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Full text of "Harper's encyclopedia of United States history from 458 A.D. to 1905 Volume 6"

Cefyrigkttd by Com-tney, .-//;//, 1696. Canton, Ohio. 




EDITION 



HARPER S ENCYCLOPEDIA 

of 

UNITED STATES HISTORY 

FROM 458 A.D. TO 1905 

BASED UPON THE PLAN OF 

BENSON JOHN LOSSINQ, LL.D. 

SOMETIME EDITOR OF "THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL RECORD" AND AUTHOR OF 
"THE PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION " "THE PICTORIAL FIELD- 
BOOK OF THE WAR OF l8l2" ETC., ETC., ETC. 

WITH SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS COVERING EVERY PHASE OF AMERICAN HISTORY AND 
DEVELOPMENT BY EMINENT AUTHORITIES, INCLUDING 

JOHN FISKE. WOODROW WILSON, Ph.D., LL.D. 

THE AMERICAN HISTORIAN PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 

WM.R. HARPER, Ph.D., LL.D., D.D. GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L., LL.D. 

PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PROF. OF HISTORY UNIV. OF TORONTO 

ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Ph.D. MOSES COIT TYLER, LL.D. 

FROF. OF HISTORY AT HARVARD PROF. OF HISTORY AT CORNELL 

JOHN B. MOORE. EDWARD G. BOURNE, Ph.D. 

PROF. OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AT COLUMBIA PROF. OF HISTORY AT YALE 

JOHN FRYER, A.M., LL.D. R. J. H. GOTTHEIL, Ph.D. 

PROF. OF LITERATURE AT UNIV. OF CALIFORNIA PROF. OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES AT COLUMBIA 

WILLIAM T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D. ALFRED T. MAHAN, D.C.L., LL.D. 

V. S. COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION CAPTAIN UNITED STATES NAVY (Retired) 

ETC., ETC., ETC., ETC. 

WITH A PREFACE ON THE STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY BY 

WOODROW WILSON, PH.D., LL.D. 

PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 

AUTHOR OP 

"A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE" ETC., ETC. 

WITH ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, PORTRAITS, MAPS, PLANS, &c. 

COMPLETE IN TEN VOLUMES 
VOL. VI 

HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS 
NEW YORK 1905 = LONDON 



Copyright, 1905, by HARPER & BROTHERS. 

Copyright, 1901, by HARPER & BROTHERS. 

All rights reserved. 



LIST OF PLATES 



PRESIDENT WILLIAM McKiNLEY Frontispiece 

GENERAL GEORGE B. MCCLELLAN Facing page 8 

PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON . . " " 70 

THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY " "96 

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL NELSON A. MILES .... " " 180 

PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE ......... " " 240 

ALONG THE WATER-FRONT, OLD NEW YORK . . " " 432 



HARPERS ENCYCLOPEDIA 



OF 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



M. 



Mabie, HAMILTON WRIGHT, essayist; 
born in Cold Spring, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1845; 
was educated at Williams College and at 
Columbia University; and became asso 
ciate editor of The Outlook. He is a 
trustee of Williams and Barnard Colleges, 
and president of the New York Kinder 
garten Association. His publications in 
clude Essays on Work and Culture; Es 
says on Books and Culture; Essays on 
Nature and Culture; My Study Fire; 
Under the Trees and Elsewhere; Short 
Studies in Literature; Essays on Literary 
Interpretation; Norse Stories Retold from 
the Eddas, etc. 

McAfee, EGBERT BRECKINRIDGE, law 
yer; born in Mercer county, Ky., in Febru 
ary, 1784. During the War of 1812 he 
served in the Northwestern army, becom 
ing captain in the regiment of Col. Rich 
ard M. Johnson ; was prominent in the 
politics of Kentucky, of which he was 
lieutenant-governor in 1820-24. He pub 
lished a History of the War of 1812. He 
died in Mercer county, Ky., March 12, 
1849. 

McAlester, MILES DANIEL, military of 
ficer; born in New York, March 21, 1833; 
graduated at West Point in 1856, and 
entered the engineer corps in May, 1861. 
He was one of the most useful of the en 
gineer officers of the United States army 
during the Civil War, being successively 
chief engineer in a corps of the Army of 
the Potomac, of the Department of the 
Ohio, at the siege of Vicksburg, and of 
the Military Division of the West. In 

VT. A 



1863-64 he was assistant Professor of En 
gineering at West Point. He was in many 
battles of the war, and assisted in reduc 
ing several strongholds in the vicinity of 
Mobile. He died in Buffalo, N. Y., April 
23, 1869. 

MacAlister, JAMES, educator; born in 
Glasgow, Scotland, April 26, 1840; was 
educated at Brown University and at the 
University of New York. In 1874-81 he 
was superintendent of public schools in 
Milwaukee, Wis., and in 1883-91 held the 
same office in Philadelphia, Pa. He then 
became president of the Drexel Institute 
in the latter city. He is a member of the 
American Philosophical Society, and has 
published Drexel Institute; Philadelphia; 
and many addresses, reports, and papers 
on education. 

McAllister, FORT, CAPTURE OF. As 
Sherman s army, marching from Atlanta 
to the sea, approached Savannah, they 
found Fort McAllister, at the mouth of 
the Ogeechee River, a bar to free communi 
cation w T ith the ocean, and on Dec. 13, 
1864, General Hazen was ordered to carry 
it by assault. With a division of the 15th 
Corps Hazen crossed the Ogeechee at 
King s Bridge, and at 1 P.M. that day his 
force was in front of the fort a strong 
enclosed redoubt, garrisoned by 200 men 
under Major Anderson. Sherman and 
Howard repaired to a signal-station where, 
with glasses, they could see the move 
ments against the fort. Hazen s bugles 
sounded and the division moved to the as 
sault. A little before a National steamer 



McALPINE MAcARTHUR 



appeared below the fort, to communicate 
with the National army, but her com 
mander was not sure whether Fort Mc 
Allister was still in the hands of the Con 
federates. All doubt was soon removed. 
Hazen s charging troops, after a brief but 
desperate struggle, fighting hand-to-hand 
over the parapet, won a complete victory. 
The fort, garrison, and armament were 
soon in possession of the Nationals, who 
in the struggle had lost ninety men, killed 
and wounded. The Confederates lost near 
ly fifty men. Sherman had seen the entire 
conflict, and when the American flag 
waved over the fort, he and Howard 
hastened thither in a small boat, unmind- 



two years he was the chief engineer and 
acting president of the Erie Railroad. 
During the building of the new capitol at 
Albany he was one of the consulting en 
gineers. He died in New Brighton, Staten 
Island, N. Y., Feb. 16, 1890. 

MacArthur, ARTHUR, military officer; 
born in Massachusetts, June 1, 1845; son 
of Judge Arthur MacArthur ; of Scotch 
descent. He entered the Union army as 
first lieutenant and adjutant of the 24th 
Wisconsin Infantry, Aug. 4, 1862; was 
promoted major, Jan. 25, 1864, and lieu 
tenant-colonel and brevet colonel in May, 
1865. On Feb. 23, 1866, he was com 
missioned successively second lieutenant 




FORT MCALLISTER. 



ful of the danger of explosion of torpe 
does, with which the river bottom was 
strewn. 

McAlpine, WILLIAM JARVIS, civil en 
gineer; born in New York City in 1812; 
was educated in New York, and in 1827- 
46 was an engineer in the construction of 
the Erie Canal. Afterwards he was chief 
engineer of the construction of dry-docks 
in the Brooklyn navy - yard. He became 
New York State Engineer in 1857, and 
was made State Railroad Commissioner 
two years later. In 1868 he was elected 
president of the American Society of 
Civil Engineers. In 1870 he won the 
prize which had been offered by the Aus 
trian government for the best plan for 
improving that part of the Danube River 
known as " The Iron Gates." Mr. Mc- 
Alpine constructed the first water-works 
in the cities of Chicago and Albany. For 



and first lieutenant in the 17th United 
States Infantry; was promoted captain 
in the 36th Infantry, July 28, 1866, and 
transferred to the 26th Infantry, Sept. 21 
of the same year; was promoted major 
and assistant adjutant - general, July 1, 
1889; lieutenant - colonel, May 26, 1896. 
During the Civil War he made an excep 
tionally brilliant record, and was several 
times mentioned in orders for conspicuous 
gallantry and daring. On one occasion 
he recaptured some Union batteries at the 
very moment the Confederates were about 
to turn them on the Union forces, and 
took ten battle flags and 400 prisoners. He 
signally distinguished himself in the bat 
tles of Stone River, Missionary Ridge, 
Perryville, Ky. ; Dandridge, and Franklin, 
Tenn., and in the Atlanta campaign. For 
his exceptional gallantry in the battle of 
Missionary Ridge he was awarded one of 



MAcARTHUR, ARTHUR 



the congressional medals of honor. After 
the declaration of war against Spain, in 




ARTHUR JlAcARTHCR. 

1898, he was appointed a brigadier-general 
of volunteers. He was one of the first 
general officers to be sent to the Philip 
pines, and for his services at the capture 
of the city of Manila was promoted to 
major-general, Aug. 13. At the time of 
the Filipino attack on the Americans in 
the suburbs of Manila, Feb. 4, 1899, he 
was in command of the 2d division of the 
8th Army Corps, which included the fa 
mous 20th Kansas Regiment, under com 
mand of COL. FREDERICK FOTTSTON (q. v. ), 
and the equally famous Utah Battery. 
On Jan. 2, 1900, he was promoted to 
brigadier-general in the regular army ; 
on the relief of GEN. ELWELL S. OTIS 
(q. v.) as commander of the Military 
Division of the Philippines, soon after 
wards General MacArthur was appointed 
his successor; and on the reorganization 
of the army, in February, 1901, he was 
promoted to major-general U. S. A., and 
confirmed as commander of the Division 
of the Philippines. 

Proclaiming Amnesty. Under instruc 
tions from Washington, he promised am 
nesty to the Filipino insurgents in the 
following terms: 

" MANILA, June 21, 1900. 
" By direction of the President of the 
United States the undersigned announces 
amnesty, with complete immunity for the 
past and absolute liberty of action for the 
future, to all persons who are now or at 



any time since Feb. 4, 1899, have been in 
insurrection against the United States in 
either a military or a civil capacity, and 
who shall within a period of ninety days 
from the date hereof formally renounce all 
connection with such insurrection and sub 
scribe to a declaration acknowledging and 
accepting the sovereignty and authority of 
the United States in and over the Philippine 
Islands. The privilege herewith published 
is extended to all concerned, without any 
reservation whatever, excepting that persons 
who have violated the laws of war during 
the period of active hostilities are not em 
braced within the scope of this amnesty. 

" All who desire to take advantage of the 
terms herewith set forth are requested to 
present themselves to the commanding officers 
of the American troops at the most convenient 
station, who will receive them with due con 
sideration according to rank, make provision 
for their immediate wants, prepare the neces 
sary records and thereafter permit each in 
dividual to proceed to any part of the archi 
pelago according to his own wishes, for which 
purpose the United States will furnish such 
transportation as may be available either by 
railway, steamboat, or wagon. Prominent 
persons who may desire to confer with the 
military governor, or with the Board of 
American Commissioners, will be permitted to 
visit Manila, and will, as far as possible, 
be provided with transportation for that 
purpose. 

" In order to mitigate as much as possible 
consequences resulting from the various dis 
turbances which since 1896 have succeeded 
each other so rapidly, and to provide in some 
measure for destitute soldiers during the 
transitory period which must inevitably suc 
ceed a general peace, the military authorities 
of the United States will pay 30 pesos to 
each man who presents a rifle in good con 
dition. ARTHUR MACARTHUR, 
" Major-General, United States Volunteers, 
Military Governor." 



Defining Restraints of Martial Law. 
On Dec. 20, 1900, he issued the following 
proclamation, ordering the strict enforce 
ment of martial law against the Filipino 
insurgents, and further defining the in 
tentions of the United States government: 

" In the armed struggle against the sov 
ereign power of the United States now in 
progress in these islands frequent violations 
of important provisions of the laws of war 
have recently manifested themselves, ren 
dering it imperative, while rejecting every 
consideration of belligerency of those oppos 
ing the government in the sense in which the 
term belligerency is generally accepted and 
understood, to remind all concerned of the 
existence of these laws, that exemplary 
punishments attach to the infringement 
thereof, and that their strict observance is 
required, not only by combatant forces, but 
as well by non-combatants, native or alien, 



MAC ARTHUR Me ARTHUR 



residing within occupied places. In pur 
suance of this purpose reference is made to 
the certain provisions of the laws of war, as 
most essential for consideration under pres 
ent condition. 

" Notice is accordingly given to the insur 
gent leaders already committed to, or who 
may be contemplating a system of war, that 
the practice thereof will necessarily ter 
minate the possibility of those engaging 
therein returning to normal civic relations 
in the Philippines. That is to say, persons 
charged with violation of the laws of war 
must, sooner or later, be tried for felonious 
crimes, with all the attending possibilities 
of conviction ; or, as an only means of escape 
therefrom, must become fugitive criminals 
beyond the jurisdiction of the United States, 
which, in effect, means life-long expatriation." 

Here the rules of war as applying to 
persons residing in an occupied place who 
are working against the government are 
cited. 

" The principal object of this proclamation 
Is to instruct all classes throughout the 
archipelago as to the requirements of the 
laws of war in respect of the particulars 
herein referred to, and to advise all con 
cerned of the purpose to exact, in the future, 
precise compliance therewith. The practice 
of sending supplies to insurgent troops from 
places occupied by the United States, as is 
now the case, must cease. If contumacious or 
faint-hearted persons continue to engage in 
this traffic they must be prepared to answer 
for their actions under the penalties de 
clared in this article. 

" The remarks embodied in the foregoing 
rules apply with special force to the city of 
Manila, which is well known as a rendezvous 
from which an extensive correspondence is 
distributed to all parts of the archipelago 
by sympathizers with and by emissaries of 
the insurrection. All persons in Manila or 
elsewhere are again reminded that the entire 
archipelago, for the time being, is neces 
sarily under the rigid restraints of martial 
law, and that any contribution of advice, in 
formation, or supplies, and all correspond 
ence the effect of which is to give aid, sup 
port, encouragement, or comfort to the armed 
opposition in the field, are flagrant violations 
of American interests, and persons so en 
gaged are warned to conform to the laws 
which apply to occupied places as herein set 
forth. 

" The newspapers and other periodicals or 
Manila are especially admonished that any 
article published in the midst of such mar 
tial environment which by any construction 
can be classed as seditious must be regard 
ed as intended to injure the army of occu 
pation and as subjecting all connected with 
the publication to such punitive action as 
may be determined by the undersigned. 

" Men who participate in hostilities with 
out being part of a regularly organized 
force, and without sharing continuously in 
Its operations, but who do so with intermit 



tent returns to their homes and avocations, 
divest themselves of the character of sol 
diers, and, if captured, are not entitled to 
the privileges of prisoners of war. It is well 
known that many of ttre occupied towns 
support and encourage men who habitually 
assume the semblance of peaceful pursuits, 
but who have arms hidden outside of the 
towns, and periodically slip out to take part 
in guerilla war. 

" The fact that such men have not hereto 
fore been held responsible for their actions 
is simply an evidence of the solicitude of 
the United States to avoid all appearance of 
harshness in pacifying the islands, and not 
of any defect in the law itself. The people 
of the archipelago are now instructed as to 
the precise nature of the law applicable in 
such cases, and are warned to mistrust lead 
ers who not only require soldiers to expose 
themselves to the ordinary vicissitudes of 
campaign, but insist upon duties that neces 
sarily expose all who engage therein to the 
possibility of trial for a capital offence." 

McArthur, DUNCAN, military officer; 
born in Dutchess county, N. Y., June 14, 
1772. His father removed to the Ohio 
frontier of Pennsylvania when Duncan 
was only eight years of age. At eighteen 
he volunteered in defence of the frontier 
against the Indians, and served in Har- 
mar s campaign ( see HARMAR, JOSIAH ) . 
McArthur became a surveyor, and, pur- 




DUNCAN MCARTHUR. 



chasing large tracts, became possessed of 
much landed wealth. He was a member 
of the Ohio legislature in 1805, and in 



McARTHUR McCABE 



1808 became major-general of the State 
militia. When war was kindling he was 
chosen colonel of the Ohio volunteers, 
and was second in command at the sur 
render of DETROIT ( q. v. ) . In the spring 
of 1813 he was promoted to brigadier-gen 
eral, and in 1814 succeeded General Har 
rison in command of the Army of the 
West. 

Late in the summer of 1814, the critical 
situation of General Brown s army on 
the Niagara frontier induced General Mc- 
Arthur to make a terrifying raid in the 
western part of Canada, to divert the at 
tention of the British. He arrived at De 
troit Oct. 9, with about 700 mounted men 
which he had raised in Kentucky and 
Ohio. Late in that month he left Detroit 
with 750 men on fleet horses, and, with 
five pieces of cannon, passed up the lake 
and St. Clair River towards Lake Huron, 
to deceive the Canadians. On the morn 
ing of the 25th he suddenly crossed the 
river, pushed on in hot haste to the 
Moravian tow T ns, and on Nov. 4 entered 
the village of Oxford. He appeared un 
heralded, and the inhabitants were great 
ly terrified. There he disarmed and 
paroled the militia, and threatened in 
stant destruction to the property of any 
one who should give notice to any British 
post of his coming. Two men did so, and 
their houses were laid in ashes. On the 
following day he pushed on to Burford, 
where the militia were casting up in- 
trenchments. They fled at his approach, 
and the whole region was excited with 
alarm. The story went before him that 
he had 2,000 men in his train. He aimed 
at Burlington Heights, but at the Mo 
hawk settlement, on the Grand River, 
near Brantford, he was confronted by a 
large body of Indians, militia, and dra 
goons. Another British force, with ar 
tillery, was not far distant, so Mc^rthur 
turned southward, down the Long Point 
road, and drove some militia at a post 
on the Grand River. There he killed 
and wounded seven men and took 
131 prisoners. His own loss was one 
killed and six wounded. He pushed on, 
destroying flouring-mills at work for the 
British army in Canada, and, finding a 
net of peril gathering around him, he 
turned his face westward and hastened to 
Detroit, pursued, from the Thames, by 



1,100 British regulars. He arrived at 
Sanwich, Nov. 17, and there discharged 
his band. That raid was one of the bold 
est operations of the war. He skimmed 
over hundreds of miles of British terri 
tory with the loss of only one man. In 
the fall of 1815 he was elected to the 
Ohio legislature, and in 1816 he was ap 
pointed a commissioner to conclude 
treaties with the Indian tribes. He was 
again an Ohio legislator and speaker of 
the House, and in 1819 was sent to Con 
gress. He was governor of Ohio from 
1830 to 1832, and while in that office 
he met with a serious accident, from which 
he never recovered. He died near Chilli- 
cothe, O., April 28, 1839. 

McBryde, JOHN MCLAREN, educator; 
born in Abbeville, S. C., Jan. 1, 1841; 
graduated at the University of Virginia in 
1860. He served in the Confederate army 
till 1863, when he was transferred to the 
Confederate Treasury Department. At 
the close of the war he engaged in farming 
in Virginia. In 1879-82 he was Professor 
of Botany and Agriculture in the Univer 
sity of Tennessee; and in 1883-87 Pro 
fessor of Botany and president of the South 
Carolina College. He then became presi 
dent of the University of South Carolina 
and director of the South Carolina agri 
cultural experiment station. In 1891 he 
was chosen president of the Virginia Poly 
technic Institute and director of the Vir 
ginia agricultural experiment station. 

McCabe, CHARLES CARDWELL, clergy 
man; born in Athens, 0., Oct. 11, 1836; 
was educated at the Ohio Wesleyan Uni 
versity, and became a member of the Meth 
odist Episcopal Conference in 1860. In 
1862 he was appointed chaplain of the 
122d Ohio Infantry. During the battle of 
Winchester he was taken prisoner, and 
spent four months in Libby prison. Af 
ter his release he rejoined his regiment, 
but soon resigned to enter the service of 
the UNITED STATES CHRISTIAN COMMIS 
SION (q. v.} , for which he raised large 
sums of money. When peace was con 
cluded he settled in Portsmouth, O., and 
was appointed financial agent for Wesley 
an University. In 1884 he became secre 
tary of the Methodist Episcopal Mission 
ary Society, and has since become widely 
known because of the very large sums of 
money he has raised for the society. He 



McCABE McCALLA 



was elected bishop in 1896. He has serve Corps, consisting of 15,000 men, and 
lectured on The Bright Side of Libby was made brigadier-general in May, 1861. 
Prison. This force was converted into three di- 

McCabe, JAMES DABNEY, author; born visions of the Army of the Potomac, under 
in Richmond, Va., July 30, 1842; received his command, and they did gallant service 
an academic education. His publications in McClellan s campaign against Richmond 
include Fanaticism and its Results; Life in 1862. Made captive on the day be 
ef Gen. Thomas J. Jackson; Memoir of fore the battle of Malvern Hills, he suf- 
Gen. Albert S. Johnston; Life and Cam- fered such rigorous confinement in Rich- 
paigns of Gen. Robert E. Lee; Planting mond that he returned home in broken 
the Wilderness; The Great Republic; His- health, and resigned in March, 1863. 
tory of the Grange Movement; Centennial He died in West Chester, Pa., Feb. 26. 
History of the United States; Lights 1868. 

and Shadows of New York Life, etc. McCall, HUGH, military officer; born in 
He died in Germantown, Pa., Jan. 27, South Carolina in 1767; joined the army 
1883. in May, 1704; was promoted captain in 

McCabe, WILLIAM GORDON, educator; August, 1800. When the army was re 
born in Richmond, Va., Aug. 4, 1841; organized in 1802 he was retained in the 
graduated at the University of Virginia 2d Infantry; was brevetted major in July, 
in 1861; served in the Confederate army 1812; and served during the second war 
during the Civil War, becoming a captain with England. He was the author of a 
in the 3d Artillery Corps of the Army of History of Georgia. He died in Savannah, 
Northern Virginia. After the war he Ga., July 9, 1824. 

founded and became head master of the McCalla, BOWMAN HENDRY, naval offi- 
University School in Petersburg, Va., cer; born in Camden, N. J., June 19, 1844; 
which he subsequently removed to Rich- was appointed a midshipman in the navy, 
mond, Va. He is the author of The De- Nov. 30, 1861; was at the Naval Academy 
fence of Petersburg; an edition of C&sar s 
Gallic War; Ballads of Battle and Bra 
very, etc. 

McCall, EDWARD R., naval officer; born 
in Charleston, S. C., Aug. 5, 1790; entered 
the navy as midshipman in 1808, and in 
the summer of 1813 was lieutenant of the 
brig Enterprise. In the action with the 
Boxer, Sept. 4, 1813, his commander (Lieu 
tenant Burrows) was mortally wounded, 
when the command devolved upon McCall, 
who succeeded in capturing the British 
vessel. For this service Congress voted 
him a gold medal. He was made master- 
commander in 1825, and captain in 1835. 
He died in Bordentown, N. J., July 31. 
1853. 

McCall, GEORGE ARCHIBALD, military 
officer; born in Philadelphia, March 16, 
1802; graduated at West Point in 
1822; distinguished himself in the war in 
Florida, and served in the war against 
Mexico, in which he was assistant-adju 
tant-general with the rank of major, at 
the beginning. Late in 1847 he was pro 
moted to major of infantry; was made in 1861-64; promoted ensign, Nov. 1, 1866; 
inspector-general in 1850; and in April, master, Dec. 1 following; lieutenant, 
1853, resigned. When the Civil War broke March 12, 1868; lieutenant-commander, 
out, he organized the Pennsylvania Re- March 26, 1869; commander, Nov. 3, 

6 




BOWMAN HKNDRY McCALLA. 



McC ALLEY Me C ANN 



1884; and captain, March 3, 1899. In 
1890, while commander of the Enterprise, 
he was tried by court-martial on five 
charges, found guilty, and sentenced to 
suspension for three years and to retain 
his number on the list of commanders 
during suspension. During the war with 
Spain he was in command of the Marble- 
head, and so distinguished himself, es 
pecially by his services in Guantanamo 
Bay, that the President cancelled the 
court - martial s sentence of suspension 
at the request of the Secretary of the 
Navy, and the written petition of all his 
classmates. After his promotion to cap 
tain he was given command of the pro 
tected cruiser Newark, with orders to pre 
pare her for the run to the Philippines. 
For the speed with which he accomplished 
this duty he was officially complimented 
by the Navy Department. When the Box 
er troubles in China called for foreign in 
tervention, Captain McCalla was ordered 
to Taku, and there was placed in com 
mand of the first American detachment 
ordered on shore duty. On the march 
headed by Admiral Seymour, of the Brit 
ish navy, planned for the relief of the 
foreign legations in Peking, it was Ca-p- 
tain McCalla s tactical skill that enabled 
the small force to get back to Tientsin, 
after the failure of the attempt. Con 
cerning this movement Admiral Seymour 
said: "That my command pulled out in 
safety is due to Captain McCalla. The 
credit is his, not mine, and I shall recom 
mend the Queen that he and his men be 
recommended by her to the President of 
the United States," and in his official re 
port he said : " I must refer specially to 
Commander McCalla, of the American 
cruiser Neicark, whose services were of the 
greatest value to me and all concerned. 
He was slightly wounded in three places, 
and well merits recognition." On Sept. 
22, 1900, the Secretary of the Navy offi 
cially commended him for his services in 
the operations in China, and on March 
16, 1901, he was further honored by being 
assigned to the command of the new 
battle - ship Kearsarge, one of the most 
enviable posts in the navy. He was pro 
moted rear-admiral July 11, 1903. 

McCalley, HENRY, geologist; born in 
Madison county, Ala., Feb. 11, 1852; 
graduated at the University of Virginia 



in 1875, and became a farmer. In 1877 
he taught school at Demopolis, Ala.; in 
1878-83 was assistant Professor of Chem 
istry in the University of Alabama; in 
1883 - 90 was chemist to the Geological 
Survey of Alabama, and also assistant 
State geologist; and since 1890 has been 
chief assistant geologist of Alabama. He 
is a member of the American Institute of 
Mining Engineers; and the author of 
many geological papers, maps, reports, 
etc. 

McCann, WILLIAM PENN, naval offi 
cer; born in Paris, Ky., May 4, 1830; 
graduated at the United States Naval 
Academy in 1854; entered the navy with 




WILLIAM PENN McCANIf. 



the rank of passed midshipman; was pro 
moted lieutenant, 1855 ; lieutenant - com 
mander, 1862; commander, 1866; captain, 
1876; and commodore, 1887. In the Civil 
War he drove off the Confederate battery 
attacking Franklin s corps at West Point, 
Va., on May 2, 1862; captured the Con 
federate gunboat Teazer, July 4, follow 
ing; was in the battle of Mobile Bay; 
and during the war captured several block 
ade-runners. In 1891 he was commission 
ed an acting rear-admiral and given com 
mand of the South Pacific station. On 
June 4, 1891, after a spirited chase, he 
captured at Iquique, Chile, the steamer 
Itata, which had taken arms and ammu 
nition aboard at San Diego, Cal., for the 
Chilean revolutionists. He sent the ship 
and its cargo back to San Diego, and 
was commended by the Navy Department. 
He was retired in May, 1892. During 



MCCARTHY MC CLELL AN. 



the war with Spain he was recalled to 
service and appointed prize commission 
er for the Southern District of New York. 

McCarthy, JUSTIN, author; born in 
Cork, Ireland, Nov. 22, 1830; visited the 
United States in 1868, and lectured for 
nearly three years. He is the author of 
Prohibitory Legislation in the United 
States; A History of Our Own Times; The 
Story of Mr. Gladstone s Life, etc. 

McCauley, CHARLES ADAM HOKE, or 
nithologist; born in Middletown, Md., July 
13, 1847; graduated at West Point and 
appointed a second lieutenant of the 3d 
Artillery in 1870; transferred to the 2d 
Cavalry in 1878; and promoted first lieu 
tenant in 1879. After his graduation at 
West Point he made a special study of or 
nithology, and in 1876 was appointed or 
nithologist in the Red River exploring 
expedition. His publications include Or 
nithology of the Red River of Texas; The 
San Juan Reconnaissance in Colorado and 
New Mexico ; Reports on the White River 
Indian Agency, Colorado, and the Uinta 
Indian Agency; Pagasa Springs, Colo 
rado : Its Geology and Botany, etc. 

McClellan, CARSWELL, civil engineer; 
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 3, 1835; 
graduated at Williams College in 1855; 
joined the 32d New York Regiment, and 
became topographical assistant on the 
staff of Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys in 
1862. In August, 1864, he was taken pris 
oner, and on being paroled in the follow 
ing November he resigned his commission. 
He published Personal Memoirs and Mili 
tary History of Ulysses S. Grant, vs. the 
Record of the Army of the Potomac. 

McClellan, GEORGE BRINTON, military 
officer ; born in Philadelphia, Dec. 3, 1826 ; 
graduated at West Point in 1846 ; was 
lieutenant of sappers, miners, and pon- 
toniers in the war against Mexico, and 
was commended for gallantry at various 
points from Vera Cruz to the city of 
Mexico. After the war he was instructor 
of bayonet exercise at West Point, and 
his Manual, translated from the French, 
became the text-book of the service. In 
1852 he was engaged with Capt. Randolph 
R. Marcy (afterwards his father-in-law) 
and Gen. C. F. Smith in explorations and 
surveys of Red River, the harbors of 
Texas, and the western part of a proposed 
route for a Pacific railway; also moun 



tain ranges and the most direct route to 
Puget s Sound. He was next sent on a 
secret mission to Santo Domingo; and in 
1855 he was sent with Majors Delafield 
and Mordecai to Europe to study the or 
ganization of European armies and ob 
serve the war in the Crimea. Cap 
tain McClellan left the army in 1857 and 
engaged in civil engineering and as super 
intendent of railroads. He was residing 
in Ohio when the Civil War broke out, 
and was commissioned major-general of 
Ohio volunteers by the governor. He took 
command of all the troops in the Depart 
ment of the Ohio; and after a brief and 
successful campaign in western Virginia, 
was appointed to the command of the 
National troops on the Potomac (after 
wards the Army of the Potomac ) and com 
missioned a major-general of the regular 
army. On the retirement of General Scott 
in November, 1861, he was made general- 
in-chief. His campaign against Richmond 
in 1862 with the Army of the Potomac 
was not successful. He afterwards drove 
General Lee out of Maryland, but his de 
lay in pursuing the Confederates caused 
him to be superseded in command by Gen 
eral Burnside. General McClellan was 
the unsuccessful Democratic candidate 
for President of the United States against 
Mr. Lincoln in 1864 (see below). He re 
signed his commission in the army on the 
day of the election, Nov. 8, and took 
up his residence in New York. After a 
visit to Europe, he became (1868) a 
citizen of New Jersey, and engaged in the 
business of an engineer. The will of Ed 
ward A. Stevens, of Hoboken, made him 
superintendent of the Stevens floating bat 
tery; and he was appointed superintend 
ent of docks and piers in the city of New 
York, which office he resigned in 1872. In 
1877 he was elected governor of New Jer 
sey. He died in Orange, N. J., Oct. 29, 1885. 
Presidential Candidate. On Aug. 29, 
1864, the Democratic National Convention 
assembled in Chicago, 111., and nominated 
General McClellan for the Presidency on 
the following declaration of principles: 



Resolved, that in the future, as in the 
past, we will adhere with unswerving 
fidelity to the Union under the Constitu 
tion, as the only solid foundation of our 
strength, security, and happiness as a 



8 




MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN 



McCLELLAN, GEOBGE BBINTON 



people, and as a framework of government 
equally conducive to the welfare and pros 
perity of all the States, both Northern 
and Southern. 

Eesolved, that this convention does 
explicitly declare, as the sense of the 
American people, that after four years of 
failure to restore the Union by the ex 
periment of war, during which, under the 
pretence of military necessity, or war 
power higher than the Constitution, the 
Constitution itself has been disregarded in 
every part, and public liberty and private 
right alike trodden down, and the material 
prosperity of the country essentially im 
paired, justice, humanity, liberty, and the 
public welfare demand that immediate ef 
forts be made for a cessation of hostilities, 
with a view to an ultimate convention of 
the States or other peaceable means, to 
the end that at the earliest practicable 
moment peace may be restored on the basis 
of the federal Union of the States. 

Resolved, that the direct interference 
of the military authorities of the United 
States in the recent elections held in Ken 
tucky, Maryland, Missouri, and Delaware, 
was a shameful violation of the Constitu 
tion, and a repetition of such acts in the 
approaching election will be held as rev 
olutionary, and resisted with all the 
means and power under our control. 

Resolved, that the aim and object of 
the Democratic party are to preserve the 
federal Union and the rights of the States 
unimpaired; and they hereby declare that 
they consider the administrative usurpa 
tion of extraordinary and dangerous pow 
ers not granted by the Constitution; the 
subversion of the civil by the military 
laws in States not in insurrection; the 
arbitrary military arrest, imprisonment, 
trial, and sentence of American citizens in 
States where civil law exists in full force ; 
the suppression of freedom of speech and 
of the press; the denial of the right of 
asylum ; the open and avowed disregard of 
State rights; the employment of unusual 
test oaths, and the interference with and 
denial of the right of the people to bear 
arms in their defence,,as calculated to pre 
vent a restoration of the Union and the 
perpetuation of a government deriving its 
just powers from the consent of the gov 
erned. 

Resolved, that the shameful disre 



gard by the administration of its duty in 
respect to our fellow-citizens who are now 
and have long been prisoners of war in a 
suffering condition, deserves the severest 
reprobation on the score alike of public 
policy and common humanity. 

Resolved, that the sympathy of the 
Democratic party is heartily and earnest 
ly extended to the soldiers of our army 
and the seamen of our navy, who are and 
have been in the field under the flag of 
their country; and, in the event of its at 
taining power, they will receive all the 
care, protection, and regard that the brave 
soldiers and sailors of the republic have 
so nobly earned. 

His letter of acceptance was as fol 
lows: 

" ORANGE, N. J., Sept. 8. 
" To Hon. Horatio Seymour and others, com 
mittee, etc.: 

" GENTLEMEN, I have the honor to acknowl 
edge the receipt of your letter informing me 
of my nomination by the Democratic National 
Convention, recently held at Chicago, as their 
candidate at the next election for President 
of the United States. 

" It is unnecessary for me to say to you 
that this nomination comes to me unsought. 
I am happy to know that, when the 
nomination was made, the record of my 
public life was kept in view. The effect 
of long and varied service in the army, dur 
ing war and peace, has been to strengthen, 
and make indelible in my mind and heart the 
love and reverence for the Union, Constitu 
tion, laws, and flag of our country im 
pressed upon me in early youth. These feel 
ings have thus far guided the course of my 
life, and must continue to do so until its 
end. The existence of more than one govern 
ment over the region which once owned our 
flag is incompatible with the peace, the 
power, and the happiness of the people. The 
preservation of our Union was the sole 
avowed object for which the war was com 
menced. It should have been conducted for 
that object only, and in accordance with 
those principles which I took occasion to 
declare when in active service. Thus con- 
" ducted the work of reconciliation would have 
been easy, and we might have reaped the 
benefits of our many victories on land and 
sea. 

" The Union was originally formed by the 
exercise of a spirit of conciliation and com 
promise. To restore and preserve it, the 
same spirit must prevail in our councils and 
in the hearts of the people. The re-estab 
lishment of the Union, in all its integrity, is 
and must continue to be the indispensable 
condition in any settlement. So soon as it 
is clear, or even probable, that our present 
adversaries are ready for peace upon the 
basis of the Union, we should exhaust all 
the resources of statesmanship practised by 



McCLELLAN McCLERNAND 



civilized nations, and taught by the traditions 
ot the American people, consistent with the 
honor and interests of the country, to secure 
such peace, re-establish the Union, and 
guarantee for the future the constitutional 



" Let me add what I doubt not was, al- 
though unexpressed, the sentiment of the 
convention, as it is of the people they repre- 
sent, that when any one State is willing to 
return to the Union it should be received 
at once with a full guarantee of all its con- 
stitutional rights. If a frank, earnest, and 
persistent effort to obtain these objects 
should fail, the responsibility for ulterior 
consequences will fall upon those who remain 
in arms against the Union, but the Union 
must be preserved at all hazards. I could 

Se army in and e nTy TlThave ll 

many bloody battles, and tell them that their 
labors, and the sacrifices of so many of our 
slain and wounded brethren, had been in vain, 
that we had abandoned that Union for which 
we have so often perilled our lives. A vast 
majority of our people, whether in the army 
and navy or at home, would, as I would, 



1886, became a journalist in New York 

nu,, +,. * 1. XT -v i 

treasurer of the New York and 

Brooklyn Bridge in 1889; admitted to the 
bar in 1892; president .of the New York 

^ d of ald in 1893 - 94 ; el - ted 

to Con gress as a Democrat in 1895, 1897, 

and 1899, and mayor of New York in 1903. 

McClellan, HENRY BRAINERD, educator 

born in philndplnhia Pa Opt 17 1 Sdo . 

ia L a l Ct> 1/! J 
graduated at Williams College in 1858; 

joined the Confederate army in 1862; 

was made assistant adjutant-general of 

-, ,, . < -KT ^ ,... 

? avalrv ln the Army of Northern Virginia 

i n 1863; was also chief of staff to Gens. 
Wade Hampton and James E B. Stuart 

He , beca P?^ f the Sayre Fe- 
Institute in Lexington, Ky., in 
1870. He published Life and Campaigns 
of Maj. - Gen. J. E. B. Stuart Corn- 
mnrir i et . ~f t i, a r*^j . f -n, f 

ander f the VarnAm of the Army of 

northern Virginia, etc. 

McClelland, ROBERT, statesman; born 



under the Constitution, without the effusion 
of another drop of blood, but no peace can 
be permanent without Union. 



say that I should seek in the Constitution of 
the United States, and the laws framed in 



deavor to restore economy in public expendi- 
tures, re-establish the supremacy of the law, 
and by the operation of a more vigorous 



dition of our finances, the depreciation of 
the paper money, and the burdens thereby 
imposed on labor and capital, show the neces- 
sity of a return to a sound financial system, 
while the rights of citizens and the rights 
of States, and the binding authority of law 
over the President, army, and people, are 

th an in 8 peace ^ ^^ importance ln wau 

" Believing that the views here expressed 

are those of the convention, and the people 

you represent, I accept the nomination. I 



. 
. Dlckin son College in 1829; ad- 

mitted to the bar in 1831; removed to 
Michigan in 1833 ; elected to the State 

Congress as a 

in 1843; and governor in 1852. 
He resigned the last office to become Secre- 

f 5" I ? ta S r 

He died in De- 

troit, Mich., Aug. 27, 18SO. 

McClernand, JOHN ALEXANDER mili- 
b Breckenridge county, 
. * 1812. His family removed 

to Illinois while he was a small child. 

He was admitted to the bar in 1832- 
aor , 70 j , +!, T.I i TT i ,-,7 
f erved in the Black Hawk War engaged 
m trade and journalism; and was in the 
Illinois legislature at different times be- 
tween 1836 and 1842. He was in Congress 
in 1 843 ~ 5 1 and 1859-61, when, the war 
breaking out, he resigned and, with others, 
raised a brigade of volunteers. He dis- 

^r^ h Self at B T ^ *>1 
Conscious of my own weakness, I can only and was made brigadier-general. After 
seek fervently the guidance of the Ruler of the battle of FORT DONELSON (q. v ) he 

niajor-general; commanded 
the battle of Shiloh; suc- 



ru 

peace to a suffering people, and to establish 

and guard their liberties and rights. ceeded General Sherman in command of 

" Very respectfully, 

GEO. B. MCCLBLLAN." 
McClellan, GEORGE BRINTON, lawyer 



the army engaged in the Vicksburg ex- 
pe dition in January, 1863; distinguished 
, himself in the battles that followed ; corn- 

born in Dresden, Saxony, Nov. 23, 1865; manded the 13th Army Corps till July, 
son of Gen. George B. McClellan: 1863; and resigned his commission Nov. 
graduated at Princeton University in 30, 1864. Subsequently he engaged in law 

10 



McCLOSKEY McCOOK 



practice in Springfield, 111., till his death, South; Lincoln and Men of War-Times; 
Sept. 20, 1900. Our Presidents and How \\ c Make Them, 

McCloskey, JOHN, cardinal ; born in etc. 

Brooklyn, N. Y., March 20, 1810; grad- McClure, JAMES GORE KING, educator; 
uated at St. Mary s College, in Maryland, born in Albany, N. Y., Nov. 24, 1848 : 
in 1827; prepared for the priesthood, graduated at Yale University in 1870, and 
and was ordained in 1834. He was at Princeton Theological Seminary in 
chosen the first president of St. John s 1873; and in the following year was or- 
College, at Fordham, and at the age of dained a Presbyterian minister. In 1874- 
thirty-four was consecrated coadjutor to 79 he held a pastorate in New Scotland, 
Bishop Hughes, whom he succeeded at the N. Y.; in 1881-97 in Lake Forest, 111.; 
latter s death in 1864. On March 15, 1875, and in 1897 was elected president of the 
Archbishop McCloskey was elevated to the Lake Forest University. He is author of 
cardinalate, being the first American priest History of New Scotland, N. Y.; Presby 
terian Church; Possibilities; and The Man 
Who Wanted Help. 

McClure, SIR ROBERT JOHN LE ME- 
SURIER, arctic explorer; born in Wexford, 
Ireland, Jan. 28, 1807. In 1850-54 he ex 
plored the polar seas north of America in 
the ship Investigator, and was the first to 
discover the long-sought northwest ocean 
passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
waters. For this discovery he was knight 
ed and presented with $20,000. He died 
in London, England, Oct. 14, 1873. 

McConnell, SAMUEL D., clergyman; 
born in Westmoreland county, Pa., in 
1846; graduated at Washington and Jef 
ferson College in 18C8; was ordained in 
the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1873. 
After serving churches in several cities he 
became rector of Holy Trinity Church, 

He exercised the office Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1896. His publica- 
with great dignity, and died in New York tions include History of the American 
City, Oct. 10, 1885. Episcopal Church; The Next Step in 

McClure, ALEXANDER KELLY, journal- Christianity, etc. 

ist; born in Sherman s Valley, Pa., Jan. McCook, ALEXANDER MCDOWELL, mili- 
9, 1828; was educated at home; and in tary officer; born in Columbiana county, 
1842 was apprenticed to the tanner s O., April 22, 1831; a son of MAJ. DAN- 
trade. In 1846-50 he edited the Mifflin IEL McCoOK (q. v.) graduated at West 
Sentinel, and in 1850-56 the Chambers- Point in 1852; served against the Indiana 
burg Repository. In the latter year he in New Mexico in 1857; was assistant in- 
was admitted to the bar. In 1857-59 he structor of tactics at West Point in 1858- 
was a member of the Pennsylvania legislat- 01; and was colonel of the 1st Ohio Regi-. 
ure; in 1862-64 he again edited the Cham- ment at the battle of Bull Run. In Sep- 
bersburg Repository; and in 1868-73 prac- tember, 1861, he was commissioned briga- 
tised law in Philadelphia. In 1872 he was dier-general of volunteers, and in July, 
a State Senator and in 1873 an unsuc- 1862, having distinguished himself at Shi- 
cessful independent candidate for mayor loh and Corinth, he was promoted major- 
of Philadelphia, being defeated by a small general. He fought in the battle of Perry- 
plurality only. In 1875 he became editor- ville in command of the 1st Corps of the 
in-chief of the Philadelphia Times, and Army of the Ohio, and commanded the 
in March, 1901, retired therefrom. His right wing in the battle at STONE RIVER 
publications include Three Thousand Miles (q. v.). He was afterwards in command 
Through the Rocky Mountains; The of the 20th Army Corps, and fought in the 

11 




CARDINAL M CLOSKEY. 



ever so honored. 



McCOOK 




ALEXANDER MCDOWELL McCOOK. 



gan, in his raid, and died near Buffing- 
ton s Island, O., July 21, 1863. Ten of 
his sons served in the Union army. 

McCook, DANIEL, military officer; born 
in Carrollton, 0., July. 22, 1834; another 
son of Major McCook; graduated at the 
Alabama University in 1858; studied law, 
and after being admitted to the bar in 
Steubenville, O., settled in Leavenworth, 
Kan. At the beginning of the Civil Wai- 
he entered the Union army as captain 
of a local company. Later he was chief 
of staff of the 1st division of the Army 
of the Ohio in the campaign of Shiloh. 
He became colonel of the 52d Ohio Infan 
try in 18G2, and was assigned to com 
mand a brigade under General Sherman. 
In July, 1864, he was selected by General 
Sherman to lead the assault against the 
Confederates at Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., 

battle of CHICKAMAUGA (q. v.) . In 1890 and, while doing so, was mortally wound- 
he was promoted to brigadier-general ; and ed > dying July 21, 1864. Five days be- 
in 1894 to major-general; and was retired f ore his death he was promoted briga- 
April 22, 1895. He died in Dayton, Ohio, dier-general of volunteers. 
June 12, 1903. McCook, EDWARD MOODY, military offi- 

McCook, ANSON GEORGE, military offi- cer; born at Steubenville, O., June 15, 
cer; born in Steubenville, O., Oct. 10, 1833; a nephew of Major McCook. He 
1S35: another son of Major McCook; was was an active politician in Kansas, and 
educated in the common schools of New was a member of its legislature in 1860. 
Lisbon, 0. ; spent several years in Cali 
fornia; and was admitted to the bar in 
1861. When the Civil War broke out he 
entered the Union army as a captain in 
the 2d Ohio Infantry ; was in the first bat 
tle of Bull Run ; and on the reorganization 
of his regiment for three years service 
became colonel, and served with the Army 
of the Cumberland, and later in the At 
lanta campaign, becoming a brigadier- 
general. After the war he was United 
States assessor of internal revenues at 
Steubenville, O., till 1873; then removed 
to New York City. He was a Eepublican 
Representative in Congress in 1877-83; 
secretary of the United States Senate in 
1887-93; and chamberlain of the city of 
New York in 1893-97. 

McCook, DANIEL, military officer; born 
in Canonsburg, Pa., June 20, 1798; was 
educated at Jefferson College, and subse 
quently settled in Carrollton, 0. He was 
sixty-three years old at the beginning of 
the Civil War, but offered his services 
to the government, and entered the army He was an efficient cavalry officer during 
as a major. He was mortally wounded the Civil War, rising to the rank of brig- 
while trying to intercept Gen. John Mor- adier-general in April, 1864. He was in 

12 





McCOOK McCOBMICK 



the principal battles in Kentucky, Ten 
nessee, and northern Georgia, and in the 
Atlanta campaign commanded a division 
and was distinguished for skill and 
bravery in quick movements. 

During the siege of Atlanta he was or 
dered to move out to Fayetteville and, 
sweeping round, join Stoneman leading 
another cavalry raid at Lovejoy s Sta 
tion on the night of July 28. He and 
Stoneman moved simultaneously. McCook 
went down the west side of the Chatta- 
hoochee; crossed it on a pontoon bridge 
at Rivertown; tore up the track between 
Atlanta and West Point, near Palmetto 
Station; and pushed on to Fayetteville, 
where he captured 500 of Hood s wagons 
and 250 men, and killed or carried away 
about 1,000 mules. Pressing on, he struck 
and destroyed the Macon Railway at Love- 
joy s at the appointed time; but Stone 
man did not join him. Being hard press 
ed by Wheeler s cavalry, McCook turned 
to the southward and struck the West 
Point road again at Newman s Station. 
There he was met by a force of Missis 
sippi infantry moving on Atlanta, and, at 
the same time, his rear was closely press 
ed by Confederate cavalry. He fought at 
great odds, but escaped with a loss of 
his prisoners and 500 of his own men. 
In 1865 he was brevetted major-genera] 
of volunteers; in 1866-69 was American 
minister to the Hawaiian Islands; and 
in 1870 was appointed governor of Col 
orado Territory. 

McCook, HENRY CHRISTOPHER, clergy 
man and entomologist; born in New Lis 
bon, 0., July 3, 1837; nephew of Major 
McCook; graduated at Jefferson College 
in 1859. At the beginning of the Civil 
War he entered the Union army as 
a first lieutenant in the 41st Illinois 
Regiment, of which he afterwards became 
chaplain. In 1869 he was called to the 
pastorate of the Tabernacle Presbyterian 
Church in Philadelphia. On the declara 
tion of war against Spain (1898) he was 
appointed chaplain of the 2d Pennsylvania 
Regiment. Dr. McCook is widely known 
as an entomologist. His publications in 
clude Agricultural Ants of Texas; Honey 
and Occident Ants; American, Spiders and 
Their Spinning-icork ; Tenants of an Old 
Farm; Old Farm Fairies; Women Friends 
of Jesus; The Gospel in Nature; Object 



and Outline Teachings; Ecclesiastical Em 
blems; The Latimers, a Scotch-Irish His 
toric Romance of the Western Insurrec 
tion, etc. 

McCook, ROBERT LATIMEB, military offi 
cer; born in New Lisbon, O., Dec. 28, 
1827; another son of Major McCook; stud 
ied law and practised in Cincinnati. In 
1861 he was commissioned colonel of the 
9th Ohio Regiment, which he had organ 
ized. He first served in the West Virginia 
campaign under McClellan; later was 
transferred with his brigade to the Army 
of the Ohio, fought in the battle of Mill 
Spring, Ky., Jan. 19, 1862, where he 
was severely wounded; and in March, 
1862, was promoted brigadier-general of 
volunteers. Having rejoined his brigade 
before his wound had healed, he was 
murdered by guerillas while lying in an 
ambulance near Salem, Ala., Aug. 6, 1862. 

McCormick, CYRUS HALL, inventor; 
born in Walnut Grove, Va., Feb. 15, 1809. 
As early as his fifteenth year he had con 
structed a " cradle," used in harvesting 
grain in the field. His father, in 1816, 
had invented an improved reaper, and in 
1831 Cyrus invented another, for which 
he first obtained a patent in 1834. In 
1845, 1847, and 1858 he patented valuable 
improvements. He moved to Cincinnati 
in 1845, and to Chicago in 1847. The 
gold medal of the American Institute was 
awarded to him for his invention in 1845, 
and he received the Commercial Medal 
at the World s Fair in London in 1851. 
In 1855 he was awarded the grand gold 
medal of the Paris Exposition; also the 
highest prizes of subsequent international 
and other exhibitions. In the Paris Ex 
position of 1867 he received the grand gold 
medal of honor, and the order of the 
Legion of Honor from the Emperor of 
the French. In 1859 Mr. McCormick 
founded and endowed the Theological Semi 
nary of the Northwest, at Chicago, and 
afterwards endowed a professorship in 
Washington and Lee University, Va. He 
died in Chicago, 111., May 13, 1884. 

McCormick, LEANDER J., benefactor; 
Lorn in Walnut Grove, Va., Feb. 8, 1819; 
brother of Cyrus Hall McCormick. He 
was connected with the first reaper manu 
facturing industry with his father and 
brother. In 1871 he gave the McCormick 
Observatory and a 24-inch refracting 



13 



McCORMICK McCRARY 







JAMKS MoCOSH. 



telescope to the University of Virginia. Emotions; The Religious Aspect of Evolu- 
He died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1900. tion; The Prevailing Types of Philosophy: 

McCormick, RICHARD CUNNINGHAM, Can They Logically Reach Reality; The 
journalist; born in New York, May 23, Tests of Various Kinds of Truths; Our 
1832; received a classical education; was 
a war correspondent in the Crimea in 
1854-55, and in the Civil War in 1862-63; 
governor of Arizona in 1866-69; delegate 
in Congress in 1869-75; delegate to the 
National Republican Conventions of 1872, 
1876, and 1880; commissioner to the Cen 
tennial Exhibition in 1876; assistant 
Secretary of the Treasury in 1877-78; 
and commissioner-general of the United 
States to the Paris Exposition in 1878. 
He was elected to Congress from the First 
New York District in 1894. His publica 
tions include Visit to the Camp Before 
Sevastopol; Arizona : Its Resources; etc. 
He died in Jamaica, N. Y., June 2, 1901. 

McCormick, ROBERT SANDERSON, diplo 
matist; born in Rockbridge county, Va., 
July 26, 1849; acquired a collegiate edu 
cation; was secretary of legation in Lon 
don in 1889-92; minister to Austria-Hun 
gary in 1901-02; became first ambassador 

there in 1902; and the same year was Moral Nature; Philosophy of Reality, etc. 
transferred to St. Petersburg. He died in Princeton, N. J., Nov. 6, 1894. 

McCorvey, THOMAS CHALMERS, educa- MacCracken, HENRY MITCHELL, edu- 
tor; born in Monroe county, Ala., Aug. cator; born in Oxford, O., Sept. 28, 1840; 
18, 1852; graduated at the University of graduated at the Miami University in 
Alabama in 1873; became Professor of 1857; studied at Princeton Theological 
History and Philosophy in that institu- Seminary and in the universities of Tiibin- 
tion in 1888. He is the author of The gen and Berlin. In 1863-68 he was pastor 
Government of the People of the State of of the Westminster Church in Columbus. 
Alabama, etc. O., and in 1868-80 of the First Presby- 

McCosh, JAMES, educator; born in terian Church in Toledo, O. He was 
Carskeoch, Scotland, April 1, 1811; was elected chancellor of the Western Uni- 
educated at the universities of Glasgow versity in Pittsburg in 1880; vice-chan- 
and Edinburgh; ordained in the Church cellor and Professor of Philosophy in the 
of Scotland in 1835; later was made University of New York in 1884, and 
Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in chancellor of the latter institution in 
Queen s College, Belfast. He came to the 1891. He is author of Tercentenary of 
United States in 1868, to assume the Presbyterianism ; Kant and Lotze; A. 
presidency of Princeton College, and Metropolitan University; Leaders of the 
served that institution with marked sue- Church Universal, etc. 
cess till 1888, when he resigned. His McCracken, WILLIAM DENISON, au- 
voluminous publications include The thor; born in Munich, Germany, Feb. 12, 
Methods of the Divine Government, 1864, of American parents; graduated at 
Physical and Moral; Typical Forms and Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., in 1885. 
Special Ends in Creation; The Intuitions He is the author of The Rise of the Siciss 
of the Mind Inductively Investigated; Republic; Swiss Solutions of American 
The Supernatural in Relation to the Problems; Little Idyls of the Big World, 
Natural; The Laws of Discursive etc. 

Thought: Being a Treatise on Formal McCrary, GEORGE WASHINGTON, states- 
Logic; Christianity and Positivism; The man; born in Evansville, Ind., Aug. 29, 

14 



McCREA McCULLOCH 



1835; received an academic education; 
was admitted to the bar in Keokuk, la., in 
185f>; was a Republican Representative in 
Congress in 1868-77. He brought before 
Congress the first bill suggesting the crea 
tion of an electoral commission; was ap 
pointed Secretary of War, March 12, 1877, 
but resigned in December, 1879, to become 
a judge of the United States circuit 
court. He served in this office till March, 
1884, when he resigned and settled in 
Kansas City, Mo., where he resumed pri 
vate practice. Among his publications is 
American Law of Elections. He died in 
St. Joseph, Mo., June 23, 1890. 

McCrea, JANE, historical character; 
born in Bedminster (now Lamington), 
N. J., in 1753. She was the victim of a 
tragedy that caused deep and wide-spread 
indignation in the colonies, while Bur- 
goyne was making his way to the Hudson 
River. Jane, a handsome young girl, was 
visiting friends at Fort Edward when the 
invaders approached. She was betrothed 
to a young Tory living near there, who 
was then in Burgoyne s army. When that 
army was near Fort Edward some prowl 
ing Indians seized Jane in the house of 
her friend, and, seating her on a horse, 
attempted to carry her a prisoner to Bur 
goyne s camp at Sandy Hill. A detach 
ment of Americans was sent to rescue her. 
One of a volley of bullets fired at her 
captors pierced the maiden and she fell to 
the ground dead, on July 27, 1777. The 
Indians, seeing her dead, scalped her and 
carried her glossy locks into camp as a 
trophy. Her lover, David Jones, shocked 
by the event, left the army, went to 
Canada at the close of the war, and there 
lived, a moody bachelor, until he was an 
old man. He had purchased the scalp of 
his beloved from the Indians, and cherished 
it as a precious treasure. Miss McCrea s 
remains were buried at Fort Edward, and 
many years afterwards were transferred to 
a cemetery between Fort Edward and 
Sandy Hill. The incident was woven into 
a wild tale of horror, which, believed, 
caused hundreds, perhaps thousands, of 
young men, burning with indignation 
against the British for employing savages 
to fight their brethren, to join the army 
of Gates. 

McCreary, JAMES BENNETT, lawyer; 
born in Madison county, Ky., July 8, 



1838; was graduated at Centre College in 
1857, and at the law department of Co 
lumbia University in 1859, and began 
practice in Richmond ; served in the Con- 




15 



HUGH McCULLOCH. 



federate army in the Civil War; member 
of the State legislature in 1869-73; 
governor of Kentucky in 1875-79; mem 
ber of Congress in 1885-97; and a Demo 
cratic United States Senator in 1903-09. 

