846- July 28, 1897. 

Hale, IRVING, military officer; born in 
North Bloomfield, N. Y., Aug. 28, 1861; 
graduated at the United States Military 
Academy in 1884, having made the best 
record ever achieved in that institution. 
When the war with Spain broke out he 
went to the Philippines as colonel of the 
1st Colorado Volunteer Regiment, which 
he led in the capture of Manila. In 
recognition of his services in the Philip 
pines he was promoted brigadier-general 
of volunteers. 

Hale, JOHN, clergyman; born in 
Charlestown, Mass., June 9, 1636; grad 
uated at Harvard in 1657; ordained pastor 
of Beverly in 1667. He approved the 
prosecution of alleged witches during the 
Salem witchcraft excitement in 1692, and 
in 1697 published an inquiry into the 
50, and of the South Church (Unitarian), nature of witchcraft. He died May 15, 
Boston, in 1856-99. On December 15, 1700. 

1903, he was elected chaplain of the Hale, JOHN PARKER, politician; born 
United States Senate to date from Jan. in Rochester, N. H., March 31, 1806; 
1, 1904. He is the author of The graduated at Bowdoin College in 1827; 
Man Without a Country; Ten Times studied in his native town, and was there 

196 




\ 



EDWARD EVKKKTT HALE. 



HALE 



admitted to the bar in 1830. He was 
appointed United States district attorney 
in 1834 and reappointed in 1838, but was 
removed, June 17, 1841, by President Tyler 
on party grounds. In 1842 he was elected 
to Congress; and in 1847-53 was a United 
States Senator. He was counsel, in 1851, 
in the trials which resulted from the 
forcible rescue of the fugitive slave Shad- 
rach from the custody of the United States 
marshal in Boston. He was nominated 
by the Free-soil party for President of the 
United States, with George W. Julian for 
Vice-President, in 1852, and received 157,- 
(J80 votes. In 1855 he was returned to 
the United States Senate for the four 
years of the unexpired term of Mr. Ather- 
ton, deceased, and in 1859 was re-elected 
for a full term. He was United States 
minister to Spain in 1865-69. He died 
in Dover, N. H., Nov. 19, 1873. 

Hale, NATHAN, patriot; born in Coven 
try, Conn., June 6, 1755; graduated 
at Yale College in 1773; and taught school 
till the fight in Lexington prompted him 



enter the British lines and procure needed 
information. At the house of Robert Mur 
ray, on the Incleberg (now Murray Hill, 
in the city of New York ) , where Washing 
ton had his headquarters for a brief time 
while retreating towards Harlem Heights, 
Hale received instructions on duty from 
the Commander-in-chief. He entered the 
British camp on Long Island as a plain 
young farmer, and made sketches and 
notes unsuspected. A Tory kinsman knew 
and betrayed him. He was taken to 
Howe s headquarters at the Beekman man 
sion, and confined in the green-house all 
night. He frankly avowed his name, rank, 
and character as a spy (which his papers 
revealed ) , and, without even the form of 
a trial, was handed over to the provost- 
marshal (Cunningham) the next morning 
(Sept. 22, 1776) to be hanged. That in 
famous officer denied Hale the services of 
a clergyman and the use of a Bible; but 
the more humane officer who superintended 
the execution furnished him with mate 
rials to write letters to his mother, his 




THK HALE HOMESTEAD. 



to join Col. Charles Webb s regiment. He betrothed, and sisters. These the brutal 
took part in the siege of Boston; was pro- Cunningham destroyed before the face of 
moted to captain in January, 1776; and his victim, while tears and sobs marked 
was sent to New York. In response to a the sympathy of the spectators. With un- 
call from Washington he volunteered to faltering voice, Hale said, at the last nio- 

197 



HALE 



> 5 : : uL3b>. -1-KY JM 




KALE S EXECUTION. 

ment, " I only regret that I have but one vocate of higher education for women, 
life to lose for my country." Statues of In 1860 she suggested that Thanksgiving 
the patriot have been erected in the capi- Day be instituted by the national gov- 
tol in Hartford and in City Hall Park, eminent as a national holiday, and in 
New York City. 1864 President Lincoln established this 
Hale, SALMA, historian; born in Al- holiday. She continued in active edi- 
stead, N. H., March 7, 1787; was elected torial work till 1877. Her writings in 
to Congress in 1816; appointed clerk of elude the poems, The Light of Home; 
the Supreme Court in 1817; and admitted Mary s Lamb; It Snows, etc. Among her 
to the bar in 1834. He is the author of other works are Woman s Record, or 
a History of the United States; The Ad- Sketches of All Distinguished Women 
ministration of John Quincy Adams; from the Creation to the Present Day; 
Annals of the Town of Keene, etc. He Northicood; Sketches of American Charac- 
died in Somerville, Mass., Nov. 19, 1866. ter; Traits of American Life; Flora s In- 
Hale, SARAH JOSEPH A (BUELL), terpreter; The Ladies Wreath; The Way 
author ; born in Newport, N. H., Oct. 24, to Live Well and to be Well While We 
1788; was educated by her mother; mar- Live; Grosvenor, a Tragedy; The White 
ried David Hale in 1813; was left a Veil; Alice Ray ; Harry Gray, the Widoio s 
widow in 1822, and engaged in literature Son; Three Hours, or the Vigil of Love; 
as a means of support. In 1828-37 she Dictionary of Poetical Quotations; The 
conducted the Ladies Magazine in Bos- Judge, a Drama of American Life; The 
ton. In the latter year this paper was Bible Reading-Book; Manners, or Happy 
united with Godey s Lady s Book in Phil- Homes and Good Society, etc. She died 
adelphia, of which Airs. Hale became edi- in Philadelphia, April 30, 1879. 
tor. She was an early and influential ad- The following is an extract from Mrs. 

198 



HALE HALIBTJRTON 

Kale s Remarks in her Woman s Record to girls equally with boys, and, though 

for the period 1800-68: the latter have, in their endowed colleges, 

enjoyed the special benefit of direct legis- 

In truth, when we look over the lation, yet public sentiment has always 

world, with the exception of two nations, been favorable to feminine education, and 

it still bears that shadow of gloom which private liberality has supplied, in a good 

fell when the ground first drank human degree, the means of instruction to the 

blood; and Man the Murderer, Woman daughters of the republic. The result is 

the Mourner, is still the great distinction before the world a miracle of national 

between the sexes! advancement. American mothers train 

Thank God there is hope. The their sons to be men! 

Anglo-Saxon race in Europe numbers The old Saxon stock is yet superior to 
about 30,000,000, living on a little isl- the new in that brilliancy of feminine 
and in the stormy northern ocean. But genius the artificial state of social life in 
there, for over 100 years, the sounds of England now fosters and elicits, surpass- 
battle have not been heard ; the Salic law ing every nation in its list of learned 
never shamed the honor of their royal ladies; yet in all that contributes to pop- 
race; the holy Bible has been for three ular education and pure religious senti- 
centuries their household book, and a free ment among the masses, the women of 
press now disseminates truth among the America are in advance of all others on 
people. Those 30,000,000 hold the mas- the globe. To prove this, we need only 
tery of mind over Europe and Asia; if examine the list of American missionary 
we trace out the causes of this superiority women, the teachers and authoresses of 
they would centre in that moral influence works ^instructive and educational, con- 
which true religion confers on the woman, tained in this Record. 

Therefore, the Queen of Great Britain Hale, WILLIAM BAYARD, clergyman; 

is the greatest and most honored sover- born in Richmond, Ind., April 6, 1869; 

eign now enthroned; feminine genius is graduated at Boston University; ordain- 

the grace and glory of British literature ; ed in the Protestant Episcopal Church 

feminine piety the purest light of the in 1894. His publications include The 

Anglican Church; and this era is made Making of the American Constitution; 

brilliant by the distinguished women of The Genesis of Nationality, etc. 

the British island. There is still a more Half-breeds, the name applied by the 

wonderful example of this uplifting power " Stalwarts " under Conkling to those Re- 

of the educated mind of woman. It is publicans who opposed the third nomina- 

only ninety years since the Anglo-Saxons tion of Grant, the course of President 

in the New World became a nation, then Hayes in reconciling the South, and who 

numbering about 3,000,000 souls. Now favored the policy of Blaine. 

this people form the great American re- Half-way Covenant. In 1657 a coun- 

public, with a population of 30,000,000; cil was held in Boston, and in 1662 a 

and the destiny of the world will soon be synod of all the clergy in Massachusetts 

in their keeping. The Bible has been their was convened to reconsider the decision of 

" Book of books " since the first Puritan the council that all Baptist persons of 

exile set his foot on Plymouth Rock. Re- upright and decorous lives ought to be 

ligion is free; and the soul, which woman considered for practical purposes as mem- 

always influences where God is worshipped bers of the Church, and therefore entitled 

in spirit and truth, is untrammelled by to the exercise of political rights, even 

code, or creed, or caste. No blood has though unqualified for participation in the 

been shed on the soil of this nation, save Lord s Supper. In 1669 the advocates of the 

in the sacred cause of freedom and self- " Half-way Covenant " seceded from the 

defence; therefore, the blasting evils of old Church, forming a new society, and 

war have seldom been felt; nor has the built a meeting-house, which was succeeded 

woman ever been subjected to the hard in 1729 by the present Old South Church, 

labor imposed by God upon the man that Haliburton, THOMAS CHANDLER, au- 

of " subduing the earth." The advantages thor; born in Windsor, Nova Scotia, in 

of primary education have been accorded 1797; studied law and was admitted to 

199 



HALIFAX HALL 

the bar in 1820. Later lie became a Halkett, SIR PETER, military officer; 
member of the House of Assembly. He born in Pitfirrane, Scotland; elected 
was chief -justice of the court of com- to Parliament in 1734; commanded a regi- 
mon pleas in 1829, and was appointed ment, and with his son was, killed in the 
judge of the supreme court in 1840. battle near Pittsburg, Pa. (where Brad- 
He held this office till 1842, when he dock was defeated), July 9, 1755. 
removed to England. In 1859 he repre- Hall, ASAPH, astronomer; born in 
sented Launceston in Parliament as a Goshen, Conn., Oct. 15, 1829; received a 
Conservative, and remained there till common-school education; worked on a 
1865. His publications include The farm; and later became a carpenter. In 
Clock-Maker, or the Sayings and Doings 1853 he took up the study of geometry 
of Samuel Slick, of Slickville, which con- and algebra; subsequently pursued special 
sists of a collection of newspaper sketches courses in the University of Michigan, 
satirizing New Englanders. His other and afterwards entered the observatory 
writings include The Attache, or Sam of Harvard College, where he served as 
Slick in England; An Historical and assistant in 1857-62. In August of the 
Statistical Account of Nova Scotia; Bub- latter year he was made aide in the 
Ues of Canada; The Old Judge, or Life United States Naval Observatory in 
in a Colony; Letter-Bag of the Great Washington, and in the following year 
Western; Rule and Misrule of the Eng- was appointed Professor of Mathematics 
lish in America; Yankee Stories; Traits with the relative rank of captain. In 
of American Humor, etc. He also edited 1895 he became Professor of Astronomy 
a number of books, among them one on at Harvard University. He has led many 
the Settlement of Neic England. He died astronomical expeditions for the govern- 
in Isleworth, England, Aug. 27, 1865. ment, among them being that to Bering 

Halifax, EAKL OF. See MONTAGUE, Sea, in 1869, to observe the solar eclipse, 

CHARLES. and that to Vladisvostok, Siberia, in 

Halifax Fisheries Award. One of the 1874, to study the transit of Venus. His 
articles of the treaty of Washington pro- most important discovery, which won 
vided for a commission to adjudicate the him great distinction, was that of the 
value of the fishery privileges conceded to two moons of Mars, which he located in 
the United States by that treaty. This August, 1877, and which he named 
commission met in Halifax, Nova Scotia, " Deimos " and " Phobos " (Terror and 
June 5, 1877. Great Britain was repre- Fear). The Royal Astronomical Society 
sented by Sir Alexander F. Gait; the of London awarded him its gold medal 
United States by E. H. Kellogg. The in 1879. In 1875 he became a member 
third commissioner, Maurice Delfosse, wus of the National Academy of Sciences, of 
named by Austria, as provided for in the which he was president in 1901. He has 
treaty. The commission awarded Great contributed to many astronomical journals. 
Britain $5,500,000 for the use of the fish- Hall, BENJAMIN HOMER, author; born 
ing privileges for twelve years. The in Troy, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1830; was ad- 
money was appropriated by Congress in mitted to the bar in 1856, and began prac- 
1878 with the proviso " articles 18 and tice in his native city. His publications 
21 of the treaty between the United include History of Eastern Vermont, etc.; 
States and Great Britain, concluded on and Bibliography of the United States: 
May 8, 1871, ought to be terminated at Vermont; and he was the editor of A 
the earliest period consistent with the Tribute by the Citizens of Troy to the 
provisions of article 33 of the same Memory of Abraham Lincoln. He died in 
treaty." The President of the United Troy, N. Y., April 6, 1893. 
States, in pursuance of instructions from Hall, BOLTON, lawyer; born in Ireland 
Congress, gave the required notice, and in 1854; graduated at Princeton Col- 
the fishery articles therefore came to an lege in 1875. He has been a strong plead- 
end July 1, 1885. In 1888 the new treaty er for the restoration of the land to the 
was negotiated in reference to the fishery people, and has put into practice his 
question, but was rejected by the United theory by inducing many unemployed per- 
States Senate, Aug. 21, 1888. sons to engage in the cultivation of vacant 

200 



HALL 

lots. He is known as a lecturer on uni- rest of them could get out the vessel broke 
versity extension and other reforms. loose and drifted away. Those on the ice 
Hall, CHARLES FRANCIS, explorer; born drifted southward for 195 days, floating 
in Rochester, N. H., in 1821; in early helplessly about 2,000 miles. An Es- 
life was first a blacksmith, and then a kimo, the friend of Captain Hall, kept 
journalist in Cincinnati. In 1859 he ap- the company from starving by his skill 
peared in New York, and at a meeting of in seal-fishing. The party was picked up 
the American Geographical Society he in April, 1873, by a Nova Scotia whaling 
offered to go in search of the remains of steamer, and the Polaris made a port on 
Sir John Franklin. Funds for the pur- an island, where her crew wintered, made 
pose were raised, and in May, 1860, he boats of her boards, and set sail south- 
sailed from New London, Conn., in a ward. They were picked up, June 23, 
whaling vessel, commanded by Capt. Sid- by a Scotch whaler and taken to Dundee, 
riey O. Buddington. The vessel became Captain Buddington was born in Groton, 
locked in the ice. He made the acquaint- Conn., Sept. 16, 1823; and died them, 
ance of the Eskimos, learned their June 13, 1888. 

language, acquired their friendship, and Hall, DAVID, printer ; born in Edin- 
lived with them two years, making his burgh, Scotland, in 1714; emigrated to 
way back to the United States in Sep- America in 1747; became a partner of 
tcmber, 1862, without having discovered Benjamin Franklin, but the partnership 
any traces of Sir John Franklin and his was dissolved in 1766, when the firm of 
party. He was accompanied by an Es- Rail & Sellers was established. This firm 
kimo and his wife. His Arctic Re- had the printing of the Pennsylvania 
searches and Life among the Eskimos colonial currency and also the Continental 
was published in 1864. In July of that money issued by authority of Congress, 
year he set out on another polar expe- He died in Philadelphia, Dec. 24, 1772. 
dition, with Buddington, expecting to be Hall, DOMINICK AUGUSTINE, jurist; 
absent two or three years, but did not re- born in South Carolina in 1765; was dis- 
turn until late in 1869. Satisfied that trict judge of Orleans Territory from 1809 
rone of Franklin s men were alive, Hall till it became the State of Louisiana in 
labored to induce Congress to fit out a 18P2, when he was appointed United 
ship to search for the supposed open polar States judge of the State. While the city 
sea, and it made an appropriation for of New Orleans was under martial law 
the purpose. A ship called the Polaris early in 1815, General Jackson caused 
was fitted out, and sent (from New York, Judge Hall s arrest for interfering with 
June 29, 1871) under the general com- the operations of that law. On his re 
mand of Hall, Buddington going as sail- lease, in March, he summoned Jackson to 
ing-master, accompanied by scientific as- answer for contempt of court, and fined 
sociates. In August they reached the him $1,000. He died in New Orleans, Dee. 
northern settlement in Greenland. Push- 19, 1820. 

ing on north word, the vessel reached lat. Hall, EDWIN, clergyman; born in Gran- 

80 16 . the most northerly point reached ville, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1802; graduated 

up to that time. They wintered in a cove at Middlebury College in 1826; pastor of 

(which they .called Polaris), in lat. 81 a Congregational church at Norwalk. 

38 . In October Hall and three others Conn., in 1832-54; then elected Professor 

siarted on a sledge expedition northward, of Theology in Auburn Seminary. He is 

and reached a point a few miles short of the author of The Puritans and Their 

that touched by the Polaris. They soon Principles; Historical Records of Norwalk, 

returned, when Hall was taken sick and etc. He died in Auburn, N. Y., Sept. 8, 

died Nov. 8, 1871. In August, 1872, Cap- 1877. 

lain Buddington attempted to return with Hall, GORDON, first American mission- 

the Polaris, but for \veeks was in the ice- ary to India: born in Tolland county, 

pack. She was in great peril, and prepa- Mass., April 8, 1784; was ordained at 

rations were made to abandon her. The Salem in 1812, and sailed for Calcutta, 

boats, provisions, and nineteen of the where he arrived in February, 1813, and 

crew were put on the ice, but before the spent thirteen years there in missionary 

201 



HALL 

labors. Ho died of cholera in India, nois Monthly Magazine, and the West- 
March 20, 1826. ern Monthly Magazine. Among his pub- 
Hall, GRANVILLE STANLEY, educator; lished works are Life of Thomas Posey; 
born in Ashfield, Mass., May 5, 1845; Life of Gen. W. H. Harrison; Notes on 
graduated at Williams College in 1867. the Western States; History of the Indian 
He served as professor of psychology in Tribes; The Wilderness and the War- 
Antioch College, Ohio, in 1872-76. Later Path, etc. He died July 5, 1868. 
he studied in Bonn, Leipsic, Heidelberg, Hall, JAMES, geologist; born in Hing- 
and Berlin. Returning, he lectured on ham, Mass., Sept. 12, 1811; was gradu- 
psychology in Harvard University and ated at the Rensselaer School (now Poly- 
Williams College in 1880-81. In 1881 he technic Institute) in Troy, in 1832; was 
became Professor of Psychology in Johns retained there as assistant Professor of 
Hopkins University, and remained there Chemistry and Natural Science, and be- 
till 1888, when he accepted the presidency, came full professor in 1854. He held this 
with the chair of psychology, of Clark chair till 1876, when he became professor 
University. He is author of Aspects of emeritus. In 1836, when the geological sur- 
German Culture; Hints Toward a Select vey of New York was organized, and four 
and Descriptive Bibliography of Education divisions made of the State, he was ap- 
(with John M. Mansfield), etc. In 1900 pointed assistant geologist in the second 
he was editor of The American Journal of division. In the following year he was 
Psychology and The Pedagogical Semi- appointed State geologist. In 1838-41 lie 
nary. explored the western portion of the State 
Hall, HILAND, jurist; born in Benning- and embodied the results in the second, 
ton, Vt., July 20, 1795; admitted to the third, fourth, and fifth Annual Reports 
bar in 1819; was a member of the first on the work. His final report on the sur- 
National Republican Convention in 1856. vey of the fourth geological district was 
He was governor of Vermont in 1858-59; issued in 1843 as Geology of New York, 
and published a History of Vermont. He Part IV. During that year he took charge 
died in Springfield, Mass., Dec. 18, 1885. ot the paleontological work of the State 
Hall, JAMES, military officer; born in survey, the results of which are published 
Carlisle, Pa., Aug. 22, 1744; gradu- in 13 volumes entitled the Natural History 
ated at Princeton in 1774; became pastor of New York. This is considered the great- 
of the Presbyterian church at Bethany, cst work of its kind in the world. It is es- 
N. C., in 1778. He belonged to the church tunated that the work cost the State more 
militant, and during the Revolutionary than $1,000,000. It is valuable not only 
War was an ardent patriot. He raised a because of the paleontological information 
troop of cavalry, and was at once com- which it contains, but also for its details 
mander and chaplain. He is the author of the researches westward to the Rocky 
of a Report of a Missionary Tour Through Mountains. These researches form the 
the Mississippi and the Southwestern basis of all the knowledge of geology of 
Country. He died in Bethany, N. C., the Mississippi Valley. In 1855 he was 
July 25, 1826. also State geologist for Iowa, and in 1857 
Hall, JAMES, military officer; born in for Wisconsin. In 1866-93 he was director 
Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 19, 1793; enlisted of the New York State Museum. Dr. Hall 
as a private in 1812; commanded a de- gave much time to the investigation of 
tachment from his company at the battle crystalline stratified rocks, and he was 
of Chippewa in 1814 and at the siege of the discoverer of the persistence and sig- 
Fort Erie; received a commission in the nificance of mineralogical character as an 
army in 1815; and served in Decatur s indicator to classification. In speaking of 
expedition to Algiers on the United States this a scholar has said: "It is not too 
brig Enterprise. He left the army in much to say that the method was estab- 
1818; was admitted to the bar the same hshed by the New York survey, and that 
year; removed to Shawneetown, 111., in it finds its best in the classic fourth dis- 
1820, and to Cincinnati in 1833. He trict; here it was that American strati- 
edited at various times the Illinois graphic geology was founded." Further- 
Gazette, the Illinois Intelligencer, the I Hi- more. Dr. Hall originated the rational 

202 



HALL HALL OF FAME 



theory of mountains, which is held to be 
one of the most valuable contributions 
made to isostasy. His publications in 
clude, besides those mentioned: Graptolltes 
of the Quebec Group; the paleontological 
portions of Fremont s Exploring Expedi 
tion, Appendix A; Expedition to the 
Great Salt Lake; United States and Mexi 
can Boundary Survey; United States Geo 
logical Exploration of the Fortieth Paral 
lel (vol. iv., 1877); Geological Survey of 
Iowa, and chapters on geology, paleontol 
ogy and physical geography in the Report 
on the Geological Survey of the State of 
Wisconsin. He died in Echo Hill, N. H., 
Aug. 7, 1898. 

Hall, LYMAN, signer of the Declaration 
of Independence; born in Connecticut in 
1725; graduated at Yale College in 
1747, and, becoming a physician, estab 
lished himself at Sunbury, Ga., where he 
was very successful. He was a member of 
the Georgia convention in 1774-75, and 
was influential in causing Georgia to join 
the other colonies. He was a delegate 
to Congress in March, 1775, from the 
parish of St. John, and in July was elect 
ed a delegate by the provincial convention 
of Georgia. He remained in Congress un 
til 1780, when the invasion of the State 
caused him to hasten home. He was gov 
ernor of Georgia in 1783, and died in 
Burke county, Ga., Oct. 19, 1790. 

Hall, NATHAN KELSEY, statesman; 
born in Marcellus, 1ST. Y., March 10, 1810; 
admitted to the bar in 1832; appointed 
judge of the court of common pleas in 
1841; elected to the Assembly in 1845; 
to Congress in 1847. President Fillmore 
appointed him Postmaster - General in 
1850 and United States district judge in 
1852. He died in Buffalo, N. Y., March 
2, 1874. 

Hall, NEWMAN, clergyman; born in 
Maidstone, Kent, England, May 22, 1816; 
graduated at the University of London 
in 1841. He was pastor of the Albion Con 
gregational Church in Hull in 1842-54. In 
the latter year he became pastor of Surrey 
Chapel, London. While the American 
Civil War was being waged, he was a 
strong friend of the Union, and at the 
conclusion of the war he made a lecturing 
tour of the United States for the purpose 
of promoting international good-will. This 
visit was afterwards commemorated by 



the construction, as a part of the new 
church on Westminster Road, of the Lin 
coln Tower, the cost of which was met by 
subscriptions from American and English 
citizens. His publications, which have 
met with much favor in the United 
States, include: The Christian Philoso 
pher; Italy, the Land of the Forum and 
the Vatican; Lectures in America; Ser 
mons and History of Surrey Chapel; From 
Liverpool to St. Louis; Pilgrims Songs; 
Prayer, its Reasonableness and Efficacy; 
Th.e Lord s Prayer; Songs of Earth and 
Heaven; and a lecture on the assassina 
tion of President Lincoln, in London, in 
1865. He died in London, Feb. 18, 1902. 

Hall, ROBERT HENRY, military officer; 
born in Detroit, Mich., Nov. 15, 1837; 
graduated at the United States Mili 
tary Academy in 1860; was promoted to 
second and first lieutenant of the 10th In 
fantry in 18G1; captain in 1863; major of 
the 22d Infantry in 1883; lieutenant- 
colonel of the 6th Infantry in 1888; and 
colonel of the 4th Infantry, May 18, 1893. 
In the volunteer service he was appoint 
ed a brigadier-general May 27, 1898; was 
honorably discharged under that commis 
sion and reappointed to the same rank 
.April 15, 1899; and on the reorganization 
of the regular army in February, 1901, he 
was appointed one of the new brigadier- 
generals. During the Civil War he served 
on the frontier; in the Rappahannock 
campaign; in the operations about Chatta 
nooga ; and in the action at Weldon, Va., 
where he was wounded. In 1865-71 he 
was again on frontier duty, and in 1871-78 
was on duty at the United States Military 
Academy. For some time prior to his last 
promotion he was on duty in the Philip 
pine Islands. 

Hall, SAMUEL, printer; born in Med- 
ford, Mass., Nov. 2, 1740; was a partner 
of the widow of James Franklin in 1761- 
68, in which year he published the Essex 
Gazette in Salem, Mass. He removed to 
Cambridge in 1775 and published the Netv 
England Chronicle, and subsequently the 
Massachusetts Gazette. He died in Bos 
ton, Mass., Oct. 30, 1807. 

Hall of Fame, a building erected in 
1900 on the grounds of the New York 
University, New York City, with funds 
provided by HELEN M. GOULD ( q. v . ) , and 
officially known as " The Hall of Fame 



203 



HALL OF FAME 




THE HALL OP FAME. 



for Great Americans." It is built in the the 150 inscriptions will be completed, 
form of a semicircle, 506 feet long, 15 In October, 1900, a jury of 100 persons 
feet wide, and 170 feet high. Within the was appointed to invite and pass upon 
colonnade will be 150 panels, each 2 by S nominations for the first fifty names. The 
feet in dimensions, which are to contain number of names submitted reached 252, 
the names of Americans adjudged the of which twenty - nine received fifty - one 
most eminent in their respective spheres, (the minimum) or more votes. These 
Ihe rules adopted by the council of the were, therefore, declared eligible The fol- 
uuiversity allow the name of such persons lowing are the names, with the number of 
only who were born within the territory votes, which were accepted. The remain- 
of the United States, who have been dead ing twenty-one are to be selected in 1905. 
ten or more years, and who were included George Washington, 97 ; Abraham Lin- 
within one of ten classes of citizens viz., coin, 96; Daniel Webster, 96; Benjamin 
authors and editors, business men, educa- Franklin, 94; Ulysses S. Grant, 92; John 
tors, inventors, missionaries and explorers, Marshall, 91; Thomas Jefferson, 90; 
philanthropists and reformers, preachers Ralph Waldo Emerson, 87; Henry W. 
and theologians, scientists, engineers and Longfellow, 85; Robert Fulton, 85; Wash- 
architects, lawyers and judges, musicians, ington Irving, 83; Jonathan Edwards, 81; 
painters and sculptors, physicians and Samuel F. B. Morse, 80; David G. Farra- 
surgeons, rulers and statesmen, soldiers gut, 79; Henry Clay, 74; Nathaniel Haw- 
and sailors, and distinguished men and thorne, 73; George Peabody, 72; Robert 
women outside the above classes. Fifty E, Lee, 69; Peter Cooper, 69; Eli Whit- 
names will first be inscribed. To these ney, 67 ; John J. Audubon, 67 ; Horace 
five additional names are to be added Mann, 66; Henry Ward Beecher, 66; James 
every five years until the year 2000, when Kent, 65; Joseph Story, 64; John Adams, 

204 



HALLECK HALPINE 



6J ; William E. Charming, 58; Gilbert fessor at West Point, and from 1841 to 
Stuart, 52; Asa Gray, 51. 1844 was employed on the fortifications 

Halleck, FITZ-GREENE, poet; born in in New York Harbor. In 1845 he visited 
Guilford, Conn., July 8, 1790: became a the military establishments of Europe, 
clerk in the banking-house of Jacob Bar- In the winter of 1845-46 he delivered at 
ker at the age of eighteen years; and was the Lowell Institute, Boston, a series of 
long a confidential clerk with John Jacob lectures on the science of war, afterwards 
Astor, who made him one of the first published in book form with the title of 
trustees of the Astor Library. From Elements of Military Art and Science. 
early boyhood he wrote verses. With He served in California and on the Pacific 
Joseph Rodman Drake, he wrote the hu- coast during the war with Mexico, in 
morous series known as The Croker Pa- which he distinguished himself. He was 
pers for the Evening Post in 1819. His on the staff of Commodore Shubrick at 
longest poem, Fanny, a satire upon the the capture of Mazatlan, and was made 
literature and politics of the times, was lieutenant-governor. From Aug. 13, 1847, 
published in 1821. The next year he went to Dec. 20, 1849, he was secretary of the 
to Europe, and in 1827 his Alnwick Castle, province and Territory of California, and 
Marco Bozzaris, and other poems were had a large share in preparing the State 
published in a volume. Halleck was a constitution. He left the army in 1854, 
genuine poet, but he wrote comparatively and began the practice of law in San 
little. His pieces of importance are only Francisco. In August, 1861, he was ap- 
thirty-two in number, and altogether com- pointed a major-general of the regular 

army, and succeeded Fremont in com 
mand of the Western Department in No 
vember. In 1862 he took command of the 
army before Corinth, and in July of that 
year he was appointed general-in-chief, 
and held that post until superseded by 
Grant, when he became chief of staff of 
the army, remaining such till April, 1865, 
when he was placed in command of the 
Military Division of the James, with his 
headquarters at Richmond. In August he 
was transferred to the Division of the 
Pacific, and in March, 1869, to that of 
the South, with headquarters at Louis 
ville, where he died Jan. 9, 1872. Gen 
eral Halleck published several works 
upon military and scientific topics. 