McCulloch, BENJAMIN, military offi 
cer; born in Rutherford county, Tenn., 
Nov. 11, 1811; emigrated to Texaa before 
the war for its independence, and fought 
as a private at San Jacinto. He was a 
captain of rangers in the war against 
Mexico, serving well under both Taylor 
and Scott. He was a commissioner to ad 
just the difficulties with the Mormons in 
May, 1857. Joining the Confederate army, 
he was made a brigadier-general, and led 
a corps at the battle of Pea Ridge, where 
he was killed, March 7, 1862. 

McCulloch, HUGH, financier; born in 
Kennebunk, Me., Dec. 7, 1808; was edu 
cated at Bowdoin College; and removed 
to Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1833, where he 
practised law till 1835, when he became 
manager of a branch of the State Bank of 



McCTJMBEB^-MACDONOUGH 



Indiana. He remained in this post till 
185G, and then accepted the presidency of 
the newly organized State Bank of Indi 
ana. In 18G3 he was appointed comp 
troller of the currency, and two years 
later became Secretary of the Treasury. 
In less than six months after his ap 
pointment as Secretary of the Treasury, a 
large amount of the money due 500,000 
soldiers and sailors was paid, and besides 
the payment of other obligations a con 
siderable reduction was made in the 
national debt. His conversion of more 
than $1,000,000,000 of short-time obliga 
tions into a funded loan in less than two 
years placed the whole public debt on a 
satisfactory basis. He was Secretary of 
the Treasury till 1869, and again in 1884- 
85. He died near Washington, D. C., 
May 24, 1895. Secretary McCulloch was 
author of Men and Measures of Half a 
Century. 

McCumber, P.ORTEB JAMES, lawyer; 
born in Crete, 111., Feb. 3, 1856; was 
graduated at the law department of the 
University of Michigan in 1880, and be 
gan practice in Wahpeton, N. D. ; was a 
member of the Territorial legislature in 
1885 and 1887; State attorney; and a Ke- 
publican United States Senator in 1899- 
1905. 

McDonald, FLORA heroine; born in 
Milton, South Vist, Hebrides, in 1720; 
rescued Charles Edward Stuart, the 
" Pretender," from his pursuers in 
1746; married Allan McDonald in 
1750; came to America in 1773, and 
settled among other Scotch families 
at Cross Creek (now Fayetteville) , 
N. C. Her husband was a captain of 
the Loyal Highlanders in North Caro 
lina, and was among the defeated at 
Moore s Creek Bridge. After experien 
cing various trials because of their po 
litical position, Flora and her family 
returned to Scotland before the close 
of the war, in which two of their sons 
were loyalist officers. The events of her 
early life, in connection with the " Pre 
tender," were woven into a charming 
romance by Sir Walter Scott. 

McDonald, JOHN B., railroad- 

builder; born in Ireland, Nov. 7, 1844; 

acquired a public - school education. 

Among his principal railroad contracts 

are the High Bridge branch of the 



New Jersey Railroad, the Georgian branch 
of the Canadian Pacific; branches of the 
Baltimore & Ohio and of the Illinois Cen 
tral railroads, and the Baltimore Belt 
Railroad, which is joined to the Balti 
more & Ohio by a tunnel under the city 
of Baltimore. In 1900-04 he built the 
transit subway railroad, New York. 

MacDonald, WILLIAM, educator; born 
in Providence, R. I., July 31, 1863; grad 
uated at Harvard College in 1892 ; became 
professor of history and political science 
at Bowdoin College in 1893. He is the 
editor of Select Documents Illustrative of 
the History of the United States, etc. 

Macdonough, THOMAS, naval officer; 
born in New Castle county, Del., Dec. 23, 
1783; was of Scotch-Irish descent, and his 
father was an officer of distinction in the 
Continental army. Macdonough was ap 
pointed a midshipman in the navy in 1800, 
a lieutenant in 1807, and commander in 
July, 1813. He had served with distinc 
tion in the Mediterranean squadron with 
Bainbridge and Decatur. In 1814 he com 
manded a squadron on Lake Champlain, 
and on Sept. 11 he gained a signal 
victory over the British off Plattsburg. 
For this service he was promoted to cap- 
jtain and received thanks and a gold 
medal from Congress, and Vermont 
gave him an estate on Cumberland Head, 




THOMAS MAODUN 



1C 



MACDOUGALL 

which overlooked the scene of his great to publish their names to the world. In 

exploit. From the close of the war Mac- response to the call, full 1,400 people 

donough s health declined. He was given gathered around the liberty pole in " The 

command of the Mediterranean squadron, Fields," where they were harangued by 










MACDONOCGH S MEDAL. 

but his health grew rapidly worse, and he John Lamb, and the people, by unanimous 
died at sea on a vessel sent by the govern- vote, condemned the action of the Assem- 
ment to bring him home, Nov. 16, 1825. bly in passing obnoxious bills. The senti- 
MacDougall, ALEXANDER, military offi- nients of the meeting were embodied in a 
cer; born in Scotland in 1731; came to communication to the Assembly, which was 
America about 1755, and settled near borne by a committee of seven leading 
New York. He learned the trade of a Sons of Liberty Isaac Sears, Caspar Wis- 
printer, and took an early and active part tar, Alexander MacDougall, Jacob Van 
with the Sons of Liberty of New York. Zandt, Samuel Broome, Erasmus Will- 
When a scheme for cheating the people iams, and James Varick. Toryism was 
of New York into a compliance with the then rife in the New York Assembly, 
provisions of the mutiny act was before Twenty of that body, on motion of James 
the Assembly, the leaders of the Sons of De Lancey, voted that the handbill was 
Liberty raised a cry of alarm. Early on " an infamous and scandalous libel." Only 
Sunday morning, Dec. 16, 1769, a handbill one member Philip Schuyler voted No. 
was found widely distributed over the The Assembly then set about ferreting 
city, addressed, in large letters, " To the out the author of it, and a reward of 
Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Col- $500 was offered. The frightened printer 
ony of New York," and signed " A Son of of the handbill, when arraigned before 
Liberty." It denounced the money scheme the House, gave the name of MacDougall 
as a deception, covering wickedness, and as the author. He was taken before the 
that it was intended to divide and distract House, where he refused to make any 
the colonies. It exhorted the New York acknowledgment or give bail. He was 
Assembly to imitate the patriotic course indicted and cast into prison, where he 
of those of other colonies; and it closed remained a month, and then pleaded not 
with a summons of the inhabitants to guilty and gave bail. When brought be- 
" The Fields " the next day, to express fore the House again, several months after - 
their views and to instruct their Assembly- wards, he was defended by George Clin- 
men to oppose the measure; and in case ton. His answer to the question whether 
they should refuse to do so, to send notice he was the author of the handbill was 
thereof to all the other assemblies, and declared to be a contempt, and he was 
VI. B 17 



MACDOUGALL MCDOWELL 




S1K BUXCAX MAilKH GALL. 



again imprisoned. In February, 1771, he 
was released and was never troubled with 
the matter again. MacDougall was the 
first to suffer imprisonment for " liberty 
since the commencement of the glorious 
struggle," and he was regarded as a mar 
tyr. At public meetings his health was 
drunk, and men and women of distinction 
in the city thronged the prison and fur 
nished him with luxuries. Popular songs 
were composed and sung under his prison 
windows, and emblematic swords were 
worn in his honor. 

MacDougall was active in the appoint 
ment of delegates to the first Congress in 
1774, and was colonel of the 1st New York 
Regiment. On Aug. 9, 1776, he was made 
a brigadier-general, and in the retreat 
from Long Island he superintended the 
embarkation of the troops. In the battle 
of WHITE PLAINS (q. v.) he was conspic 
uous. In the spring of 1777 he was in 
command at Peekskill, and in October of scended, in a direct line, from Somerle cl, 
that year he was made a major-general in the Prince of the western coast of Argyle- 
the Continental army. MacDougall was shire, and famous " Lord of the Isles." 
in the battle of Germantown, and in Sir Duncan died Dec. 10, 1862. 
March, 1778, he took command in the McDowell, IRVIN, military officer; born 
Hudson Highlands, when, with Kosciusz- in Columbus, O., Oct. 15, 1818. Educated 
ko, he finished the fortifications there, partly at a military school in France, he 
In 1781 he was a member of Congress, and graduated at West Point in 1838, and was 
was made Minister of Marine (Secretary assistant instructor of tactics there in 
of the Navy), but did not fill the office 1841. He was adjutant of the post until 
long. He was again in Congress in 1784- 1845. In 1846 he accompanied General 
85, and in the winter of 1783 he was at the Wool to Mexico as aide-de-camp, winning 
head of the committee of army officers the brevet of captain at Buena Vista. In 
who bore the complaint of grievances to 1856 he became assistant adjutant-general, 
Congress from Newburg. He was elected and brigadier-general United States army 
a State Senator in 1783, and held the office in May, 1861. General McDowell had 
till his death in New York City, June 8, command of the first army gathered at 
1786. Washington, and commanded at the battle 

MacDougall, SIR DUNCAN, military of Bull Run. After McClellan took corn- 
officer; born in Scotland, in 1789; son of mand of the Army of the Potomac, Mc- 
Sir Patrick MacDougall. He entered the Dowell led a division under him. In 
army in 1804, and served in several regi- March, 1862, he took command of a corps, 
ments, and on the staff in Portugal, Spain, and was appointed major-general of volun- 
France, America, Cape of Good Hope, and teers. In April his corps was detached 
West Indies. He had the distinction of from the Army of the Potomac, and he 
having received into his arms two emi- was placed in command of the Department 
nent British generals when they fell in of the Rappahannock. He co-operated 
battle namely, General Ross, killed near with the forces of Banks in the Shenan- 
Baltimore, and General Pakenham, slain doah Valley, and was of great assistance 
near New Orleans. He commanded the to General Pope in the operations of the 
79th Highlanders for several years. His Army of Virginia. He was relieved, at 
son and heir, Col. Patrick Leonard Mac- his own request, Sept. 5, 1862, and subse- 
Dougall, was commandant of the Royal quently commanded the Department of the 
Stall College in 1870. The family is de- Pacific. He received the brevet of major- 

18 



MCDOWELL 



general United States army in March, 
1865. In September, 1866, he was muster 
ed out of the volunteer service, and after 
wards commanded the Departments of the 




IRVI.V MCDOWELL. 

East, the South, and the Pacific till 
his retirement, Oct. 15, 1882. He died in 
San Francisco, May 4, 1885. 

McDowell, WILLIAM FRASEB, educator; 
born in Millersburg, O., Feb. 4, 1858; 
graduated at the Ohio Wesleyan Univer 



sity in 1879, and at the Theological De 
partment of the Boston University in 
1882. He was pastor of Methodist Epis 
copal churches in Lodi, O., in 1882- 
83; Oberlin in 1883-85; and Tiffin in 
1885-90. In the latter year he was elect 
ed chancellor of the University of Denver. 
He is a member of the Colorado State 
board of charities and corrections. 

McDowell, BATTLE AT. General Banks 
with 5,000 men was at Harrison- 
burg, in the upper Shenandoah Valley, 
at the close of April, 18G2, and "Stone 
wall " Jackson, joined by troops under 
Generals Ewell and Edward S. Johnson, 
had a force of about 15,000 men not far 
off. Jackson was closely watching Banks, 
when he was startled by news that Gen 
eral Milroy was approaching from Fre 
mont s department, to join Banks or fall 
upon Staunton. Leaving Ewell to watch 
the latter, he turned rapidly towards 
Staunton, and sent Johnson with five 
brigades to strike Milroy. The latter, out 
numbered, fell back to McDowell, 36 miles 
west of Staunton, whither General Schenck 
hastened with a part of his brigade, to 
assist him. Jackson also hurried to the 




"STONEWALL" JACKSON S LETTER TO EWELL. 
19 



McENEBY McGIFFIN 

assistance of Johnson, and on May 8 a er mathematics, surveying, etc., and read- 
severe engagement occurred, lasting about ing law. In 1873-75 he was engaged in 
five hours. Schenck, finding the position surveying and in law practice; in 1874- 
untenable, withdrew during the night to 76 invented and manufactured a variety 
Franklin, and the next day Jackson of agricultural implements; in 1875-77 
wrote to Ewell: "Yesterday God gave us studied archa?ology and geology; and in 
the victory at McDowell." 1877-81 made the most extensive topo- 

McEnery, SAMUEL DOUGLAS, lawyer; graphical and geological survey of north- 
born in Monroe, La., May 28, 1837; ac- eastern Iowa ever produced. Later he 
quired a collegiate education; served in became connected with the United States 
the Confederate army during the Civil Geological Survey, for which he surveyed 
War ; and afterwards engaged in the prac- the southeastern part of the United States, 
tice of law; was elected lieutenant-govern- mapping out 300,000 square miles. In 
or of Louisiana in 1879; and was govern- 1886 he investigated the Charleston earth- 
or in 1881-88; associate justice of the quake, and in 1894-95 explored Tiburon 
Supreme Court of Louisiana in 1888-92; Island, the abode of a savage tribe which 
and a Democratic United States Senator had never before been investigated. He 
in 1897-1909. i 3 author of Pleistocene History of North- 

McFingal, the title of a political and eastern Iowa; Geology of Chesapeake Bay; 
historical satire, in four cantos, written The Lafayette Formation; The Sioiian 
by John Trumbull during the American Indians; Primitive Trephining; and many 
Revolution. McFingal is a representative scientific papers. He was chief of the de- 
of the Tory or loyalist party in that partment of ethnology and anthropology at 
struo-o-le a burly New England squire, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904. 
constantly engaged with Honorius, a McGiffert, ARTHUR CUSHMAN, theolo- 
champion of the Whigs, or rebels, as the gian; born at Sanquoit, N. Y., March 
British called the patriots. In it all the 4, 1861 ; graduated at the Western Re- 
leading Tories of the day are severely serve College in 1882 and at the Union 
lampooned. The first canto was pub- Theological Seminary in 1885; studied 
lished in 1775; the whole work in 1782. in Europe in 1885-88; and was instructor 
McGee, ANITA NEWCOMB, physician; in Church History at the Lane Theologi- 
born in Washington in 1864; daughter of cal Seminary, Cincinnati, in 1888-90; and 
SIMON NEWCOMB (q. v.). She took spe- professor in 1890-93. In the latter year 
cial courses at Newnham College, Cam- he was called to the similar chair in 
bridge, England, and at the University of the Union Theological Seminary, New 
Geneva, and graduated at the medical York. At the session of the General As- 
department of Columbian University in sembly of the Presbyterian Church in 
1892. Later she practised in Washing- 1898, charges of heresy were brought 
ton. In the early part of the war with against him, based on passages in his 
Spain she was appointed director of the History of Christianity in the Apostolic 
Hospital Corps of the Daughters of the Age. He declined to retract, and withdrew 
American Revolution, and had charge of from the Presbyterian Church in March, 
the selection of the trained women nurses 1900. Among his notable publications 
for both the army and navy. On Aug. are Dialogue Between a Christian and a 
29, 1898, she was commissioned an acting Jew; A History of Christianity in the 
assistant surgeon in the United States Apostolic Age; and a translation of Euse- 
army, becoming the only woman officer in Uus s Church History (with notes and 
the army, and after the close of the war prolegomena). 

she was placed in charge of the nurses McGiffin, PHILO NORTON, naval officer; 
under the jurisdiction of the surgeon- born in Pennsylvania in 1863; gradu- 
general She was married to W. J. McGEE ated at the United States Naval Acad- 
(q v} in 1888. e m y in 1882 > and was first assi g ned to 

McGee, W. J. (no Christian names), duty on the China station. He manifested 
ethnologist; born in Dubuque county, la., great interest in that country, and when 
April 17 1853- was self-educated while France declared war against 
at work on a farm, studying Latin, high- resigned from the navy and entered 

20 



McGIFFIN MACGILLIVBAY 



service of China, after receiving the con 
sent of the United States government. 
During the war he captured the only gun 
boat that was lost to the French, in the 
battle of Yangtse. When peace was con 
cluded he went to England to superintend 
the construction of several gunboats for 
China, one of which, the Chen-Yuen, be 
came the flag-ship of the Chinese fleet 
in the war between China and Japan in 
1894-95. At the battle of Yalu River, 
which was the first great combat between 
modern war vessels, Captain McGiffin 
early became the commander of the entire 
Chinese fleet by the death of his superior 
officer. In his eagerness to work his ves 
sel to a point of vantage he exposed him 
self to personal danger and was badly 
wounded. He was shot once in the 
back of the head and once in 
the thigh. His body was literally filled 
with splinters. Both ear - drums were 
broken ; all the hair was burned from his 
body, and his clothes were blown off. His 
eyesight was affected so that he was never 
able to see afterwards except in a shadowy 
outline; his body was black and blue 
from bruises. It is estimated that Mc- 
Giffin s ship was hit 400 times 120 times 
by large shot or shell. The rain of pro 
jectiles visited every exposed point of the 
vessel. Early in the fight a shell exploded 
in the fighting-top, instantly killing every 
one of its inmates. Indeed, all such con 
trivances proved to be death-traps. Five 
shells burst in shields of the bow 6-inch 
gun, completely gutting the place. Though 
the carnage was frightful, the Chinese 
sailors, with their commander to encour 
age them, stuck to their posts. With 
forty wounds in his body, holding an eye 
lid up with one hand, this man of iron 
nerve led the fighting on his ship until the 
Japanese vessels gave up the contest, and 
he alone of all the Chinese commanders 
kept his ship in its proper position 
throughout the fight, thus protecting the 
flag-ship and saving the fleet from total 
destruction. It is the custom of Chinese 
officers when they lose a fight to commit 
suicide. McGiffin would not follow the 
custom, and fell into disfavor. He re 
turned to the United States, became in 
sane from his wounds, and killed himself 
in a hospital in New York City, Feb. 11, 
1897. 



McGee, THOMAS D ARCY, legislator ; 
born in Carlingford, Ireland, April 13, 
1825 ; came to the United States in 1842 ; 
appointed on the staff of the Pilot in Bos 
ton, but soon returned to Ireland, where 
he made himself conspicuous by his ad 
vocacy of the policy proposed by the 
" Young Ireland " party. Suspected by 
the British government of treason, he es 
caped to the United States, settling in 
New York, where he founded The American 
Celt and The Nation. He removed to Cana 
da in 1856, founded The New Era, ami 
was elected to the Canadian Parliament 
in 1857. His political views had changed, 
and he parted company with his old asso 
ciates. He was active in promoting the 
union of the British colonies in North 
America, and was elected a member of the 
first Parliament of the Dominion. On 
April 7, 1868, he was assassinated on the 
public street. 

Macgillivray, ALEXANDER, Indian 
chief; born in the Creek Nation in 1740; 
was the son of a Scottish trader of that 
name, who married a Creek maiden, 
daughter of the principal chief. When he 
was ten years of age his father sent him 
to Charleston, under the care of his kins 
man, Farquhar Gillivray, by whom he was 
placed under the tuition of an eminent 
English school-master. He was also taught 
the Latin language in the Free School of 
Charleston. At the age of seventeen he 
was sent to Savannah and placed in the 
counting-house of General Elbert, where 
he devoted much of his time to reading 
history instead of attending to his em 
ployer s business. His father sent for 
him to return home; and, finally, the 
Creeks chose him for their principal sa 
chem, or king. The King of Spain gave 
him the commission of a brigadier-general 
in his service. He married a Creek girl, 
and they had several children. Macgillivray 
desired that his children should learn and 
speak the English language, and always 
talked with them in English, while their 
mother, jealous of her native tongue, never 
would talk to them in English, but always 
in Indian. He espoused the British cause 
in the Revolutionary War; resisted many 
overtures for peace from the United States 
government; and was best known for his 
general treachery. He died in Pensacola, 
Fla., Feb. 17, 1793. 



21 



McGILVARY McHENRY 

McGilvary, EVANDER BRADLEY, edu- 1797; went to Canada early in life and be- 
cator; born in Bangkok, Siam, July 19, came connected with a commercial hoiise 
1864; received his early education in on Prince Edward Island. Subsequently 
North Carolina; and graduated at he returned to Scotland and represented 
Davidson College in 1884. He was a Glasgow in Parliament. His publications 
fellow of Princeton Theological Seminary include Commercial and Financial Legis- 
in 1889-90; an instructor and assistant lation of Europe and America;. American 
professor in the University of California Discovery from the Times of Columbus; 
in 1894-99 ; and was then called to the History of the British Empire from the Ac- 
chair of Moral Philosophy at Cornell Uni- cession of James I., etc. He died in 
versity. Dr. McGilvary has translated Boulogne, France, April 23, 1857. 
into the Siamese language the gospels of Machen, WILLIS BENSON, legislator; 
Matthew, Luke, John, and the Acts of the born in Caldwell county, Ky., April 5, 1810; 
Apostles. He is a contributor to the elected to the State Senate in 1853, and 
Philosophical Review, and to Mind. to the State Assembly in 1856 and 1860; 

McGlynn, EDWARD, clergyman; born in sympathized with the South, and repre- 
New York City, Sept. 27, 1837; was edu- sented Kentucky in the Confederate Con- 
cated at the College of the Propaganda in gress in 1861-64. He was appointed Unit- 
Rome. In 1860 he was ordained priest ed States Senator from Kentucky to fill 
and returned to New York City, where he an unexpired term from December, 1872, to 
became an assistant to Father Farrell March, 1873. He received one electoral 
in St. Joseph s Church. In 1866 he was vote in 1872 for Vice-President. He died 
appointed pastor of St. Stephen s Church in Louisville, Ky., Sept. 28, 1893. 
in New York, and while in this pastorate McHenry, JAMES, statesman; born in 
founded St. Stephen s Home for Orphan Ireland, Nov. 16, 1753; emigrated to the 
and Destitute Children on a very meagre United States in 1771; served during the 
scale, but so rapidly did the enterprise Revolutionary War as surgeon. On May 
grow that in a few years it occupied three 15, 1778, he was made Washington s pri- 
lots on Twenty-eighth Street, two large vate secretary, which office he held for two 
houses, 20 acres of land at New Dorp, years, when he was transferred to the staff 
S. I., and an acre of land and house at of Lafayette. He was a member of the 
Belmont, Fordham. He became a strong Maryland Senate in 1781-86, and of Con- 
advocate of the single - tax theories of gress in 1783-86. Washington appointed 
HENRY GEORGE (q. v.) , whom he heartily him Secretary of War in January, 1796, 
supported as candidate for mayor of New and he served until 1801. He died in 
York City in 1887. These views were re- Baltimore, Md., May 3, 1816. 
buked in a letter written him by Arch- McHenry, FORT, a protective work on 
bishop Corrigan, and shortly afterwards Locust Point, Baltimore, about one-half its 
he was suspended from his pastorate and present dimensions. In anticipation of 
summoned to Rome to appear before the a visit from the British marauding squad- 
iribunal of the Propaganda. He, however, rons in 1814, the people of Baltimore sunk 
refused to go, and, in consequence, was some vessels in the narrow channel be- 
sxcommunicated. In 1892 he was restored tween the fort and Lazzaretto Point, which 
to the exercise of his priestly functions, prevented the passage of an enemy s ships. 
In 1894 Archbishop Corrigan appointed Fort McHenry was garrisoned by about 
him pastor of St. Mary s Church at New- 1,000 men, volunteers and regulars, corn- 
burg, N. Y., where he died, Jan. 7, 1900. manded by MAJ. GEORGE ARMISTEAD 

McGovern, JOHN, author; born in Troy, (q, v.). To the right of it, guarding the 

N. Y., Feb. 18, 1850; was connected with shores of the Patapsco, and to prevent 

the Chicago Tribune for sixteen years. He troops landing in the rear, were two 

is the author of Empire of Information; redoubts Fort Covington and Babcock s 

Famous Women of the World; American Battery. In the rear of these, upon high 

Statesmen; Histories of Wheat, Money, ground, was an unfinished circular re- 

Paint, and Market Places, etc. doubt for seven guns, and on Lazzaretto 

MacGregor, JOHN, political economist ; Point, opposite Fort McHenry, was a small 

born in Drynie, Ross-shire, Scotland, in battery. This and Fort Covington were 

22 



Me HENRY, FORT 



in charge of officers of Barney s flotilla. 
Such were Fort McHenry and its sup 
porters on the morning of Sept. 12, when 
the British fleet, under Admiral Cochrane, 
consisting of sixteen heavy vessels, five of 
them bomb-ships, had made full prepara 
tions for the bombardment of the fort. 

At sunrise, Sept. 13, the bomb - vessels 
opened a heavy fire on the fort and 
its dependencies at a distance of 2 
miles, and kept up a well-directed bom 
bardment until 3 P.M. Armistead im 
mediately opened the batteries of Fort Mc 
Henry upon the assailants; but after a 
while he found that his missiles fell short 
of his antagonist and were harmless. The 
garrison was composed of two companies 
of sea fencibles, under Captains Bunbury 
and Addison ; two companies of volun 
teers from the city of Baltimore, under 
the command of Captains Berry and Pen- 
nington; a company of United States ar 
tillery, under Captain Evans; a company 
of volunteer artillerists, led by Judge 
Joseph H. Nicholson ; a detachment of 
Barney s flotilla, under Lieutenant Red 
man, and detachments of regulars, 600 
strong, furnished by General Winder, and 
under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel 
Stewart and Major Lane. The garrison 



fusion in the fort caused by this event, 
and hoping to profit by it, ordered three of 
his bomb-vessels to move up nearer the 
fort, in order to increase the effectiveness 
of their guns. Armistead was delighted, 
and immediately ordered a general can 
nonade and bombardment from every part 
of the fort; and so severe was his punish 
ment of the venturesome intruders that 
within half an hour they fell back to their 
old anchorage. A rocket vessel (Erebus) 
was so badly damaged that the British 
were compelled to send a division of small 
boats to tow her out of reach of Armi- 
stead s guns. The garrison gave three 
cheers, and the firing ceased. 

After the British vessels had resumed 
their former stations, they opened a more 
furious bombardment than before, and 
kept it up until after midnight, when it 
was discovered that a considerable force 
(1,200 picked men in barges) had been 
sent up the Patapsco in the gloom to at 
tack Fort McHenry in the rear. They 
were repulsed, and the bombardment from 
the vessels ceased. At 7 A.M., on the 14th, 
the hostile shipping and land forces menac 
ing the city withdrew, and Baltimore was 
saved. In this attack on the fort the 
British did not lose a man; and the 







RUINS OF BATTKRY AT FORT McHEXRV. 



was exposed to a tremendous shower of 
shells for several hours, without the power 
to inflict injury in turn, or even to check 
the fury of the assault ; yet they endured 
the trial with cool courage and great forti 
tude. At length a bomb-shell dismounted 
a 24-pounder in the fort, killing a lieu 
tenant and wounding several of the men. 
Admiral Cochrane, observing the con- 



Americans had only four men killed and 
twenty-four wounded, chiefly by the ex 
ploding of the shell that dismounted the 
24 - pounder. During the bombardment 
FRANCIS S. KEY (q. v.) was held in 
custody in a vessel of the fleet, and 
was inspired by the event to compose The 
Star - Spangled Banner. Armistead and 
his brave band received the grateful bene- 



McILWAINE McINTOSH 




fcM*- 






SALLYPORT OF FORT M.HENRY. 

dictions of the people of Baltimore and Oglethorpe in 1736 and settled at New In- 
of the whole country. Governor-General verness, in what is now Mclntosh county, 
Prevost, of Canada, was so certain of an Georgia. Some of his sons and grand- 
easy victory at Baltimore that he ordered sons bore commissions in the army of the 
rejoicings on account of the capture of Revolution. Lachlan received assistance 
Washington to be postponed until after in the study of mathematics from Ogle- 
the capture of Baltimore should be re- thorpe. At maturity he entered the count- 
ported. Locust Point is to be trans 
formed into a park of the city of Bal 
timore, but the fort is to remain in 
tact. 

Mcllwaine, RICHARD, clergyman ; born 
in Petersburg, Va., May 20, 1834; grad 
uated at Hampden - Sidney College in 
1853, and afterwards studied at the Union 
Theological Seminary of Virginia, and at 
the Free Church College of Edinburgh, 
Scotland. Returning to the United States, 
he was ordained a Presbyterian minister 
in December, 1858. Subsequently he held 
pastorates at Amelia, Farmville, and 
Lynchburg, Va. He served in the Con 
federate army as lieutenant and chaplain 
of the 44th Virginia Regiment. In 1872- 
83 he was secretary of the boards of 
home and foreign missions of the South 
ern Presbyterian Church, and in the latter 
year became president of Hampden-Sid- 
ney College. LACHLAN MCINTOSH. 

Mclntosh, LACHLAN, military officer; 

born near Inverness, Scotland, March 17, ing-room of H^nry Laurens, in Charleston, 
1725. Ilis father, at the head of 100 of as clerk. Making himself familiar with 
the clan Mclntosh, came to Georgia with military tactics, he was ready to enter 

24 




MACKAY McKENNA 

the field when the Revolutionary War be- Declaration of Independence, and was one 
gan, and he served faithfully in that strug- of the committee that drew up the Articles 
gle, rising to the rank of brigadier-gen- of Confederation. From 1777 till 1779 he 
eral. BUTTON GWINNETT (q. v.) perse- held the office of president of the State of 
cuted Mcl.itosh beyond endurance, and he Delaware; also executed the duties of 
called the persecutor a scoundrel, A duel chief-justice of Pennsylvania. He was 
ensued, and in it Gwinnett was killed, governor of Pennsylvania, 1799-1808. He 
Mclntosh was at the siege of Savannah died in Philadelphia, June 24, 1817. 
in 1779, and was made a prisoner at McKean, WILLIAM WISTER, naval offi- 
Charleston in 1780. In 1784 he was in cer; born in Huntingdon county, Pa., Sept. 
Congress, and the next year was a com- 19, 1800; was a son of Judge Joseph Bor- 
missioner to treat with the Southern den McKean and nephew of Gov. Thomas 
Indians. He died in Savannah, Feb. 20, McKean. He entered the navy as midship- 
1800. man in 1814; became a lieutenant in 1825, 

Mackay, CHARLES, author; born in a commander in 1841, captain in 1855, 
Perth, Scotland, in 1814; educated in Lon- and commodore in July, 18G2, when he 
don and Brussels; was connected with the was retired. In command of a schooner, 
London Morning Chronicle in 1834-44; under Commodore Porter, he assisted that 
editor of the Glasgow Argus in 1844-47. officer (1823-24) in suppressing piracy 
Subsequently he visited the United States, in the W T est Indies. In 1860 he was en- 
where he lectured on Songs National, gaged in the special service of conveying 
Historical, and Popular. Returning to the Japanese embassy home. He was gov- 
England, he established the London Re- ernor of the Naval Asylum, Philadelphia, 
view. In 18G2 he again came to the in 1858-61, and was for a short time after 
United States and for three years was his return from Japan in command of the 
war correspondent for the London Times. Western Gulf blockading squadron. He 
He published Life and Liberty in Amer- died near Binghamton, N. Y., April 22, 
ica; Gaelic Etymology of the English Lan- 1865. 

guage; etc. He died in December, 1889. McKelway, ST. CLAIR, journalist; born 

Mackay, JOHN WILLIAM, capitalist; in Columbia, Mo., March 15, 1845; edu- 
born in Dublin, Ireland, Nov. 28, 1831; cated at Trenton, N. J. ; admitted to the 
worked in mines in California and Ne- bar in 1866, but never practised. He 
vada; was one of the discoverers of the became editor of the Brooklyn Daily 
Bonanza mines of the Comstock lode; a Eagle in 1883, and afterwards a regent of 
founder and the president of the Nevada the University of the State of New York. 
Bank of San Francisco; and with James He is an honorary member of the Long 
Gordon Bennett established the Commer- Island Historical Society and of the So 
cial Cable Company, which laid two ciety of Medical Jurisprudence, and a di- 
cables across the Atlantic Ocean. He died rector of the American Social Science 
in London, England, July 20, 1902. Association. Mr. McKelway is widely 

McKean, THOMAS, signer of the Dec- known as a speaker and writer on educa- 
laration of Independence; born in New tional and historical subjects. 
London, Chester co., Pa., March 19, 1734; McKenna, JOSEPH, jurist; born in 
was admitted to the bar in 1757, and Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 10, 1843; was a 
chosen clerk of the Assembly. He was a student in St. Joseph s College; removed 
member of that body for the county of to Benicia, Cal., in 1855; and was ad- 
New Castle, from 1762 to 1779, and mem- mitted to the bar there in 1865. He was 
ber of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. twice district attorney for Solano countv, 
He and Lynch and Otis framed the address and in 1875-76 a member of the State 
to the British Parliament. He held sev- legislature. In 1885 he was elected to 
eral local offices, and in 1774-83 was a Congress, where he served till 1893, when 
member of the Continental Congress. Me- he was appointed a United States circuit 
Kean was the only man who was a mem- judge. From March, 1897, till January, 
ber of that body continually during the 1898, he was United States Attorney-Gen- 
whole period of the war. He was active eral, and then became an associate jus- 
In procuring a unanimous vote for the tice of the United States Supreme Court. 

25 



McKENNEY MACKENZIE 

McKenney, THOMAS LORRAINE, author; his voyage was terminated by ice and he 
born in Hopewell, Md., March 21, 1785; returned to his place of departure, Fort 
was educated in Chestertown, Md. ; and Chippewayan. He had reached lat. 69 1 
was made superintendent of the bureau N. In October, 1792, he crossed the con- 
of Indian affairs in 1824. His publica- tinent to the Pacific Ocean, which he 
tions include Sketches of a Tour to the reached in July, 1793, in lat. 51 21 N. 
Lakes, etc.; A History of the Indian He returned, went to England, and pub- 
Tribes; Essays on the Spirit of Jackso- lished (1801) Voyages from Montreal, on 
nianism as Exemplified in its Deadly Eos- the River St. Lawrence, through the Con- 
tility to the Bank of the United States, tinent of North America, to the Frozen 
etc.; Memoirs, Official and Personal, with and Pacific Oceans, in the Tears 1789 and 
Sketches of Travels among the Northern 1793, with excellent maps. He was 
and Southern Indians, etc. He died in knighted in 1802, and died in Dalhousie. 
New York City, Feb. 19, 1859. Scotland, March 12, 1820. 

Mackenzie, ALEXANDER SLIDELL, naval Mackenzie, WILLIAM LYON, journal- 
officer; born in Xew York City, April 6, ist; born in Dundee, Scotland, March 12, 
1803; joined the navy in 1815; was 1795; kept a circulating library near 
promoted commander in 1841. While in Dundee when he was seventeen years of 
charge of the brig Somers, the crew of age, and was afterwards clerk to Lord 
which was composed chiefly of naval ap- Lonsdale, in England. He went to 
prentices, he discovered a mutinous plot Canada in 1820, where he was engaged 
on board, and immediately called a coun- successfully in the book and drug trade 
cil of officers, which after a careful ex- in Toronto. He entered political life in 
animation advised that the three persons 1823; edited the Colonial Advocate 
principally involved in the affair be ex- (1824-33) and was a natural agitator, 
ecuted. On Dec. 1, 1842, the decision was He criticised the government party, and 
put into effect. Soon after the Somers efforts to suppress his paper failed, 
reached New York a court of inquiry be- Rioters destroyed his office in 1826, and 
gan an investigation, which fully approved the people, whose cause he advocated, 
Mackenzie s action, and later he was elected him to the Canadian Parliament, 
acquitted by a court-martial before which Five times he was expelled from that body 
he was tried. He -was, however, severely for alleged libels in his newspaper, and 
criticised by many, as the young men was as often re-elected, until finally the 
whom he had executed were of good social Assembly got rid of him by refusing to 
standing, one of them being a son of John issue a writ for a new election. He went 
C. Spencer, then Secretary of War. The to England in 1832, with a petition of 
decision of the court-martial did not quiet grievances to the home government. In 
this criticism, which greatly embittered 1836 Toronto was incorporated a city, and 
the remainder of Mackenzie s life. His Mackenzie was chosen its first mayor. He 
publications include Popular Essays on engaged, as a leader, in the Canadian He- 
Naval Subjects; The American in Eng- bellion (see CANADA), when he was out- 
land; Life of John Paul Jones; Life of lawed by his government, his property was 
Commodore Oliver H. Perry; Life of Com- confiscated, and he fled to the United 
modore Stephen Decatur, etc. He died in States. Arrested at Rochester by the 
Tarrytown, N. Y., Sept. 13, 1848. United States authorities on a charge of 

Mackenzie, SIR ALEXANDER, explorer; a violation of the neutrality laws, he was 
born in Inverness, Scotland, about 1755; sentenced to eighteen months imprison- 
was early engaged in the fur-trade in ment in the county jail of Monroe. At 
Canada. He set out to explore the vast the end of that time he went to New York, 
wilderness northward in June, 1789, hav- where he was the actuary of the Mechan- 
ing spent a year previously in England ics Institute, and with his family re- 
studying astronomy and navigation. At sided in the basement of their school build- 
the western part of the Great Slave Lake ing. He was editorially connected with 
he entered a river in an unexplored wil- the New York Tribune for some time, and 
clerness, and gave his name to it. Its published Mackenzie s Gazette. In 1850 
course was followed until July 12, when his government pardoned him, restored his 

26 



McKIBBlN MACKINAW 



confiscated property, and he returned to of the American Safe Deposit Company 

Canada, where he was elected to Parlia- in New York City, residences and summer 

ment, and remained a member of the As- cottages, music-halls and casinos, and a 

sembly until 1858. He established a news- number of club-houses and churches, 
paper in Toronto, and conducted it until Mackinaw, or MICUTLIMACKINAC. In 

his death, Aug. 28, 1861. Mackenzie was the bosom of the clear, cold, and damp 

a thoroughly sincere and honest man, and waters of the strait between Lakes Huron 

had the courage of his convictions. His and Michigan a strait 40 miles in length 

admirers purchased for him a residence stands a limestone rock about 7 miles 

near Toronto and a small annuity. in circumference, rising in its centre to 

McKibbin, CHAMBERS, military offi- an altitude of nearly 300 feet, and covered 

cer; born in Chambersburg, Pa., Nov. 2, with a rough and generous soil, out of 

1841 ; entered the regular army, Sept. 22, which springs heavy timber. The Indians, 

1802; was commissioned a second lieu- impressed by its form, called it Mich-il-i- 

tenant in the 14th Infantry two days mack-i-nac " The Great Turtle." On the 

afterwards; and promoted first lieutenant, opposite shore of the peninsula of Michi- 

June, 1864; captain of the 35th Infantry, gan, French Jesuits erected a stronghold 

July, 1866; major of the 25th Infantry, and called it Fort Michilimackinac, which 

April, 1892; lieutenant-colonel of the 21st name has been abbreviated to Mackinaw. 

Infantry, May, 1896; and colonel of the This fort fell into the hands of the British, 

12th Infantry, April 1, 1899. He greatly i n their conquest of Canada in 1760, but 

distinguished himself in 1864 in the battle the Indians there remained hostile to their 

of North Anna River, Va. In July, 1898, new masters. " You have conquered the 

he was appointed a brigadier-general of French," they said, "but you have not 

volunteers for the war with Spain. He conquered us." The most important vil- 

took an active part in the Santiago cam- lage of the Chippewas, one of the most 

paign, and for his services there received powerful tribes of Pontiac s confederacy, 

special mention in the official reports of wa g upon the back of Michilimackinac 

General Shatter. After the surrender of Early in the summer of 1763 the front of 

the Spaniards at Santiago he was ap- the island was filled with Indians, who, 

pointed military governor of that city. professing warm friendship for the Eng- 

McKim, CHARLES FOLLEN, architect; lish, invited the garrison at Fort Macki- 

born in Chester county, Pa., Aug. 24, 1847; naw to witness a great game of ball an 
studied at the 
Harvard Scien 
tific School in 
1866 - 67, and 
then took the 
three years 
course in archi 
tecture at the 
E c o 1 e d e s 
Beaux - Arts, 
Paris. Return 
ing to the Unit 
ed States, he 
became a part 
ner of William 
R Mead and MACKINAW FROM ROUND ISLAND. 

Stanford White 

in New York. This firm soon made a not- exciting amusement. They did so. At 
able advance in architectural construction, length a ball, making a lofty curve in the 
and have planned a number of the most at- air, fell near the pickets. It was a pre- 
tractive buildings in the country, includ- concerted signal. The warriors rushed tow 
ing the new Public Library in Boston, ards the fort as if in quest of the ball, 
Madison Square Garden, and the building when their hands suddenly pulled gleam- 

27 



Sj 




MACKINAW MoKINLEY 



ing hatchets from beneath their blankets directed to summon to his assistance the 
and began a massacre of the garrison ; but, neighboring Indians, and to ask the aid 
hearing that a strong British force was ap- of the employe s of the Northwestern Fur 
preaching, the Indians abandoned the fort Company. On the morning of July 16 
and fled. Roberts embarked with a strong, motley 

This fort came into the possession of the force of whites and Indians, in boats, 
United States in 1796, when the North- bateaux, and canoes, with two 6-pounders, 

and convoyed by the 
brig Caledonia, be 
longing to the North 
western Fur Com 
pany, loaded with 
provisions and stores. 
Ifancks, suspicious of 
mischief, sent Cap 
tain Daurman to St. 
Joseph, to observe the 
temper and disposi 
tion of the British 
there. On his way 
he met the hostile 
flotilla, and was made 
a prisoner. News of 
the declaration of war 
had not reached the 
far-off post of Mack 
inaw. The overwhelm 
ing force under Rob 
erts landed, and took 
possession of the fort 
and island. The sum 
mons to surrender 

western posts were given up by the British was the first intimation that Hancks had 
in compliance with the treaty of peace in of the declaration of war. The Indians 
1783. The fortification called Fort Holmes, were ready to massacre the whole gar- 
on the high southwest bluff of the island, rison if any resistance were made. The 
was garrisoned in 1812 by a small force post was surrendered without firing a 
of Americans, under the command of gun. 

Lieut. Porter Hancks, of the United States In the spring of 1814 the Americans 
artillery. planned a land and naval expedition for 

It was supported by the higher ground its recapture. A small squadron was 
in the rear, on which was a stockade, de- placed at the disposal of Commander St. 
fended by two block-houses, each mount- Clair, and a land force was placed under 
ing a brass 6 - pounder. It was isolated the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Cro- 
from the haunts of men more than half ghan. They left Detroit at the beginning 
the year by barriers of ice and snow, and of July and started for Mackinaw. The 
exposed to attacks by the British and Ind- force of the Americans was too small to 
ians at Fort St. Joseph, on an island 40 effect a capture, and the enterprise was 
miles northeast from Mackinaw, then com- abandoned. Some vessels cruised in those 
manded by Capt. Charles Roberts. When waters for a time. The expedition re- 
Sir Isaac Brock, governor of Upper turned to Detroit in August, and no fur- 
Canada, received at Fort George, on the ther military movements were undertaken 
Niagara River, from British spies, notice in the Northwest, excepting a raid by 
of the declaration of war, he despatched an GEN. DUNCAN MCARTHUR (q. v.). 
express to Roberts, ordering him to at- McKinley, JOHN, jurist; born in Cul- 
tack Mackinaw immediately. He was peper county, Va., May 1, 1780; admitted 

28 




FORT MACKINAW. 



McKINLEY 

to the bar of Kentucky in 1801; removed Buren appointed him justice of the United 

to Huntsville, Ala.; was United States States Supreme Court in 1837, which office 

Senator in 1826-31; Representative in he held until his death, in Louisville, Ky., 

Congress in 1833-35. President Van July 19, 1852. 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 



McKinley, WILLIAM, twenty-fifth Pres 
ident of the United States, March 4, 1897, 
to Sept. 14, 1901; Republican; born in 
Kiles, 0., Jan. 29, 1843, and was educated 
at the Poland Academy. When sixteen 
years old he went to the Allegheny Col 
lege at Meadville, Pa., and leaving there 
when eighteen years old, he taught a dis 
trict school in Ohio for a time. He an 
swered the first call for troops, and in 
June, 1861, enlisted in the 23d Ohio In 
fantry. Each of his promotions in the 
army was for " bravery on the field," and 
he was successively sergeant, second and 
first lieutenant, captain, and at the close 
jf the war he was given a brevet as major. 



He then began the study of law in the 
office of Judge C. E. Glidden, in Poland; 
attended the law school at Albany for a 
year and a half; and was admitted to 
the bar in Canton, O., 1867. He took 
naturally to politics, and was, in 1869, 
elected prosecuting attorney. During the 
next few years he became noted as a plat 
form speaker. In 1876 he was elected to 
Congress as a Republican, and served 
seven terms. His fourth election was con 
tested and his Democratic opponent 
seated. In 1890 his name became wide 
ly known in connection with a high-tariff 
bill. The same year he was defeated for 
Congress, but in 1891 was elected gov- 




BIRTHPLACE OP WILLIAM McKINLEY 

29 



McXINLEY, WILLIAM 




FIKST INAUGURATION OP WILLIAM McKINLEY. 

ernor of Ohio, and in 1893 was re-elected two of them, representing five West- 

by a majority of 80,000. He was now ern States, left the convention. After 

known as a leading exponent of protec- their withdrawal William McKinley, of 

tion, and in 1888 and 1892 his name was Ohio, and Garret A. Hobart, of New Jer- 

presented as a candidate for the Presi- sey, were selected to head the national 

dency to the Republican National Con- ticket. 

vention. In 1896 he became the party The Democratic convention was held in 
candidate for that office. Chicago, July 7-11. In spite of the pro- 
The campaign which resulted in his tests of Eastern Democrats, a platform 
election was a memorable one. For sev- was adopted declaring for the free and 
era! previous campaigns the leading issue unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio 
had been the tariff. It was generally of 16 to 1. WILLIAM J. BRYAN (q. v.), 
thought that it would be so in 1896, but of Nebraska, who made a thrilling address 
when the Republican convention met in to the delegates, closing with the words: 
St. Louis on June 10, 1896, it was found " We shall answer to their demand for a 
that the money question was paramount, gold standard by saying to them, you shall 
When the committee on resolutions re- not press down upon the brow of labor 
ported in favor of maintaining the gold this crown of thorns, you shall not cru- 
standard of currency until international cify mankind upon a cross of gold," was 
bimetallism could be secured, Senator selected as candidate for President, and 
Teller, a delegate from Colorado, led a Arthur B. Sewall, of Maine, for Vice- 
bolt of the Silver delegates, and twenty- President. 

" 30 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

The People s party or Populist conven- simple request, a response of confidence 

tion was held in St. Louis, July 22-25. and faith in the President which seemed 

Bryan was endorsed for President, but natural to Americans, but which created 

Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, was nomi- amazement abroad. During the war the 

nated for Vice-President, the Populists public acts of the President resulted in 

believing that Sewall would withdraw in the burying forever of all sectional feeling 

his favor, in view of their endorsement of throughout the country. The complica- 

Bryan. Sewall did not withdraw, and tions that followed victory, the problems 

the anger this caused did much to offset met and overcome in the extension of our 

the fusion on the head of the ticket. A territory in the Philippines, the West 

so-called Silver convention met in St. Indies, and Samoa could not be foreseen, 

Louis at the same time and endorsed but the President met them one by one, 

Bryan and Sewall. acting always within the law, and under 

When the Democratic delegates from the authority of Congress whenever possi- 
the East returned, many of them openly ble, and solved them to the satisfaction 
repudiated the Silver platform and an- of the people of the United States, and 
nounced their intention of voting for Me- with the respect of other nations. 
Kinley. Gradually, however, there began Long before the meeting of the Repub- 
a movement for the formation of a new lican convention in 1900, McKinley s re- 
party, and on Sept. 2, there met in In- nomination was assured, and his re-elec- 
dianapolis a convention of " Gold Demo- tion was as certain as almost any future 
crats." This convention nominated Gen. event in politics. 

J. M. Palmer, of Illinois, for President, In the campaign of 1900 there were 

and Gen. S. B. Buckner, of Kentucky, for eight Presidential tickets in the field, 

Vice-President. The convention declared viz.: Republican, William McKinley and 

for the single gold standard. Theodore Roosevelt; Democratic-Populist, 

With affairs in this condition the elec- William ,T. Bryan and Adlai E. Steven- 

tion resolved itself into a struggle between son ; Prohibition, John G. Woolley and 

the East and the West. Throughout the Henry B. Metcalf; Middle-of-the-road, 

East party lines were forgotten, and New or Anti-fusion People s party, Wharton 

York City, formerly a Democratic strong- Barker and Ignatius Donnelly; Social 

hold, became a hot-bed of Republicanism, Democratic, Eugene V. Debs and Job Har- 

the sound-money parade in that city dur- riman; Social Labor, Joseph F. Malloney 

ing September being a sight not easily and Valentine Remmel; United Christian 

forgotten. Two leading features of the party, J. F. R. Leonard and John G. 

campaign were the speech-making tour Woolley; and the Union Reform, Seth H. 

of Candidate Bryan and the speeches Ellis and Samuel T. Nicholas. The total 

made by Candidate McKinley to thousands popular vote was 13,969,770, of which the 

of people who went to Canton to visit Republican candidates received 7.206,677 

him. Bryan made over 475 addresses in and the Democratic - Populist 6,379,397. 

twenty-nine States, while McKinley ad- The Republican candidates received 849,455 

dressed over 150,000 excursionists. popular votes over the Democratic-Popu- 

McKinley received 271 electoral votes list, and 446,718 over all candidates. Of 

out of 447, and his popular plurality was the electoral vote the Republican candi- 

nearly 850,000. The victory was regarded dates received 292 and the Democratic- 

rather as a triumph over the theory of Populist 155, giving the former a majority 

free-silver coinage than as a partisan sue- of 137. On his second inauguration Presi 
dent McKinley reappointed his entire cab- 

The entire four years of President Me- inet. See CABINET, PRESIDENT S. 

Kinley s first administration were history- For the leading events in President Mc- 

making years, and the problems he had to Kinley s administration see ACQUISITION 

face were greater and graver than those OF TERRITORY; ANNEXED TERRITORY, 

confronted by any other President since STATUS OF; BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS; 

Lincoln. When war with Spain was un- CLAYTON - BUL WEB TREATY; CUBA; IM- 

avoidable Congress placed $50,000,000 at PERIALISM; PHILIPPINE ISLANDS; PORTO 

the disposal of the President, upon his Rico; SPAIN; UNITED STATES. 

31 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 




INTERIOR OF THE TKMPLB OF MrSIC. 
(The X marks the spot where McKinley stood when shot.) 



Shortly after his second inauguration the a reception at the Temple of Music, with 



President, accompanied by Mrs. McKinley, 
the members of the cabinet, and their 
wives, made an extended tour through the 
South and West and the Pacific coast. 



Mr. John G. Milburn, president of the ex 
position, at his right hand. Among the 
throng filing past the President walked a 
medium-sized young man, brown-haired 



The party was received with such enthusi- and smooth-shaven, apparently a respect- 



asm and demonstrations of genuine respect 
and affection as to make the journey one 
continuous tmimph. Unfortunately a por 
tion of the trip had to be abandoned in 
consequence of the serious illness of Mrs. 
McKinley when the party reached San 
Francisco. This necessitated an earlier 
return to Washington than had been ex 
pected, and with rest and care Mrs. Mc 
Kinley was restored to health. 

The President had accepted an invitation 
to attend the Pan-American Exposition on 
" President s Day," Sept. 5. Accompanied 
by Mrs. McKinley, he spent the entire day 
at the fair, in the course of which he made 
an address on the prosperity of the coun 
try, ending with a prayer for prosperity 
and peace to all nations. 

On Friday the President again visited 



able mechanic. His right hand was 
swathed in a handkerchief, and as he ap 
proached he held it close to the back of 
the man in front of him, as if he wished 
to conceal it as much as possible. As his 
turn came he stopped in front of the 
President. Mr. McKinley smiled and ex- 
tended his hand. As he did so two re 
volver shots rang out sharply above the 
subdued murmur of voices and the shuffl 
ing of feet; the assassin had discharged a 
concealed revolver through the handker 
chief wrapped about his hand. 

As the smoke cleared, it became evident 
that the shots had taken effect. The Presi 
dent was seen to stagger, while a look of 
bewilderment passed over his face. Then 
he sank back, half fainting, into the arms 
of Secretary Covtelyou. The assassin, Leon 



the exposition, and in the afternoon held Czolgosz, a Polish anarchist, was seized by 

32 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 



the bystanders and was with difficulty res 
cued from immediate death by the police 
and secret service men. 

The President was taken to the emer 
gency hospital on the exposition grounds 
and immediately operated upon. For some 
days the reports of his condition were so 
favorable that the Vice-President and 
members of the cabinet, who had been 
summoned to Buffalo, felt at liberty to re 
turn to their homes, but on Friday the 
President grew weaker and weaker, and 
breathed his last on Saturday, Sept. 14, 
1901, at a quarter past two o clock in 
the morning. The body lay in state in the 
City Hall, Buffalo, and in the Capitol at 
Washington. The last ceremonies were 
held in the Methodist Church at Can 
ton, O. 

The President s Address at the Pan- 
American Exposition, Sept. 5, 1901. (The 
italicized headings to the various sub 
divisions of this address are not in the 
original, but have been added to make 
reference easy. ) 

President Milburn, Director - General 
Buchanan, Commissioners, Ladies and 
Gentlemen, I am glad to be again in the 
city of Buffalo and exchange greetings with 
her people, to whose generous hospitality I 
am not a stranger and with whose good 
will I have been repeatedly and signally 
honored. To-day I have additional satis 
faction in meeting and giving welcome to 
the foreign representatives assembled here, 
whose presence and participation in this 
exposition have contributed in so marked 
a degree to its interest and success. To 
the commissioners of the dominion of 
Canada and the British colonies, the 
French colonies, the republics of Mexico 
and of Central and South America, and 
the commissioners of Cuba and Porto 
Rico, who share with us in this under 
taking, we give the hand of fellowship 
and felicitate with them upon the triumphs 
of art, science, education, and manufact 
ures which the old has bequeathed to the 
new century. 

Expositions are time-keepers of prog 
ress. They record the world s advance 
ment. They stimulate the energy, enter 
prise, and intellect of the people, and 
quicken human genius. They go into the 
home. They broaden and brighten the 

VT. c a 



daily life of the people. They open 
mighty storehouses of information to the 
student. Every exposition, great or small, 
has helped to some onward step. Com 
parison of ideas is always educational, 
and as such instructs the brain and hand 
of man. Friendly rivalry follows, which 
is the spur to industrial improvement, 
the inspiration to useful invention and 
to high endeavor in all departments of 
human activity. It exacts a study of the 
wants, comforts, and even the whims of 
the people, and recognizes the efficacy of 
high quality and new prices to win their 
favor. The quest for trade is an incentive 
to men of business to devise, invent, im 
prove, and economize in the cost of pro 
duction. Business life, whether among 
ourselves or with other people, is ever a 
sharp struggle for success. It will be 
none the less so in the future. Without 
competition we would be clinging to the 
clumsy and antiquated processes of farm 
ing and manufacture and the methods of 
business of long ago, and the twentieth 
would be no further advanced than the 
eighteenth century. But though com 
mercial competitors we are, commercial 
enemies we must not be. 

International Assets. The Pan-Ameri 
can Exposition has done its work thor 
oughly, presenting in its exhibits evi 
dences of the highest skill, and illustrating 
the progress of the human family in the 
Western Hemisphere. This portion of the 
earth has no cause for humiliation for 
the part it has performed in the march of 
civilization. It has not accomplished 
everything; far from it. It has simply 
done its best, and without vanity or boast- 
fulness, and recognizing the manifold 
achievements of others, it invites the 
friendly rivalry of all the powers in the 
peaceful pursuits of trade and commerce, 
and will co-operate with all in advancing 
the highest and best interests of humanity. 
The wisdom and energy of all the nations 
are none too great for the world s work. 
The success of art, science, industry, and 
invention is an international asset and a 
common glory. 

After all, how near one to the other is 
every part of the world! Modern in 
ventors have brought into close relation 
widely separated peoples and made them 
better acquainted. Geographic and politi- 



MoKINLEY, WILLIAM 

cal divisions will continue to exist, but the fact was flashed to our capital, and 
distances have been effaced. Swift ships the swift destruction that followed was an- 
and fast trains are becoming cosmopoli- nounced immediately through the wonder- 
tan. They invade fields which a few years ful medium of telegraphy. So accustomed 
ago were impenetrable. The world s prod- are we to safe and easy communication 



ucts are exchanged as never before, and 
with increasing transportation facilities 
come increasing knowledge and larger 
trade. Prices are fixed with mathematical 
precision by supply and demand. The 
world s selling prices are regulated by 
market and crop reports. We travel 
greater distances in a shorter space of 
time and with more ease than was ever 
dreamed of by the fathers. Isolation is 
no longer possible or desirable. The 
same important news is read, though in 
different languages, the same day in all 
Christendom. The telegraph keeps us ad 
vised of what is occurring everywhere, 
and the press foreshadows, with more or 
less accuracy, the plans and purposes of 
the nations. Market prices of products 
and of securities are hourly known in 
every commercial mart, and the invest- 



that its temporary 
in ordinary times re- 



with distant lands 
interruption even 
suits in loss and inconvenience. We shall 
never forget the days of anxious waiting 
and awful suspense when no information 
was permitted to be sent from Peking, 
and the diplomatic representatives of the 
nations in China, cut off from all com 
munication inside and outside of the 
walled capital, were surrounded by an 
angry and misguided mob that threatened 
their lives; nor the joy that thrilled the 
world when a single message from the 
government of the United States brought 
through our minister the first news of the 
safety of the besieged diplomats. 