Hallowell, RICHARD PRICE, author; 
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 16, 1835; 
removed to Massachusetts in 1859; was 
identified with the abolition movement; 
aided the formation of negro regiments 

prise only about 4,000 lines. Yet he wrote during the Civil War. He is the author 
with great facility. His Fanny, in the of The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts, 
measure of Byron s Don Juan, was com- and The Pioneer Quakers. 
pleted and printed within three weeks Halpine, CHARLES GRAHAM, author 
after it was begun. Late in life he joined and soldier; born in Oldcastle, Ireland, 
the Roman Catholic Church. He died in Nov. 20, 1829; graduated at Trinity Col- 
Guilford, Nov. 19, 1867. lege, Dublin, in 1846; emigrated to the 

Halleck, HENRY WAGER, military offi- United States in 1850; was connected at 
cer; born in Westernville, Oneida co., various times with the Boston Post, New 
N. Y., Jan. 16, 1815; graduated at West York Herald, New York Times, New York- 
Point in 1839, entering the engineer corps. Leader, and New York Tribune. He en- 
Until June, 1840, he was assistant pro- listed in the 69th New York Infantry at 

205 




FITZ-GREEXB HALLECK. 



HALSALL HAMILTON 



the beginning of the Civil War, and 
reached the rank of brigadier-general. 
After the war he established the Citizen. 
He was best known under his nom de 
plume MILES O REILLY. He was the 
author of the well-known lyric beginning: 

" Tear down the flaunting lie ! 
Half-mast the starry flag !" 

He died in New York City, Aug. 3, 
1868. 

Halsall, WILLIAM FORMBY, artist; 
born in Kirkdale, England, March 20, 
1844; removed to Boston, where he began 
to study fresco-painting in 1860, but 
in the following year joined the navy, 
and served until 1863. Later he de 
voted himself to marine painting in Bos 
ton. His works include Chasing a Block 
ade-Runner in a Fog; First Fight of 
Ironclads, Monitor and Merrimac, which 
was purchased by the government and 
hung in the United States Senate Cham 



ber ; The Mayflower, now in Memorial 
Hall, Plymouth, Mass., etc. 

Halstead, MURAT, journalist,- born in 
Paddy s Run, O., Sept. 2, 1829; graduated 
at Farmer s College in 1851 ; became a 
journalist and was on the Cincinnati 
Commercial from 1853 until its consoli 
dation with the Gazette in 1883, when he 
became president of the company. In 1890 
he became editor of the Brooklyn Stand 
ard-Union. He is the author of The Con 
vention of I860; Life of William Mc- 
Kinley ; Story of the Philippines, etc. 

Hamer, THOMAS LEWIS, military offi 
cer; born in Pennsylvania about 1800; 
was admitted to the bar of Ohio in 1821; 
-elected to the Ohio legislature; to Con 
gress in 1833. It was he who nominated 
Ulysses S. Grant for a cadetship at West 
Point. During the Mexican War he reach 
ed the rank of brigadier-general of volun 
teers; was wounded at the battle of Mon 
terey, and died there Dec. 2, 1846. 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

Hamilton, ALEXANDER, statesman; 83), and soon took the lead in his 
born in Nevis, W. I., Jan. 11, 1757. His profession. He was a member of the 
father was a Scotchman; his mother, of New York legislature in 1787, and of 
Huguenot descent. He came to the Eng- the convention at Philadelphia, that 
lish- American colonies in 1772, and at- year, that framed the national Con 
tended a school kept by Francis Barber slitution. With the aid of the able pens 
at Elizabeth, N. J., and entered King s of Madison and Jay, Hamilton put forth 
(Columbia) College in 1773. He made a a series of remarkable essays in favor of 
speech to a popular assemblage in New the Constitution, which, in book form, bear 
York City in 1774, when only seventeen the name of The Federalist. Hamilton 
years of age, remarkable in every particu- wrote the larger half of that work. He 
lar, and he aided the patriotic cause by was called to the cabinet of Washington 
his writings. In March, 1776, he was as Secretary of the Treasury, and was 
made captain of artillery, and served at the founder of the financial system of 
White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton; the republic. Having finished the great 
and in March, 1777, became aide-de-camp work of assisting to put in motion the 
to Washington, and his secretary and machinery of the government of the 
trusted confidant. He was of great assist- United States, and seeing it in successful 
ance to Washington in his correspondence, working order, he resigned, Jan. 31, 1795, 
and in planning campaigns. In Decem- and resumed the practice of law; but his 
ber, 1780, he married a daughter of Gen. pen was much employed in support of 
Philip Schuyler, and in 1781 he retired the policy of the national government, 
from Washington s staff. In July he was When, in 1798, war with France seemed 
appointed to the command of New York probable, and President Adams appointed 
troops, with the rank of colonel, and capt- Washington commander-in-chief of the 
ured by assault a redoubt at Yorktown, armies of the republic, Hamilton was 
Oct. 14, 1781. After the surrender of made his second in command, with the 
Cornwallis he left the army; studied rank of major-general. On the death of 
law; was a member of Congress (1782- Washington (December, 1799), Hamilton 

206 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 




succeeded him as commander-in-cliief, but 
the provisional army was soon disbanded. 
On Sept. 3, 1780, Hamilton wrote to 
Buane, a member of Congress from New 
York, and expressed his views on the 
subject of State supremacy and a na 
tional government. He proposed to call 
for a convention of all the States on Nov. 



207 



1 following, with full authority to con 
clude, finally, upon a general confedera 
tion. He traced the cause of the want of 
power in Congress, and censured that 
body for its timidity in refusing to as 
sume authority to preserve the infant re 
public from harm. " Undefined powers," 
he said, " are discretionary powers, 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

limited only by the object for which they admiration of the English constitution as 
were given." He said that "some of the the best model; nor did he conceal his 
lines of the army, but for the influence theoretical preference for monarchy, while 
of Washington, would obey their States he admitted that, in the existing state of 
in opposition to Congress. . . . Con- public sentiment, it was -necessary to acl- 
gress should have complete sovereignty in here to republican forms, but with all the 
all that relates to war, peace, trade, strength possible. He desired a general 
finance, foreign affairs, armies, fleets, government strong enough to counter- 
fortifications, coining money, establishing balance the strength of the State govern- 
banks, imposing a land-tax, poll-tax, ments and reduce them to subordinate im- 
duties on trade, and the unoccupied portance. 

lands." He proposed that the general The first report to the national Con- 
government should have power to pro- gress by the Secretary of the Treasury was 
vide certain perpetual revenues, produc- waited for with great anxiety not only 
tive and easy of collection. He claimed by the public creditors, but by every 
the plan of confederation then before thoughtful patriot. It was presented 
Congress to be defective, and urged to the House of Representatives Jan. 
alteration. " It is neither fit for war," 15, 1790. It embodied a financial scheme, 
he said, " nor for peace. The idea of an which was generally adopted, and re- 
uncontrollable sovereignty in each State mained the line of financial policy of 
will defeat the powers given to Congress, the new government for more than twenty 
and make our union feeble and precari- years. On his recommendation, the na- 
ous." He recommended the appointment tional government assumed not only the 
of joint officers of state for foreign af- foreign and domestic debts of the old gov- 
fairs, for war, for the navy, and for the ernment, incurred in carrying on the 
treasury to supersede the " committees " Revolutionary War, as its own, but also 
and "boards" hitherto employed; but he the debts contracted by the several States 
neither favored a chief magistrate with during that period for the general welfare, 
supreme executive power, nor two The foreign debt, with accrued interest, 
branches in the national legislature. The amounting to almost $12,000,000, was due 
whole tone of Hamilton s letter was hope- chiefly to France and private lenders in 
ful of the future, though written in his Holland. The domestic debt, including 
tent, in the midst of a suffering army. outstanding Continental money and in- 
Hamilton was afraid of democracy. He terest, amounted to over $42,000,000, near- 
wished to secure for the United States ly one-third of which was accumulated ac- 
a strong government; and in the conven- crued interest. The State debts assumed 
tion at Philadelphia in 1787 he presented amounted in the aggregate to $21,000,000, 
a plan, the chief features of which were distributed as follows: New Hampshire, 
an assembly, to be elected by the people $300,000; Massachusetts, $4,000,000; 
for three years; a senate, to be chosen Rhode Island, $200,000; Connecticut, 
by electors voted for by the people, to hold $1,600,000; New York, $1,200,000; New 
office during good behavior; and a gov- Jersey, $800,000; Pennsylvania, $2,200,- 
ernor, also chosen to rule during good be- 000; Delaware, $200,000; Maryland, $800,- 
havior by a similar but more complicated 000; Virginia, $3,000.000; North Carolina, 
process. The governor was to have an ab- $2,400,000; South Carolina, $4,000,000; 
solute negative upon all laws, and the ap- Georgia, $300,000. Long and earnest de- 
pointment of all officers, subject, however, bates on this report occurred in and out 
to the approval of the Senate. The gen- of Congress. There was but one opinion 
eral government was to have the appoint- about the foreign debt, and the President 
ment of the governors of the States, and was authorized to borrow $12,000,000 to 
a negative upon all State laws. The Sen- pay it with. As to the domestic debt, 
ate was to be invested with the power of there was a wide difference of opinion, 
declaring war and ratifying treaties. In The Continental bills, government cer- 
a speech preliminary to his presentation of tificates, and other evidences of debt were 
this plan, Hamilton expressed doubts as mostly held by speculators, who had pur- 
to republican government at all, and his chased them at greatly reduced rates; and 

208 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

many prominent men thought it would be ing for the support of the government, 

proper and expedient to apply a scale of The paper concluded with a contrast, as 

depreciation to them, as in the case of to the effect upon the public welfare, be- 

the paper money towards the close of the tween the policy adopted by the govern- 

war, in liquidating them. ment and that advocated by the party of 

Hamilton declared such a course would which Jefferson aspired to be leader, 
be dishonest and impolitic, and that the Freneau denied, under oath, that Jefferson 
public promises should be met in full, in had anything to do with his paper, and 
whatever hands the evidences were found, declared he had never written a line for 
It was the only way, he argued justly, to it. To this " An American " replied that 
sustain public credit. He proposed the " actions were louder than words or 
funding of the public debt in a fair and oaths," and charged Jefferson with being 
economical way by which the creditors " the prompter of the attacks on govern- 
should receive their promised 6 per cent, ment measures and the aspersions on hon- 
until the government should be able to orable men." The papers by " An Ameri- 
pay the principal. He assumed that in can " were at once ascribed to Hamilton, 
five years, if the government should pur- and drew out answers from Jefferson s 
sue an honorable course, loans might be friends. To these Hamilton replied. The 
made for 5, and even 4, per cent., with quarrel waxed hot. Washington (then at 
which the claims might be met. The Mount Vernon), as soon as he heard of 
propositions of Hamilton, though warmly the newspaper war, tried to bring about 
opposed, were obviously so just that they a truce between the angry Secretaries. In 
were agreed to in March (1790), and a a letter to Jefferson, Aug. 23, 1792, he 
new loan was authorized, payable in cer- said : " How unfortunate and how much 
tificates of the domestic debt at their par to be regretted it is that, while we are en- 
value in Continental bills of credit (new compassed on all sides with avowed ene- 
issue), at the rate of 100 to 1. Congress mies and insidious friends, internal dis- 
also authorized an additional loan to the sensions should be harrowing and tearing 
amount of $21,000,000, payable in certifi- out our vitals." He portrayed the pub 
cates of the State debts. A system of He injury that such a quarrel would in- 
revenue from imports and internal excise, flict. He wrote to Hamilton to the same 
proposed by Hamilton, was also adopted, effect. Their answers were characteristic 

The persistent and sometimes violent of the two men, Jefferson s concluding 

attacks upon the financial policy of the with an intimation that he should retire 

government, sometimes assuming the as- from office at the close of Washington s 

pect of personality towards Hamilton, term. Hamilton and Jefferson were never 

that appeared in Freneau s National Ga- reconciled ; personally there was a truce, 

zette in 1792, at length provoked the but politically they were bitter enemies. 
Secretary of the Treasury to publish a In the winter of 1804 Hamilton was in 

newspaper article, over the signature of Albany, attending to law business. While 

" An American," in which attention was there a caucus or consultation was held 

called to Freneau s paper as the organ of by the leading Federalists. It was a secret 

the Secretary of State, Mr. Jefferson, and meeting to consult and compare opinions 

edited by a clerk employed in his office, on the question whether the Federalists, 

This connection was represented as in- as a party, ought to support Aaron Burr 

delicate, and inconsistent with Jefferson s for the office of governor of the State of 

professions of republican purity. He New York. In a bedroom adjoining the 

commented on the inconsistency and in- closed dining-room in which the caucus 

delicacy of Mr. Jefferson in retaining a was held one or two of Burr s political 

place in the cabinet when he was opposed friends were concealed, and heard every 

to the government he was serving, vilify- word uttered in the meeting. The charac- 

ing its important measures, adopted by ters of men were fully discussed, and 

both branches of the Congress, and sane- Hamilton, in a speech, spoke of Burr 

tioned by the chief magistrate; and con- as an unsuitable candidate, because no 

tinually casting obstacles in the way of reliance could be placed in him. The 

establishing the public credit and provid- spies reported the proceedings to their 
iv. o 209 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

principal, and on Feb. 17 a correspond- a pretext for a challenge to mortal com- 
ent of the Morning Chronicle wrote bat ; and, seizing upon the word " despica- 
that at a Federal meeting the night ble," sent a note to Hamilton, demanding 
before the "principal part of Hamilton s "a prompt and unqualified acknowledg- 
speech went to show that no reliance ought ment or denial of having said anything 
to be placed in Mr. Burr." In the election which warranted such an expression." 
which ensued Burr was defeated, and, Several notes passed between Hamilton 
though Hamilton had taken no part in the and Burr, through the hands of friends, in 
canvass, his influence was such that one of which Hamilton frankly said that 
Burr attributed his defeat to him. Burr, " the conversation which Dr. Cooper alluded 
defeated and politically ruined, evidently to turned wholly on political topics, and did 
determined on revenge a revenge that not attribute to Colonel Burr any instance 
nothing but the life of Hamilton would of dishonorable conduct, nor relate to his 
satiate. Dr. Charles Cooper, of Albany, private character; and in relation to any 
had dined with Hamilton at the table of other language or conversation of General 
Judge Taylor, where Hamilton spoke freely Hamilton which Colonel Burr will specify, 
of Burr s political conduct and principles a prompt and frank avowal or denial will 
only, to which he declared himself hostile, be given." This was all an honorable man 
Dr. Cooper, in his zeal, just before the could ask. But Burr seemed to thirst 
election, in published letters, said: " Ham- for Hamilton s life, and he pressed him to 

fight a duel in a 
manner which, in 
the public opinion 
which then pre 
vailed concerning 
the " code of hon 
or," Hamilton 
could not decline. 
They fought at 
Weehawken, July 
11, 1804, on the 
west side of the 
Hudson Kiver, and 
Hamilton, who 
would not dis 
charge his pistol 
at Burr, for he did 
not wish to hurt 
him, was mortally 
woimded, and died 
the next day. The 
public excitement, 
without regard to 
party, was intense. 
Burr fled from New 
York and became 

ilton and Kent both consider Burr, politi- for a while a fugitive from justice. He 
cally, as a dangerous man, and unfit for was politically dead, and bore the bur- 
the office of governor." He also wrote that den of scorn and remorse for more than 
Hamilton and Kent both thought that thirty years. 

Burr ought not to be "trusted with the Report on the Coinage. On Jan. 28, 1791, 
reins of government," and added, " I could Secretary Hamilton sent the following ie- 
detail a still more despicable opinion which port to the House of Representatives : 
Hamilton had expressed of Burr." The lat 
ter made these private expressions of Ham- The Secretary of the Treasury having at- 
ilton concerning his political character tentively considered the subject referred to 

210 




DUEL BETWEEN HAMILTON AND BURR. 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 




WHERE HAMILTON FELL. 



him by the order of the House of Repre 
sentatives of the 15th of April last, rel 
atively to the establishment of a mint, 
most respectfully submits the result of his 
inquiries and reflections. 

A plan for an establishment of this 
nature involves a great variety of con 
siderations intricate, nice, and impor 
tant. The general state of debtor and 
creditor; all the relations and conse 
quences of price; the essential interests 
of trade and industry; the value of all 
property; the whole income, both of the 
State and of the individuals are liable to 
be sensibly influenced, beneficially or oth 
erwise, by the judicious or injudicious 
regulation of this interesting object. 

It is one, likewise, not more necessary 
than difficult to be rightly adjusted; one 
which has frequently occupied the reflec 
tions and researches of politicians, with 
out having harmonized their opinions on 
some of the most important of the prin 
ciples which enter into its discussion. Ac 
cordingly, different systems continue to 
be advocated, and the systems of different 
nations, after much investigation, con 
tinue to differ from each other. 

But, if a right adjustment of the mat 
ter be truly of such nicety and difficulty, 
a question naturally arises-, whether it 
may not be most advisable to leave things, 
in this respect, in the state in which they 
arc. Why, might it be asked, since they 
have so long proceeded in a train which 



211 



has caused no general sensation of in 
convenience, should alterations be at 
tempted, the precise effect of which can 
not with certainty be calculated? 

The answer to this question is not per 
plexing. The immense disorder which 
actually reigns in so delicate and im 
portant a concern, and the still greater 
disorder which is every moment possible, 
call loudly for a reform. The dollar 
originally contemplated in the money 
transactions of this country, by successive 
diminutions of its weight and fineness, 
has sustained a depreciation of 5 per 
cent. ; and yet the new dollar has a cur 
rency in all payments in place of the old, 
with scarcely any attention to the differ 
ence between them. The operation of this 
in depreciating the value of property, de 
pending upon past contracts, and (as far 
as inattention to the alteration in the 
coin may be supposed to leave prices sta 
tionary) of all other property is appar 
ent. Nor can it require argument to 
prove that a nation ought not to suffer 
the value of the property of its citizens 
to fluctuate with the fluctuations of a 
foreign mint and to change with the 
changes in the regulations of a foreign 
sovereign. This, nevertheless, is the con 
dition of one which, having no coins of 
its own, adopts with implicit confidence 
those of other countries. 

The unequal values allowed in different 
parts of the Union to coins of the same 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 



intrinsic worth, the defective species of 
them which embarrass the circulation of 
some of the States, and the dissimilarity 
in their several moneys of account, are 
inconveniences which, if not to be ascribed 
to the want of a national coinage, will 
at least be most effectually remedied by 
the establishment of one, a measure that 
will at the same time give additional se 
curity against impositions by counterfeit 
as well as by base currencies. 

It was with great reason, therefore, 
that the attention of Congress, under the 
late Confederation, was repeatedly drawn 
to the establishment of a mint; and it is 
with equal reason that the subject has 
been resumed, now that the favorable 
change which has taken place in the situ 
ation of public affairs admits of its being 
carried into execution. 

But, though the difficulty of devising a 
proper establishment ought not to deter 
from undertaking so necessary a work, 
yet it cannot but inspire diffidence in one 
whose duty it is made to propose a plan 
tor the purpose, and may perhaps be per 
mitted to be relied upon as some excuse 
for any errors which may be chargeable 
upon it, or for any deviations from sounder 
principles which may have been suggested 
by others or even in part acted upon by 
the former government of the United 
States. 

Tn order to form a right judgment of 
what ought to be done, the following par 
ticulars require to be discussed: 

1st. What ought to be the nature of the 
money unit of the United States? 

2d. What the proportion between gold 
and silver, if coins of both metals are to 
be established? 

3d. What the proportion and composi 
tion of alloy in each kind? 

4th. Whether the expense of coinage 
shall be defrayed by the government or 
out of the material itself? 

5th. What shall be the number, denom 
inations, sizes, and devices of the coins? 

6th Whether foreign coins shall be per 
mitted to be current or not; if the former, 
at what rate, and for what period? 

A prerequisite to detennining with 
propriety what ought to be the money 
unit of the United States is to endeavor to 
form as accurate an idea as the nature of 
the case will admit of what it actually is. 



The pound, though of various value, is 
the unit in the money account of all the 
States. But it is not equally easy to 
pronounce what is * to be Considered as 
the unit in the coins. There being no 
formal regulation on the point (the reso 
lutions of Congress of the 6th of July, 
1785, and 8th of August, 1786, having 
never yet been carried into operation), it 
can only be inferred from usage or prac 
tice. The manner of adjusting foreign 
exchanges would seem to indicate the 
dollar as best entitled to that character. 
In these the old piaster of Spain or old 
Seville piece of eight reals, of the value 
of four shillings and sixpence sterling, is 
evidently contemplated. The computed 
par between Great Britain and Pennsyl 
vania will serve as an example. Accord 
ing to that, one hundred pounds sterling 
is equal to one hundred and sixty-six 
pounds and two-thirds of a pound, Penn 
sylvania currency; which corresponds 
with the proportion between 4s. 6d. ster 
ling and 7s. Qd., the current value of the 
dollar in that State by invariable usage. 
And, as far as the information of the 
Secretary goes, the same comparison holds 
in the other States. 

But this circumstance in favor of the 
dollar loses much of its weight from two 
considerations. That species of coin has 
never had any settled or standard value, 
according to weight or fineness, but has 
been permitted to circulate by tale, with 
out regard to either, very much as a mere 
money of convenience, while gold has had 
a fixed price by weight, and with an eye 
to its fineness. This greater stability of 
value of the gold coins is an argument of 
force for regarding the money unit as hav 
ing been hitherto virtually attached to 
gold rather than to silver. 

Twenty-four grains and six-eighths of 
a grain of fine gold have corresponded 
with the nominal value of the dollar in 
the several States, without regard to the 
successive diminutions of its intrinsic 
worth. 

But if the dollar should, notwithstand 
ing, be supposed to have the best title to 
being considered as the present unit in 
the coins, it would remain to determine 
what kind of dollar ought to be under 
stood ; or, in other words, what precise 
quantity of fine silver. 



212 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 



The old piaster of Spain, which appears 
to have regulated our foreign exchanges, 
weighed 17 dwt. 12 grains, and contained 
386 grains and 15 mites of fine silver. 
But this piece has been long since out of 
circulation. The dollars now in common 
currency are of recent date, and much in 
ferior to that both in weight and fineness. 
The average weight of them upon dif 
ferent trials in large masses has been 
found to be 17 dwt. 8 grains. Their fine 
ness is less precisely ascertained, the re 
sults of various assays, made by different 
persons, under the direction of the late 
superintendent of the finances and of the 
Secretary, being as various as the assays 
themselves. The difference between their 
extremes is not less than 24 grains in a 
dollar of the same weight and age, which, 
is too much for any probable difference in 
the pieces. It is rather to be presumed 
that a degree of inaccuracy had been oc 
casioned by the want of proper apparatus 
and, in general, of practice. The experi 
ment which appears to have the best pre 
tensions to exactness would make the new 
dollar to contain 370 grains and 933 
thousandth parts of a grain of pure sil 
ver. 

According to an authority on which the 
Secretary places reliance, the standard of 
Spain for its silver coin, in the year 
1761, was 261 parts fine and 27 parts al 
loy, at which proportion a dollar of 17 
dwt. 8 grains would consist of 377 grains 
of fine silver and 39 grains of alloy. 
But there is no question that this stand 
ard has been since altered considerably 
for the worse, to what precise point 
is not as well ascertained as could be 
wished ; but. from a computation of the 
value of dollars in the markets both of 
Amsterdam and London (a criterion which 
cannot materially mislead) the new dol 
lar appears to contain about 368 grains 
of fine silver, and that which immediately 
preceded it about 374 grains. 

In this state of things there is some 
difficulty in defining the dollar which is 
to be understood as constituting the pres 
ent money unit, on the supposition of its 
being most applicable to that species of 
coin. The old Seville piece of 386 grains 
and 15 mites fine comports best with the 
computations of foreign exchanges, and 
with the more ancient contracts respect 



ing landed property; but far the greater 
number of contracts still in operation 
concerning that kind of property and all 
those of a merely personal nature now in 
force must be referred to a dollar of a 
different kind. The actual dollar, at the 
time of contracting, is the only one which 
can be supposed to have been intended; 
and it has been seen that, as long ago as 
the year 1761, there had been a material 
degradation of the standard. And even in 
regard to the more ancient contracts, no 
person has ever had any idea of a scruple 
about receiving the dollar of the day as a 
full equivalent for the nominal sum which 
the dollar originally imported. 

A recurrence, therefore, to the ancient 
dollar would be in the greatest number of 
cases an innovation in fact, and in all an 
innovation in respect to opinion. The 
actual dollar in common circulation has 
evidently a much better claim to be re 
garded as the actual money unit. 

The mean intrinsic value of the different 
kinds of known dollars has been intimated 
as affording the proper criterion. But, 
when it is recollected that the more an 
cient and more valuable ones are not now 
to be met with at all in circulation, and 
that the mass of those generally current 
is composed of the newest and most in 
ferior kinds, it will be perceived that even 
an equation of that nature would be a 
considerable innovation upon the real 
present state of things, which it will cer 
tainly be prudent to approach, as far as 
may be consistent with the permanent or 
der designed to be introduced. 

An additional reason for considering 
the prevailing dollar as the standard of 
the present money unit rather than the 
ancient one is that it will not only be 
conformable to the true existing propor 
tion between the two metals in this coun 
try, but will be more conformable to that 
which obtains in the commercial world 
generally. 

The difference established by custom in 
the United States between coined gold and 
coined silver has been stated upon another 
occasion to be nearly as 1 to 15.6. This, 
if truly the case, would imply that gold 
was extremely overvalued in the United 
States; for the highest actual proportion 
in any part of Europe very little, if at all, 
exceeds 1 to 15, and the average propor- 



213 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

tion throughout Europe is probably not parts of a grain of pure gold, equal to ten 
more than about 1 to 14 4 / 5 - But that dollars, and the other of half that quan- 
statement has proceeded upon the idea of tity of pure gold, equal to five dollars, 
the ancient dollar. One pennyweight of And it is not explained whether either of 
gold of twenty-two carats fine at Os. 8d. the two species of coins, of gold, or silver, 
and the old Seville piece of 386 grains and shall have any greater legality in pay- 
15 mites of pure silver at 7s. 6d. furnish ments than the other. Yet it would seem 
the exact ratio of 1 to 15.6262. But this that a preference in this particular is 
does not coincide with the real difference necessary to execute the idea of attaching 
between the metals in our market or, the unit exclusively to one kind. If each 
which is with us the same thing, in our of them be as valid as the other in pay- 
currency. To determine this, the quan- ments to any amount, it is not obvious in 
tity of fine silver in the general mass of what effectual sense either of them can be 
the dollars now in circulation must af- deemed the money unit rather than the 
ford the rule. Taking the rate of the late other. 

dollar of 374 grains, the proportion would If the general declaration, that the dol- 
be as 1 to 15.11. Taking the rate of the lar shall be the money unit of the United 
newest dollar, the proportion would then States, could be understood to give it a 
be as 1 to 14.87. The mean of the two superior legality in payments, the institu- 
would give the proportion of 1 to 15 very tion of coins of gold and the declaration 
nearly: less than the legal proportions in that each of them shall be equal to a cer- 
the coins of Great Britain, which is as tain number of dollars, would appear to 
1 to 15.2; but somewhat more than the destroy that inference. And the circum- 
actual or market proportion, which is not stance of making the dollar the unit in the 
quite 1 to 15. money of account seems to be rather mat- 

The preceding view of the subject does ter of form than of substance, 
not indeed afford a precise or certain Contrary to the ideas which have here- 
definition of the present unit in the coins, tofore prevailed in the suggestions con- 
but it furnishes data which will serve as cerning a coinage for the United States, 
guides in the progress of the investiga- though not without much hesitation, aris- 
tion. It ascertains, at least, that the sum ing from a deference for those ideas, the 
in the money of account of each State, Secretary is, upon the whole, strongly in- 
corresponding with the nominal value of clined to the opinion that a preference 
the dollar in such State, corresponds also ought to be given to neither of the metals 
with 24 grains and 8 / 8 of a grain of fine for the money unit. Perhaps, if either 
gold, and with something between 368 were to be preferred, it ought to be gold 
and 374 grains of fine silver. rather than silver. 