At the beginning of the nineteenth cen 
tury there was not a mile of steam rail 
road on the globe. Now there are enough 
miles to make its circuit many times. 



ments of the people extend beyond their Then there was not a line of electric tele- 



own national boundaries into the remotest 
parts of the earth. Vast transactions are 
conducted and international exchanges 
are made by the tick of the cable. Every 
event of interest is immediately bulle 
tined. The quick gathering and transmis 
sion of news, like rapid transit, are of re- 



graph; now we have a vast mileage 
traversing all lands and all seas. God and 
man have linked the nations together. 
No nation can longer be indifferent to any 
other. And as we are brought more and 
more in touch with each other the less 
occasion is there for misunderstanding, 



cent origin, and are only made possible by and the stronger the disposition, when we 



the genius of the inventor and the courage 
of the investor. It took a special messen 
ger of the government, with every facility forum for 
known at the time for rapid travel, nine- disputes, 
teen days to go from the city of Washing 
ton to New Orleans with a message to 
General Jackson that the war with Eng 
land had ceased and a treaty of peace had 
been signed. How different now! 

Annihilation of Distance. We reached 
General Miles in Porto Rico by cable, and 
he was able through the military tele 
graph to stop his army on the firing-line 
with the message that the United States 
and Spain had signed a protocol suspend 
ing hostilities. We knew almost in 
stantly of the first shot fired at Santiago, 
and the subsequent surrender of the Span 
ish forces was known at Washington with 
in less than an hour of its consummation. 
The first ship of Cervera s fleet had hardly 



have differences, to adjust them in the 
court of arbitration, which is the noblest 
the settlement of international 



The Nation s Great Prosperity. My 
fellow - citizens, trade statistics indicate 
that this country is in a state of unex 
ampled prosperity. The figures are almost 
appalling. They show that we are util 
izing our fields and forests and mines, 
and that we are furnishing profitable em 
ployment to the millions of working-men 
throughout the Ujiited States, bringing 
comfort and happiness to their homes and 
making it possible to lay by savings for 
old age and disability. That all the peo 
ple are participating in this great pros 
perity is seen in every American com 
munity and shown by the enormous and 
unprecedented deposits in our savings- 
banks. Our duty is the care and security 



emerged from that historic harbor when of these deposits, and their safe investment 

34 



McKlNLEY, WILLIAM 



demands the highest integrity and the 
best business capacity of those in charge 
of these depositories of the people s earn 
ings. 

We have a vast and intricate business, 
built up through years of toil and struggle, 
in which every part of the country has its 
stake, which will not permit of either 
neglect or of undue selfishness. No nar 
row, sordid policy will subserve it. The 
greatest skill and wisdom on the part of 
manufacturers and producers will be re 
quired to hold and increase it. Our indus 
trial enterprises, which have grown to 
such great proportions, affect the homes 
and occupations of the people and the wel 
fare of the country. Our capacity to pro 
duce has developed so enormously and our 
products have so multiplied that the 
problem of more markets requires our 
urgent and immediate attention. Only a 
broad and enlightened policy will keep 
what we have. No other policy will get 
more. In these times of marvellous busi 
ness energy and gain, we ought to be look 
ing to the future, strengthening the weak 
places in our industrial and commercial 
systems, that we may be ready for any 
storm or strain. 

Reciprocity Favored. By sensible trade 
arrangements which will not interrupt our 
home production, we shall extend the out 
lets for our increasing surplus. A sys 
tem which provides a mutual exchange of 
commodities is manifestly essential to the 
continued and healthful growth of our 
export trade. We must not repose in 
fancied security that we can forever sell 
everything and buy little or nothing. If 
such a thing were possible it would not be 
best for us or for those with whom we 
deal. We should take from our customers 
such of their products as we can use with 
out harm to our industries and labor. 
Reciprocity is the natural outgrowth of 
our wonderful industrial development un 
der the domestic policy now firmly es 
tablished. What we produce beyond our 
domestic consumption must have a vent 
abroad. The excess must be relieved 
through a foreign outlet, and we should 
sell everywhere we can buy and wherever 
the buying will enlarge our sales and pro 
ductions, and thereby make a greater de 
mand for home labor. 

The period of exclusiveness is past. The 



expansion of our trade and commerce is 
the pressing problem. Commercial wars 
are unprofitable. A policy of good-will and 
friendly trade relations will prevent re 
prisals. Reciprocity treaties are in har 
mony with the spirit of the times; meas 
ures of retaliation are not. 

If, perchance, some of our tariffs are 
no longer needed for revenue or to en 
courage and protect our industries at 
home, why should they not be employed 
to extend and promote our markets 
abroad? Then, too, we have inadequate 
steamship service. New lines of steamers 
have already been put in commission be 
tween the Pacific coast ports of the Unit 
ed States and those on the western coasts 
of Mexico and Central and South America. 
These should be followed up with direct 
steamship lines between the eastern coast 
of the United States and South American 
ports. One of the needs of the times is 
direct commercial lines from our vast fields 
of production to the fields of consumption 
that we have but barely touched. Next 
in advantage to having the thing to sell 
is to have the convenience to carry it to 
the buyer. We must encourage our mer 
chant marine. We must have more ships. 
They must be under the American flag, 
built and manned and owned by Ameri 
cans. These will not only be profitable 
in a commercial sense; they will be mes 
sengers of peace and amity wherever 
they go. 

Isthmian Canal and Pacific Cable. We 
must build the isthmian canal, which will 
unite the two oceans, and give a straight 
line of water communication with the 
western coasts of Central and South Amer 
ica and Mexico. The construction of a 
Pacific cable cannot be longer postponed. 

In the furtherance of these objects of 
national interest and concern you are per 
forming an important part. This exposi 
tion would have touched the heart of that 
American statesman whose mind was ever 
alert and thought ever constant for a 
larger commerce and a truer fraternity of 
the republics of the New World. His 
broad American spirit is felt and manifest 
ed here. He needs no identification to 
an assemblage of Americans anywhere, for 
the name of Elaine is inseparately asso 
ciated with the Pan-American movement 
which finds this practical and substantial 



35 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 



expression, and which we all hope will be 
firmly advanced by the Pan-American Con 
gress that assembles this autumn in the 
capital of Mexico. The good work will go 
on. It cannot be stopped. These build 
ings will disappear ; this creation of art 
and beauty and industry will perish from 
sight, but their influence will remain to 

Make it live beyond Is too short living 
With praises and thanksgiving. 

The Victories of Peace. Who can tell 
the new thoughts that have been awakened, 
the ambitions fired, and the high achieve 
ments that will be wrought through this 
exposition? Gentlemen: Let us ever re 
member that our interest is in concord, 
not conflict, and that our real eminence 
rests in the victories of peace, not those 
of war. We hope that all who are repre 
sented here may be moved to higher and 
nobler effort for their own and the world s 



good, and that out of this city may come, 
not only greater commerce and trade for 
us all, but, more essential than these, re 
lations of mutual respec % t, confidence, and 
friendship, which will deepen and endure. 

Our earnest prayer is that God will 
graciously vouchsafe prosperity, happiness, 
and peace to all our neighbors, and like 
blessings to all the peoples and powers of 
earth. 

The Conclusion of President McKin- 
ley s First Inaugural Address, Delivered 
in Washington, March 4> 1897. In con 
clusion, I congratulate the country upon 
the fraternal spirit of the people and the 
manifestations of good-will everywhere so 
apparent. The recent election not only 
most fortunately demonstrated the oblit 
eration of sectional or geographical lines, 
but to some extent also the prejudices 
which for years have distracted our coun 
cils and marred our true greatness as a 




HOME OP WILLIAM McKINLEY, CANTON, O. 

36 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

nation. The triumph of the people, whose it is clear. It upholds the gold standard, 
verdict is carried into effect to-day, is not and indorses the legislation of the present 
the triumph of one section, nor wholly of Congress by which that standard has been 
one party, but of all sections ard all the effectively strengthened, 
people. The North and the South no longer The stability of our national currency 
divide on the old lines, but upon principles is therefore secure so long as those who 
and policies, and in this fact surely every adhere to this platform are kept in con- 
lover of the country can find cause for trol of the government. In the first bat- 
true felicitation. Let us rejoice in and tie that of 1896 the friends of the 
cultivate this spirit; it is ennobling, and gold standard and of sound currency were 
will be both a gain and blessing to our triumphant, and the country is enjoying 
beloved country. It will be my constant the fruits of that victory. Our antago- 
aim to do nothing, and permit nothing to nists, however, are not satisfied. They 
be done, that will arrest or disturb this compel us to a second battle upon the 
growing sentiment of unity and co-opera- same lines on which the first was fought 
tion, this revival of esteem and affiliation and won. While regretting the reopening 
which now animates so many thousands of this question, which can only disturb 
in both the old antagonistic sections, but the present satisfactory financial condi- 
I shall cheerfully do everything possible tion of the government and visit uncer- 
to promote and increase it. tainty upon our great business enter- 
To keep the obligations which I have prises, we accept the issue and again 
reverently taken before the Lord Most invite the sound-money forces to join in 
High will be my single purpose my con- winning another, and we hope a per- 
stant prayer; and I shall confidently rely manent, triumph for an honest financial 
upon the forbearance and assistance of all system which will continue inviolable the 
the people in the discharge of my solemn public faith. 

responsibilities. Policy of the Silver Parties. As in 

Second Letter of Acceptance. The fol- 1896, the three silver parties are united 

lowing letter, addressed to the chairman under the same leader who, immediately 

of the notification committee of the Re- after the election of that year, in an 

publican National Convention, is one of address to the bimetallists, said: 

the most important papers in the politi- " The friends of bimetallism have not 

cal history of the country. It not only been vanquished ; they have simply been 

considers with much detail and clearness overcome. They believe that the gold 

the engrossing interests of a most event- standard is a conspiracy of the money- 

ful epoch, but it discloses without reserve changers against the welfare of the hu- 

the policy and intentions of President Me- man race, and they will continue the 

Kinley s administration. (The italicized warfare against it." 

headings to the various subdivisions of The policy thus proclaimed has been 

this letter are not in the original, but accepted and confirmed by these parties, 

have been added to make reference easy.) The Silver Democratic platform of 1900 

continues the warfare against the so- 

EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, D. C., called gold conspiracy when it expressly 

Sept. 8, 1900. says : 

The Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge, Chairman We reiterate the demand ^ of that 

Notification Committee: (the Chicago) platform of 189( for an 

American financial system made by the 

MY DEAR SIR, The nomination of the American people for themselves, which 

Republican National Convention of June shall restore and maintain a bimetallic 

19, 1900, for the office of the President price level, and as part of such system 

of the United States, which, as the official the immediate restoration of the free 

representative of the convention, you have and unlimited coinage of silver and gold 

conveyed to me, is accepted. I have care- a t the present ratio of 16 to 1, without 

fully examined the platform adopted and waiting for the aid or consent of any oth- 

give to it my hearty approval. Upon the er nation." 

great issue of the last national election So the issue is presented. It will be 

O w 

3 1 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

noted that the demand is for the imme- to discuss. All of them are important, 
diate restoration of the free coinage of Whichever party is successful will be 
silver at 16 to 1. If another issue is bound in conscience to carry into admin- 
paramount, this is immediate. It will istration and legislation its several dec- 
admit of no delay and will suffer no post- larations and doctrines. One declaration 
ponement. will be as obligatory as another, but 

Turning to the other associated parties all are not immediate. It is not pos- 

we find in the Populist national plat- sible that these parties would treat the 

form, adopted at Sioux Falls, S. D., May doctrine of 16 to 1, the immediate real- 

10, 1900, the following declaration: ixation of which is demanded by their 

"We pledge anew the People s party nev- several platforms, as void and inoperative 

er to cease the agitation until this finan- in the event that they shall be clothed 

cial conspiracy is blotted from the statute with power. Otherwise their profession 

book, the Lincoln greenback restored, the of faith is insincere. It is therefore the 

bonds all paid, and all corporation money imperative business of those opposed to 

forever retired. We reaffirm the demand this financial heresy to prevent the tri- 

for the reopening of the mints of the umph of the parties whose union is only 

United States for the free and unlimited assured by adherence to the silver issue. 

coinage of silver and gold at the present Will the American people, through indif- 

legal ratio of 16 to 1, the immediate in- ference or fancied security, hazard the 

crease in the volume of silver coins and overthrow of the wise financial legislation 

certificates thus created to be substituted, of the past year and revive the danger of 

dollar for dollar, for the bank-notes issued the silver standard with all of the in- 

by private corporations under special evitable evils of shattered confidence and 

privilege granted by law of March 14, general disaster which justly alarmed and 

1900, and prior national banking laws." aroused them in 1896? 

The platform of the Silver party, The Chicago platform of 1896 is re- 
adopted at Kansas City, July 6, 1900, affirmed in its entirety by the Kansas 
makes the following announcement: City convention. Nothing has been omit- 

" We declare it to be our intention to ted or recalled ; so that all the perils then 
lend our efforts to the repeal of this cur- threatened are presented anew with the 
rency law, which not only repudiates the added force of a deliberate reaffirmation. 
ancient and time-honored principles of Four years ago the people refused to 
the American people before the Constitu- place the seal of their approval upon 
tion was adopted, but is violative of the these dangerous and revolutionary policies, 
principles of the Constitution itself; and and this year they will not fail to record 
we shall not cease our efforts until there again their earnest dissent. 
has been established in its place a mone- The Work of Congress. The Repub- 
tary system based upon the free and un- lican party remains faithful to its prin- 
limited coinage of silver and gold into ciples of a tariff which supplies sufficient 
money at the present legal ratio of 16 revenues for the government and adequate 
to 1 by the independent action of the protection to our enterprises and pro- 
United States, under which system all ducers, and of reciprocity which opens 
paper money shall be issued by the gov- foreign markets to the fruits of Ameri- 
ernment, and all such money coined or can labor, and furnishes new channels 
issued shall be a full legal tender in pay- through which to market the surplus 
ment of all debts, public and private, of American farms. The time-honored 
without exception." principles of protection and reciprocity 

In all three platforms these parties an- were the first pledges of Republican vic- 

nounce that their efforts shall be unceas- tory to be written into public law. 
ing until the gold act shall be blotted The present Congress has given to Alas- 

from the statute books and the free and ka a territorial government for which 

unlimited coinage of silver at 16 to 1 it had waited more than a quarter of a 

shall take its place. century; has established a representative 

AH the Issues Important. The rela- government in Hawaii; has enacted bills 

tive importance of the issues I do not stop for the most liberal treatment of the 

38 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

pensioners and their widows; has re- Growth of Foreign Trade. Our foreign 
vived the free homestead policy. In its trade shows a satisfactory and increas- 
great financial law it provided for the ing growth. The amount of our exports 
establishment of banks of issue with a for the year 1900 over those of the ex- 
capital of $25,000 for the benefit of vil- ceptionally prosperous year of 1899 
lages and rural communities, and bringing was about $500,000 for every day of 
the opportunity for profitable business in the year, and these sums have gone into 
banking within the reach of moderate cap- the homes and enterprises of the people, 
ital. Many are already availing them- There has been an increase of over $50,- 
selves of this privilege. 000,000 in the exports of agricultural 

Prosperity of the Country. During products; $92.692,220 in manufactures, 

the past year more than $19,000,000 and in the products of the mines of over 

United States bonds have been paid from $10,000,000. Our trade balances cannot 

the surplus revenues of the treasury, fail to give satisfaction to the people of 

and in addition $25,000,000 2 per cents, the country. In 1898 we sold abroad 

matured, called by the government, are $615,432,676 of products more than we 

in process of payment. Pacific Railroad bought abroad; in 1899, $529,874,813, and 

bonds issued by the government in aid in 1900, $544.471,701, making during the 

of the roads in the sum of nearly $44,000,- three years a total balance in our favor 

000 have been paid since Dec. 31, 1897. of $1,689,779,190 nearly five times the 

The treasury balance is in satisfactory con- balance of trade in our favor for the whole 

dition, showing on Sept. 1 $135,419,000, in period of 108 years, from 1790 to June 30, 

addition to the $150,000,000 gold reserve 1897, inclusive. 

held in the treasury. The government s Four hundred and thirty - six million 
relations with the Pacific railroads have dollars of gold have been added to the gold 
been substantially closed, $124,421,000 be- stock of the United States since July 1, 
ing received from these roads, the greater 1S96. The law of March 14, 1900, author- 
part in cash, and the remainder with ized the refunding into 2 per cent, bonds 
ample securities for payments deferred. of that part of the public debt represented 

Instead of diminishing, as was predict- by the 3 per cents, due in 1908, the 4 per 

ed four years ago, the volume of our cents, due in 1907, and the 5 per cents, due 

currency is greater per capita than it in 1904, aggregating $840,000,000. More 

has ever been. It was $21.10 in 1896. It than one-third of the sum of these bonds 

had increased to $26.25 on July 1, 1900, was refunded in the first three months 

and $26.85 on Sept. 1, 1900. Our total after the passage of the act, and on Sept. 

money on July 1, 1896, was $1,506,434,966; 1 the sum had been increased more than 

on July 1, 1900, it was $2,062,425,490, and $33,000,000, making in all $330,578,050, re- 

$2,096,683,042 on Sept. 1, 1900. suiting in a net saving of over $8,379,520. 

Our industrial and agricultural con- The ordinary receipts of the government 
ditions are more promising than they for the fiscal year 1900 were $79,527,060 
have been for many years ; probably more in excess of its expenditures, 
so than they have ever been. Prosperity Decreased Expenditures. While our re- 
abounds everywhere throughout the re- ceipts, both from customs and internal 
public. I rejoice that the Southern as revenue, have been greatly increased, our 
well as the Northern States are enjoying expenditures have been decreasing. Civil 
a full share of these improved national and miscellaneous expenses for the fiscal 
conditions, and that all are contributing year ended June 30, 1900, were nearly 
so largely to our remarkable industrial $14,000,000 less than in 1899, while on 
development. The money - lender receives the war account there is a decrease of 
lower rewards for his capital than if more than $95,000,000. There were re- 
it were invested in active business. The quired $8,000,000 less to support the navy 
rates of interest are lower than they have this year than last, and the expenditures 
ever been in this country, while those on account of Indians were nearly $2,750,- 
things which are produced on the farm 000 less than in 1899. The only two 
and in the workshop, and the labor pro- items of increase in the public expenses 
ducing them, have advanced in value. of 1900 over 1899 are for pensions and 

39 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

interest on the public debt. For 1890 The British government declined to ac- 
we expended for pensions $139,394,929, and cept the intervention of any power, 
for the fiscal year 1900 our payments on Need of American Shipping. Ninety- 
this account amounted to $140,877,316. one per cent, of our exports and imports 
The net increase of interest on the pub- are now carried by foreign ships. For 
lie debt of 1900 over 1899 required by the ocean transportation we pay annually to 
war loan was $263,408.25. While Congress foreign ship - owners over $165,000,000. 
authorized the government to make a war We ought to own the ships for our carry- 
loan of $400,000,000 at the beginning of ing - trade with the world, and we ought 
the war with Spain, only $200,000,000 of to build them in American ship-yards and 
bonds were issued, bearing 3 per cent, in- man them with American sailors. Our 
terest, which were promptly and patriot- own citizens should receive the transpor- 
ically taken by our citizens. tation charges now paid to foreigners. I 

Unless something unforeseen occurs to have called the attention of Congress to 

reduce our revenues or increase our ex- this subject in my several annual mes- 

penditures, the Congress at its next ses- sages. In that of Dec. 6, 1897, I said: 

sion should reduce taxation very mate- " Most desirable from every stand-point- 

rially. of national interest and patriotism is the 

Five years ago we were selling govern- effort to extend our foreign commerce, 
ment bonds bearing as high as 5 per cent. To this end our merchant marine should 
interest. Now we are redeeming them be improved and enlarged. We should 
with a bond at par bearing 2 per cent, do our full share of the carrying - trade 
interest. We are selling our surplus prod- of the world. We do not do it now. We 
ucts and lending our surplus money to should be the laggard no longer." 
Europe. One result of our selling to oth- In my message of Dec. 5, 1899, I said: 
er nations so much more than we have " Our national development will be one- 
bought from them during the past three sided and unsatisfactory so long as the 
years is a radical improvement of our remarkable growth of our inland indus- 
financial relations. The great amounts of tries remains unaccompanied by progress 
capital which have been borrowed of Eu- on the seas. There is no lack of consti- 
rope for our rapid material development tutional authority for legislation which 
have remained a constant drain upon our shall give to the country maritime 
resources for interest and dividends, and strength commensurate with its indus- 
made our money markets liable to con- trial achievements and with its rank 
stant disturbances by calls for payment or among the nations of the earth, 
heavy sales of our securities whenever " The past year has recorded exceptional 
moneyed stringency or panic occurred activity in our ship-yards, and the prom- 
abroad. We have now been paying these ises of continual prosperity in ship-build- 
debts and bringing home many of our ing are abundant. Advanced legislation 
securities and establishing countervail- for the protection of our seamen has been 
ing credits abroad by our loans and plac- enacted. Our coast -trade under regula- 
ing ourselves upon a sure foundation of tions wisely framed at the beginning of 
financial independence. the government and since shows results 

Action in the Boer War. In the un- for the past fiscal year unequalled in our 
fortunate contest between Great Britain records or those of any other power. We 
and the Boer states of South Africa, the shall fail to realize our opportunities, 
United States has maintained an attitude however, if we complacently regard only 
of neutrality in accordance with its well- matters at home and blind ourselves to 
known traditional policy. It did not hes- the necessity of securing our share in the 
itate, however, when requested by the gov- valuable carrying-trade of the world." 
ernments of the South African republics, I now reiterate these views. 
to exercise its good offices for a cessation The Inter-Oceanic Canal. A subject of 
of hostilities. It is to be observed that immediate importance to our country is 
while the South African republics made the completion of a great waterway of 
like request of other powers, the United commerce between the Atlantic and Pa- 
States was the only one which complied, cific. The construction of a maritime ca- 

40 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

nal is now more than ever indispensable labor in a depreciated currency. For 

to that intimate and ready communica- labor, a short day is better than a short 

tion between our Eastern and Western dollar; one will lighten the burdens; the 

seaports demanded by the annexation of other lessens the rewards of toil. The 

the Hawaiian Islands and the expansion one will promote contentment and inde- 

of our influence and trade in the Pacific. pendence; the other penury and want. 

Our national policy more imperatively The wages of labor should be adequate 

than ever calls for its completion and to keep the home in comfort, educate the 

control by this government, and it is be- children, and, with thrift and economy, 

lieved that the next session of Congress, lay something by for the days of infirmity 

after receiving the full report of the com- and old age. 

mission appointed under the act approved Civil Service Reform, Practical civil 

March 3, 1899, will make provisions for service reform has always had the support 

the sure accomplishment of this great or encouragement of the Republican party, 

work. The future of the merit system is safe 

Trusts and Labor. Combinations of in its hands. During the present adminis- 
capital which control the market in com- tration, as occasions have arisen for mod- 
modities necessary to the general use of ification or amendment in the existing 
the people, by suppressing natural and civil service law and rules, they have 
ordinary competition, thus enhancing been made. Important amendments were 
prices to the general consumer, are ob- promulgated by executive order under 
noxious to the common law and the pub- date of May 29, 1899, having for their 
lie welfare. They are dangerous conspir- principal purpose the exception from com- 
acies against the public good and should petitive examination of certain places in- 
be made the subject of prohibitory or volving fiduciary responsibilities or duties 
penal legislation. Publicity will be a of a strictly confidential, scientific, or 
helpful influence to check the evil. Uni- executive character, which it was thought 
formityof legislation in the several States might better be filled either by non-com- 
should be secured. Discrimination between petitive examination or by other tests of 
what is injurious and what is useful and fitness in the discretion of the appointing 
necessary in business operations is es- officer. It is gratifying that the expe- 
sential to the wise and effective treat- rience of more than a year has vindicated 
ment of this subject. Honest co-operation these changes, in the marked improvement 
of capital is necessary to meet new busi- of the public service. The merit system, as 
ness conditions and extend our rapidly far as practicable, is made the basis for 
increasing foreign trade, but conspiracies appointments to office in our new terri- 
and combinations intended to restrict tory. 

business, create monopolies, and control Pensions should be Liberal. The Amer- 

prices should be effectively restrained. ican people are profoundly grateful to 

The best service which can be rendered the soldiers, sailors, and marines who 

to labor is to afford it an opportunity for have in every time of conflict fought 

steady and remunerative employment, and their country s battles and defended its 

give it every encouragement for advance- honor. The survivors and the widows 

ment. The policy that subserves this end and orphans of those who have fallen 

is the true American policy. The past are justly entitled to receive the generous 

three years have been more satisfactory and considerate care of the nation. Few 

to American workingmen than many pre- are now left of those who fought in the 

ceding years. Any change of the present Mexican War, and while many of the 

industrial or financial policy of the gov- veterans of the Civil War are still spared 

eminent would be disastrous to their to us, their numbers are rapidly dimin- 

highest interests. With prosperity at ishing and age and infirmity are increas- 

home and an increasing foreign market ing their dependence. These, with the 

for American products, employment should soldiers of the Spanish War, will not be 

continue to wait upon labor, and with neglected by their grateful countrymen, 

the present gold standard the working- The pension laws have been liberal. They 

man is secured against payment for his should be justly administered and will be. 

41 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

Preference should be given to the sol- the United States, Congress complied 

diers, sailors, and marines, their widows with my recommendation by removing, 

and orphans, with respect to employment on May 1 last, 85 per cent, of the 

in the public service. duties and providing fox the removal 

Cuba and Porto Rico. We have been of the remaining 15 per cent, on March 

in possession of Cuba since Jan. 1, 1899. 1. 1902, or earlier, if the legislature of 

We have restored order and established Porto Rico shall provide local revenues 

domestic tranquillity. We have fed the for the expenses of conducting the govern- 

starving, clothed the naked, and minis- ment. 

tered to the sick. We have improved During this intermediate period Porto 

the sanitary condition of the island. We Rican products coming into the United 

have stimulated industry, introduced pub- States pay a tariff of 15 per cent, of the 

lie education, and taken a full and com- rates under the Dingley act, and our 

prehensive enumeration of the inhabi- goods going to Porto Rico pay a like 

tants. The qualification of electors has rate. The duties thus paid and collected, 

been settled, and under it officers have both in Porto Rico and the United States, 

been chosen for all the municipalities of are paid to the government of Porto Rico ; 

Cuba. These local governments are now and no part thereof is taken by the na- 

in operation, administered by the people, tional government. All of the duties 

Our military establishment has been re- from Nov. 1, 1898, to June 30, 1900, ag- 

duced from 43,000 men to less than 6,000. gregating the sum of $2,250,523.21, paid 

An election has been ordered to be held at the custom houses in the United States 

on Sept. 15, under a fair election law upon Porto Rican products under the laws 

already tried in the municipal elections, existing prior to the above-mentioned act 

to choose members of a constitutional con- of Congress, have gone into the treasury 

vention, and the convention by the same of Porto Rico to relieve the destitute and 

order is to assemble on the first Mon- for schools and other public purposes, 

day of November to frame a constitution In addition to this, we have expended 

upon which an independent government for relief, education, and improvement of 

for the island will rest. All this is a loads the sum of $1,513,084.95. The 

long step in the fulfilment of our sacred United States military force on the isl- 

guarantees to the people of Cuba. and has been reduced from 11,000 to 1,500, 

We hold Porto Rico by the same title and native Porto Ricans constitvite for 

as the Philippines. The treaty of peace the most part the local constabulary, 

which ceded us the one conveyed to us the Under the new law and the inaugura- 

other. Congress has given to this island tion of civil government there has been 

a government in which the inhabitants a gratifying revival of business. The 

participate, elect their own legislature, manufactures of Porto Rico are develop- 

enact their own local laws, provide their ing; her imports are increasing, her tariff 

own system of taxation, and in these is yielding increased returns, her fields 

respects have the same power and privi- are being cultivated, free schools are being 

leges enjoyed by other territories belong- established. Notwithstanding the many 

ing to the United States, and a much embarrassments incident to a change of 

larger measure of self-government than national conditions, she is rapidly showing 

was given to the inhabitants of Louisi- the good effects of her new relations to 

ana under Jefferson. A district court of this nation. 

the United States for Porto Rico has been The Philippine Problem. For the sake 

established and local courts have been of full and intelligent understanding of 

inaugurated, all of which are in oper- the Philippine question, and to give to 

ation. the people authentic information of the 

The generous treatment of the Porto acts and aims of the administration, I 

Ricans accords with the most liberal present at some length the events of im- 

thought of our own country and encour- portance leading up to the present situ- 

ages the best aspirations of the people ation. The purposes of the executive 

of the island. While they do not have are best revealed and can best be judged 

instant free commercial intercourse with by what he has done and is doing, [t 

42 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

will be seen that the power of the govern- the dictates of humanity and in the ful- 

ment has been used for the liberty, the filment of high public and moral obli- 

peace, and the prosperity of the Philip- gations. We had no design of aggran- 

pine peoples, and that force has been dizement, and no ambition of conquest, 

employed only against force which stood Through the long course of repeated rep- 

in the way of the realization of these resentations which preceded and aimed to 

en( j s . avert the struggle and in the final arbit- 

On April 25, 1898, Congress declared rament of force, this country was im- 

that a state of war existed between Spain polled solely by the purpose of relieving 

and the United States. On May 1, 1898, grievous wrongs and removing long-exist- 

Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish ing conditions which disturbed its tran- 

fleet in Manila Bay. On May 19, 1898, quillity, which shocked the moral sense 

Major - General Merritt, United States of mankind, and which could no longer 

army, was placed in command of the be endured. 

military expedition to Manila, and direct- " It is my earnest wish that the United 
ed among other things to immediately States, in making peace, should follow 
"publish a proclamation declaring that the same high rule of conduct which 
we come not to make war upon the people guided it in facing war. It should be as 
of the Philippines, nor upon any part scrupulous and magnanimous in the con- 
or faction among them, but to protect eluding settlement as it was just and hu- 
them in their homes, in their employ- mane in its original action. . . . Our aim 
ments, and in their personal and re- in the adjustment of peace should be di- 
ligious rights. All persons who, either rected to lasting results, and to the 
by active aid or by honest submission, achievement of the common good under 
co-operate with the United States in its the demands of civilization, rather than 
efforts to give effect to this beneficent to ambitious designs. . . . 
purpose will receive the reward of its " Without any original thought of corn- 
support and protection." plete or even partial acquisition, the pres- 

On July 3, 1898, the Spanish fleet, in ence and success of our arms in Manila 

attempting to escape from Santiago Har- imposes upon us obligations which we can- 

bor, was destroyed by the American fleet, not disregard. The march of events rules 

and on July 17, 1898, the Spanish gar- and overrules human action. Avowing un- 

rison in the city of Santiago surrendered reservedly the purpose which has animated 

to the commander of the American forces, all our effort, and still solicitous to ad- 

Peace Envoys Instructions. Follow- here to it, we cannot be unmindful that 

ing these brilliant victories, on Aug. without any desire or design on our part 

12, 1898, upon the initiative of Spain, hos- the war has brought us new duties and 

tilities were suspended and a protocol responsibilities which we must meet and 

was signed with a view to arranging discharge as becomes a great nation on 

terms of peace between the two govern- whose growth and career from the begin- 

ments. In pursuance thereof I appointed ning the Ruler of Nations has plainly 

as commissioners the following distin- written the high command and pledge of 

guished citizens to conduct the negotia- civilization." 

tions on the part of the United States: On Oct. 28, 1898, while the peace corn- 
William R. Day, of Ohio; William P. mission was continuing its negotiations 
Frye, of Maine; Cushman K. Davis, of in Paris, the following additional instruc- 
Minnesota; George Gray, of Delaware, tion was sent: 

and Whitelaw Reid, of New York. In " It is imperative upon us that as vic- 

addressing the peace commission before tors we should be governed only by motives 

its departure for Paris, I said : which will exalt our nation. Territorial 

" It is my wish that throughout the ne- expansion should be our least concern, 

gotiations intrusted to the commission the that we shall not shirk the moral obliga- 

purpose and spirit with which the United tions of our victory is of the greatest. 

States accepted the unwelcome necessity It is undisputed that Spain s authority 

of war should be kept constantly in view, is permanently destroyed in every part 

We took up arms only in obedience to of the Philippines. To leave any part in 

43 



McKINXEY, WILLIAM 

her feeble control now would increase our Orders to Military Commander. The 

difficulties and be opposed to the inter- treaty of peace was concluded on Dec. 10, 

ests of humanity. . . . Nor can we per- 189S. By its terms the archipelago known 

mit Spain to transfer any of the islands as the Philippine Islands was ceded by 

to another power. Nor can we invite an- Spain to the United States. It was also 

other power or powers to join the United provided that " the civil rights and polit- 

States in sovereignty over them. We must ical status of the native inhabitants of 

either hold them or turn them back to the territories hereby ceded to the United 

Spain. States shall be determined by the Con- 

" Consequently, grave as are the respon- gress." Eleven days thereafter, on Dec. 
sibilities and unforeseen as are the diffi- 21, the following direction was given to 
culties which are before us, the President the commander of our forces in the Phil- 
can see but one plain path of duty, the ippines: 

acceptance of the archipelago. Greater " The military commander of the Unit- 
difficulties and more serious complications ed States is enjoined to make known to 
administrative and international would the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands 
follow any other course. The President that in succeeding to the sovereignty of 
has given .to the views of the commission- Spain, in severing the former political 
ers the fullest consideration, and in reach- relations of the inhabitants and in es- 
ing the conclusion above announced in the tablishing a new political power, the au- 
light of information communicated to the thority of the United States is to be ex- 
commission and to the President since erted for the securing of the persons and 
your departure, he has been influenced by property of the people of the islands, and 
the single consideration of duty and hu- for the confirmation of all their private 
manity. The President is not unmindful rights and relations. It will be the duty 
of the distressed financial condition of o f the commander of the forces of occu- 
Spain, and whatever consideration the pation to announce and proclaim in the 
United States may show must come from most public manner that we come not as 
its sense of generosity and benevolence invaders or conquerors, but as friends, to 
rather than from any real or technical protect the natives in their homes, in 
obligation." their employments, and in their personal 

Again, on Nov. 13, I instructed the and religious rights." 

commission: First Philippine Commission. In order 

"From the stand-point of indemnity to facilitate the most humane, pacific, 
both the archipelagoes (Porto Rico and and effective extension of authority 
the Philippines) are insufficient to pay our throughout these islands, and to secure, 
war expenses, but aside from this do we w ith the least possible delay, the bene- 
not owe an obligation to the people of the fits of a wise and generous protection 
Philippines which will not permit us to o f life and property to the inhabitants, 
return them to the sovereignty of Spain? I appointed, in January, 1899, a commis- 
Could we justify ourselves in such a s ion consisting of Jacob Gould Schur- 
course or could we permit their barter man, of New York; Admiral George Dew- 
to some other power? Willing or not, we e y, United States navy; Charles Denby, 
have the responsibility of duty which we of Indiana; Prof. Dean C. Worcester, of 
cannot escape. . . . The President cannot Michigan, and Maj.-Gen. Elwell S. Otis, 
believe any division of the archipelago United States army. Their instructions 
can bring us anything but embarrassment contained the following: 
in the future. The trade and commercial " In the performance of this duty the 
side, as well as the indemnity for the commissioners are enjoined to meet at 
cost of the war, are questions we might the earliest possible day in the city of 
yield. They might be waived or com- Manila and to announce by public proc- 
promised, but the questions of duty and Tarnation their presence and the mission 
humanity appeal to the President so intrusted to them, carefully setting forth 
strongly that he can find no appropriate that, while the military government al- 
answer but the one he has here marked ready proclaimed is to be maintained and 
put." continued so long as necessity may r- 

44 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

quire, efforts will be made to alleviate tions were exchanged by the United States 

the burden of taxation, to establish in- and Spain on Aug. 11, 1899. 

dustrial and commercial prosperity, and As early as April, 1899, the Philippine 

to provide for the safety of persons and commission, of which Dr. Schurman was 

of property by such means as may be president, endeavored to bring about peace 

found conducive to these ends. in the islands by repeated conferences 

" The commissioners will endeavor, with- with leading Tagalogs representing the 
out interference with the military author- so-called insurgent government, to the 
ities of the United States now in control end that some general plan of government 
of the Philippines, to ascertain what might be offered them which they would 
amelioration in the condition of the in- accept. So great was the satisfaction 
habitants and what improvements in pub- of the insurgent commissioners with the 
lie order may be practicable, and for this form of government proposed by the Amer- 
purpose they will study attentively the ican commissioners that the latter sub- 
existing social and political state of the mitted the proposed scheme to me for 
various populations, particularly as re- approval, and my action thereon is shown 
gards the forms of local government, the by the cable message following: 
administration of justice, the collection " May 5, 1899. 
of customs and other taxes, the means " SCHURMAN, Manila, Yours of the 4th 
of transportation, and the need of pub- received. You are authorized to propose 
lie improvements. They will report . . . that under the military power of the 
the results of their observations and re- President, pending action of Congress, 
flections, and will recommend such execu- government of the Philippine Islands 
tive action as may from time to time shall consist of a governor - general ap- 
seem to them wise and useful. pointed by the President; cabinet ap- 

" The commissioners are hereby author- pointed by the governor-general ; a general 

ized to confer authoritatively with any advisory council elected by the people ; 

persons resident in the islands from whom the qualifications of electors to be care- 

they may believe themselves able to de- fully considered and determined, and 

rive information or suggestions valuable the governor - general to have absolute 

for the purposes of their commission, or veto. Judiciary strong and independent; 

whom they may choose to employ as principal judges appointed by the Presi- 

agents, as may be necessary for this dent. The cabinet and judges to be chosen 

purpose. . . . from natives or Americans, or both, hav- 

" It is my desire that in all their ing regard to fitness. The President ear- 
relations with the inhabitants of the ist- nestly desires the cessation of bloodshed, 
ands, the commissioners exercise due re- and that the people of the Philippine Isl- 
spect for the ideals, customs, and institu- ands at an early date shall have the larg- 
tions of the tribes which compose the est measure of local self-government con- 
population, emphasizing upon all occa- sistent with peace and good order." 
sions the just and beneficent intentions Report of the Commission. In the 
of the government of the United States, latter part of May another group of 
It is also my wish and expectation that representatives came from the insurgent 
the commissioners may be received in a leader. The whole matter was fully dis- 
manner due to the honored and author- cussed with them and promise of accept- 
ized representatives of the American Ee- ance seemed near at hand. They assured 
public, duly commissioned on account of our commissioners they would return af- 
their knowledge, skill, and integrity as ter consulting with their leader, but they 
bearers of the good-will, the protection, never did. 

and the richest blessings of a liberating As a result of the views expressed by 

rather than a conquering nation." the first Tagalog representative favorable 

Offer to the Filipinos. On Feb. 6, 1899, to the plan of the commission, it appears 
the treaty was ratified by the Senate of that he was, by military order of the in- 
the United States and the Congress im- surgent leader, stripped of his shoulder- 
mediately appropriated $20.000,000 to straps, dismissed from the army, and sen- 
carry out its provisions. The ratifica- tenced to twelve years imprisonment. 

.45 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

The views of the commission are best archipelago. We cannot from any point 

set forth in their own words: of view escape the responsibilities of gov- 

" Deplorable as war is, the one in which crnment which our sovereignty entails ; 

we are now engaged was unavoidable by and the commission is strongly persuaded 

us. We were attacked by a bold, advent- that the performance of our national duty 

urous, and enthusiastic army. No alter- will prove the greatest blessing to the peo- 

native was left to us except ignominious pie of the Philippine Islands." 
retreat. Satisfied that nothing further could be 

" It is not to be conceived of that any accomplished in pursuance of their mis- 
American would have sanctioned the sur- sion until the rebellion was suppressed, 
render of Manila to the insurgents. Our and desiring to place before the Congress 
obligations to other nations and to the the result of their observations, I re- 
friendly Filipinos and to ourselves and quested the commission to return to the 
our flag demanded that force should be met United States. Their most intelligent and 
with force. Whatever the future of the comprehensive report was submitted to 
Philippines may be, there is no course Congress. 

open to us now except the prosecution of Civil Commission Appointed. In 

the war until the insurgents are reduced March, 1900, believing that the insurrec- 

to submission. The commission is of the tion was practically ended and earnestly 

opinion that there has been no time since desiring to promote the establishment of 

the destruction of the Spanish squadron a stable government in the archipelago, 

by Admiral Dewey when it was possible I appointed the following civil commis- 

to withdraw our forces from the islands sion: William H. Taft, of Ohio; Prof, 

either with honor to ourselves or with Dean C. Worcester, of Michigan; Luke 

safety to the inhabitants." 1. Wright, of Tennessee; Henry C. Ide, 

After the most thorough study of the of Vermont; and Bernard Moses, of Cali- 

peoples of the archipelago, the commission fornia. My instructions to them contain- 

reported, among other things: ed the following: 

"Their lack of education and political "You (the Secretary of War) will in 
experience, combined with their racial struct the commission to devote their 
and linguistic diversities, disqualify them, attention in the first instance to the es- 
in spite of their mental gifts and domes- tablishment of municipal governments, in 
tic virtues, to undertake the task of gov- which the natives of the islands, both in 
erning the archipelago at the present the cities and in the rural communities, 
time. The most that can be expected of shall be afforded the opportunity to man- 
them is to co-operate with the Americans age their own local affairs to the fullest 
in the administration of general affairs extent of which they are capable, and sub- 
from Manila as a centre, and to under- ject to the least degree of supervision and 
take, subject to American control or control which a careful study of their 
guidance (as may be found necessary), the capacities and observation of the workings 
administration of provincial and munici- of native control show to be consistent 
pal affairs. . . . with the maintenance of law, order, and 

" Should our power by any fatality be loyalty. Whenever the commission is of 

withdrawn, the commission believes that the opinion that the condition of affairs 

the government of the Philippines would in the islands is such that the adminis- 

speedily lapse into anarchy, which would tration may safely be transferred from 

excuse, if it did not necessitate, the in- military to civil control they will report 

tervention of other powers, and the event- that conclusion to you (the Secretary of 

ual division of the islands among them. War), with their recommendations as to 

Only through American occupation, there- the form of central government to be es- 

fore, is the idea of a free, self-governing, tahlished for the purpose of taking over 

and united Philippine commonwealth at the control. 
all conceivable. ... " Beginning with Sept. 1, 1900, the 

" Thus the welfare of the Filipinos coin- authority to exercise, subject to my ap- 

cides with the dictates of national honor proval, through the Secretary of War, 

in forbidding our abandonment of the that part of the power of government in 

46 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

the Philippine Islands which is of a legis- to be a witness against himself; that the 
lative nature is to be transferred from right to be secure against unreasonable 
the military governor of the islands to searches and seizures shall not be vio- 
this commission, to be thereafter exercised lated; that neither slavery nor involun- 
by them in the place and stead of the tary servitude shall exist except as a 
military governor, under such rules and punishment for crime; that no bill of at- 
regulations as you (the Secretary of War) tainder or ex post facto law shall be pass- 
shall prescribe, until the establishment of ed ; that no law shall be passed abridging 
the civil central government for the the freedom of speech or of the press, 
islands contemplated in the last foregoing or the rights of the people to peaceably 
paragraph, or until Congress shall other- assemble and petition the government for 
wise provide. Exercise of this legislative a redress of grievances; that no law shall 
authority will include the making of rules be made respecting the establishment of 
and orders having the effect of law for the religion, or prohibiting the free exercise 
raising of revenue by taxes, customs thereof, and that the free exercise and en- 
duties and imposts, the appropriation and joyment of religious profession and wor- 
expenditure of the public funds of the ship without discrimination or preference 
islands, the establishment of an edu- shall forever be allowed. . . . 
cational system throughout the islands, " It will be the duty of the commission 
the establishment of a system to secure to promote and extend, and, as they find 
an efficient civil service, the organization occasion, to improve, the system of edu- 
and establishment of courts, the organ- cation already inaugurated by the military 
ization and establishment of municipal authorities. In doing this they should 
and departmental governments, and all regard as of first importance the extension 
other matters of a civil nature for which of a system of primary education which 
the military governor is now competent shall be free to all, and which shall tend 
to provide by rules or orders of a legisla- to fit the people for the duties of citizen- 
tive character. The commission will also ship, and for the ordinary avocations of a 
have power during the same period to ap- civilized community. . . . Especial atten- 
point to office such officers under the tion should be at once given to affording 
judicial, educational, and civil service full opportunity to all- the people of the 
systems and in the municipal and depart- islands to acquire the use of the English 
mental governments as shall be provided." language. . . . 

Commission s Instructions. Until Con- " Upon all officers and employe s of the 

gvess shall take action I directed that: United States, both civil and military, 

" Upon every division and branch of the should be impressed a sense of the duty to 

government of the Philippines must be im- observe not merely the material but the 

posed these inviolable rules: personal and social rights of the people 

"That no person shall be deprived of life, of the islands, and to treat them with the 

liberty, or property without due process same courtesy and respect for their per- 

of law; that private property shall not be sonal dignity which the people of the 

taken for public use without just com- United States are accustomed to require 

pensation; that in all criminal pros- from each other. 

ecutions the accused shall enjoy the right " The articles of capitulation of the city 

to a speedy and public trial, to be of Manila on Aug. 13, 1898, concluded 

informed of the nature and cause of with these words: 

the accusation, to be confronted with the " This city, its inhabitants, its churches 
witnesses against him, to have compulsory and religious worship, its educational 
process for obtaining witnesses in his establishments and its private property of 
favor, and to have the assistance of all descriptions, are placed under the 
counsel for his defence; that excessive special safeguard of the faith and honor 
bail shall not be required, nor excessive of the American army. 
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual "I believe that this pledge has been faith- 
punishment inflicted; that no person shall fully kept. As high and sacred an obliga- 
be put twice in jeopardy for the same of- tion rests upon the government of the 
fence, or be compelled in any criminal case United States to give protection for prop- 

47 



McKlNLEY, WILLIAM 

erty and life, civil and religious freedom, representative Americans of different 
and wise, firm, and unselfish guidance in sections of the country and from differ- 
the paths of peace and prosperity to all ent political parties, whose character and 
the people of the Philippine Islands. I ability guarantee the most faithful intel- 
charge this commission to labor for the ligence and patriotic service, are now 
full performance of this obligation, which laboring to establish stable government 
concerns the honor and conscience of their under civil control, in which the inhabi- 
country, in the firm hope that through tants shall participate, giving them op- 
their labors all the inhabitants of the portunity to demonstrate how far they are 
Philippine Islands may come to look back prepared for self-government. This com- 
with gratitude to the day when God gave mission, under date of Aug. 21, 1900, 
victory to the American army at Manila makes an interesting report, from which 
and set their land under the sovereignty I quote the following extracts: 
and the protection of the people of the " Hostility against Americans original- 
United States." ly aroused by absurd falsehoods of un- 

That all might share in the regeneration scrupulous leaders. The distribution of 

of the islands and participate in their troops in 300 posts has by contact largely 

government, I directed General Mac- dispelled hostility, and steadily improved 

Arthur, the military governor of the the temper of the people. This improve- 

Philippines, to issue a proclamation of ment is furthered by abuses of insurgents, 

amnesty, which contained among other Large numbers of people long for peace, 

statements the following: and are willing to accept government un- 

" MANILA, P. I., June 21, 1900. der the United States. Insurgents not sur- 

" By direction of the President of the rendering after defeat divided into small 
United States, the undersigned announces guerilla bands under general officers or 
amnesty, with complete immunity for the become robbers. Nearly all of the promi- 
past and absolute liberty of action for the nent generals and politicians of the insur- 
future, to all persons who are now, or at rection, except Aguinaldo, have since been 
any time since Feb. 4, 1899, have been in captured or have surrendered and taken 
insurrection against the United States in the oath of allegiance. . . . 
either a military or civil capacity, and " All northern Luzon, except two prov- 
who shall, within a period of ninety days inces, is substantially free from in- 
from the date hereof, formally renounce surgents. People are busy planting, and 
all connection with such insurrection and asking for municipal organization. Rail- 
subscribe to a declaration acknowledging way and telegraph line from Manila to 
and accepting the sovereignty and au- Dagupan, 122 miles, not molested for five 
thority of the United States in and over months. . . . Tagalogs alone active in 
the Philippine Islands. The privilege leading guerilla warfare. In Negros, 
herewith published is extended to all con- Cebu, Romblon, Masbate, Sibuyan, Tablas, 
cerned without any reservation whatever, Bohol, and other Philippine Islands little 
excepting that persons who have violated disturbance exists and civil government 
the laws of war during the period of eagerly awaited. . . . 

active hostilities are not embraced within " Four years of war and lawlessness in 

the scope of this amnesty. . . . parts of islands have created unsettled 

" In order to mitigate as much as possi- conditions. . . . Native constabulary and 
ble consequences resulting from the vari- militia, which should be organized at 
ous disturbances which since 1896 have once, will end this, and the terrorism to 
succeeded each other so rapidly, and to pro- which defenceless people are subjected, 
vide in some measure for destitute Fili- The natives desire to enlist in these or- 
pino soldiers during the transitory period ganizations. If judiciously selected and 
w r hich must inevitably succeed a general officered, will be efficient forces for main- 
peace, the military authorities of the tenance of order, and will permit early 
United States will pay 30 pesos to each man material reduction of United States 
who presents a rifle in good condition." troops. . . . Turning islands over to 

Civil Commission s Report. Under their coterie of Tagalog politicians will blight 

instructions the commission, composed of fair prospects of enormous improvement, 

48 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

drive out capital, make life and property, munication will furnish market to vast 

secular and religious, most insecure; stretches of rich agricultural lands." 

banish by fear of cruel proscription con- They report that there are " calls from all 

siderable body of conservative Filipinos parts of the islands for public schools, 

who have aided Americans in well-founded school supplies, and English teachers 

belief that their people are not now fit greater than the commission can provide 

for self-government, and reintroduce same until a comprehensive school system is 

oppression and corruption which existed organized. Night schools for teaching 

in all provinces under Malolos insurgent English to adults are being established in 

government during the eight months of its response to popular demand. Native chil- 

control. The result will be factional strife dren show aptitude in learning English, 

between jealous leaders, chaos and anarchy, Spanish is spoken by a small fraction of 

and will require and justify active in- people, and in a few years the medium 

tervention of our government or some of communication in the courts, public 

other. . . . offices, and between different tribes will 

"Business, interrupted by war, much be English; creation of central govern- 

improved as peace extends. ... In Ne- ment within eighteen months, under which 

gros more sugar in cultivation than ever substantially all rights described in the 

before. New forestry regulations give bill of rights in the federal Constitution 

impetus to timber trade, and reduce high are to be secured to the people of the 

price of lumber. The customs collections Philippines, will bring to them content- 

for the last quarter 50 per cent, greater ment, prosperity, education, and political 

than ever in Spanish history, and August enlightenment." 

collections show further increase. The total No Alliance with Natives. This shows 
revenue for same period one-third greater to my countrymen what has been and is 
than in any quarter under Spain, though being done to bring the benefits of liberty 
cedula tax, chief source of Spanish rev- and good government to these wards of 
enue, practically abolished. Economy and the nation. Every effort has been directed 
efficiency of military government have to their peace and prosperity, their ad- 
created surplus fund of $6,000,000, which vancement and well-being, not for our 
should be expended in much-needed public aggrandizement nor for pride of might, 
works, notably improvement of Manila not for trade or commerce, not for ex- 
Harbor. . . . With proper tariff and ploitation, but for humanity and civiliza- 
facilities, Manila will become great port tion, and for the protection of the vast 
of Orient." majority of the population who welcome 

Philippines Bright Outlook. The com- our sovereignty against the designing 

mission is confident that "by a judicious minority whose first demand after the 

customs law, reasonable land tax, and surrender of Manila by the Spanish army 

proper corporation franchise tax, imposi- was to enter the city that they might loot 

tion of no greater rate than that in an it and destroy those not in sympathy with 

average American State will give less an- their selfish and treacherous designs, 

noyance, and with peace will produce rev- Nobody who will avail himself of the 

enues sufficient to pay expenses of efficient facts will longer hold that there was any 

government, including militia and constab- alliance between our soldiers and the in- 

ulary." They " are preparing a stringent surgents, or that any promise of indepen- 

civil service law, giving equal opportunity dence was made to them. Long before their 

to Filipinos and Americans, with prefer- leader had reached Manila they had re- 

ence for the former where qualifications solved if the commander of the American 

are equal, to enter at lowest rank, and army would give them arms with which to 

by promotion reach head of department, fight the Spanish army they would later 

. . . Forty - five miles of railroad ex- turn upon us, which they did murderously 

tension under negotiation will give access and without the shadow of cause or jus- 

to a large province rich in valuable min- tification. There may be those without 

erals, a mile high, with strictly temperate the means of full information who believe 

climate. . . . Railroad construction will that we were in alliance with the insur- 

give employment to many, the com- gents and that we assured them that they 
vi. D 49 



McKlNLEY, WILLIAM 

should have independence. To such let that he should be given the arms of the 
me repeat the facts: On May 26, 1898, Ad- Spanish prisoners. All these demands 
miral Dewey was instructed by me to were refused." 

make no alliance with any party or faction Generals Merritt, Greene, and Ander- 
in the Philippines that would incur son, who were in command at the begin- 
liability to maintain .their cause in the ning of our occupation and until the sur- 
future, and he replied, under date of June render of Manila, state that there was no 
g 1898: alliance with the insurgents and no prom- 

" Have acted according to spirit of de- ise to them of independence. On Aug. 
partment s instructions from the begin- 17, 1898, General Merritt was instructed 
ning, and I have entered into no alliance that there must be no joint occupation 
with the insurgents or with any faction, of Manila with the insurgents. General 
This squadron can reduce the defences of Anderson, under date of Feb. 10, 1900, 
Manila at any moment, but it is consid- says that he was present at the in- 
ered useless until the arrival of sufficient terview between Admiral Dewey and the 
United States forces to retain possession." insurgent leader, and that in this inter- 
In the report of the first Philippine view Admiral Dewey made no promises 
commission, submitted on Nov. 2, 1899, whatever. He adds: 
Admiral Dewey, one of its members, said : " He [ Aguinaldo] asked me if my gov- 

"No alliance of any kind was entered ernment was going to recognize his gov- 
into with Aguinaldo, nor was any promise ernment. I answered that I was there 
of independence made to him at any time." simply in a military capacity; that I 

General Merritt arrived in the Philip- could not acknowledge his government be- 
pines on July 25, 1898, and a despatch cause I had no authority to do so." 
from Admiral Dewey to the government at The Duty of Holding the Philippines 
Washington said: Would not our adversaries have sent 

" Merritt arrived yesterday. Situation is Dewey s fleet to Manila to capture and 
most critical at Manila. The Spanish may destroy the Spanish sea-power there, or, 
surrender at any moment. Merritt s most despatching it there, would they have 
difficult problem will be how to deal with withdrawn it after the destruction of the 
the insurgents under Aguinaldo, who have Spanish fleet; and if the latter, whither 
become aggressive and even threatening would they have directed it to sail ? Where 
towards our army." could it have gone? What port in the Orient 

Here is revealed the spirit of the insur- was opened to it? Do our adversaries 
gents as early as July, 1898, before the condemn the expedition under the corn- 
protocol was signed, while we were still mand of General Merritt to strengthen 
engaged in active war with Spain. Even Dewey in the distant ocean and assist 
then the insurgents were threatening our in our triumph over Spain, with which 
army. nation we were at war? Was it not our 

The Capture of Manila. On Aug. 13 highest duty to strike Spain at every 
Manila was captured, and of this and sub- vulnerable point, that the war might be 
sequent events the Philippine commission successfully concluded at the earliest prac- 
savs: ticable moment? 

" When the city of Manila was taken, And was it not our duty to protect the 
Aug. 13, the Filipinos took no part in lives and property of those who came 
the attack, but came following in with within our control by the fortunes of war? 
a view to looting the city, and were only Could we have come away at any time 
prevented from doing so by our forces between May 1, 1898, and the conclusion 
preventing them from entering. Agui- of peace without a stain upon our good 
naldo claimed that he had the right to oc- name? Could we have come away with- 
cupy the city; he demanded of General out dishonor at any time after the ratifi- 
Merritt the palace of Malacanan for him- cation of the peace treaty by the Senate 
self and the cession of all the churches of of the United States? 