The next inquiry towards a right deter- The reasons are these: 
mination of what ought to be the future The inducement to such a preference is 
money unit of the United States turns to render the unit as little variable as 
upon these questions: Whether it ought possible, because on this depends the 
to be peculiarly attached to either of the steady value of all contracts and, in a 
metals in preference to the other or not; certain sense, of all other property. And 
and, if to either, to which of them? it is truly observed that, if the unit be- 

The suggestions and proceedings, hith- long indiscriminately to both the metals, 
erto, have had for object the annexing it is subject to all the fluctuations that 
of it emphatically to the silver dollar, happen in the relative value which they 
A resolution of Congress of the 6th of bear to each other. But the same reason 
July, 1785, declares that the money unit would lead to annexing it to that par- 
of the United States shall be a dollar; ticular one which is itself the least liable 
and another resolution of the 8th of to variation, if there be in this respect 
August, 1786, fixes that dollar at 375 any discernible difference between the 
grains and 64 hundredths of a grain of two. 

fine silver. The same resolution, however, Gold may perhaps, in certain senses, be 
determines that there shall also be two said to have greater stability than silver, 
gold coins, one of 246 grains and 268 as, being of superior value, less liberties 

214 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

have been taken with it in the regula- bank paper whenever it can be made to 

tions of different countries. Its stand- answer the purpose equally well, 
ard has remained more uniform, and it But, upon the whole, it seems to be 

has in other respects undergone fewer most advisable, as has been observed, not 

changes, as, being not so much an article to attach the unit exclusively to either of 

of merchandise, owing to the use made of the metals, because this cannot be done 

silver in the trade with the East Indies effectually without destroying the office 

and China, it is less liable to be influ- and character of one of them as money 

enced by circumstances of commercial de- and reducing it to the situation of a 

niand. And if, reasoning by analogy, it mere merchandise, which accordingly, at 

could be affirmed that there is a physical different times, has been proposed from 

probability of greater proportional in- different and very respectable quarters, 

crease in the quantity of silver than in but which would, probably, be a greater 

that of gold, it would afford an addi- evil than occasional variations in the 

tional reason for calculating on greater unit from the fluctuations in the relative 

steadiness in the value of the latter. value of the metals, especially if care 

As long as gold, either from its in- be taken to regulate the proportion be- 

trinsic superiority as a metal, from its tween them with an eye to their average 

greater rarity, or from the prejudices of commercial value. 

mankind, retains so considerable a pre- To annul the use of either of the metals 

eminence in value over silver as it has as money is to abridge the quantity of 

hitherto had, a natural consequence of circulating medium, and is liable to all the 

this seems to be that its condition will objections which arise from a comparison 

be more stationary. The revolutions, of the benefits of a full with the evils of 

therefore, which may take place in the a scanty circulation. 

comparative value of gold and silver will It is not a satisfactory answer to say 

be changes in the state of the latter that none but the favored metal would in 

rather than in that of the former. this case find its way into the country, 

If there should be an appearance of too as in that all balances must be paid. The 

much abstraction in any of these ideas, practicability of this would, in some meas- 

it may be remarked that the first and ure, depend on the abundance or scarcity 

most simple impressions do not naturally of it in the country paying. Where there 

incline to giving a preference to the in- was but little, it either would not be pro- 

ferior or less valuable of the two metals, curable at all or it would cost a premium 

It is sometimes observed that silver to obtain it, which in every case of a corn- 
ought to be encouraged rather than gold, petition with others in a branch of trade 
as being more conducive to the extension would constitute a deduction from the 
of bank circulation, from the greater dif- profits of the party receiving. Perhaps, 
ficulty and inconvenience which its too, the embarrassments which such a 
greater bulk compared with its value oc- circumstance might sometimes create in 
casions in the transportation of it. But the pecuniary liquidation of balances 
bank circulation is desirable rather as might lead to additional efforts to find 
an auxiliary to than as a substitute for a substitute in commodities, and might so 
that of the precious metals, and ought to far impede the introduction of the metals, 
be left to its natural course. Artificial Neither could the exclusion of either of 
expedients to extend it by opposing ob- them be deemed in other respects favor- 
stacles to the other are, at least, not able to commerce. It is often in the 
recommended by any very obvious advan- course of trade as desirable to possess the 
tages. And, in general, it is the safest kind of money as the kind of commodities 
rule to regulate every particular institu- best adapted to a foreign market, 
lion or object according to the principles It seems, however, most probable that 
which in relation to itself appear the the chief, if not the sole, effects of such a 
most sound. In addition to this, it may regulation would be to diminish the util- 
be observed that the inconvenience of ity of one of the metals. It could hardly 
transporting either of the metals is suffi- prove an obstacle to the introduction of 
ciently great to induce a preference of that which was excluded in the natural 

215 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

course of trade, because it would always large payments, silver is best adapted to 

command a ready sale for the purpose of the more minute and ordinary circulation, 
exportation to foreign markets. But such But it is to be suspected that there is 

an effect, if the only one, is not to be re- another consequence more serious than the 

garded as a trivial inconvenience. one which has been mentioned. This is 

If, then, the unit ought not to be at- the diminution of the total quantity of 

tached exclusively to either of the metals, specie which a country would naturally 

the proportion which ought to subsist be- possess. 

tween them in the coins becomes a prelim- It is evident that as often as a country 

inary inquiry in order to its proper ad- which overrates either of the metals re- 

justment. This proportion appears to be ceives a payment in that metal, it gets 

in several views of no inconsiderable mo- a less actual quantity than it ought to 

ment. do or than it would do if the rate were 

One consequence of overvaluing either a just one. 

metal in respect to the other is the ban- It is also equally evident that there 
ishment of that which is undervalued. If will be a continual effort to make pay- 
two countries are supposed, in one of ment to it in that specie to which it 
which the proportion of gold to silver is lins annexed an exaggerated estimation 
as 1 to 16, in the other as I to 15, gold wherever it is current at a less proportion- 
being worth more, silver less, in one than al value. And it would seem to be a very 
in the other, it is manifest that, in their natural effect of these two causes, not 
reciprocal payments, each will select that only that the mass of the precious metals 
species which it values least to pay to the in the country in question would consist 
other, where it is valued most. Besides chiefly of that kind to which it had given 
this the dealers in money will, from the an extraordinary value, but that it would 
same cause, often find a profitable traffic be absolutely less than if they had been 
in an exchange of the metals between the duly proportioned to each other, 
two countries. And hence it would come A conclusion of this sort, however, is 
to pass, if other things were equal, that to be drawn with great caution. In such 
the greatest part of the gold would be matters there are always some local and 
collected in one, and the greatest part of many other particular circumstances 
the silver in the other. The course of which qualify and vary the operation of 
trade might, in some degree, counteract general principles, even where they are 
the tendency of the difference in the legal just; and there are endless combinations, 
proportions, by the market value; but this very difficult to be analyzed, which often 
is so far and so often influenced by the render principles that have the most plaus- 
legal rates that it does not prevent their ible pretensions unsound and delusive, 
producing the effect which is inferred. There ought, for instance, according to 
Facts, too, verify the inference. In Spain those which have been stated, to have 
and England, where gold is rated higher been formerly a greater quantity of gold 
than in other parts of Europe, there is a in proportion to silver in the United States 
scarcity of silver; while it is found to than there has been, because the actual 
abound in France and Holland, where it value of gold in this country compared 
is rated higher in proportion to gold than with silver was perhaps higher than in 
in the neighboring nations. And it is con- any other. But our situation with re- 
tinually flowing from Europe to China gard to the West Indian Islands, into 
and the East Indies, owing to the compar- some of which there is a large influx of 
ative cheapness of it in the former, and silver directly from the mines of South 
dearness of it in the latter. America, occasions an extraordinary sup- 

This consequence is deemed by some not ply of that metal, and consequently a 

very material, and there are even persons greater proportion of it in our circulation 

who from a fanciful predilection to gold than might have been expected from its 

are willing to invite it even by o higher relative value. 

price. But general utility will best be What influence the proportion under 

promoted by a due proportion of both consideration may have upon the state of 

metals. If gold be most convenient in prices and how far this may counteract 

216 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 



its tendency to increase or lessen the 
quantity of the metals, are points not easy 
lo be developed; and yet they are very 
necessary to an accurate judgment of the 
true operation of the thing. 

But, however impossible it may be to 
pronounce with certainty that the pos 
session of a less quantity of specie is a 
consequence of overvaluing either of the 
metals, there is enough of probability in 
the considerations which seem to indicate 
it to form an argument of weight against 
such overvaluation. 

A third ill consequence resulting from 
it is a greater and more frequent dis 
turbance of the state of the money unit 
by a greater and more frequent diversity 
between the legal and market proportions 
of the metals. This has not hitherto been 
experienced in the United States, but it 
has been experienced elsewhere; and from 
its not having been felt by us hitherto 
it does not follow that this will not be 
the case hereafter, when our commerce 
shall have attained a maturity which will 
place it under the influence of more fixed 
principles. 

In establishing a proportion between 
the metals, there seems to be an option 
of one or two things: 

To approach as nearly as can be ascer 
tained the mean or average proportion 
in what may be called the commercial 
world ; or 

To retain that which now exists in the 
United States. 

As far as these happen to coincide, they 
will render the course to be pursued more 
plain and more certain. 

To ascertain the first with precision 
would require better materials than are 
possessed or than could be obtained with 
out an inconvenient delay. 

Sir Isaac Newton, in a representation 
to the treasury of Great Britain, in the 
year 1717, after stating the particular 
proportions in the different countries of 
Europe, concludes thus : " By the course 
of ^trade and exchange between nation and 
nation in all Europe fine gold is to fine 
silver as 14 4 /s or 15 to 1." 

But however accurate and decisive this 
authority may be deemed in relation to 
the period to which it applies, it cannot 
be taken at the distance of more than 
seventy years as a rule for determining 



the existing proportion. Alterations have 
been since made in the regulations of 
their coins by several nations, which, as 
well as the course of trade, have an in 
fluence upon the market values. Never 
theless, there is reason to believe that the 
state of the matter as represented by Sir 
Isaac Newton is not very remote from its 
actual state. 

In Holland, the greatest money market 
of Europe, gold was to silver, in Decem 
ber, 1789, as 1 to 14.88; and in that of 
London it has been for some time past 
but little different, approaching, perhaps, 
something nearer 1 to 15. 

It has been seen that the existing pro 
portion between the two metals in this 
country is about as 1 to 15. 

It is fortunate, in this respect, that 
the innovations of the Spanish mint have 
imperceptibly introduced a proportion so 
analogous as this is to that which pre 
vails among the principal commercial na 
tions, as it greatly facilitates a proper 
regulation of the matter. 

This proportion of 1 to 15 is recom 
mended by the particular situation of our 
trade, as being very nearly that which ob 
tains in the market of Great Britain, to 
which nation our specie is principally ex 
ported. A lower rate for either of the 
metals, in our market than in hers, might 
not only afford a motive the more, in cer 
tain cases, to remit in specie rather than 
in commodities; but it might, in some 
others, cause us to pay a greater quantity 
of it for a given sum than we should 
otherwise do. If the effect should rather 
be to occasion a premium to be given for 
the metal which was underrated, this 
would obviate those disadvantages ; but it 
would involve another a customary dif 
ference between the market and legal pro 
portions which would amount to a species 
of disorder in the national coinage. 

Looking forward to the payments of in 
terest hereafter to be made to Holland 
the same proportion does not appear in 
eligible. The present legal proportion in 
the coins of Holland is stated to be 1 to 
14 9 / 10 . That of the market varies some 
what at different times, but seldom very 
widely from this point. 

There can hardly be a better rule, in 
any country, for the legal than the mar 
ket proportion, if this can be supposed to 



217 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

have been produced by the free and steady is a recommendation of it, because a dif- 

course of commercial principles. The ference could answer no purpose of 

presumption, in such case, is that each pecuniary or commercial utility, and uni- 

metal finds its true level, according to its formity is favorable to order, 

intrinsic utility in the general system of This ratio as it regards gold coincides 

money operations. with the proportion, real or professed, in 

But it must be admitted that this argu- the coins of Portugal, England, France, 
ment in favor of continuing the existing and Spain. In those of the two former it 
proportion is not applicable to the state is real: in those of the two latter there 
of the coins with us. There have been is a deduction for what is called remedy 
too many artificial and heterogeneous of weight and alloy, which is in the 
ingredients, too much want of order in nature of an allowance to the master of 
the pecuniary transactions of this the mint for errors and imperfections in 
country, to authorize the attributing the the process, rendering the coin either 
effects which have appeared to the regular lighter or baser than it ought to be. The 
operations of commerce. A proof of this same thing is known in the theory of 
is to be drawn from the alterations which the English mint, where Y 6 of a carat 
have happened in the proportion between is allowed. But the difference seems 
the metals merely by the successive degra- to be that there it is merely an oc- 
dations of the dollar in consequence of casional indemnity within a certain 
the mutability of a foreign mint. The limit for real and unavoidable errors and 
value of gold to silver appears to have imperfections, whereas, in the practice of 
declined wholly from this cause from 15 6 / 10 the mints of France and Spain, it appears 
to about 15 to 1. Yet, as this last pro- to amount to a stated and regular devia- 
portion, however produced, coincides so tion from the nominal standard. Accord- 
nearly with what may be deemed the com- ingly, the real standards of France and 
mercial average, it may be supposed to Spain are something worse than 22 carats, 
furnish as good a rule as can be pur- or 11 parts in 12 fine, 
sued. The principal gold coins in Germany, 

The only question seems to be whether Holland, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, and 

the value of gold ought not to be a little Italy, are finer than those of England 

lowered to bring it to a more exact level and Portugal, in different degrees, from 1 

with the two markets which have been carat and % to 1 carat and %, which 

mentioned. But, as the ratio of 1 to 15 is last is within % of a carat of pure gold, 

so nearly conformable to the state of those There are similar diversities in the 

markets and best agrees with that of our standards of the silver coins of the dif- 

own, it will probably be found the most ferent countries of Europe. That of 

eligible. If the market of Spain con- Great Britain is 222 parts fine to 18 

tinues to give a higher value to gold (as alloy: those of the other European na- 

it has done in time past) than that tions vary from that of Great Britain as 

which is recommended, there may be widely as from about 17 of the same parts 

some advantage in a middle station. better to 75 worse. 

A further preliminary to the adjust- The principal reasons assigned for the 

ment of the future money unit is to de- use of alloy are the saving of expense in 

tcrmine what shall be the proportion and the refining of the metals (which in their 

composition of alloy in each species of natural state are usually mixed with a 

the coins. portion of the coarser kinds) and the 

The first, by the resolution of the 8th rendering of them harder as a security 

of August, 1786, before referred to, is against too great waste by friction or 

regulated at one-twelfth, or, in other wearing. The first reason drawn from 

words, at 1 part alloy to 11 parts fine, the original composition of the metals is 

whether gold or silver, which appears to strengthened at present by the practice of 

be a convenient rule, unless there should alloying their coins, which has obtained 

be some collateral consideration which among so many nations. The reality of 

may dictate a departure from it. Its the effect to which the last reason is ap- 

correspondency in regard to both metals plicable has been denied, and experience 

218 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, 



has been appealed to as proving that the 
more alloyed coins wear faster than the 
purer. The true state of this matter may 
be worthy of future investigation, though 
first appearances are in favor of alloy. In 
the mean time the saving of trouble and 
expense are sufficient inducements to fol 
lowing those examples which suppose its 
expediency. And the same considerations 
lead to taking as our models those nations 
with whom we have most intercourse and 
whose coins are most prevalent in our 
circulation. These are Spain, Portugal, 
England, and France. The relation which 
the proposed proportion bears to their 
gold coins has been explained. In respect 
to their silver coins, it will not be very 
remote from the mean of their several 
standards. 

The component ingredients of the alloy 
in each metal will also require to be 
regulated. In silver, copper is the only 
kind in use, and it is doubtless the only 
proper one. In gold there is a mixture 
of silver and copper, in the English coins 
consisting of equal parts, in the coins of 
some other countries varying from Y 3 to 
Vs silver. 

The reason of this union of silver with 
copper is this: the silver counteracts the 
tendency of the copper to injure the color 
or beauty of the coin by giving it too much 
redness, or rather a coppery hue, which 
a small quantity will produce; and the 
copper prevents the too great whiteness 
which silver alone would confer. It is 
apprehended that there are considerations 
which may render it prudent to establish 
by law that the proportion of silver to 
copper in the gold coins of the United 
States, shall not be more than % nor 
less than l / 3 vesting direction in some 
proper place to regulate the matter 
within those limits, as experience in 
the execution may recommend. 

A third point remains to be discussed 
as a prerequisite to the determination of 
the money unit, which is whether the ex 
pense of coining shall be defrayed by the 
public or out of the material itself, or, 
as it is sometimes stated, whether coin 
age shall be free or shall be subject to a 
duty or imposition. This forms, perhaps, 
one of the nicest questions in the doctrine 
of money. 

The practice of different nations is dis 



similar in this particular. In England 
coinage is said to be entirely free, the 
mint price of the metals in bullion being 
the same with the value of them in coin. 
In France there is a duty which has been, 
if it is not now, 8 per cent. In Hol 
land there is a difference between the 
mint price and the value in the coins, 
which has been computed at .96 or some 
thing less than 1 per cent, upon gold. 
at 1.48 or something less than 1% per 
cent, upon silver. The resolution of the 
8th of August, 1786, proceeds upon the 
idea of a deduction of % per cent, from 
gold and of 2 per cent, from silver 
as an indemnification for the expense of 
coining. This is inferred from a report 
of the late Board of Treasury, upon which 
that resolution appears to have been 
founded. 

Upon the supposition that the expense 
of coinage ought to be defrayed out of the 
metals, there are two ways in which it 
may be effected one by a reduction of 
the quantity of fine gold and silver in 
the coins, the other by establishing a 
difference between the value of those 
metals in the coins and the mint price of 
them in bullion. 

The first method appears to the Secre 
tary inadmissible. He is unable to dis 
tinguish an operation of this sort from 
that of raising the denomination of the 
coin a measure which has been disap 
proved by the wisest men of the nations 
in which it has been practised and con 
demned by the rest of the world. To de 
clare that a less weight of gold or silver 
shall pass for the same sum which before 
represented a greater weight or to ordain 
that the same weight shall pass for a 
greater sum are things substantially of 
one nature. The consequence of either of 
them, if the change can be realized, is 
to degrade the money unit, obliging 
creditors to receive less than their just 
dues and depreciating property of every 
kind. For it is manifest that everything 
would in this case be represented by a 
less quantity of gold and silver than be 
fore. 

It is sometimes observed, on this head, 
that, though any article of property 
might, in fact, be represented by a less 
actual quantity of pure metal, it would, 
nevertheless, be represented by something 



219 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDEB 



of the same intrinsic value. Every fab 
ric, it is remarked, is worth intrinsically 
the price of the raw material and the ex 
pense of fabrication a truth not less 
applicable to a piece of coin than to a yard 
of cloth. 

This position, well founded in itself, is 
here misapplied. It supposes that the 
coins now in circulation are to be consid 
ered as bullion, or, in other words, as raw 
material. But the fact is that the adop 
tion of them as money has caused them 
to become the fabric: it has invested them 
with the character and office of coins, and 
has given them a sanction and efficacy 
equivalent to that of the stamp of the 
sovereign. The prices of all our commodi 
ties at home and abroad, and of all foreign 
commodities in our markets, have found 
their level in conformity to this principle. 
The foreign coins may be divested of the 
privilege they have hitherto been permit 
ted to enjoy, and may of course be left to 
find their value in the market as a raw 
material. But the quantity of gold and 
silver in the national coins corresponding 
with a given sum cannot be made less 
than heretofore without disturbing the 
balance of intrinsic value, and making 
every acre of land as well as every bushel 
of wheat of less actual worth than in time 
past. If the United States were isolated 
and cut off from all intercourse with the 
rest of mankind, this reasoning would not 
be equally conclusive. But it appears de 
cisive when considered with a view to the 
relations which commerce has created be 
tween us and other countries. 

It is, however, not improbable that the 
effect meditated would be defeated by a 
rise of prices proportioned to the diminu 
tion of the intrinsic value of the coins. 
This might be looked for in every en 
lightened commercial country, but, per 
haps, in none with greater certainty than 
this, because in none are men less liable 
to be the dupes of sounds, in none has 
authority so little resource for substitut 
ing names for things. 

A general revolution in prices, though 
only nominally and in appearance, could 
not fail to distract the ideas of the com 
munity, and would be apt to breed dis 
content as well among all those who live 
on the income of their money as among 
the poorer classes of the people, to whom 



the necessaries of life would seem to have 
become dearer. In the confusion of such 
a state of things ideas of value would not 
improbably adhere to the old coins, which, 
from that circumstance, instead of feel 
ing the effect of the loss of their privi 
lege as money, would, perhaps, bear a 
price in the market relatively to the new 
ones in exact proportion to weight. The 
frequency of the demand for the metals 
to pay foreign balances would contribute 
to this effect. 

Among the evils attendant on such an 
operation are these: creditors both of the 
public and of individuals would lose a 
part of their property, public and private 
credit would receive a wound, the effective 
revenues of the government would be 
diminished. There is scarcely any point 
in the economy of national affairs of 
greater moment than the uniform preser 
vation of the intrinsic value of the money 
unit. On this the security and steady 
value of property essentially depend. 

The second method, therefore, of defray 
ing the expense of the coinage out of the 
metals is greatly to be preferred to the 
other. This is to let the same sum of 
money continue to represent in the new 
coins exactly the same quantity of gold 
and silver as it does in those now current; 
to allow at the mint such a price only for 
those metals as will admit of profit just 
sufficient to satisfy the expense of coin 
age; to abolish the legal currency of the 
foreign coins, both in public and private 
payments ; and of course to leave the supe 
rior utility of the national coins for do 
mestic purposes, to operate the difference 
of market value, which is necessary to in 
duce the bringing of bullion to the mint. 
In this case all property and labor will 
still be represented by the same quantity 
of gold and silver as formerly; and the 
only change which will be wrought will 
consist in annexing the office of money 
exclusively to the national coins, conse 
quently withdrawing it from those of for 
eign countries, and suffering them to be 
come, as they ought to be, mere articles 
of merchandise. 

The arguments in favor of a regulation 
of this kind are: 

First. That the want of it is a cause 
of extra expense. There being, then, no 
motive of individual interest to distin- 



220 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

guish between the national coins and bull- conveniences, cost the government large 

ion, they are, it is alleged, indiscriminately sums in the renewal of the coins, 

melted down for domestic manufactures, But the remainder of the argument 

and exported for the purposes of foreign stands upon ground far more questionable, 

trade; and it is added that, when the It depends upon very numerous and very 

coins become light by wearing, the same complex combinations, in which there is 

quantity of fine gold or silver bears a infinite latitude for fallacy and error, 

higher price in bullion than in the coins, The most plausible part of it is that 

in which state of things the melting down which relates to the course of exchange, 

of the coins to be sold as bullion is at- Experience in France has shown that the 

tended with profit; and from both causes market price of bullion has been influ- 

the expense of the mint, or, in other words, enced by the mint difference between that 

the expense of maintaining the specie cap- and coin, sometimes to the full extent of 

ital of the nation, is materially augmented, the difference ; and it would seem to be a 

Secondly. That the existence of such a clear inference that, whenever that differ- 

regulation promotes a favorable course of ence materially exceeded the charges of 

exchange and benefits trade not only by remitting bullion from the country where 

that circumstance, but by obliging for- it existed to another in which coinage is 

eigners in certain cases to pay dearer for free, exchange would be in favor of the 

domestic commodities and to sell their former, 

own cheaper. If, for instance, the balance of trade 

As far as relates to the tendency of a between France and England were at any 

free coinage to produce an increase of ex- time equal, their merchants would nat- 

pense in the different ways that have been urally have reciprocal payments to make 

stated, the argument must be allowed to to an equal amount, which, as usual, 

have foundation both in reason and in ex- would be liquidated by means of bills of 

perience. It describes what has been ex- exchange. If in this situation the differ- 

emplified in Great Britain. ence between coin and bullion should be 

The effect of giving an artificial value in the market as at the mint of France 

to bullion is not at first sight obvious; 8 per cent., if also the charges of trans- 

but it actually happened at the period porting money from France to England 

immediately preceding the late reforma- should not be above 2 per cent., and if 

tion in the gold coin of the country just exchange should be at par, it is evident 

named. A pound troy in gold bullion of that a profit of 6 per cent, might be 

standard fineness was then from 19s. 6d. made by sending bullion from France to 

to 25s. sterling dearer than an equal England and drawing bills for the amount, 

weight of guineas as delivered at the mint. One hundred louis d ors in coin would 

The phenomenon is thus accounted for: purchase the weight of one hundred and 

The old guineas were more than 2 per eight in bullion, one hundred of which 

cent, lighter than their standard weight, remitted to England would suffice to pay 

This weight, therefore, in bullion, was a debt of an equal amount ; and, two being 

truly worth 2 per cent, more than those paid for the charges of insurance and 

guineas. It consequently had in respect transportation, there would remain six 

to them a correspondent rise in the mar- for the benefit of the person who should 

ket. manage the negotiation. But, as so large 

And, as guineas were then current by a profit could not fail to produce com- 

tale, the new ones, as they issued from petition, the bills in consequence of this 

the mint, were confounded in circulation would decrease in price till the profit was 

with the old ones, and by the association reduced to the minimum of an adequate 

were depreciated below the intrinsic value recompense for the trouble and risk. And, 

in comparison with bullion. It became, as the amount of one hundred louis d ors 

of course, a profitable traffic to sell bullion in England might be afforded for ninety- 

for coin, to select the light pieces and re- six in France with a profit of more than 

issue them in currency, and to melt down 1% per cent., bills upon England might 

the heavy ones and sell them again as fall in France to 4 per cent, below par, 

bullion. This practice, besides other in- 1 per cent, being a sufficient profit to the 

221 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDEB 

exchanger or broker for the management ing exchange is produced, though it be only 

of the business. occasional and momentary, there is a 

But it is admitted that this advantage benefit the more thrown into the scale 

is lost when the balance of trade is of public prosperity, is not satisfactory. 

against the nation which imposes the duty It has been seen that it may be productive 

in question, because by increasing the de- of one evil, the investment of a part of 

mand for bullion it brings this to a par the national capital in foreign countries, 

with the coins; and it is to be suspected which can hardly be beneficial but in a 

that, where commercial principles have situation like that of the United Nether- 

their free scope and are well understood, lands, where an immense capital and a 

the market difference between the metals decrease of internal demand render it 

in coin and bullion will seldom approx- necessary to find employment for money 

imate to that of the mint, if the latter in the wants of other nations; and per- 

be considerable. It must be not a little haps on a close examination other evils 

difficult to keep the money of the world, may be descried. 

which can be employed to an equal pur- One allied to that which has been men- 
pose in the commerce of the world, in a tioned is this taking France for the sake 
state of degradation in comparison with of more concise illustration as the scene: 
the money of a particular country. Whenever it happens that French louis 

This alone would seem sufficient to d ors are sent abroad from whatever 

prevent it. Whenever the price of coin to cause, if there be a considerable differ- 

bullion in the market materially exceeded ence between coin and bullion in the mar- 

the par of the metals, it would become ket of France, it will constitute an ad- 

an object to send the bullion abroad, if vantageous traffic to send back these louis 

not to pay a freign balance, to be invested d ors and bring away bullion in lieu of 

in some other way in foreign countries them, upon all which exchanges France 

where it bore a superior value an oper- must sustain an actual loss of a part of 

ation by which immense fortunes might its gold and silver. 

be amassed, if it were not that the ex- Again, such a difference between coin 

portation of the bullion would of itself and bullion may tend to counteract a 

restore the intrinsic par. But, as it would favorable balance of trade. Whenever a 

naturally have this effect, the advantage foreign merchant is the carrier of his own 

supposed would contain in itself the prin- commodities to France for sale, he has a 

ciple of its own destruction. As long, strong inducement to bring back specie 

however, as the exportation of bullion instead of French commodities, because a 

could be made with profit, w r hich is as return in the latter may afford no profit, 

long as exchange could remain below par, may even be attended with loss. In the 

there would be a drain of the gold and former it will afford a certain profit, 

silver of the country. The same principle must be supposed to 

If anything can maintain for a length of operate in the general course of remit- 
time a material difference between the tances from France to other countries, 
value of the metals in coin and in bullion, The principal question with a merchant 
it must be a constant and considerable naturally is, In what manner can I realize 
balance of trade in favor of the country in a given sum with most advantage where I 
which it is maintained. In one situated wish to place it? And, in cases in which 
like the United States, it would in all other commodities are not likely to pro- 
probability be a hopeless attempt. The duce equal profit with bullion, it may be 
frequent demand for gold and silver to expected that this will be preferred, to 
pay balances to foreigners would tend which the greater certainty attending the 
powerfully to preserve the equilibrium of operation must be an additional inc-He- 
intrinsic value. ment. There can hardly be imagined a 

The prospect is that it would oooa- circumstance less friendly to trade than 

sion foreign coins to circulate by com- the existence of an extra inducement aris- 

mon consent nearly at par with the na- ing from the possibility of a profitable 

tional. speculation upon the articles themselves 

To say that as far as the effect of lower- to export from a country its gold and 

222 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

silver rather than the products of its land Foreigners, it is allowed, will in this case 

and labor. seek some other vent for their commodi- 

The other advantages supposed, of ties and some other market where they 
obliging foreigners to pay dearer for can supply their wants at an easier rate, 
domestic commodities and to sell their A tendency of this kind, if real, would be 
own cheaper, are applied to a situation a sufficient objection to the regulation, 
which includes a favorable balance of Nothing which contributes to change a 
trade. It is understood in this sense beneficial current of trade can well com- 
the prices of domestic commodities (such pensate by particular advantages for so 
at least as are peculiar to the country) re- injurious an effect. It is far more easy 
main attached to the denominations of the to transfer trade from a less to a more 
coins. When a favorable balance of trade favorable channel than, when once trans- 
realizes in the market the mint difference ferred, to bring it back to its old one. 
between coin and bullion, foreigners who Every source of artificial interruption to 
must pay in the latter are obliged to give an advantageous current is, therefore, cau- 
more of it for such commodities than they tiously to be avoided. 

otherwise would do. Again, the bullion, It merits attention that the able min- 

which is now obtained at a cheaper rate igter who lately and so long presided over 

in the home market, will procure the same the finances of France does not attribute 

quantity of goods in the foreign market to the duty on coinage in that country 

as before, which is said to render foreign any particular advantages in relation to 

commodities cheaper. In this reasoning exchange and trade. Though he rather 

much fallacy is to be suspected. If it be appears an advocate for it, it is on the 

true that foreigners pay more for domestic sole ground of the revenue it affords, 

commodities, it must be equally true that which he represents as in the nature of 

they get more for their own when they a very moderate duty on the general mass 

bring them themselves to the market. If of exportation. 

peculiar or other domestic commodities And it is not improbable that to the 
adhere to the denominations of the coins, singular felicity of situation of that king- 
no reason occurs why foreign commodities dom is to be attributed its not having 
of a like character should not do the same been sensible of the evils which seem in- 
thing; and in this case the foreigner, cident to the regulation. There is, per- 
though he receive only the same value in haps, no part of Europe which has so lit- 
coin for his merchandise as formerly, can tie need of other countries as France, 
convert it into a greater quantity of bull- Comprehending a variety of soils and cli- 
ion. Whence the nation is liable to lose mates, an immense population, its agri- 
more of its gold and silver than if their culture in a state of mature improve- 
intrinsic value in relation to the coins ment, it possesses within its own bosom 
were preserved. And whether the gain or most, if not all, the productions of the 
the loss will, on the whole, preponderate, earth which any of its most favored neigh- 
would appear to depend on the compara- bors can boast. The variety, abundance, 
tive proportion of active commerce of the and excellence of its wines constitute a 
one country with the other. peculiar advantage in its favor. Arts 

It is evident, also, that the nation must an d manufactures are there also in a very 

pay as much gold and silver as before for advanced state, some of them of consid- 

the commodities which it procures abroad; erable importance and in higher perfection 

and whether it obtains this gold and sil- than elsewhere. Its contiguity to Spain, 

ver cheaper or not turns upon the solu- the intimate nature of its connection with 

tion of the question just intimated, re- that country a country with few fabrics 

specting the relative proportion of active of its own, consequently numerous wants, 

commerce between the two countries. and the principal receptacle of the treas- 

Besides these considerations, it is ad- ures of the New World these circum- 
mitted in the reasoning that the advan- stances concur in securing to France so 
tages supposed, which depend on a favor- uniform and so considerable a balance 
able balance of trade, have a tendency of trade as in a great measure to counter- 
to affect that balance disadvantageously. act the natural tendency of any errors 

223 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

which may exist in the system of her mint, the abundance of gold and silver, which, 

and to render inferences from the oper- it is alleged, will flow to that place where 

ation of that system there, in refer- they find the best price, and from that 

ence to this country, more liable to place where they are in any degree un- 

mislead than to instruct. Nor ought it dervalued. 