Manila, also that a part of the money There has been no time since the de- 
taken from the Spaniards as spoils of struction of the enemy s fleet when we 
war should be given up, and, above all, could or should have left the Philippine 

50 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

Archipelago. After the treaty of peace made. It is our purpose to establish in 
was ratified no power but Congress could the Philippines a government suitable 
surrender our sovereignty or alienate a to the wants and conditions of the in- 
foot of the territory thus acquired. The habitants, and to prepare them for self- 
Congress has not seen fit to do the one or government, and to give them self-gov- 
the other, and the President had no au- ernment when they are ready for it 
thority to do either, if he had been so in- and as rapidly as they are ready for it. 
clined, which he was not. So long as the That I am aiming to do under my con- 
sovereignty remains in us it is the duty of stitutional authority, and will continue 
the executive, whoever he may be, to up- to do until Congress shall determine the 
hold that sovereignty, and if it be attack- political status of the inhabitants of the 
ed to suppress its assailants. Would our archipelago, 
political adversaries do less? Democrats are Responsible. Are our 

Tagals took the Offensive. It has been opponents against the treaty? If so, they 

asserted that there would have been no must be reminded that it could not have 

fighting in the Philippines if Congress had been ratified in the Senate but for their 

declared its purpose to give independence assistance. The Senate which ratified the 

to the Tagal insurgents. The insurgents treaty and the Congress which added its 

did not wait for the action of Congress, sanction by a large appropriation com- 

They assumed the offensive; they opened prised Senators and Representatives of 

fire on our army. Those who assert our the people of all parties, 

responsibility for the beginning of the Would our opponents surrender to the 

conflict have forgotten that before the insurgents, abandon ovir sovereignty, or 

treaty was ratified in the Senate, and cede it to them? If that be not their 

while it was being debated in that body, purpose then it should be promptly dis- 

and while the Bacon resolution was under claimed, for only evil can result from 

discussion, on Feb. 4, 1899, the insur- the hopes raised by our opponents in 

gents attacked the American army, after the minds of the Filipinos that, with their 

being previously advised that the Amer- success at the polls in November, there 

ican forces were under orders not to fire will be a withdrawal of our army and of 

upon them except in defence. The papers American sovereignty over the archipelago, 

found in the recently captured archives the complete independence of the Tagalog 

of the insurgents demonstrate that this people recognized, and the powers of gov- 

attack had been carefully planned for ernment over all the other peoples of the 

weeks before it occurred. Their unpro- archipelago conferred upon the Tagalog 

voked assault upon our soldiers at a leaders. 

time when the Senate was deliberating The effect of a belief in the minds of 

upon the treaty shows that no action on the insurgents that this will be done has 

our part except surrender and abandon- already prolonged the rebellion, and in- 

nient would have prevented the fighting, creases the necessity for the continuance 

and leaves no doubt in any fair mind of of a large army. It is now delaying full 

where the responsibility rests for the peace in the archipelago and the establish- 

shedding of American blood. ment of civil governments, and has in- 

With all the exaggerated phrase-mak- fluenced many of the insurgents against 

ing of this electoral contest we are in accepting the liberal terms of amnesty of- 

danger of being diverted from the real fered by General MacArthur under my 

contention. We are in agreement with all direction. But for these false hopes a con- 

of those who supported the war with siderable reduction could have been had 

Spain, and also with those who counselled in our military establishment in the Phil- 

the ratification of the treaty of peace, ippines, and the realization of a stable 

Upon these two great essential steps there government would be already at hand, 

can be no issue, and out of these came The American people are asked by our 

all of our responsibilities. If others would opponents to yield the sovereignty of the 

shirk the obligations imposed by the war United States in the Philippines to a 

and the treaty, we must decline to act small fraction of the population, a single 

further with them, and here the issue was tribe out of eighty or more inhabiting 

51 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

the archipelago, a fraction which wanton- upon the government, only changing the 
ly attacked the American troops in Ma- relation from principal, which now exists, 
nila while in rightful possession under to that of surety. Our responsibility is 
the protocol with Spain, awaiting the rati- to remain, but our po\yer is to be dimin- 
fication of the treaty of peace by the ished. Our obligation is to be no less, 
Senate, and which has since been in active, but our title is to be surrendered to another 
open rebellion against the United States, power, which is without experience or 
We are asked to transfer our sovereignty training or the ability to maintain a stable 
io a small minority in the islands with- government at home, and absolutely help- 
out consulting the majority, and to aban- less to perform its international obliga- 
don the largest portion of the population, tions with the rest of the world. To this 
which has been loyal to us, to the cruel- we are opposed. We should not yield 
ties of the guerilla insurgent bands. More our title while our obligations last. In 
than this, we are asked to protect this the language of our platform, "Our au- 
niinority in establishing a government, and thority should not be less than our re- 
to this end repress all opposition of the sponsibility," and our present responsi- 
majority. We are required to set up a bility is to establish our authority in every 
stable government in the interest of those part of the islands. 

who have assailed our sovereignty and Sovereignty is Essential. No govern- 
fired upon our soldiers, and then main- ment can so certainly preserve the peace, 
tain it at any cost or sacrifice against restore public order, establish law, jus- 
its enemies within and against those hav- tice, and stable conditions as ours. Neither 
ing ambitious designs from without. Congress nor the executive can establish 

Democrats want Militarism. This a stable government in these islands except 
would require an army and navy far under our right of sovereignty, our au- 
larger than is now maintained in the thority, and our flag. And this we are 
Philippines, and still more in excess of doing. We could not do it as a protec- 
what will be necessary with the full torate power so completely or so success- 
recognition of our sovereignty. A mili- fully as we are doing it now. As the 
tary support of authority not our own, sovereign power we can initiate action and 
as thus proposed, is the very essence of shape means to ends, and guide the Fili- 
militarism, which our opponents in their pinos to self-development and self-govern- 
platform oppose, but which by their pol- ment. As a protectorate power we could 
icy would of necessity be established in not initiate action, but would be compelled 
its most offensive form. to follow and uphold a people with no 

The American people will not make the capacity yet to go alone. In the one case, 
murderers of our soldiers the agents of we can protect both ourselves and the 
the republic to convey the blessing of lib- Filipinos from being involved in danger- 
erty and order to the Philippines. They ous complications; in the other, we could 
will not make them the builders of the not protect even the Filipinos until after 
new commonwealth. Such a course would their trouble had come, 
be a betrayal of our sacred obligations Besides, if we cannot establish any gov- 
to the peaceful Filipinos, and would place eminent of our own without the consent 
at the mercy of dangerous adventurers the of the governed, as our opponents contend, 
lives and property of the natives and the then we could not establish a stable gov- 
foreigners. It would make possible and ernment for them or make ours a pro- 
easy the commission of such atrocities as tectorate without the like consent, and 
were secretly planned, to be executed on neither the majority of the people nor a 
Feb. 22, 1899, in the city of Manila, when minority of the people have invited us 
only the vigilance of our army prevented to assume it. We could not maintain a 
the attempt to assassinate our soldiers protectorate even with the consent of the 
and all foreigners and pillage and destroy governed without giving provocation for 
the city and its surroundings. conflicts and possibly costly wars. Our 

In short, the proposition of those op- rights in the Philippines are now free from 

posed to us is to continue all the obliga- outside interference, and will continue so 

tions in the Philippines which now rest in our present relation. They would not 

52 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

be thus free in any other relation. We rock upon which the Republican party 

will not give up our own to guarantee was builded and now rests. Liberty is 

another sovereignty. the great Republican doctrine, for which 

American Title is Good, Our title is the people went to war, and for which a 
good. Our peace commissioners believed million lives were offered and billions of 
they were receiving a good title when they dollars were expended to make it a law- 
concluded the treaty. The executive be- ful legacy of all without the consent of 
lieved it was a good title when he sub- master or slave. There is a strain of 
mitted it to the Senate of the United ill-concealed hypocrisy in the anxiety to 
States for its ratification. The Senate extend the constitutional guarantees to 
believed it was a good title when they the people of the Philippines, while their 
gave it their constitutional assent, and nullification is openly advocated at 
the Congress seem not to have doubted home. 

its completeness when they appropriated Our opponents may distrust themselves, 

$20,000,000 provided by the treaty. If but they have no right to discredit the 

any who favored its ratification be- good faith and patriotism of the majority 

lieved it gave us a bad title, they were of the people, who are opposed to them; 

not sincere. Our title is practically they may fear the worst form of impe- 

identical with that under which we hold rial ism with the helpless Filipinos in 

our territory acquired since the beginning their hands, but if they do, it is because 

of the government, and under which we they have parted with the spirit and 

have exercised full sovereignty and estab- faith of the fathers and have lost the 

lished government for the inhabitants. virility of the founders of the party which 

It is worthy of note that no one out- they profess to represent, 
side of the United States disputes the ful- The Republican party doesn t have to 
ness and integrity of the cession. What, assert its devotion to the Declaration of 
then, is the real issue on this subject? Independence. That immortal instrument 
Whether it is paramount to any other or of the fathers remained unexecuted until 
not, it is whether we shall be responsible the people, under the lead of the Repub- 
for the government of the Philippines with lican party in the awful clash of battle, 
the sovereignty and authority which en- turned its promises into fulfilment. It 
able us to guide them to regulated liberty, wrote into the Constitution the amend- 
law, safety, and progress, or whether we ments guaranteeing political equality to 
shall be responsible for the forcible and American citizenship, and it has never 
arbitrary government of a minority with- broken them or counselled others in break 
out sovereignty and authority on our ing them. It will not be guided in its 
part, and with only the embarrassment of conduct by one set of principles at home 
a protectorate which draws us into their and another set in the new territory be- 
troubles without the power of preventing longing to the United States. 
them. If our opponents would only practise 

There were those who two years ago as well as preach the doctrines of Abra- 

were rushing us up to war with Spain ham Lincoln, there would be no fear for 

who are unwilling now to accept its clear the safety of our institutions at home or 

consequence, as there are those among us their rightful influence in any territory 

who advocated the ratification of the over which our flag floats. Empire has 

treaty of peace, but now protest against been expelled from Porto Rico and the 

its obligations. Nations which go to war Philippines by American freemen. The 

must be prepared to accept its resultant flag of the republic now floats over these 

obligations, and when they make treaties islands as an emblem of rightful sover- 

must keep them. eignty. Will the republic stay and dis- 

The Administration s Purpose. Those pense to their inhabitants the blessings 

who profess to distrust the liberal and of liberty, education, and free institutions, 

honorable purposes of the administration or steal away, leaving them to anarchy 

in its treatment of the Philippines are or imperialism? 

not justified. Imperialism has no place The American question is between duty 

in its creed or conduct. Freedom is a and desertion the American verdict will 

53 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 

be for duty and against desertion, for the Second Inaugural Address, March It, 

republic is against both anarchy and im- 1901 : 

perialism. 

The Chinese Situation. The country My fellow - citizens,. When we as- 
has been fully advised of the purposes of sembled here on March 4, 1897, there was 
the United States in China, and they will great anxiety with regard to our currency 
be faithfully adhered to as already de- and credit. None exists now. Then our 
fined. The nation is filled with grati- treasury receipts were inadequate to meet 
tude that the little band, among them the current obligations of the government, 
many of our own blood, who for two Now they are sufficient for all public 
months have been subjected to privations needs, and we have a surplus instead of 
and peril by the attacks of ritiless hordes a deficit. Then I felt constrained to con- 
at the Chinese capital, exhibiting su- vene the Congress in extraordinary session 
preme courage in the face of despair, have to devise revenues to pay the ordinary 
been enabled by God s favor to greet their expenses of the government. Now I have 
rescuers and find shelter under their own the satisfaction to announce that the Con- 
flag, gress just closed has reduced taxation in 

The people, not alone of this land, but the sum of $41,000,000. Then there was 

of all lands, have watched and prayed deep solicitude because of the long de- 

through the terrible stress and protract- pression and the consequent distress of 

ed agony of the helpless sufferers in Pe- our laboring population. Now every ave- 

king, and while at times the dark tidings nue of production is crowded with 

seemed to make all hope vain, the res- activity, labor is well employed, and 

cuers never faltered in the heroic fulfil- American products find good markets at 

inent of their noble task. We are grate- home and abroad. 

ful to our own soldiers and sailors and Our diversified productions, however, are 

marines, and to all the brave men, who, increasing in such unprecedented volume 

though assembled under many standards as to admonish us of the necessity of still 

representing peoples and races strangers further enlarging our foreign markets by 

in country and speech, were yet united broader commercial relations. For this 

in the sacred mission of carrying succor purpose reciprocal trade arrangements 

to the besieged with a success that is now with other nations should in liberal spirit 

the cause of a world s rejoicing. be carefully cultivated and promoted. 

Reunion of the North and South in The national verdict of 1896 has for the 
Feeling. Not only have we reason for most part been executed. Whatever re- 
thanksgiving for our material blessings, mains unfulfilled is a continuing obliga- 
but we should rejoice in the complete tion resting with undiminished force upon 
unification of the people of all sections the executive and the Congress. But 
of our country that has so happily de- fortunate as our condition is, its perma- 
veloped in the last few years and made for nence can only be assured by sound busi- 
us a more perfect union. ness methods and strict economy in na- 

The obliteration of old differences, the tional administration and legislation. We 
common devotion to the flag and the should not permit our great prosperity 
common sacrifices for its honor, so con- to lead us to reckless ventures in busi- 
spicuously shown by the men of the North ness or profligacy in public expenditures, 
and South in the Spanish War, have so While the Congress determines the objects 
strengthened the ties of friendship and and the sum of appropriations, the offi- 
mutual respect that nothing can ever cials of the executive departments are re- 
again divide us. The nation faces the new sponsible for honest and faithful disburse- 
century gratefully and hopefully, with in- ment, and it should be their constant care 
creasing love of country, with firm faith to avoid waste and extravagance, 
in its free institutions, and with high Honesty, capacity, and industry are no- 
resolve that they " shall not perish from where more indispensable than in public 
the earth. employment. There should be funda- 
Very respectfully yours, mental requisites to appointment and the 
WILLIAM McKiNXEY. surest guarantees against removal. 

54 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 



Four years ago we stood on the brink 
of war without the people knowing it and 
without any preparation or effort at prepa 
ration for the impending peril. I did 
all that in honor could be done to avert 
the war, but without avail. It became in 
evitable, and the Congress at its first 
regular session, without party division, 
provided money in anticipation of the 
crisis and in preparation to meet it. It 
came. The result was signally favorable 
to American arms, and in the highest de 
gree honorable to the government. It im 
posed upon us obligations from which we 
cannot escape and from which it would be 
dishonorable to seek to escape. We are 
now at peace with the world, and it is 
my fervent prayer that if differences arise 
between us and other powers they may be 
settled by peaceful arbitration and that 
hereafter we may be spared the horrors 
of war. 

Entrusted by the people for a second 
time with the office of President, I enter 
upon its administration appreciating the 
great responsibilities which attach to this 
renewed honor and commission, promising 
unreserved devotion on my part to their 
faithful discharge and reverently invoking 
for my guidance the direction and favor 
of Almighty God. I should shrink from 
the duties this day assumed if I did not 
feel that in their performance I should 
have the co-operation of the wise and pa 
triotic men of all parties. It encourages 
me for the great task which I now under 
take to believe that those who voluntarily 
committed to me the trust imposed upon 
the chief executive of the republic will 
give to me generous support in my duties 
to " preserve, protect, and defend the Con 
stitution of the United States" and to 
"care that the laws be faithfully exe 
cuted." The national purpose is indicated 
through a national election. It is the 
constitutional method of ascertaining the 
public will. When once it is registered 
it is a law to us all, and faithful observ 
ance should follow its decrees. 

Strong hearts and helpful hands are 
needed, and, fortunately, we have them in 
every pai t of our beloved country. We 
are reunited. Sectionalism has disap 
peared. Division on public questions can 
no longer be traced by the war maps of 
1861. These old differences less and less 



disturb the judgment. Existing problems 
demand the thought and quicken the con 
science of the country, and the responsi 
bility for their presence as well as for 
their righteous settlement rests upon us 
all no more upon me than upon you. 
There are some national questions in the 
solution of which patriotism should ex- 
chide partisanship. Magnifying their 
difficulties will not take them off our 
hands nor facilitate their adjustment. 
Distrust of the capacity, integrity, and 
high purposes of the American people will 
not be an inspiring theme for future po 
litical contests. Dark pictures and gloomy 
forebodings are worse than useless. These 
only becloud, they- do not help to point 
the way to safety and honor. " Hope 
maketh not ashamed." The prophets of 
evil were not the builders of the republic, 
nor in its crises since have they saved or 
served it. The faith of the fathers was a 
mighty force in its creation, and the faith 
of their descendants has wrought its prog 
ress and furnished its defenders. 

They are obstructionists who despair 
and who would destroy confidence in the 
ability of our people to solve wisely and 
for civilization the mighty problems rest 
ing upon them. The American people, in 
trenched in freedom at home, take their 
love for it wherever they go, and they re 
ject as mistaken and unworthy the doc 
trine that we lose our own liberties by se 
curing the enduring foundations of liberty 
to others. Our institutions will not de 
teriorate by extension, and our sense of 
justice will not abate under tropic suns in 
distant seas. As heretofore, so hereafter 
will the nation demonstrate its fitness to 
administer any new estate which events 
devolve upon it, and in the fear of God 
will " take occasion by the hand and make 
the bounds of freedom wider yet." If 
there are those among us who would make 
our way more difficult, we must not be 
disheartened, but the more earnestly dedi 
cate ourselves to the task upon which we 
have rightly entered. The path of progress 
is seldom smooth. New things are often 
found hard to do. Our fathers found 
them so. We find them so. They are in 
convenient. They cost us something. 
But are we not made better for the effort 
and sacrifice, and are not those we serve 
lifted up and blessed? 



55 



McKINLEY, WILLIAM 



We will be consoled, too, with the fact 
that opposition has confronted every on 
ward movement of the republic from its 
opening hour until now, but without suc 
cess. The republic has marched on and 
on, and its every step has exalted free 
dom and humanity. We are undergoing 
the same ordeal as did our predecessors 
nearly a century ago. We are following 
the course they blazed. They triumphed. 
Will their successors falter and plead or 
ganic impotency in the nation? Surely 
after 125 years of achievement for man 
kind we will not now surrender our equal 
ity with other powers on matters funda 
mental and essential to nationality. With 
no such purpose was the nation created. 
In no such spirit has it developed its full 
and independent sovereignty. We adhere 
to the principle of equality among our 
selves, and by no act of ours will we as 
sign to ourselves a subordinate rank in the 
family of nations. 

My fellow-citizens, the public events of 
the past four years have gone into his 
tory. They are too near to justify recital. 
Some of them were unforeseen; many of 
them momentous and far-reaching in their 
consequences to ourselves and our rela 
tions with the rest of the world. The part 
which the United States bore so honorably 
in the thrilling scenes in China, while new 
to American life, has been in harmony 
with its true spirit and best traditions, 
and in dealing with the results its policy 
will be that of moderation pnd fairness. 

We face at this moment a most impor 
tant question that of the future relations 
of the United States and Cuba. With our 
near neighbors we must remain close 
friends. The declaration of the purposes 
of this government in the resolution of 
April 20, 1898, must be made good. Ever 
since the evacuation of the island by the 
army of Spain the executive with all 
practicable speed has been assisting its 
people in the successive steps necessary 
to the establishment of a free and inde 
pendent government, prepared to assume 
and perform the obligations of interna 
tional law which now rest upon the 
United States under the treaty of Paris. 
The convention elected by the people to 
frame a constitution is approaching the 
completion of its labors. The transfer of 
American control to the new government 



is of such great importance, involving an 
obligation resulting from our intervention 
and the treaty of peace, that I am glad 
to be advised by the recent act of Con 
gress of the policy which the legislative 
branch of the government deems essential 
to the best interests of Cuba and the 
United States. The principles which led 
to our intervention require that the funda 
mental law upon which the new govern 
ment rests should be adapted to secure a 
government capable of performing the du 
ties and discharging the functions of a 
separate nation, of observing its inter 
national obligations, of protecting life and 
property, insuring order, safety, and lib 
erty, and conforming to the established 
and historical policy of the United States 
in its relation to Cuba. 

The peace which we are pledged to leave 
to the Cuban people must carry with it 
the guarantees of permanence. We became 
sponsors for the pacification of the island 
and we remain accountable to the Cubans, 
no less than to our own country and peo 
ple, for the reconstruction of Cuba as a 
free commonwealth on abiding foundations 
of right, justice, liberty, and assured or 
der. Our enfranchisement of the people 
will not be completed until free Cuba 
shall " be a reality, not a name; a perfect 
entity, not a hasty experiment, bearing 
within itself the elements of failure." 

While the treaty of peace with Spain 
was ratified on Feb. 6, 1899, and rati 
fications were exchanged nearly two years 
ago, the Congress has indicated no form 
of government for the Philippine Isl 
ands. It has, however, provided an 
army to enable the executive to suppress 
insurrection, restore peace, give security 
to the inhabitants, and establish the au 
thority of the United States throughout 
the archipelago. It has authorized the or 
ganization of native troops as auxiliary 
to the regular force. It has been advised 
from time to time of the acts of the mili 
tary and naval officers in the islands, of 
my action in appointing civil commis 
sions, of the instructions with which they 
were charged, of their duties and powers, 
of their recommendations, and of their 
several acts under executive commission, 
together with the very complete general 
information they have submitted. These 
reports fully set forth the conditions, past 



56 



MCKINLEY MCKNIGHT 

and present, in the islands, and the in- ushered in the reign of peace to be made 

structions clearly show the principles permanent by a government of liberty 

which will guide the executive until the under law! 

Congress shall, as it is required to do by McKinly, JOHN, governor of Delaware; 

the treaty, determine "the civil rights and born in Ireland, Feb. 24, 1724; emigrated 

political status of the native inhabitants. * to the United States when a young man; 

The Congress having added the sanction held several State offices, and in 1777 was 

of its authority to the powers already elected governor of Delaware. After the 

possessed and exercised by the executive battle of the Brandywine the British plun- 

under the Constitution, thereby leaving dered Wilmington and captured McKinly, 

with the executive the responsibility for but released him on parole in August, 

the government of the Philippines, I shall 1778. He died in Wilmington, Del., Aug. 

continue the efforts already begun until 31, 1796. 

order shall be restored throughout the McKinney, MOBDECAI, lawyer; born 

islands, and as fast as conditions permit near Carlisle, Pa., about 1796; graduated 

will establish local governments, in the at Dickinson College in 1814; admitted to 

formation of which the full co-operation the bar in 1817; began practice in Harris- 

of the people has been already invited, and burg; and was made deputy attorney- 

when established will encourage the peo- general of Miami county in 1821. Later 

pie to administer them. The settled pur- he devoted his time to compiling works 

pose, long ago proclaimed, to afford the on law. His publications include The 

inhabitants of the islands self-government Pennsylvania Justice of the Peace; The 

as fast as they were ready for it will be United States Constitutional Manual; Our 

pursued with earnestness and fidelity. Government; The American Magistrate 

Already something has been accomplish- and Civil Officer: A Manual for Popular 

ed in this direction. The government s Use; Pennsylvania Tax Laws; and A 

representatives, civil and military, are Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania Rel 

doing faithful and noble work in their ative to Banks and Bankers. He died in 

mission of emancipation, and merit the ap- Harrisburg, Pa., Dec. 17, 1867. 

proval and support of their countrymen. McKnight, CHARLES, surgeon ; born in 

The most liberal terms of amnesty have Cranberry, N. J., Oct. 10, 1750; grad- 

already been communicated to the insur- uated at Princeton in 1771, studied 

gents; the way is still open for those who medicine with Dr. William Shippen, and 

have raised their arms against the govern- entered the Continental army as a sur- 

ment for honorable submission to its geon. He soon became surgeon of the 

authority. Our countrymen should not Middle Department. After the war he 

be deceived. We are not waging war settled in New York, where he became a 

against the inhabitants of the Philippine very eminent practitioner, and was for 

Islands. A portion of them are making some time Professor of Anatomy and Sur- 

war against the United States. By far gery in Columbia College. He died in 

the greater part of the inhabitants recog- New York City, Nov. 10, 1791. 

nize American sovereignty and welcome it McKnight, HARVEY WASHINGTON, edu- 

as a guarantee of order and of security for cator; born in McKnightstown, Pa., April 

life, property, liberty, freedom of con- 3, 1843; graduated at Pennsylvania Col- 

scionce, and the pursuit of happiness. To lege, Gettysburg, in 1865, and at the 

them full protection will be given. They Theological Seminary there in 1867. He 

shall not be abandoned. We will not leave served in the Union army from 1862 till 

the destiny of the loyal millions in the the close of the war. In 1867-70 he was 

islands to the disloyal thousands who are pastor of the Zion Lutheran Church, in 

in rebellion against the United States. Newville, Pa.; in 1872-80 of St. Paul s 

Order under civil institutions will come as Church in Easton, Pa.; in 1880-84 of the 

soon as those who now break the peace first English Lutheran Church in Cincin- 

shall keep it. Force will not be needed or nati. In the latter year he became presi- 

used when those who make war against dent of Pennsylvania College. In 1889- 

us shall make it no more. May it end 91 he was president of the General Synod 

without further bloodshed, and there be of the Lutheran Church of the United 

57 



MCLANE MCLAUGHLIN 

States. He established the Pennsylvania tions to Minister McLane, the President 

Chautauqua. said, " Ask nothing but what is right, and 

McLane, ALLAN, military officer; born submit to nothing that is wrong." In 
presumably in Philadelphia, Aug. 8, 1746. 1833, in consequence of .his declining to 
Removing to Delaware in 1774, he left remove the government deposits from the 
an estate in Philadelphia worth $15,000, United States Bank, he was transferred 
the whole of which he sacrificed in the ser- to the post of Secretary of State, which 
vice of his country. He entered warmly he held until 1834, when he resigned. In 
into the contest for freedom, becoming first 1837-47 he was president of the Balti- 
a lieutenant in Caesar Rodney s regiment; more and Ohio Railroad. Pending the 
joined the army under Washington in settlement of the Oregon boundary ques- 
1776, and distinguished himself at the tion, he was again minister to Great Brit- 
battles of Long Island, White Plains, ain, appointed by President Polk in June, 
Trenton, and Princeton; was made a cap- 1845. His last public acts were as a mem- 
tain in 1777; commanded the outposts of her of the convention at Annapolis to re- 
the Continental army around Philadelphia form the constitution of Maryland. He 
while that city was occupied by the Brit- died in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 1857. 
ish (1777-78) ; and was made major of the McLane, ROBERT MILLIGAN, diploma- 
infantry of Lee s " Legion." While in ser- tist; born in Wilmington, Del., June 23, 
vice under GEN. HENRY LEE (q. v.) , he 1815; a son of Louis McLane; gradu- 
discovered and reported the weakness of ated at the United States Military Acad- 
the garrison at Stony Point, and promoted envy in 1837, and assigned to the 1st Ar- 
its capture on July 16, 1779. He also re- tillery. In 1841-43 he studied the dike 
vealed the weakness of the garrison at and drainage systems of Italy and Hol- 
Paulus s Hook, and participated in the land. Returning to the United States, 
brilliant affair there, Aug. 19, 1779. His he resigned from the army; began prac- 
personal courage and strength were re- tising law in Maryland; and was elected 
markable. In an encounter, near Frank- to Congress as a Democrat in 1844, 1846, 
ford, Pa., with three British dragoons, and 1848. In 1853 President Pierce ap- 
he killed one, wounded another, and pointed him United States commissioner 
caused the third to flee for his life. After to China, with plenipotentiary powers, 
the war he held prominent civil posts After accomplishing his mission he re- 
namely, member of the Assembly of Dela- turned to the United States. In 1859 
ware, and its speaker; six years a privy he was appointed United States minister 
councillor; a judge of the court of com- to Mexico, where he negotiated a treaty 
nion pleas; marshal of the district from for the protection of American citizens. 
1790 to 1798; and collector of the port He again held a seat in Congress in 1878- 
of Wilmington from 1808 until his death, 82, and soon after the expiration of his 
in that city, May 22, 1829. last term was elected governor of Mary- 

McLane, Louis, diplomatist; born in land. In 1885-89 he was United States 
Smyrna, Del., May 28, 1T86; son of Allan minister to France. He died in Paris, 
McLane; entered the navy at thirteen France, April 16, 1898. 
years of age, and served as a midshipman McLaughlin, ANDREW CUNNINGHAM, 
under Decatur in the Philadelphia, but educator; born in Beardstown, 111., Feb. 
afterwards studied law, and was admitted 14, 1861 ; graduated at the University of 
to the bar in 1808. When Baltimore was Michigan in 1882, and from its law de- 
threatened, in 1814, he was a member of partment in 1885; instructor of Latin in 
a volunteer corps that marched to its de- the University of Michigan in 1886-87, 
fence. For ten successive years (1817-27) and of History in 1887-88; assistant pro- 
he represented Delaware in Congress, and fessor in 1888-91; and Professor of Ameri- 
was United States Senator in 1827-29. can History since 1891. He has edited 
In May, 1829, President Jackson appoint- Cooley s Principles of Constitutional Law 
ed him American minister to Great Brit- (3d and revised edition); and American 
ain, which post he held two years, when Historical Review; and is author of His- 
he was called to Jackson s cabinet as Sec- tory of Higher Education in Michigan; 
retary of the Treasury. In his instruc- Lewis Cass (in American Statesmen 

58 






McLAUBIN McMASTEB 

Series) ; Civil Government of Michigan; tucky, and in 1799 settled in Warren 
The History of the American Nation; etc. county, O. John labored on a farm until 
McLaurin, ANSELM JOSEPH, lawyer ; he was sixteen years old, receiving a scanty 
born in Brandon, Miss., March 26, 1848; education; studied law, was admitted to 
was educated at Summerville Institute; the bar in 1807, and was a member of 
served in the Confederate army during the Congress from 1813 to 1816. He was a 
Civil War; admitted to the Mississippi supporter of Madison s administration, 
bar in 18G8; and practised in Ealeigh, and from 1816 to 1822 was a judge of 
and later in Brandon. He was a member the Supreme Court of Ohio. In 1822 he 
of the State legislature in 1879; Demo- was made commissioner of the general 
cratic United States Senator in 1894-95 land-office, and in 1823 Postmaster-General, 
and 1901-07; and governor of Missis- In 1830 he became a justice of the United 
sippi in 1896-1900. States Supreme Court, and was always 
McLaws, LAFAYETTE, military officer; known as an advocate for the freedom 
born in Augusta, Ga., Jan. 15, 1821; of the slaves. In the DEED SCOTT CASE 
graduated at West Point in 1842; re- (q. v.), Judge McLean dissented from the 
mained in the army until 18G1, when he opinion of Chief-Justice Taney. He died 
joined the Confederates, and became one in Cincinnati, O., April 4, 1861. 
of the most active of their military lead- McLellan, ISAAC, poet; born in Port 
ers. He had served in the war against land, Me., May 21, 1806; graduated 
Mexico. Made a major-general in the at Bowdoin College in 1826. During his 
Confederate army, he commanded a di- course there he was a fellow-student of 
vision under Lee, and surrendered with Henry W. Longfellow, Nathaniel Haw- 
Johnston s army in April, 18C5 ; was after- thorne, and George B. Cheever. After 
wards collector of internal revenue and graduation he studied law and practised 
postmaster in Savannah; and lectured on in Boston for several years. In 1851 he 
The Maryland Campaign. He died in removed to New York and applied him- 
Savannah, July 24, 1897. self to literary work, chiefly poetry and 
Maclay, EDGAR STANTON, author; born writings on field sports. His publications 
in Too Chow, China, April 18, 1863; include The Year, and Other Poems; The 
graduated at Syracuse University in 1885; p a u O f tne Indian; Poems of the Rod 
connected with the Brooklyn Times and an< j, o un; Haunts of Wild Game; War 
the New York Tribune, 1886-96; be- p oe ms, etc. He died in Greenport, Long 
came light-house keeper on Old Field island, Aug. 20, 1899. 
Point in 1896; and a clerk in the Brook- McLeod, ALEXANDER, clergyman; born 
lyn Navy-yard in 1901. He is author of O n the island of Mull, Scotland, June 12, 
The History of the United States Navy; 1774; came to the United States early 
Reminiscences of the Old Navy; the His- i n life; graduated at Union College in 
tory of American Privateers; etc. His 1798; ordained in the Reformed Presby- 
reflections on the conduct of Rear-Ad- terian Church in 1799; and was pastor 
miral Schley at Santiago led to the court of the First Reformed Presbyterian Church 
of inquiry on that officer s actions. of New York till his death. His pub- 
McLean, SIR ALLAN, military officer; lications include Negro Slavery Unjustifi- 
born in Scotland, in 1725; was at the able; View of the Late War, etc. He died 
capture of Fort Duquesne in 1758; in New York City, Feb. 17, 1833. 
served under Amherst in 1759; and in McMahon, JOHN VAN LEAR, lawyer; 
1775 came to America again, to fight the born in Maryland in 1800; graduated at 
colonists. He occupied Quebec late in Princeton College in 1817; admitted to 
1775, and rendered great service during the bar in 1821 ; attained prominence both 
the siege by Montgomery. He commanded as a lawyer and as a political speaker; 
the fort at Penobscot in 1779, and was was counsel for the Baltimore and Ohio 
promoted brigadier-general after leaving Railroad Company for several years. He 
America. He died in 1784. published An Historical View of If art/ 
McLean, JOHN, jurist; born in Morris land. He died in Cumberland, Md., June 
county, N. J., March 11, 1785. His father 15, 1871. 

removed first to Virginia, then to Ken- McMaster, JOHN BACH, historian ; born 

59 



MCMILLAN MACMONNIES 

in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 29, 1852; 40,000 men turned his face towards the 
graduated at the College of the City of Ohio. Bragg divided his force into three 
New York in 1872; employed in civil en- corps, commanded respectively by Generals 
gineering in 1873-77; instructor in civil Hardee, Polk, and E. Kirby Smith. The 
engineering at Princeton University in latter was sent to Knoxville, Tenn., while 
1877-83; and became Professor of Amer- the two former held Chattanooga and its 
ican History in the University of Penn- vicinity. Buell disposed his line from 
sylvania in the latter year. He has been Huntsville, Ala., to McMinnsville, Warren 
.1 prolific producer of historical work of co., Tenn. So lay the opposing armies 
high merit, his best known publications when Kirby Smith left Knoxville to in- 
being A History of the People of the vade Kentucky. Bragg crossed the Ten- 
United States (7 volumes); Benjamin nessee, just above Chattanooga, on Aug. 21, 
Franklin as a Alan of Letters; With the with thirty-six regiments of infantry, five 
Fathers; Origin, Meaning, and Application of cavalry, and forty guns. Louisville 
of the Monroe Doctrine; A School His- was his destination. He advanced among 
tory of the United States, etc. the rugged mountains towards Buell s left 

McMillan, CHARLES, civil engineer; at McMinnsville as a feint, but fairly 
born in Moscow, Russia, March 24, 1841; flanked the Nationals. This was a caval- 
educated there and in Hamilton, Canada; ry movement, which resulted in a battle 
graduated at Rensselaer Polytechnic In- there. The horsemen were led by General 
stitute, Troy, N. Y., in 1860; and became Forrest, who, for several days, had been 
assistant engineer of the Brooklyn water- hovering around Lebanon, Muffreesboro, 
works; in 1861-65 he was assistant en- and Nashville. Attempting to cut off 
gineer of the Croton waterworks, New Buell s communications, he was confront- 
York; in 1865-71 Professor of Geodesy ed (Aug. 30) by National cavalry under 
and Road Engineering in Rensselaer Poly- E. P. Fyffe, of Gen. T. J. Wood s division, 
technic Institute; in 1871-75 Professor of who had made a rapid march. After a 
Civil and Mechanical Engineering in Le- short struggle the Confederates were rout- 
high University; and in 1875 was called ed. Supposing Bragg was aiming al 
to the chair of Civil Engineering and Ap- Nashville, Buell took immediate meas- 
plied Mathematics in Princeton Univer- ures to defend that city, 
sity. In 1885 he became editor of Smith s MacMonnies, FREDERICK WILLIAM, 
Topographical Drawing. sculptor; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 

MacMillan, CONWAY, botanist; born in 30, 1863; received a common school edu- 
Hillsdale, Mich., Aug. 26, 1867; was edu- cation; entered the studio of Augustus St. 
cated at the University of Nebraska, and Gaudens in 1880; studied for four years 
Harvard and Johns Hopkins universities; in the life classes of the Academy of De- 
became assistant in geology in the Uni- sign and Art Students League, and com- 
versity of Nebraska in 1886; entomologist pleted his art education abroad, studying 
to the Nebraska agricultural experiment in Munich in the atelier of Falguiere; in 
station in 1887; and instructor in botany the Ecole des Beaux Arts, in Paris, and 
in the University of Minnesota in 1888. in the private studio of Antonin Mercii 1 : 
He is the editor of Minnesota Botanical received the " prix d atelier," the highest 
Studies. prize open to foreigners; opened a. studio 

McMillin, BENTON, statesman; born of his own in Paris; and in 1896 received 

in Monroe county, Ky., Sept. 11, 1845; the Cross of the Legion of Honor. His 

elected a member of the Tennessee leg- principal works are the famous statue of 

islature in 1874; member of Congress, Bacchante, which he gave to C. F. Mc- 

1879-99; elected governor of the State in Kim, who in 1897 presented it to the Met- 

1899. ropoliten Museum of Art in New York 

McMinnsville, BATTLE NEAR. In the City; the fountain at the World s Cohim- 

summer of 1862, Generals Bragg and Buell bian Exposition in Chicago; the statue of 

marched in nearly parallel lines eastward Nathan Hale, in City Hall Park, New 

towards Chattanooga the latter north of York; Fame, at West Point; Diana; Pan 

the Tennessee River, and the former south of Rohallion ; the quadriga for the Brook- 

of it. Bragg won the race, and with fully lyn Memorial Arch; the two bronze eagles 

60 



McNAB McNIEL 



for the entrance to Prospect Park, Brook- opening of the Mississippi River; and the 
lyn, etc. In 1903 he was selected to engagements and surrender at Fort Fisher, 
make a statue of General McClellan for He died in Washington, D. C., Nov. 28 
Washington, D. C. 1900. 

McNab, SIR ALLAN NAPIER, military McNamara, JOHN, clergyman; born in 
officer; born in Niagara, Ontario, Canada, Dromore, Ireland, Dec. 27, 1824; received 
Feb. 19, 1798. His father was the principal a collegiate education and studied theology 
aide on the staff of General Simcoe dur- at the General Theological Seminary in 
ing the Revolutionary War. Allan became New York City; was ordained in the 
a midshipman in 1813, in the British fleet Protestant Episcopal Church; labored as 
on Lake Ontario, but soon left the navy, a missionary in Kansas and later as a 
joined the army; commanded the British pastor in North Platte, Neb. His pub- 
at the battle of Plattsburg; was in the lications include Three Years on the 
Canadian Parliament in 1820, being chosen Kansas Border; and The Black Code of 
speaker of the Assembly. In 1837-38 he Kansas. He died in North Platte, Neb., 
commanded the militia on the Niagara Oct. 24, 1885. 

frontier, and was a conspicuous actor in McNeil, JOHN, military officer; born in 
crushing the "rebellion." He sent a party Halifax, N. S., Feb. 4, 1813; was a hatter 
to destroy the American vessel Caroline, in St. Louis about twenty years, and then 
and for his services was knighted (see president of an insurance company; en- 
CANADA). After the union of Upper and tered the Union service with General Lyon 
Lower Canada, in 1841, he became speaker in May, 1861; and was in command of St. 
of the legislature. He was prime minis- Louis, under Frtmont. He was made 
ter under the governorship of Lord El- colonel of the 19th Missouri Volunteers 
gin and Sir Edmund Head, and in 1860 Aug. 3, and early in 1862 took command 
was a member of the legislative coun- of a cavalry regiment and of a military 
cil. He died in Toronto, Canada, Aug. 8, district in Missouri, in which he dis- 
1862. tinguished himself by clearing out the 

McNair, ALEXANDER, military officer; guerillas; and was promoted brigadier- 
born in Derry, Pa., in 1774; served in the general. He assisted in driving the 
\\liiskey insurrection as a lieutenant in forces under Price out of Missouri in 
1794; appointed a lieutenant in the reg- the fall of 1864. He was a commissioner 
ular army in 1799; mustered out in to the Centennial Exposition in 1876 and 
1800; removed to Missouri in 1804, where an Indian inspector in 1878 and 1882. 
he was appointed United States commis- He died in St. Louis, June 8, 1891. 
sary, and in 1812 adjutant and inspector- McNeill, GEORGE ROCKWELL, educator; 
general. He was the first governor of born in Fayetteville, N. C., in 1854; grad- 
Missouri, serving from 1820 to 1824, when uated at Davidson College (N. C.) in 
he became United States Indian agent. 1874; principal of a private school in 
He died in St. Louis, Mo., March 18, 1826. Rowan county, N. C., for nine years; and 

McNair, FREDERICK VALLETTE, naval later became county superintendent and 
officer; born in Jenkintown, Pa., Jan. 13, president of the State Association of Coun- 
1839; graduated at the United States ty Superintendents. He was principal of 
Naval Academy in June, 1857; promoted the male academy at Reidsville, N. C., in 
passed midshipman, June, 1860; master, 1883-89; president of Lafayette College 
October, 1860; lieutenant, April, 1861; (Ala.) in 1889-95; president of a female 
lieutenant-commander, April, 1864; com- college in 1895-98; and in the latter year 
mander, January, 1872; captain, October, again became president of Lafayette Col- 
1883; commodoiv. May, 1895; rear-admi- lege. He died in 1901. 
ral, 1898. In the latter year he was ap- McNiel, JOHN, military officer; born 
pointed superintendent of the United in Hillsboro, N. C., in 1784; entered the 
States Naval Academy. During the Civil army as captain in March, 1812, and was 
War he took part in many engagements, brevetted lieutenant-colonel for his conduct 
including the actions at Fort Jackson, at the battle of Chippewa. The next year 
Fort St. Philip, and the Chalmette bat- he was wounded at the battle of Niagara, 
teries; the capture of New Orleans; the or Lundy s Lane, and was brevetted colonel. 

61 



MACOMB 



In 1830 he resigned his commission, and chief of the armies of the United States, 
was appointed, by President Jackson, sur- which post he held at the time of his 
veyor of the port of Boston, which office death, in Washington, D. C., June 25, 



ATTLE OFPLATTSBURG 
SEPT. 11. 181* 




MACOMB S MEDAL. 

he held until his death, in Washington, 1841. His remains were interred, with 
D. C., Feb. 23, 1850. His wife was a half- military honors in the congressional cem- 
sister of President Pierce. etery, Washington, and over them stands 

Macomb, ALEXANDER, military officer; a beautiful white marble monument, prop- 
born in Detroit, Mich., April 3, 
1782; entered the army as cor 
net of cavalry in 1799, and at 
the beginning of the war with 
Great Britain, in 1812, was lieu 
tenant-colonel of engineers and 
adjutant-general of the army. 
He had five brothers in that con 
test. He was transferred to the 
artillery, and distinguished him 
self on the Niagara frontier. In 
January, 1814, he was promoted 
to brigadier - general, and when 
General Izard withdrew from the 
military post on Lake Cham- 
plain, in the summer of that 
year, Macomb was left in chief 
command of that region. In 
that capacity he won a victory 
over the British at Plattsbnrg, 
Sept. 11. For his conduct on 
that occasion he was commis 
sioned a major-general and re 
ceived thanks and a gold medal 
from Congress. 

On the death of General 
Brown, in 1835, General Ma 
comb was appointed general-in- 

62 




MACOMB S MONUMENT. 



MACON McPHEKSON 

erly inscribed. He was author of a treat- the fort. A detachment took possession 
ise on Martial Law and Courts-Martial of Beaufort, and a flag was sent to the 
(see PLATTSBURG, BATTLE OF). His son, fort demanding its surrender. The com- 
WILLIAM HENRY (born, June 16, 1818; mander of the garrison, a nephew of Jeffer- 
died, Aug. 12, 1872), entered the navy, son Davis, declared he would not yield 
as midshipman, in 1834; was engaged until he had "eaten his last biscuit and 
against the forts in China in 1856, and slain his last horse." On April 11, 1862, 
in the expedition to Paraguay in 1859, Parke began a siege. Batteries were 
in which he commanded the Metacomet. erected on Bogue Island, and gunboats, 
In the Civil War he was active on the under Commodore S. Lockwood, co-oper- 
Mississippi and on the coast of North ated with the troops. The garrison was 
Carolina, attaining the rank of commo- cut off from all communication with the 
dore in 1862. In 1869 he commanded the outside world by land or water. A bom- 
steamship Plymouth, in the European bardment was begun on the morning of 
squadron, and was light-house inspector in April 25. The fort responded with great 
1871. spirit and vigor, and a tremendous artil- 

Macon, NATHANIEL, statesman; born lery duel was kept up for several hours, 

in Warren county, N. C., Dec. 17, 1757: when the fort displayed a white flag. Be- 

was attending college at Princeton when fore 10 A.M. on the 26th the fort was in 

the Revolutionary War broke out; re- possession of the Nationals, with about 

turned home and volunteered as a pri- 500 prisoners. 

vate soldier in the company of his McPherson, EDWARD, author; born in 
brother. He was at the fall of Charles- Gettysburg, Pa., July 31, 1830; graduated 
ton, the disaster to Gates near Camden, at the University of Pennsylvania in 1848 ; 
and with Greene in his remarkable retreat became a lawyer, but abandoned this pro- 
across the Carolinas. From 1780 to 1785 fession and took up journalism in Get- 
he was a member of the North Carolina tysburg; was a Republican Representa- 
Assembly, and there opposed the ratifica- tive in Congress in 1859-63; clerk of the 
tion of the national Constitution. From House in 1863-73, 1881-83, and 1889-91. 
1791 to 1815 he was a member of Congress, His publications include Political His- 
and from 1816 to 1828 United States Sena- tory of the United States during the 
tor. He was a warm personal friend of Great Rebellion; The Political History 
Jefferson and Madison, and his name has of the United States during Recon- 
been given to one of the counties of North struction; and a Hand-Book of Politics. 
Carolina. John Randolph said of him in He died in Gettysburg, Pa., Dec. 14, 
his will: "He is the best, purest, and 1895. 

wisest man that I ever knew." Mr. Jef- McPherson, JAMES BIRDSEYE, military 

f erson called him " The last of the Ro- officer ; born in Sandusky, O., Nov. 14, 

mans." He selected for his place of burial 1828; graduated at West Point in 1853, 

an untillable ridge, ordered the spot to be the first in his class, and entered the 

marked only by a pile of loose stones, and engineer corps. He was made captain 

directed his coffin to be made of plain in August, 1861, and brigadier-general 

boards, and to be paid for before his in- of volunteers in May, 1862. He was 

terment. He died at his birthplace, June aide to General Halleck late in 1861, and 

29, 1837. chief engineer of the Army of the Ten- 

Macon, FORT, CAPTURE OF. This fort, nessee, doing good service at Fort Donel- 

commanding the harbor of Beaufort, N. C., son, Shiloh, Corinth, and luka Springs, 

and Bogue Sound, was seized by Gov- In December, 1862, he commanded the 

ernor Ellis early in 1861. Its possession 17th Corps with great ability, having been 

by the government would secure the use made major-general in October. He did 

of a fine harbor on the Atlantic coast admirable service, under Grant, in the 

for National vessels engaged in the block- Vicksburg campaign (1863), and was 

ading service. It stood upon a long ridge made brigadier-general in the United 

of sand cast up by the ocean, called Bogue States army in August. He was also 

Island. After the capture of NEWBERN (q. active and efficient in the Atlanta cam- 

v.) , Burnside sent General Parke to take paign, in 1864, distinguishing himself 

63 




JAMES BIRDSKYK MoPHERSOJf. 



McPHERSON MACY 

everywhere as commander of the Army of brevetted colonel for services in defence 
the Tennessee. He was killed while re- of Fort Erie in August, 1814. He was 

sent to France by Major Thayer in 181(5, 
to collect scientific and military informa 
tion for the benefit of -the Military Acad 
emy at West Point, of which Thayer was 
then superintendent. Promoted lieuten 
ant-colonel in 1818, he resigned in 1819, 
a,nd was surveyor of public lands in the 
Mississippi region from 1825 to 1832. He 
died in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 10, 1832. 

McSherry, JAMES, author; born in 
Frederick county, Md., July 29, 1819; 
graduated at St. Mary s College, Em- 
mettsburg, Md., in 1828; admitted to the 
bar in 1840; began practice in Gettysburg, 
but removed to Frederick City, where he 
engaged in his profession till his death. 
His publications include History of Mary 
land, 1634-1848; Pere Jean, or the Jesuit 
Missionary, etc. He died in Frederick 
City, Md., July 13, 1869. 

MacVeagh, WAYNE, diplomatist; born 
connoitring in the Confederate lines, July in Phcenixville, Pa., April 19, 1833; grad- 
22, 1864. uated at Yale College in 1853; and ad- 

McPherson, JOHN RODERIC, statesman; mitted to the bar in 1856. He was dis- 
born in Livingston county, N. Y., May 9, trict attorney for Chester county, Pa., in 
1833; removed to New Jersey in 1858; 1859-64; entered the Union army as cap- 
member of the State Senate, 1870-73; tain of cavalry when the invasion of Penn- 
United States Senator, 1883-95. He died^ sylvania was threatened in September, 
in Jersey City, Oct. 8, 1897. 1862; was United States minister to Tur- 

McPherson, WILLIAM, military officer; key in 1870-71; member of the Pennsyl- 
born in Philadelphia in 1751; was ap- vania constitutional convention in 1872- 
pointed a cadet in the British army at 73; and president of the MacVeagh com- 
the age of thirteen; and became adjutant mission to Louisiana in 1877. In 1881 
of a regiment. He joined the Continental he was appointed United States Attorney- 
army at the close of 1779, and was ap- General, but on the death of President 
pointed to the command of a partisan Garfield he resigned, and resumed law 
corps of cavalry in 1781. He was naval practice in Philadelphia. He was ambas- 
officer of Philadelphia from 1793 until his sador to Italy in 1893-97; and repre- 
death, Nov. 5, 1813. He was made sented the United States in the Venezuela 
brigadier-general of the provisional army case at The Hague arbitration tribunal 
in 1798. His brother, JOHN, was aide to in 1903. 

General Montgomery, and perished with Macready, WILLIAM CHARLES, English 
him at the siege of QUEBEC (q. v.). actor; born March 3, 1793; died April 29, 

McPherson, FORT, a modern protective 1873. See FORREST, EDWIN; ASTOR PLACE 
and garrisoned military post of the RIOT. 

United States; established about 4 miles Macy, JESSE, educator; born in Henry 
from Atlanta, Ga., and named in honor county, Ind., June 21, 1842; graduated at 
of GEN. JAMES B. MCPHERSON (q. v.). Iowa College in 1870; became Professor 
McE.ee, WILLIAM, military officer ; born of Constitutional History and Political 
in Wilmington, N. C., Dec. 13, 1787; Science at Iowa College in 1885. He is 
graduated at West Point in 1805, and the author of Civil Government in Iowa; 
entered the corps of engineers. He was A Government Text-Book for Iowa 
major in July, 1812; became chief engi- Schools; Our Government; Institutional 
neer on the northern frontier, and was Beginnings in a Western State, etc. 

64 



MADISON, JAMES 



Madison, JAMES, fourth President of 
the United States, from March 4, 1809, to 
March 4, 1817; Republican; born in Port 
Comvay, Va., March 16, 1751; graduated 
at the College of New Jersey in 1771, 
studied law, and in 1776 was elected to a 
seat in the Virginia Assembly. He became 
a member of the executive council in 
1778, and was sent to Congress in 1779. 
In that body he continually opposed the 
issue of paper money by the States. He 
was active until the peace in 1783, when he 
retired to private life, but was drawn out 



Washington offered him. He presented 
resolutions to the Virginia legislature in 
J798, drawn by him, on the basis of a 
series drawn by Jefferson for the Ken 
tucky legislature, which contained the es 
sence of the doctrine of State supremacy. 
They were adopted. In 1801 he was ap 
pointed Secretary of State, which office 
he held until his inauguration as Presi 
dent. He very soon became involved in 
disputes about impressment with the gov 
ernment of Great Britain, and, in 1812, 
was compelled to declare war against that 




MONTPKLIKR, THE HOME OP MADISON. 

again as a delegate to the convention nation (see below). He was enabled to 

that framed the national Constitution. In proclaim a treaty of peace in February, 

that body he took a prominent part in the 1815. Retiring from office in 1817, he 

debates, and wrote some of the papers passed the remainder of his days on his 

in The Federalist, which advocated the estate at Montpelier. His accomplished 

adoption of that instrument. He was also wife, Dorothy (commonly called " Dol- 

in the Virginia Convention in 1788 that ly"), shared his joys and sorrows from 

ratified the Constitution. A member of the time of their marriage in Philadelphia 

Congress from 1789 to 1797, Madison did in 1794 until his death, June 28, 1836, and 

much in the establishment of the nation survived him until July 2, 1849. She was 

on a firm foundation. Uniting with the a long time among the leaders in Wash- 

Republican party, he was a moderate op- ington society. 

ponent of the administration of Washing- President Madison, seeing that the cap- 
ion. He declined the post of Secretary of ital was in danger when victory remained 
Ftato. vaonted by Jefferson in 1793, which with the British at Br.ADEXSBtTRG (q. v.). 
VI. E 65 



MADISON, JAMES 

sent messengers to his wife, advising her also resolved to save, she hastened to the 
to fly to a place of safety. She had al- carriage, with her sister and her husband, 
ready been apprised of the disaster on the and was borne away to a place of safety 
field. On receiving the message from her beyond the Potomac. . Barker and De 
husband, Aug. 24, 1814, between 2 and 3 1 eyster rolled up the picture, and, with 
P.M., she ordered her carriage and sent it, accompanied a portion of the retreat- 
away in a wagon silver plate and other ing army, and so saved it. That picture 
valuables, to be deposited in the Bank of was left at a farm-house, and a few weeks 
Maryland. In one of the rooms hung a afterwards Mr. Barker restored it to Mrs. 
full-length portrait of Washington, paint- Madison. It now hangs in the Blue Room 
ed by Stuart. While anxiously waiting of the White House in Washington. The 
for the arrival of her husband, she took revered parchment is still preserved by the 
measures for preserving the picture, when, government. 

finding the process of unscrewing the Message on British Aggressions. On 
frame from the wall too tedious, she had June 1, 1812, President Madison sent to 
it broken in pieces, and the canvas was Congress the following message detailing 
removed from the stretcher with her own the existing relations between the United 
hands. Just as she had accomplished so States and Great Britain: 
much, two gentlemen from New York 

(Jacob Barker and R. G. L. De Peyster) WASHINGTON, June 1, 1812. 

entered the room. The picture was lying To the Senate and House of Representa- 
on the floor. The sound of approaching tives of the United States, I communi- 
troops was heard. " Save that picture," cate to Congress certain documents, being 
said Mrs. Madison to the two gentlemen, a continuation of those heretofore laid be- 
" Save it if possible; if not possible, de- fore them on the subject of our affairs 
stroy it; under no circumstances allow it with Great Britain. 

Without going back beyond the re 
newal in 1803 of the war in which 
Great Britain is engaged, and omit 
ting unrepaired wrongs of inferior 
magnitude, the conduct of her govern 
ment presents a series of acts hostile 
to the United States as an indepen 
dent and neutral nation. 

British cruisers have been in the 
continued practice of violating the 
American flag on the great highway 
of nations, and of seizing and carry 
ing off persons sailing under it, not 
in the exercise of a belligerent right 
founded on the law of nations against 
an enemy, but of a municipal pre 
rogative over British subjects. Brit 
ish jurisdiction is thus extended to 
neutral vessels in a situation where 
no laws can operate but the law of 
nations and the laws of the country 
to which the vessels belong, and a 
self-redress is assumed which, if Brit- 

MRS. MADISOX. ish subjects were wrongfully detained 

and alone concerned, is that sub- 
to fall into the hands of the British." stitution of force for a resort to the re- 
Then, snatching up the precious parchment sponsible sovereign which falls within the 
which bore the engrossed copy of the definition of war. Could the seizure of 
Declaration of Independence and the au- British subjects in such cases be regarded 
tographs of the signers, which she had as within the exercise of a belligerent 




, 



MADISON, JAMES 



right, the acknowledged laws of war, which 
forbid an article of captured property to 
be adjudged without a regular investiga 
tion before a competent tribunal, would 
imperiously demand the fairest trial where 
the sacred rights of persons were at issue. 
In place of such a- trial these rights are 
subjected to the will of every petty com 
mander. 

The practice, hence, is so far from affect 
ing British subjects alone that, under the 
pretext of searching for these, thousands 
of American citizens, under the safeguard 
of public law and of their national flag, 
have been torn from their country and 
from everything dear to them; have been 
dragged on board ships-of-war of a for 
eign nation and exposed, under the severi 
ties of their discipline, to be exiled to the 
most distant and deadly climes, to risk 
their lives in the battles of their oppress 
ors, and to be the melancholy instruments 
of taking away those of their own breth 
ren. 

Against this crying enormity, which 
Great Britain would be so prompt to 
avenge if committed against herself, the 
United States have in vain exhausted re 
monstrances and expostulations, and that 
no proof might be wanting of their con 
ciliatory dispositions, and no pretext left 
for a continuance of the practice, the Brit 
ish government was formally assured of 
the readiness of the United States to enter 
into arrangements such as could not be 
rejected if the recovery of British sub 
jects were the real and the sole ob 
ject. The communication passed without 
effect. 

British cruisers have been in the prac 
tice also of violating the rights and the 
peace of our coasts. They hover over and 
harass our entering and departing com 
merce. To the most insulting pretensions 
they have added the most lawless proceed 
ings in our very harbors, and have wan 
tonly spilled American blood within the 
sanctuary of our territorial jurisdiction. 
The principles and rules enforced by that 
nation, when a neutral nation, against 
armed vessels of belligerents hovering near 
her coasts and disturbing her commerce 
are well known. When called on, never 
theless, by the United States to punish 
the greater offences committed by her own 
vessels, her government has bestowed on 



their commanders additional marks of 
honor and confidence. 