to pass unnoticed that with all these ad- The first consideration has not much 

vantages the government of France has weight as an objection to a plan which, 

found it necessary on some occasions to without diminishing the quantity of 

employ very violent methods to compel metals in the coins, merely allows a less 

the bringing of bullion to the mint a price for them in bullion at the national 

circumstance which affords a strong pre- factory or mint. No rule of intrinsic 

sumption of the inexpediency of the reg- value is violated by considering the raw 

ulation and of the impracticability of material as worth less than the fabric 

executing it in the United States. in proportion to the expense of fabrica- 

This point has been the longer dwelt tion. And by divesting foreign coins of 

upon, not only because there is a diversity the privilege of circulating as money they 

of opinion among speculative men concern- become the raw material, 
ing it, and a diversity in the practice of The second consideration has perhaps 

the most considerable commercial nations, greater weight. But it may not amount 

but because the acts of our own govern- to an objection, if it be the best method 

ment under the Confederation have not of preventing disorders in the coins, which 

only admitted the expediency of defraying it is, in a particular manner, the in- 

the expense of coinage out of the metals terest of those on whom the tax would 

themselves, but upon this idea have both fall to prevent. The practice of taking 

made a deduction from the weight of the gold by weight, which has of late years 

coins and established a difference between obtained in Great Britain, has been found 

their regulated value and the mint price in some degree a remedy; but this is in- 

of bullion, greater than would result convenient, and may on that account 

from that deduction. This double opera- fall into disuse. Another circumstance 

tion in favor of a principle so question- has had a remedial operation. This is the 

able in itself has made a more particular delay of the mint. It appears to be the 

investigation of it a duty. practice there not to make payment 

The intention, however, of the preceding for the bullion which is brought to be 
remarks is rather to show that the expec- exchanged for coin till it either has in 
tation of commercial advantages ought fact, or is pretended to have, undergone 
not to decide in favor of a duty on coin- the process of recoining. 
age, and that, if it should be adopted, it The necessity of fulfilling prior engage- 
ought not to be in the form of a deduction ments is a cause or pretext for postponing 
from the intrinsic value of the coins, the delivery of the coin in lieu of the 
than absolutely to exclude the idea of any bullion. And this delay creates a differ- 
difference whatever between the value of ence in the market price of the two things. 
the metals in coin and in bullion. It is Accordingly, for some years past, an ounce 
not clearly discerned that a small differ- of standard gold, which is worth in coin 
ence between the mint price of bullion 3 17s. 10y 2 d. sterling, has been in the 
and the regulated value of the coins would market of London, in bullion, only 3 17s. 
be pernicious or that it might not even 6d., which is within a small fraction of 
be advisable, in the first instance, by way i/ 2 per cent. less. Whether this be 
of experiment merely as a preventive to management in the mint to accommo- 
the melting down and exportation of the date the bank in the purchase of bullion 
coins. This will now be somewhat more or to effect indirectly something equiva- 
particularly considered. lent to a formal difference of price, or 

The arguments for a coinage entirely whether it be the natural course of the 
free are that it preserves the intrinsic business is open to conjecture, 
value of the metals, that it makes the ex- It at the same time indicates that, 
pense of fabrication a general instead of if the mint were to make prompt pay- 
partial tax, and that it tends to promote ment at about y 2 per cent, less than 

224 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

it does at present, the state of bullion ards defraying the expense of the coin- 
in respect to coin would be precisely the age cannot be determined beforehand with 
same as it now is. And it would be then accuracy. It is presumed that on an eco- 
certain that the government would save nomical plan it will suffice in relation 
expense in the coinage of gold, since it to gold. But it is not expected that 
is not probable that the time actually the same rate on silver will be sum- 
lost in the course of the year in convert- cient to defray the expense attending 
ing bullion into coin can be an equivalent that metal. Some additional provision 
to % per cent, on the advance, and may therefore be found necessary if this 
there will generally be at the command limit be adopted. 

of the treasury a considerable sum of It does not seem to be advisable to make 

money waiting for some periodical dis- any greater difference in regard to sil- 

bursement, which without hazard might ver than to gold, because it is desirable 

be applied to that advance. that the proportion between the two met- 

In what sense a free coinage can be als in the market should correspond with 
said to promote the abundance of gold that in the coins, which would not be 
and silver may be inferred from the in- the case if the mint price of one was corn- 
stances which have been given of the paratively lower than that of the other, 
tendency of a contrary system to pro- arid because, also, silver being proposed 
mote their exportation. It is, however, to be rated in respect to gold somewhat 
not probable that a very small difference below its general commercial value, if 
of value between coin and bullion can have there should be a disparity to its disad- 
any effect which ought to enter into cal- vantage in the mint prices of the two 
dilation. There can be no inducement metals, it would obstruct too much the 
of positive profit to export the bullion bringing of it to be coined, and would 
as long as the difference of price is add an inducement to export it. Nor 
exceeded by the expense of transportation, does it appear to the Secretary safe to 
And the prospect of smaller loss upon make a greater difference between the 
the metals than upon commodities when value of coin and bullion than has been 
the difference is very minute will be fre- mentioned. It will be better to have to 
quently overbalanced by the possibility increase it hereafter, if this shall be found 
of doing better with the latter from a expedient, than to have to recede from too 
rise of markets. It is, at any rate, considerable a difference in consequence 
certain that it can be of no consequence, of evils which shall have been experi- 
in this view, whether the superiority of enced. 

coin to bullion in the market be pro- It is sometimes mentioned as an expedi- 
duced as in England by the delay of the ent which, consistently with a free coin- 
mint or by a formal discrimination in the age, may serve to prevent the evils de 
regulated values. sired to be avoided, to incorporate in the 

Under an impression that a small dif- coins a greater proportion of alloy than 
ference between the value of the coin is usual, regulating their value, neverthe- 
and the mint price of bullion is the least less, according to the quantity of pure 
exceptionable expedient for restraining metal they contain. This, it is supposed, 
the melting down or exportation of the by adding to the difficulty of refining 
former, and not perceiving that, if it be them, would cause bullion to be preferred, 
a very moderate one, it can be hurtful in both for manufacture and exportation, 
other respects, the Secretary is inclined But strong objections lie against this 
to an experiment of % per cent, on scheme an augmentation of expense, an 
each of the metals. The fact which actual depreciation of the coin, a danger 
has been mentioned with regard to the of still greater depreciation in the public 
price of gold bullion in the English opinion, the facilitating of counterfeits- 
market seems to demonstrate that such while it is questionable whether it would 
a difference may safely be made. In this have the effect expected from it. 
case there must be immediate payment The alloy being esteemed of no value, 
for the gold and silver offered to the mint, an increase of it is evidently an increase 
How far i/ 2 per cent, will go tow- of expense. This, in relation to the gold 
IV. P 225 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

coins particularly, is a matter of moment, as the excellence of the workmanship is 
It has been noted that the alloy in them an ingredient in that perfection. The ill- 
consists partly of silver. If, to avoid ex- termixture of too much alloy, particular- 
pense, the addition should be of copper ly of copper, in the gold coins at least, 
only, this would spoil the appearance of must materially lessen the facility of dis- 
the coin and give it a base countenance, languishing by the eye the purer from the 
Its beauty would indeed be injured, though baser kind, the genuine from the counter- 
in a less degree, even if the usual propor- foit. 

tions of silver and copper should be main- The inefficacy of the arrangement to 

tained in the increased quantity of alloy. the purpose intended to be answered by it 

And, however inconsiderable an addi- is rendered probable by different con- 

tional expenditure of copper in the coin- siderations. If the standard of plate in 

age of a year may be deemed, in a series the United States should be regulated ac- 

of years it would become of consequence, cording to that of the national coins, it 

In regulations which contemplate the is to be expected that the goldsmith would 

lapse and operation of ages a very small prefer these to the foreign coins, because 

item of expense acquires importance. he would find them prepared to his hand 

The actual depreciation of the coin by in the state which he desires, whereas he 
an increase of alloy results from the very would have to expend an additional 
circumstance which is the motive to it quantity of alloy to bring the foreign 
the greater difficulty of refining. In Eng- coins to that state. If the standard of 
land it is customary for those concerned plate by law or usage should be superior 
in manufactures of gold to make a deduc- to that of the national coins, there would 
tion in the price of fourpence sterling per be a possibility of the foreign coins bear- 
ounce of fine gold for every carat which ing a higher price in the market; and this 
the mass containing it is below the legal would not only obstruct their being 
standard. Taking this as a rule, an in- brought to the mint, but might occasion 
feriority of a single carat, or one twenty- the exportation of the national coin in 
fourth part, in the gold coins of the preference. It is not understood that the 
United States, compared with the English practice of making an abatement of price 
standard, would cause the same quantity for the inferiority of standard is appli- 
of pure gold in them to be worth nearly cable to the English mint; and, if it be 
Vio per cent, less than in the coins not, this would also contribute to frus- 
of Great Britain. This circumstance trating the expected effect from the in- 
would be likely in- process of time to be crease of alloy. For, in this case, a given 
felt in the market of the United States. quantity of pure metal in our standard 

A still greater depreciation in the would be worth as much there as in bull- 
public opinion would be apprehended ion of the English or any other standard, 
from the apparent debasement of the coin. Considering, therefore, the uncertainty 
The effects of imagination and prejudice of the success of the expedient and the in- 
cannot safely be disregarded in anything conveniences which seem incident to it, 
that relates to money. If the beauty of it would appear preferable to submit to 
the coin be impaired, it may be found those of a free coinage. It is observable 
difficult to satisfy the generality of the that additional expense, which is one of 
community that what appears worse is the principal of these, is also applicable 
not really less valuable, and it is not al- to the proposed remedy, 
together certain that an impression of its It is now proper to resume and finish 
being so may not occasion an unnatural the answer to the first question, in order 
augmentation of prices. to do which the three succeeding ones have 

Greater danger of imposition by coun- necessarily been anticipated. The con- 

terfeits is also to be apprehended from the elusion to be drawn from the observations 

injury which will be done to the appear- which have been made on the subject is 

ance of the coin. It is a just observation this: That the unit in the coins of the 

that " the perfection of the coins is a United States ought to correspond with 

great safeguard against counterfeits." 24 grains and % of a grain of pure gold, 

And it is evident that the color as well and with 371 grains and 14 of a grain of 

226 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 

pure silver, each answering to a dollar One silver piece, which shall be in 

in the money of account. The former is weight and value a tenth part of the silver 

exactly agreeable to the present value of unit or dollar. 

gold, and the latter is within a small One copper piece, which shall be of the 
fraction of the mean of the two last value of a hundredth part of a dollar, 
emissions of dollars the only ones which One other copper piece, which shall be 
are now found in common circulation, and half the value of the former, 
of which the newest is in the greatest It is not proposed that the lighter piece 
abundance; the alloy in each case to be of the two gold coins should be numerous, 
one-twelfth of the total weight, which as, in large payments, the larger the 
will make the unit 27 grains of standard pieces the shorter the process of counting, 
gold and 405 grains of standard silver, the less risk of mistake, and, consequently, 
Each of these, it has been remarked, the greater the safety and the con- 
will answer to a dollar in the money of venience ; and in small payments it is not 
account. It is conceived that nothing perceived that any inconvenience can ac- 
better can be done in relation to this than crue from an entire dependence on the 
to pursue the track marked out by the silver and copper coins. The chief in- 
resolution of the 8th of August, 1786. ducement to the establishment of the small 
This has been approved abroad as well as gold piece is to have a sensible object in 
at home, and it is certain that nothing that metal, as well as in silver, to express 
can be more simple and convenient than the unit. Fifty thousand at a time in 
the decimal subdivisions. There is every circulation may suffice for this purpose, 
reason to expect that the method will The tenth part of a dollar is but a small 
speedily grow into general use when it piece, and, with the aid of the copper 
shall be seconded by corresponding coins, coins, will probably suffice for all the more 
On this plan the unit in the money of minute uses of circulation. It is less 
account will continue to be, as established than the least of the silver coins now in 
by that resolution, a dollar, and its mul- general currency in England, 
tiples, dimes, cents, and mills, or tenths, The larger copper piece will nearly an- 
hundredths, and thousandths. swer to the halfpenny sterling, and the 
With regard to the number of different smaller, of course, to the farthing. Pieces 
pieces which shall compose the coins of of very small value are a great accommo- 
the United States, two things are to be dation and the means of a beneficial econ- 
consulted convenience of circulation and omy to the poor, by enabling them to 
cheapness of the coinage. The first ought purchase in small portions and at a more 
not to be sacrificed to the last; but, as far reasonable rate the necessaries of which 
as they can be reconciled to each other, they stand in need. If there are only 
it is desirable to do it. Numerous and cents, the lowest price for any portion 
small (if not too minute) subdivisions of a vendible commodity, however incon- 
assist circulation; but the multiplication siderable in quantity, will be a cent; if 
of the smaller kinds increases expense, there are half cents, it will be a half-cent; 
the same process being necessary to a and in a great number of cases exactly 
small as to a large piece. the same things will be sold for a half- 
As it is easy to add, it will be most cent, w r hich, if there were none, would 
advisable to begin with a small number cost a cent. But a half-cent is low enough 
till experience shall decide whether any for the minimum of price. Excessive 
other kinds are necessary. The following, minuteness would defeat its object. To 
it is conceived, will be sufficient in the enable the poorer classes to procure neces- 
commencement: saries cheap is to enable them with more 
One gold piece, equal in weight and comfort to themselves to labor for less, 
value to ten units or dollars. the advantages of which need no coin- 
One gold piece, equal to a tenth part of nu-nt. 

the former, and which shall be a unit or The denominations of the silver coins 

dollar. contained in the resolution of the 8th 

One silver piece, which shall also be a of August, 1786, are conceived to be sig- 

unit or dollar. nificant and proper. The dollar is recom- 

227 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 



mended by its correspondency with the 
present coin of that name for which it is 
designed to be a substitute, which will 
facilitate its ready adoption as such in 
the minds of the citizens. The dime, or 
tenth, the cent, or hundredth, the mill, or 
thousandth, are proper because they ex 
press the proportions which they are in 
tended to designate. It is only to be re 
gretted that the meaning of these terms 
will not be familiar to those who are not 
acquainted with the language from which 
they are borrowed. It were to be wished 
that the length and, in some degree, the 
clumsiness of some of the corresponding 
terms in English did not discourage from 
preferring them. It is useful to have 
names which signify the things to which 
they belong, and, in respect to objects of 
general use, in a manner intelligible to 
all. Perhaps it might be an improvement 
to let the dollar have the appellation 
either of dollar or unit (which latter will 
be the more significant), and to substi 
tute " tenth " for dime. In time the unit 
may succeed to the dollar. The word 
cent being in use in various transactions 
and instruments will without much diffi 
culty be understood as the hundredth, and 
the half-cent, of course, as the two-hun 
dredth part. 

The eagle is not a very expressive or 
apt appellation for the larger gold piece, 
but nothing better occurs. The smaller 
of the two gold coins may be called the 
dollar, or unit, in common with the silver 
piece with which it coincides. 

The volume or size of each piece is a 
matter of more consequence than its de 
nomination. It is evident that, the more 
superficies or surface, the more the piece 
will be liable to be injured by friction, or, 
in other words, the faster it will wear. 
For this reason it is desirable to render 
the thickness as great, in proportion to 
the breadth, as may consist with neatness 
and good appearance. Hence the form of 
the double guinea, or double louis d or, is 
preferable to that of the half Johannes, for 
the large gold piece. The small one can 
not well be of any other size than the 
Portuguese piece of eight, of the same 
metal. 

As it is of consequence to fortify the 
idea of the identity of the dollar, it may 
be best to let the form and size of the new 



one, as far as the quantity of matter (the 
alloy being less) permits, agree with the 
form and size of the present. The diame 
ter may be the same. , 

The tenths may be in a mean between 
the Spanish 1-8 and 1-16 of a dollar. 

The copper coins may be formed merely 
with a view to good appearance, as any 
difference in the wearing that can result 
from difference of form can be of little 
consequence in reference to that metal. 

It is conceived that the weight of the 
cent may be eleven pennyweights, which 
will about correspond with the value of 
the copper and the expense of coinage. 
This will be to conform to the rule of in 
trinsic value, as far as regard to the con 
venient size of the coins will permit; and 
the deduction of the expense of coinage in 
this case will be the more proper, as the 
copper coins which have been current 
hitherto have passed till lately for much 
more than their intrinsic value. Taking 
the weight, as has been suggested, the 
size of the cent may be nearly that of the 
piece herewith transmitted, which weighs 
10 dwt. 11 grs. 10 m. Two-thirds of the 
diameter of the cent will suffice for the 
diameter of the half-cent. 

It may, perhaps, be thought expedient, 
according to general practice, to make the 
copper coinage an object of profit; but, 
where this is done to any considerable ex 
tent, it is hardly possible to have effectual 
security against counterfeits. This con 
sideration, concurring with the soundness 
of the principle of preserving the intrinsic 
value of the money of a country, seems to 
outweigh the consideration of profit. 

The foregoing suggestions respecting the 
sizes of the several coins are made on the 
supposition that the legislature may think 
fit to regulate this matter. Perhaps, how 
ever, it may be judged not unadvisable to 
leave it to executive discretion. 

With regard to the proposed size of the 
cent it is to be confessed that it is rather 
greater than might be wished, if it could, 
with propriety and safety, be made less; 
and, should the value of copper continue to 
decline as it has done for some time past, 
it is very questionable whether it will long 
remain alone a fit metal for money. This 
has led to a consideration of the expe 
diency of uniting a small proportion of 
silver with copper, in order to be able to 



228 



HAMILTON, ALEXANDER 



lessen the bulk of the inferior coins. For 
this there are precedents in several parts 
of Europe. In France the composition 
which is called billon has consisted of one 
part silver and four parts copper, accord 
ing to which proportion a cent might con 
tain seventeen grains, defraying out of the 
material the expense of coinage. The con- 
veniency of size is a recommendation of 
such a species of coin, but the Secretary is 
deterred from proposing it by the appre 
hension of counterfeits. The effect of so 
small a quantity of silver in comparatively 
so large a quantity of copper could easily 
be imitated by a mixture of other metals 
of little value, and the temptation to doing 
it would not be inconsiderable. 

The devices of the coins are far from 
being matters of indifference, as they may 
be made the vehicles of useful impressions. 
They ought, therefore, to be emblematical, 
but without losing sight of simplicity. 
The fewer sharp points and angles there 
are, the less will be the loss by wearing. 
The Secretary thinks it best on this head 
to confine himself to these concise and gen 
eral remarks. 

The last point to be discussed respects 
the currency of foreign coins. 

The abolition of this in proper season is 
a necessary part of the system contem 
plated for the national coinage. But this 
it will be expedient to defer till some con 
siderable progress has been made in pre 
paring substitutes for them. A gradation 
may therefore be found most convenient. 

The foreign coins may be suffered to cir 
culate precisely upon their present footing 
for one year after the mint shall have com 
menced its operations. The privilege may 
then be continued for another year to the 
gold coins of Portugal, England, and 
France, and to the silver coins of Spain. 
And these may still be permitted to be 
current for one year more at the rates 
allowed to be given for them at the mint, 
after the expiration of which the circula 
tion of all foreign coins to cease. 

The moneys which will be paid into the 
treasury during the first year, being re- 
coined before they are issued anew, will 
afford a partial substitute before any 
interruption is given to the pre-existing 
supplies of circulation. The revenues of 
the succeeding year and the coins which 
will be brought to the mint in consequence 



of the discontinuance of their currency 
will materially extend the substitute in 
the course of that year, and its extension 
will be so far increased during the third 
year by the facility of procuring the re 
maining species to be recoined, which will 
arise from the diminution of their cur 
rent values, as probably to enable the 
dispensing wholly with the circulation 
of foreign coins after that period. The 
progress which the currency of bank-bills 
will be likely to have made during the 
same time will also afford a substitute of 
another kind. 

This arrangement, besides avoiding a 
sudden stagnation of circulation, will 
cause a considerable proportion of what 
ever loss may be incident to the establish 
ment in the first instance to fall as it 
ought to do upon the government, and 
will probably tend to distribute the re 
mainder of it more equally among the 
community. 

It may, nevertheless, be advisable in ad 
dition to the precautions here suggested 
to repose a discretionary authority in the 
President of the United States to continue 
the currency of the Spanish dollar, at a 
value corresponding with the quantity of 
fine silver contained in it, beyond the 
period above mentioned for the cessation 
of the circulation of the foreign coins. It 
is possible that an exception in favor of 
this particular species of coin may be 
found expedient; and it may tend to ob 
viate inconveniences, if there be a power 
to make the exception, in a capacity to 
be exerted when the period shall arrive. 

The Secretary for the Department of 
State, in his report to the House of Rep 
resentatives on the subject of establishing 
a uniformity in the weights, measures, 
and coins of the United States, has pro 
posed that the weight of the dollar should 
correspond with the unit of weight. This 
was done on the supposition that it would 
require but a very small addition to the 
quantity of metal which the dollar, inde 
pendently of the object he had in view, 
ought to contain, in which he was guided 
by the resolution of the 8th of August, 
1786, fixing the dollar at 375 grains and 
64 hundredths of a grain. 

Taking this as the proper standard of 
the dollar, a small alteration, for the 
sake of incorporating so systematic an 



229 



HAMILTON 

idea, would appear desirable. But, if the volunteers and military governor of Texas; 
principles which have been reasoned from in 1865 he became provisional governor; 
in this report are just, the execution of and in 1866 justice in the Supreme Court 
that idea becomes more difficult. It would of the State. He died in Austin, Tex., 
certainly not be advisable to make on April 10, 1875. 

that account so considerable a change in Hamilton, CHAELES SMITH, military 
the money unit as would be produced by officer, a grandson of Alexander Hamilton : 
the addition of five grains of silver to the born in New York, Nov. 16, 1822; grad- 
proper weight of the dollar, without a uated at West Point in 1843; served 
proportional augmentation of its relative throughout the war with Mexico; resigned 
value; and to make such an augmentation from the army in 1853; appointed colonel 
would be to abandon the advantage of of the 3d Wisconsin Regiment May 11, 
preserving the identity of the dollar, or, 1861; participated in the siege of York- 
to speak more accurately, of having the town, and subsequently in the battles of 
proposed one received and considered as Corinth and luka; was transferred to the 
a mere substitute for the present. Army of the Tennessee; and resigned in 

The end may, however, be obtained April, 1863. He died in Milwaukee, Wis., 
without either of those inconveniences by April 17, 1891. 

increasing the proportion of alloy in the Hamilton, FRANK HASTINGS, surgeon; 
silver coins. But this would destroy the uni- born in Wilmington, Vt., Sept. 10, 1813; 
formity in that respect between the gold graduated at Union College in 1830, 
and silver coins. It remains, therefore, and in medicine at the University of 
to elect which of the two systematic Pennsylvania in 1835. In 1839 he be- 
ideas shall be pursued or relinquished; came Professor of Surgery in the Western 
and it may be remarked that it will be College of Physicians and Surgeons, and 
more easy to convert the present silver j n the following year in the medical col- 
coins into the proposed ones if these last ] e ge at Geneva. In 1846 he was ap- 
have the same or nearly the same pro- pointed Professor of Surgery in the medi- 
portion of alloy than if they have less. ca i college in Buffalo, of which he later 

Hamilton, ANDREW, governor; born in became dean. When the Long Island 
Scotland; sent to East Jersey by its pro- Hospital College was established in 185!). 
prietaries in 1686; became acting governor h e became Professor of the Principles and 
in 1687; returned to England in 1689; Practice of Surgery there and also sur- 
appointed governor of East Jersey in geon-in-chief. In 1861 he was made Pro- 
1692; deposed in 1697, and reappointed fessor of Military Surgery, and at the out- 
in 1699. William Penn made him deputy break of the Civil War went to the front 
governor of Pennsylvania in 1701. Ham- w ith the 31st New York Volunteers. 
ilton obtained the first patent from the During the first battle of Bull Run he 
crown for a postal service in 1694. He W as director of the general field hospital 
died in Burlington, N. J., April 20, 1703. in Centreville. In 1862 he was appointed 

Hamilton, ANDREW, lawyer; born in a medical director in the army, and in 
Scotland, about 1676; acquired much dis- 1863 a medical inspector, with the rank 
tinction by his defence of the liberty of of lieutenant-colonel. He, however, soon 
the press on the trial of Zenger in New resigned, and went to the Bellevue Hos- 
York. He filled many public stations in pital Medical College as military surgeon. 
Pennsylvania, including that of speaker of When President Garfield was shot Dr. 



the Assembly, which he resigned in 1739 Hamilton was one of the first surgeons 

called in attendance, and continued on 
that duty until the President s death. 
Dr. Hamilton performed many note- 



in consequence of physical infirmity. He 
died in Philadelphia Aug. 4, 1741. See 
ZENGER, JOHN PETER. 

Hamilton, ANDREW JACKSON, jurist; worthy operations, and invented or im- 

born in Madison county, Ala., Jan. 28, proved a number of instruments used ^in 

1815; removed to Texas in 1846; elected surgical practice. His publications in 

to Congress in 1859 ; opposed the secession elude: Treatise on Strabismus; Trea- 

of Texas. On Nov. 14, 1862, he was ap- Use on Fractures and Dislocations; Prac- 

pointed brigadier-general of United States tical Treatise on Military Surgery; and 

230 



HAMILTON HAMLIN 

The Principles and Practice of Surgery, a private. He became aide to General 
He also edited Amussat s Use of Water Butler at Annapolis, and soon entered the 
in Surgery, and The Surgical Memoirs military family of General Scott at Wash- 
of the War of the Rebellion. He died in iugton. He was made brigadier-general 
New York City, Aug. 11, 1886. in November, 1861, and accompanied Gen- 

Hamilton, HENRY, military officer; eral Halleck to Missouri, where he corn- 
born in England; was lieutenant-govern- manded the district of St. Louis. In Feb- 
or of Detroit during the Revolutionary ruary, 1862, he commanded a division of 
War. He was one of the most active Pope s army; and by the planning and 
promoters of Indian raids upon the fron- construction of a canal, greatly assisted 
tier settlements of the Americans in the in the capture of New Madrid and ISLAND 
Northwest. To Detroit he summoned NUMBER TEN (q. v.) . In 1862 he was 
several Indian nations to a council late made major-general of volunteers; re 
in 1777; and from that point he sent signed in February, 1863; and was hydro- 
abroad along the frontiers bands of sav- graphic engineer for the New York de- 
ages to murder and plunder the Ameri- partment of docks in 1871-75. He died in 
can settlers. Their cruelties he applauded New York, March 18, 1903. 
as evidence of their attachment to the Hamilton, THOMAS, author; born in 
royal cause. He gave standing rewards England in 1789; joined the British army; 
for scajps, but offered none for prisoners, was commissioned captain of the 29th 
His war-parties, composed of white men Regiment; served in the War of 1812, and 
and Indians, spared neither men, women, later engaged in literary work. His pub- 
nor children. He planned a confederation lications include Men and Manners in 
of the tribes to desolate Virginia. In America (which met with little favor in 
1778 he wrote to LORD GEORGE GERMAIN the United States owing to its deprecia- 
(g. v.), whose favorite he was, "Next tion of American character), etc. He 
year there will be the greatest number died in Pisa, Italy, Dec. 7, 1842. 
of savages on the frontier that has ever Hamlin, AUGUSTUS CHOATE, surgeon; 
been known, as the Six Nations have sent born in Columbia, Me., Aug. 28, 1829 ; 
belts around to encourage those allies graduated at the Harvard Medical School 
who have made a general alliance." But in 1855. At the beginning of the Civil 
early in that year he was made a prisoner War he recruited a company at his own 
of war at Vincennes, and was sent to Vir- expense; followed his profession in the 
ginia. He had formed a conspiracy for war; and became medical inspector of 
the Southern and Northern Indians to the army with the rank of lieutenant- 
desolate the whole frontier from New colonel in 1863. His publications include 
York to Georgia. He died in Antigua, Martyria, or Andersonville Prison; The 
Sept. 29, 1796. Battle of Chancellorsville ; History of Mt. 

Hamilton, PAUL, statesman; born in Mica, Me., etc. 

St. Paul s parish, S. C., Oct. 16, 1762; Hamlin, CHARLES, lawyer; born in 
elected comptroller of South Carolina in Hampden, Me., Sept. 13, 1837; son of 
1799; governor in 1804. President Madi- Hannibal Hamlin; graduated at Bow- 
son appointed him Secretary of the Navy doin College in 1857; admitted to the bar 
in 1809. He died in Beaufort, S. C., June in the following year; enlisted in the Na- 
30, 1816. tional army in 1862; brevetted brigadier- 

Hamilton, SCHUYLER, military officer; general of volunteers in March, 1865. 
born in New York City, July 25, 1822; He published the Insolvent Laws of Maine, 
graduated at West Point in 1841 ; etc. 

served in the war with Mexico; and was Hamlin, CYRUS, educator; born in 
acting aide to General Scott. He was Waterford, Me., Jan. 5, 1811; gradu- 
severely wounded in a hand-to-hand en- a ted at Bowdoin College in 1834, and at 
gagement with Mexicans. He was bre Bangor Theological Seminary in 1837; 
vetted captain, and remained on Scott s went as a missionary to Turkey, and there 
staff until 1854. He left the army in served under the American board of 
1855, but on the fall of Sumter (1861) commissioners for foreign missions in 
he joined the 7th New York Regiment as 1837-60. He established Robert College 

231 



HAMLIN HAMMOND 



at Constantinople, and was its president to 1883. He died in Bangor, Me., July 4, 
in 1860-77, when he returned to the 1891. 

United States, and became Professor of Hammond, JABEZ D., lawyer; born in 
Theology at Bangor Theological Seminary. New Bedford, Mass., Aug. 2, 1778; was 
In 1880-85 he was president of Middle- admitted to the bar in 1805; and prac- 
bury College. He later became an agent tised, with several interruptions, till 1830. 
of the American board of foreign mis- His publications include The Political TL is- 
sions. His works include Among the tory of New York to December of 1840; 
Turks, and My Life and Times. He died Life and Opinions of Julius Melbourn; 
in Portland, Me., Aug. 8, 1900. Life of Silas Wright, etc. He died in 

Hamlin, HANNIBAL, Vice-President of Cherry Valley, N. Y., Aug. 18, 1855. 
the United States; born in Paris, Me., Hammond, JAMES HENRY, statesman; 
Aug. 27, 1809; taught school, and entered born in Newberry, S. C., Nov. 15, 1807; 
official life early. For many years he graduated at South Carolina College in 
was a Democrat, as member of the Maine 1825; elected to Congress in 1835; gov- 
legislature; Congressman from 1843 to ernor of the State in 1842, and United 
1847; and United States Senator from States Senator in 1857. He was a sup- 
1S49 to 1857. Having joined the Republi- porter of Calhoun, and an ardent advo- 
can party, he was governor of Maine for cate of nullification. When South Caro 
lina seceded he resigned his seat in the 

^mH^_g^|^^HI^^^BB^BBBB United States Senate, and retired to his 

plantation in Beech Island, where he 
died, Nov. 13, 18G4. 

Hammond, MARCUS CLAUDIUS MAR- 
CELLUS, military officer; born in Newberry 
district, S. C., Dec. 12, 1814; graduated 
at the United States Military Academy 
in 1836; promoted first lieutenant in 
November, 1839; served during a part 
of the war with Mexico as additional pay 
master; resigned in April, 1847, owing to 
failing health. He published A Critical 
History of the Mexican War. He died in 




HANNIBAL HAMLIN. 



Beech Island, S. C., Jan. 23, 1876. 

Hammond, SAMUEL, military officer; 
born in Richmond county, Va., Sept. 21, 
1757; participated in Dunmore s expedi 
tion; served throughout the Revolutionary 
War; settled in Savannah; was elected to 
Congress in 1803; appointed commandant 
of upper Louisiana in 1805, and held the 
office until 1824, when he resigned. He 
died in Augusta, Ga., Sept. 11, 1842. 