Under pretended blockades, without the 
presence of an adequate force and some 
times without the practicability of apply 
ing one, our commerce has been plundered 
in every sea, the great staples of our coun 
try have been cut off from their legitimate 
markets, and a destructive blow aimed at 
our agricultural and maritime interests. 
In aggravation of these predatory meas 
ures they have been considered as in force 
from the dates of their notification, a 
retrospective effect being thus added, as 
has been done in other important cases, 
to the unlawfulness of the course pursued. 
And to render the outrage the more signal, 
these mock blockades have been reiterated 
and enforced in the face of official com 
munications from the British government 
declaring as the true definition of a legal 
blockade " that particular ports must be 
actually invested and previous warning 
given to vessels bound to them not to 
enter." 

Not content with these occasional ex 
pedients for laying waste our neutral 
trade, the cabinet of Britain resorted at 
length to the sweeping system of block 
ades, under the name of orders in council, 
which has been moulded and managed as 
might best suit its political views, its com 
mercial jealousies, or the avidity of Brit 
ish cruisers. 

To our remonstrances against the com 
plicated and transcendent injustice of this 
innovation the first reply was that the 
orders were reluctantly adopted by Great 
Britain as a necessary retaliation on de 
crees of her enemy proclaiming a general 
blockade of the British Isles at a time 
when the naval force of that enemy dared 
not issue from his own ports. She was 
reminded without effect that her own prior 
blockades, unsupported by an adequate 
naval force actually applied and continued, 
were a bar to this plea; that executed 
edicts against millions of our property 
could not be retaliation on edicts con 
fessedly impossible to be executed; that 
retaliation, to be just, should fall on the 
party setting the guilty example, not on 
an innocent party which was not even 
chargeable with an acquiescence in it. 

When deprived of this flimsy veil for a 
prohibition of our trade with her enemy 



67 



MADISON, JAMES 

by the repeal of his prohibition of our oly which she covets for her own corn- 
trade with Great Britain, her cabinet, in- merce and navigation. She carries on a 
stead of a corresponding repeal or a prac- war against the lawful commerce of a 
tical discontinuance of its orders, for- friend that she may the better carry on 
mally avowed a determination to persist a commerce with an enemy a commerce 
in them against the United States until polluted by the forgeries and perjuries 
the markets of her enemy should be laid which are for the most part the only pass- 
open to British products, thus asserting ports by which it can succeed, 
an obligation on a neutral power to re- Anxious to make every experiment short 
quire one belligerent to encourage by its of the last resort of injured nations, the 
internal regulations the trade of another United States have withheld from Great 
belligerent, contradicting her own prac- Britain, under successive modifications, 
tice towards all nations, in peace as well as the benefits of a free intercourse with 
in war, and betraying the insincerity of their market, the loss of which could not 
those professions which inculcated a be- but outweigh the profits accruing from 
lief that, having resorted to her orders her restrictions of our commerce with 
with regret, she was anxious to find an other nations. And to entitle these ex- 
occasion for putting an end to them. periments to the more favorable consid- 
Abandoning still more all respect for era.tion they were so framed as to enable 
the neutral rights of the United States her to place her adversary under the ex- 
and for its own consistency, the British elusive qperation of them. To these ap- 
government now demands as prerequisites peals her government has been equally 
to a repeal of its orders as they relate to inflexible, as if willing to make sacrifices 
the United States that a formality should of every sort rather than yield to the 
be observed in the repeal of the French claims of justice or renounce the errors 
decrees nowise necessary to their termina- of a false pride. Nay, so far were the 
tion nor exemplified by British usage, and attempts carried to overcome the attach- 
that the French repeal, besides including ment of the British cabinet to its un- 
that portion of the decrees which operates just edicts that it received every encour- 
within a territorial jurisdiction, as well agement within the competency of the 
as that which operates on the high seas, executive branch of our government to 
against the commerce of the United expect that a repeal of them would be 
States should not be a single and special followed by a war between the United 
repeal in relation to the United States, States and France, unless the French 
but should be extended to whatever other edicts should also be repealed. Even this 
neutral nations unconnected with them that communication, although silencing for- 
may be affected by those decrees. And as ever the plea of a disposition in the 
an additional insult, they are called on United States to acquiesce in those edicts 
for a formal disavowal of conditions and originally the sole plea for them, received 
pretensions advanced by the French gov- no attention. 

ernment for which the United States are If no other proof existed of a predc- 
so far from having made themselves re- termination of the British government 
sponsible that, in official explanations against a repeal of its orders, it might ^be 
which have been published to the world, found in the correspondence of the min- 
and in a correspondence of the American ister plenipotentiary of the United States 
minister at London with the British min- at London and the British secretary for 
ister for foreign affairs, such a respon- foreign affairs in 1810, on the question 
sibility was explicitly and emphatically whether the blockade of May, 1806, was 
disclaimed. considered as in force or as not in force. 

It has become, indeed, sufficiently cer- It had been ascertained that the French 
lain that the commerce of the United government, which urged this blockade 
States is to be sacrificed, not as inter- as the ground of its Berlin decree, was 
fering with the belligerent rights of willing in the event of its removal to re- 
Great Britain; not as supplying the wants peal that decree, which, being followed by 
of her enemies, which she herself sup- alternate repeals of the other offensive 
plies, but as interfering with the monop- edicts, might abolish the whole system on 

68 



MADISON, JAMES 



both sides. This inviting opportunity for 
accomplishing an object so important to 
the United States, and professed so often 
to be the desire of both the belligerents, 
was made known to the British govern 
ment. As that government admits that 
an actual application of an adequate force 
is necessary to the existence of a legal 
blockade, and it was notorious that if such 
a force had ever been applied its long dis 
continuance had annulled the blockade 
in question, there could be no sufficient 
objection on the part of Great Britain to 
a formal revocation of it, and no imagi 
nable objection to a declaration of the fact 
that the blockade did not exist. The dec 
laration would have been consistent with 
her avowed principles of blockade, and 
would have enabled the United States to 
demand from France the pledged repeal 
of her decrees, either with success, in 
which case the way would have been open 
ed for a general repeal of the belligerent 
edicts, or without success, in which case 
the United States would have been justi 
fied in turning their measures exclusively 
against France. The British government 
would, however, neither rescind the block 
ade, nor declare its non-existence, nor per 
mit its non-existence to be inferred and 
affirmed by the American plenipotentiary. 
On the contrary, by representing the 
blockade to be comprehended in the orders 
in council, the United States were com 
pelled so to regard it in their subsequent 
proceedings. 

There was a period when a favorable 
change in the policy of the British cabinet 
was justly considered as established. The 
minister plenipotentiary of his Britannic 
Majesty here proposed an adjustment of 
the differences more immediately endanger 
ing the harmony of the two countries. The 
proposition was accepted with the prompt 
itude and cordiality corresponding with the 
invariable professions of this government. 
A foundation appeared to be laid for a sin 
cere and lasting reconciliation. The pros 
pect, however, quickly vanished. The 
whole proceeding, was disavowed by the 
British government without any explana 
tions which could at that time repress 
the belief that the disavowal proceeded 
from a spirit of hostility to the commer 
cial rights and prosperity of the United 
States; and it has since come into proof 



69 



that at the very moment when the public 
minister was holding the language of 
friendship and inspiring confidence in the 
sincerity of the negotiations with which 
he was charged, a secret agent of his gov 
ernment was employed in intrigues having 
for their object a subversion of our govern 
ment and a dismemberment of our happy 
Union. 

In reviewing the conduct of Great Brit 
ain towards the United States our atten 
tion is necessarily drawn to the warfare 
just renewed by the savages on one of our 
extensive frontiers a warfare which is 
known to spare neither age nor sex and 
to be distinguished by features peculiarly 
shocking to humanity. It is difficult to 
account for the activity and combinations 
which have for some time been develop 
ing themselves among tribes in constant 
intercourse with British traders and gar 
risons without connecting their hostility 
with that influence and without recollect 
ing the authenticated examples of such in 
terpositions heretofore furnished by the 
officers and agents of that government. 

Such is the spectacle of injuries and in 
dignities which have been heaped on our 
country, and such the crisis which its un 
exampled forbearance and conciliatory ef 
forts have not been able to avert. It might 
at least have been expected that an en 
lightened nation, if less urged by moral 
obligations or invited by friendly dispo 
sitions on the part of the United States, 
would have found in its true interest alone 
a sufficient motive to respect their rights 
and their tranquillity on the high seas; 
that an enlarged policy would have fa 
vored that free and general circulation of 
commerce in which the British nation is 
at all times interested, and which in times 
of war is the best alleviation of its calami 
ties to herself as well as to other belliger 
ents; and more especially that the Brit 
ish cabinet would not, for the sake of a 
precarious and surreptitious intercourse 
with hostile markets, have persevered in a 
course of measures which necessarily put 
at hazard the invaluable market of a 
great and growing country, disposed to 
cultivate the mutual advantages of an ac 
tive commerce. 

Other counsels have prevailed. Our 
moderation and conciliation have had no 
other effect than to encourage per sever- 



MADISON, JAMES 

ance and to enlarge pretensions. We be- lie ships, and that other outrages have 
hold our seafaring citizens still the daily been practised on our vessels and our citi- 
victims of lawless violence, committed on zcns. It will have been seen also that no 
the great common highway of nations, indemnity had been provided or satis- 
even within sight of the country which factorily pledged for the extensive spo- 
ow r cs them protection. We behold our liations committed under the violent and 
vessels, freighted with the products of retrospective orders of the French govern- 
our soil and industry, or returning with ment against the property of our citizens 
the honest proceeds of them, wrested from seized within the jurisdiction of France, 
their lawful destinations, confiscated by I abstain at this time from recommending 
prize courts no longer the organs of pub- to the consideration of Congress defini- 
lic law, but the instruments of arbitrary tive measures with respect to that nation, 
edicts, and their unfortunate crews dis- in the expectation that the result of un- 
persed and lost, or forced or inveigled in closed discussions between our minister 
British ports into British fleets, while plenipotentiary at Paris and the French 
arguments are employed in support of government will speedily enable Congress 
these aggressions which have no founda- to decide with greater advantage on the 
tion but in a principle equally supporting course due to the rights, the interests, 
a claim to regulate our external com- and the honor of our country, 
merce in all cases whatsoever. 

We behold, in fine, on the side of Great Proclamation of War. 

Britain a state of war against the United BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 

States, and on the side of the United OF AMERICA. 

States a state of peace towards Great 

Britain A PROCLAMATION. 

Whether the United States shall con- Whereas the Congress of the United 

tinue passive under these progressive usur- States, by virtue of the constituted au- 

pations and these accumulating wrongs; thority vested in them, have declared by 

or, opposing force to force, in defence their act bearing date the 18th day of 

of their national rights, shall commit the present month that war exists between 

a just cause into the hands of the Al- the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 

mighty Disposer of Events, avoiding all Ireland and the dependencies thereof and 

connections which might entangle it in the United States of America and their 

the contest or views of other powers, and Territories: 

preserving a constant readiness to con- Now, therefore, I, James Madison, Pres- 

cur in an honorable re-establishment of ident of the United States of America, do 

peace and friendship, is a solemn question hereby proclaim the same to all whom it 

which the Constitution wisely confides to may concern; and I do specially enjoin on 

the legislative department of the govern- all persons holding offices, civil or mili- 

ment. In recommending it to their early tary, under the authority of the United 

deliberations, I am happy in the assur- States that they be vigilant and zealous 

ance that the decision will be worthy in discharging the duties respectively in- 

the enlightened and patriotic councils cident thereto; and I do moreover exhort 

of a virtuous, a free, and a powerful all the good people of the United States, 

nation. as they love their country, as they value 

Having presented this view of the rela- the precious heritage derived from the 

tions of the United States with Great virtue and valor of their fathers, as they 

Britain, and of the solemn alternative feel the wrongs which have forced on them 

growing out of them, I proceed to remark the last resort of injured nations, and as 

that the communications last made to they consult the best means under the 

Congress on the subject of our xelations blessings of Divine Providence of abridg- 

with France will have shown that, since ing its calamities, that they exert them- 

the revocation of her decrees, as they vio- selves, in preserving order, in promoting 

lated the neutral rights of the United concord, in maintaining the authority and 

States, her government has authorized efficacy of the laws, and in supporting and 

illegal captures by its privateers and pub- invigorating all the measures which may 

70 



MADISON, JAMES 

be adopted by the constituted authorities scious patriotism and worth v/ill animate 
for obtaining a speedy, a just, and an such men under every change of fortune 
honorable peace. and pursuit, but their country performs a 
In testimony whereof I have hereunto duty to itself when it bestows those tes- 
set my hand and caused the seal timonials of approbation and applause 
of the United States to be affixed which are at once the reward and the in 
to these presents. centive to great actions. 

[SEAL.] Done at the city of Washing- The reduction of the public expenditures 

ton, the 19th day of June, 1812, to the demands of a peace establishment 

and of the Independence of the will doubtless engage the immediate at- 

United States the thirty-sixth. tention of Congress. There are, however, 

JAMES MADISON. important considerations which forbid a 

By the President: sudden and general revocation of the meas- 

JAMES MONROE, Secretary of State. ures that have been produced by the war. 

Experience has taught us that neither the 
Message on Peace Treaty. .,. , ,, . 

pacific dispositions of the American people 

WASHINGTON, Feb. 18, 1815. nor the pacific character of their political 

To the Senate and House of Representa- institutions can altogether exempt them 

tives of the United States, I lay before from that strife which appears beyond 

Congress copies of the treaty of peace and the ordinary lot of nations to be incident 

amity between the United States and his to the actual period of the world, and the 

Britannic Majesty, which was signed by same faithful monitor demonstrates that 

the commissioners of both parties at a certain degree of preparation for war 

Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814, and the ratifi- is not only indispensable to avert dis- 

cations of which have been duly ex- asters in the onset, but affords also the 

changed. best security for the continuance of peace. 

While performing this act I congratu- The wisdom of Congress will therefore, 

late you and ovir constituents upon an I am confident, provide for the mainte- 

event which is highly honorable to the nance of an adequate regular force; for 

nation, and terminates with peculiar felic- the gradual advancement of the naval es- 

ity a campaign signalized by the most tablishment; for improving all the means 

brilliant successes. of harbor defence; for adding discipline to 

The late war, although reluctantly de- the distinguished bravery of the militia, 
clared by Congress, had become a neces- ar >d f r cultivating the military art in its 
sary resort to assert the rights and in- essential branches, under the liberal pat- 
dependence of the nation. It has been ronage of government. 

waged with a success which is the natural The resources of our country were at 

result of the wisdom of the legislative all times competent to the attainment of 

councils, of the patriotism of the people, every national object, but they will now 

of the public spirit of the militia, and of be enriched and invigorated by the activity 

the valor of the military and naval forces which peace will introduce into all the 

of the country. Peace, at all times a scenes of domestic enterprise and labor. 

blessing, is peculiarly welcome, therefore, The provision that has been made for 

at a period when the causes for the war the public creditors during the present 

have ceased to operate, when the govern- session of Congress must have a decisive 

ment has demonstrated the efficiency of effect in the establishment of the public 

its powers of defence, and when the na- credit both at home and abroad. The re- 

tion can review its conduct without regret viving interests of commerce will claim 

and without reproach. the legislative attention at the earli- 

I recommend to your care and benefi- est opportunity, and such regulations 

cence the gallant men whose achieve- will, I trust, be seasonably devised 

ments in every department of the military as shall secure to the United States their 

service, on the land and on the water, just proportion of the navigation of the 

liave so essentially contributed to the world. The most liberal policy towards 

honor of the American name and to the other nations, if met by corresponding dis- 

restoration of peace. The feelings of con- positions, will in this respect be found the 

71 



MADOC MAGELLAN 



most beneficial policy towards ourselves, of Madawc or Madoc. The traditions of 
But there is no subject that can enter with the southern Indians, even as far south 
greater force and merit into the delibera- as Peru, that the elements of civilization 
tions of Congress than a consideration of were introduced among them by a white 
the means to preserve and promote the person, who came from the north, favor 
manufactures which have sprung into ex- the theory that the light-colored Indians 
istence and attained an unparalleled ma- of our continent have a mixture of Welsh 
turity throughout the United States dur- blood, as they have of Welsh language, 
ing the period of the European wars. This Until the translation of the Icelandic 
source of national independence and chronicles, the Welsh historians claimed 
wealth I anxiously recommend, therefore, for their countrymen the honor of being 
to the prompt and constant guardianship the discoverers and first European set- 
of Congress. tiers of America. Southey made Madoc 

The termination of the legislative ses- the subject of a poem. 

sions will soon separate you, fellow-citi- Magellan, FEKDINANDO, navigator; 
zens, from each other, and restore you born in Oporto, Portugal, in 1470; after 
to your constituents. I pray you to bear serving long in the Portuguese navy, went 
with you the expressions of my sanguine to Spain and persuaded the authorities 
hope that the peace which has just been there that the Molucca or Spice Islands, 
declared will not only be the foundation which they coveted, might be reached by 
of the most friendly intercourse between sailing westward, and so come within the 
the United States and Great Britain, but pope s gift of lands westward of the 
that it will also be productive of happi- Azores (see ALEXANDER VI.). Magellan 
ness and harmony in every section of our was sent in that direction with five ships 
beloved country. The influence of your and 236 men. After touching at Brazil, 
precepts and example must be everywhere 
powerful, and while we accord in grate 
ful acknowledgments for the protection 
which Providence has bestowed upon us, 
let us never cease to inculcate obedience 
to the laws and fidelity to the Union as 
constituting the palladium of the na 
tional independence and prosperity. 

Madoc. Welsh records and traditions 
declare that Madoc, a son of Owen Gwyn- 
neth, Prince of North Wales, disgusted 
with the domestic contentions about the 
rightful successor of his father, went on a 
voyage of discovery, with well-manned 
ships and many followers, about the year 
1170; that he sailed westward from Ire 
land and discovered a fruitful country; 
that, returning, he fitted out a squadron 
of ten vessels and filled them with a col 
ony of men, women, and children of his 
country, and with these sailed for the fair 
land he had found. The expedition was 
never heard of afterwards. Travellers in 
the Mississippi Valley and westward of it 
assert that the Mandans and other Ind 
ians who are nearly white have many 

Welsh words in their language. Allusions he went down the coast and discovered 
to this fact have been made by early and and passed through the strait which bears 
late Avriters, and it is suggested that the his name, calling it the Strait of the 
word Mandan is a corruption of Madawg- Eleven Thousand Virgins. He passed 
wys, the name applied to the followers into the South Sea, discovered by Nunez 

72 




FEBDISANDO MAGELLAN. 



MAGNA CHARTA MAGTJAGA 



(see CABEZA DE VACA), and, on account of 1862 as brigadier and major-general. In 

of its general calmness, he named it the the fall of that year he commanded the 

Pacific Ocean. Crossing it, he discovered Confederate forces in Texas, New Mexico, 

the Philippine Islands, eastward of the and Arizona, and was in command of the 



China Sea, where he was killed by the 
natives, April 17, 1521. The expedition 
was reduced to one ship. In that the sur 
vivors sailed across the Indian Ocean and 
around the Cape of Good Hope, and 
reached Spain, Sept. G, 1522. That ship, 



expedition against the Nationals at GAL- 
VESTON (q. v.). He died in Houston, Tex., 
Feb. 19, 1871. 

Maguaga, BATTLE AT. After the evac 
uation of Canada in 1812, General Hull 
sent 600 men, under Lieutenant-Colonel 



the Victoria, was the first that ever cir- Miller, to repair the misfortunes of Van 

Home and afford a competent escort for 
Charter, Captain Brush and the army supplies 
were derived under his charge at the Raisin River. 



cumnavigated the globe. 

Magna Charta, the Great 
whose fundamental parts 
from Saxon char 
ters, continued by 
Henry I. and his suc 
cessors. On Nov. 20, 

1214, the Archbishop 
of Canterbury and 
the barons met at St. 
Edmondsbury. On 
Jan. 6, 1215, they pre 
sented demands to 
King John, who de 
ferred his answer. On 
May 19 they were cen 
sured by the pope. 
On May 24 they 
marched to London, 
and the King had to 
yield. The charter 
was settled by John 
at Runnymede, near 
Windsor, June 15, 

1215, and often con 
firmed by Henry III. 
and his successors. 
The last grand char 
ter was granted in 
1224 by Edward I. 
The original manu 
script charter is lost. 
The finest manuscript 
copy, which is at 
Lincoln, was repro 
duced by photographs in the National When the troops were placed in inarching 
Manuscripts, published by the British gov- order, Lieutenant-Colonel Miller said to 
ernment, 1865. For the complete text see the Ohio militia: "Soldiers, we are now 
GREAT CHARTER. 







MAGUAGA BATTLE-GROUND. 



going to meet the enemy and beat them. 
Magruder, JOHN BAXKTIEAD, military The reverses of the 5th must be repaired, 
officer; born in Winchester, Va., Aug. 15, The blood of our brethren, spilt by the 
1810; graduated at West Point in 1830: savages, must be avenged. I shall lead 
served in the war against Mexico; joined you. You shall not disgrace yourselves 
the Confederates in 1861, and commanded nor me. Every man who shall leave the 
in the defence of Richmond in the summer ranks or fall back, without orders, shall 

73 



MAGUAGA MAHAN 



be instantly put to death. I charge the 
officers to execute this order." Turning to 
the veterans of the 4th Regiment of Regu 
lars, he said : " My brave soldiers, you 
will add another victory to that of Tippe- 
canoe another laurel to that gained on 
the Wabash last fall. If there is now any 
man in the ranks of the detachment who 
fears to meet the enemy, let him fall out 
and stay behind!" They all cried out, 
" I ll not stay! I ll not stay!" and, led by 
Miller, they pressed southward, in an 
order ready for battle at any moment, un 
til, about 4 A.M. on Aug. 9, they reached 
the vicinity of Maguaga, 14 miles below 
Detroit. Spies had led the way, under 
Major Maxwell, followed by a vanguard 
of forty men, under Captain Snelling, of 
the 4th Regiment. The infantry moved 
in two columns, about 200 yards apart. 
The cavalry kept the road in the centre, 
in double file: the artillery followed, and 
flank guards of riflemen marched at prop 
er distances. In the Oak Woods, at Ma 
guaga, near the banks of the Detroit, they 
received from an ambush of British and 
Indians, under Major Muir and Tecumseh, 
a terrible volley. This was a detachment 
sent over from Fort Maiden by General 
Proctor to repeat the tragedy at Browns- 
town, cut off the communication between 
the Raisin and Detroit, and capture Brush 
and his stores. Snelling, in the advance, 
returned the fire and maintained his po 
sition until Miller came up with the main 
body. These were instantly formed in 
battle order, and, with a shout, the gallant 
young commander and his men fell upon 
the foe. At the same time, a 6-pounder 
poured in a storm of grape-shot that made 
sad havoc. The battle soon became gen 
eral, when, closely pressed in front and 
rear, the British and Canadians fled, leav 
ing Tecumseh and his warriors to bear the 
brunt of battle. The white men gained 
their boats as quickly as possible and sped 
across the river to Fort Maiden. The Ind 
ians soon broke and fled also, pursued by 
the impetuous Snelling more than 2 miles, 
on a powerful horse, witli a few of the 
cavalry. The rout and victory were com 
plete. The Americans lost eighteen killed 
and fifty-seven wounded. Miller, though 
injured by a fall from his horse, wished 
to push on to the Raisin, but Hull sent a 
peremptory order for the whole detach 



ment to return to Detroit. The British 
were gathering in force at Sandwich, and 
threatening the fort and village of De 
troit. 

Mag-uire, MATTHEW; socialist; born in 
New York in 1850; became a machinist; 
and has been active in organizing trade 
unions. He affiliated with the Green 
back party, and later on with the Social 
ist Labor party. He was the candidate 
of his party for Vice-President of the 
United States in 1896, and for governor of 
New Jersey in 1898. 

Mahan, ALFRED TAYLOR, naval officer 
and author ; born in West Point, N. Y., 
Sept. 27, 1840; son of Dennis Hart Mahan, 
for many years Professor of Military 
Engineering in the United States Military 
Academy ; graduated at the Naval Acad 
emy in 1859; promoted lieutenant, 1861; 




ALFRED TAYLOR MAHAJT. 

lieutenant-commander, 1865; commander, 
1872; and captain, 1885. After the Civil 
War he served in the South Atlantic, Pa 
cific, Asiatic, and European squadron?. 
During 1886-93 he was president of the 
Naval War College, at Newport, R. I. : 
in 1893-96 was in command of the 
United States protected cruiser Chicago; 
and was retired at his own request, 
Nov. 17, 1896. During the war with Spain 
he was recalled to active service and 
made a member of the naval advisory 
board, and in 1899 President McKin- 
ley appointed him a delegate to the 
peace conference at The Hague. Captain 
Mahan is known the world over for his 



MAHAN MAINE 



publications on naval subjects, and par 
ticularly on naval strategy. He was dined 
by Queen Victoria ; honored with the de 
gree of LL.D. by Cambridge, Oxford, and 
McGill universities ; and had his Influence 
of Sea Power in History translated by the 
German Naval Department and supplied 
to all the public libraries, schools, and 
government institutions in the German 
Empire. Besides a large number of re 
view and magazine articles, he has pub 
lished The Gulf and Inland Waters; Influ 
ence of Sea Power upon History; Influence 
of Sea Power upon the French Revolution 
and Empire; Life of Admiral Farragut; 
Life of Nelson; The Interest of the United 
States in Sea Power. See Captain Mahan s 
article on NAVAL SHIPS. 

Mahan, ASA, clergyman; born in Ver- 
non, N. Y., Nov. 9, 1800; graduated at 
Hamilton College in 1824, and at Andover 
Theological Seminary in 1827; was or 
dained in the Presbyterian Church in 1829. 
In 1835 he turned his attention to edu 
cation ; was president of Oberlin College 
till 1850, and of Cleveland University, 
Cleveland, O., till 1855. His publications 
include Critical History of the late Ameri 
can War. etc. He died in Eastbourne, 
England, April 4, 1889. 

Mahan, DENNIS HART, engineer; born 
in New York City, April 2, 1802; grad 
uated at the United States Military Acad 
emy in 1824; instructor of engineering 
in that institution till 1826; was then 
sent abroad by the War Department to 
study European engineering and military 
institutions. Returning to the United 
States he became Professor of Engineering 
at West Point from 1830 till his death. 
He died near Stony Point, N. Y., Sept. 16, 
1871. 

Mahaqua. See MOHAWK INDIANS. 

Mahone, WILLIAM, statesman; born in 
Southampton county, Va., Dec. 1, 1826; 
entered the Confederate army in 1861 ; 
took part in the capture of the Norfolk 
navy-yard and in most of the battles in 
Virginia, where he won the sobriquet of 
" The Hero of the Crater " ; United States 
Senator from 1881 to 1887, He died in 
Washington, D. C., Oct. 8, 1895. 

Maine, STATE OF. This most easterly 
State in the Union was admitted in 1820. 
Its shores were first visited by Europeans 
under Bartholomew Gosnold (1602) and 



Martin Pring (1603), though it is possi 
ble they were seen by Cabot (1498) and 
Verrazano (1524). The French, under 
De Monts, wintered near the site of Calais, 
on the St. Croix (1604-5), and took pos 
session of the Sagadahock, or Kennebec, 
River. Captain \Yeymouth was there in 
1605, and kidnapped some of the natives; 
and in 1607 the Plymouth Company sent 
emigrants to settle there, but they did 




SEAL OP THE STATE OP MAINE. 

not remain long. A French mission estab 
lished at Mount Desert was broken up by 
SAMUEL ARGALL (q. v.) in 1613, and the 
next year Captain Smith, landing first at 
Monhegan Island, explored the coast of 
Maine. The whole region of Maine, and 
far southward, westward, and eastward, 
was included in the charter of the Plym 
outh Company, and in 1621 the company, 
having granted the country east of the St. 
Croix to SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER (q. v.) , 
established that river as the eastern 
boundary of Maine. Monhegan Island 
was first settled (1622) and next Saco 
(1623) ; and in 1629 the Plymouth Com 
pany, perceiving its own dissolution to be 
inevitable, parcelled out the territory in 
small grants. In the course of three years 
the whole coast had been thus disposed of 
as far east as the Penobscot River. East of 
that river was claimed by the French, and 
was a subject of dispute for a long time. 

When the Plymouth Company dissolved 
(1635) and divided the American terri 
tory, Sir Ferdinando Gorges took the 
whole region between the Piscataqua and 



75 



MAINE, STATE OF 







MONHEGAN ISLAND. 

the Kennebec, and received a formal char- appointed governor-general of New Eng- 
ter for it from Charles I. in 1639, when land, and his son Thomas was sent as 
the region was called the province of lieutenant to administer the laws in 1640. 
Maine, in compliment to the Queen, who He established himself at Agamenticus 
owned the province of Maine in France, (now York), when, in 1642, the city called 
In 1636 Gorges sent over his nephew, Will- Gorgeana was incorporated. There the 
iam Gorges, as governor of his domain, first representative government in Maine 
and he established his government at Saco, was established (1640). On the death of 
where, indeed, there had been an organ- Sir Ferdinando (1647) the province of 

Maine descended to his heirs, 
and was placed under four 
jurisdictions. Massachusetts, 
fearing this sort of dismem 
berment of the colony might 
cause the fragments to fall 
into the hands of the French, 
made claim to the territory 
under its charter. Many of 
the people of Maine preferred 
to be under the jurisdiction of 
Massachusetts, and in 1652 a 
large number of the freehold 
ers in five towns took the oath 
of allegiance to the Bay State. 
The latter province then as 
sumed supreme rule in Maine. 
and continued it until the 
restoration of the Stuarts 
(1660), when Charles II., on 
the petition of the heirs of 
Gorges, sent over a commission 
to re-establish the authority of 
the grantees. Massachusetts, 
after long resistance, purchased 
the interests (1677) of the 
claimants for 12,000 sterling. 
ized government since 1623, when Robert In 1674 the Dutch conquered the ter- 
Gorges was governor under the Plymouth ritory eastward from the Penobscot, in- 
Company. In 1639 Sir Ferdinando was eluding that of Acadia and Nova Scotia; 

76 




THE OLD JAIL AT YORK. 



MAINE, STATE OF 

and in 1676 Cornelius Steenwyck was ap- cepting at Sagadahock and Pemaquid. 

pointed governor of the conquered terri- But when the duke became king (see 

tory by the Dutch West India Company. JAMES II.) the charter of Massachusetts 

Settlers from Boston soon afterwards ex- was forfeited, and Andros ruled Maine 

pelled the Dutch. Meanwhile the horrors with cruelty. The Eevolution of 1688 re- 

of King Philip s War had extended to stored the former political status of Mas- 

that region, and in the space of three sachusetts, and thenceforth the history of 

months 100 persons, were murdered. Then the province of Maine is identified with 

came disputes arising out of the claims that of Massachusetts. It remained a 




LUMBERING IX MAINE. 



of the Duke of York (to whom Charles II. part of that province until March 15, 1820, 

had given New Netherland) to the coun- when it was admitted into the Union as 

try between the Kennebec and St. Croix the twenty-third State. In 1890 the popu- 

rivers, which in 1683 had been constituted lation was 661,086; in 1900, 694,466. 
Cornwall county, of the province of New During the Revolutionary War Maine 

York, over which Sir EDMUND ANDROS was very little disturbed, but during that 

(q. v.) was made governor. Massachu- of 1812 it suffered much. The British 

setts, however, continued to hold posses- held possession of a part of the country, 

sion of the whole province of Maine, ex- but their rule was comparatively mild 

77 



MAINE MALDEN 



after they gained a foothold. For more 
than half a century the governments of 



GOVERNORS Continued. 



Name. 



Term. 



the. United States and Great Britain were Lot M Morrill 1858 to 1861 

involved in a controversy concerning the Israel Washburn, Jr 1861 ;; 1862 

eastern boundary, which the treaty of 1783 g^^corey . . . ".". . . . . . .! .". . . . . . . : 

did not accurately define. The dispute Joshua L. Chamberlain 1867 ; 1870 

was finally settled by treaty in 1842, each JSKSSS^Jr . . . . . . .: . ." . . I . . . . . . . 1874 

party making concessions. Maine was Seiden Connor 1876 ; 1879 

twice invaded by Confederates during the Aionzo Gallon. .... ;;;;;"_;;;;;;;;;; 1880 < jssi 

Civil War. On the night of June 29, Han-is M . Piaisted... issl ;; 1882 

1863, the officers and crew of a Confeder- j^J^R^l^eli. . . ". . ."!!.*.".*.**. "! l 887 
ate privateer entered the harbor of Port- Sebastian s. Marble : 887 to 1888 

xv 7 T F/lwrin P Rnrlpiirh looJ loyZ 

land, captured the revenue-cutter Caleb Edwm c }& [);;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;; i 8 93 : 

Cushing, and fled to sea with her, sharply uewellyn Powers ISOT l 

pursued by two steamers manned by Jobn F - Hl11 

armed volunteers. Finding they could ED ^^ SENATOR& 

not escape with the cutter, they blew 

her up, and, taking to their boats, were . _^_^ 

soon made prisoners. At mid-day on Jjgggf;; ffi SB mH 1827 

July 18, 1864, some Confederates came Albi0 n K. Parris 20th 1828 

from St. John, N. B., and entered Calais ^Ho me..., . 20th to 224 1829 to 1833 

to rob the bank there. Having been fore- j ohr f Rug g]es 23d 26th 

warned by the American consul at St. Ether shepley 23d ^24i 1835 < wo 

John, the authorities were prepared, ar- Reue i Williams . . ... .;. .. 25th to 28th 1837 

rested three of the party, and frightened JfflJ;;;;; ; * I! gj gg " St? 

the remainder away. During the Civil Wyman B. s. Moor soth 1848 

War Maine contributed its full share of Hannibal Hamiin . . ^aoth^ 1848 

men and supplies in support of the gov- William p it t Fessenden.. 33d " 4ist 1854 " 1809 

_._ i Q4*Vi 1 Q l i 

ernment. In 1872 a Swedish colony was Amos.^ours^.^ ^^cth 1867 to 1881 

planted on the Aroostook, at a place called Lot M Morri n 311 h " 44th 1861 1876 

New Sweden, where, in one year, about 600 Hannibal Hamiin 41st, 4fith isoa i||i 

Swedes, aided by the State, had settled y* m P ^y.! !"".! ..". 47th " 

upon 20,000 acres of land. They have Eugene Hale 47th " 18 

their own municipal organization and 

schools in which one of the chief studies ^ Maine, THE DESTRUCTION OF THE. See 

is the English language. See UNITED CUBA. 

SPATES, MA g iNE, in v & ol. ix. Maine Liquor Law. The first prohibi- 

tion law in Maine was enacted in to, 

GOVERNORS. and subsequently amended in 1858, 1872, 

(Prior to 1820 Maine was a part of Massachusetts.) 1879, 1884. 

Maize. See INDIAN CORN. 

Name " Maiden, on the Detroit River, 18 miles 

William King 182 iwi 1821 below the city of Detroit and 8 miles from 

jf n m K D Pa ^ amson 1822 to 1826 Lake Erie, was a place of great impor- 

Enoch Lincoln.. . . . . . . .:::.". . isav . w tance, in a military point of view, during 

?n a na^n U G e Huuon 1830 to 1831 the War of 1812-15. It is on the Cana- 

Samuei Emerson Smith. . .: ^8 dian shore; and is now called Amherst- 

?H ber r/ KP nr laP * " l ^ r g- There the British fleet n Lake 

johnFairfieid. :::.:::::::::::::: .:::::: i^ - E rie-ca P tured by perry in isia-was 

SSSiiSSd ". . 1841 1843 built, and it was a rallying-place for Br 

S^ Kava^b::::::;::^..;:.....: ** i s \, troops and their Indian allies. The 

Hugh J. Anderson 18M i lont , dock geen j n the engraving was the 

John HubbTd :::. :. ::::::::::. . :::::: ww M>* r i ace where the British fleet was launch- 

Wiiiiam G Crosby ] eA From Maiden they sailed on the 

Seiw^ . .::::::::::::::::::"" ^ wn m0 mmg of the battle of Lake Erie, in 

Hannibal Hamiin 1857 tj 1858 the winter of 1813 the British and Ind- 

Josepb H. Williams 

7o 



MALLERY MALLORY 

ians issued from Maiden on the expe- The Former and Present Number of our 

dition that resulted in the massacre at Indians; A Collection of Gestures, Signs, 

the Raisin River. In March, while Brit- and Signals of the North American Ind- 

ish ships were frozen at Maiden, Harri- tans; Pictographs of the North American 




VIEW OP MALDES IN 1861, WHERE THE BRITISH SHIPS WERE BUILT. 

son sent an expedition to capture them at Indians; Picture Writing of the American 

that port. They set off in sleighs, in- Indians, etc. He died in Washington, 

structed to leave the latter at Middle D. C., Oct. 24, 1894. 

Bass Island, whence, with feet muffled by Mallet, JOHN WILLIAM, chemist; born 
moccasins, they were to make their way in Dublin, Ireland, Oct. 10, 1832; educated 
silently over the frozen river. But when at Trinity College, Dublin; came to the 
they arrived the ice had broken up, and United States in 1853; was an officer on 
the expedition returned. the staff of Gen. Robert E. Rodes, in the 
Mallery, GARRICK, ethnologist; born in Confederate army; had general charge of 
Wilkesbarre, Pa., April 23, 1831; grad- the ordnance laboratories of the Confed- 
rtated at Yale College in 1850; became a erate government; was Professor of Chem- 
lawyer in Philadelphia in 1853. When istry in the medical department of the 
the Civil War broke out he entered the University of Louisiana in 1865-68; and 
National army; became lieutenant-colo- then was called to the similar chair in the 
nel and brevet colonel. When the regular University of Virginia. He has contrib- 
, army was reorganized in 1870 he was com- uted numerous papers to scientific trans- 
missioned captain in the 1st United States actions and journals. 

Infantry. In 1876 he was assigned to the Mallory, STEPHEN RUSSELL, military 

command of Fort Rice in Dakota Terri- officer; born in Trinidad, West Indies, in 

tory, where he became interested in the 1813; was the son of a sea-captain of 

mythology and history of the Dakota Ind- Bridgeport, Conn., who died in Key West 

ians; in 1879 he was retired from the army in 1821. He studied law, and was ad- 

and made ethnologist of the United States mitted to the bar in Key West in 1833. 

bureau of ethnology. His publications He was appointed inspector of customs 

include A Calendar of the Dakota Nation; there, and a judge, and in 1845 was made 

79 



MALTBY MALVERN HILL 




STEPHEN RUSSELL MALLORT. 



collector of customs in the same place, tillery arrived there at 4 P.M., and in that 
From 1851 to 1801 he was United States almost impregnable position preparations 
Senator from Florida; and, on the organi- were made for battle. Yet General Mc- 
zation of the Confederate government in Clellan did not consider his army safe 
February, 1861, he was appointed Secre- there, for it was too far separated from 

his supplies; so, on the morning of July 
1, he went on the Galena to seek for an 
eligible place for a base of supplies, and 
for an encampment for the army. During 
his absence the Confederates brought on a 
battle, which proved to be a most sangui 
nary one. Lee had concentrated his troops 
at Glendale, on the morning of July 1, but 
did not get ready for a full attack until 
late in the afternoon. Tie formed his line 
with the divisions of Generals Jackson, 
Ewell, Whiting, and D. H. Hill on the 
left (a large portion of Swell s in re 
serve) ; Generals Magruder and Huger on 
the right; while the troops of A. P. Hill 
and Longstreet were held in reserve on 
the left. The latter took no part in the 
engagement that followed. The National 
line of battle was formed with Porter s 
corps on the left (with Sykes s division on 

tary of the Navy. At the close of the the left and Morell s on the right), where 
war he was a state prisoner for some time, the artillery of the reserve, under Colonel 
and after his release on parole practised Hunt, was so disposed on high ground 
law till his death, in Pensacola, Nov. 9, that a concentrated fire of sixty heavy 
1873. guns could be brought to bear on any 

Maltby, ISAAC, author; born in North- point on his front or left; and on the 
field, Conn., Nov. 10, 1767 ; graduated at highest point on the hill Colonel Tyler had 
Yale College in 1786; brigadier-general of ten siege-guns in position. Couch s divi- 
Massachusetts militia in 1813-15. He was sion was on Porter s right; next on the 
prominent in the politics of Massachusetts, right were Hooker and Kearny ; next 
serving several terms in its legislature. Sedgwick and Richardson; next Smith 
He was the author of Elements of War; and Slocum; and then the remainder of 
Courts-Martial and Military Law; and Keyes s corps, extending in a curve nearly 
Military Tactics. He died in Waterloo, to the river. The Pennsylvania Reserves 
N. Y., Sept. 9, 1819. were held as a support in the rear of Por- 

Malvern Hill, BATTLE AT. Malvern ter and Couch. 

Hill forms a high and dry plateau sloping Lee resolved to carry Malvern Hill by 
towards Richmond from bold banks on the storm, and concentrated his artillery so 
James River, and bounded by deep ravines as to silence that of the Nationals; when, 
that made it an excellent defensive posi- with a shout, two divisions were to charge 
tion. Upon that plateau the Army of and carry a battery before them. This 
the Potomac was posted, July 1, 1862, shout was to be a signal for a general ad- 
under the direction of General Barnard, vance with bayonets. This programme 
Gen. Fitz-John Porter had reached that was not carried out. When, late in the 
point the day before, and placed his troops afternoon, a heavy artillery fire was open- 
so as to command all approaches to it ed on Couch and Kearny, A. P. Hill, be- 
from Richmond or the White Oak Swamp, lieving that he heard the shout, advanced 
They were within reach of National gun- to the attack, but found himself unsup- 
boats on the James River that might ported. A single battery was at work, in- 
prove very efficient in any battle there, stead of 200 great guns, as had been 
The last of the Confederate trains and ar- promised. That battery was soon demol- 

80 



MALVERN HILL MANASSAS JUNCTION 



islied, and the Confederates driven back 
in confusion to the woods, when the Na 
tionals advanced several hundred yards 
to a better position. Meanwhile Magruder 
and Huger had made a strong attack on 
Porter at the left. Two brigades (Ker- 
shaw s and Semmes s) of McLaws s divi 
sion charged through a dense wood up to 
Porter s guns; and a similar dash was 
made by Wright, Mahone, and Anderson 
farther to the right, and by Barksdale 
nearer the centre; but all were repulsed, 
and for a while there was a lull in the 
storm of battle. Then Lee ordered an 
other assault on the batteries. His col 
umns rushed from the woods over the open 
fields to capture the batteries and carry 



the Confederates were driven to the shel 
ter of the woods, ravines, and swamps, 
their ranks shattered and broken. 

The victory for the Nationals was de 
cisive. The victorious generals were anx 
ious to follow up the advantage and push 
right on to Richmond, 18 miles distant; 
but General McClellan,who came upon the 
battle-ground on the right when the final 
contest was raging furiously on the left, 
issued an order, immediately after the re 
pulse of the Confederates, for the victo 
rious army to fall back still farther to 
Harrison s Landing, on the James, a few 
miles below, and then returned to the 
Galena, on which he had spent a greater 
part of the day. The order produced con- 




GUNBOATS AT THE BATTLE OF MALVERN HILL. 

the hill. They were met by a deadly fire sternation and dissatisfaction, but was 
of musketry and great guns; and as one obeyed. The battle at Malvern Hill was 
brigade recoiled another was pushed for- the last of the series of severe conflicts 
ward, with a seeming recklessness of life before Richmond in the course of seven 
under the circumstances. At about seven days. In these conflicts the aggregate 
o clock in the evening, while fresh troops losses of the Nationals were reported by 
under Jackson were pressing the Nationals McClellan to be 15,249. Of that number 
sorely, Sickles s brigade, of Hooker s 1,582 were killed, 7,709 wounded, and 
division, and Meagher s Irish brigade, of 5,958 missing. 

Richardson s division, were ordered up to Mammoth Cave, a remarkable cave in 
their support. At the same time the gun- Edmondson county, Ky., discovered in 
boats on the James River, full 150 feet be- 1809 by a Mr. Hutchins while in pursuit 
low, were hurling heavy shot and shell of a bear. Its extreme extent is less than 
the Confederates with terrible 10 miles, and the combined length of all 
eftect, their range being directed by offi- the accessible avenues is possibly 150 
cors of the signal corps on the hill. The miles. 

conflict was furious and destructive, and Manassas Junction. When at the 
did not cease until almost 9 P.M., when close of April, 1861, the Confederates were 
vi. F 81 



MANASSAS JUNCTION 



satisfied that the national government 
and the loyal people of the country were 
resolved to maintain the authority and 
integrity of the republic, they put for 
ward extraordinary efforts to strike a 
deadly blow by seizing the national capital 
before it should be too late. There was 
great enthusiasm among the young men 
of the South. They read on the telegraph 
bulletin-boards the call of the President 
for 75,000 men, and received the an 
nouncement with derisive laughter and 
cheers for "Old Abe the Rail-splitter." 
Few believed there would be war. One of 
their chroniclers avers that companies were 
quickly formed from among the wealthiest 
of the youth, and that 200,000 volunteers 
could have been organized within a month, 
if they had been called for. The enthu 
siasm of the young men was shared by 
the other sex. Banners of costly materials 
were made by clubs of young women and 
delivered to the companies with appro 
priate speeches the young men on such 
occasions swearing that they would perish 
rather than desert the flag thus conse 
crated. Regarding the whole matter as a 
lively pastime, many of these companies 
dressed in the most costly attire, and bore 
the most expensive rifles," but grave men 
fried to undeceive them. Jefferson Davis 
wrote to a Mississippi friend, telling him 
that hardships and privations awaited 
these young men, and advising them to 
use the commonest materials for clothing. 
He recommended all volunteers to dress 



in gray-flannel coats and light-blue cot 
ton pantaloons, for summer was approach 
ing. The Confederates chose as their 
grand rallying-place, preparatory to a 
march on Washington, Manassas Junction, 
a point on the Orange and Alexandria 
Railway, where another joined it from 
Manassas Gap, in the Blue Ridge. It is 
about 25 miles west from Alexandria, and 
30 miles in a direct line from Washing 
ton, D. C. It was an admirable strategic 
point, as it commanded the grand south 
ern railway route connecting Washington 
and Richmond, and another leading to 
the fertile Shenandoah Valley, beyond the 
Blue Ridge. General Scott had been ad 
vised to take possession of that point, 
but he declined ; and while the veteran 
soldier was preparing for a defensive 
campaign the opportunity was lost. Large 
numbers of Confederate troops were as 
sembled under General Beauregard. The 
battlefield was the scene of extensive army 
manoeuvres in 1904. See BULL RUN. 

The battle of Manassas, or the second 
battle of Bull Run, was fought near the 
battle-ground of the first engagement at 
Bull Run, Aug. 30, 1862. Pope, after the 
battle of GROVETON (q. v.) , found his army 
greatly reduced in numbers only about 
40,000. It had failed to keep Lee and 
Jackson apart, and it was now decidedly 
the weaker force. Prudence counselled a 
retreat to Bull Run, or even to the de 
fences of Washington; but Pope resolved 
to trv the issue of another battle. He ex- 




MANASSAS JUNCTION AFTER THE EVACUATION BY TUB CONFEDERATES. 

82 



MANASSAS JUNCTION MANHATTAN ISLAND 

pected rations and forage from McClellan, very dark, and Lee, fortunately, did not 

at Alexandria, but was disappointed, pursue. See BULL RUN. 
When it became clear that he would re- Mandamus Councillors. See MASSA- 

ceive no aid from McClellan, he had no CHUSETTS. 

other alternative than to fight or surren- Manderson, CHARLES FREDERICK, law- 
der, so he put his line into V shape on the yer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 9, 
morning of Aug. 30. Lee made a move- 1837; acquired a public-school education; 
ment which gave Pope the impression that removed to Canton in 1856; admitted to 
the Confederates were retreating, and the the bar in 1859; served in the Civil War, 
latter telegraphed to Washington to that and then resumed practice in Stark 
effect. He ordered a pursuit. When, at county, 0.; removed to Nebraska in 1869; 
10 A.M., an attempt was made to execute was a United States Senator in 1883-95; 
this order, a fearful state of things was and in the latter year became general 
developed. The eminence near Groveton solicitor of the Burlington system of rail- 
was found to be swarming with Confeder- roads west of the Missouri River. 
ates, who, instead of retreating, had been Mandrillon, JOSEPH, author; born in 
massing under cover of the forest, in prep- Bourg, France, in 1743; received a com- 
aration for an offensive movement. They mercial education; came to the United 
opened a furious fire on the front of the States with the intention of founding 
Nationals, and at the same time made a branches of a bank which he proposed to 
heavy flank movement. Porter s corps, open in Amsterdam on his return to Eu- 
which had been made to recoil by the first rope. When the French Revolution began 
unexpected blow, rallied, and performed he was tried and guillotined as a constitu- 
specially good service. Ricketts mean- tional royalist in Paris, Jan. 7, 1794. His 
while had hastened to the left. By the publications include The Travelling Amcri- 
disposition of Reynolds s corps to meet the can, or Observations on the Actual State, 
flank movement, Porter s key - point had Culture, and Commerce of the British 
been uncovered, but the place of Reynolds Colonies in America; and The American 
had been quickly supplied by 1,000 men Spectator, or General Remarks on North 
under Warren. The battle became very America. 

severe, and for a while victory seemed to Mangum, WILLIE PERSON, statesman; 

incline towards the Nationals, for Jack- born in Orange county, N. C., in 1792; 

son s advanced line was steadily pushed graduated at the University of North 

back until 5 P.M. Then Longstreet turned Carolina in 1815; admitted to the bar in 

the tide. With four batteries, he poured 1817; elected to the State legislature in 

a most destructive fire from Jackson s 1818; judge of the Superior Court of the 

right, and line after line of Nationals was State in 1819; and to Congress in 1823 

swept away. Very soon the whole of and 1825, when he resigned on account of 

Pope s left was put to flight, when Jack- his second election as judge of the Supe- 

eon advanced, and Longstreet pushed his rior Court. He represented North Caro- 

heavy columns against Pope s centre. At lina in the United States Senate in 1831- 

the same time Lee s artillery was doing 36, when he resigned; was re-elected in 

fearful execution upon Pope s disordered 1841, and again in 1848. He died at Red 

infantry. Darkness alone put an end to Mountain, N. C., Sept. 14, 1861. 
the fearful struggle. Although pushed Manhattan Island, the site of the city 

back some distance, the National left was of New York, now comprising the bor- 

still unbroken, and held the Warrenton oughs of Manhattan and the Bronx of the 

turnpike, by which alone the Nationals Greater New York, was so named by the 

might safely retreat. Pope had no other Dutch after a tribe of Indians which they 

safe alternative than to fall back towards first found there, who were called Manna- 

the defences of Washington. At 8 P.M. hatans. When Peter Minuit reached 

he issued orders to that effect, and dur- New Netherland as governor (1626), he 

ing the night the whole army withdrew purchased the island of the natives for the 

across Bull Run to the heights of Centre- Dutch West India Company for the value 

ville, the troops under Meade and Seymour of sixty guilders (about $24), and paid 

covering the movement. The night was for it in trinkets, hatchets,- knives, etc. In 

83 



" 



MANIFEST DESTINY 




LANDING OF THE DUTCH SKTTLERS ON MANHATTAN ISLAND. 
(From an old tngraving.) 

the winter of 1613-14, Captain Block phatic applause greeted the aspiring proph- 

built a ship there the beginning of the ecy. But here arose the third speaker 

merchant marine of New York and there a very serious gentleman from the Far 

the first permanent settlers within the West. " If we are going," said this truly 

domain of New York State first landed, patriotic American, " to leave the historic 

The purchase of Manhattan Island by the past and present, and take our manifest 

Dutch from the Indians was an event in destiny into the account, why restrict our- 

history as important and as creditable to selves within the narrow limits assigned 

the honesty of the purchasers as was the by our fellow-countryman who has just 

treaty of William Penn. sat down? I give you the United States 

" Manifest Destiny." In a lecture de- bounded on the north by the aurora 

livered at the Royal Institute of Great borealis, on the south by the precession of 

Britain in May, 1880, on the subject of the equinoxes, on the east by the primeval 

" The Manifest Destiny of the Anglo-Saxon chaos, and on the west by the day of 

Race," Prof. John Fiske recalled the story judgment." 

of the three Americans, each of whom Professor Fiske offered some consider- 

proposed a toast. ations concerning the future of the United 

" Here s to the United States," said the States, which he said might seem unrea- 
first speaker " bounded on the north by sonably large to his audience, but which 
British America ; on the south by the were quite modest, after all, when corn- 
Gulf of Mexico; on the east by the At- pared with some other prophecies, 
lantic, and on the west by the Pacific A few short extracts from his lecture 
Ocean." are as follows: 

The second speaker said : " Here s to 

the United States bounded on the north Chronic warfare, both private and pub- 

by the North Pole, on the south by the He, periodic famines, and sweeping pes- 

South Pole, on the east by the rising, and tilences like the Black Death these were 

on the west by the setting sun." Em- the things which formerly shortened hu- 

84 



(t 



MANIFEST DESTINY " 



man life and kept down population. In by we may similarly put public warfare 
the absence of such causes, and with the under the ban? I think not. Already in 
abundant capacity of our country for feed- America, as we have seen, it has become 
ing its people, I think it an extremely customary to deal with questions between 
moderate statement if we say that by the States just as we would deal with ques- 
year 2000 the English race in the United tions between individuals. This we have 
States will number at least six or seven seen to be the real purport of American 
hundred millions. federalism. To have established such a 

The object for which the American gov- system over one great continent is to have 
ernment fought in the Civil War was the made a very good beginning towards estab- 
perpetual maintenance of that peculiar lishing it over the world. To establish 
state of things which the federal Union such a system in Europe will no doubt 
had created a state of things in which, be difficult, for there we have to deal with 
throughout the whole vast territory over an immense complication of prejudices, 
which the Union holds sway, questions intensified by linguistic and ethnological 
between States, like questions between in- differences. Nevertheless, the pacific press- 
dividuals. must be settled by legal argu- ure exerted upon Europe by America is 
ment and judicial decisions, and not by becoming so great that it will doubtless 
wager of battle. Far better to demon- before long overcome all these obstacles, 
strate this point once for all, at what- I refer to the industrial competition be- 
ever cost, than to be burdened hereafter, tween the old and the new worlds, which 
like the states of Europe, with frontier has become so conspicuous within the last 
fortresses and standing armies, and all ten years. Agriculturally, Minnesota, Ne- 
the barbaric apparatus of mutual sus- braska, and Kansas are already formi- 
picin- dable competitors with England, France, 

It was thought that eleven States which and Germany; but this is but the begin- 
had struggled so hard to escape from the ning. It is but the first spray from the 
federal tie could not be readmitted to tremendous wave of economic competi- 
yoluntary co-operation. in the general gov- tion that is gathering in the Mississippi 
ernment, but must henceforth be held as Valley. By-and-by, when our shameful 
conquered territory a most dangerous tariff falsely called "protective" shall 
experiment for any free people to try. have been done away with, and our manu- 
Yet within a dozen years we find the old facturers shall produce superior articles 
federal relations resumed in all their at less cost of raw material, we shall 
completeness, and the disunion party begin to compete with European coun- 
powerless and discredited in the very trios in all the markets of the world; 
Slates where once it had wrought such and the competition in manufactures will 
mischief. become as keen as it is now beginning to 

It is enough to point to the general be in agriculture. 

conclusion, that the work which the Eng- In some such way as this, I believe, 
lish race began when it colonized North the industrial development of the English 
America is destined to go on until every race outside of Europe will by-and-by en- 
land on the earth s surface that is not al- force federalism upon Europe, 
ready the seat of an old civilization shall It may after many more ages of politi- 
become English in its language, in its po- cal experience become apparent that there 
litical habits and traditions, and to a i? really no reason, in the nature of things, 
predominant extent in the blood of its why the whole of mankind should not con- 
P e P e - stitute politically one huge federation. 

We have not yet done away with rob- I believe that the time will come when 
bery and murder, but we have at least such a state of things will exist upon the 
made private warfare illegal; we have earth. 

arrayed public opinion against it to such Then it will be possible to speak of the 
an extent that the police court usually United States as stretching from pole to 
makes short shrift for the misguided man pole: or, with Tennyson, to celebrate the 
who tries to wreak vengeance on his ene- " parliament of man and the federation 
my. Is it too much to hope that by-and- of the world." 

85 



MANILA 



T^ TS! - _ t - -- - --r- rf*- 




MANILA BUSINESS OFFICES. 



Manila, city, port of entry, and capital is crooked and filled with commonplace, 

of Luzon and of the Philippine Islands; mean-looking structures. The Pasig is 

on the west coast of Luzon and on the bridged in several places, connecting the 

west shore of Manila Bay; at the mouth old city with Binondo, and there are tram- 

of the Pasig "River. The city proper is a ways running into the outlying parts of 

walled one, containing a citadel and the the town, and a steam tramway to the 

public buildings. The remainder of the northern suburb of Malabon. There is 

city consists of a large, straggling busi- also a railway from Manila to Dagupan, 

ness town and a wide fringe of suburban about 120 miles north. A little way back 

settlements. The walled city is in the from the sea is the Jesuit Observatory, a 

angle of land at the south of the river s splendidly equipped institution. Here, far 

mouth. Along the sea-front, facing west- removed from petty troubles, the monks 

ward, is a narrow strip of low land which pursue their meteorological observations, 

has been reclaimed by means of a break- carefully compiling data and employing 

water. Across the river, north of the delicate instruments the like of which is 

walled city, is the large and flourishing not to be seen east of Calcutta. Outside of 

business town. The central part is called the populous suburbs there are more rural 

Binondo, which name is often applied to and less settled districts, dotted with hand- 

the whole, though the city has grown so some residences, scattered remotely among 

large as to include nearly a dozen other the rice-fields and tropical woodlands, 

wards. Driving in any direction, it is The climate of Manila is hot and wet, 

about 3 miles before one gets away from but salubrious. The city is often swept 

built-up streets and reaches the open by typhoons from the China Sea, and is 

country. Even then the rural settlements also subject to frequent earthquakes, 

are found full of the residences of city which are often very destructive. Manila 

business people, and so it is difficult to is celebrated for the hemp and cigars 

say exactly what should be considered which form its principal exports, 

part of the city and what should not. The city was founded by Miguel Lopez 

The city is irregularly laid out, the de Legaspi in 1571, and was surrounded 

streets very narrow, and the houses crowd- by a wall in 1590. It was invaded by the 

ed together. The principal business street British in 1762. Commerce with Spain, 

86 



MANILA 



by way of Cape Horn, was started in 
] 764. Previously, all trade had been 
carried on by way of Acapulco, Mexico. 
In 1789 the port was opened to foreign 
vessels, but commerce did not thrive un 
til the expiration of the privileges of the 
Royal Company of the Philippines, in 
1834. Manila was connected by cable 
with Hong - Kong in 1880. On May 1, 
1898, the United States Asiatic squadron, 
under Commodore Dewey, defeated the 
Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, and on Aug. 
15 the American land forces, assisted by 
the navy and the native revolutionists, 
gained possession of the city. It has since 
been the seat of the American military 
authorities. See LUZON. 

Capture of the City. The following is 
an extended synopsis of the official report 
of MAJ.-GEN. WESLEY MERRITT (q. v.) 
on the operations around Manila and the 
capture of the city, under date of Aug. 
31, 1898: 

I found General Greene s command en 
camped on a strip of sandy land running 



parallel to the shore of the bay and not 
far distant from the beach, but, owing to 
the great difficulty of landing supplies, the 
greater portion of the force had shelter- 
tents only, and were suffering many dis 
comforts, the camp being situated in a 
low, flat place, without shelter from the 
heat of the tropical sun or adequate pro 
tection during the terrific downpours of 
rain so frequent at this season. I was 
at once struck by the exemplary spirit of 
patient, even cheerful, endurance shown 
by the officers and men under such cir 
cumstances, and this feeling of admira 
tion for the manner in which the Ameri 
can soldiers, volunteer and regular, accept 
the necessary hardships of the work they 
have undertaken to do has grown and in 
creased with every phase of the difficult 
and trying campaign which the troops of 
the Philippine expedition have brought to 
such a brilliant and successful conclusion. 
The Filipinos, or insurgent forces at 
war with Spain, had, prior to the arrival 
of the American land forces, been waging 
a desultory warfare with the Spaniards 




A TYPICAL VILLAGE NEAR MANILA. 

87 



MANILA 



for several months, and were, at the time 
of my arrival, in considerable force, vari 
ously estimated and never accurately as 
certained, but probably not far from 
12,000 men. These troops, well supplied 
with small-arms, with plenty of ammuni 
tion and several field-guns, had obtained 
positions of investment opposite to the 
Spanish lines of detached works through 
out their entire extent. 

[General Merritt then speaks of Agui- 
naldo s accomplishments previous to his 
arrival, and continues:] 

As General Aguinaldo did not visit me 
on my arrival nor offer his services as a 
subordinate military leader, and as my 
instructions from the President fully con 
templated the occupation of the islands 
by the American land forces, and stated 
that " the powers of the military occupant 
are absolute and supreme and immediately 
operate upon the political condition of the 
inhabitants," I did not consider it wise 
to hold any direct communication with 
the insurgent leader until I should be 
in possession of the city of Manila, es 
pecially as I would not until then be in 
a position to issue a proclamation and en 
force my authority, in the event that his 
pretensions should clash with my designs. 



For these reasons the preparations for 
the attack on the city were pressed and 
military operations conducted without 
reference to the situation of the insurgent 
forces. The wisdom of this course was 
subsequently fully established by the fact 
that when the troops of my command car 
ried the Spanish intrenchments, extend 
ing from the sea to the Pasay road on 
the extreme Spanish right, we were under 
no obligations, by prearranged plans of 
mutual attack, to turn to the right and 
clear the front still held against the in 
surgents, but were able to move forward 
at once and occupy the city and suburbs. 

To return to the situation of General 
Greene s brigade as I found it on my ar 
rival, it will be seen that the difficulty in 
gaining an avenue of approach to the 
Spanish line lay in the fact of my dis 
inclination to ask General Aguinaldo to 
withdraw from the beach and the " Calle 
Seal," so that Greene could move forward. 
This was overcome by instructions to Gen 
eral Greene to arrange, if possible, with 
the insurgent brigade commander in his 
immediate vicinity to move to the right 
and allow the American forces unobstruct 
ed control of the roads in their immediate 
front. No objection was made, and ac- 



\ 




STREET TRAFFIC IN MANILA. 
88 



MANILA 




TYPES OP NATIVES. 



cordingly General Greene s brigade threw after day, and the only way to get the 

forward a heavy outpost line on the " Calle troops and supplies ashore was to load 

Eeal " and the beach and constructed a them from the ship s side into native 

trench, in which a portion of the guns lighters (called "cascos") or small 

of the Utah batteries were placed. steamboats, move them to a point opposite 

The Spanish, observing this activity on the camp, and then disembark them 
our part, made a very sha-rp attack with through the surf in small boats or by run- 
infantry and artillery on the night of July ning the lighters head on on the beach. 
31. The behavior of our troops during The landing was finally accomplished, af- 
this night attack was all that could be ter days of hard work and hardship, and 
desired, and I have in cablegrams to the I desire here to express again my admira- 
War Department taken occasion to com- tion for the fortitude and cheerful willing- 
mend by name those who deserve special ness of the men of all commands engaged 
mention for good conduct in the affair, in this operation. 

Our position was extended and strength- Upon the assembly of MacArthur s bri- 

ened after this and resisted successfully gade in support of Greene s I had about 

repeated night attacks, our forces suffer- 8,500 men in position to attack, and I 

ing, however, considerable loss in wounded deemed the time had come for final action, 

and killed, while the losses of the enemy, During the time of the night attacks I 

owing to the darkness, could not be as- had communicated my desire to Admiral 

certained. Dewey that he would allow his ships to 

The strain of the night fighting and the open fire on the right of the Spanish line 
heavy details for outpost duty made it of intrenchments, believing that such ac- 
imperative to reinforce General Greene s tion would stop the night firing and loss 
troops with General MaArthur s brigade, of life, but the admiral had declined to 
which had arrived in transports on July order it unless we were in danger of los- 
31. The difficulties of this operation can ing our position by the assaults of the 
hardly be overestimated. The transports Spanish, for the reason that, in his opin- 
were at anchor off CavitS, 5 miles from a ion, it would precipitate a general en- 
point on the beach where it was desired gagement, for which he was not ready. 
to disembark the men. Several squalls, Now, however, the brigade of General 
accompanied by floods of rain, raged day MacArthur was in position and the Mon- 

80 






MANILA 




KSCOLTA STKKET, MANILA. 

terey had arrived, and under date of Aug. continuance of the situation, with no im- 

6 Admiral Dewey agreed to my suggestion mediate result favorable to us, and the 

that we should send a joint letter to the necessity was apparent and very urgent 

captain-general notifying him that he that decisive action should be taken at 

should remove from the city all non-com- once to compel the enemy to give up the 

batants within forty-eight hours, and that town, in order to relieve our troops from 

operations against the defences of Manila the trenches and from the great exposure to 

might begin at any time after the expira- unhealthy conditions which were unavoid- 

tion of that period. able in a bivouac during the rainy season. 

This letter was sent Aug. 7, and a The sea - coast batteries in defence of 
reply was received the same date to the Manila are so situated that it is impos- 
effect that the Spaniards were without sible for ships to engage them without 
places of refuge for the increased num- firing into the town, and as the bombard- 
bers of wounded, sick, women, and chil- ment of a city filled with women and 
dren now lodged within the walls. On children, sick and wounded, and contain- 
the 9th a formal joint demand for the ing a large amount of neutral property, 
surrender of the city was sent in. This could only be justified as a last resort, it 
demand was based upon the hopelessness of was agreed between Admiral Dewey and 
the struggle on the part of the Spaniards, myself that an attempt should be made 
and that every consideration of humanity to carry the extreme right of the Spanish 
demanded that the city should not be sub- line of intrenchments in front of the posi- 
jected to bombardment under such circum- tions at that time occupied by our troops, 
stances. The captain-general s reply, of which, with its flank on the seashore, 
same date, stated that the council of de- was entirely open to the fire of the navy, 
fence had declared that the demand could It was not my intention to press the 
not be granted, but the captain-general assault at this point, in case the enemy 
offered to consult his government if we should hold it in strong force, until after 
would allow him the time strictly neces- the navy had made practicable breaches 
sary for the communications by way of in the works and shaken the troops hold- 
Hong-Kong, ing them, which could not be done by the 

This was declined on our part, for the army alone, owing to the absence of siege 

reason that it could, in the opinion of guns. This is indicated fully in the or- 

the admiral and myself, lead only to a ders and memorandum of attack hereto 

90 



MANILA 



appended. It was believed, however, as 
most desirable and in accordance with the 
principles of civilized warfare, that the 
attempt should be made to drive the 
enemy out of his intrenchments before re 
sorting to the bombardment of the city. 

By orders issued some time previously 
MacArthur s and Greene s brigades were 
organized as the 2d Division of the 8th 
Army Corps, Brig.-Gen. Thos. M. Anderson 
commanding; and in anticipation of the 
attack General Anderson moved his head 
quarters from Cavite to the brigade camps 
and assumed direct command in the field. 
Copies of the written and verbal instruc 
tions referred to above and appended 
hereto were given to the division and bri 
gade commanders on the 12th, and all the 
troops were in position on the 13th at an 
early hour in the morning. 

About 9 A.M. on that day our fleet 
steamed forward from Cavite, and before 
10 A.M. opened a hot and accurate fire of 



heavy shells and rapid-fire projectiles on 
the sea flank of the Spanish intrench 
ments at the powder-magazine fort, and 
at the same time the Utah batteries, in 
position in our trenches near the Calle 
Real, began firing with great accuracy. 
At 10.25, on a prearranged signal from 
our trenches that it was believed our 
troops could advance, the navy ceased 
firing, and immediately a light line of 
skirmishers from the Colorado regiment 
of Greene s brigade passed over our 
trenches and deployed rapidly forward, 
another line from the same regiment from 
the left flank of our earthworks advanc 
ing swiftly up the beach in open order. 
Both these lines found the powder-maga 
zine fort and the trenches flanking it de 
serted, but as they passed over the Span 
ish works they were met by a sharp fire 
from a second line situated in the streets 
of Malate, by which a number of men 
were killed and wounded, among others 




A STREKT IN THK SUIil KBS OF MANILA. 



91 



MANILA 



the soldiers who pulled down the Spanish 
colors still flying on the fort and raised 
our own. 

The works of the second line soon gave 
way to the determined advance of Greene s 
troops, and that officer pushed his bri 
gade rapidly through Malate and over the 
bridges to occupy Binondo and San 



captain-general. I soon personally fol 
lowed these officers into the town, going 
at once to the palace of the governor- 
general, and there, after, a conversation 
with the Spanish authorities, a prelimi 
nary agreement of the terms of the capitu 
lation was signed by the captain-general 
and myself. This agreement was sub- 




THE ADVANCE OS MANILA. 



Miguel, as contemplated in his instruc- sequently incorporated into the formal 
tions. In the mean time the brigade of terms of capitulation, as arranged by the 
General MacArthur, advancing simulta- officers representing the two forces, 
neously on Pasay road, encountered a Immediately after the surrender the 
very sharp fire coming from the block- Spanish colors on the sea-front were 
house, trenches, and woods in his front, hauled down and the American flag dis 
positions which it was very difficult to played and saluted by the guns of the 
carry, owing to a swampy condition of navy. The 2d Oregon Regiment, which 
the ground on both sides of the roads and had proceeded by sea from CavitG, was 
the heavy undergrowth concealing the disembarked and entered the walled town 
enemy. With much gallantry and excel- as a provost-guard, and the colonel was 
lent judgment on the part of the brigade directed to receive the Spanish arms and 
commander and the troops engaged, these deposit them in places of security. The 
difficulties were overcome with a mini- town was filled with the troops of the 
mum loss, and MacArthur advanced and enemy driven in from the intrenchments. 
held the bridges and the town of Ma- regiments formed and standing in line in 
late, as was contemplated in his instruc- the streets, but the work of disarming 
tions. proceeded quietly, and nothing unpleasant 

The city of Manila was now in our pos- occurred. 

session, excepting the walled town, but In leaving the subject of the operations 

shortly after the entry of our troops into of the 13th, I desire here to record my 

Malate a white flag was displayed on the appreciation of the admirable manner in 

walls, whereupon Lieut.-Col. C. A. Whit- which the orders for attack and the plan 

tier, United States Volunteers, of my for occupation of the city were carried 

staff, and Lieutenant Brumby, United out by the troops exactly as contemplated. 

States Navy, representing Admiral Dewey, I submit that for troops to enter under 

were sent ashore to communicate with the fire a town covering a wide area, to rapid- 

92 



MANILA 

ly deploy and guard all principal points in with natives hostile to the European in- 

the extensive suburbs, to keep out the in- terests and stirred up by the knowledge 

surgent forces pressing for admission, that their own people were fighting in the 

to quietly disarm an army of Spaniards outside trenches, was an act which only 




THK CAPTURE OP MANILA ATTACK ON FORT SAN ANTONIO. 

more than equal in number to the Ameri- the law-abiding, temperate, resolute Amer- 
can troops, and finally by all this to pre- ican soldier, well and skilfully handled 
vent entirely all rapine, pillage, and dis- by his regimental and brigade commander, 
order, and gain entire and complete pos- could accomplish. 

session of a city of 300,000 people filled It will be observed that the trophies of 

93 



MANILA 



Bttas R. 



EXPLANATION: 

^am^e Americans 
.......... ^Filipinos 

, _ _ T SjinMinrd* 



*-^rcjRTr 
/^ ^&&iSff/& ^ 

/ Jlalata^tWfe" tf# ^^ 

1 \ W^W. S. PedTS 




MAP OF THE BATTLE OF MANILA. 



Manila were nearly $900,000, 13,000 pris- the establishment of my office as military 
oners, and 22,000 arms. governor, I had direct written communi- 

[General Merritt then details the in- cation with General Aguinaldo on several 
auguration of the military movement of occasions. He recognized my authority as 
Manila by the Americans. Further he military governor of the town of Manila 
g avs : ] and suburbs, and made professions of his 

On the 16th a cablegram containing the willingness to withdraw his troops to a 
text of the President s proclamation di- line which I might indicate, but at the 
recting a cessation of hostilities was re- same time asking certain favors for him- 
ceived by me, and at the same time an self. The matters in this connection had 
order to make the fact known to the Span- not been settled at the date of my depart- 
ish authorities, which was done at once. ure. Doubtless much dissatisfaction is 
This resulted in a formal protest from felt by the rank and file of the insur- 
the governor-general in regard to the gents that they have not been permitted to 
transfer of public funds then taking place, enjoy the occupancy of Manila, and there 
on the ground that the proclamation was is some ground for trouble with them ow- 
dated prior to the surrender. To this I re- ing to that fact, but notwithstanding 
plied that that status quo in which we many rumors to the contrary, I am of the 
were left with the cessation of hostilities opinion that the leaders will be able to 
was that existing at the time of the re- prevent serious disturbances, as they are 
ceipt by me of the official notice, and that sufficiently intelligent and educated to 
I must insist upon the delivery of the know that to antagonize the United States 
funds. The delivery was made under pro- would be to destroy their only chance of 
test. future political improvement. 

After the issue of my proclamation and I may add that great changes for the 

94 



MANILA BAY 

better have taken place in Manila since Eeeve, 13th Minnesota, were most profi- 

the occupancy of the city by the American cient in preserving order. A stranger to 

troops. The streets have been cleaned the city might easily imagine that the 

under the general management of General American forces had been in control for 

MacArthur, and the police, under Colonel months rather than days. 



MANILA BAY, BATTLE OF 

Manila Bay, BATTLE OF. The following McCulloch, which had been left at Hong- 
is an account of the memorable naval bat- Kong, brought the desired message. It 
tie of May 1, 1898, by Eamon Reyes Lala, read as follows: 
Filipino author and lecturer, here re 
produced by courtesy of his publishers, 
the Continental Publishing Company: 



It was the 19th of April. An American 
fleet lay in the harbor of Hong-Kong, 
where it had been anchored for nearly a 



" WASHINGTON, April 26. 
" DEWEY, Asiatic Squadron, Commence op 
erations at once, particularly against the Span 
ish fleet. You must capture or destroy them. 

" McKlNLEY." 






" Thank God ! " said the commodore. 
At last we ve got what we want. We ll 

month, impatiently awaiting the command blow them off the Pacific Ocean." 

that should send it to battle. And now the fleet was headed direct 

There was feverish expectation of war, for Manila, a distance of 628 miles; and, 

and bustle of preparation, and Commodore with hearts beating high with hope, the 

Dewey nervously walked the deck; for sailors cheered lustily for Old Glory and 

every moment the longed-for order was the navy blue, 

expected. In the squadron were the following ves- 

It was the 19th of April, and the white sels: Olympia, flag-ship, Capt. C. V. Grid- 
squadron lay gleaming in the sunlight; ley commanding; Boston, Capt. Frank 
and yet by the night of the 20th the Wildes; Concord, Commander Asa Walk- 
white squadron was no more; for she had er; and the Petrel, Commander E. P. 
exchanged the snowy garb of peace for Wood. The Raleigh, Capt. J. B. Coughlan 
the sombre gray of war. The ships paint- commanding, and the Baltimore, com 
ers had, in this short time, given the en- inanded by Capt. N. M. Dyer, also joined 
tire fleet a significant coat of drab. the squadron. 

The English steamer Nanshan, with All these vessels were cruisers. The 

over 3,000 tons of Cardiff coal, and the single armored ship in the squadron was 

steamer Zaftro, of the Manila-Hong-Kong the Olympia, and the armor, 4 inches 

line, carrying 7,000 tons of coal and pro- thick, was around the turret guns, 

visions, had just been bought by the com- In making the journey to the Philip- 

modore, in anticipation of a declaration pines, a speed of only 8 knots was main- 

of neutrality, which would preclude such tained, for the transport ships could not 

purchases, and thus two more vessels were make fast headway against the rolling sea. 

added to the fleet, Lieutenant Hutchins During this run, gun-drills and other 

being made commander of the Nanshan, exercises kept the men busy, and every 

and Ensign Pierson of the Zafiro. The minute was employed in earnest prepa- 

Zafiro was then made a magazine for the ration for what all knew was to come, 

spare ammunition of the fleet. It was on Saturday morning, April 30, 

Hong-Kong, for strategic reasons, had that Luzon was sighted, and final prepa- 

been chosen as a place of rendezvous for rations for the battle were immediately 

the Asiatic squadron. made. Impedimenta of all kinds were 

On April 25 war was declared between thrown overboard chairs, tables, chests 

the United States and Spain, and, at the and boxes, and the ships were stripped 

request of the acting governor of Hong- and made ready for action. It was in- 

Kong, the American fleet steamed away tensely warm, and the most ordinary evo- 

to Mirs Bay, about 30 miles from Hong- lution proved exhausting. 

Kong. On April 26 the revenue-cutter The Boston, the Concord, and the Bal- 

95 



MANILA BAY, BATTLE OF 







v// .icr**??; %*?%& 

;t*2wE? 

. W-*/. 
.-" *"" 



FORT ASD EARTHWORKS AT CAVITE, CAPTURED BY DEWEY. 



timore were now sent ahead to discover put out, save the one at the stern, and 

whether the Spanish fleet was anywhere so the squadron slipped into the bay, each 

around. moment dreading a challenge from the 

After looking in at Bolinao Bay, these strongly fortified batteries that the Amer- 

three vessels cautiously approached Subig leans had been taught to believe were lo- 

Bay, about 30 miles from Manila. How- cated at every point along the entrance, 

ever, only a few small trading- vessels The speed was now increased to 8 knots ; 

were here discovered, though it had been for the commodore wished to be as far 

reported that the enemy intended to give inside as possible before his presence was 

the Americans battle there. discovered. 

When the scouting ships reported that Through the dangerous channels, mined 
the enemy was nowhere in sight, the com- with death-hurling torpedoes, swept the 
modore replied: "All right, we shall fiilent squadron, grim and spectre-like, 
meet them in Manila Bay." A war-coun- Well did the Americans know the dangers 
cil was then held on the Olympia, and the of this undertaking; and few there were 
American commander told his officers that that did not momentarily expect some ex- 
he intended to enter Manila Bay that ploding mine to hurl them into eternity, 
very night. Then Corregidor Island, with its lofty 

The squadron then slowly proceeded in light-house, came within view, and the 

the direction of Manila. It was a sultry ships swept into the chief channel, known 

evening, and the yellow moon paved the as the Boca Grande. 

waves with a pathway of gold, that seem- The commodore, having so far failed 

ed like a glorious avenue to victory. to discover the presence of the enemy, 

Fearing that they might come upon the naturally concluded that the Spanish fleet 

enemy at any moment, the men were post- was lying at Cavite, where it would have 

ed at their guns, and, with the greatest the advantage of the protection of the 

quietness, the fleet steamed stealthily for- forts and the shore batteries, 

ward. The lights on all the ships were And thus, with a full appreciation of 

96 



MANILA BAY, BATTLE OF 

the thousand and one dangers, known and roar, and the battle was on. Again the 

unknown, that beset his path, Dewey battery sent its deadly missive over the 

kept straight by Corregidor. fleet, and this time the Concord, taking 

It was eleven o clock, and the men of its aim by the flash, responded by throw- 

the fleet, which was now almost past the ing a 6-inch shell into the Spanish fort, 

island, were congratulating themselves A crash and a cry and all was still. It 

that they were undiscovered when a soli- was learned afterwards that considerable 

tary rocket soared over the lofty light- damage was done by this wonderfully ac- 

house; there was an answering light from curate shot, several of the Spanish gun- 

the shore, and every moment the Amer- ners being killed. 

icans expected the boom of the Spanish The Boston and the McCulloch fired an- 

guns, long primed with a deadly welcome other round or two, but the forts had 

for the "Yankee pigs." evidently had enough of it; they were no 

The narrowest part of the inlet had longer heard from. 

been passed; and still no sign that the Meanwhile, the squadron continued its 

entering fleet had been discovered. Im- course, though its speed was reduced to 

pressive, indeed, was that long line of about 3 knots an hour, the commodore 

gloomy hulls, steering for battle, and not wishing to arrive at Manila before 

courting destruction. The Olympia, the dawn. 

Baltimore, the Raleigh, the Petrel, the Darkness hung over the harbor as the 
Concord, and the Boston, with the two gray procession glided noiselessly in. Had 
transports the Nanshan and the Zafiro, a Spanish scout been on the lookout, it 
convoyed by the McCulloch, on the flag- would scarcely have been possible for him 
ship s port quarter all kept on in the to have distinguished his approaching en- 
same straight course, while the men on emy. A strict lookout was kept for the 
board were partaking of light refresh- Spanish ships and for the dreaded torpedo- 
ment. For all felt that a great day s boats, while most of the men lay down 
work was before them. by their guns to get a little sleep. But 

But where are the enemy? was the with the terrible fate of the Maine vivid 

thought uppermost in every mind. For in their memories, the more imaginative 

to the Americans themselves it seemed ones conjured up a shuddering sense of in- 

that they were surely making enough noise security in a harbor supposed to be liter- 

to be heard by the sentries on the shore, ally planted with destructive mines. 

Doubtless they were asleep, dreaming a This invisible foe, and not the longed- 

Spanish dream of mafiana. for and expected combat with the enemy s 

It was shortly past eleven o clock, when fleet, was feared by the brave Americans, 

from the smoke-stack of the convoy Me- and when the morning sun, in all his trop- 

Culloch flew a shower of sparks. A fire- ical splendor, rose right before the Ameri- 

man had thrown open the furnace-doors cans, under the guns of the Cavite lay the 

and shovelled in a few pounds of soft Spanish fleet. The Americans were at 

ccal. last face to face with the enemy. 

This was evidently seen by some one on The commander-in-chief of the Spanish 

shore, for it was just fourteen minutes squadron was Rear-Admiral Patricio Mon- 

past eleven when a bugle sounded an tojo y Pasaron; the second in command 

alarm, and from the west came a blind- was the Commandante - General Enrique 

ing glare, a shrill whistle overhead, and Sostoa y Ordennez. 

the heavy boom of a cannon. Under Admiral Montojo s command were 

It was the first shot of the war, and it the following vessels: 

was fired with characteristic Spanish in- Reina Cristina, flag-ship, armored cruis- 

accuracy. er, Capt. L. Cadarso commanding, 3,500 

Again the battery thundered; and then tons; battery, six 6.2-inch, two 2.7-inch, 

a third time, before there was a reply from six 6-pounders, and six 3-pounder rapiJ- 

the American fleet. The Raleigh, which fire guns; speed, 17.5 knots; crew, 400 

was the third vessel in the line, was the officers and men. 

first to speak for the American side, and Castilla, Capt. A. M. de Oliva command- 
then the Boston followed, with stentorian ing, 3,334 tons; battery, four 5.9-inch, 
vi. a 97 



MANILA BAY, BATTLE OF 

two 4.7-inch, two 3.3-inch, four 2.9-inch, symbol of medieval tyranny, floated from 
and eight 6-pounder rapid-fire guns; speed, every masthead, the admiral s flag on the 

14 knots; crew, 300. Reina Cristina being the cynosure of all 

Isla de Cuba, Capt. J. Sidrach, and Isla eyes. 

de Luzon, Capt. J. de la Herian; 1,030 The Americans had left their supply- 
tons each; battery, four 4.7-inch, four 6- ships behind, and their fleet, according to 
pounder, and two 3-pounder rapid-fire prearranged plan, steamed slowly past 
guns; speed, 14 knots; crew, 200 men each, the enemy. Meanwhile the batteries of 

General Lezo, Commander R. Benevento, Cavit6 kept up an incessant roar, and 

and Marques del Duero, Commander S. now Montojo s flag-ship thundered a 

Morena Guerra; the former was 524, the deadly welcome; while over the American 

latter 500 tons; batteries, two 4.7-inch, flag-ship was hoisted a code-flag, with the 

one 3.5-inch, and two 3-pounder rapid-fire watchword, "Remember the Maine!" This 

guns; speed, 11 knots; crew, 100. was the signal for a concerted yell from 

Altogether, the Americans had four the sailors in the fleet. And thus, with 

cruisers, two gunboats, one cutter; fifty- colors flying, and with fire reserved till a 

seven classified big guns, seventy-four closer range should make it more effective, 

rapid-firing guns and machine-guns, and the commodore and his brave officers bore 

1,808 men. On the other side were seven down towards the Spaniards, who were 

cruisers, five gunboats, two torpedo-boats ; awaiting their approach with curiosity not 

fifty-two classified big guns, eighty-three unmixed with alarm, at the same time 

rapid-firing and machine guns, and 1,948 they sent a thunderous fusillade as a 

men. It will thus be seen that the Amer- greeting to the hated Yankees, 

icans had a few more heavy guns ; but the But the Americans, undeterred, grimly 

Spanish had several more ships and over kept their course, notwithstanding one or 

100 more men. They were also assisted two mines exploded beneath the water, 

by the powerful land-batteries, and by the one near the Raleigh and one beside the 

knowledge of the exact distance of the Baltimore. Again and again the Spanish 

American ships. For the latter had no guns thundered, until the roar became in- 

range-marks with which to determine the cessant and shells were bursting all 

proper elevation to be given to their around. When about 6,000 yards from the 

sights. In the American squadron, more- Spanish fleet the commodore shouted to 

over, was not a single armored cruiser; Captain Gridley, who was in the conning 

besides, the Spaniards were at their base tower : " Fire as soon as you get ready, 

of supplies, while Commodore Dewey was Gridley." 

more than 6,000 miles away from all Hardly had he given the word, which 

aid. Such were the numbers and the dis- also was passed down the line, when the 

position of the combatants now about to whole ship shivered, and the 8-inch gun 

fight- in the front turret burst into a sheet 

With Old Glory flying at every mast- of flame, while a dull, muffled roar 

head, and with the beating of drums, the belched forth that awoke the apparent 

American squadron, after a brief recon- torpor of the whole fleet to instant ac- 

noitring detour in the harbor, sailed in a tivity. 

straight line past the fleet of the enemy. The Baltimore and the Boston now took 
Each ship was to hold its fire until near up the cue, and sent their tremendous 
enough to inflict the most damage, when shells crashing into the enemy, who re- 
as many shots should be fired as possible, plied vociferously. The din was deafen- 
Then to steam as quickly as possible out ing, and over and around all the American 
of effective range: to wheel and return ships was the shriek and scream of ter- 
keeping close to the opposite shore to rifying shells. Some of these fell upon the 
the original point of starting, when the decks, some smashed into the woodwork, 
same manoeuvre was to be repeated and but, as if providentially, not an American 
so again and again till the enemy was was hit. 
destroyed or defeated. " Open with all the guns," signalled the 

On the Spanish fleet, too, all was bustle commodore; and all the ships joined to- 

and preparation; the national flag, that gether in a roaring chorus, as if Cerberus 

98 



MANILA BAY, BATTLE OF 

and all the dogs of hell had opened their shell crashed through the bowels of the 
mighty throats. ship and there exploded, hurling its dead- 

And thus, with incessant firing, the bat- ly contents all round, while from the 
tie-line passed the whole length of the shattered deck rose columns of steam, 
stationary Spanish fleet, then slowly mingled with human fragments. The 
swung round and began the return to its ship, now completely disabled, continued 
starting-point, keeping up the same flash her retreat. Sixty of her crew had been 
and clatter, the Spaniards responding killed, and had she continued longer with- 
furiously. It was at this time that a in the Americans range all would have 
shot passed clean through the Baltimore, met a like fate. 

though, fortunately, no one was hurt. Meanwhile, the little Petrel was en- 
Lieutenant Brumby had the signal hal- gaged in a duel with two Spanish torpedo- 
yard shot out of his hands; while on the boats, headed for the American line. One 
Boston a shell burst 
in the state-room of 
Ensign Dodridge, and 
another passed 
through the Boston s 
foremast. 

During the third 
round the Raleigh 
was carried by the 
strong current against 
the bows of two of 
the Spanish cruisers, 
where all aboard 
seemed too bewildered 
to take advantage of 
their opportunity. 
Captain Coughlan, 
however, did not lose 
his presence of mind, 
but poured a destruc 
tive broadside into the 
enemy. His vessel was 
then carried back into 
the line. 

While this fierce 
combat was waging 
the Reina Cristina 

moved out of the Spanish line and made of these she chased to the shore, where 
direct for the American flag-ship, which the crew sought shelter in the woods, while 
hurled a perfect tornado of steel into the their abandoned vessel was blown into 
approaching cruiser, her immense hulk pieces by the daring American. The 
being soon riddled with large holes, where other advanced to within 500 yards of the 
the 8-inch shells had entered. The port- Olympia, braving the storm of shot and 
bridge, where Admiral Montojo was stand- shell that threatened to overwhelm her. 
ing, was also struck, but he bravely stuck As it was, a shell ploughed its way into 
to his post, while ton after ton of steel her middle, where it exploded. From 
fell upon the deck. stem to stern she shivered, gave a for- 

No ship, however, could withstand such ward plunge, and sank beneath the waves, 
a fire, and the gallant Reina Cristina The Baltimore, too, was engaged in an 
turned round and made for the shore, encounter with the Castilla that resulted 
As she swung round Captain Gridley gave most disastrously to the latter, for she 
her a parting shot that caused her to was soon a blazing wreck, 
tremble and stagger, while the 250-pound Five times the American fleet passed 

99 




WRECK OP THE KK1NA CRISTINA. 



MANILA BAY, BATTLE OF 

in front of the enemy, keeping up the were both on fire, and the Mindanao 
same deadly fire that showed only too beached not far from Cavite. 
well the results of American training and Admiral Montojo had meanwhile trans- 
marksmanship. And though the Spanish ferred his flag to the Isla de Cuba; and 
guns in the ships and the forts ceased the Baltimore, leaving the American line, 
rattling not an instant, they neither dis- made straight for his former flag -ship, 
concerted nor damaged in the least the which threw a torrent of shells towards 
Americans. It was now a quarter to the intrepid American. The Baltimore, 
eight, and so dense was the smoke hang- however, notwithstanding that a few of 
ing over the waters that it was impos- these deadly missiles exploded on her deck, 
sible for the Americans to distinguish wounding eight of her crew, continued her 
not alone the enemy s ships, but their course till within 2,500 yards of her an- 
own vessels, and the signals, too. tagonist. Then from her decks she fired 

The commodore now wisely concluded a broadside at the Spaniard. There was 
to stop for a while the fighting, and allow an ominous silence for a minute or two, 
his men a chance to take some breakfast; and both Spaniards and Americans wait- 
for the brave fellows, after their morn- ed anxiously for the smoke to lift. Sud- 
ing s hard work, were hungry as wolves; denly, all saw a sight that struck every 
so the signal "cease firing" was given, man in both fleets with terror, for it 
and the ships were headed for the eastern seemed the probable fate of all. The 
side of the bay, near the transport ships. Cristina shot into the air and then fell 
It is related that the Spaniards were back upon the waves with a thunderous 
exceedingly relieved when they saw the crash, while a thousand fragments of men 
Americans in as they thought full re- and timbers promiscuously mingled in 
treat, and many of them stood on the awful confusion were whirling through 
decks and cheered, thinking they had the. air. Down into the waves she sank 
gained the victory. that gallant man-of-war the pride of the 

When the various commanders came on Spanish fleet down into the deep blue sea. 
board to report to Commodore Dewey, it Upon the surface, amid tons of floating 
was found that not a ship was disabled, debris, 100 sailors struggled for life; 
not a gun out of order, not a man killed many sank to rise no more; some, how- 
or injured. It is true Frank B. Randall, ever, succeeded in reaching one of the 
the engineer of the McCulloch, died from adjacent consorts. 

heart-disease as the fleet steamed past The Baltimore, aided by the Olympia 
Corregidor, but this was not in any wise and the Raleigh, now kept up a deadly 
due to the engagement. Many miraculous fire on the Juan de Austria, which an- 
escapes, indeed, are related; and it is swered this terrible fusillade with inter- 
really wonderful that no serious casual- mittent volleys, that spoke well for the 
ties took place. The sailors, as may easily courage, but poorly for the aim, of her 
be imagined, were nearly wild with joy; gunners. 

and, as all hands were piped to break- It was at this moment that the Raleigh 
fast, the decks were gay with merry sent a shell crashing through the other s 
jackies improvising a dance of victory, centre, exploding her magazine; in an 
while the strains of Yankee Doodle and instant she seemed a crater of flame, and 
the Star-Spangled Banner filled the morn- sank back like the Cristina, a total wreck, 
ing air. Cheery was that breakfast, and Her flying fragments also inflicted such 
sweet, ah, sweet, was the three hours rest damage upon the gunboat El Correo, 
so nobly earned! which lay beside her, that she was com- 

At 10.45 the boatswains whistles and pletely disabled. The Petrel gave her a 
the drums announced the renewal of the finishing shot, that closed her brief career, 
battle. Instantly every man was at his Another Spanish gunboat, the General 
post, eager to finish the job so well be- Lezo, also set out to accomplish great 
gun. Again the American squadron was things, but the Concord, with a few good 
headed towards the enemy s battle -line; shots, put a quietus upon her warlike 
but several of the Spanish ships were now ambition, and, like her sister ships, she 
disabled, the Cristina and the Castilla too was soon a floating wreck. 

100 



MANILA BAY, BATTLE 

Meanwhile, the Boston was engaged in and the surrender of the Spanish fleet, the 
a duel with the Velasco. Captain Wildes, batteries kept up an incessant fire. The 
of the former, stood on the bridge of Americans now turned their attention to 
his ship vigorously fanning with a palm- these, and speedily silenced them. The 
leaf fan : for it was a hot morning, and Petrel was left behind to complete the de- 
it was the captain s policy to keep cool, struction of the smaller gunboats. This 
The Velasca responded to the Boston s she did most effectually, 
broadsides but feebly. Then with a As the Cavit6 arsenal unfurled the white 
plunge she careened to one side and sank flag, the command " Cease firing " was 
heavily, her crew having scarcely enough given, and the various American corn- 
time to escape to the adjacent shore. The manders once more gathered on the flag- 
Castilla had already been set on fire and ship, their men cheering themselves 
scuttled by her crew, to prevent her maga- hoarse, 
xine from exploding. A most extraordinary victory, truly! 

The Don Antonio, de Ulloa, which was JSTot one man lost, and only six men 
engaged with the Olympia and the Boston, slightly wounded, all on the Baltimore; 
though riddled with shells and on fire in while the Baltimore, Olympia, and Raleigh 
a dozen places, refused to surrender. Her suffered injuries that could be repaired in 
gallant commander, Robion, stuck to his a few hours. 

ship to the very last; then she sank with The Spanish, on the other hand, were 
colors flying, a signal example of Spanish almost annihilated, and lost the following 
bravery. Another ves 
sel had hauled down 
her flag, but when a 
boat s crew from the 
McCulloch approach 
ed to take possession 
of her, she treacher 
ously fired on them. 
Suddenly from every 
ship in the American 
fleet there thundered 
a swift and awful 
retribution. There 
was darkness around 
her shivering hull, 
there was a dull ex 
plosion and a lurid 
glare; and when the 
smoke had rolled 
away nothing but a 
few floating frag 
ments were left to in 
dicate the traitor s 
fate. 

Thus ship after 
ship of the Spanish 
fleet met a like fate, 
until Admiral Mon- 
tojo, on the deck of 
the deserted and al 
most useless Isla de 

Cuba, took down his colors, and, with a vessels: Sunk Reina Cristina, Castilla, 

few surviving officers, escaped to the Don Antonia de Ulloa; burned Don Juan 

shore, de Austria, Isla de Luzon, Isla de Cuba, 

But notwithstanding the destruction General Lczo, Marques del Duero, El 

101 







WKECK OF THE ISLA DE LL ZOX. 



MANLEY MANSFIELD 




Correo, Velasco, and Isla de Mindanao; vocated measures for the extinction of 
captured Manila, and several tugs and slavery in the republic. From 1852 until 
Bmall launches. Besides this, the enemy his death he was president of Antioch Col- 
lost more than 600 men. lege, Ohio. Dr. Mann s annual reports 

On the day following the engagement, 
the squadron returned to Cavite, where it 
took up a permanent position until the 
arrival of the transports from America. 
On May 3 the Spanish evacuated Cavite 
arsenal, which was then held by a de 
tachment from the fleet. The same day 
the batteries on Corregidor Island sur 
rendered to the Raleigh and the Balti 
more. And thus ended the greatest naval 
battle in American history. 

Manley, JOHN MARS, naval officer; 
born in Torquay, England, in 1733; be 
came a seaman in early life; settled in 
Marblehead ; commanded a vessel in the 
merchant service before the Revolution 
ary War, and was commissioned captain 
in the naval service by Washington in the 
fall of 1775. He soon captured in Boston 
Harbor, with the schooner Lee, three valu 
able prizes laden with heavy guns, mor 
tars, and intrenching tools, much wanted 
by the patriots besieging Boston. In Au 
gust, 1776, Congress commissioned him on education deservedly rank high, and 
captain, and placed him in command of the some of them were highly extolled in Eu- 
frigate Hancock, thirty-two guns, in which rope. He died in Yellow Springs, O., Aug. 
he captured the British man-of-war Fox. 2, 1859. 

The Hancock was captured in July, 1777, Manning, DANIEL, financier; born in 
and Manley was a prisoner during nearly Albany, N. Y., May 16, 1831; received a 
the whole of the war. In September, public school education; was for many 
1782, he commanded the frigate Hague, years connected with the Albany Argus, 
and cruised in the West Indies. He died and was also an officer in several financial 
in Boston, Mass., Feb. 12, 1793. institutions. He became conspicuously 

Mann, HORACE, educator; born in active in the Democratic party in 1872; 
Franklin, Mass., May 4, 1796; gradu- was chairman of the New York State 
ated at Brown University in 1819; studied Democratic Convention in 1881-84; a dele- 
law in Litchfield, Conn., and began prac- gate to the National Democratic Con- 
tice in Dedham in 1823; was a member ventions of 1876, 1880, and 1884, and 
of the Massachusetts House of Represent- chairman of the convention of 1880. He 
atives in 1823-33, and of the Senate in was Secretary of the United States 
1833-37. He was always distinguished for Treasury in 1885-87. He died in Albany, 
his efforts to promote popular education N. Y., Dec. 24, 1887. 
and temperance. He made Boston his Mansfield, JOHN BRAINARD, author; 
residence in 1833, and in 1837-48 was born in Andover, Vt., March 6, 1826; re- 
secretary of the Massachusetts board of ceived an academic education; served with 
education. He effected salutary changes the National army in 1863-64; removed 
in the system of education in Massachu- to Kansas in 1882. His publications in- 
setts and in the laws pertaining to it, and elude the first part of a History of the 
in 1843 visited Europe to examine the edu- New England States (with Austin J. 
cational systems there. From 1848 to Cool edge), and A Sketch of the Political 
1853 he was the successor of John Quincy History of the United States of America. 
Adams in Congress, and, like him, ad- He died in Effingham, Kan., Oct. 29, 1886. 

102 



MANSFIELD MANUFACTURES 

Mansfield, JOSEPH KING FENNO, mili- cities. The expenditures in the school 
tary officer; born in New Haven, Conn., year then ended, of 124 of the 270 then 
Dec. 22, 1803; graduated at West Point reporting, aggregated $1,118,406. Boston, 
in 1822, and entered the engineer corps. New York, and Chicago have the largest 
He served as chief engineer under Gen- and best of these schools. The fol- 
eral Taylor in the war against Mex- lowing comprises the principal branches 
ico, and was brevetted colonel for his of instruction: Carpentry, printing, 
services there. In 1853 he was inspector- broom-making, mechanical drawing, free- 
general, with the rank of colonel; in hand drawing, wood-turning, clay model- 
May, 1861, he was made brigadier-gen- ling, forging, pattern-making, electricity, 
eral, and placed in command of the city sewing, cooking, blacksmithing, general 
of Washington, which he thoroughly forti- machine-shop work, shoemaking, brick-lay- 
fied; was promoted major-general of ing, engineering, plumbing, basket-weav- 
volunteers, July 18, 1862; and took com- ing, metal moulding, tailoring, cabinet- 
mand of the corps formerly under General making, painting, hygiene and nursing, 
Banks. With that he went into the bat- baking, sloid farm and garden work, 
tie of Antietam, and was mortally wound- sheet-metal work, power weaving, cotton 
cd early in the day, dying Sept. 18. spinning, textile designing, woollen and 
Mansfield, WILLIAM MURRAY, LORD, worsted spinning, embroidering, fresco 
jurist; born in Scone, Perthshire, Scot- painting, architectural drawing, taleg- 
land, March 2, 1705; was chief-justice of raphy, and vise-work. 

the King s Bench in 1756-88; and in the Manufactures, COLONIAL. As soon as 
famous Somerset case decided that slavery the American colonies began to manuf act- 
was contrary to the laws of England, ure for themselves, they encountered 
He opposed the repeal of the Stamp Act. the jealousy of the English manufactur- 
He died in Highgate, England, March 20, ers. The act of 1663 extended to the 
1793. See SLAVERY ( 1771 ) . " vent of English woollens, and other man- 
Manual Training Schools. An inter- ufactures and commodities." In 1699 
esting feature in the development of the Parliament declared that " no wool, yarn, 
educational system of the United States or woollen manufactures of the American 
is the rapidly growing interest in manual plantations should be shipped there, or 
or industrial training. The twentieth even laden, in order to be transported 
century opened with this form of instruc- thence to any place whatever." This was 
tion in operation in nearly all of the the beginning of restrictions on our colo- 
large cities in the country, and as a part nial manufactures. In 1719 the House of 
of the public - school system ; and the Commons said that " the erecting of man- 
technical schools were giving the most ufactories in the colonies tended to lessen 
practical instruction in the branches of their dependence upon Great Britain." 
industrial work that the new business in- The colonies continually increased in popu- 
terests and conditions of the country lation, and in the products of their in- 
rendered the most advantageous to young dustry and economy, and complaints from 
men. At the close of the school year interested persons were constantly made 
1902, the United States bureau of educa- to the British government that they were 
tion received reports from 163 manual or not only carrying on trade, but setting up 
industrial training - schools, of which manufactories detrimental to Great Brit- 
thirty-nine were exclusively for Indian ain. In 1731 the House of Commons di- 
children. These schools combined were rected the board of trade to inquire and 
giving training to 49,269 pupils, of whom report respecting the matter. They report- 
2!), 183 were boys and 20.086 girls. For ed that paper, iron, flax, hats, and leather 
this total attendance there were 559 were manufactured in the colonies; that 
teachers. In the schools for Indians there were more manufactories set up in 
there were 4,266 boys and 3,252 girls. An the colonies northward of Virginia, " par- 
evidence of the popularity and growth of ticularly in New England," than in any 
this form of education is found in the fact other of the British colonies; that they 
that in 1890 it was given in thirty-seven were capable of supplying their own wants 
cities, and at the close of 1902 in 270 in manufactured goods, and therefore det- 

103 



MANUFACTURES, COLONIAL 



rimental to British interests, and made 
less dependent on the mother-country. 
The company of hatters in London com 
plained that large numbers of hats were 
manufactured in New England, and ex 
ported to foreign countries; and through 
their influence an act of Parliament was 
procured in 1732, not only to prevent such 
exportation, and to prevent their being 
carried from one colony to another, but to 



ited the erection or continuance of any 
" mill or other engine for slitting and roll 
ing iron, or any plating-forge to work 
with a belt-hammer, or eny furnace for 
making steel in the colonies, under the 
penalty of $1,000." Every such mill, en 
gine, plating - forge, and furnace was de 
clared a " nuisance," which, if not abated 
within thirty days, was subject to a for 
feit of $2,500. This was exceedingly op- 




WEAVINO IN COLONIAL DATS. 



restrain, to a certain extent, the manu- pressive; and some of the colonies, re- 

facture of them in the colonies. They garding these acts as violations of their 

were forbidden being shipped, or even charters, obeyed them only sufficiently to 

laden upon a horse or cart, with an in- prevent an open rupture. The narrow 

tent to be exported to any place whatever, views of publicists like Dr. Davenant and 

The colonial hatters were forbidden to em- Sir Josiah Child, and the greed of the 

ploy more than two apprentices at the English manufacturers, stimulated Parlia- 

same time ; and no negro was permitted to ment to the adoption of such unjust meas- 

work at the business. ures. Mr. Child, no doubt, expressed the 

In 1750 an act was passed permitting convictions of the English mind when he 

pig and bar iron to be imported from the wrote, in 1670, that " New England was 

colonies to London duty free, but prohib- the most prejudicial plantation to the 

104 



MARBOIS MARCOU 

kingdom." In fact, the people of England in 1855 as an instructor; and since 1856 

from an early period regarded the North has been professor of English language 

American colonies, particularly those of and comparative philology there. He has 

New England, as their rivals in naviga- also served the college as adjunct pro- 

tion and trade. Child declared that " there fessor of belles-lettres and English lit- 

is nothing more prejudicial, and in pros- erature; lecturer on constitutional and 

pect more dangerous to any mother-king- Roman law, and librarian. In 1891 he 

dom, than the increase of shipping in her succeeded James Russell Lowell as presi- 

colonies, plantations, and provinces." Dr. dent of the Modern Language Association 

Davenant, who wrote later, was in ac- of America. He received the degrees of 

cordance with these views of Child. The Litt.D. and D.C.L. from Cambridge Uni- 

proceedings of the British government were versity, in 1896, being one of six per- 

generally in accordance with the views of sons only who have ever been honored 

these writers. It is believed that Adam with these degrees by Cambridge. Profess- 

Smith (1770) was the first English writer or March was president of the American 

who dared to deny, not only the policy, Philological Association in 1873-74 and 

but the justice of these features in the 1895-96; of the Spelling Reform Associa- 

British colonial system. tion in 1876-99; and of the Modern Lan- 

Marbois, FRANCOIS DE BARBE, MARQUIS guages Association in 1891-93. He is au- 

DE, diplomatist ; born in Metz, France, Jan. thor of The Relation of the Study of 

31, 1745; obtained (1779) the appoint- Jurisprudence to the Origin and Progress 

ment of secretary of legation to the United of the Baconian Philosophy; Hamilton s 

States; and became the principal agent in Theory of Perception and Philosophy of 

the most important operations of the em- the Conditioned; A Method of Philo- 

bassy while Luzerne was minister. After logical Study of the English Language; 

the return of the latter Marbois remained A Parser and Analyzer for Beginners; 

as charge d affaires, and resided in Amer- Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon 

ica until 1785, arranging all the French Language; Anglo-Saxon Readers. He is 

consulates. He was afterwards appointed author of Latin Hymns, etc. 

Intendant of Santo Domingo, and returned Marconi, GUGLIELMO, electrician ; born 

to France in 1790, when he was sent as in Marzabooto, Italy, Sept. 23, 1875; was 

ambassador to the German Diet. Having educated at the Universities of Bologna 

offended the ruling party in the course of and Padua; began experimenting in elec- 

the fierce French Revolution, he was con- tricity in 1890. He invented a system of 

demned to exile at Cayenne. On his re- wireless telegraphy, the use of which he 

turn, Bonaparte, then First Consul, nomi- tried to sell to the United States govern- 

nated him as the first councillor of state, ment. In 1899 he came to the United 

and in 1801 he was made secretary of the States and used this system in reporting 

treasury. He successfully negotiated the election returns in 1900, and the contest 

sale of Louisiana to the United States in for the America s Cup in 1901. Constant 

1803. He served in conspicuous posts in improvements have been made during the 

civil life, and was among the first of the period of 1901 to 1905. 

senators who voted for the deposition of Marcou, JULES, geologist; born in Sa- 

Napoleon in 1814. Louis XVIII. created lins, Jura, France, April 20, 1824; was 

him peer and made him keeper of the seals educated in Paris, and while travelling in 

in 1815. Soon after that he was created Switzerland became interested in scien- 

a marquis. On Napoleon s return from tific investigation. In 1846 he was ap- 

Elba, Marbois was ordered to quit Paris, pointed an assistant in the department of 

After the revolution of July, 1830, he took mineralogy in the Sorbonne, and in 1847 

the oath of allegiance to Louis Philippe, travelling geologist for the Jardin dcs 

He died in Paris, Jan. 14, 1837. Plantes, in Paris. It was under this last 

March, FRANCIS ANDREW, philologist; appointment that he came to the United 
born in Millbury, Mass., Oct. 25, 1825; States, and with Prof. Louis Agassiz vis- 
graduated at Amherst College in 1845, and ited the region around Lake Superior in 
admitted to the bar of New York in 1850. 1848. During the following year he 
He entered the service of Lafayette College studied the geology of Pennsylvania, New 

105 



MARCY MARINE COUPS 

Jersey, Virginia, and the Canadian prov- Troy Budget, a leading Democratic news- 
inces He returned to Europe in 1850, paper. In 1821 he was adjutant-general 

of 



but was soon again in the United States, 
and in 1853 entered the service of the gov- 



the State, and State comptroller in 
1823. He was made associate justice of 



eminent. He was the first geologist to the New York Supreme Court in 1829; 



cross the American continent, and during 
his trip he made a section map of the 
thirty-fifth parallel from the Mississippi 
to the Pacific coast. In 1861-64 he had 
charge of the division of paleontology in 
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, an 
institution which he founded in conjunc 
tion with Professor Agassiz, in Cambridge, 
Mass. His publications include Recher- 
ches geologiques sur la Jura Salinois; 
Geological Map of the United States and 
British Provinces of North America; 
Geology of North America; Geological 
Map of the World; A Catalogue of Geo 
logical Maps of America, etc. He died in 
Paris, France, April 16, 1898. 

Marcy, RANDOLPH BARNES, military 
officer; born in Greenwich, Mass., April 



was United States Senator from 1831 to 
1833; and governor from 1833 to 1839. 
In 1839-42 he was a commissioner to de 
cide upon the claims of the Mexican gov 
ernment, and in 1845-49 was Secretary of 
War. Governor Marcy opposed all inter 
ference with slavery; was Secretary of 
State from 1853 to 1857, while the sub 
ject of slavery was in fearful agitation; 
and was a plain man, possessed of a clear 
mind, good judgment, and great integrity. 
He died at Ballston Spa, N. Y., July 4, 

1857. 

Mareuil, PIERRE DE. -See JESUIT MIS 
SIONS. 

Maria Christina. See ALFONSO XIII. 

Marine Corps, UNITED STATES. The 
United States Marine <~"> r ps was sstab- 



9 1812; graduated at the United States lished in Revolutionary times. Congress, 

i -VT __.. T- . i^^rr <--.-J-l-i*-i>*"n-l 4-V* *- n 1 1 cj4~.. 



Military Academy and 
brevet second lieutenant 



commissioned in November, 1775, authorized the enlist- 
the 5th In- ment of two battalions of marines. After 



fantry in July, 1832; promoted to first the adoption of the Constitution and the 

lieutenant in 1837; captain in 1846; major formation of the nation, the Marine Corps 

and paymaster in 1859; colonel and in- became a permanent arm of the service 

spector-general in 1861; brigadier-general by the act of July 11, 1798, which " es- 

and inspector-general in 1878; and was tablished and organized a marine corps." 

retired Jan. 2, 1881. At the beginning of Since then the Marine Corps has been lia 
ble, under the President s direction, to 



the Civil War he was appointed a briga 
dier-general of volunteers; was chief of 
staff to General McClellan (his son-in- 



under the President s direction, 
do duty in forts and garrisons of the 
United States, on the sea-coast, or any 



law) till 1863; and served principally on other duty on shore. The marines, when 



inspection duty through the war. He 
died in Orange, N. J., Nov. 22, 1887. 
General Marcy was author of Explora 
tions of the Red River in 1852; The Prai- 



enlisted, are exempt from arrest for debt 
or contract. The corps has no regimental 
organization, but it may be formed into 
as many companies or detachments as 



rie Traveller; and Thirty Tears of Army the President may direct. The marines 



Life on the Border. 

Marcy, WILLIAM LEARNED, statesman; 
born in Southbridge, Mass., Dec. 12, 
1786; graduated at Brown University 



are at all times subject to the laws and 
regulations of the navy, except when de 
tached by order of the President for ser 
vice in the army, when they are subject 



in 1808, and taught school in Newport, to the rules prescribed for the army. The 
R. I., for a while. He began the practice position of the corps has risen in impor- 



of law in Troy, N. Y., and, as an officer of 
militia, volunteered his services in the 
War of 1812. He had the honor of tak- 



tance and respect, as it has greatly in 
creased since the establishing of this part 
of the service. During the war with Spain 



ing the first prisoners captured on land, in 1898 the officers and men of the corps 



by seizing, Oct. 22, 1812, a corps of Cana 
dian militia at St. Regis. Their flag was 
the first trophy of the kind captured dur 
ing the war. In 1816 Captain Marcy was 
recorder of Troy, where also he edited the 



greatly distinguished themselves in the 
initial land operations in the Santiago 
campaign, and also in the first movement 
of foreign forces on Chinese territory in 
1900. In 1901 the official force consisted 



106 



MARION 




MARION S RESIDENCE. 



of one brigadier-general commandant, a " Colonel Marion," wrote Cornwallis, " so 
general staff of ten officers, five colonels, wrought on the minds of the people that 
five lieutenant-colonels, ten majors, fifty- there was scarcely an inhabitant between 
nine captains, fifty-eight lieutenants and the Santee and Pedee that was not in arms 
fifty-three second lieutenants. The total 
force comprised 211 officers and 6,000 men. 
Marion, FRANCIS, military officer; born 
near Georgetown, S. C., in 1732; died 
Feb. 29, 1793. At the age of sixteen, 
while on a voyage to the West Indies, the 
vessel in which he sailed foundered at sea, 
and he was rescued only when several of 
the crew, who, with himself, had taken to 
the boat, had died of starvation. Work 
ing on a farm until 1759, that year he 
joined an expedition against the Chero- 
kees. In 1761 he was made a captain, 
under Colonel Grant. He led the forlorn against us." Some parties even crossed 
hope in the battle of Etchowee, and was the Santee and carried terror to the gates 
among the few who escaped death. On the of Charleston. One of the earliest of 
breaking out of the Revolutionary War, Marion s great exploits was near Nelson s 
Marion was elected to the South Carolina. Ferry, on the Santee, on Aug. 20, 1780, 
Provincial Congress ; became a captain of two days after Williams s exploit at Mus- 
Provincial troops; served as major in de- grove s Mill. At dawn on that day a 
fence of Fort Sullivan; and was lieuten- British party, with 150 prisoners of the 
ant-colonel of his regiment at Savannah Maryland line, captured from Gates near 
in 1779, and at the siege of Charleston. Camden (see GATES, HORATIO), were cross- 
Appointed a brigadier-general in 1780, ing at the great savanna, near the ferry, on 

the route from Camden to Charleston, 
when Marion and his men sprang upon 
the guard, liberated the prisoners, and cap 
tured twenty-six of the escort. 