Hammond, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, sur 
geon; born in Annapolis, Md., Aug. 28, 
1828; graduated at the University of 

a short time in 1857, and was again the City of New York in 1848; was in 
Senator from 1857 to 1861. In 1860 he the medical service of the regular army 
was elected Vice-President on the ticket in 1849-60, when he was appointed Pro- 
\vith Abraham Lincoln, and served from fossor of Anatomy and Physiology at the 
1861 to 1865. President Johnson ap- University of Maryland. When the Civil 
pointed him collector of the port of Bos- War opened he re-entered the army, and 
ton. From 1869 to 1881 he was again in April, 1862, was commissioned surgeon- 
in the United States Senate, and his long general. In August, 1864, he was tried 
political career closed with his occupa- before a court-martial on a charge of 
tion of the ministry to Spain from 1881 official irregularities, and was dismissed 

232 



HAMOND HAMPDEN 



from the army. This ban rested on him 
till 1878, when Congress passed a spe 
cial bill directing the President to re 
view the proceedings of the court-martial. 
As a result of this examination, he was 
honorably restored to his former rank in 
the army, and then placed on the retired 
list. Later, he became Professor of the 
Nervous System and Diseases of the Mind 
in the New York and Baltimore medical 
colleges. His professional writings in 
clude Military Hygiene; Physiological Es 
says; Sleep and Its Derangements; 
Lectures on Venereal Diseases; Insanity 
in Its Medico-Legal Relations; Physics 
and Physiology of Spiritualism; Neuro 
logical Contributions, etc. He also pub 
lished the novels Robert Severne; Lai; 
Dr. Grattan; Mr. Oldmixon; A Strong- 
Minded Woman; On the Susquehanna; A 
Son of Perdition, etc. He died in Wash 
ington, D. C., Jan. 5, 1900. 

Hamond, SIE ANDREW SNAPE, naval 
officer; born in Blaekheath, England, Dec. 
17, 1738; joined the British navy in 1753. 
When the Revolutionary War broke out 
he came to America with Howe, and 
served on the Roebuck, which was present 
at the capture of New .York, and which 
later destroyed the frigate Delaware and 
other ships in the Delaware River. In 
November, 1777, Hammond participated in 
the successful assault on Mud Island; was 
acting captain of the squadron which re 
duced Charleston, S. C., in 1780. He re 
turned to England in 1783, and in Decem 
ber of that year was created a baron. He 
died in Norfolk, England, Oct. 12, 1838. 

Hampden, ACTION AT. When the 
British had taken possession of Castine, 
Me., a land and naval force was sent up 
the Penobscot River to capture or destroy 
the corvette John Adams, which had fled 
up the river to the town of Hampden. 
Tbe commander of the John Adams, Capt. 
C. Morris, was warned of his danger, and 
lie notified Gen. John Blake, commander of 
the 10th division of Massachusetts militia. 
The British force consisted or two sloops- 
of-war, a tender, a large transport, and 
nine launches, commanded by Commodore 
Barrie, and 700 soldiers, led by Lieu 
tenant-Colonel St. John. The expedition 
sailed on Sept. 1, 1814, and the next 
morning General Gosselin took possession 
of Belfast, on the western shore of Penob- 



233 



scot Bay, at the head of 600 troops. The 
expedition landed some troops at Frank 
fort, which marched up the western side 
of the river. The flotilla, with the re 
mainder, sailed on, and arrived near 
Hampden at five o clock in the evening, 
when the troops and about eighty 
mariners were landed and bivouacked. 
They found the militia assembling to re 
sist them. Meanwhile Captain Morris 
had taken out of the John Adams nine 
short 18-pounders, and mounted them on 
a high bank, in charge of Lieutenant 
Wadsworth. With the remainder of his 
guns, he took position on the wharf with 
about 200 seamen and marines, prepared 
to defend his crippled ship to the last 
extremity. She had been much damaged 
by striking a rock when she entered 
Penobscot Bay, and had run up to Hamp 
den to avoid capture. The British de 
tachment landed at Frankfort, and moved 
forward cautiously, in a dense fog, to 
join the other invaders, with a vanguard 
of riflemen. Blake had sent a body of mi 
litia to confront the invaders. These were 
suddenly attacked, when they broke and 
fled in every direction, leaving Blake and 
his officers alone. This panic imperilled 
the force that was to defend the John 
Adams, when Morris, seeing no other 
means for the salvation of his troops but 
in flight, ordered his guns to be spiked 
and the vessel set on fire. This was done, 
and the men under Morris fled northward. 
With Blake and his officers and a bare 
remnant of his command, Morris retreated 
to Bangor, and thence made his way over 
land to Portland. The British took posses 
sion of Hampden, and a part of their force, 
500 strong, pushed on to Bangor with their 
vessels. They met a flag of truce with a 
message from the magistrates of Bangor 
asking terms of capitulation. Nothing 
was granted excepting respect for private 
property. They entered the town, when 
Commodore Barrie gave notice that per 
sons and property should be protected if 
supplies were cheerfully furnished. This 
promise was speedily broken. The sailors 
were given license to plunder as much as 
they pleased. Many stores were robbed 
of everything valuable. The leader of the 
land troops tried to protect private prop 
erty. The British remained in Bangor 
thirty-one hours, quartered on the inhabi- 




OLD MEETING-HOUSE, HAMPDEN. 



HAMPTON 

tants, who were compelled to sign a parole New Orleans when the war broke out in 
as prisoners of war. General Blake was 1812, and was put in command of the 
compelled to sign the same, and 190 citi- Army of the North, with headquarters on 
zens were thus bound. Having despoiled the borders of Lake Champlain. In that 

post h e gained no 
honors, and his career 
there was chiefly mark 
ed by disobedience to 
the orders of his su 
periors. In April, 1814, 



he resigned his com 
mission, and left the 
army. He was an ex 
tensive land and slave 
owner in South Caro 
lina and Louisiana. 
He died in Columbia, 
S. C., Feb. 4, 1835. 
See CHATEATJGAY, BAT- 
the inhabitants of property valued at over TLE OF; CHAMPLAIN, LAKE. 
$20,000, and burned several vessels, the Hampton, WADE, military officer; born 
marauders departed, to engage in similar in Charleston, S. C., March 28, 1818; 
work at Hampden (Sept. 5). Barrie al- grandson of the preceding; graduated 
lowed the sailors to commit the most wan- at the South Carolina College; served 
ton acts of destruction. They desolated in both branches of the State legis- 
the village meeting - house, tore up the lature. In 1860 he was considered one of 
Bible and psalm-books in it, and demol- the richest planters in the South, and 
ished the pulpit and pews. As at Havre- owned the largest number of slaves. When 
de-Grace, they wantonly butchered cattle the Civil War opened he raised and par- 
and hogs, and compelled the selectmen to tially equipped the Hampton Legion, of 
sign a bond to guarantee the delivery of which he became commandant. He was 
vessels then at Hampden at Castine. The 
speedy return of peace cancelled the bond. 
The total loss of property at Hampden by 
the hands of the marauders, exclusive of a 
very valuable cargo on board the schooner 
Commodore Dccatur, was estimated at 
$44,000. When a committee at Hampden 
waited upon Barrie and asked for the com 
mon safeguards of humanity, he replied: 
" I have none for you ; my business is to 
burn, sink, and destroy " the cruel order 
issued by Admiral Cochrane. 

Hampton, WADE, military officer; born 
in South Carolina in 1754; was distin 
guished as a partisan officer under Sumter 
and Marion in the Revolution; and was 
twice a member of Congress from 1795 to 
1797, and from 1803 to 1805. In October, 

1808, he was commissioned a colonel in the wounded in the first battle of Bull Run, 
United States army: in 1809 brigadier- and at Gettysburg was wounded three 
general, and March 2, 1813, major-general, times. On May 11, 1864, he was pro- 
Imperious and overbearing in his nature moted to major-general, and in August of 
and deportment, he was constantly quar- the same year became commander-in-chief 
veiling with his subordinates. He was of all the Confederate cavalry in northern 
superseded by Wilkinson in command at Virginia. One of his most exciting raids 

234 




WADE HAMPTON. 



HAMPTON 



was that upon General Grant s commis 
sariat, when he captured about 2,500 head 
of cattle. Shortly before General Lee s 
surrender he was promoted to lieutenant- 
general. After the war he became con 
spicuous as an advocate of the policy of 
conciliation between the North and South. 
In 1876 and 1878 he was elected governor 
of South Carolina, and in 1878 and 1884 
United States Senator, and in 1893 was 
appointed United States commissioner of 
railroads. He died on April 11, 1902. 

Hampton, a village near the end of the 
peninsula between the York and James 
rivers, Virginia. An armed sloop was 
driven ashore there by a gale in October, 
1775. The villagers took out her guns and 
munitions of war, and then burned her, 
making her men prisoners. Dunmore at 
once blockaded the port. The people 
called to their aid some Virginia regulars 
and militia. Dunmore sent some tenders 
close into Hampton Roads to destroy the 
village. The military marched out to op 
pose them; and when they came within 
gunshot distance George Nicholas, who 
commanded the Virginians, fired his mus 
ket at one of the tenders. This was the 



first gun fired at the British in Virginia. 
It was followed by a -volley. Boats sunk 
in the channel retarded the British ships, 
and, after a sharp skirmish the next day, 
Oct. 27, the blockaders were driven away. 
One of the tenders was taken, with its 
armament and seamen, and several of the 
British were slain. The Virginians did 
riot lose a man. This was the first battle 
of the Revolution in Virginia. 

In 1813 the British, exasperated by 
their repulse at Craney Island, proceeded 
to attack the village of Hampton. It was 
defended at the time by about 450 
Virginia soldiers, commanded by Maj. 
Stapleton Crutchfield. They were chiefly 
militia infantry, with a few artillery 
men and cavalry. They had a heavy bat 
tery to defend the water-front of the camp 
and village, composed of four 6, two 12, 
and one 18 pounder cannon, in charge 
of Sergt. William Burke. Early on the 
morning of June 25, about 2,500 British 
land-troops, under Gen. Sir Sidney Beck- 
v/ith (including rough French prisoners, 
called Chasseurs Britanniqucs) , landed 
under cover of the guns of the Mohawk, 
behind a wood, about 2 miles from Hanip- 










THE Bl KXIXC; OF HAMPTON. 

235 



i 




HAMPTON HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE 

ton. Most of the inhabitants fled; the lage, then containing about 500 houses, 
few who could not were willing to trust was set on fire by order of the Confederate 
to the honor and clemency of the British, General Magruder, and all but the court- 
if they should capture the place. As they house and seven or eight other buildings 
moved upon the village, Crutchfield and were consumed. National troops had 
his men infantry, artillery, and cavalry occupied Hampton after the battle of 
fought the invaders gallantly; but at BIG BETHEL (q. v.), but had just been 
length overwhelming numbers, failure of withdrawn. Among other buildings de- 
gunpowder, volleys of grape-shot, and stroyed at that time was the ancient St. 
flights of Congreve rockets, compelled the John s Church, in the suburbs of the vil 
lage. It was the third oldest house of 
worship in Virginia. The earliest in 
scription found in its graveyard was 1701. 
Before the Revolution the royal arms, 
handsomely carved, were upon the steeple. 
It is said that, soon after the Declara 
tion of Independence, the steeple was 
shattered by lightning, and the insignia 
oi roval V Burled to the ground. The 
church was in a state of good preserva 
tion, and was used as a place of worship, 
according to the ritual of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church in America, until 1861. 
Hampton Normal and Agricultural 
Institute, an institution organized by 
GEN. SAMUEL C. ARMSTRONG (q. v.) for 
the education of colored youth, in Hamp- 
ST. JOHN S CHURCH. ion> y a It was opene d in 1868, is non- 

sectarian and co-educational ; and now, 

Americans, who were partially outflanked, under an arrangement with the national 
to break and flee in the direction of government, gives instruction to Indian 
Yorktown. Thus ended a sharp battle, youth as well as colored. The develop- 
in which the British lost, in killed, ment of the institute is due, in a large 
wounded, and missing, about fifty men, measure, to the students themselves. 
and the Americans about thirty. Of Nearly all the buildings have been erect- 
eleven missing Americans, ten had fled ed by the students, who also worked out 
to their homes. The victorious British the timber, baked the bricks, and per- 
now entered the village, and Cockburn, formed other technical work. At the 
who had come on shore, and was in chief end of 1900 the institute reported eighty 
command, gave the place up to pillage professors and instructors, 1,017 students, 
and rapine. The atrocities committed 1,061 graduates, 11,000 volumes in the 
upon the defenceless inhabitants, par- library, and $889,500 in productive 
ticularly the women, were deeply deplored funds. The president was the Rev. H. B. 
and condemned by the British authorities Frissell, D.D. 

and writers. Cockburn, who was the Hampton Roads, a noted channel con- 
cliief instigator of them, covered his name necting the estuary of the James River 
with dishonor by the act. The British with Chesapeake Bay, south of Fort Mon- 
officers who tried to palliate the offence roe. It was the scene of the fight between 
by charging the crimes upon the French- the MONITOR AND MEBRIMAC (q. v.) in 
men, were denounced by the most respect- 1862, and the rendezvous of the inter- 
al)le British writers. A commission, ap- national war-vessels that took part in the 
pointed to investigate the matter, said, in Columbus celebration at New York in 
their report, " The sex hitherto guarded 1892. 

by the soldiers honor escaped not the Hampton Roads Conference. In Jan- 
assaults of superior force." uary, 1865, Francis P. Blair twice visited 
On the night of Aug. 7, 1861, this vil- Richmond, Va., to confer with Jefferson 

236 



HANAFORD HANCOCK 



Davis. He believed that a suspension of 
hostilities, and an ultimate settlement by 
restoration of the Union, might be brought 
about, by the common desire, North and* 
South, to enforce the Monroe doctrine 
against the French in Mexico. Out of Mr. 
Blair s visits grew a conference, held on 
a vessel in Hampton Roads, Feb. 3, 1865, 
between Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Seward on 
one side, and Messrs. A. H. Stephens, 
11. M. T. Hunter, and John A. Campbell 



on the other. It was informal, and no 
basis for negotiation was reached. 

Hanaford, PHEBE ANNE, author; born 
in Nantucket, Mass., May 6, 1829; was 
ordained to the ministry of the Universal- 
ist Church in 1868, being the first woman 
to assume the clerical office in that Church. 
Her publications include Abraham Lin 
coln; Field, Gunboat, Hospital, and 
Prison; Women of the Century; Life of 
George Peabody, etc. 



HANCOCK, JOHN 

Hancock, JOHN, statesman; born in declined. After Washington s arrival, 
Quincy, Mass., Jan. 12, 1737; gradu- Hancock sent him an invitation to come 
ated at Harvard in 1754; and, becoming and dine with him and his family in- 
a merchant with his uncle, inherited that formally that day at the close of the 
gentleman s large fortune and extensive public reception ceremonies. It was ac- 
business. He was one of the most active cepted by Washington, with a full per- 
of the Massachusetts " SONS OF LIBERTY " suasion that the governor would call 
(q. v.) , and, with Samuel Adams, was upon him before the dinner-hour. But 
outlawed by Gage in June, 1775. Han- Hancock had conceived the notion that 
cock was a member of the Provincial As- the governor of a State, within his own 
sembly in 1766, and was chosen president domain, was officially superior to the 
of the Provincial Congress in October, President of the United States when he 
1774. He was a delegate to the 
first Continental Congress, and con 
tinued in that body until 1778. As 
president of Congress, he first placed 
his bold signature to the Declara 
tion of Independence. In February, 
1778, he was appointed first major- 
general of the Massachusetts mili 
tia, and took part in Sullivan s 
campaign in Rhode Island in August 
following. He was a member of the 
Massachusetts State convention in 
1780, and governor of the State 
from 1780 to 1785, and from 1787 
till his death in Quincy, Oct. 8, 1793. 
He was president of the State con 
vention that adopted the national 
Constitution. Hancock s residence 
was in a fine stone mansion on 
Beacon street, fronting the Common. 
It was built by his uncle, Thomas 
Hancock. 

In the autumn of 1789 President 
Washington made a tour through JOHN HANCOCK. 

portions of the New England States. 

He arrived at Boston on Saturday, Oct. came into it. He had laid his plans for 
24. Hancock, who was then governor, asserting his superiority by having Wash- 
had invited the President to lodge at ington visit him first, and to this end sent 
his house in Boston, which the latter him the invitation to lodge and dine with 

237 





HANCOCK, JOHN 

him. At near the time for dinner, as the venerable appearance of this crowded 
President did not appear, the governor audience; the dignity which I behold 
evidently felt some misgivings, for he sent in the countenances of so many in 
his secretary to the President with an this great assembly; the solemnity of the 

occasion upon which we have 
met together, joined to a con 
sideration of the part I am to 
take in the important business 
of this day, fill me with an awe 
hitherto unknown ; and height 
en the sense which I have ever 
had of my umvorthiness to fill 
this sacred desk ; but allured 
by the call of some of my re 
spected fellow - citizens, with 
whose request it is always my 
greatest pleasure to comply, I 
almost forgot my want of 
ability to perform what they 
required. In this situation I 
find my only support in assur 
ing myself that a generous peo 
ple will not severely censure 

HANCOCK S HOUSK, BOSTON. what they knQW wag we}1 j n _ 

tended, though its want of merit 

excuse that he was too ill to call upon should prevent their being able to ap 
his excellency in person. The latter di- plaud it. And I pray that my sincere at- 
vined the nature of the " indisposition," tachment to the interest of my country, 
and dined at his own lodgings at the and hearty detestation of every design 
Widow Ingersoll s with a single guest, formed against her liberties, may be sub- 
That evening the governor, feeling uneasy, mitted as some apology for my appearance 
sent his lieutenant and two of his council in this place. 

to express his regret that his illness had I have always, from my earliest youth, 
not allowed him to call upon the Presi- rejoiced in the felicity of my fellow-men; 
dent. " I informed them expressly," says and have ever considered it as the indis- 
Washington in his diary, " that I should pensable duty of every member of society 
not see the governor except at my lodg- to promote, as far as in him lies, the pros- 
ings." That message led Hancock to visit perity of every individual, but more espo- 
the President next day, and repeat in per- cially of the community to which he be- 
son the insufficient excuse for his own folly, longs, and also as a faithful subject of 

Arraignment of Great Britain. As the state, to use his utmost endeavors to 
before stated, Hancock and Samuel Adams detect, and, having detected, strenuously 
were both elected members of the Pro- to oppose every traitorous plot which its 
vincial Congress at Concord early in 1774. enemies may devise for its destruction. 
On March 5 of that year Hancock deliv- Security to the persons and properties of 
ered the following oration in Boston, the governed is so obviously the design 
which was the principal cause of his being and end of civil government, that to at- 
outlawed, together with Samuel Adams, by tempt a logical proof of it would be like 
General Gage, early in the following year, burning tapers at noonday, to assist the 
The British expedition to Concord in April, sun in enlightening the world; and it can- 
1775, which led to the battle of Lexington, not be either virtuous or honorable to 
was undertaken to secure the arrest of attempt to support a government of which 
both Hancock and Samuel Adams: this is not the great and principal basis; 
and it is to the last degree vicious and in- 

Men, Brethren, Fathers, and Fellow- famous to attempt to support a govern- 

Countrymen, The attentive gravity, the ment which manifestly tends to render 

238 



HANCOCK, JOHN 

the persons and properties of the governed to subjugate with a cruelty and haughti- 
insecure. Some boast of being friends to ness which too often buries the honor- 
government; I am a friend to righteous able character of a soldier in the dis- 
government founded upon the principles graceful name of an unfeeling ruffian, 
of reason and justice; but I glory in pub- The troops, upon their first arrival, took 
licly avowing my eternal enmity to tyran- possession of our Senate-house, and 
ny. Is the present system, which the Brit- pointed their cannon against the judg- 
ish administration have adopted for the ment hall, and even continued them there 
government of the colonies, a righteous while the supreme court of judicature 
government, or is it tyranny? Here suf- for this province was actually sitting 
fer me to ask (and would to Heaven there upon the lives and fortunes of the King s 
could be no answer ) what tenderness, what subjects. Our streets nightly resounded 
regard, respect, or consideration has Great with the noises of riot and debauchery; 
Britain shown, in their late transactions, our peaceful citizens were hourly ex- 
for the security of the persons or proper- posed to shameful insults, and often felt 
ties of the inhabitants of the colonies ; the effects of their violence and outrage. 
or rather, what have they omitted to de- But this was not all; as though they 
stroy that security? They have declared thought it not enough to violate our civil 
that they have ever had, and of right right they endeavored to deprive us of 
ought to have, full power to make laws the enjoyment of our religious privileges; 
of sufficient validity to bind the colonies to vitiate our morals and thereby render 
in all cases whatever; they have exercised us deserving of destruction. Hence the 
this pretended right by imposing a tax rude din of arms which broke in upon 
upon us without our consent; and lest we your solemn devotions in your temples, 
should show some reluctance at parting on that day hallowed by heaven, and set 
with our property, her fleets and armies apart by God himself for his peculiar 
are sent to enforce their mad pretensions, worship. Hence, impious oaths and 
The town of Boston, ever faithful to the blasphemies so often tortured your un- 
British crown, has been invested by a accustomed ear. Hence, all the arts 
British fleet; the troops of George III. which idleness and luxury could invent 
have crossed the wide Atlantic, not to were used to betray your youth of one 
engage an enemy, but to assist a band of sex into extravagance and effeminacy, and 
traitors in trampling on the rights and the other to infamy and ruin; and did 
liberties of his most loyal subjects in they not succeed but too well? Did not 
America those rights and liberties which, a reverence for religion sensibly decay? 
as a father, he ought ever to regard, and Did not our infants almost learn to lisp 
as a king, he is bound, in honor, to defend out curses before they knew their horrid 
from violations, even at the risk of his import? Did not our youth forget they 
own life. were Americans, and, regardless of the 
Let not the history of the illustrious admonitions of the wise and aged, ser- 
House of Brunswick inform posterity vilely copy from their tyrants those vices 
that a king descended from that glorious which finally must overthrow the empire 
monarch, George II., once sent his of Great Britain? And must I be corn- 
British subjects to conquer and enslave pelled to acknowledge that even the 
his subjects in America, but be perpetual noblest, fairest part of all the lower 
infamy entailed upon that villain who creation did not entirely escape the 
dared to advise his master to such exec- cursed snare? When virtue has once 
rable measures; for it was easy to fore- erected her throne within the female 
see the consequences which so naturally breast, it is upon so solid a basis that 
followed upon sending troops into Amer- nothing is able to expel the heavenly in- 
ica, to enforce obedience to acts of the habitant. But have there not been some, 
British Parliament, which neither God few indeed, I hope, whose youth and in- 
nor man ever empowered them to make, experience have rendered them a prey to 
It was reasonable to expect that troops, wretches, whom, upon the least reflection, 
who knew the errand they were sent upon, they would have despised and hated as 
would treat the people whom they were foes to God and their country? I fear 

239 



HANCOCK, JOHN 

there have been some unhappy instances; and the affrighted stars that hurried 
or why have I seen an honest father through the sky, can witness that we fear 
clothed with shame, or why a virtuous not death. Our hearts which, at the 
mother drowned in tears? recollection, glow with rage that four re- 

But I forbear, and come reluctantly to volving years have scarcely taught us to 
the transaction of that dismal night, when restrain, can witness that we fear not 
in such quick succession we felt the ex- death; and happy it is for those who 
tremes of grief, astonishment and rage; dared to insult us that their naked bones 
when Heaven, in anger, for a dreadful mo- are not piled up an everlasting monument 
ment suffered hell to take the reins; when of Massachusetts bravery. But they re- 
Satan with his chosen band opened the tired, they fled, and in that flight they 
sluices of New England s blood, and sacri- found their only safety. We then ex- 
legiously polluted our land with the dead pected that the hand of public justice 
bodies of her guiltless sons. Let this sad would soon inflict that punishment upon 
tale of death never be told without a tear ; the murderers which, by the laws of God 
let not the heaving bosom cease to burn and man, they had incurred. But let the 
with a manly indignation at the barbarous unbiased pen of a Robertson, or perhaps 
story, through the long tracts of future of some equally famed American, conduct 
time; let every parent tell the shameful this trial before the great tribunal of 
story to his listening children till tears of succeeding generations. And though the 
pity glisten in their eyes, and boiling pas- murderers may escape the just resent- 
sions shake their tender frames ; and ment of an enraged people ; though drowsy 
while the anniversary of that ill-fated justice, intoxicated by the poisonous 
night is kept a jubilee in the grim court draught prepared for her cup, still nods 
of pandemonium, let all America join in upon her rotten seat, yet be assured, such 
one common prayer to Heaven, that the complicated crimes will meet their due re- 
inhuman, unprovoked murders of March ward. Tell me, ye bloody butchers! ye 
5, 1770, planned by Hillsborough and a villains high and low! ye wretches who 
knot of treacherous knaves in Boston, and contrived, as well as you who executed the 
executed by the cruel hand of Preston and inhuman deed! Do you not feel the goads 
his sanguinary coadjutors, may ever and stings of conscious guilt pierce 
stand in history without a parallel. But through your savage bosom? Though 
what, my countrymen, withheld the ready some of you may think yourselves exalted 
arm of vengeance from executing instant to a height that bids defiance to human 
justice on the vile assassins? Perhaps justice, and others shroud yourselves be- 
you feared promiscuous carnage might en- neath the mask of hypocrisy, and build 
sue, and that the innocent might share your hopes of safety on the low arts of 
the fate of those who had performed the cunning, chicanery and falsehood; yet do 
infernal deed. But were not all guilty? you not sometimes feel the gnawing of 
Were you not too tender of the lives of that worm which never dies? Do not the 
those who come to fix a yoke on your injured shades of Maverick, Gray, Cald- 
necks? But I must not too severely well, Attucks and Carr attend you in your 
blame a fault, which great souls only can solitary walks, arrest you even in the 
commit. May that magnificence of spirit midst of your debaucheries, and fill even 
which scorns the low pursuits of malice, your dreams with terror? But if the un- 
may that generous compassion which appeased manes of the dead should not 
often preserves from ruin even a guilty disturb their murderers, yet surely even 
villain, forever actuate the noble bosoms your obdurate hearts must shrink, and 
of Americans! But let not the miscreant your guilty blood must chill within your 
host vainly imagine that we feared their rigid veins, when you behold the miserable 
arms. No; them we despised; we dread Monk, the wretched victim of your sav- 
nothing but slavery. Death is the creat- age cruelty. Observe his tottering knees, 
ure of a poltroon s brains; tis immor- which scarce sustain his wasted body; 
tality to sacrifice ourselves for the salva- look in his haggard eyes; mark well the 
tion of our country. We fear not death, deathlike paleness on his fallen cheek, and 
Th,t gloomy night, the pale-faced moon, tell me, does not the sight plant daggers 

240 



HANCOCK, JOHN 



in your souls? Unhappy Monk; cut off 
in the gay morn of manhood from all the 
joys which sweeten life, doomed to drag 
on a pitiful existence, without even a hope 
to taste the pleasures of returning health ! 
Yet, Monk, thou livest a warning to thy 
country, which sympathizes with thee in 
thy sufferings ; thou livest an affecting, an 
alarming instance of the unbounded vio 
lence which lust of power, assisted by a 
standing army, can lead a traitor to com 
mit. 

For us he bled, and now languishes. 
The wounds by which he is tortured to a 
lingering death were aimed at our coun 
try! Surely the meek-eyed Charity can 
never behold such sufferings with indiffer 
ence. Nor can her lenient hand forbear to 
put oil and wine into these wounds, and 
to assuage at least what it cannot heal. 

Patriotism is ever united with humanity 
and compassion. This noble affection which 
impels us to sacrifice everything dear, even 
life itself, to our country, involves in it 
a common sympathy and tenderness for 
every citizen, and must ever have a par 
ticular feeling for one who suffers in a 
public cause. Thoroughly persuaded of 
this, I need not add a word to engage your 
compassion and bounty towards a fellow- 
citizen who, with long-protracted anguish, 
falls a victim to the relentless rage of our 
common enemies. 

Ye dark designing knaves, ye murderers, 
parricides! how dare you tread upon the 
earth, which has drank in the blood of 
slaughtered innocents, shed by your wicked 
hands? How dare you breathe that air 
which wafted to the ear of Heaven the 
groans of those who fell a sacrifice to your 
accursed ambition? But if the laboring 
earth doth not expand her jaws; if the air 
you breathe is not commissioned to be the 
minister of death, yet hear it and tremble! 
The eye of Heaven penetrates the darkest 
chambers of the soul, traces the leading 
clew through all the labyrinths which your 
industrious folly had devised; and you, 
however you may have screened yourselves 
from human eyes, must be arraigned, must 
lift your hands, red with the blood of those 
whose death you have procured, at the 
tremendous bar of God. 

But I gladly quit the gloomy theme of 
death, and leave you to improve the 
thought of that important day, when our 



naked souls must stand before that Being 
from whom nothing can be hid. I would 
not dwell too long upon the horrid effects 
which have already followed from quar 
tering regular troops in this town; let 
our misfortunes teach posterity to guard 
against such evils for the future. Stand 
ing armies are sometimes (I would by 
no means say generally, much less uni 
versally) composed of persons who have 
rendered themselves unfit to live in civ 
il society; who have no other motives of 
conduct than those which a desire of the 
present gratification of their passions sug 
gests; who have no property in any coun 
try; men who have given up their own 
liberties, and envy those who enjoy lib 
erty; who are equally indifferent to the 
glory of a George or a Louis; who for the 
addition of one penny a day to their wages 
would desert from the Christian cross to 
fight under the crescent of the Turkish 
sultan. From such men as these what has 
not a state to fear? With such as these, 
usurping Csesar passed the Rubicon; with 
such as these he humbled mighty Rome, 
and forced the mistress of the world to 
own a master in a traitor. These are the 
men whom sceptred robbers now employ 
to frustrate the designs of God, and render 
vain the bounties which His gracious hand 
pours indiscriminately upon His creatures. 
By these the miserable slaves in Turkey, 
Persia, and many other extensive coun 
tries, are rendered truly wretched, though 
their air is salubrious, and their soil luxu 
riously fertile. By these France and Spain, 
though blessed by nature with all that ad 
ministers to the convenience of life, have 
been reduced to that contemptible state in 
which they now appear ; and by these 
Britain but if I were possessed of the 
gift of prophecy, I dare not, except by 
divine command, unfold the leaves on 
which the destiny of that once powerful 
kingdom is inscribed. 