Marion and his brigade achieved victory 
after victory over bands of Tories and 
British among the swamps of the Santee, 
and late in October they pushed forward 
to assail the British garrison at George 
town, on Winyaw Bay, for the purpose of 
obtaining necessary supplies. This was 
an unusual and serious undertaking for 
them. The garrison was on the alert, and 
in a severe skirmish with a large party 
near the town Marion was repulsed. He 
then retired to Snow s Island, at the con 
fluence of Lynch s Creek and the Pedee 
River, where, in a most secluded spot, he 
fixed his camp and strengthened its nat 
ural defences. It was chiefly high river 
swamp, covered with forest trees and 
FRANCIS MARION. abounding with game. From that swamp 

fastness the partisan sent out or led ex- 
he began his famous partisan career with petitions which, for many weeks, accom- 
cnly sixteen men. plished marvellous results by celerity of 

He had gathered many partisans to his movements, stealthiness of approaches to 
standard while Cornwallis was carrying the enemy, and the suddenness and fierce- 
out his reign of terror in South Carolina, ness of the blows. It was in allusion to 

107 




MARION MARKHAM 

these movements that Bryant wrote in his reserved, and very modest, he was exceed- 
Song of Marion s Men: ingly captivating in manner. 

dence was at Pond Bluff, on the Santee, 

" A moment in the British camp near Nelson s Ferry. It was built by him- 

A moment and away, ge]f goon after his mar riage, and there he 



, 

erous hospitality. He died Feb. 27, 1795. 
The British became thoroughly alarmed, Markham, EDWIN, poet; born in Ore- 
and the destruction of Marion s camp be- gon City, Or., in 1852; spent his boyhood 
came, with them, an object of vital im- O n a cattle ranch in central California; 
portanqe. received a normal school and collegiate 

Tarleton was employed by Cornwallis education; and studied law, but never 
in searching out partisan corps, such as practised. He was employed in the black- 
Marion s and Sumter s. He performed the smith trade for a time, and then engaged 
orders of his general with fidelity. When, i n educational work, becoming superin- 
on one occasion, he set out to pursue tendent of the schools of California. Since 
Marion, Cornwallis wrote (Nov. 5, 1780) : 1809 he has been principal of the Observa- 
" I most sincerely hope you will get at tion School of the University of California 
Mr. Marion." On that march Tarleton at Oakland. Mr. Markham owns one of 
and his corps set fire to all the houses and the largest and best selected private libra- 
destroyed all the corn from Camden to ries in the State. He has occasionally 
Nelson s Ferry; beat the widow of a gen- contributed to leading magazines for 
eral officer because she would not tell many years ; and is most widely known by 
where Marion was encamped, and burned his poem, The Man with the Hoe, which 
her dwelling and wasted everything about, was inspired by Millet s painting of that 
not leaving her even a change of raiment, name, and was first published in the San 
All along the line of their march were Francisco Examiner, Jan. 8, 1899. This 
seen groups of houseless women and chil- work was followed by various fugitive 
dren, who had enjoyed the comforts afford- poems, and The Man with the Hoe and 
ed by ample fortunes before the destroyer Other Poems. In 1901 he inscribed the 
came, sitting around fires in the open air. poem, Inasmuch, to the memory of the late 
Marion, on the contrary, although equally Baron and Baroness de Hirsch. 
alert, was always humane. In September, Markham, WILLIAM, colonial govern- 
1780, a band of 200 Tories were sent to or; born in England about 1635. When 
surprise him. With only fifty-three men, William Penn, who was his first cousin, 
he first surprised a part of his pursuers secured the charter for Pennsylvania, he 
and dispersed them, capturing some who appointed him deputy, with power to 
had committed great outrages; but he found courts, dispose of lands, fix^ boun- 
would not allow a prisoner to be hurt, daries, etc., with the one exception of 
At Black Mingo Creek, on the 28th, he calling a legislative assembly. He sailed 
made a successful attack on a guard of by way of Boston to New York, where, 
sixty militiamen, and made prisoners of after showing his credentials, the acting 
those under its escort. At that time the governor notified the officials on the Dela- 
British were burning houses on the Lit- ware of the transfer of authority. He 
tie Pedee. He allowed his men to return to reached Upland (now Chester), Aug. 3, 
protect their families and property, but 1681. Not long after, with a number of 
would not permit them to retaliate. He surveyors, he chose the site for the city 
wrote afterwards: "There is not one house of Philadelphia. In 1691, when the terri- 
burned by my orders or by any of my peo- tory which constitutes the present 
pie. It is what I detest, to distress poor of Delaware was separated from Pennsyl- 
women and children." vania, Markham was made deputy gov- 

After the war he married a wealthy ernor over it; and in 1694-99 was lieu- 
lady of Huguenot descent (Mary Videau), tenant-governor of Pennsylvania, vacating 
and in time became a State Senator. In the office on the arrival of a proprietary 
1790 he was a member of the State Consti- governor. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., 
tutional Convention. Small in stature, June 12, 1704. 

108 



MARMADTJKE MARQUETTE 



Marmaduke, JOHN SAPPINGTON, mill- Marque and Beprisal, LETTESS OF. 
tary officer; born near Arrow Rock, Mo., commissions granted in time of war to a 
March 14, 1833; graduated at the United private person commanding a vessel to 
States Military Academy in 1857. When cruise at sea and make prizes of the ene- 
the Civil War broke out he joined the my s ships and merchandise. The ship so 
Confederate army under Gen. William J. commanded is sometimes called by the 
Hardee in southeastern Arkansas. In same name. The word Mark was used by 
recognition of his remarkable bravery at the Germans to denote the right of captur- 
the battle of Shiloh he was commissioned ing property beyond the frontier of an 
a brigadier-general. He was transferred other province. See PRIVATEERING. 
to the Trans-Mississippi Department in Marquette, JACQUES, missionary and 
1802, and for half a year commanded in explorer; born in Laon, France, in 1637. 
Missouri and northwestern Arkansas. In his youth he entered the order of 
After frequent raids he forced General Jesuits, and at the age of twenty-nine 
Blunt to withdraw to Springfield, Mo. years sailed for Canada as a missionary. 
Later, in reward for distinguished ser 
vices, he was promoted a major-general. 
In the summer of 1864 he accompanied 
Gen. Sterling Price in the invasion of 
Missouri, and though he fought with skill 
and bravery was finally surrounded and 
forced to surrender near Fort Scott, on 
Oct. 24, following. In 1884 he was elected 
governor of Missouri. He died in Jeffer 
son City, Mo., Dec. 28, 1887. 

Marmier, XAVIER, author; born in Pon- 
tarlier, France, June 24, 1809; engaged in 
journalism, travelled in Canada and the 
northern United States in 1842-45; re 
turned to the United States in 1847, and 
travelled through the Western States. 
Later he made several other trips to the 
United States. His publications include 
Travel in California; Letters on America; 
In America and in Europe; From Paris 
to San Francisco, etc. He died in Paris, 
Oct. 11, 1892. 

Marquand, HENRY GURDON, capitalist; 
born in New York, April 11, 1819; was 
educated at Pittsfield, Mass.; engaged in 
the real estate, banking, and railroad busi 
ness. He has been greatly interested in 
the work of the Metropolitan Museum of 
Art, of which he has been president for 
many years, and to which he has made 
many costly gifts, including a collection 
of bronzes valued at $50,000; bonds repre 
senting a value of $50,000; and a price 
less collection of paintings by Van Dyke, 
Rubens, Gainsborough, Velasquez, Turner, 
Franz Hals, Hogarth, Van der Meer, and 

other old masters. He also built a chapel STATUE OF JACQUES MARQUETTE. 

and (with Robert Bonner) a gymnasium 

for Princeton University, and, with his After residing eighteen months at Three 
brother, a pavilion for Bellevue Hospital. Rivers, on the St. Lawrence, learning the 
He died in New York City, Feb. 26, 1902. dialects of the Montagnais and other Ind- 

109 




MARQTJETTE, JACQUES 

ian tribes also the Huron and Iroquois die there. His attendants (two French- 
he went to Lake Superior in 1608, and men) bore him tenderly to a bed of leaves 
founded a mission at Sault Sainte Marie, in the shadows of the forest. Then, ask 
or Falls of St. Mary, at the outlet of the ing for some holy water which he had pre- 
lake. The next year he was sent to take pared, and taking a crucifix from his neck 
the place of Allouez among the Ottawas and placing it in the hand of one of his 
and Hurons, but these tribes were soon companions, he desired him to keep it 
afterwards dispersed by the Sioux, and he constantly before his eyes while he lived. 
returned with the Hurons to Mackinaw, With clasped hands he pronounced aloud 
near the strait that connects Lakes Michi- the profession of his faith, and soon after- 
gan and Huron, where he built a chapel wards died, May 18, 1675. His companions 
and established the mission of St. Igna- buried him near, and erected a cross at 
tins. Hearing of the Mississippi River, he his grave. His remains were afterwards 
resolved to find it, and in 1669 he pre- taken to Mackinaw, where they still repose. 
pared for the exploration of that stream, Marquette at Lake Michigan The fol- 
when he received orders to join Joliet in lowing account of his arrival at " the lake 
a thorough exploration of the whole course of the Ilinois" is from his Narrative: 
of the great river. That explorer and five 

others left Mackinaw in two canoes in After a month s navigation down 
May, 1673, and, reaching the- Wisconsin Mississippi, from the 42d to below the 
River by way of Green Bay, Fox River, 34th degree, and after having published 
and a portage, floated down that stream the gospel as well as I could to the nations 
to the Mississippi, where they arrived I had met, we left the village of Akam- 
June 17. Near the mouth of the Ohio sea on July 17, 1673, to retrace our steps. 
River savages told them it was not more We accordingly ascended the Mississippi, 
than ten days journey to the sea. Voyag- which gave us great trouble to stem its 
ing down the great river until they were currents. We left it indeed, about the 38th 
satisfied, when at the mouth of the Arkan- degree, to enter another river which greatly 
sas River, that the Mississippi emptied shortened our way, and brought us, with 
into the Gulf of Mexico, and not into the little trouble, to the lake of the Ilinois.* 
Atlantic or Pacific Ocean, they concluded We had seen nothing like this river for 
to return, to avoid captivity among the the fertility of the land, its prairies, woods, 
Spaniards farther south. They had accom- wild cattle, stag, deer, wildcats, bustards, 
plished their errand, and travelled in swans, ducks, parrots, and even beaver, 
open canoes over 2,500 miles. Passing up its many little lakes and rivers. That on 
the Illinois River instead of the Wiscon- which we sailed is broad, deep, and gentle 
sin, they reached Green Bay in Septem- for 65 leagues. During the spring and 
ber. There, at a mission, Marquette was part of the summer the only portage is 
detained a whole year by sickness. In half a league. 

1674 he sent an account of his explora- We found there an Ilinois town called 
tions of the Mississippi to Dablon, the Kaskaskia, composed of seventy-four cab- 
superior of the Jesuit mission in Canada, ins. They received us well, and compelled 
and set out on a journey to Kaskaskia, me to promise to return and instruct them. 
but was compelled, by his infirmities and One of the chiefs of this tribe, with his 
severely cold weather in December, to stop young men, escorted us to the Ilinois Lake, 
at the portage on the Chicago, and there whence at last we returned "in the close of 
he spent the winter. At the close of September, to the Bay of the Fetid, whence 
March, 1675, he resumed his journey, 

vpaphpd Kfmknskia in Anril erected a * Lake Michigan was so called for a long 

\i P i t time, probably from the fact that through 

chapel, and celebrated the Easter festival }<; ]ay the dlrect route to the Ilinois villages, 

in it. Warned by his infirmities that his W hich Father Marquette was now the first to 
life was near its end, he attempted to re- visit. Marest erroneously treats the name 
turn to Mackinaw He crossed Lake 






turn o acnaw e crosse ae It 

Michigan to its eastern shore, and, enter- MarQUe tte now ascended has been more fort- 

ing the mouth of a small stream that bore unate : it still bears tne name o llinoia. 



his name long afterwards, he prepared to Shea. 

110 



MARRYAT MARSHALL 

we had set out in the beginning of June, animals yet discovered, etc. In 1877 he 

Had all this voyage caused but the salva- received the first Bigsby medal given by 

tion of a single soul, I should deem all my the Geological Society of London, and in 

fatigue well repaid; and this I have rea- 1898 the Cuvier prize of the French Acad- 

son to think, for, when I was returning, emy of Sciences. In 1883-95 he was presi- 

I passed by the Indians of Peoria. I was dent of the National Academy of Sciences, 

three days announcing the faith in all He was a member of numerous scientific 

their cabins, after which, as we were em- organizations. In 1898 he presented the 

barking, they brought me on the water s collections of his lifetime to Yale Uni- 

edge a dying child, which I baptized a versity, and also gave his estate, having 

little before it expired, by an admirable a supposed value of $150,000, to that 

Providence for the salvation of that inno- institution. His publications include 

cent soul. Odontornithes : A Monograph on the Ex- 

Marryat, FREDERICK, author; born in tinct Toothed Birds of North America; 

London, England, July 10, 1792; joined Dinocerata: A Monograph of an Extinct 

the British navy in 1812, and served in Order of Gigantic Mammals; and The 

the war with the United States. He won Dinosaurs of North America. He died in 

distinction by driving four vessels out of New Haven, Conn., March 18, 1899. 
Boston Harbor, and in 1814, just prior Marshall, EDWARD CHAUNCEY, author; 

to the battle of New Orleans, further dis- born in Little Falls, N. Y., July 8, 1824; 

tinguished himself in an engagement with graduated at Hobart College, Geneva, 

gunboats on Lake Pontchartrain ; was N. Y., in 1843; was connected with the 

promoted captain in 1829. He travelled in New York Star and the Evening Telegram 

the United States in 1839. His pub- in 1875-85. His publications include His- 

lications include A Diary in America, with tory of the United States Naval Academy ; 

Remarks on its Institutions; The Narra- Ancestry of General Grant; and a paper 

tive of Monsieur Violet in California, entitled Are the West Point Graduates 

Sonora, and Western Texas, 1839; The Loyal? 

Settlers in Canada, etc. He died in Lang- Marshall, HUMPHREY, statesman; born 

ham, England, Aug. 2, 1848. in Frankfort, Ky., Jan. 13, 1812; grad- 

Marsh, GEORGE PERKINS, diplomatist; Tiated at West Point in 1832, and re 
born in Woodstock, Vt., March 15, 1801; signed the next year. He served as colonel 
graduated at Dartmouth in 1820; mem- of cavalry, under General Taylor, in the 
her of Congress, 1842-49; minister to war against Mexico, leading a charge at 
Turkey, 1849-53; minister to Italy, 18G1- Buena Vista. He was in Congress from 
82. He died in Vallombrosa, Italy, July 1849 to 1852, and from 1855 to 1859, and 
23, 1882. was sept as commissioner to China. Es- 

Marsh, OTHNIEL CHARLES, paleontolo- pousing the cause of the Confederacy, he 

gist; born in Lockport, N. Y., Oct. 29, entered; its army; became a brigadier- 

1831; graduated at Yale University in general; and was defeated by General 

1860. He was called to the chair of Garfield at Prestonburg, Ky., in January, 

Paleontology at Yale University in 1866, 1862. He served afterwards under Gen. 

which he retained till his death. Later Kirby Smith, and after the war practised 

he organized and conducted several scien- law in Richmond. He died in Louisville, 

tific expeditions to the Rocky Mountain Ky., March 28, 1872. 

region. During 1882-99 he was vertebrate Marshall, JOHN, LL.D., jurist; born in 

paleontologist for the United States geo- Germantown, Fauquier co., Va., Sept. 24, 

logical survey. He discovered more than 1755. His father (Thomas) led a regi- 

1,000 new fossil vertebrates, more than ment that bore the brunt of battle 

half of which he classified and described, with Cornwallis near the banks of the 

Among his more important finds were Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777. In early 

a sub-class of birds with teeth, which youth John obtained a limited classical 

he named Odontornithes; two new classes education, and at the breaking out of the 

of large mammals, the Tillodontia and Revolutionary War he entered the mili- 

Dinocerata; several new orders of di- tary service as lieutenant. He had for- 

nosaurs, supposed to be the largest land merly led some Virginia militia against 

111 



MARSHALL MARTIN 



Dunmore s troops in the battle of Great 
Bridge. He, too, was in the battle at the 
Brandywine; also at Germantown and 
Monmouth. He left the military service 
in 1781, and began the practice of law, in 
which he soon attained eminence. He was 
in the Virginia convention that ratified 
the national Constitution, where he dis 
tinguished himself by his eloquence and 







JOHN 51AHSI1ALL. 

logic. He became also a conspicuous mem 
ber of the Virginia Assembly. President 
Washington offered Marshall the post of 
Attorney-General, but he declined. On the 
return of Monroe from France, Washing 
ton offered the mission to Marshall, but 
it, too, was declined. He afterwards ac 
cepted the post of special envoy to France 
from President Adams, and was associated 
in that fruitless mission with Messrs. 
Pinckney and Gerry. In 1799 Mr. Mar 
shall was in the Congress, and in 1800 
was made Secretary of War, which office 
he held only a short time. He succeeded 
Timothy Pickering as Secretary of State, 
May 3, 1800, and on the resignation of 
Chief-Justice Ellsworth he was appointed 
his successor, Jan. 20, 1801, and held the 
office until his death, in Philadelphia, Pa., 
July 6, 1835. Chief -Justice Marshall was 
president of the American Colonization 
Society and vice-president of the American 
Bible Society. He was also the author of 
a Life of Washington, published in 5 vol 
umes in 1805. He also wrote a History 
of the Colonies Planted by the British in 
North America. 



Marshall, ORSAMUS HOLMES, his 
torian; born in Franklin, Conn., Feb. 
13, 1813; graduated at Union College in 
1831; admitted to the bar in 1834; and 
practised in Buffalo till 1867. His pub 
lications include Champlain s Expedition 
in 1613-15 against the Onondagas; The 
Expedition of the Marquis de Nouville in 
16S9 against the Seneca s; La Salle s First 
Visit to the Senecas in 1699; Historical 
Sketches of the Niagara Frontier; The 
Building and the Voyage of the Grijfon in 
1679; and The History of the New York 
Charter, 1664-74. He died in Buffalo, 
N. Y., July 9, 1884. 

Martial Law. See MILITARY LAW. 

Martin, FRANCOIS XAVIER, jurist; born 
in Marseilles, France, March 7, 1762; re 
moved to North Carolina in 1782, where 
he taught French, learned printing, and 
established a newspaper. He also pub 
lished almanacs and school-books, studied 
law, and began its practice in 1789. Jef 
ferson appointed him a judge of the Mis 
sissippi Territory, and he was made attor 
ney-general of the State of Louisiana in 
1813. In 1815 he was made a judge of the 
Supreme Court of Louisiana; remained on 
that bench for thirty-two years, and was 
chief-justice from 1837 to 1845. He died 
in New Orleans, La., Dec. 11, 1846. 

Martin, JOSIAH, royal governor; born 
in Antigua, West Indies, April 23, 1737; 
was appointed governor of North Carolina 
in 1771, and became extremely obnoxious to 
the people by his attempts to thwart the 
patriotic movements. He denounced the 
Provincial Congress, and announced his 
determination to use all the means in his 
power to counteract their influence. Find 
ing the Assembly firm in their stand 
against him, he dissolved them, April 8, 
1775. Soon after this a letter from the 
governor to General Gage, asking for a 
supply of men and ammunition, was in 
tercepted. The people were greatly exas 
perated. The committee of safety at New- 
bern seized and carried off six cannon 
which he had placed in front of the 
" palace " there. News of hostile prepara 
tions reached the governor s ears from 
every quarter. Becoming alarmed for his 
personal safety, he fled to Fort Johnson, 
June 14, on the Cape Fear River, near 
Wilmington, whence he sent forth, June 
1C, a menacing proclamation. A plot for 



112 



MARTIN MARTINEZ-CAMPOS 

a servile insurrection was discovered in and fortune. Judge Martin was a violent 
July. It was supposed the governor had political partisan, and savagely attacked 
planned it, and the indignant people de- Jefferson and the Democratic party. He 
termined to demolish Fort Johnson, and died in New York, July 10, 1826. 
riot allow Martin to make it a stronghold. Martindale, JOHN HENRY, military 
Five hundred of them, led by John Ashe, officer; born in Sandy Hill, N. Y., March 
marched on the fort. The governor fled 20, 1815; graduated at West Point in 
to the sloop-of-war Cruiser, lying in the 1835; left the army the next year, and 
river, and the people demolished the fort, became a civil engineer; and finally prac- 
The patriots disarmed the Tories, and tised law in Batavia, N. Y. He was made 
confined as prisoners on their plantations brigadier-general of volunteers in August, 
those who were most obnoxious, and the 1861, and served in the Army of the Po 
Continental Congress voted to sustain the tomac, in the campaign of 1862, undei 
Whigs in North Carolina with a force of Gen. Fitz-John Porter. He was in the 
1,000 men. They prepared to hold a new Army of the James, and also in the army 
convention, when Martin, from on ship- of the Potomac, in the campaign against 
board, issued a proclamation forbidding Richmond, commanding (in July and 
the meeting, and making accusations September, 1864) the 18th Army Corps, 
against the patriots. The Whigs de- For gallantry at MALVERN HILL (q. v.) he 
ncunced it as " a malicious and scandal- was brevetted major-general of volunteers, 
ous libel, tending to disunite the good He resigned in 1864, and was made at- 
people of the province," and it was torney-general of New York in 1866. He 
burned by the common hangman. They died in Nice, France, Dec. 13, 1881. 
authorized the raising of three regiments. Martinelli, SEBASTIAN, clergyman; 
Martin never returned, and thus ended born in Lucca, Tuscany, Aug. 20, 1848; 
royal rule in North Carolina. He died in was educated at the Seminary of Lucca, 
London, England, in July, 1786. and at the College of St. Augustine, 
Martin, LUTHER, jurist; born in New Rome; entered the Augustinian Order in 
Brunswick, N. J., Feb. 9, 1748; grad- 1863; was ordained to the Roman Catholic 
uated at Princeton in 1766; taught priesthood, March 4, 1871; elected prior- 
school at Queenstown, Md. ; was admitted general of his order in 1889; and in 1896 
to the bar in 1771; and soon obtained a was appointed papal delegate to the United 
lucrative practice in Maryland. He was States, to succeed Cardinal Satolli, and was 
a decided patriot, but was not found in consecrated a special archbishop. On April 
public office until 1778, when he was at- 15, 1901, he was raised to the cardinalate. 
torney-general. He had been a member Martinez-Campos, ARSENIC, military 
of a committee to oppose the claims of officer; born in Cuba in 1834; was edu- 
Great Britain in 1774, and wrote essays cated at Madrid; and became a colonel 
and made addresses on the topics of the when twenty-nine years old. For a time 
day. In 1784-85 he was in Congress, and he served in Morocco and Cuba, and re- 
was a monber of the convention which turned to Spain, with the rank of briga- 
framed the national Constitution, the dier-general, in 1870, and took part in 
adoption of which he opposed, because it putting down the Carlist insurrection, 
did not sufficiently recognize the equality Later he declared against the republic 
of the States. He was a defender of Judge and was imprisoned as a conspirator, but 
Chase when he was impeached, and in after requesting to serve in the Liberal 
1807 he was one of the successful de- army he was set free, and given the com- 
fendants of Aaron Burr, his personal mand of a division under Concha. He 
friend, in his trial for treason, at Rich- took part in the battles of Los Munecas 
rnond. In 1813 Mr. Martin was made and Galdames, and raised the siege of 
chief-justice of the court of oyer and Bilbao. Returning to Madrid he espoused 
terminer in Baltimore, and in 1818 he the cause of Alfonso XII., and with Jovel- 
again became attorney-general of Mary- lar succeeded in placing the royal heir on 
land. He was stricken with paralysis in the throne. He was next sent into the 
1820, and in 1822 he took refuge with disturbed territory of Catalonia, which he 
Aaron Burr in New York, broken in health pacified in less than a month. In 1877 
VI. H 113 



MARTINIQUE MARYLAND 



lie was ordered to Cuba, to combat the 
insurrection, and brought about a cessa- 




ARSENIO MARTINEZ-CAMPOS. 

tion of hostilities by pledging the Cubans 
a more liberal government. This pledge 
he made a strenuous effort to have kept 
when he became prime minister and min 
ister of war, but the Cortes would not 
support him, and, feeling his honor vio 
lated thereby, he resigned his office ( 1879) . 



In April, 1895, he was again sent to Cuba, 
but was unable to accomplish any practical 
result, and was recalled in January fol 
lowing. He died at Zarauz, Spain, Sept. 
23, 1900. 

Martinique. An island in the West In 
dies. Area, 381 square miles; population, 
nearly 200,000. On May 8, 1902, St. 
Pierre, the chief city, was annihilated by 
the violent eruption of Mont Pelee. In a 
few minutes over 30,000 persons were 
smothered by gases or burned to death 
by lava and fiery stones. Simultaneously 
over 2,000 persons lost their lives in the 
neighboring island of St. Vincent. The 
United States lavished money and stores 
on the panic-stricken survivors. 

Martyn, CARLOS, clergyman; born in 
New York City in 1843; graduated at 
Union Theological Seminary in 1869; or 
dained in the Presbyterian Church; held 
various pastorates, including one in New 
York, in 1876-90. His publications in 
clude English Puritans; Pilgrim Fathers; 
History of the Huguenots; Wendell Phil 
lips; Christian Citizenship; William E. 
Dodge, etc. 

Marvel, ANDREW. See MIDDLETOTC, 
ARTHUR. 



MARYLAND, STATE OP 

Maryland, STATE OF, one of the original British sovereign, both in respect to the 
thirteen States of the Union; was first proprietor and the settlers. The govern- 
settled by Capt. William Claiborne, with ment of the province was made indepen- 
a party of men from Virginia, in 1631. dent of the crown, and equality in religious 
Earlier than this, George Calvert, an Irish 
peer, had obtained a patent from King 
James (1622) to plant a Roman Catholic 
colony in America. Failing in some of 
his projects, he applied for a charter for 
the domain between south and north Vir 
ginia, but before the matter was completed 
he died, and a patent was issued to his 
son Cecil Calvert, June 20, 1632 (see 
BALTIMORE, LORDS ) , who inherited the title 
of his father. The province embraced in 
the grant had been partially explored by 
the first Lord Baltimore, and it is be 
lieved that the charter granted to Cecil 
was drawn by the hand of George Calvert. 
In honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of 
Charles I., it was called Terra Marice 
Mary s Land hence Maryland. It was 

the most liberal grant yet made by a STATE SEAL OF MARYLAND. 

114 




MARYLAND, STATE OF 



and civil freedom was secured to every 
Christian sect excepting the Unitarians. 

This toleration promoted the growth of 
the colony, and persecuted people found a 
refuge there. Armed with this charter, 
young Lord Baltimore set about the busi 
ness of colonizing his domain. He ap- 



panied by two Jesuit priests, Andrew 
White and John Altham. The Calverts 
and the other "gentlemen," and some of 
the " laboring-men," were Roman Catho 
lics, but a greater portion of the latter 
were Protestants. After a terribly tem 
pestuous voyage, in which the vessels were 




THE LANDING ON BLACKSTONE ISLAND. 



pointed his half-brother, LEONARD CAL- separated, they met at Barbadoes and 
VERT (q. v.), governor, and Nov. 22, finally entered the broad mouth of the 
1633, that kinsman and another brother, Potomac Eiver, in February, 1634. They 
"with very near twenty other gentlemen sailed up the Potomac, and upon Black- 
of very good fashion and 300 laboring- stone Island (which they named St. 
men" (so Lord Baltimore wrote to Went- Clement s) they landed, performed re- 
worth ) , sailed from Cowes, Isle of Wight, ligious ceremonies, and were visited by the 
in two vessels, the Ark and Dove, accom- wondering natives. 

115 



MARYLAND, STATE OF 

The governor made further explorations, enacted in 1639. In 1642 a company of 
and, finally, on March 27 (O. S.), Cal- Puritans, who had been driven out of Vir- 
vert, having entered into a treaty for the ginia, settled in Maryland, and soon show- 
purchase of a domain on a pleasant little ed a spirit of resistance .to the authorities, 
river, determined there to plant a settle- Claiborne, who had been deprived of his 
ment. With imposing religious ceremonies property and civil rights by the legislat- 
it was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and ure of Maryland, now reappeared at 
the place was called St. Mary. It was Kent Island and stirred up the Indians 
near the entrance of the m Potomac into with jealousy of the colonists, and they 
Chesapeake Bay. A year afterwards, they made war upon the settlers. It was not 
established their capital at St. Mary, and long nor very distressing, and it was just 
a legislative assembly ecu. posed of the ended (1645) when Claiborne, by false 
whole people a purely democratic legis- representations, fanned the embers of dis- 
lature met there. As their ranks in- content into a flame of civil war. The in 
creased by emigration this method was surgents, with disaffected Indians, drove 
found inconvenient, and in 1639 a rep- the governor and his council into Vir- 
resentative government was established, ginia, and for about a year and a half the 
the people being allowed to send as many rebels held the reins of power. The rebel- 
delegates as they pleased. So was founded lion was crushed in the summer of 1647, 
the commonwealth of Maryland. Clai- when the governor returned (in August) 

and resumed his chair. Many of the rec 
ords had been destroyed in the turmoil, 
and a greater portion were carried into 
Virginia and lost. In 1649 an important 
law called the toleration act was passed, 
which simply reaffirmed the provisions of 
the charter concerning religious freedom. 
The Puritans in Maryland called their 
chief settlement Providence, which was 
afterwards changed to Annapolis. Leon 
ard Calvert died in 1647, and was suc 
ceeded by Thomas Greene; but on the 
death of the King (1649), Lord Baltimore 
professed to be a Protestant, and ap 
pointed William Stone, of Virginia, a 
warm friend of Parliament and a Protes 
tant, governor. The Parliament, not hav 
ing confidence in Lord Baltimore s pro 
fessions, removed Stone from office and 
appointed commissioners to administer the 
government. Claiborne was one of them, 
borne, the first settler, refused to ac- so also was Governor Bennet, of Virginia, 
knowledge the new government, and was These commissioners entered upon their 
finally expelled from Kent Island. Under duties with a high hand. They removed 
the charter, Lord Baltimore had the power Governor Stone, took possession of the 
of enacting all necessary laws for the records, and abolished the authority of 
colony " with the advice, consent, and ap- Lord Baltimore. So the " outlaw " tram- 
probation of the freemen of the prov- pled on his old enemy. A few months 
ince " or their representatives convened later they reinstated Stone, and put Kent 
in general assembly; but in the first As- and Palmer s islands into the possession 
sembly (1635) a dispute arose respecting of Claiborne again. 

the right of initiating legislation. The On the dissolution of the Long Parlia- 
contention continued until 1638, when ment (1653), Cromwell restored Lord 
Lord Baltimore yielded the right to the Baltimore s power as proprietor, and Stone 
Assembly. proclaimed the actions of the commission- 

The first statutes of Maryland were ers rebellious. The incensed commission- 

116 




AKMS OF THE CALVERT FAMILY. 



MARYLAND, STATE OF 



ers returned to Maryland and compelled 
Stone to surrender his office; then they 
vested the government in a board of ten 
commissioners. Civil and religious dis 
putes now ran high. The Puritans, being 
in the majority in the Assembly, passed an 
act disfranchising the Roman Catholics 
and members of the Church of England. 
These narrow-minded "bigots flogged and 
imprisoned Quakers, and tried to hold 
sway as their co-religionists did in Mas 
sachusetts. Baltimore appealed to Crom 
well, and the latter sent word to the com 
missioners in Maryland not " to busy 
themselves about religion, but to settle the 
civil government." So encouraged, Balti 
more directed Stone to raise an army for 
the restoration of the authority of the 
proprietor. He obeyed. Stone s forces 
were mostly Roman Catholics. He seized 
the colonial records, resumed the office of 
governor, and inaugurated civil war. A 
sharp and decisive battle was fought near 
Providence (Annapolis) early in April, 
1655, when many of Stone s party were 
killed or taken prisoners, and he was de 
feated and became a captive. His life 
was spared, but four others were executed, 
having been convicted of treason. An 
archy reigned in Maryland for several 
months, when Lord Baltimore appointed 
Josiah Fendall, a former insurgent, gov 
ernor. For two years longer there was 
bitter strife between the people and the 
agent of the proprietor. The latter finally 
made important concessions to the popular 
demands. Fendall acted discreetly, and 
there was comparative quiet in the colony 
until the death of Cromwell. 

In the spring of 1G60, the people, boldly 
asserting popular supremacy, assumed the 
legislative powers and gave Fendall a com 
mission as governor. The restoration of 
monarchy in England soon afterwards lod 
to the reinstatement of Lord Baltimore 
in his rights, and Fendall was found guilty 
of treason because he had accepted office 
from a " rebellious Assembly." Baltimore 
proclaimed a general pardon of all politi 
cal offenders, and for thirty years after 
wards Maryland enjoyed repose. Lord 
Baltimore died in 1675, and was succeeded 
by his son Charles ; and he and his suc 
cessors continued to administer the gov 
ernment of the province, with a few inter 
ruptions, until the Revolutionary War. 



The revolution in England (1678) shook 
the colony. The deputy governor hesi 
tated to proclaim William and Mary, and 
a restless spirit named Coode made this a 
pretext for exciting the people by giving 
currency to a story that the local magis 
trates and the Roman Catholics were about 
to join the Indians and exterminate the 
Protestants. The old religious feud in 
stantly flamed out with intensity. The 
armed Protestants, led by Coode, took forci 
ble possession of the capital of the prov 
ince (September, 1689), and assumed the 
administration of the government. They 
called a convention, invested it with legis 
lative functions, and by that body public 
affairs were managed until June, 1691, 
when the sovereign of England, ignoring 
the rights of Lord Baltimore, made Mary 
land a royal province, with Lionel Copley 
governor. 

In 1694 the capital of the province was 
transferred from St. Mary to the town 
soon afterwards named Annapolis, where 
it yet remains. The proprietary rights of 
Baltimore (Benedict Leonard Calvert) 
were restored to his infant son and heir 
(Charles) in 1716, and the original form 
of government was re - established. So it 
remained until the Revolutionary War. 

The city of Baltimore was created by 
act of the Assembly, Aug. 8, 1729, and 
named in honor of Cecil Calvert, Lord 
Baltimore. The town was laid out Jan 
uary 12, 1730. Population in 1752 was 
200^; in 1790, 13,503; in 1890, 434,439; in 
1900, 508,957. 

Maryland was disposed to be very con 
servative on the question of independence. 
Its convention voted, May 20, 1776, that 
it was not necessary to suppress every ex 
ercise of royal authority. Several inter 
cepted letters, written by Governor Eden, 
which had just come to light, caused Con 
gress to recommend his arrest. The Balti 
more committee volunteered in the matter, 
but became involved, in consequence, in a 
collision with the provincial convention. 
A committee of that body reported, on in 
vestigation, that the governor, in his cor 
respondence with the British ministry, had 
not acted in a hostile character; but, at 
the same time, it was voted to signify to 
Governor Eden that the public safety and 
quiet required him to leave the province, 
which he did. 



117 



MARYLAND, STATE OF 




LAYING OUT BALTIMORE, JAN. 12, 1730. 



While stirring events were occurring on 
the New England coast and the Northern 
frontier in 1814, others of equal impor 
tance occurred in the vicinity of Chesa 
peake Bay and the national capital. There 
were premonitions of impending danger in 
that region early in 1814. News reached 
the government that 4,000 British troops, 
destined for the United States, had landed 
at Bermuda. This news was followed by 
the arrival, in Lynn Haven Bay, of Admi 
ral Cockburn, with a strong naval force, 
to begin the work indicated in Admiral 
Cochrane s order to " destroy the seaport 
towns and ravage the country." In April 
news came of the downfall of Napoleon 
and of his abdication, which was expected 
to release British veterans from service 
in Europe. Notwithstanding the national 
capital was then almost defenceless, the 
passage of the British ships up the Poto 
mac might be disputed only by the guns 
of Fort Washington, a few miles below 
the city, and there was little force to ob 
struct the passage of land troops across 



Maryland from the Chesapeake. On July 
1 official intelligence reached the President 
that " a fleet of transports, with a large 
force, bound to some port in the United 
States, probably on the Potomac," was 
about to sail from Bermuda. In the mili 
tary district of which the District of 
Columbia formed a part there were only 
a little more than 2,000 effective men, 
under General Winder, and these were 
scattered at points some distance from 
each other. There was a company of ma 
rines at the barracks at Washington, and 
a company of artillery at Fort Washing 
ton. With all this knowledge of weakness 
and impending danger, the Secretary of 
War, whose opinions governed the Presi 
dent and cabinet, could not be persuaded 
that the capital was likely to receive any 
harm. The government organ, the Na 
tional Intelligencer, boasted that any Brit 
ish force that might come could be easily 
driven away. The folly of this boast was 
soon made manifest by sad events. 
General Winder continually warned the 



118 



MARYLAND, STATE OF 

government of danger; and when danger when he was conf routed by an American 

actually appeared he was placed, by offi- force under General Strieker and driven 

cial orders, at the head of 15,000 militia back. Ross was killed, and his troops fled 

for the defence of the capital. This army to their ships. At the same time the 

was on paper only. The militia lay hid- British fleet sailed up Patapsco Bay and 

den in official orders; and when, at the bombarded Fort McHenry, that guarded 

middle of August, a powerful British land Baltimore Harbor. They were repulsed, 

and naval force appeared in Chesapeake and ships and troops, discomfited, left the 

Bay, Winder had only a handful of men Chesapeake to operate on the more south- 

with which to defend the capital. The ern regions of the American coast. See 

call for the militia was tardily answered, BALTIMORE. 

for they feared the loss of their slaves if It was very important in carrying out 
the masters should leave the plantations, the plan of the Confederates, early in 
There was widespread alarm over Mary- 1861, to seize the national capital, to have 
land and Virginia. At that juncture Com- the authorities of the State of Maryland 
modore Barney, with an armed schooner in accord with the movement. Emissaries 
and fifteen barges, was in the Patuxent and commissioners from the cotton-grow- 
Eiver, near its mouth. He fled up the ing States were early within its borders 
stream to avoid attack by British vessels, plying their seductive arts; and they 
The latter landed a strong force, under found in Baltimore so many sympathizers 
General Ross, and pushed on towards among leading citizens that, for a while, 
Washington. Winder issued stirring ap- they felt sure of the co-operation of Mary- 
peals for the militia to turn out, and land. In the governor, Thomas H. Hicks, 
asked General Smith, of Baltimore, to however, they found a sturdy opponent of 
turn out his brigade. The British pur- their schemes. It is said that on Jan. 1, 
sued Barney and caused the destruction 1861, there were no less than 12,000 men 
of his flotilla. Pressing on towards the organized in that State, bound by solemn 
capital, they were met by troops under oaths to follow their leaders in seizing 
Winder at Bladensburg, when a severe Washington, D. C. Against such an array, 
engagement ensued, which resulted in vie- against the natural sympathy of blood- 
tory for the invaders. Then they marched relationship with the Southern people, and 
on Washington, set fire to its public build- against the seeming self-interest of the 
ings, and gave the town up to plunder, holders of 700,000 slaves, valued at $50,- 
Only the Patent Office building was saved. 000,000, which property might be im- 
The vessels and other public property at perilled, they thought, by alliance with the 
the navy-yard were destroyed by the North, Governor Hicks manfully contend- 
Americans to prevent them falling into ed. He was supported by an eminently 
the hands of the British. The total value loyal people among the so-called " masses." 
of the property annihilated by the Ameri- Hicks was urged by the Confederates to 
cans and British at that time was esti- call a meeting of the legislature to con- 
mated at about $2,000,000. sider the state of affairs; but he too well 
" Willingly," said the London States- knew the danger that would attend the 
man, " would we throw a veil of oblivion gathering of a body largely made up of 
over our transactions at Washington. The slave-holders, and he steadily refused to 
Cossacks spared Paris, but we spared not make the call. In fact, he had been in- 
the capital of America." While Ross was formed that the members of the legislature 
crossing Maryland to the national capital had already formed a plan for " carrying 
a British fleet, under Commodore Gor- Maryland out of the Union," and resolu- 
don, went up the Potomac and plundered tions to that effect had already been 
Alexandria, on the Virginia shore. The drawn. These facts he set forth in an ad- 
British retreated to their ships after des- dress to the people of his State, Jan. 6, 
olating the capital, and, flushed with sue- 1861, which delighted the Unionists. Al- 
cess, they attempted to capture Baltimore, ready the late Henry Winter Davis, a Rep- 
Rose landed with 9,000 troops at North resentative of the Baltimore district in 
Point, 12 miles from Baltimore, on Sept. Congress, had published (Jan. 2, 1861) 
12, and proceeded to march on the city, a powerful appeal against the calling of 

119 



MABYLAND, STATE OF 



a meeting of the legislature, or the as 
sembling of a Border State convention, 
as had been proposed. The Confederates 
denounced Hicks as a traitor, and tried 
every means to counteract his influence, 
but in vain. A strong Union party was 
organized. Maryland became the great 
battle-field of opposing opinion. The 
Union men triumphed ; and within the 
space of four years slavery was abolished 
in Maryland, not only by the Proclamation 
of Emancipation, but by the constitutional 
act of its own authorities. 

For a while after the attack on Massa 
chusetts troops in BALTIMORE ( q. v.) , the 
Unionists of Maryland were almost si 
lenced. The legislature was filled with 



and conduct pursued by the authorities 
of the city of Baltimore on Friday, April 
19, and since that time, be and the same 
ure hereby made valid by the General As 
sembly." This would cover the disloyal 
acts of the mayor, the chief of police, the 
murderous rioters, and the bridge-burners. 
To further shield the offenders, T. Parkins 
Scott offered in the same body a bill to 
.suspend the operations of the criminal 
laws, and that the grand jury should be 
estopped from finding indictments against 
any of the offenders. These measures 
alarmed the best friends of the common 
wealth, and added strength to the sym 
pathy for the Union cause in that State. 
When General Butler, by a single, bold 




THE MASSACHUSETTS SIXTH ATTACKED WHEN MARCHING THROUGH BALTIMORE. 

disloyal men. Abettors of the mob in Bal- stroke, revealed the real weakness of the 
timore, who were members of the legis- Confederate element in Maryland, the 
lature, proposed laws to shield the rioters Unionists breathed freer, and very soon 
from harm. S. T. Wallis proposed for manifested their strength, 
that purpose, " That the measures adopted May 14, 1861, was a memorable one in 

120 



MARYLAND, STATE OF 



the annals of Maryland. On that day the 
legislature adjourned, and Governor Hicks, 
relieved of the presence of the Confederate 
element, and assured by the Secretary of 
War that National troops would remain in 
Maryland as long as seeming necessity de 
manded their presence, issued a proclama 
tion calling for Maryland s quota of troops 
(four regiments) in response to the Presi 
dent s call. On that day the veteran Maj. 
W. W. Morris, commander of Fort Mc- 
Henry, first gave practical force to the 
suspension of the privilege of the writ of 
habeas corpus which the exigency of the 
times gave constitutional sanction for. A 
man claiming to be a Maryland soldier 
was imprisoned in Fort McHenry. A Bal 
timore judge issued a writ of habeas corpus 
for his release. Morris refused to obey, 
saying, in a letter : " At the date of issu 
ing your writ, and for two weeks previous, 
the city in which you live and where your 
court has been held was entirely under 
the control of revolutionary authorities. 
Within that period, United States soldiers, 
while committing no offence, had been per 
fidiously attacked and inhumanely murder 
ed in your streets ; no punishment had been 
awarded, and, I believe, no arrests had 
been made for these atrocious crimes; 
supplies of provisions intended for this 
garrison had been stopped; the intention 
to capture this fort had been boldly pro 
claimed ; your most public thoroughfares 
had been daily patrolled by large numbers 
of troops armed and clothed, at least in 
part, with articles stolen from the United 
States, and the federal flag, while waving 
on the federal offices, was cut down [by 
order of the chief of police Kane] by some 
person wearing the uniform of a Maryland 
soldier. To add to the foregoing, an as 
semblage elected in defiance of law, but 
claiming to be the legislative body of your 
State, and so recognized by the executive 
of Maryland, was debating the federal 
compact. If all this be not rebellion, I 
know not what to call it. I certainly re 
gard it as sufficient legal cause for sus 
pending the privilege of the writ of habeas 
corpus." 

At the request of the governors of many 
States the President, on July 1, 1862, 
called for 300,000 volunteers to serve dur 
ing the war; and in August he called for 
300,000 more for three months, with the 



understanding that an equal number 
would be drafted from the citizens who 
were between eighteen and forty-five years 
of age, if they did not appear among the 
volunteers. These calls were cheerfully 
responded to; and the Confederate gov 
ernment, alarmed, ordered General Lee to 
make a desperate effort to capture the 
national capital before the new army 
should be brought into the field. Lee per 
ceived that it would be madness to make 
a direct attack upon its formidable de 
fences, so he resolved to cross the Poto 
mac with a large force into Maryland, as 
sail Baltimore, and, if successful, to fall 
upon Washington in the rear. He be 
lieved the people of Maryland were chafing 
under the dominion of the national gov 
ernment; that they were eager to aid the 
Confederate cause; and that the presence 
of his army on the soil of Maryland would 
cause an immediate and almost universal 
uprising in favor of the Confederacy. 
Lee was joined, Sept. 2, 1862, by the fresh 
division of Gen. D. H. Hill. This was 
sent as a vanguard to Leesburg, Va. The 
whole Confederate army followed, and be 
tween the 4th and 7th crossed the Poto 
mac at the Point of Kocks, and encamped 
not far from the city of Frederick, on 
the Monocacy River. There General Lee, 
on the 8th, issued a stirring appeal in the 
form of a proclamation to the people of 
Maryland. He was sorely disappointed. 
Instead of a general uprising in his favor, 
he lost more men by desertions than he 
gained by accessions. 

When General McClellan heard of this 
invasion, he left General Banks with some 
troops at Washington, and with about 
90,000 men crossed the Potomac above 
Washington and advanced cautiously tow 
ards Frederick. At McClellan s approach 
Lee withdrew. There the plan for seiz 
ing Washington was discovered. It was 
to take possession of Harper s Ferry and 
open communication with Richmond, by 
way of the Shenandoah Valley, and then, 
marching towards Pennsylvania, entice 
McClellan s forces in that direction. At a 
proper time Lee was to turn suddenly, de 
feat his antagonist, and then march upon 
Washington. See SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 

After the battle at CHANCELLORSVILLE 
(q. v.) Lee s army was strong in mate 
rial and moral force. Recent successes 



121 



MABYLAND, STATE OF 



had greatly inspirited it. It was re 
organized into three army corps, com 
manded respectively by Generals Long- 
street, A. P. Hill, and Ewell. At no time, 
probably, during the war was the Confed 
erate army more complete in numbers, 
equipment, and discipline, or furnished 
with more ample materials for carrying 
on the conflict, than it was at the middle 
of June, 1863, when Lee invaded Mary 
land. According to Confederate official 
returns, there were at least 500,000 men 
on the army rolls, and more than 300,000 
"present and fit for duty." Richmond 
seemed secure from harm. Vicksburg and 
Port Hudson, on the Mississippi, seemed 
impregnable against any National forces 
that might be employed against them. 
Their European friends gave them great 
encouragement, for there were strong 
manifestations of desires for the acknowl 
edgment of the independence of the " Con 
federate States of America." 

Feeling thus strong, the Confederate au 
thorities ordered Lee to invade Maryland 
and Pennsylvania. His force was now 
almost equal to that of Hooker, and in 
better spirits than was the Army of the 
Potomac. As early as May 20 Hooker 
suspected such a movement would be un 
dertaken, and informed the Secretary of 
War. Earlier than this, Clement C. Bar 
clay, of Philadelphia, who had rare oppor 
tunities for information, had warned the 
authorities at Washington, Baltimore, and 
Harrisburg of impending danger, but they 
were slow to believe Lee would repeat the 
folly of the previous year. Lee s first 
movement in that direction was to get 
Hooker from the Rappahannock by feints 
and a real flanking movement. There was 
considerable preliminary cavalry skir 
mishing early in June, and finally a 
cavalry reconnoissance by Pleasonton re 
vealed the fact of Lee s grand move 
ment. Hooper supposed he would follow 
his route of the previous year, and was 
watching and guarding the fords of the 
Rappahannock, when Lee projected his 
right wing, under Ewell, through the Blue 
Ridge into the Shenandoah Valley at 
Strasburg. He pushed down the valley 
to Winchester, where General Milroy was 
in command of nearly 10,000 men, on the 
evening of June 13, having marched 70 
miles in three days. It was a bold move 



ment. Milroy called in his outposts and 
prepared to fight, but before daybreak he 
resolved to retreat. He spiked his cannon, 
drowned his powder, and was about to 
depart, when the Confederates fell upon 
him. 

Then began a race towards the Potomac, 
but the Nationals were stopped by a force 
some miles from Winchester, and many 
of them made prisoners. The garrison at 
Harper s Ferry fled across the river to 
Maryland Heights. Informed of Lee s 
movement, Hooker moved rapidly north 
ward, intent upon covering Washington, 
while his cavalry watched the passes of 
the Blue Ridge. The national authorities, 
as well as those of Maryland and Pennsyl 
vania, were thoroughly aroused by a sense 
of danger. The President called (June 
15) upon the States nearest the capital 
for an aggregate of 100,000 militia; and 
the governor of Pennsylvania called out 
the entire militia of the State. Lee had 
about a week the start of Hooker in the 
race for the Potomac. On the 15th 1,500 
Confederate cavalry dashed across the 
Potomac at Williamsport, in pursuit of 
Milroy s wagon-train; swept up the Cum 
berland Valley to Chambersburg, Pa.; de 
stroyed the railroad in that vicinity; 
plundered the region of horses, cattle, and 
other supplies; and, with fifty kidnapped 
negroes, going back to Hagerstown, waited 
for Lee. The information procured by the 
raiders satisfied Lee that he should not 
meet with much opposition, and he pressed 
forward. Ewell s corps crossed the Po 
tomac at Williamsport, near Shepherds- 
town, on June 21 and 22, and swept on to 
Chambersburg, and thence to the Susque- 
hanna, opposite Columbia, levying contri 
butions on the people. 

The greatest alarm everywhere pre 
vailed. It was believed that Harrisburg 
and Philadelphia would soon be entered 
by the Confederates, and vast quantities 
of valuable property were sent north from 
the latter city for safety. Even New York 
seemed menaced. The remainder of Lee s 
army crossed the Potomac on the 24th 
and 25th, and pressed on after Ewell 
towards the Susquehanna. Hooker s 
army, now fully 100,000 strong, crossed the 
river at Edwards s Ferry. Regarding 
Harper s Ferry, at that moment, of little 
account, he asked for the abandonment 



MARYLAND, STATE OF 



of that vicinity by 11,000 National troops. 
The general-in-chief (Halleck) would not 
consent, and Hooker, at his own request, 
was at once relieved of his command, and 
\\as superseded by Gen. George C. Meade 
on June 28. 

At the beginning of July, 1864, Mary 
land was invaded by the Confederates for 



Baltimore and Washington. The raid had 
a twofold purpose to draw troops from 
before Petersburg for the defence of Wash 
ington, and to plunder. When informed 
of it, General Grant sent the 6th Corps 
to protect Washington. Meanwhile Gen. 
Lew. Wallace (then in command of the 
Middle Department, with his headquarters 




CONFEDERATES CROSSING THE POTOMAC. 



the third time. The Confederate General 
Early had been gathering troops for the 
purpose in the Shenandoah Valley, and 
with from 15,000 to 20,000 men, of all 
arms, he swept rapidly down the valley 
towards Williamsport. General Sigel, too 
weak to resist, fled into Maryland, with a 
heavy loss of stores, and General Weber, 
in command at Harper s Ferry, retired to 
Maryland Heights. Early crossed the 
Potomac at Williamsport, and pushing on 
to Hagerstown, July 6, 1864, levied a con 
tribution on the inhabitants there of $20,- 
000. Then he hastened on to Frederick, on 
the Monocacy River, and threatened both 



in Baltimore) had proceeded from that 
city, with a few troops hastily collected, 
to confront the invaders. Gen. E. B. Ty 
ler was then at the railway bridge over 
the Monocacy with about 1,000 men. Wal 
lace went to Tyler s camp, saw the ne 
cessity for prompt and energetic action, 
and chose a commanding position on the 
east side of the Monocacy for the concen 
tration of his forces. On the 9th he 
fought the hosts of Early desperately not 
far from Frederick. He had been joined 
by a portion of Rickett s brigade, from 
the advance of the 6th Corps. This hand 
ful of men, after fighting overwhelming 



123 



MARYLAND, STATE OF 



numbers eight hours, was defeated, with 
heavy loss, when Early pushed on towards 
Washington. The vanquished Nationals 
had really won a victory, for they had de 
tained the Confederates long enough that 
evening to allow the 6th and 19th Corps 
to reach and secure the national capital. 

When Early perceived this he pushed 
across the Potomac at Edwards s Ferry 
with a large amount of plunder, closely 
pursued by General Wright to the Shenan- 
doah Valley. He was struck by the Na 
tionals at Snicker s Ferry and at Snicker s 
Gap, and sharp skirmishes ensued. At 
Ashby s Gap there was also a brisk 
skirmish, and in two encounters the Na 
tionals lost about 500 men. Early moved 
up the valley as if continuing his retreat, 
when General Wright, handing his com 
mand over to General Crook, returned to 
Washington. Meanwhile General Averill, 
with a considerable force, moved towards 
Winchester, and near that place he fought 
the Confederates, July 20, three hours. 
They lost 400 men (about 200 of them 
made prisoners), with four guns. Averill s 
loss was -about 200. It was supposed 
Early was moving up the valley, but 
Crook, marching from Harper s Ferry to 
\Yinchester, soon afterwards encountered 
him in heavy force, and he was driven 
back, July 23, to Martinsburg, with a 
loss of 1,200 men. Early sent 3,000 cav 
alry, under General McCausland, to make 
a plundering and devastating raid in the 
direction of the Susquehanna. They swept 
over the country in eccentric lines, bewil 
dering its defenders, and on July 30 enter 
ed the defenceless and partly deserted 
village of Chambersburg, Pa., and demand 
ed of the inhabitants $200,000 in gold or 
$500,000 in " greenbacks " ( paper cur 
rency) as a tribute to insure the town 
against destrviction. The tribute was not 
offered, and two-thirds of the town was 
laid in ashes. No time was given for the 
removal of the sick, infirm, women, or chil 
dren. General Averill, with 2,000 cavalry, 
was soon after the raiders. He drove them 
across the Potomac with such blows that 
they did not stop to plunder and destroy. 
Mosby, another guerilla chief, dashed 
across the Potomac and carried off a few 
horsemen. Averill pursued the Confed 
erates up the south branch of the Potomac, 
attacked and defeated them, Aug. 4, 1864, 



at Moorfield, captured their guns, trains, 
and 500 men, with a loss to himself of 
fifty men. Grant now, to protect Wash 
ington from seizure, and Maryland and 
Pennsylvania from invasion, consolidated 
several departments, calling the organ 
ization the Middle Division. General 
Sherman w r as assigned to its command, 
Aug. 7, 1864, and at once entered upon his 
duties, at the head of over 30,000 troops. 
See UNITED STATES, MARYLAND, in vol. ix. 

GOVERNORS UNDER THE BALTIMORES (Pro 
prietary). 



Name. 


Term. 




1637 to 1647 




1647 " 1648 


William Stone 


1648 " 1654 




1654 " 1658 




1658 " 1660 


Philip Calvert. 


1660 " 1662 


Charles Calvert 


1662 " 1676 


Thomas Notley 


1677 " 1680 


Charles. Lord Baltimore. . . 


1681 " 1689 



UNDER THE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT (Royal). 



John Coode and the Protestant associa- ] 

tion ] 

Sir Lionel Copley 

Francis Nicholson 

Nathaniel Blackstone 

Thomas Trench 

John Seymour. 

Edward Lloyd 

John Hart 



1690 to 1692 



1692 
1694 
1696 
1703 
1704 
1709 
1714 



1693 
1695 
1702 
1704 
1708 
1713 
1715 



UNDER THE BALTIMORES RESTORED (Proprietary). 