But, since standing armies are so hurt 
ful to a state, perhaps my countrymen 
may demand some substitute, some other 
means of rendering us secure against the 
incursions of a foreign enemy. But can 
you be one moment at a loss? Will not 
a well-disciplined militia afford you 
ample security against foreign foes? We 
want not courage; it is discipline alone 
in which we are exceeded by the most 



IV. Q 



241 



HANCOCK, JOHN 

formidable troops that ever trod the earth, as infamous. Indeed, it would be affron- 

Surely our hearts nutter no more at the tive to the tutelar deity of this country 

sound of war than did those of the im- even to despair of saving it from all the 

mortal bands of Persia, the Macedonian snares which human policy can lay. 
phalanx, the invincible Roman legions, True it is that the British ministry 

the Turkish janissaries, the gens-des- have annexed a salary to the office of the 

armes of France, or the well-known grena- governor of this province, to be paid out 

diers of Britain. A well-disciplined of a revenue, raised in America without 

militia is a safe, an honorable guard to a our consent. They have attempted to 

community like this, whose inhabitants render our courts of justice the instru- 

are by nature brave, and are laudably ments of extending the authority of acts 

tenacious of that freedom in which they of the British Parliament over this colony, 

were born. From a well-regulated militia by making the judges dependent on the 

we have nothing to fear; their interest British administration for their support, 

is the same with that of the state. When But this people will never be enslaved 

a country is invaded, the militia are with their eyes open. The moment they 

ready to appear in their defence; they knew that the governor was not such a 

march into the field with that fortitude governor as the charter of the province 

which a consciousness of the justice of points out, he lost his power of hurting 

their cause inspires; they do not jeopard them. They were alarmed; they suspect- 

their lives for a master who considers cd him, have guarded against him, and 

them only as the instruments of his am- he has found that a wise and a brave peo- 

bition, and whom they regard only as the pie, when they know their danger, are 

dispenser of the scanty pittance of bread fruitful in expedients to escape it. 
and water. No, they fight for their The courts of judicature also so far 

houses, their lands, for their wives, their lost their dignity, by being supposed to 

children, for all who claim the tenderest be under an vmdue influence, that our 

names, and are held dearest in their representatives thought it absolutely 

hearts, they fight pro aris et focis, for necessary to resolve that they were bound 

their liberty, and for themselves, and for to declare that they would not receive 

their God. And let it not offend if I say that any other salary besides that which the 

no militia ever appeared in more flourish- general court should grant them; and, 

ing condition than that of this province if they did not make this declaration, 

now doth; and, pardon me if I say of that it would be the duty of the House 

this town in particular I mean not to to impeach them. 

boast; I would not excite envy, but manly Great expectations were also formed 
emulation. We have all one common from the artful scheme of allowing the 
cause; let it therefore be our only con- East India Company to export tea to 
test who shall most contribute to the America, upon their own account. This, 
security of the liberties of America. And certainly, had it succeeded, would have ef- 
may the same kind Providence which has fected the purpose of the contrivers and 
watched over this country from her in- gratified the most sanguine wishes of 
fant state, still enable us to defeat our our adversaries. We soon should have 
enemies. I cannot here forbear noticing found our trade in the hands of foreign- 
the signal manner in which the designs ers, and taxes imposed on everything 
of those who wish not well to us have which we consumed; nor would it have 
been discovered. The dark deeds of a been strange if, in a few years, a corn- 
treacherous cabal have been brought to pany in London should have purchased 
public view. You now know the serpents an exclusive right of trading to America, 
who, while cherished in your bosoms, were But their plot was soon discovered. The 
darting their envenomed stings into the people soon were aware of the poison 
vitals of the constitution. But the rep- which, with so much craft and subtlety, 
resentatives of the people have fixed a had been concealed; loss and disgrace 
mark on these ungrateful monsters, which, ensued; and, perhaps, this long-concerted 
though it may not make them so secure as masterpiece of policy may issue in the 
Cain of old, yet renders them at least total disuse of tea in this country, which 

242 



HANCOCK, JOHN 



will eventually be the saving of the lives 
and the estates of thousands yet while 
we rejoice that the adversary has not 
hitherto prevailed against us, let us by 
no means put off the harness. Restless 
malice, and disappointed ambition, will 
still suggest new measures to our in 
veterate enemies. Therefore, let us also 
be ready to take the field whenever 
danger calls; let us be united and 
strengthen the hands of each other by 
promoting a general union among us. 
Much has been done by the committees 
of correspondence for this and the other 
towns of this province, towards uniting 
the inhabitants; let them still go on and 
prosper. Much has been done by the com 
mittees of correspondence for the Houses 
of Assembly, in this and our sister colo 
nies, for uniting the inhabitants of the 
whole continent, for the security of their 
common interest. May success ever at 
tend their generous endeavors. But per 
mit me here to suggest a general con 
gress of deputies, from the several Houses 
of Assembly on the continent, as the 
most effectual method of establishing such 
a union as the present posture of our af 
fairs require. At such a congress a firm 
foundation may be laid for the security 
of our rights and liberties, a system may 
be formed for our common safety, by a 
strict adherence to which we shall be 
able to frustrate any attempts to over 
throw our constitution, restore peace and 
harmony to America, and secure honor 
and wealth to Great Britain, even against 
the inclinations of her ministers, whose 
duty it is to study her welfare; and we 
shall also free ourselves from those un 
mannerly pillagers who impudently tell 
us that they are licensed by an act of 
the British Parliament to thrust their 
dirty hands into the pockets of every 
American. But, I trust, the happy time 
will come when, with the besom of de 
struction, those noxious vermin will be 
swept forever from the streets of Boston. 

Surely you never will tamely suffer 
this country to be a den of thieves. Re 
member, my friends, from whom you 
sprang. Let not a meanness of spirit, 
unknown to those whom you boast of as 
your fathers, excite a thought to the dis 
honor of your mothers. I conjure you by 
all that is dear, by all that is honorable, 



by all that is sacred, not only that ye 
pray, but that ye act; that, if necessary, 
ye fight, and even die, for the prosperity 
of our Jerusalem. 

Break in sunder, with noble disdain, 
the bonds with which the Philistines have 
bound you. Suffer not yourselves to be 
betrayed by the soft arts of luxury and 
effeminacy into the pit digged for your 
destruction. Despise the glare of wealth. 
That people who pay greater respect to 
a wealthy villain than to an honest, up 
right man in poverty, almost deserve to 
be enslaved ; they plainly show that 
wealth, however it may be acquired, is, 
in their esteem, to be preferred to virtue. 

But I thank God that America abounds 
in men who are superior to all tempta 
tion, whom nothing can divert from a 
steady pursuit of the interest of their 
country, who are at once its ornament 
and safeguard. And sure I am I should 
not incur your displeasure if I paid a 
respect so justly due to their much- 
honored characters in this place; but, 
when I name an Adams, such a numerous 
host of fellow-patriots rush up to my 
mind that I fear it would take up too 
much of your time should I attempt to 
call over the illustrious roll ; but your 
grateful hearts will point you to the men: 
and their revered names, in all succeed 
ing times, shall grace the annals of Amer 
ica. From them, let us, my friends, take 
example; from them, let us catch the 
divine enthusiasm, and feel, each for 
himself, the godlike pleasure of diffus 
ing happiness on all around us; of de 
livering the oppressed from the iron grasp 
of tyranny; of changing the hoarse com 
plaints and bitter moans of wretched 
slaves into those cheerful songs which 
freedom and contentment must inspire. 
There is a heart-felt satisfaction in re 
flecting on our exertions for the public 
weal which all the sufferings an enraged 
tyrant can inHict will never take away; 
which the ingratitude and reproaches of 
those whom we have saved from ruin can 
not rob us of. The virtuous asserter of 
the rights of mankind merits a reward 
which even a want of success in his en 
deavors to save his country, the heaviest 
misfortune which can befall a genuine 
patriot, cannot entirely prevent him from 
receiving. 



243 



HANCOCK 



I have the most animating confidence He was distinguished in the battles of 
that the present noble struggle for liberty South Mountain and Antietam. Having 
will terminate gloriously for America, been made major-general of volunteers in 
And let us play the man for our God, November, 1862, he led a division at Fred- 
and for the cities of our God ; while we ericksburg in December ; also at Chancel- 
are using the means in our power, let lorsville and Gettysburg, in 1863. Placed 
us humbly commit our righteous cause to in command of the 2d Army Corps, he led 
the great Lord of the universe, who lov- it in the campaign of the Army of the 
eth righteousness and hateth iniquity. Potomac in 1864-65. In August, 1865, 
And, having secured the approbation of he was made a brigadier-general in the 
our hearts by a faithful and unwearied United States army, and in 1866 was 
discharge of our duty to our country, let brevetted major-general. He was in com- 
us joyfully leave our concerns in the mand of different military departments 
hands of Him who raiseth up and putteth after the war; and was the unsuccessful 
down the empires and kingdoms of the Democratic candidate for the Presidency 
world as He pleases; and, with cheerful of the United States in 1880, when he re- 
submission to His sovereign will, devoutly ceived 4,444,952 votes, against 4,454,416 
say: for James A. Garfield, the successful Re- 

" Although the fig-tree shall not bios- publican candidate. Of him General Grant 
som, neither shall fruit be in the vines; said: "Hancock stands the most con- 
the labor of the olive shall fail, and the spicuou? figure of all the general officers 
field shall yield no meat; the flock shall who did not exercise a separate command, 
be cut off from the fold, and there shall He commanded a corps longer than any 
be no herd in the stalls; yet we will re- other one, and his name was never men- 
joice in the Lord, we will joy in the God tioned as having committed in battle a 
of our salvation." blunder for which he was responsible." 

Hancock, WINFIELD SCOTT, military To an adverse critic bluff General Sherman 
officer ; born in Montgomery Square, Mont- said : " If you will sit down and write 
gomery co., Pa., Feb. 14, 1824; gradu- the best thing that can be put into lan- 
ated at West Point in 1844; served in the guage about General Hancock as an offl- 
war with Mexico; and left that country cer and a gentleman, I will sign it with 
out hesitation." General Hancock died on 
Governor s Island, New York, Feb. 9, 
1886. 

Hancock, FOBT, one of the most im 
portant protective works on the Atlantic 
coast, established on Sandy Hook, N. J., 
about 20 miles from New York City, and 
named in honor of Gen. Winfield Scott 
Hancock. The locality was first used by 
the government as a proving-ground for 
heavy ordnance. The main ship - channel 
lies directly across the end of the Hook, 
and through this is the entrance to the 
lower bay of New York. This considera 
tion suggested the advisability of making 
the Hook a strong fortified post, and the 
work was carried on so thoroughly that 
when war was declared against Spain 
(1898) Generals Miles and Merritt pro 
nounced Fort Hancock impregnable. At 
that time four batteries were sent there, 
quartermaster of his regiment. In Sep- and the works, which can scarcely be dis- 
tember, 1861, he was made brigadier-gen- cerned from sea, were further equipped 
eral of volunteers, and served in the cam- with two 16-inch disappearing guns, one 
paign on the Virginia peninsula in 1862. 8-inch pneumatic dynamite gun, two 12- 

244 




WINFIELD SCOTT HANCOCK. 



HAND HANNA 



inch and four 10-inch rifles, and twomor- twelve killed and forty-one wounded. At 
tar batteries of sixteen guns each. the same time Marion was smiting the 

Hand, EDWARD, military officer; born in British and Tories with sudden and fierce 
Clyduff, King s co., Ireland, Dec. 31, 1744; blows among the swamps of the lower 
came to America in the 8th Royal Irish country, on the borders of the Pedee; 
Regiment, in 1774, as surgeon s mate; re- Pickens was annoying Cruger near the 
signed his post on his arrival, and settled Saluda, and Clarke was calling for the 
in Pennsylvania for the practice of the 

medical profession. He joined a regiment L *. 

as lieutenant-colonel at the outbreak of 
the Revolution, and served in the siege of 
Boston. Made colonel in 1776, he led his 
regiment in the battle on Long Island, and 
also at Trenton. In April, 1777, he was 
appointed brigadier - general ; and in Oc 
tober, 1778, succeeded Stark in command 
at Albany. In Sullivan s campaign against 
the Indians, in 1779, he was an active par 
ticipant. Near the close of 1780, Hand 
succeeded Scammel as adjutant-general. 
He was a member of Congress in 1784-85, 
and assisted in the formation of the con 
stitution of Pennsylvania in 1790. He 
died in Rockford, Lancaster co., Pa., Sept. 
3, 1802. 

Handy, ALEXANDER HAMILTON, jurist; 
born in Princess Anne, Md., Dec. 25, 1809 ; 
was admitted to the bar and settled in 
Mississippi in 1836. His publications in 
clude Secession Considered as a Right; 
and Parallel between the Reign of James 
the Second, of England, and that of Abra 
ham Lincoln. He died in Canton, Miss., 
Sept. 12, 1883. 

Hanging Rock, ACTION AT. After his 
unsuccessful attack on Rocky Mount, Colo 
nel SUL ter crossed the Catawba, and fell 
upon a Lritish post at Hanging Rock. 12 
miles east of the river, Aug. 6, 1780, com 
manded by Major Garden. A large num 
ber of British and Tories \vere there. 
Among the former were the infantry of patriots along the Savannah and other 
Tarleton s Legion. Sumter soon dispersed Georgia streams to drive Brown from 
them, when his men scattered through the Augusta. Hanging Rock is a huge con- 
camp, seeking plunder and drinking the glomerate bowlder near the Lancaster 
liquors found there. Intoxication fol- and Camden highway, a few miles east 
lowed. The British rallied, and attacked of the Catawba River, in South Caro- 
the disordered patriots, and a severe skir- lina. It is a shelving rock, 20 or 30 feet 
mish ensued. The British were reinforced, in diameter, lying on the verge of a 
and Sumter was compelled to retreat: but high bank of a small stream, nearly 100 
the British had been so severely handled feet above it. Under its concavity fifty 
that they did not attempt to pursue. With men might find shelter from rain, 
a few prisoners and some booty, Sumter Hanna, MARCUS ALONZO, United States 
retreated towards the Waxhaw, bearing Senator; born in Lisbon, 0., Sept. 24, 
away many of his w y ounded men. The bat- 1837; removed to Cleveland in 1852, where 
tie lasted about four hours. Sumter lost he was educated in the common schools 

245 




HANGING ROCK. 



HANOVER HARD-CIDER CAMPAIGN 



The Nationals lost 



Hansbrough, HENRY CLAY; born in 




MARCUS ALONZO HANXA. 



and the Western Reserve College. In ates were repulsed. 
1896 he became chairman of the National about 500 men. 
Republican Committee. He directed the 
Republican campaigns of 1896 and 1900, Prairie du Rocher, 111., Jan. 30, 1848; con 
nected with the newspaper press, 1867-89 ; 
member of Congress 1889-91; United 
States Senator from North Dakota in 
1891; re-elected in 1897 and in 1903. 

Hanson, ALEXANDER CONTEE, editor; 
born in Maryland, Feb. 27, 1786. While 
editor of the Federal Republican, in Balti 
more, he denounced the administration, 
and a mob destroyed his printing-office, 
June 22, 1812. The journal was re-estab 
lished, and a second mob attacked the 
building, July 28. Hanson and his party, 
including Gen. Henry Lee, Gen. James M. 
Lingan, and others, surrendered on condi 
tion that the property was to be protected. 
The mob attacked the jail, killed General 
Lingan, wounded General Lee, and left 
Hanson and others for dead. In 1813 
Hanson was elected to Congress, and in 
1817 to the United States Senate. He 
died April 23, 1819. 

Hanson, JOHN, legislator: born in 
Charles county, Md., in 1715; member of 
the State legislature in 1757-81, and 
of the Continental Congress in 1781-83. 

securing the nomination and election of of which he was elected president. He 
President McKinley. In 1897 he was elect- died in Oxen Hills, Md., Nov. 22, 1783. 
ed United States Senator, and was re- Haraden, JONATHAN, naval officer; 
elected for the term ending 1905. Until born in Gloucester, Mass., in 1745. At 
his election as chairman of the Republi- the beginning of the Revolutionary Wai- 
can National Committee Mr. Hanna was he entered the navy; later was made cap- 
not actively interested in politics. He tain and placed in command of the Picker- 
died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 15, 1904. ing. He captured a British prr ateer in 
Hanover, BATTLE AT. General Meade s a night attack in the Bay of Biscay, and 
cavalry, during Lee s invasion of Mary- defeated another one, of 140 men and 
land, before the battle of GETTYSBURG forty - two guns. Subsequently he took 
(q. v.), was continually hovering on the three armed vessels one after another. It is 
flanks of the Confederate army. The most said that during the war he captured al- 
dashing of the cavalry officers of that most 1,000 cannon. He was himself capt- 
time were Colonels Kilpatrick and Custer. ured with all his ships by Rodney, the 
At about the same hour when Buford s English commander in the West Indies, in 
division occupied Gettysburg, June 29, 1781. He died in Salem. Mass.. Nov. 26, 1803. 
1863, Kilpatrick, passing through Han- Hard-cider Campaign. Political par- 
over, a few miles from Gettysburg, was ties are always seeking catch - words to 
suddenly surprised by Stuart s cavalry, use in a campaign with effect among the 
then on their march for Carlisle. Stuart least thoughtful of the people. Gen. 
led in person, and made a desperate charge William Henry Harrison lived in the 
on the flank and rear of Farnsworth s bri- growing West, and his dwelling had once 
gade, at the eastern end of the village. A been a log -house, at North Bend, where 
severe battle ensued in the town and on he exercised great hospitality. In the 
its borders, when Custer joined in the campaign of 1840 a log - cabin was 
fight with his troops, and the Confeder- chosen as a symbol of the plain and un- 

246 



HARDEE HARLAN 

pretentious Harrison, and a barrel of 1841; became an associate judge of the 
cider as that of his hospitality. During district court of Philadelphia; and was 
the campaign, all over the country, in presiding judge of the court of common 
hamlets, villages, and cities, log-cabins pleas in 1875-95. He published American 
were erected and fully supplied with bar- Leading Cases in Law (with Horace B. 
rels of cider. These houses were the Wallis), etc.; and was editor of Smith s 
usual gathering-places of the partisans of Leading Cases in Law ; White and Tudor s 
Harrison, young and old, and to every Leading Cases in Equity; Hare on Con- 
one hard cider was freely given. The tracts; and the New England Exchequer 
meetings were often mere drunken carou- Reports. 

sals that were injurious to all, and espe- Harford, HENRY, a natural son of 
cially to youth. Many a drunkard after- Frederick Calvert, the fifth Lord Bal- 
wards pointed sadly to the hard-cider timore, who was a man of some literary 
campaign in 1840, as the time of his de- accomplishments, but of dissolute habits, 
parture from sobriety and respectability, and who died without lawful issue. He 

Hardee, WILLIAM JOSEPH, military bequeathed the province of Maryland to 
officer; born in Savannah, Ga., Oct. 10, this illegitimate son, who was then 
1815; graduated at West Point in (1771) a boy at school. Lord Baltimore s 
1838, entering the dragoons; and in brother-in-law, Robert Eden, had suc- 
1860 was lieutenant of the 1st Cavalry, ceeded Sharpe as governor of Maryland, 
In 1856 he published United States Rifle and he continued to administer the gov- 
and Light Infantry Tactics, being main- eminent of the province in behalf of the 
ly a compilation from French sources, boy, until the fires of the Revolution con- 
Resigning in January, 1861, he joined the sumed royalty in all the provinces. 
Confederates, and in June was appointed Harker, CHARLES G., military officer; 
brigadier-general in their army. For bra- born in Swedesboro, N. J., Dec. 2, 1837 ; 
very in the battle of SHILOH (q. v.) graduated at West Point in 1858, and 
he was promoted to major - general, and in the fall of 1861 was colonel of Ohio 
in October, 1862, lieutenant - general, volunteers. He was made brigadier-gen- 
He was very active in military oper- eral in September, 1863. He did good 
ations in Arkansas, Mississippi, Ten- service in Tennessee and Georgia, espe- 
nessee, and Georgia ; and after the de- cially in the battle of Shiloh, the siege of 
feat of the Confederates at Missionary Corinth, the battles of Murfreesboro, 
Ridge, late in 1863, he succeeded Bragg Chickamauga, and Missionary Ridge. He 
in the chief command, until relieved by commanded a brigade under General How- 
General Johnston. He commanded at ard in the Georgia campaign, and distin- 
Savannah and Charleston at the time of guished himself at Resaca. He was killed 
their capture, early in 1865; fought at near Kenesaw Mountain, June 27, 1864. 
Averasboro and Bentonville, N. C.; and Harlan, JAMES, statesman; born in 
surrendered with Johnston s army, April Clarke county, 111., Aug. 25, 1820; re- 
27, 1865. He died in Wytheville, Va., moved to Iowa in 1853; United States 
Xov. 6, 1873. Senator, 1855-65; Secretary of the In- 

Hardin, JOHN, military officer ; born in terior, 1865-66; United States Senator, 
Fauquier county, Va., Oct. 1, 1753; par- 1866-73. He died in Mount Pleasant, 
ticipated in Dunmore s expedition, and Iowa, Oct. 5, 1899. 

served throughout the Revolution as lieu- Harlan, JOHN MARSHALL, jurist; born in 
tenant. He removed to Kentucky in 1786, Boyle county, Ky., June 1, 1833; gradu- 
and took part in various expeditions ated at Centre College in 1850; colonel of 
against the Indians. While bearing a the 10th Ky. U. S. V., 1861-63 ; attorney- 
flag of truce near Shawneetown, O., he general of Kentucky, 1863-67, when he 
was killed by the Indians, in April, 1792. resumed practice. In 1871 and 1875 he was 

Hards. See HUNKERS. defeated as the Republican candidate for 

Hare, JOHN INNES CLARK, jurist; born governor. On Nov. 29, 1877, he became 
in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 17, 1817; an associate justice of the United States 
graduated at the University of Pennsyl- Supreme Court. In 1893 President Harri- 
vania in 1834; admitted to the bar in son appointed him one of the American 

247 



HARLEM PLAINS HARMAR 

arbitrators of the Bering Sea tribunal, agent for the territory northwest of the 

which met in Paris. Ohio, and in 1787 Congress made him a 

Harlem Plains, ACTION AT. On the brevet brigadier - general. On Sept. 29, 

morning of Sept. 16, 1776, the British ad- 1789, he was appointed ,commander-in- 

vanced guard, under Colonel Leslie, occu- chief of the army of the United States, 

pied the rocky heights now at the north- and had charge of an expedition against 

ern end of the Central Park. His force the Miami Indians in the fall of 1790, 

was composed of British infantry and but was defeated. Harmar resigned his 

Highlanders, with several pieces of artil- commission in January, 1792, and was 

lery. Descending to Harlem Plains, they made adjutant-general of Pennsylvania in 



- -.:-;=!:=: 

"-S^aiftaaSiiu: ijj 



BATTLE-FIELD OP HARLEM PLAINS, 1845, FROM THE OLD BLOCK-HOUSE. 




were met by some Virginians un- 1793, in which post he 
der Major Leitch, and Connecti- was active in furnishing 
cut Rangers under Colonel Knowlton. A Pennsylvania troops for Wayne s cam- 
desperate conflict ensued. Washington paign in 1793-94. He died in Phila- 
soon reinforced the Americans with some delphia, Aug. 20, 1813. 
Maryland and New England troops, with At the time of his expedition against 
whom Generals Putnam, Greene, and the Indians, the British, in violation of 
others took part to encourage the men. the treaty of 1783, still held Detroit and 
The British were pushed back to the ether Western military posts. British 
rocky heights, where they were reinforced agents instigated the Indians of the 
by Germans, when the Americans fell Northwest to make war on the frontier 
back towards Harlem Heights. In this settlers, in order to secure for British 
spirited engagement the Americans lost commerce the monopoly of the fur-trade, 
about sixty men, including Major Leitch This had been kept up ever since 1783, 
and Colonel Knowlton, who were killed. and the posts were held with a hope 
Harmar, JOSIAH, military officer; born that the league of States would fall to 
in Philadelphia in 1753; was educated pieces, and an opportunity would be af- 
chiefly in the school of Robert Proud, the forded to bring back the new republic to 
Quaker and historian; entered the army colonial dependence. Sir John Johnson, 
as captain of a Pennsylvania regiment in former Indian agent, was again on the 
1776; was its lieutenant-colonel in 1777; frontier, and Lord Dorchester (Sir Guy 
and served faithfully through the war in Carleton) was again governor of Canada, 
the North and the South. Made brevet which gave strength to the opinion that 
colonel in the United States army in Sep- the discontents of the Indians were fos- 
tcmber, 1783, he was sent to France in teied for a political purpose. The North- 
1784 with the ratification of the defini- western tribes, encouraged by the British 
tive treaty of peace. He was made Indian agents, insisted upon re-establishing the 

248 



HARMAR, JOSIAH 




FOKT WASHINGTON, ON THE SITE OP CINCINNATI. 



to cross the Maumee 
at the usual ford, and 
then surround the 
Indians, who were 
led by the celebrated 
chief, Little Turtle. 
Before this could be 
effected the Indian 
encampment was 
aroused, and a part 
of them fled. Some of 
the militia and the 
cavalry who had 
passed the ford start 
ed in pursuit, in dis 
obedience of orders, 
leaving the regulars, 
who had also passed 
the ford, unsupport 
ed, when the latter 
were attacked by Lit 
tle Turtle and the 
main body of the Ind- 

Ohio River as the Indian boundary. At- ians, and driven back with great slaugh- 

tempts to make a peaceable arrangement ter. Meanwhile the militia and cavalry 

were unsuccessful. The Indians would pursuers were skirmishing with the Ind- 

listen to no terms; and in September, ians a short distance up the St. Joseph s. 

1790, General Harmar led more than They were compelled to fall back in confu- 

1,000 volunteers from Fort Washington sion towards the ford, and followed the reni- 

(now Cincinnati) into the Indian country nant of the regulars in their retreat. The 

around the head-waters of the Maumee Indians did not pursue. The whole expe- 

(or Miami), to chastise the hostile Ind- dition then returned to Fort Washington. 

ians. He did not suc 
ceed. He found the 

Indians near the head 

of the Maumee, at 

the junction of the 

St. Joseph s and St. 

Mary s rivers, late in 

October, 1790. Four 

hundred men were 

detached to attack 

them, of whom sixty 

were regulars, under 

Major Wyllys. These 

reached the Maumee 

after sunrise on Oct. 

23. Militia under 

Major Hall proceeded 

to pass around the 

Indian village at the 

head of the Maumee, 

and assist, in their 

rear, an attack of the 

main body on their 

front. The latter were THE MAUMEE FORD, PLACE OF HARMAR S DEFEAT. 

249 




HARMONY SOCIETY HARPER, 



Harmony Society. A communistic so 
ciety settled at Economy, near Pittsburg. 
George Rapp, the head of the society, 
was born in Wiirtemburg, Germany, Oc 
tober, 1757; died at Economy in 1847. 
Rapp and a few of his adherents sailed 
for America in 1803, and founded the 
town of Harmony in Pennsylvania. In 
1814 they established the town of New 
Harmony in Indiana, selling their old 
home for $100,000. In 1824 they sold the 
town of New Harmony and 20,000 acres 
of land to Robert Owen for $150,000, and 
made a new settlement in Pennsylvania 
which they named Economy. Originally 
each family retained its property, but in 
1807 they established a community of 
goods and adopted celibacy. As the soci 
ety did not seek new members, it rapidly 
approached extinction, and in 1903 their 
membership was so reduced that they gave 
up commercial life and sold their property 
for $2,500.000. 

Harnett, CORNELIUS, statesman; pre 
sumably born in North Carolina, although 
some authorities say in England, April 
20, 1723; became owner of a large estate 
near Wilmington, being a man of consid 
erable wealth. He was influential in 
his State, and was among the first to 




HARNKTT S HOUSE. 

denounce the Stamp Act and kindred meas 
ures. He was a leading man in all pub 
lic assemblages as the Revolutionary War 
approached ; was president of the provin 
cial congress in 1775; and on the abdica 
tion of the royal governor (Martin) be 
came acting governor of the State. He 
was excepted in an offer of pardon to the 
inhabitants of North Carolina by Sir 



Henry Clinton, in which exception was in 
cluded Robert Howe. He was the chief 
constructor of the constitution of North 
Carolina, framed in 1776,_ under which 
Harnett became one of the council ; and 
in 1778 he was elected to Congress. While 
the British held possession of the country 
adjacent to Cape Fear River in 1781, Har 
nett was made prisoner, and died in con 
finement, April 20, 1781. His dwelling 
was a fine old mansion, about a mile and 
a half from the centre of the city of Wil 
mington, N. C., on the northeast branch 
of the Cape Fear River. 

Harney, WILLIAM SELBY, military offi 
cer; born in Louisiana in 1798; entered 
the army while quite young; was in the 
Black Hawk War; and was made lieuten 
ant - colonel of dragoons in 1836. Ten 
years later he was colonel. He served in 
the FLORIDA, or SEMINOLE, WAR (q. .), 
and in the war with Mexico. In 1848 he 
was brevetted brigadier - general for his 
services in the battle of CERRO GORDO 
(q. v.). He was promoted to brigadier- 
general in 1858, and placed in command 
of the Department of Oregon; and in 
July, 1859, took possession of the island 
of San Juan, near Vancouver, which Eng 
land claimed to be a part of British Co 
lumbia, and which the United States soon 
afterwards evacuated. Harney then com 
manded the Department of the West; and 
in April, 1861, while on his way to Wash 
ington, he was arrested by the Confeder 
ates at Harper s Ferry, Va., and taken to 
Richmond. He was soon released, and, on 
returning to St. Louis, issued proclama 
tions warning the people of Missouri of 
the dangers of secession. In consequence 
of an unauthorized truce with Price, the 
Confederate leader, Harney was relieved 
of his command. He retired in August, 
1863; was brevetted major-general, United 
States army, in March, 1865; and was a 
member of the Indian Commission in 
1867. He died in Orlando, Fla., May 9, 
1889. 

Harper, IDA HITSTED, author ; born in 
Fairfield, Ind. ; received a collegiate edu 
cation ; conducted the women s department 
in the Terre Haute Saturday Evening Mail 
and in the Fireman s Magazine for 
twelve years; managing editor of the 
Terre Haute Daily News, and later was 
on the editorial staff of the Indianapolis 



250 



HARPER HARPER S FERRY 

News, McClure s syndicate; and the New of $13,000,000, and citizens of Chicago a 

York Sun. She was one of the speakers total of about $7,000,000. He is the au- 

at the International Congress of Women thor of Elements of Hebrew Syntax; 

in London in 1899; chairman of the Inter- Hebrew Vocabularies; An Introductory 

national Press Committee for five years; Neiv Testament, Greek Method (with Re- 

and author of Life and Work of Susan B. vere F. Weidner), etc., and associate 

Anthony and History of Woman Suffrage editor of The Biblical World; The Amer- 

to the Close of the Nineteenth Century ican Journal of Theology ; and The Amer- 

(with Susan B. Anthony). ican Journal of Semitic Languages and 

Harper, ROBERT GOODLOE, Senator; Literature. 

born in Fredericksburg, Va., in 1765; re- Harper s Farm. See SAILOR S CREEK. 

moved to North Carolina, and towards the Harper s Ferry, a town in Jefferson 

close of the Revolutionary War served as county, W. Va. ; 49 miles northwest of 

a trooper under General Greene; grad- Washington; at the junction of the Shen- 

uated at Princeton in 1785; admitted andoah and Potomac rivers; the scene of 

to the bar in 1786; and served in Con- several stirring events during the Civil 

gress from 1795 to 1801. During the War War period. Within twenty-four hours 

of 1812 he was in active service, attaining after the passage of the ordinance of seces- 

tlie rank of major-general. Afterwards he sion by the Virginia convention, April 17, 

was elected to the United States Senate 1861, the authorities of that State set 

from Maryland, to which place he had re- forces in motion to seize the United States 

moved upon his marriage with the daugh- armory and arsenal in the town, in which 

ter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, but the national government had 10,000 mus- 

resigned in 1816, when he was the Federal kets made every year, and in which from 

candidate for Vice-President. He publish- 80,000 to 90,000 stand of arms were gen- 

ed an Address on the British Treaty in erally stored. When the secession move- 

1796, and a pamphlet on the Dispute be- ment began, at the close of 1860, measures 
ttoeen the United States and France in were taken for the security of this post. 

1797. He died in Baltimore, Md., Jan. A small body of United States dragoons, 
15, 1825. under the command of Lieut. Roger Jones, 

Harper, WILLIAM RAIXEY, educator; was sent there as a precautionary meas- 
born in New Concord, O., July 26, 1856; ure. After the attack on Fort Sumter, 
graduated at Muskingum College in rumors reached Harper s Ferry that the 
1870; principal of the Masonic College, government property there would be speed- 
Ma con, Tenn., in 1875-76; tutor in the ily seized by the Virginians. The rumors 
preparatory department of Denison Uni- were true. On the morning of April 18 
versity, Ohio, in 1876-79, and principal the military commanders at Winchester 
there in 1879-80. In the latter year he and Charlestown received orders from 
became professor of Hebrew in the Baptist Richmond to seize the armory and arsenal 
Union Theological Seminary at Chicago, that night. They were further ordered to 
where he continued till 1886, when he march into Maryland, where, it was ex- 
was called to the chair of Semitic Ian- pected, they would be joined by the min- 
guages in Yale University. In 1891 he ute-men of that State in an immediate 
became president of the University of attack on Washington. About 3,000 men 
Chicago, also taking the chair there of were ordered out, but only about 250 were 
Semitic languages and literature. In at the designated rendezvous, 4 miles from 
1903 the university had 347 professors and the Ferry, at the appointed hour eight 
instructors; 4,463 students in all depart- o clock in the evening but others were on 
ments; 80 fellowships; 200 scholarships; the march. The cavalry, only about twenty 
367,440 volumes in the library; 2,200 strong, were commanded by Captain Ash- 
graduates since organization; $9,204,195 by. When the detachment was within a 
in productive funds; $2,437.663 in bene- mile of the Ferry, there was suddenly a 
factions (previous year) ; and $982,610 in flash and explosion in that direction. This 
ordinary income. For various purposes was quickly repeated, and the mountain 
John D. Rockefeller had given the uni- heights were soon illuminated by flames, 
versity up to the end of 1903 an aggregate Ashby dashed towards the town,and soonre- 

251 



HARPER S FERRY 



turned with a report that the armory and charged with the duty of holding Harper s 

arsenal were on fire, and that the National Ferry. General McClellan was throwing 

troops had crossed the Potomac, and taken Ohio troops into western Virginia, and 

the mountain road in the direction of Car- Gen. Robert Patterson, in command of the 




VIEW OF HARPER S FERRY, 1862, LOOKING SOUTH. 



lisle Barracks, in Pennsylvania. Lieuten 
ant Jones had been secretly warned, twen 
ty-four hours before, of the plan for seiz 
ing the post that night. There were indi~ 
cntions all around him of impending trou 
bles. Trains of powder were so prepared 
that, at a moment s warning, the powder 
in the magazine might be exploded, and 
the government buildings be set on fire. 
Word came to Jones, at near ten o clock 
at night, that 2,000 Virginians were within 
twenty minutes march of him. The trains 
were fired, and the whole public property 
that was combustible was soon in ashes. 
Then Jones and his little garrison fled 
across the Potomac, and reached Hagers- 
town in the morning, and thence pushed 
ou to Chambersburg and Carlisle Bar- 
racks. Jones was highly commended by 
his government. The Confederate forces 
immediately took possession of ruined 
Harper s Ferry as a strategic point. Within 
a month fully 8,000 Virginians. Kentucki- 
ans, Alabamians, and South Carolinians 
were there, menacing Washington. 

Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was then 



Department of Pennsylvania, was rapidly 
gathering a force at Chambersburg, Pa., 
under Gen. W. H. Keim. A part of the 
Confederates at the Ferry were on Mary 
land Heights, on the left bank of the Poto 
mac, and against these Patterson marched 
from Chambersburg with about 15,000 men 
iu June, 1861. Just at this moment com 
menced Wallace s dash on Romney, which 
frightened Johnston, and he abandoned 
Harper s Ferry, and moved up the valley 
to Winchester. Before leaving he de 
stroyed the great bridge of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railway at the Ferry with fire 
and gunpowder. It was 1,000 feet long. 
Then he spiked the heavy guns that could 
not be taken away, and encamped a few 
miles vip the valley. Patterson, who was 
at Hagerstown, Md., pushed on, and on 
June 16 and 17 about 9,000 of his troops 
crossed the Potomac by fording it at Will- 
unnsport. These were led by Brig.-Gen. 
George Cadwalader, at the head of five 
companies of cavalry. At that moment 
Patterson received orders by telegraph 
from General Scott, at Washington, to send 



252 



HARPER S FERRY 



to him all the regulars, horse and foot, 
under his (Patterson s) command, and a 
Rhode Island regiment. Patterson was 
embarrassed, and requested the general to 
leave the regulars with him, for he ex 
pected to hold the position and to keep 
open a free communication with the great 
West by the Baltimore and Ohio Rail 
way. Scott refused, saying, " We are 
pressed here; send the troops without de 
lay." The order was obeyed, and Patter 
son was left without a single piece of 
available artillery, with only one troop of 
raw cavalry, and a total force of not more 
than 10,000 men, mostly undisciplined, to 
confront Johnston with fully 15,000 
drilled troops. Patterson prudently re- 
crossed the Potomac, and remained on the 
Maryland side until the beginning of July. 
While Lee was in Maryland, in Septem 
ber, 1862, Harper s Ferry, where a large 



amount of stores had been gathered, was 
held by National troops, under Col. D. H. 
Miles. When that post was threatened, 
Halleck instructed McClellan to succor 
the garrison, and on the day of the struggle 
at Turner s Gap (see SOUTH MOUNTAIN) 
he ordered Miles to hold out to the last 
extremity. Meanwhile Jackson, by quick 
movements, had crossed the Potomac at 
Williamsport, and at noon on Sept. 13 he 
was in the rear of Harper s Ferry. The Con 
federates were then in possession of Loudon 
Heights and also of Maryland Heights, 
which commanded Harper s Ferry. That 
post was completely invested by the Con 
federates on the 14th. Miles was told by 
McClellan to " hold on," and also informed 
how he might safely escape. But he appear 
ed to pay no attention to instructions, and 
to make no effort at defence; and when, 
early on the 15th, no less than nine bat- 




MOVEMENTS AROUND HARPKR S FERRY, FROM SEPT. 10 TO 17, 1862. 



A, A. Jackson s march from Frederick to Sharpsburg. 

B, B. Longstreet s march from Frederick to SharpsburR. 

C, C. McLaws and Anderson s march from Frederick to Sharpsburg, 



D, D. Walker s march from Monocacy to Sharpsburg. 

E, E. Confederate position at Antietam. 

H, H. Franklin s march from Pleasant Valley to Antietam. 



Franklin followed the same route as McLaws from Frederick to Pleasant Valley; the remainder of the Union 
Army that of Longstreet from Frederick to Boonesboro, and thence to the Antietam. The arrows show the direc 
tion of the march. Where two or more letters come together, it indicates that the several bodies followed the 
same route. 

253 



HARRIMAN HARRIOTT 




BURNING OF THE ARSENAL, HARPER S FERRY 

teries opened upon the garrison, he dis- him that the amusing story is told that, 

played a white flag. Before it was seen having always been in the habit of praying 

by the Confederates, one of their shots had for " our gracious sovereign King George " 

killed him. The post was surrendered, before the Revolutionary War, after the 

with all its troops, ordnance, ammuni- war broke out he at one time, through 

tion, and stores. There were 11,583 men habit, uttered the accustomed prayer, but 

half of them New-Yorkers surrendered, hastily added, " O Lord, I mean George 

and the spoils were seventy- three cannon, Washington!" He died in Lancaster, 

13,000 small-arms, 200 wagons and a large Mass., Dec. 18, 1795. 

quantity of tents and camp equipage. It Harriott, THOMAS, astronomer, his- 

was shown that Miles had disobeyed orders torian, and friend of Sir Walter Raleigh ; 

to take measures for the defence of the born in Oxford, England, in 1560. In 

post, and he was strongly suspected of 1585 he accompanied Raleigh s expedition 

sympathy with the Confederate cause, to Virginia, under Grenville, as historian, 

See also BROWN, JOHN (OSSAWATOMIE). and most of the knowledge of that expe- 

Harriman, WALTER, legislator; born dition is derived from Harriott s account, 

in Warner, N. H., April 8, 1817; was sev- He was left there by Grenville, and re- 

eral times elected to the State legislature, mained a year, making observations; and 

At the outbreak of the Civil War he en- from the pencil of With, an artist, he 

tered the army as colonel of the llth New obtained many useful drawings. Harriott 

Hampshire Regiment; served throughout labored hard to restrain the cupidity of 

the war, reaching the rank of brevet his companions, who were more intent 

brigadier - general. He was elected secre- upon finding gold than tilling the soil, 

tary of state of New Hampshire in 1SG5, While Governor Lane declared that Vir- 

and governor in 1867. He was the author ginia had " the goodliest soil under the 

of a History of Warner, N. H. He died cope of heaven," and " if Virginia had 

in Concord, N. H., July 25, 1884. but horses and kine, and were inhabited 

Harrington, TIMOTHY, clergyman; by English, no realm, in Christendom 

born in Waltham, Mass., in 1715; became were comparable to it," he utterly neg- 

a Congregational pastor in 1741. It is of lected the great opportunity. Harriott 

254 



HARRIS 



saw that the way to accomplish that ob 
ject was to treat the Indians kindly, as 
friends and neighbors; and he tried to 
quench the fires of revenge which the 
cruelty of the English had kindled. The 
natives were curious and credulous. They 
regarded the English with awe. Their fire 
arms, burning-glasses, clocks, watches, and 
books seemed to the savage mind like the 
work of the gods. As the colonists were 
never sick, and had no women with them, 
the natives thought that they were not 
born of women, and were, therefore, im 
mortal. Taking advantage of this feeling 
Harriott displayed the Bible everywhere, 
and told them of its precious truths, and 
it was often pressed to their bosoms affec 
tionately. When King Wingina fell ill, 
he sent for Harriott, and, dismissing his 
juggling priest and " medicine-man," 
placed himself under the Englishman s 
care. He invoked the prayers of the 
English, and, under the careful nursing 
of the historian, the king speedily recov 
ered. Many of his subjects resorted to" 
Harriott when they fell sick. Had his 
example been followed, Virginia might 
soon have been " inhabited by English," 
and filled with " horses and kine." On 
his return to England, Harriott published 
a Brief and True Report of the New 
Found Land of Virginia. From the Earl 
of Northumberland he received a pension, 
and spent much of his time in the Tower 
with Raleigh and his wife. Harriott was 
the inventor of the present improved 
method of algebraic calculation by intro 
ducing the signs > and <. He died in 
London, July 2, 1621. 

Harris, CALEB FISKE, bibliophile; born 
in Warwick, R. I., March 9, 1818; formed 
a library of 5,000 volumes of American 
poetry and plays, which was subsequently 
bequeathed to Brown University by his 
cousin, Henry B. Anthony. He died in 
Moosehead Lake, Me., Oct/2, 1881. 

Harris, GEORGE, LORD, military officer; 
born March 18, 1746; became captain in 
1771, and came to America in 1775. He 
was in the skirmish at Lexington and was 
wounded in the battle of Bunker Hill. In 
the battles of Long Island, Harlem Plains, 
and White Plains, and in every battle in 
which General Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, 
and Earl Cornwallis, in the North, par 
ticipated, until late in 1778, he was an 



actor. Then he went on an expedition to 
the West Indies; served under Byron off 
Grenada in 1779; also, afterwards, in 
India, and in 1798 was made governor of 
Madras, and placed at the head of the 
army against Tippoo Sultan, capturing 
Seringapatam, for which service he re 
ceived public thanks and promotion. In 
1812 he was raised to the peerage. He died 
in Belmont, Kent, England, May 19, 1829. 

Harris, ISHAM GREEN, legislator; born 
at Tullahoma, Tenn., Feb. 10, 1818; was 
elected to Congress in 1848; governor of 
Tennessee in 1857, 1859, and 1861 ; served 
in the Confederate army throughout the 
Civil War in various capacities, usually 
as volunteer aide on the staff. At the con 
clusion of the war he emigrated to Mexico 
and subsequently to England, but return 
ed to Tennessee in 1867. He was elected 
United States Senator in 1877, 1883, 1889, 
and 1895. He died in Washington, D. C., 
July 8, 1897. 

Harris, JOEL CHANDLER, author; born 
in Eatonton, Ga., Dec. 8, 1848. Among his 
works are Uncle Remus; History of 
Georgia; Stories of Georgia, etc. 

Harris, THADDEUS MASON, clergyman; 
born in Charlestown, Mass., July 17, 1768; 
became pastor of the First Unitarian 
Church in Dorchester, Mass., in 1793. He 
was the author of Journal of a Tour of the 
Territory Northwest of the Alleghany 
Mountains; History of the First Church at 
Dorchester; Memoir of James Oglethorpe, 
etc. He died in Dorchester, April 3, 1842. 

Harris, WILLIAM THADDEUS, author; 
born in Milton, Mass., Jan. 25, 1826; 
graduated at Harvard College in 1846. 
He was the author of Epitaphs from the 
Old Burying-Ground at Cambridge, and 
editor of History of New England and of 
the third volume of the Historical and 
Genealogical Register. He died in Cam 
bridge, Mass., Oct. 19, 1854. 

Harris, WILLIAM TORREY, educator; 
born in North Killingly, Conn., Sept. 10, 
1835; studied in Yale University, but did 
not graduate. During 1857-67 he was 
principal and assistant superintendent in 
the St. Louis public schools ; in the latter 
year was appointed superintendent, but 
in 1880 was forced by ill health to re 
sign. In 1880 he was a delegate from the 
United States bureau of education to 
the international congress of educators 



255 



HARRISON 



in Brussels. On Sept. 13, 1889, he be 
came United States commissioner of edu 
cation. Dr. Harris founded in St. Louis 
the Journal of Speculative Philosophy in 
1867, and in 1901 was still conducting it. 
He was chief editor of Appleton s series 
of School Readers, and editor of Apple- 
ton s Educational series. His other pub 
lications include: Introduction to the 
Study of Philosophy ; Hegel s Logic ; Crit 
ical Expositions; and Psychologic Foun 
dations of Education. See EDUCATION, 
ELEMENTARY. 

Harrison, BENJAMIN, signer of the 
Declaration of Independence; born in 
Berkeley, Va., in 1740; was a member of 
the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1764, 
and soon became a leader among the 
patriots of the day. An attempt to bribe 



him to support the Stamp Act by offering 
him a seat in the council excited his in 
dignation, though he had opposed Henry s 
resolutions on the subject. He was a 
member of various associations and com 
mittees, and was a delegate to the first 
Colonial Congress, in 1774. In that body 
he was efficient as chairman of the board 
of war. He advocated independence in 
1776, and signed the great Declaration. 
He resigned his seat in 1777; again en 
tered the House of Burgesses, and was 
chosen its speaker. This post he held 
until 1782, when he was elected governor 
of the State, and was twice re-elected. 
Governor Harrison did not like the na 
tional Constitution, and voted against it 
in convention. He died in Berkeley, in 
April, 1791. 



HARRISON, BENJAMIN 

Harrison, BENJAMIN, twenty-third and 5,556,918 popular votes for Mr. Cleve- 

President of the United States, from land. 

1889 to 1893; Republican; born in North In 1898 he became chief counsel for 

Bend, O., Aug. 20, 1833; grandson of Will- VENEZUELA (q. v.) in the boundary dis- 

iam Henry Harrison, the ninth President pute between that country and Great 

of the United States, and great-grandson Britain, and in 1899 an American mem- 

of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of the ber of The Hague Arbitration Commission. 

Declaration of Independence, and for He died in Indianapolis, Ind., March 13, 

three successive terms governor of Vir- 1901. See ANNEXED TERRITORY, STATUS OF. 

ginia. He graduated at Miami Uni- Inaugural Address. On March 4, 1889, 

versity, O., in 1852, and soon after began President Harrison delivered the following 

the study of law in Cincinnati. In 1854 inaugural address: 
he settled in Indianapolis and entered 

upon practice. On Jan. 23, 1865, he was Fellow-citizens, There is no constitu- 
brevetted a brigadier-general of volun- tional or legal requirement that the Pres- 
teers, in the Union army; and when, soon ident shall take the oath of office in the 
afterwards, the war was brought to a presence of the people, but there is so 
termination, he returned to Indianapolis, manifest an appropriateness in the public 
In 1880 he was chosen United States Sen- induction to office of the chief executive 
ator from Indiana, and took his seat in officer of the nation that from the begin- 
that body on March 4. At the Republi- ning of the government the people, to 
can National Convention in 1888, he re- whose service the official oath consecrates 
ceived the nomination for the Presidency the officer, have been called to witness 
on the eighth ballot. At the election in the solemn ceremonial. The oath taken in 
November he was chosen President, re- the presence of the people becomes a mu- 
ceiving 233 electoral votes to Grover tual covenant. The officer covenants to 
Cleveland s 168. The popular vote was serve the whole body of the people by a 
5,440,216 for Harrison, and 5,538,233 for faithful execution of the laws, so that 
Cleveland (see CABINET, PRESIDENT S), they may be the unfailing defence and 
In 1892 both he and Mr. Cleveland were security of those who respect and observe 
renominated, and he was defeated by the them, and that neither wealth, station, 
latter, receiving 145 electoral and 5,176,- nor the power of combinations shall be able 
108 popular votes against 277 electoral to evade their just penalties or to wrest 

256 



HARBISON, BENJAMIN 



them from a beneficent public purpose to 
serve the ends of cruelty or selfishness. 

My promise is spoken; yours unspoken, 
but not the less real and solemn. The 
people of every State have here their rep 
resentatives. Surely I do not misinter 
pret the spirit of the occasion when I as 
sume that the whole body of the people 
covenant with me and with each other 
to-day to support and defend the Consti 
tution and the Union of the States, to 
yield willing obedience to all the laws, 
and each to every other citizen his equal 
civil and political rights. Entering thus 
solemnly into covenant with each other, 
we may reverently invoke and confiding 
ly expect the favor and help of Almighty 
God that He will give to me wisdom, 
strength, and fidelity, and to our people 
a spirit of fraternity and a love of right 
eousness and peace. 

This occasion derives peculiar interest 
from the fact that the Presidential term 
which begins this day is the twenty-sixth 
under our Constitution. The first inau 
guration of President Washington took 
place in New York, where Congress was 
then sitting, on the 30th day of April, 
1789, having been deferred by reason of 
delays attending the organization of the 
Congress and the canvass of the electoral 
vote. Our people have already worthily 
observed the centennials of the Declara 
tion of Independence, of the battle of 
Yorktown, and of the adoption of the 
Constitution, and will shortly celebrate 
in New York the institution of the second 
great department of our constitutional 
scheme of government. When the centen 
nial of the institution of the judicial de 
partment, by the organization of the Su 
preme Court, shall have been suitably 
observed, as I trust it will be, our nation 
will have fully entered its second century. 

I will not attempt to note the marvel 
lous and in great part happy contrasts 
between our country as it steps over the 
threshold into its second century of or 
ganized existence under the Constitution, 
and that weak but wisely ordered young 
nation that looked undauntedly down the 
first century, when all its years stretched 
out before it. 

Our people will not fail at this time 
to recall the incidents which accompanied 
the institution of government under the 



Constitution, or to find inspiration and 
guidance in the teachings and example of 
Washington and his great associates, and 
hope and courage in the contrast which 
thirty-eight populous and prosperous 
States offer to the thirteen States, weak 
in everything except courage and the love 
of liberty, that then fringed our Atlantic 
seaboard. 

The Territory of Dakota has now a pop 
ulation greater than any of the original 
States (except Virginia), and greater 
than the aggregate of five of the smaller 
States in 1790. The centre of population 
when our national capital was located was 
east of Baltimore, and it was argued by 
many well-informed persons that it would 
move eastward rather than westward; yet 
in 1880 it was found to be near Cincin 
nati, and the new census about to be taken 
will show another stride to the westward. 
That which was the body has come to be 
only the rich fringe of the nation s robe. 
P.ut our growth has not been limited to 
territory, population, and aggregate 
wealth, marvellous as it has been in each 
of those directions. The masses of our 
people are better fed, clothed, and housed 
than their fathers were. The facilities 
for pop\ilar education have been vastly en 
larged and more generally diffused. 

The virtues of courage and patriotism 
have given recent proof of their continued 
presence and increasing power in the 
hearts and over the lives of our people. 
The influences of religion have been mul 
tiplied and strengthened. The sweet offi 
ces of charity have greatly increased. The 
virtue of temperance is held in higher 
estimation. We have not attained an ideal 
condition. Not all of our people are hap 
py and prosperous ; not all of them are 
virtuous and law-abiding. But on the 
whole the opportunities offered to the in 
dividual to secure the comforts of life are 
better than are found elsewhere, and large- 
lybetter than they were here 100 years ago. 

The surrender of a large measure of 
sovereignty to the general government, 
effected by the adoption of the Constitu 
tion, was not accomplished until the sug 
gestions of reason were strongly reinforced 
by the more imperative voice of experi 
ence. The divergent interests of peace 
speedily demanded a " more perfect 
union." The merchant, the ship - master, 



IV. B 



257 



HARBISON, BENJAMIN 

and the manufacturer discovered and dis- the depths of the earth as well as in the 
closed to our statesmen and to the people sky; men were made free, and material 
that commercial emancipation must be things became our better servants, 
added to the political freedom which had The sectional element, has happily been 
been so bravely won. The commercial eliminated from tariff discussion. We 
policy of the mother-country had not re- have no longer States that are necessarily 
laxed any of its hard and oppressive feat- only planting States. None are excluded 
ures. To hold in check the development from achieving that diversification of pur- 
of our commercial marine, to prevent or suits among the people which brings 
retard the establishment and growth of wealth and contentment. The cotton 
manufactures in the States, and so to se- plantation will not be less valuable when 
cure the American market for their shops the product is spun in the country town 
and the carrying trade for their ships, by operatives whose necessities call for 
was the policy of European statesmen, and diversified crops and create a home de- 
was pursued with the most selfish vigor. mand for garden and agricultural prod- 
Petitions poured in upon Congress urg- ucts. Every new mine, furnace, and fac 
ing the imposition of discriminating du- tory is an extension of the productive 
ties that should encourage the production capacity of the State more real and valu- 
of needed things at home. The patriotism able than added territory, 
of the people, which no longer found a Shall the prejudices and paralysis of 
field of exercise in war, was energetically slavery continue to hang upon the skirts 
directed to the duty of equipping the of progress? How long will those who 
young republic for the defence of its in- rejoice that slavery no longer exists 
dependence by making its people self- cherish or tolerate the incapacities it put 
dependent. Societies for the promotion upon their communities? I look hopefully 
of home manufactures and for encour- to the continuance of our protective sys- 
aging the use of domestics in the dress tern and to the consequent development of 
of the people were organized in many of manufacturing and mining enterprises 
the States. The revival at the end of in the States hitherto wholly given to 
the century of the same patriotic interest agriculture as a potent influence in the 
in the preservation and development of perfect unification of our people. The men 
domestic industries and the defence of who have invested their capital in these 
our working people against injurious for- enterprises, the farmers who have felt the 
eign competition is an incident worthy of benefit of their neighborhood, and the men 
attention. It is not a departure but a who work in shop or field will not fail to 
return that we have witnessed. The protec- find and to defend a community of interest, 
tive policy had then its opponents. The Is it not quite possible that the farmers 
argument was made, as now, that its bene- and promoters of the great mining and 
fits inured to particular classes or sections, manufacturing enterprises which have re- 
If the question became in any sense cently been established in the South may 
or at any time sectional, it was only be- yet find that the free ballot of the work- 
cause slavery existed in some of the ingman, without distinction of race, is 
States. But for this there was no reason needed for their defence as well as for his 
why the cotton-producing States should own? I do not doubt that if those men in 
not have led or walked abreast with the the South who now accept the tariff views 
New England States in the production of of Clay and the constitutional expositions 
cotton fabrics. There was this reason only of Webster would courageously avow and 
why the States that divide with Penn- defend their real convictions they would 
sylvania the mineral treasures of the not find it difficult, by friendly instruction 
great southeastern and central mountain and co-operation, to make the black man 
ranges should have been so tardy in bring- their efficient and safe ally, not only in 
ing to the smelting - furnace and to the establishing correct principles in our na- 
mill the coal and iron from their near tional administration, but in preserving 
opposing hill-sides. Mill-fires were light- for their local communities the benefits of 
ed at the funeral pile of slavery. The social order and economical and honest 
emancipation proclamation was heard in government. At least until the good 

258 



HARBISON, BENJAMIN 



offices of kindness and education have been 
fairly tried the contrary conclusion can 
not be plausibly urged. 

I have altogether rejected the suggestion 
of a special executive policy for any sec 
tion of our country. It is the duty of the 
executive to administer and enforce in 
the methods and by the instrumentalities 
pointed out and provided by the Consti 
tution all the laws enacted by Congress. 
These laws are general and their adminis 
tration should be uniform and equal. 
As a citizen may not elect what laws he 
will obey, neither may the executive elect 
which he will enforce. The duty to obey 
and to execute embraces the Constitution 
in its entirety and the whole code of laws 
enacted under it. The evil example of 
permitting individuals, corporations, or 
communities to nullify the laws because 
they cross some selfish or local interest or 
prejudices is full of danger, not only to 
the nation at large, but much more to 
those who use this pernicious expedient to 
escape their just obligations or to obtain 
an unjust advantage over others. They 
will presently themselves be compelled to 
appeal to the law for protection, and those 
who would use the law as a defence must 
not deny that use of it to others. 

If our great corporations would more 
scrupulously observe their legal limita 
tions and duties, they would have less 
cause to complain of the unlawful limi 
tations of their rights or of violent in 
terference with their operations. The com 
munity that by concert, open or secret, 
among its citizens denies to a portion of 
its members their plain rights under the 
law has severed the only safe bond of 
social order and prosperity. The evil 
works from a bad centre both ways. It 
de-moralizes those who practise it and de 
stroys the faith of those who suffer by it 
in the efficiency of the law as a safe pro 
tector. The man in whose breast that 
faith has been darkened is naturally the 
subject of dangerous and uncanny sug 
gestions. Those who use unlawful 
methods, if moved by no higher motive 
than the selfishness that prompted them, 
may well stop and inquire what is to be 
the end of this. 

An unlawful expedient cannot become a 
permanent condition of government. If 
the educated and influential classes in a 



community either practise or connive at 
the systematic violation of laws that seem 
to them to cross their convenience, what 
can they expect when the lesson that con 
venience or a supposed class interest is a 
sufficient cause for lawlessness has been 
well learned by the ignorant classes? A 
community where law is the rule of con 
duct and where courts, not mobs, execute 
its penalties is the only attractive field 
for business investments and honest labor. 

Our naturalization laws should be so 
amended as to make the inquiry into the 
character and good disposition of persons 
applying for citizenship more careful and 
searching. Our existing laws have been 
in their administration an unimpressive 
and often an unintelligible form. We ac 
cept the man as a citizen without any 
knowledge of his fitness, and he assumes 
the duties of citizenship without any 
knowledge as to what they are. The priv 
ileges of American citizenship are so great 
and its duties so grave that we may well 
insist upon a good knowledge of every 
person applying for citizenship and a good 
knowledge by him of our institutions. 
We should not cease to be hospitable to 
immigration, but we should cease to be 
careless as to the character of it. There 
are men of all races, even the best, whose 
coming is necessarily a burden upon our 
public revenues or a threat to social order. 
These should be identified and excluded. 

We have happily maintained a policy 
of avoiding all interference with Euro 
pean affairs. We have been only inter 
ested spectators of their contentions in 
diplomacy and in war, ready to use our 
friendly offices to promote peace, but never 
obtruding our advice and never attempt 
ing unfairly to coin the distresses of other 
powers into commercial advantage to our 
selves. We have a just right to expect 
that our European policy w 7 ill be the 
American policy of European courts. 

It is so manifestly incompatible with 
those precautions for our peace and safety 
which all the great powers habitually ob 
serve and enforce in matters affecting 
them that a shorter water-way between our 
Eastern and Western seaboards should be 
dominated by any European government 
that we may confidently expect that such 
a purpose will not be entertained by any 
friendly power. 



259 



HARRISON, BENJAMIN 

We shall in the future, as in the past, which must fall upon the nation that 

use every endeavor to maintain and en- ruthlessly breaks it. 

large our friendly relations with all the The duty devolved by law upon the 
great powers, but they will not expect us President to nominate and, by and with 
to look kindly upon any project that the advice and consent -of the Senate, to 
would leave us subject to the dangers appoint all public officers whose appoint- 
of a hostile observation or environment, ment is not otherwise provided for in the 
We have not sought to dominate or to Constitution or by act of Congress has 
absorb any of our weaker neighbors, but become very burdensome, and its wise and 
rather to aid and encourage them to es- efficient discharge full of difficulty. The 
tablish free and stable governments, rest- civil list is so large that a personal knowl- 
ing upon the consent of their own people, edge of any large number of the applicants 
We have a clear right to expect, there- is impossible. The President must rely 
fore, that no European government will upon the representations of others, and 
seek to establish colonial dependencies these are often made inconsiderately and 
upon the territory of these independent without any just sense of responsibility. 
American states. That which a sense of I have a right, I think, to insist that those 
justice restrains us from seeking they may who volunteer or are invited to give ad- 
be reasonably expected willingly to fore- vice as to appointments shall exercise con- 
go, sideration and fidelity. A high sense of 

It must not be assumed, however, that duty and an ambition to improve the 

our interests are so exclusively Ameri- service should characterize all public offi- 

can that our entire inattention to any cers. 

events that may transpire elsewhere can There are many ways in which the con- 
be taken for granted. Our citizens domi- venience and comfort of those who have 
ciled for purposes of trade in all coun- business with our public officers may be 
tries and in many of the islands of the promoted by a thoughtful and obliging 
sea demand and will have our adequate officer, and I shall expect those whom I 
care in their personal and commercial may appoint to justify their selection 
rights. by a conspicuous efficiency in the discharge 

The necessities of oiir navy require con- of their duties. Honorable party service 
venient coaling-stations and dock and har- will certainly not be esteemed by me a 
bor privileges. These and other trading disqualification for public office, but it 
privileges we will feel free to obtain only will in no case be allowed to serve as a 
by means that do not in any degree par- shield of official negligence, incompetency, 
take of coercion, however feeble the gov- or delinquency. It is entirely creditable 
ernment from which we ask such conces- to seek public office by proper methods 
sions. But having fairly obtained them by and with proper motives, and all appli- 
methods and for purposes entirely con- cants will be treated with consideration ; 
sistent with the most friendly disposi- but I shall need, and the heads of depart- 
tion towards all other powers, our con- ments will need, time for inquiry and de- 
sent will be necessary to any modification liberation. Persistent importunity will 
or impairment of the concession. not, therefore, be the best support of 

We shall neither fail to respect the an application for office. Heads of de- 
flag of any friendly nation or the just partments, bureaus, and all other public 
rights of its citizens, nor to exact the officers having any duty connected there- 
like treatment for our own. Calmness, with will be expected to enforce the civil- 
justice, and consideration should charac- service law fully and without evasion, 
terize our diplomacy. The offices of an Beyond this obvious duty I hope to do 
intelligent diplomacy or of friendly ar- something more to advance the reform 
bitration in proper cases should be ade- of the civil service. The ideal, or even 
quate to the peaceful adjustment of all my own ideal, I shall probably not at- 
international difficulties. By such methods tain. Retrospect will be a safer basis 
we will make our contribution to the of judgment than promises. We shall 
world s peace, which no nation values not, however, I am sure, be able to put 
more highly, and avoid the opprobrium our civil service upon a non - partisan 

260 



HARBISON, BENJAMIN 

basis until we have secured an incumbency stated, reliable, and rapid means of corn- 
that fair-minded men of the opposition munication, and until these are provided 
will approve for impartiality and integ- the development of our trade with the 
rity. As the number of such in the civil states lying south of us is impossible, 
list is increased removals from office will Our pension laws should give more 
diminish. adequate and discriminating relief to the 

While a treasury surplus is not the Union soldiers and sailors and to their 
greatest evil, it is a serious evil. Our widows and orphans. Such occasions as 
revenue should be ample to meet the this should remind us that we owe every- 
ordinary annual demands upon our treas- thing to their valor and sacrifice. 
ury, with a sufficient margin for those It is a subject of congratulation that 
extraordinary but scarcely less imperative there is a near prospect of the admission 
demands which arise now and then. Ex- into the Union of the Dakotas and Mon- 
penditure should always be made with tana and Washington Territories. This 
economy and only upon public necessity, act of justice has been unreasonably de- 
Wastefulness, profligacy, or favoritism laved in the case of some of them. The 
in public expenditures is criminal. But people who have settled these Territories 
there is nothing in the condition of our are intelligent, enterprising, and patriotic, 
country or of our people to suggest that and the accession of these new States will 
anything presently necessary to the public add strength to the nation. It is due to 
prosperity, security, or honor should be the settlers in the Territories who have 
unduly postponed. availed themselves of the invitations of 

It will be the duty of Congress wisely our land laws to make homes upon the 

to forecast and estimate these extraor- public domain that their titles should be 

dinary demands, and, having added them speedily adjusted and their honest entries 

to our ordinary expenditures, to so adjust confirmed by patent. 

our revenue laws that no considerable It is very gratifying to observe the gen- 
annual surplus will remain. We will eral interest now being manifested in the 
fortunately be able to apply to the re- reform of our election laws. Those who 
demption of the public debt any small have been for years calling attention to 
and unforeseen excess of revenue. This is the pressing necessity of throwing about 
better than to reduce our income below the ballot - box and about the elector 
our necessary expenditures, with the re- further safeguards, in order that our elec- 
sulting choice between another change of tions might not only be free and pure, 
our- revenue laws and an increase of the but might clearly appear to be so, will 
public debt. It is quite possible, I am welcome the accession of any who did not 
sure, to effect the necessary reduction in so soon discover the need of reform. The 
our revenues without breaking down our national Congress has not yet taken con- 
protective tariff or seriously injuring any trol of elections in that case over which 
domestic industry. the Constitution gives it jurisdiction, but 

The construction of a sufficient number has accepted and adopted the election laws 

of modern war-ships and of their neces- of the several States, provided penalties 

sary armament should progress as rapidly for their violation, and a method of super- 

as is consistent with care and perfection vision. Only the inefficiency of the State 

in plans and workmanship. The spirit, laws or an unfair partisan administration 

courage, and skill of our naval officers of them could suggest a departure from 

and seamen have many times in our his- this policy. 

tory given to weak ships and inefficient It was clearly, however, in the contem- 

guns a rating greatly beyond that of the plation of the framers of the Constitution 

naval list. That they will again do so that such an exigency might arise, and 

upon occasion I do not doubt; but they provision was wisely made for it. The 

ought not, by premeditation or neglect, to freedom of the ballot is a condition of 

be left to the risks and exigencies of an our national life, and no power vested in 

unequal combat. We should encourage Congress or in the executive to secure or 

the establishment of American steamship perpetuate it should remain unused upon 

lines. The exchanges of commerce demand occasion. The people of all the con- 

261 



HABRISON, BENJAMIN 

giessional districts have an equal interest path, but we have uncovered and van- 
that the election in each shall truly express quished them all. Passion has swept some 

the views and wishes of a majority of the of our communities, but only to give us 

qualified electors residing within it. The a new demonstration that the great body 

results of such elections are not local, of our people are stable, patriotic, and 

and the insistence of electors residing in law-abiding. No political party can long 

other districts that they shall be pure pursue advantage at the expense of pub- 

and free does not savor at all of im- lie honor or by rude and indecent meth- 

pertinence. ods without protest and fatal disaffection 

If in any of the States the public in its own body. The peaceful agencies 

security is thought to be threatened by of commerce are more fully revealing the 

ignorance among the electors, the obvious necessary unity of all our communities, 

remedy is education. The sympathy and and the increasing intercourse of our peo- 

help of our people will not be withheld pie is promoting mutual respect. We shall 

from any community struggling with find unalloyed pleasure in the revelation 

special embarrassments or difficulties con- which our next census will make of the 

nected with the suffrage if the remedies swift development of the great resources 

proposed proceed upon lawful lines and of some of the States. Each State will 

are promoted by just and honorable bring its generous contribution to the 

methods. How shall those who practise great aggregate of the nation s increase, 

election frauds recover that respect for And when the harvests from the fields, 

the sanctity of the ballot which is the the cattle from the hills, and the ores of 

first condition and obligation of good cit- the earth shall have been weighed, count- 

izenship? The man who has come to re- ed, and valued, we will turn from them all 

gard the ballot-box as a juggler s hat has to crown with the highest honor the State 

renounced his allegiance. that has most promoted education, virtue, 

Let us exalt patriotism and moderate justice, and patriotism among its people, 

our party contentions. Let those who Washington Centennial Address. On 

would die for the flag en the field of bat- April 30, 1889, President Harrison deliv- 

tle give a better proof of their patriotism cred the following address at the centen- 

and a higher glory to their country by nial observance of the inauguration of 

promoting fraternity and justice. A party President Washington, in New York City: 
success that is achieved by unfair methods 

or by practices that partake of revolu- Mr. President and Fellow - citizens, I 

tion is hurtful and evanescent even from should be unjust to myself, and, what is 

a party stand-point. We should hold our more serious, I should be unjust to you, 

differing opinions in mutual respect, and, if I did not at this first and last oppor- 

having submitted them to the arbitrament tunity express to you the deep sense of 

of the ballot, should accept an adverse obligation and thankfulness which I feel 

judgment with the same respect that we for those many personal and official cour- 

would have demanded of our opponents tesies which have been extended to me 

if the decision had been in our favor. since I came to take part in this great 

No other people have a government more celebration. The official representatives of 

worthy of their respect and love or a land the State of New York, and of this great 

*>o magnificent in extent, so pleasant to city, have attended me with the most 

look upon, and so full of generous sug- gracious kindness, omitting no office or 

gestion to enterprise and labor. God has attention that could make my stay among 

placed upon our head a diadem and has you pleasant and gratifying. From you 

laid at our feet power and wealth beyond and the hundreds of thousands who have 

definition or calculation. But we must not thronged the streets of this great commer- 

forget that we take these gifts upon the cial metropolis, I have received the most 

condition that justice and mercy shall cordial expressions of good-will. I would 

hold the reins of power and that the up- not, however, have you understand that 

ward avenues of hope shall be free to all. these loud acclaims have been in any sense 

I do not mistrust the future. Dangers appropriated as a personal tribute to my- 

have been in frequent ambush along our self. I have realized that there was that 

262 



HABRISON, BENJAMIN 

in this occasion and in all these incidents, occasion that these great thoroughfares, 

which have made it so profoundly im- dedicated to trade, have closed their 

pressive to my mind, which was above and doors, and have covered the insignia of 

greater than any living man. I have real- commerce with the stars and stripes; 

ized that that tribute of cordial interest that your great exchanges have closed; 

which you have manifested was rendered that in the very heart of Wall Street the 

rather to that great office which by the flag has been carried, and upon the old 

favor of a great people I now exercise, historic spot men who give their time 

than to me. . and energies to trade have given these 

The occasion and all its incidents will days to their country, to thoughts of her 

be memorable, not only in the history of glory, and to aspirations of her honor 

your State, but in the history of our coun- and prosperity. 

try. New York did not succeed in re- I have great pleasure in believing that 

taining the seat of national government love of country has been intensified in 

here, though she made liberal provision many hearts here, not only of you who 

for the assembling of the first Congress, might be called, and some of whom have 

in the expectation that the Congress might been called, to give the witness of your 

find its permanent home here; but though love of the flag upon battle-fields both of 

you lost that which you coveted, I think sea and land, but in these homes, and 

the representatives here of all the States among these fair women who look down 

will agree that it was fortunate that the upon us to-night, and in the hearts of 

first inauguration of Washington took these little children who mingled their 

place in the State and in the city of New piping cries with the hoarser acclaims 

York. For where in our country could of men as they moved along your streets 

the centennial of the event have been so to-day, and I believe that patriotism has 

worthily celebrated as here? What sea- been blown into a higher and holier 

board offered so magnificent a bay upon flame in many hearts. These banners with 

which to display our naval and merchant which you have covered your walls, these 

marine? What city offers thoroughfares patriotic inscriptions, must come down; 

so magnificent, or a population so great and the ways of commerce and of trade 

and so generous as New York has poured be resumed again here; but may I not 

out to-day to celebrate that event? ask you to carry these banners that now 

I have received at the hands of the com- hang on the walls into your homes, into 

mittee who have been charged with the the public schools of your city, and into 

details onerous, exacting, and too often all your great institutions where children 

unthankful of this demonstration, an evi- are gathered, and to drape them there, 

dence of their confidence in my physical that the eyes of the young and of the old 

endurance which is flattering to me. But may look upon that flag as one of the fa- 

I must also acknowledge still one other miliar adornments of every American 

obligation. The committee having in home? 

charge the exercises of this evening have Have you not learned that not stocks, 

also given me an evidence of their or bonds, or stately houses, or lands, or 

confidence, which has been accompanied products of mill or field is our country? 

with some embarrassment. As I have It is a spiritual thought that is in our 

noted the progress of this banquet, it minds. It is the flag and what it stands 

has seemed to me that each of those dis- for, it is its glorious history, it is the 

tinguished speakers has been made fireside and the home, it is the high 

acquainted with his theme before he took thoughts that are in the heart, born of 

his seat at the banquet-table, and that I the inspiration which comes of the story 

alone was left to make acquaintance with of the fathers, the martyrs to liberty 

my theme when I sat down at the table, it is the graveyard into which our grate- 

I prefer to substitute for the official title ful country has gathered the unconscious 

which is upon the programme that famil- dust of those who died. Here in these 

iar fireside expression, " Our Country." things is that thing we love and call our 

I congratulate you to-day as one of the country rather than anything that can 

instructive and interesting features of this be touched or handled. 

263 



HARBISON 

Let me hold the thought: That we direction of our material advancement 

owe a duty to our country in peace as this service we may render, and out of 

well as in war. Perhaps never in the this great demonstration do we not feel 

history of our nation have we been so like reconsecrating ourselves to the love 

well equipped for war upon the land as and to the service of our country? 
now, and yet we have never seen a time Harrison, CARTER HENRY; born in Ken- 

in our history when our people were more tucky, Feb. 15, 1825; elected to Congress 

smitten with a love of peace. from Illinois in 1874; mayor of Chicago 

To elevate the morals of our people; for live terms. He was assassinated in 

to hold up the law as that sacred thing that city Oct. 28, 1893. 
which, like the ark of God of old, may Harrison, ROBERT HANSON, jurist; 

not be touched by irreverent hands; to born in Maryland in 1745; secretary to 

frown upon every attempt to dethrone General Washington, 1775-81 ; chief-justice 

its supremacy; to unite our people in all of Maryland, 1781; justice of the United 

that makes the home pure and honorable, States Supreme Court, 1789-90. He died 

as well as to give our energies in the in Charles county, Md., April 2, 1790. 



HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY 

Harrison, WILLIAM HENRY, ninth prudence and bravery. Resigning his 
President of the United States, in 1841; commission in 1814, he was employed in 
Whig; born in Berkeley, Charles City making treaties with the Indians for 
co., Va., Feb. 9, 1773; was a son of cessions of lands. From 1816 to 1819 he 
Benjamin Harrison, governor of Vir- was member of Congress from Ohio, and 
ginia, and was educated at Hampden- from 1825 to 1828 was in the United 
Sidney College. He began preparations States Senate, having previously served a 
for the profession of medicine, but soon term in the Ohio Senate. In 1828 Presi- 
abandoned it for a military life. In dent Adams sent him as minister to 
1791 Washington commissioned him an en- Colombia, South America, and on his re 
sign. Made a lieutenant in 1792, he after- turn he made his residence in North 
wards became an efficient aide to Gen- Bend, 0. In 1840 he was elected Presi- 
eral Wayne, and with him went through dent of the United States, receiving 234 
the campaign in Ohio, in 1794. After votes out of 294 (see CABINET, PRESI- 
the treaty of Greenville (1794), he was DENT S). Just one month after he en- 
placed in command of Fort Washington, tered upon his duties, April 4, 1841, he 
on the site of Cincinnati, and was pro- died in the national capital. President 
moted to captain. While on duty at Harrison s remains lie in a vault upon 
North Bend, he was married to Anna, an eminence overlooking the Ohio River, 
daughter of Judge Symmes, an extensive at North Bend. 

land-owner there. In 1797 he was ap- While governor of the Indiana Terri- 
pointed secretary of the Northwest Ter- tory, General Harrison, suspicious of the 
ritory, and left the army. In 1799 he movements of TECUMSEII (q. v.), and also 
became a delegate to Congress, and was of the Prophet (see ELKSWATAWA), in- 
made the first governor of Indian Ter- vited them to an interview at Vincennes. 
ritory in 1801. That office he held until Though requested not to brin<? more than 
1813, and, as superintendent of Indian thirty followers, Tecumseh appeared 
affairs, performed efficient service. In with about 400 warriors. The council 
the course of his administration, he made was held "in a field just otitside the vil- 
thirteen important treaties with different lage. The governor, seated on a chair, 
tribes. Harrison, at the head of troops, was surrounded by several hundred of 
gained a victory over the Indians, Nov. the unarmed people, and attended by 
7, 1811, at TIPPECANOE (q. v.). He was judges of the territory, several officers of 
in command of the Army of the North- the army, and by Winnemack, a friendly 
west in the second war for independence, Pottawattomie chief, who had on this 
in which post he was distinguished for as on other occasions given Harrison 

264 



HARBISON, WILLIAM HENRY 



notice of Tecumseh s hostile designs, at which he disclaimed all hostile inten- 
A sergeant and twelve men from the tions against the white people, but gave 
fort were stationed under some trees the governor to understand that he should 
on the border of the field, and the Ind- adhere to his determination to oppose all 
ictus, who sat in a semicircle on the cessions of land thereafter. Chiefs of 
ground, had left their rifles at their camp other tribes, who were with him, declared 
in the woods, but brought their toma- their intention to adhere to the new con- 
hawks with them. Tecumseh, in an open- federacy. Anxious to ascertain the real 
ing speech, declared the intention of the intentions of the Shawnee chief, Harrison 
tribes, by a combination, not to counte- visited his camp, when Tecumseh told 
nance any more cessions of Indian lands, him that he should make war on the 
except by general consent. He contended Americans with reluctance, and promised, 
that the Indians were 
one people, and the 
lands, belonging to the 
whole in common, could 
not be alienated by a 
part. This position was 
combated by Harrison, 
who asserted that the 
lands sold had been so 
disposed of by the oc 
cupants, and that the 
Shawnees had no busi 
ness to interfere. When 
these words were in 
terpreted, Tecumseh, 
with violent gesticula 
tions, declared the gov 
ernor s statements were 
false, and that he and 
the United States had 
cheated and imposed 
upon the Indians. As 
he proceeded with in 
creased violence, his 

warriors sprang to their feet, and be- if the recent cessions were given up, and 
gan to brandish their tomahawks. Har- the principle adopted by the United 
rison started from his chair, and drew States government of taking no more 
hi? sword, as did the officers around him. land from the Indians without the con- 
Winnemack cocked his loaded pistol, and sent of all the tribes, he would be their 
the unarmed citizens caught up whatever friend and ally, for he knew the pretended 
jiiissiles were at hand. The guard of friendship of the British was only selfish- 
soldiers came running up, and were about ness. Yet, if the Americans persevered 
to fire upon the Indians, but were in their methods of getting the land of 
checked by the governor, who asked the the Indians, he should be compelled to 
interpreter what was the matter. On join that people in war against the peo- 
being informed, he denounced Tecumseh pie of the United States, 
as a bad man ; that, as he had come under Before the declaration of war against 
promise of protection, he might depart England in June, 1812, Kentucky and 
in safety, but he must instantly leave the Ohio made preparations for such an event, 
neighborhood. The council broke up, and Early in May Governor Scott, of Ken- 
Tecumseh retired to his camp. On the tiieky, m obedience to instructions from 
following morning, to allay all suspicions, the War Department, had organized ten 
he expressed regret for his conduct, and regiments of volunteers, making an effec- 
asked for and obtained another interview, tive force of 5,500 men; and Governor 

26? 




HARRISON S GRAVE. 



HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY 

Meigs, of Ohio, promptly responded to the army. One detachment of mounted dra- 
call for troops to accompany Hull to De goons, under Colonel Simrall, laid waste 
troit. Genera] Harrison, then governor of (Sept. 19, 1812) the Little Turtle s town 
Indiana Territory, had already caused on the Eel River, excepting the buildings 
block-houses and stockades to be erected erected by the United Stajtes for the then 
in various parts of his territory as de- deceased chief on account of his friend- 
fences against the Indians, and the mill- ship since the treaty of Greenville in 
tiamen were placed in a state of prepara- 1704. Another detachment, under Col. S. 
tion for immediate action when called Wells, was sent, Sept. 16, to destroy a 
upon. Having been authorized by the na- Pottawattomie town on the Elkhart River, 
tional government to call upon Kentucky 00 miles distant; while Colonel Payne 
fcr any portion of its contingent of troops, with another detachment, laid in ashes a 
he repaired to Frankfort, where he was Miami village in the forks of the Wabash, 
honored with a public reception. He ex- and several other towns lower down that 
pressed his views freely concerning the stream, with their corn-fields and gardens, 
imminent peril in which General Hull was General Winchester arrived at Har- 
placed, and suggested a series of military rison s camp on Sept. 18, when the latter 
operations in the Northwest. The fall of resigned his command to that superior in 
Detroit and the massacre at Chicago rank. The troops almost mutinied, for 
caused the greatest excitement in Ken- they revered Harrison. The latter re- 
tucky, and volunteers were offered by turned to St. Mary to collect the mounted 
thousands. It was the general desire of men from Kentucky, to march on towards 
the volunteers and militia of the West Detroit. At Piqua he received a letter 
that Harrison should be their leader from the War Department assigning him 
against the British and Indians. Govern- to the command of the Northwestern army, 
or Scott was requested by some of the which, it was stated, would consist, " in 
leading men in Kentucky to appoint him addition to the regular troops and rangers 
commander-in-chief of the forces of that in that quarter, of the volunteers and mili- 
State, and he was commissioned Aug. 25, tia of Kentucky and Ohio, and 3,000 from 
1812. A corps of mounted volunteers was Virginia and Pennsylvania," making his 
raised, and Maj. Richard M. Johnson be- whole force 10,000 men. He was instruct- 
came their leader. While Harrison was ed to provide for the defence of the fron- 
on his way northward from Cincinnati tiers, and " then to retake Detroit, with 
with his troops he received the commission a view to the conquest of Canada." He 
of brigadier-general from the President, was invested with very ample powers, 
with instructions to take command of all "You will command such means as may 
the forces in the territories of Indiana be practicable," said the despatch from the 
and Illinois, and to co-operate with Gen- War Department. "Exercise your own 
eral Hull and with Governor Howard, of discretion, and act in all cases according 
Missouri. These instructions were issued to your own judgment." His soldiers re- 
before the disaster to Hull was known, joiced, and were ready and eager to fol- 
He hesitated to accept the commission be- low wherever he might lead. He arranged 
cause of the delicate relations in which with care an autumn campaign, which 
it might place him with General Win- contemplated the seizure of the important 
Chester, commander of the Army of the position at the foot of the rapids of the 
Northwest. He pressed forward to Piqua, Maumee, or Miami, and, possibly, the 
and sent a detachment to relieve FORT capture of Maiden and Detroit, making his 
WAYNE (q. v.) . At Piqua Harrison was base of military operations the foot of 
joined by mounted volunteers under John- the rapids (see MEIGS, FORT). There were 
son, when the army in the wilderness of nearly 3,000 troops at St. Mary on Oct. 1. 
Ohio numbered 2,200 men. The Indian Fort Defiance, at the junction of the 
spies reported: " Kaintuckee is crossing Maumee and Auglaize, was made a post 
as numerous as the trees." It was deter- of deposit for provisions, and a corps of 
mined by a council of officers to strike the observation was placed at Sandusky. The 
neighboring Indians with terror by a dis- mounted Kentuckians were formed into a 
play of power. Harrison divided the regiment, and Major Johnson was ap- 

266 



HARBISON, WILLIAM HENRY 




SITE OF FORT DEFIANCE, IN I860. 



pointed its colonel ; 
and these, with Ohio 
mounted men under 
Colonel Findlay, 
formed a brigade com 
manded by Gen. E. 
W. Tupper, of Ohio, 
who had raised about 
1,000 men for the ser 
vice. Harrison order 
ed the construction of 
a new fort near old 
Fort Defiance; but his 
operations were soon 
afterwards disturbed 
by antagonisms be 
tween Tupper and 
Winchester. The lat 
ter dismissed Tupper 
from his command 
and gave it to Allen, 
of the regulars, when 
the Ohio troops abso 
lutely refused to serve 

under any but their old commander, ter pressed on, and there occurred a dread- 
It was really a conflict between regu- ful massacre of troops and citizens on 
lars and volunteers, and the intended Jan. 22, 1813 (see FRENCH/TOWN ) . This 
expedition against Detroit was post- event ended the campaign. With 1,700 
poned. Harrison was much annoyed, but men General Harrison took post on the 
prosecuted his plans with extraordi- high right bank of the Maumee, at the 
nary vigor for a winter campaign. Gen- foot of the rapids, and there established 
eral Tupper had entered upon an inde- a fortified camp. Nothing of importance 
pendent expedition with 650 mounted vol- occurred during the winter. Troops were 
unteers, and endeavored to seize the post concentrated there, and in March (1813) 
at the foot of the Maumee Rapids; but, Harrison sent a small force, under Cap- 
after a bold attempt, he was repulsed. by tain Langham, to destroy the British ves- 
the British and Indians there. Some fur- sels frozen in the Detroit River near Am- 
ther attacks upon the Indians succeeded, herstburg (Fort Maiden). The ice in the 
and smoothed the way for the final recov- vicinity had broken up, and the expedi- 
ery of Michigan ; but as winter came on tion was fruitless. The attack on Fort 
the suffering of the troops was severe, Meigs by the British and Indians fol- 
especially of those under Winchester, lowed in May. The attack on Fort 
The whole effective force then (December, Stephenson (see STEPIIENSON, FORT) fol- 
1812) in the Northwest did not exceed lowed, and the summer of 1813 was passed 
6,300, and a small artillery and cavalry in completing arrangements for the inva- 
force. Yet Harrison determined to press sion of Canada. 

on to the rapids and beyond if possible. The veteran Isaac Shelby, then gov- 
On Dec. 30 Winchester moved towards the ernor of Kentucky, joined Harrison at 
rapids. Harrison, having heard of the Camp Seneca, with about 4,000 mounted 
presence of Tecumseh on the Wabash with volunteers from his State. He had called 
a large force of Indians, recommended for a certain number, and twice as many 
Winchester to abandon the movement ; but came as he asked for. They were gathered 
the latter did not heed the advice. He at Newport and Cincinnati. With Maj. 
reached the rapids, and was summoned to John Adair and John J. Crittenden as 
the River Raisin to defend the inhabitants his aides, Governor Shelby pressed for- 
at Frenchtown and its vicinity. Winches- ward towards Lake Erie. Col. Richard M. 

267 



HARBISON, WILLIAM HENRY 

Johnson s troop was among Shelby s men. entered Amherstburg with the bands 
Harrison was rejoiced to see them come, playing Yankee Doodle. The loyal inhabi- 
Perry had secured the coveted control of tants had fled with the army. The flotilla 
Lake Erie, and thus reinforced and en- arrived at Detroit on the 29th, and the 
couraged, Harrison moved immediately, same day Colonel Johnson arrived with 
and on Sept. 15-16, 1813, the whole army his troop of cavalry. Harrison had en- 
of the Northwest excepting some troops camped at Sandwich, and all started in 
holding Fort Meigs and minor posts were pursuit. The enemy was overtaken at 
on the borders of the lake, at a point now the Moravian Towns, on the Thames, and 
called Port Clinton. General McArthur, defeated in battle (see THAMES, BATTLE 
who had succeeded Clay in command of op THE). Detroit and all Michigan were 
Fort Meigs, was ordered to embark artil- recovered. All that Hull had lost was 
lery, provisions, and stores from that regained. Col. Lewis Cass was left 
place, and on the 20th the embarkation at Detroit, with a strong garrison, as 
of the army upon Perry s vessels began, military governor of the territory. Soon 
The weather was delightful, and the whole after his victory General Harrison re- 
army were in high spirits. They rendez- signed his commission, 
voused first at Put-in-Bay Island, on the Inaugural Address. On March 4, 1841, 
24th, and the next day were upon the the President for a single month only 
Middle Sister Island. The Kentuckians delivered the following address: 
had left their horses on the peninsula 

between Sandusky Bay and Portage River, Called from a retirement which I had 
and were organized as infantry. In six- supposed was to continue for the residue 
teen armed vessels and about 100 boats of my life to fill the chief executive office 
the armament started from the Detroit of this great and free nation, I appear 
River. On the way a stirring address by before you, fellow-citizens, to take the 
General Harrison was read to the troops, oath which the Constitution prescribes 
which concluded as follows : " The gen- as a necessary qualification for the per- 
eral entreats his brave troops to remember formance of its duties ; and in obedience 
that they are sons of sires whose fame to a custom coeval with our government 
is immortal; that they are to fight for and what I believe to be your expectations, 
the rights of their insulted country, while I proceed to present to you a summary 
their opponents combat for the unjust cf the principles which will govern me 
pretensions of a master. Kentuckians, in the discharge of the duties which I 
remember the River Raisin! but remember shall be called upon to perform, 
it only while victory is suspended. The It was the remark of a Roman consul 
revenge of a soldier cannot be gratified in an early period of that celebrated 
upon a fallen enemy." Expecting to be republic that a most striking contrast 
attacked at their landing-place, the troops was observable in the conduct of candi- 
were debarked, Sept. 28, in perfect dates for offices of power and trust before 
battle order, on Hartley s Point, nearly 4 and after obtaining them, they seldom 
miles below Amherstburg. No enemy was carrying out in the latter case the 
there. Proctor, who was in command at pledges and promises made in the for- 
Fort Maiden, taking counsel of prudence mer. However much the world may have 
and fear, and in opposition to the earnest improved in many respects in the lapse 
entreaties and indignant protests of his of upward of 2,000 years since the re- 
officers and Tecumseh, had fled northward mark was made by the virtuous and in- 
with his army and all he could take with dignant Roman, I fear that a strict ex- 
him, leaving Fort Maiden, the navy build- amination of the annals of some of the 
ings, and the storehouses smoking ruins, modern elective governments would develop 
As the Americans approached the town, similar instances of violated confidence, 
they met, instead of brave Britons and Although the fiat of the people has 
painted savages, a troop of modest women gone forth proclaiming me the chief 
who came to implore mercy and protec- magistrate of this glorious Union, noth- 
tion. Their fears were removed by the ing upon their part remaining to be 
kind-hearted leaders, and the Americans done, it may be thought that a motive 

268 



HABRISON, WILLIAM HENBY 

may exist to keep up the delusion under of no government by divine right, be- 
which they may be supposed to have act- lieving that so far as power is concerned 
ed in relation to my principles and opin- the beneficent Creator has made no dis- 
ions; and perhaps there may be some in tinction among men; that all are upon 
this assembly who have come here either an equality; and that the only legitimate 
prepared to condemn those I shall now right to govern is an express grant of 
deliver, or, approving them, to doubt the power from the governed. The Constitu- 
sincerity with which they are now uttered, tion of the United States is the instru- 
Eut the lapse of a few months will con- ment containing this grant of power to 
firm or dispel their fears. The outline the several departments composing the 
of principles to govern measures to be government. On an examination of that 
adopted by an administration not yet be- instrument it will be found to contain 
gun will soon be exchanged for immuta- declarations of power granted and of pow- 
ble history, and I shall stand either exon- er withheld. The latter is also suscepti- 
erated by my countrymen, or classed with ble of division into power which the ma- 
the mass of those who promised that they jority had the right to grant, but which 
might deceive and flattered with the in- they did not think proper to intrust to 
tention to betray. However strong may their agents, and that which they could 
be my present purpose to realize the ex- not have granted, not being pos