John Hart 


1715 to 1719 
1720 1726 
1727 1730 
1731 1732 
1732 1733 
1734 1741 
1742 1745 
1746 1751 
1752 
1753 to 1768 
1769 " 1774 

;RESS. 

1777 to 1779 
1780 " 1782 
1783 " 1784 
1785 " 1788 

1789 to 1790 
1791 " 1792 
1793 " 1794 
1795 " 1797 
1798 
1799 to 1801 
1802 " 1803 
1804 " 1805 
1806 " 1808 
1809 " 1810 
1811 " 1812 
1813 " 1814 
1815 " 1817 
1818 " 1819 
1820 " 1822 
1823 " 1825 
1826 " 1828 
1829 


Charles Calvert 




Samuel Ogle 


Charles Lord Baltimore 


Sam uel Ogle 


Thomas Bladen 


Samuel Ogle 


Benjamin Tasker 


Horatio Sharpe 


Robert Eden 


UNDER THE CONTINENTAL CON( 
Thomas Johnson 


Thomas Sim Lee 


William Paca 


William Small wood 


UNDER THE CONSTITUTION 
John E. Howard 


George Plater 


Thomas Sim Lee 




John Henry 


Benjamin Ogle 


John F. Mercer 


Robert Bowie 


Robert Wright 


Edward Lloyd. 


Robert Bowie 


Levin Winder 


Charles Ridgelv 


Charles W. Goldsborongh 


Samuel Sprigg 


Samuel Stevens, Jr 


Joseph Kent . . . 


Daniel Martin.. . 



124 



MASON 



GOVERNORS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION Con 
tinued. 



Name. 


Term. 


Thomas K. Carroll 


1830 


Daniel Martin 


1831 


George Howard 


1831 to 1832 


James Thomas 


1833 " 1835 


Thomas W. Veazey 


1836 " 1838 


William Grayson 


1839 " 1841 


Francis Thomas 


1842 " 1844 


Thomas G. Pratt 


1845 " 1847 


Philip F. Thomas 


1848 " 1850 


Enoch L. Lowe 


1851 " 1855 


Thomas W. Ligon 


1856 " 1857 


Thomas H. Hicks 


1858 " 1861 


Augustus W. Bradford 


1862 " 1864 


Thomas Swann 


1865 1867 


Odec Bowie 


1868 1871 


W. P. Whyte 


1872 1874 


James B. Groome 


18^5 


John Lee Carroll 


1876 to 1879 


William T. Hamilton 


1880 1883 


Robert M. McLane 


1884 1887 


Elihu E. Jackson 


1888 1891 


Frank Brown 


1892 1896 


Lloyd Lowndes 


1896 1900 


John W. Smith 


1900 1904 


Edwiu Warfleld 


1904 " 1908 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 



Name. 


No. of Congress. 


Term. 


Charles Carroll 


1st to 2d 


17SQ tn 1 ?Q<1 


John Henry 


1st " 5th 


17KQ u 17Q7 


Richard Potts 


2d " 4th 


1793 " 1796 


John Eager Howard 


4th " 7th 


1796 " 1803 


James Lloyd 


5th " 6th 


1798 " 1800 


William Hindman 


6th " 7th 


1800 " 1803 


Robert Wright 


7th " 9th 


Iftni a iQnn 


Samuel Smith 


8th " 13th 


1803 " 1815 


Philip Reed 


9th " 12th 


1806 " 1813 


Robert Henry Goldsborough. 
Robert G. Harper 


13th " 15th 
14th 


1813 " 1819 
1816 


A lexander C. Hanson 


14th to 15th 


1817 to 1819 


Edward Lloyd 


16th " 19th 


1819 " 1826 


William Pinkney 


16th " 17th 


1820 " 1822 


Samuel Smith 


17th 


1822 


Ezekiel F. Chambers 


19th to 23d 


1826 to 1834 


Joseph Kent 


23d " 25th 


1833 " 1837 


Robert Henry Goldsborough. 
John S. Spence 


23d " 24th 
24th " 26th 


1835 " 1836 
1835 " 1840 


William D. Merrick 


25th " 28th 


1838 " 1845 


John L. Kerr. 


26th " 27th 


1841 " 1843 


James A. Pearce 


28th " 37th 


1843 " 1862 


Reverdy Johnson 


29th " 30th 


1845 " 1849 


David Stewart 


31st 


1849 


Thomas G. Pratt 


31st to 34th 


1850 to 1857 


Anthony Kennedy 


35th " 38th 


1857 " 1865 


Thomas H. Hicks 


37th " 38th 


1863 " 1865 


John A. J. Creswell 


39th 


1865 " 1867 


Reverdy Johnson 


39th to 40th 


1865 " 1868 


William Pinckney Whyte. .. 
George Vickers 


40th 
40th to 42d 


1868 " 1869 
1868 1873 


William T. Hamilton 


41st " 43d 


1869 1875 


George R, Dennis 


43d " 45th 


1873 1879 


William Pinckney Whyte. . . 
James G. Groome 


44th " 46th 
46th " 49th 


1875 1881 
1879 1885 


Arthur P. Gorman 


47th " 5fith 


1881 1899 


Ephraim K. Wilson 


49th " 52d 


1S8{^ 1891 


Charles H. Gibson 


52d " 55th 


1891 1897 


George L. Wellington 


55th " 67th 


1897 " 1903 


Louis E. McComas 


66th " 58th 


1899 " 1905 


Arthur P. Gorman 


68th " . 


1<H)3 " 


Isidor Rayner 


58th " 


1905 " 



Mason, CHARLES. See MASON AND DIXON. 

Mason, DAVID HASTINGS, journalist; 
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 8, 1829; 
studied at Yale college ; was editor of 
the New Haven Journal and Courier; and 



during 1867-82 was on the staff of various 
Chicago dailies. While tariff editor of 
the Inter-Ocean, of Chicago, he wrote A 
Tariff History of the United States. He 
died in Chicago, 111., June 17, 1903. 

Mason, GEORGE, statesman; born in 
Fairfax county, Va., in 1725; was a firm 
patriot and able statesman. In 1769 he 
drew up the non-importation resolutions 
which Washington presented to the Vir 
ginia Assembly, and which were unani 
mously adopted. He also wrote a pow 
erful tract against the claim of the 
British Parliament to tax the colonies 
without their consent. At a meeting of 
the inhabitants of Fairfax, July 18, 1774, 
he offered twenty-four resolutions re 
viewing the whole ground of the pending 
controversy; recommended a general con 
gress; and urged the non-intercourse pol 
icy. In 1775 he was a member of the Vir 
ginia committee of safety; and in 1776 
he drafted the Declaration of Rights 
and State constitution of Virginia, which 
were adopted unanimously. In 1777 he 
was elected to the Continental Congress, 
and in 1787 he was a leading member of 
the convention which framed the national 
Constitution. In that body he opposed 
every measure which tended to the per 
petuation of slavery. Dissatisfied with 
the Constitution, he declined to sign it, 
and, in connection with Patrick Henry, 
led the opposition to it in the convention 
of Virginia. He also declined the office 
of United States Senator, to which he was 
elected. Jefferson wrote of Mason: "He 
was a man of the first order of wisdom, 
of expansive mind, profound judgment, 
cogent in argument, learned in the lore 
of our form of Constitution, and earnest 
for the republican change on democratic 
principles." He died in Fairfax county, 
Va., Oct. 7, 1792. A statue of Mason oc 
cupies a pedestal on Crawford s monument 
of Washington in Kichmond, Va. 

Mason, JAMES MURRAY, legislator; 
born on Mason s Island, Fairfax co., Va., 
Nov. 3, 1798; graduated at the University 
of Pennsylvania in 1818; began the prac 
tice of law in 1820; served in the Vir 
ginia House of Delegates from 1826 to 
1832. was a member of Congress from 1837 
to 1839; and United States Senator from 
1847 until expelled in July, 1861. Senator 
Mason was the author of the FUGITIVE 



125 



MASON 



SLAVE LAW (q. v.) ; an active leader in justify him in seizing these men on the 
the disunion movement in 1860-61; and Trent and transferring them to his own 
a member of the Confederate Congress, vessel, he went out in search of her. He 
He died near Alexandria, Va., April 28, found her on Nov. 8, a.nd brought her to 
1871. by firing a shell across her bow. Then 

Early in the career of the Confederate he sent Lieutenant Fairfax, a kinsman of 
government they sent diplomatic agents Mason, on board the Trent to demand of 
to European courts who proved to be in- the captain the delivery of the ambassadors 
competent. Then the government under- and their secretaries to Captain Wilkes. 
took to correct the mistake by sending two The officers of the Trent protested, and 
of their ablest men to represent their the ambassadors refused to leave the ship 
cause at the courts of Great Britain and unless forced by physical power to do so. 
France respectively. These were James M. Lieutenant Greer and a few marines were 

sent to help Fairfax, who then took Mason 
by the shoulders and placed him in a boat 
belonging to the San Jacinto. Then the 
lieutenant returned to Slidell. The pas 
sengers were greatly excited. They gather 
ed around him, some making contemptuous 
allusions to the lieutenant, and even cry 
ing out "Shoot him!" The daughter of 
Slidell slapped Fairfax in the face three 
times as she clung to the neck of her 
father. The marines were called, and Sli 
dell and the two secretaries were com 
pelled to go. The captive ambassadors 
were conveyed to Boston and lodged in 
Fort Warren as prisoners of state. The 
British government pronounced the act 
of Wilkes a " great outrage," though in 
exact accordance with their code of in 
ternational law as expounded by their 
judges and publicists; and the British 
Mason, of Virginia, and John Slidell, of government prepared for war on the 
Louisiana, who was deeply interested in United States. It did not wait for diplo- 
the scheme for reopening the African matic correspondence, but made extensive 
slave-trade. These ambassadors, each ac- preparations for hostilities before sending 
companied by a secretary of legation, a peremptory demand for the release of 
left Charleston Harbor on a stormy night the prisoners. The Tory papers abused 
(Oct. 12, 1861), eluded the blockading the American government without stint, 
squadron, ajid landed in Havana, Cuba, While these preparations were going on, 
where they were cordially greeted by the and Congress and other legislative bodies 
British consul and other sympathizers, were thanking Captain Wilkes, the United 
There they embarked for St. Thomas on the States government, acting upon the wise 
British mail-steamer Trent, intending to counsel of President Lincoln, and true to 
go to England in the regular packet from its long-cherished principles concerning 
the latter port. While the vessel was on the sacredness of neutrality, proceeded to 
her way to St. Thomas, and when off disavow the act of Wilkes and to release 
the northern coast of Cuba, she fell in the prisoners. They were placed on board 
with the American war-ship San Jacinto, a British vessel, and went to England, 
CAPT. CHARLES WILKES (q. v.), then on where they were treated with marked cold - 
his way home from the coast of Africa, ness. The London Times, which had teemed 
He had touched at Havana, where he heard with abuse of the Americans because of the 
of the movement of the Confederate am- arrest, now declared that the ambassadors 
bassadors. Satisfied that the English rule were " worthless," and added, " England 
concerning neutrals and belligerents would would have done as much for two negroes." 




V 



JAMES MURRAY MASON. 



MASOtf 

Mason, JEREMIAH, legislator; born in Mason, JOHN, founder of New Hamp- 
Lebanon, Conn., April 27, 1768; grad- shire; born in Lynn Kegis, Norfolk, Eng- 
uated at Yale College in 1788; admitted land; commanded an expedition to subdue 
to the bar in 1791; and began prac- a rebellion in the Hebrides in 1610, and 
tice in Westmoreland, N. H. He was At- went to Newfoundland as governor in 
torney-General in 1802, and from 1813 1616. He surveyed the island, made a 
to 1817 was United States Senator. For map of it (published in 1626), and wrote 
many years he was in the New Hamp- a description of it. In 1617 he explored 
shire legislature, and was the author of the New England coasts, and obtained 

from the Council of Plymouth a tract of 
land there in 1622. With Fernando 
Gorges, he procured a patent for another 
tract (see MAINE), and sent a colony 
there in 1623. In 1629 he obtained a 
patent for the domain which he called 
New Hampshire. In the same year he ac 
quired, with Gorges, another tract, which 
embraced the country around Lake Cham- 
plain; and in 1631 Mason, Gorges, and 
others formed a company for trading with 
the natives of New England and to make 
settlements there. In 1633 Mason became 
a member of the council for New England 
and its vice-president. He was also judge 
of the courts of Hampshire, England, in 
1665, and in October was appointed vice- 
admiral of New England. He died, in 
London, in December, 1635, and was 
buried in Westminster Abbey. Mason s 
heirs sold his rights in the province 
of New Hampshire in 1691 to Samuel 
Allan. 

Mason, JOHN, Indian fighter; born in 
England in 1600; served as a soldier under 
Fairfax in the Netherlands, and was in 
vited by that leader to join his standard 
in the civil war. He came to America 
in 1630, and was one of the first settlers 
of Dorchester. Captain Mason led the 
white and Indian troops against the Pe- 
quods near the Mystic in 1637 (see PE- 
QUOD WAR), and was soon afterwards 
made major-general of the Connecticut 
forces, a post he held until his death in 
Norwich, Conn., in 1672. He was a magis- 




STATUE OF JOHN MASON, OP NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



""J * J. \j I M J .!_ T C*-O Cfc AilClii 1 O 

an able report on the Virginia resolutions trate from 1642 until 1668, and deputy- 
touching the MISSOURI COMPROMISE (q. v.). governor from 1660 to 1670. He went to 
In 1837 he removed to Boston, where, un- Saybrook after the Pequod War at the re- 
he was seventy years of age, he was quest of the settlers, and in 1659 removed 
extensively engaged in his profession; to Norwich. 

but he was little known, personally, out Mason, JOHN YOUNG, diplomatist ; born 

of New England. His mind was clear, in Greenville county, Va., April 18, 1799; 

logical, and extremely vigorous, the char- graduated at the University of North 

acteristics of which, Webster said, were Carolina in 1816; admitted to the bar in 

"real greatness, strength, and sagacity." 1819; member of Congress in 1831-37; 

He died in Boston, Oct. 14, 1848. appointed judge of the United States dis- 

127 



MASON MASSACHUSETTS 

trict court of Virginia, and subsequently Mason, STEVENS THOMSON, legislator; 

of the General Court of Virginia. He was born in Stafford county, Va., 1760; was 

Secretary of the Navy under President educated at the College of William and 

Tyler; Attorney-General and Secretary of Mary, and at the age ( of twenty years held 

the Navy under President Polk. In 1853 the rank of colonel in the Virginia troops. 

President Pierce appointed him United At the close of the Revolution he was a 

States minister to France. He died in brigadier-general. In the Virginia House 

Paris, Oct. 3, 1859. of Representatives he was conspicuous; 

Mason, LOWELL, composer; born in also in the convention in Virginia in 1788 
Medfield, Mass.. Jan. 8, 1792; at an early to consider the national Constitution. He 
age became a teacher and composer of took a conspicuous place in the Demo- 
music, and at the age of twenty years cratic party (see JAY, JOHN), and was 
went to Savannah, Ga., where he gave in- United States Senator from 1794 until 
struction and led choirs and musical as- his death in Philadelphia, Pa., May 10, 
sociations. In 1821 he published in Bos- 1803. Mr. Mason was distinguished for 
ton his Handel and Haydn Collection oratory, and was very popular. 
of Church Music, which was so successful Mason and Dixon s Line, the disputed 
that he returned north and settled in boundary-line between the State of Penn- 
Boston, where, in 1827, he began the in- sylvania and the States of Maryland and 
struction of classes in vocal music. He Virginia the border-line between the free 
taught juvenile classes gratuitously on and the slave States fixed by Charles 
the Pestalozzian system, and published Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, English 
many collections of music, glee-books, etc. mathematicians and surveyors employed 
In connection with Professors Park and for the purpose, between 1763 and 1767. 
Phelps, he complied a Collection of Psalms In the debates on slavery before the ad- 
and Hymns for Public Worship, published mission of Missouri, John Randolph used 
in 1858. He died in Orange, N. J., Aug. the words "Mason and Dixon s line" as 
11, 1872. figurative of the division between the two 

Mason, RUFUS OSGOOD; born in Sul- systems of labor. The press and the poli- 

livan, N. H., Jan. 22, 1830; graduated at ticians echoed it; and in that connection 

Dartmouth in 1854, naval surgeon 1861- it was used until the destruction of slavery 

64; author of Telepathy and the Sub- by the Civil War. 

Uminal Self, etc. He died in 1903. See Mason and Slidell Affair. See TRENT, 

HYPNOTISM, EDUCATIONAL USES OF. THE; MASON, JAMES MURRAY. 



MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF 

Massachusetts, STATE OF, one of the America, where they might worship God 

original thirteen States of the Union ; with perfect freedom. Having made ar- 

founded by English Puritans who fled rangements with the Plymouth Company 

from persecution (see PURITANS). Its for planting a settlement, and for funds 

shores were probably visited by North- with some London merchants, they went 

\nen at the beginning of the eleventh cen- from Delftshaven to England, and sailed 

tury (see NORTHMEN), and possibly Se- for America from Plymouth in the May- 

bastian Cabot saw them (1498), and also flower, of 180 tons burden, on Sept. 

Verrazano (1524). The shores were ex- 17 (N. S.), and, after a stormy passage, 

plored by Bartholomew Gosnold (1602), arrived at Cape Cod in November. Seek- 

Samuel Champlain (1604), and John ing a good landing-place, tho company, 

Smith (1614); but the first permanent 101 in number men, women, and chil- 

European settlement was made on the dren did not leave the vessel until 

shores of Cape Cod Bay by some English Dec. 22 (N. S.), when they landed on a. 

Non-conformists, who, calling themselves rock on the shores of Cape Cod Bay, built 

" Pilgrims," had fled from England to Hoi- some log-huts in the snow, and called the 

land, sojourned there a few years, formed rude village New Plymouth. In the cabin 

a church at Ley den, and in 1620 came to of the Mayflower the men had drawn up 

128 



MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF 




STATE SEAL OP MASSACHUSETTS. 



soon attempted; but the little colony at 
New Plymouth suffered much at times 
until 162.3, when they were blessed with a 
bountiful harvest. The community sys 
tem of labor was abandoned, and in 1627 
the colonists dissolved their partnership 
with the London merchants, and became 
sole proprietors of the soil. As the Pil 
grims could not obtain a patent, they 
quietly lived under their own simple form 
of government and prospered. An Eng- 
glish company obtained a grant of terri 
tory on Massachusetts Bay and sent over 
JOHN ENDICOTT (q. v.) , with 100 settlers, 
who seated themselves at Naumkeag, now 
Salem. 

In March, 1629, King Charles I. gave a 
charter to a number of wealthy and in 
fluential Englishmen, confirming a former 
and signed a form of government a grant to others, to a domain in America, 
solemn compact by which they were to with whom they became associated, and 
be ruled (see PILGRIMS), and chose JOHN superadded the power of government. It 
CARVER (q. v.) governor for one year, was similar to the Virginia charter (see 
Cold, exposure, and poor food caused a VIRGINIA), and erected the patentees and 
sickness that swept away nearly one-half their associates into a corporation by the 
their number in 
four months. Car 
ver was among 
the victims, and 
WILLIAM BRAD 
FORD (q. v.) was 
his successor. 
Their spiritual 
leader was Elder 
WILLIAM BREW- 
STER (q. v.) . 
They made a 
treaty of friend 
ship with MAS- 
SASOIT (q. v.) , 
sachem of the 
surrounding Ind 
ians, and it was 
long maintained 
inviolate. In 
petty hostilities 
with other chiefs, 
CAPT. MILES 
STANDISII ( q. 
v. ) , a valiant sol 
dier, was very 
useful. 

Other Puritans 
joined the Pil 
grims, and other 

settlements were MAP OP NEW ENGLAND COAST MADE BY CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH, 

VI. I 12 .) 



tly F.vne,,to ntakc. Era 

thou art 




MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF 

name of the Governor and Company of Assembly of all the freemen and stock- 
Massachusetts Bay, in New England. The holders, to be held quarterly. The rights 
affairs of the company and the colony were of Englishmen were secured to the colo- 
to be managed by a governor, deputy-gov- nists, but the management of the local gov- 



rmrrn 




CUTTING THE CROSS OUT OP THE ENGLISH FLAG. 



ernor, and eighteen assistants, or magis- ernment was entirely in the hands of the 
trates, the latter to hold monthly courts, corporation in England. No royal nogu- 
The more important laws of the colony tive was reserved in the enactments of the 
Avere to be enacted by a General Court of company. Nothing was said about reli- 

130 



MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF 

gion. The company was organized under The court could not agree whether all the 
the charter by the appointment of Mat- ensigns should be laid aside, as many 
thew Cradock governor, and Timothy would not follow them with the cross 
Goffe deputy-governor two wealthy Lon- visible. The commissioners of military 
don merchants. The executive administra- affairs ordered all the ensigns to be put 
tion of the colony was intrusted to John away. Nothing more was done in the 
Endicott, assisted by twelve councillors matter then. Two years later there was 
seven to be named by the company, two to more trouble about the colors. Henry 
be selected by the old planters, and these Vane was elected governor (1636), and 
nine to select three more. The settlement fifteen ships in the harbor having arrived 
was called " London s Plantation." Every with passengers, the seamen commemo- 
stockholder who should emigrate to Amer- rated his election by a volley of greflt 
ica at his own cost was to receive fifty guns. But, the ensigns being " laid away," 
acres of land for each member of his the fort in Boston could not acknowl- 
family, and the same ror each indentured edge the compliment by displaying colors, 
servant he carried with him. The charter The English sailors accused the colonists 
and the government were soon transferred of treason, and the ship-masters requested 
from England to Massachusetts, and a the governor to spread the King s colors 
large emigration ensued in 1629-30. at the fort, because the question of their 
Late in 1634, while Dudley was govern- loyalty might be raised in England. The 
or, John Endicott, incited by Roger Will- magistrates were all persuaded that the 
iams, caused the red cross of St. George cross in the colors was idolatrous, and 
to be cut out of the military standard of the governor dissimulated by pretending 
England used at Salem, because he re- that he had no colors. The ship-masters 
garded it as a "relic of Anti-Christ," it offered to lend him theirs, and this was 
having been given by the pope to a former accepted as a compromise with the con 
king of England as an ensign of victory, sciences of the authorities, they arguing 
He had so worked upon the minds of that, as the fort was the King s, the colors 
many citizens of Salem that they refused might be displayed there at his peril, 
to follow the standard with the cross At the request of the General Court, the 
upon it. At about that time the Brit- REV. JOHN COTTON (q. v.) drew up the 
ish government, jealous of the indepen- first code of laws of Massachusetts. They 
dent spirit manifested in Massachusetts, were taken entirely from the Old Testa- 
watched its development with great vigil- ment. It was found that they were not 
ance, and the enemies of the colony point- adapted to a state of society so different 
ed to this mutilation of the standard as from that of the Hebrews in the time of 
evidence of disloyalty to the crown. It Moses, and Rev. Nathaniel Ward, who was 
was simply loyalty to bigotry. The whole familiar with the Roman as well as the 
aspect of the act was theological, not Jewish laws, drew up a code which was 
political; but the royalists chose to in- substituted for Cotton s in 1641. The first 
terpret it otherwise, and it was one of article of this code provided that the 
the reasons for tyrannical action towards rights of person and property vested in the 
the colony when orders were issued to citizen should be inviolate, except by ex- 
the authorities of Massachusetts to pro- press law, or, in default of that, by the 
duce their charter before the privy conn- " Word of God." Governor Winthrop did 
cil in England. At a Court of Assistants not approve of Mr. Ward s adaptation of 
at Boston complaint was made of the Greek and Roman laws. He thought it 
mutilation of the standard, for trouble better that the laws should be taken from 
with the home government w^as antici- the Scriptures rather than "on the au- 
pated. The ensign-bearer was summoned thority of the wisdom and justice of those 
before the court. Afterwards the assist- heathen commonwealths." The " Body of 
ants met at the governor s house to ad- Liberties " compiled by Mr. Ward was 
vise about the defacing, and it was agreed really the first constitution of Massa- 
to write to England about the matter. chusetts Bay. 

Endicott was, after three months longer In 1651 Roger Williams and John 

deliberation, called to answer for the act. Clarke were appointed agents to seek in 

131 



MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF 




England a confirmation of the Ehode who gave evidence of repentance and 
Island charter. Before their departure, faith; and that only such visible believers 
Mr. Clarke, with Mr. Crandall and Oba- constituted the Church of Christ on the 
cliah Holmes, delegates from the Baptist earth. The ministers evaded the trial. 
Church in Newport, visited an aged Bap- Some of Clarke s friends paid his fine, and 
tist brother in Lynn, Mass., who was too he was released. Crandall, fined $25, was 
feeble to attend public worship. On a released at the same time; but Holmes, a 
Sunday morning they ventured to give recent convert to Anabaptism, and lately 

excommunicated, who was fined 
$150, had more of the martyr 
spirit. As he left the bar the 
pastor (John Wilson) struck him 
and cursed him because he said, 
" I bless God I am counted 
worthy to suffer for the name of 
Jesus." Some friends offered to 
pay Holmes s fine, but he declined 
it, and was taken to the public 
whipping - post, where he was 
scourged with a three-corded whip, 
with which a stout man gave him 
thirty stripes most vigorously, " the 
man spitting on his hands three 
times." When led away, Holmes 
said to the magistrates, " You have 
struck me with roses," and prayed 
the punishment might not be laid 
to their charge. Two sympathizing 
friends came up to the bleeding 
victim of bigotry and intolerance, 

a public exhortation at the house of and, shaking hands with him, said, " Bless- 
the brother. For this they were arrested, ed be God." They were arrested for " con- 
and carried by force in the afternoon to tempt of authority," fined 40s. each, and 
hear the regular Congregational preacher imprisoned. Holmes returned to Newport, 
(Thomas Cobbett, author of "a large, and lived to old age. 

nervous, and golden discourse " against the Not long afterwards Sir Richard Salton- 
Baptists). The next day they were sent stall, one of the founders of the Massa- 
to Boston, where Clarke was sentenced to chusetts colony, wrote from England to 
pay a fine of $100, or be whipped. One Cotton and W T ilson, ministers in Boston, 
charge against him was that he neglected saying: "It doth not a little grieve my 
to take off his hat when he was forced spirit to hear what sad things are reported 
into the Congregational meeting-house at daily of your tyranny and persecution in 
Lynn. In a sermon just before Clarke s New England, as that you fine, whip, and 
trial, John Cotton declared that to deny imprison men for their consciences. First 
the efficacy of infant baptism was " to you compel such to come into your assem- 
overthrow all," and was " soul murder " blies as you know will not join you in your 
a capital offence. So Endicott held in worship, and when they show their dislike 
passing sentence upon the prisoner. He thereof, or witness against it, then you 
charged Clarke with preaching to the weak stir up your magistrates to punish them 
and ignorant, and bade him " try and dis- for such as you conceive their public 
pute with our ministers." offences. Truly, friends, this your practice 

Clarke accepted the challenge, and sent of compelling any, in matters of worship, 
word to the Massachusetts ministers that to do that whereof they arc not fully per- 
he would prove to them that the ordi- suaded is to make them sin, for so the 
nance of baptism that is, dipping in water apostle (Rom. xiv., 23) tells us; and many 
was to be administered only to those are made hypocrites thereby, conforming 

132 



v 



THE PROVINCE HOUSE, RESIDK.VCE OP THE ROYAL GOVERNORS 
OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF 



in their outward man for fear of pun 
ishment. . . . These rigid ways have 
laid you very low in the hearts of the 
saints." 

King Charles I. now began to interfere 
with the political independence of the 
colony. He demanded the surrender of the 
charter to the crown; the order was 
evaded, and, by erecting fortifications and 
drilling troops, the colonists prepared to 
resist it. During the civil war the colony 
was quiet, but on the restoration of the 
Stuarts in 1CGO (see CHARLES II.) the 
government of England claimed supreme 
jurisdiction in Massachusetts. A commis 
sioner was sent to England in 1662, and 
obtained a confirmation of the charter and 
a conditional promise of amnesty for 
offenders during the late troubles between 
royalty and the people. Charles II. de- 



setts, and a concession of the elective fran 
chise to every man having a competent 
estate. 

There was a diversity of sentiment in 
the colony respecting these demands, some 
acquiescing, some opposing; and in 1664 
commissioners arrived in Boston to in 
vestigate the affairs of the colony. The 
colonial authorities published an order 
prohibiting any complaints to be made to 
the commissioners, and addressed a remon 
strance to the King. The commissioners, 
unable to do anything, finally withdrew. 
The King reproved Massachusetts, and 
ordered the governor and others to appear 
before him. They refused to go, and much 
trouble was expected. A more serious 
trouble awaited them. The colony was 
severely scourged by KING PHILIP S WAR 
(q. v.) in 1675-76. The Indians destroyed 




ANCIENT MAP OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 

manded the repeal of all laws contrary to a dozen towns, 6,000 houses, and 600 of 
his authority, the taking of an oath of the inhabitants, in their homes or in the 
allegiance, the administration of justice little army. Of the men, one in twenty 
in the King s name, the complete toleration had fallen, and of the families, one in 
of the Church of England in Massachu- twenty was homeless; and the cost of the 

133 



MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OP 




GOVERNOR ANDROS IX BOSTON. 



war was over $500,000 enormous at that 
time. 

The royal pretensions to rule the col 
ony were renewed after the war, though 
England had not furnished a man or a 
farthing to carry it on, but these were 
spurned. In 1680 a committee of the 
privy council, at the suit of the heirs of 
Gorges, denied the right of Massachusetts 
to New Hampshire and Maine. Mas 



sachusetts purchased the title to the latter 
(nee MAINE), and the former became an 
independent province (see NEW HAMP 
SHIRE). In 1684 the high court of chan 
cery in England gave judgment in favor of 
the crown against the Governor and Com 
pany of Massachusetts, and the charter 
was declared forfeited. Joseph Dudley 
was appointed royal governor, the General 
Assembly, or Court, was dissolved, and a 



134 



MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF 

new commission superseded the charter aid, tax, tollage, assessment, custom, loan, 
government. Edmund Andros succeeded benevolence, or imposition whatsoever, 
Dudley, Dec. 20, 1686, when that tyran- shall be laid, assessed, imposed, or levied 
nical ruler and his pliant council pro- on any of their Majesties subjects, or 
ceeded to make laws and levy taxes with- their estates, on any pretence whatsoever, 
out the consent of the people. The people but by the act and consent of the govern- 
submitted with impatience. They were re- or council, and representatives of the 
lieved by the expulsion (1G88) of the last people assembled in General Court." 
Muart king from the throne of England About this time the Salem witchcraft de- 
(see JAMES II.), and early in 1689 the lusion fearfully disturbed the colony for 
men of Boston imprisoned Andros, rein- six months. The province was smitten by 
stated the old government, and sent the French and Indian invaders in 1703-4, and 
ex-royal governor to England (see ANDROS, war was waged with the Indians in 1722 
SIR EDMUND). In the intercolonial war and 1725. 

between France and England in 1690 Mas- The controversies carried on through 
sachusetts participated, and to pay the ex- pamphlets in discussions of the subjects 
ptnses the colony first issued paper money, of paper money, the small-pox, and the 
In 1692 a new charter was given to quarrels between the governor (Shute) 
Massachusetts, by which New Plymouth and the representatives, had exhibited so 
was united with it. By its terms the much freedom that James Franklin was 
colony of Plymouth, the provinces of encouraged to set up a newspaper at Bos- 
Maine and Nova Scotia, as far north as ton, called the New Eitf/lmid Coura)il. 
the St. Lawrence River, and all the conn- The first number was dated Aug. 6, 1721. 
try between them, were added to the old It was designed as a medium of public dis- 
province of Massachusetts; also the Eliza- cussion, to take the place of pamphlets, 
beth Islands and the islands of Nantucket and was the first newspaper in America 
and Martha s Vineyard. The governor, that aspired to this eminence. Its free- 
lieutenant-governor, and colonial secretary dom of speech made the authorities un- 
w ere appointed by the crown. The charter easy; and one of its articles, in relation 
gave the governor the power to convene to the fitting-out of a vessel to cruise 
and dissolve the General Court, and a veto against pirates, was construed as contempt 
(it all its acts. The councillors first ap- of the General Court, for which Franklin 
pointed by the crown were afterwards to was imprisoned. His brother Benjamin, 
be annually elected by the House of Repre- then a youth of sixteen, published in it 
sentatives and the existing council; but some mild essays on religious hypocrisy, 
of the twenty-eight thus chosen the gov- which gave greater offence. It was 
ernor might reject thirteen. The advice charged that the paper had a "tendency 
and consent of the council were necessary to mock religion"; that it profanely 
to all appointments and official acts, abused the Holy Scriptures; injuriously 
Under this charter the theocracy which reflected upon the ministers of the Gospel 
had ruled Massachusetts with rigor lost and " on his Majesty s government," and 
nearly all its power. Toleration was-ex- disturbed the peace and good order of the 
pressly secured to all religious sects, ex- province. James Franklin was forbidden 
cepting the Roman Catholic. The right to publish a newspaper, pamphlet, or any- 
of suffrage, limited by the old government thing else unless it should be approved 
to church members and a few persons ad- and licensed by the colonial secretary, 
milted as freemen on a minister s certifi- This order was evaded by -the Courant 
cate, was now bestowed on all inhabitants being published in the name of his 
possessing a freehold of the annual value brother Benjamin, but the caution neces- 
of $6.66, or personal property to the sary to be used made contributors shy. 
amount of $133.33. They gradually ceased to write, and the 

In 1692, after the receipt of the new paper, losing interest, finally perished for 
charter, the General Court passed an act lack of support. Such was the fate of 
which was a declaration of the rights of the first nominally free press in America, 
the colony. Among the general privileges The colony was involved in war with its 
which it asserted, it declared that " No French neighbors in 1744, in consequence 

135 



MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF 



of a war between France and England. 
In that war Massachusetts contributed 
largely in men and means to the capture 
of Louisburg (1745), and in attempts to 
conquer Canada. She also bore her part in 
the French and Indian War; and in the 
opposition to the Stamp Act and other 
schemes of the British Parliament for tax 
ing the English-American colonists, Massa 
chusetts took a leading part. 

Eecent acts of Parliament for taxing 
the Americans caused the Massachusetts 



that your Parliament, the rectitude of 
whose intentions is never to be questioned, 
has thought proper to pass divers acts 
imposing taxes on your subjects in Ameri 
ca, with the sole and express purpose of 
raising a revenue." "If your Majesty s 
subjects here shall be deprived of the 
honor and privilege of voluntarily con 
tributing their aid to your Majesty," they 
continued, " in supporting your govern 
ment and authority in the province, and 
defending and securing your rights and 




: :-- : 
;-. .-. 



THE STATE -HOUSE. BOSTON, MASS. 



Assembly, in January, 1768, to send to 
the King a petition which combined, tem 
perately, the spirit of liberty and of 
loyalty. In it was set forth a brief his 
tory of the colony of Massachusetts; the 
franchise guaranteed by their charter; ex 
pressed the happiness of the colonists 
while in the enjoyment of these chartered 
privileges; spoke of the obedience to acts 
of Parliament not inconsistent with these 
chartered rights, and said: "It is with 
the deepest concern that your humble sup 
pliants would represent to your Majesty 



territories in America, which they have 
always hitherto done with the greatest 
cheerfulness, their liberties would be in 
danger." They declared that if Parlia 
ment intended to lay taxes upon them 
without their consent, the people " must 
regret their unhappy fate in having only 
the name left of free subjects." " With 
all humility," they continued, " we con 
ceive that a representation of this prov 
ince in Parliament, considering these local 
circumstances, is utterly impracticable. 
Your Majesty has heretofore been gra- 



136 



MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF 

ciously pleased to order your requisitions assemblies glowed with sympathy and as- 
to be laid before the representatives of the surances of co - operation. When it was 
people in the General Assembly, who never known that British troops had been or- 
failed to afford the necessary aid to the dered to Boston, a town-meeting was held 
extent of their ability, and sometimes be- and a request sent to Governor Bernard 
yond it; and it would be ever grievous to to convene the Provincial Assembly. He 
your Majesty s faithful subjects to be refused, and a convention of delegates from 
called upon in a way that should appear all the towns in the province was provided 
to them to imply a distrust of their most for. Delegates from more than 100 towns 
ready and willing compliance." They met, Sept. 22, at Boston, ostensibly " in 
closed by humbly asking the King to con- consequence of prevailing apprehensions 
sider their situation and to afford them of a war with France." This was a mere 
relief from the oppression of the Par- pretext. They ordered all persons not al- 
liament. With this petition went to Eng- ready in possession of fire-arms to procure 
land letters of leading statesmen, urging them at once; and they appointed a day 
the rights of the province. of fasting and prayer to be observed by 
The General Court which met Dec. 30, all Congregational societies. The conven- 
1767, having appointed a large committee tion petitioned the governor to summon a 
to consider the state of the province, general court. He refused to receive the 
adopted (Feb. 11, 1768) a circular let- petition, and denounced the convention as 
ter, which was addressed to the speakers treasonable. They proceeded cautiously, 
of the various colonial assemblies, invit- All pretensions to political authority were 
ing co-operation and mutual consultation expressly disclaimed. They prepared and 
concerning the defence of colonial rights, adopted a petition to the King, and a let- 
Tins letter embodied the sentiments of the ter to De Berdt, agent for the provinces 
petition to the King above mentioned. It in England, charging him to defend the 
gave great offence to the ministry. When colony against accusations of sedition or 
it reached them, Lord Hillsborough, sec- a rebellious spirit. Such was the begin- 
retary of the state for the colonies, sent ning of the system of conventions which, 
instructions to the governor (Bernard) to in a few years, assumed the whole political 
call upon the Assembly to rescind the authority of the colonies. The convention 
letter, and, in the event of non-compliance, adjourned after a four days session, and 
to dissolve that body. It was then the the day after the adjournment troops 
most numerous legislature in America, from Halifax arrived. 

consisting of 109 members. Instead of On March 5, 1774, John Hancock and 
complying with the governor s demand, Samuel Adams spoke to a great meeting 
they made the instructions of Hillsborough of citizens in Faneuil Hall. The former 
a fresh cause of complaint against the said: "Permit me to suggest a general 
ministry. " When Lord Hillsborough congress of deputies from the several 
knows," said Otis in the Assembly, " that Houses of Assembly on the continent as 
we will not rescind our acts, he should the most effectual method of establishing 
apply to Parliament to rescind theirs, a union for the security of our rights and 
Let Britons rescind these measures, or liberties." Samuel Adams said: ".It will 
they are lost forever." The House re- be in vain for any to expect that the peo- 
fused to rescind by a vote of 92 to 17. pie of this country will now be content- 
In a letter to the governor notifying him ed with a partial and temporary relief, or 
of their non - compliance, the Assembly that they will be amused by Court promises 
said, " If the votes of this House are to while they see not the least relaxation of 
be controlled by the directions of a minis- grievances. By means of a brisk corre- 
ter, we have left us but a vain semblance spondence among the several towns in this 
of liberty." The governor proceeded to province they have wonderfully animated 
dissolve the Assembly; but before that and enlightened each other. They are 
was accomplished they had prepared a united in sentiments, and their opposition 
series of accusations against him and a to unconstitutional measures of govern- 
petition to the King to remove him. The ment is become systematical. Colony be- 
answers to the circular letter from other gins to communicate freely with colony. 

137 



MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF 

There is a common affection among them; no obedience was due from the inhabitants 

and shortly the whole continent will be of Massachusetts to the obnoxious act of 

as united in sentiment and in their meas- Parliament, nor to any of the crown offi- 

ures of opposition to tyranny as the in- cers acting under it; that, as there was no 

habitants of this province. Their old council, and as Governor Gage was actu- 

good - will and affection for the parent ally carrying on war against the people, 

country are not totally lost; if she re- they recommended an election of repre- 

turns to her former moderation and good- sentatives to an assembly that should ap- 

humor, their affection will revive. They point councillors, and that this body or 

wish for nothing more than a permanent the councillors should exercise the powers 

union with her upon the condition of of government until a governor should be 

equal liberty. This is all they have been appointed who would consent to govern 

contending for; and nothing short "of the colony according to the charter. This 

this will, or ought to, satisfy them." This was done. James Warren, president of 

was the ultimatum of Massachusetts. the Provincial Congress, was authorized 

An act for remodelling the government to issue writs for an election. The sum- 

of Massachusetts was put in force on mons was readily obeyed. A full house 

Aug. 1, 1774, and under it Governor Gage convened on July 20, and Warren was 

appointed a council by writ of mandamus, chosen speaker. A council was elected, 

Most of those appointed accepted the and the two branches proceeded to legisla- 

office and were sworn in. They became tion, under the charter, 

at once objects of bitter public odium. On May 1, 1776, the General Court of 

The new government was denounced Massachusetts passed " an act for estab- 

vehemently, and in some parts of the lishing the Stile of Commissions which 

province with violence. The " mandamus shall hereafter be Issued and for Altering 

councillors " were treated as enemies of the Stile of writs, Processes, and all Law 

their country by the patriots. In Boston, proceedings within this colony, and for 

juries refused to serve, lest by consenting directing pene Recognizances to the Use of 

to act they should recognize the authority this Government shall for the future be 

of the new government. It was not long taken and prosecuted." The act went on 

before most of the " mandamus council- to say that, " Whereas, the Petitions of 

lors " were compelled to take shelter under the United Colonies to the King had been 

a resignation to escape popular resent- rejected and treated with scorn and con- 

ment. tempt, and the evident design of the gov- 

At the close of 1774, political power in ernment was to reduce the colonies to a 
Massachusetts was widely distributed, so state of servile subjection," it was there- 
that it was felt in every nerve of the body fore decreed that, " on and after the first 
politic. There was a Provincial Congress day of June next ensuing, all Civil Corn- 
having the general and supreme direction missions, Writs, and Precepts for conven- 
of public affairs. The efforts of this body ing the General Court or Assembly " 
were zealously seconded in every town by should thereafter be made out " in the 
a committee of safety, vested with gen- name and Stile of the Government and 
eral executive powers, a committee of cor- People of the Massachusetts Bay in New 
respondence, and a committee of inspec- England." Also, all the officers of the 
tion. The duty of the latter was to look colony, civil and military, should receive 
after and enforce the observance of the their authority from the same source, 
requirements of the AMERICAN ASSOCIA- This placed the supreme authority of 
TION ( q. v. ) . Massachusetts, de facto and de jure, in the 

The Provincial Congress of Massachu- chosen representatives of the people. It 

setts wrote to the Continental Congress, was an absolute declaration of indopcn- 

May 16, 1775, setting forth the difficulties clence. 

they experienced for the want of a regular The doctrine of State supremacy had a 
government, since the act of Parliament strong hold upon the political opinions of 
that was intended to subvert their charter, New England, and particularly of Massa- 
and asking for explicit advice in the mat- chusetts, and it was restless under the as 
ter. The Congress resolved (June 9) that sumption of supreme power by the na- 

138 



MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OP 



tional government in the War of 1812-15. 
In his message to the legislature, May 20, 
1813, Governor Strong defended the right 
of free discussion of the great question of 
the day peace or war with C4reat Brit 
ain. The peace party powerfully influenced 
public opinion in Massachusetts, and, fol 
lowing the message of the governor, the 
legislature agreed to a remonstrance, in 
which they denounced the perseverance in 
war, and declared that, for aught that ap 
peared, the questions at issue might be 
adjusted by peaceful negotiations. 

The politicians of the State were chiefly 
instrumental in getting up the HARTFORD 
CONVENTION ( g. v. ) , and George Cabot, 
of Massachusetts, was its president. In 
1820 the District of Maine was separated 
from Massachusetts, and admitted into the 
Union as a State. During the Civil War 
Massachusetts furnished to the National 
army and navy 159,165 men, and the losses 
were 3,749 killed in battle, 9,086 who died 
from wounds or disease, 15,645 discharged 
for disability contracted in the service, 
and 5,866 not accounted for. The State ex 
pended on account of the war $30,162,200. 
In 1890 the population was 2,238,943; in 
1900, 2,805,346. See ADAMS, SAMUEL 
(Protest against Taxation) ; UNITED 
STATES, MASSACHUSETTS, in vol. ix. 

GOVERNORS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS COLONIES. 

PLYMOUTH COLONY, ELKCTKD. 



GOVERNORS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS COLONIES 
Continued. 

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. 



Name. 


Term. 


John Carver 


1620 to 1621 


William Bradford 


1621 " 1633 


Edward Winslow 


1633 " 1634 


Thomas Prince 


1634 1635 


William Bradford 


1635 1636 


Edward Winslow - 


1636 1637 


William Bradford 


1637 1638 


Thomas Prince 


1638 1639 


William Bradford 


1639 1644 


Edward Winslow 


1644 " 1645 


William Bradford 


1645 " 1657 


Thomas Prince 


1657 1673 


Josiah Winslow 


1673 1681 


Thomas Hinklev 


1681 1686 


Sir Edmund Andros, governor-general.... 
Thomas Hinkley 


1686 1689 
1689 1692 


MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. 




Name. 


Term. 


John Endicott (acting) 


1629 to 1630 


Matthew Cradock (did not serve) 




John Winthrop .... 


1630 " 1634 


Thomas Dudley 


1634 " 1635 


John Haynes 


1635 " lf>36 


Henrv Vane 


1636 1637 


John Winthrop 


1637 1640 


Thomas Dudley 


1640 1641 


Richard Bellingham 


1641 1642 


John Winthrop 


1642 1644 



Name. 


Term. 




1644 t 
1645 
1646 
1649 
1650 
1651 
1654 
1655 
1665 
1673 
1679 
1684 
1686 
1689 


1645 
1646 
1649 
1650 
1651 
1654 
1655 
1665 
1673 
1679 
1684 
1686 
1689 
1692 








Thomas Dudley .. 


John Eudicott 


Richard Bellingham 


John Endicott 


Richard Bellingham 


John Leverett 


Simon Bradstreet 


Joseph Dudley, president 


Sir Edmund Andros, governor-general.... 
Thomas Danforlh (acting) 



GOVERNORS OF MASSACHUSETTS APPOINTED BY 
THE KING UNDER THE SECOND CHARTER. 



Name. 



Sir William Phipps 

William Stouphton 

Richard Coote, Earl of Bellamont. 

William Stoughton 

The Council 

Joseph Dudley 

The Counci 1 

Joseph Dudley 

William Taller 

Samuel Shute 

William Dummer . 

William Burnet . 

William Dummer 

W i I Mam Taller 

Jonathan Belcher 

William Shirley , 

Spencer Phipps , 

William Shirley 

Spencer Phipps , 

The Council 

Thomas Pownall 

Thomas Hutchinson 

Sir Francis Bernard 

Thomas Hutchinson 



The Council. 



Term. 



1692 to 1694 
1694 " 1699 

1699 " 1700 

1700 " 1701 
1101 " 1702 
1702 " 1715 

Feb. to March, 1715 
March to Nov., 1715 

1715 to 1716 

1716 " 1723 
1723 " 1728 

July, 1728, to Sept., 1729 

1729 to June, 1730 

June to Aug., 1730 

1730 to 1741 

1741 " 1749 

1749 " 1753 

1153 " 1756 

1756 " 1767 
April to Aug., 1757 

1757 to 1760 
June to Aug., 1760 

1760 to 1769 
1769 " 1771 
1771 " 1774 
1774 " 1780 



GOVERNORS UNDER THE STATE CONSTITUTION. 



Name. 


Party. 


Term. 






1780 to 1785 






1785 " 1787 






1787 to Oct 1793 






1793 to 1794 


U t( 




1794 " 1797 






1797 to June 1799 






1799 to 1800 




Federal. 


1800 " 1807 




Dem. Rep. 


1807 to Dec., 1808 




ti 


1808 to 1809 


Christopher Gore 
Elbridge Gerrv 


Federal. 
Dem. Rep. 


1809 " 1810 
1810 " 1812 




Federal 


1812 " 1816 




tt 


1816 " 1823 


William Eustis 


Dem. Rep. 


1823 to Feb., 1825 




<t 


Feb. to July, 1825 




Democrat. 


1825 to 1834 




Whig. 


1834 to March, 1835 


Samuel T. Armstrong. 


it 
a 


March, 1835, to 1836 
1836 to 1840 


Marcus Morton 


Democrat. 


1840 " 1841 




Whig. 


1841 " 1843 


Marcus Morton .... 


Democrat. 


1843 " 1844 


George N. Rriggs. .... 
George S. Boutwell . . 
John H Clifford 


Whig. 
Dem. & F. S. 
Whig. 


1844 " 1851 
1851 " 1853 
1853 " 1854 


Kmory Washburn .... 
Henry J. Gardner 
Nathaniel P. Banks... 


it 

Republican. 
tt 


1854 " 1855 
1855 " 1858 
1858 " 1861 



139 



MASSASOIT 



Continued. 


Name. 


Party. 


Term. 




Republican. 
ii 

u 
u 
t 1 
Democrat. 

Republican. 
ii 

ii 

Dem. & Ind. 
Republican. 

u 
it 

Democrat. 

Republican. 

tt 

14 

( l 

Democrat. 


1861 t 
1866 
1869 
1872 to S 
May to I 
1875 t 
1876 
1879 
1880 
1883 
1884 
1887 
1890 
1891 
1894 
1897 
1 JOO 
1903 
1905 


o 1866 
1869 
1872 
lay, 1874 
ec., 1874 
o 1876 
1879 
1880 
1883 
1884 
1887 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1897 
1900 
1903 
1905 
1907 


Alexander H. Bullock. 
William Claflin 


William B. Washburn. 
Thomas Talbot 


William Gastou 


Alexander H. Rice 
Thomas Talbot .... 


John D Long . ... 


Benjamin F. Butler... 
George D. Robinson.. 


John Q. A. Bracken.. 
William E. Russell.... 
Fred. T. Greenbalge. . 
Roger Wolcott 


W. Murray Crane 
John L. Bates 


William L. Douglas.. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 



GOVERNORS UNDER THE STATE CONSTITUTION- disease, which left only 300 persons alive. 

On March 15, 1621, Massasoit appeared at 
New Plymouth with sixty of his followers, 
armed and painted, prepared for peace or 
war. Edward Winslow had been sent 
with Squanto (see NEW PLYMOUTH) to 
meet him with presents from the govern 
or, while Captain Standish, with several 
musketeers, remained a little behind. 
Leaving Winslow behind as a hostage, 
Massasoit approached with twenty armed 
warriors, and met Standish at a divid 
ing brook. The dusky people were taken 
to a building where a rug and cushions 
were prepared for the king and his cour 
tiers, and there, sitting in state, he re 
ceived Governor Carver, who came with a 
braying trumpet and beaten drum. Squanto 
acted as interpreter. A treaty of peace 
and amity was concluded, which was never 
broken by either party while Massasoit 
lived. The old sachem sent messengers to 
179G other tribes, inviting them to come and 
make peace with the white people. 

In the summer of 1621, Governor Brad 
ford sent two envoys (Winslow and Hop 
kins) to Massasoit, at Pokanoket, near 
Narraganset Bay, 40 miles from Plymouth. 
1817 They were kindly received by the king, 
who renewed the covenant with the Eng 
lish. When he had taken the ambassa 
dors into his dwelling, heard their mes- 
1826 sage, and received presents from them, he 
^ on ^ ne horseman s scarlet coat which 
1840 they had given him, and a chain about his 
neck, which made his people " proud to be- 
1850 hold their king so bravely attired." Hav 
ing given a friendly answer to their mes 
sage, he addressed his people who had 
gathered around him, saying, "Am not 
1 Massasoit, commander of the country 
around you? Is not such a town mine, 
and the people of it? Will you not bring 
your skins to the English?" After this 
manner he named at least thirty places, 
and all gave their assent and applause. 
At the close of his speech he lighted to 
bacco for the envoys, and proceeded to dis- 

of the Wampanoag course about England, declaring that he 

Indians; born in "the present limits of was " King James s man," and expressing 
Massachusetts about 1580. His domain his wonder how the King could live witli- 
extended from Cape Cod to Narraganset out a wife (for the Queen was then dead). 
Bay. At one time his tribe numbered 30,- Massasoit had just returned home, and 
000 souls, but just before the arrival of had no food to offer the envoys, who craved 
the Mayflower they had almost been swept rest by sleep. " He laid us," wrote one of 
from t ne face of the earth by a malignant them, " on a bed with himself and his 

140 



Name. 


No. of Congress. 


Term. 




1 

1st t 
2d 
4lh 
4th 
6 
6th 
6th 
8th 
8th 
10th 
12th 
13th 
14th 
15th 
15th 
16th 
17th 
19th 
20th 
24th 
26th 
26th 
29th 
29th 
31 
31 
32d t 
3; 
3! 
33d t 

43d 
^ 

44th t 
45th 
53d 
58th 


3t 

o 4th 
4th 
6th 
5th 
h 
o 7th 
7th 
10th 
llth 
12th 
14th 
14th 
15th 
16th 
17th 
19th 
19th 
23d 
26th 
26th 
28th 
28th 
31st 
32d 
st 
st 
o 43d 
id 
!d 
o 42d 
44th 
!d 
D S2d 
58th 

; ___ 


1789 t 
1789 
1791 
1796 
1796 
1799 
1800 
1800 
1803 
1803 
1808 
1811 
1813 
1816 
1818 
1817 
1820 
1822 
1826 
1827 
1835 
1841 
1841 
1845 
1845 
18 
18 
1851 t 
1853 
18 
1855 t 
1873 
18 
1875 t 
1877 
1893 
1904 


o 1791 
179G 
179G 
1800 
1798 
1800 
1803 
1803 
1808 
1811 
1813 
1817 
1816 
1818 
1820 
1822 
1827 
1826 
1835 
1841 
1840 
1845 
1845 
1850 
1853 
50 
51 
3 1874 
1 1854 
54 
o 1873 
1877 
74 
o 1893 
1904 

1 T 
1 __ 








Theodore Sedgwick 


Samuel Dexter 






John Quincy Adams 


Timothy Pickering 


James Lloyd, Jr 




Eli P Ashmun 




Harrison Grav Otis 


Elijah H. Mills 




Nathaniel Silsbee .... 


Daniel Webster 


John Davis 


Rufus Choate 


Isaac C. Bates 


Daniel Webster 


John Davis 


Robert C. Winthrop 


Eobert Rantoul Jr 


Charles Sumner 


Edward Everett 


Julius Rockwell 


Henry Wilson 


George S Boutwell 


William B. Washburu 
Henry L. Dawes 




Henry Cabot Lodge 
Wiuthrop VI Crane 





Massasoit, 



king 



MATANZAS MATHER 




MASSASOIT S LODGE. 



wife they at the one 
end and we at the 
other; it being only 
planks laid a foot 
from the ground, and 
a thin mat upon them. 
Two more of his chief 
men, for want of 
room, pressed by and 
upon us, so that we 
were more wearied of 
our lodging than of 
our journey." 

In 1623, when Mas- 
sasoit was very sick, 
Winslow again visited 
him, and, in gratitude 
for the attention of the 
Englishman, the 
sachem revealed a plot 
of the Indians to de 
stroy the white people. 
Thirteen years later, 
when Eoger Williams, 
banished from Massa 
chusetts, was making 
his way towards Nar- 
raganset Bay, he was 
kindly entertained by Massasoit for sev- but were driven off with a loss of twenty 
eral weeks. A contemporary writer says men. 

the Wampanoag king was "a portly man Matchett, CHARLES HORATIO, socialist; 
in his best years; grave of counte- born in Needham, Mass., May 15, 1843; 
nance and spare of speech." He left two has been an active member of the Knights 
sons - of Labor and of the Socialist Labor party. 

Matanzas, a seaport of Cuba, on the He has been the candidate of his party 
bay of Matanzas, about 50 miles east of for governor of New York, Vice-President 
HaA ana. It was one of the first places of the United States (1802), and Presi- 
to be blockaded by the United States at dent of the United States (1896). 
the beginning of the war with Spain. Mather, COTTON, clergyman; born in 
Here, on April 27, 1898, a reconnoissance Boston, Feb. 12, 1663; was one of the 
was ordered in force for the purpose of most notable of the early New England 
locating the Spanish batteries, ascertain- divines. He graduated at Harvard in 
ing their number, and preventing the com- 1678, was employed several years in teach- 
pletion of additional fortifications. The ing, and was ordained a minister in May, 
Puritan, Cincinnati, and Neio York ran 1684, as colleague of his father, Dr. In- 
into the bay and opened fire upon a new crease Mather. The doctrine of special 
earthwork, which was struck by the third providence he carried to excess. He was 
shot. The Spaniards replied without hit- credulous and superstitious, and believed 
ting a ship. The Americans fired eighty- he was doing God service by witch-hunt- 
six shots at ranges varying from 4,000 to ing. His Wonders of the Invisible World 
Ll,000 yards, and the Spaniards fired (1692) gives an account of the trials of 
twelve. There were no casualties on the witchcraft. In 1700 he published More 
American side, and the Spanish reported Wonders, and seems never to have relin- 
that the only damage done them was the quished his belief in witches and witch- 
death of a mule. During the action a craft. Aside from this peculiarity, he was 
Cuban force approached to attack the city, a most sincere, earnest, indefatigable 

141 



MATHER MATTHEWS 




COTTON MATHER. 



Christian worker, engaging in every good at Harvard College in 1723; became col- 
work; and he was the first to employ the league pastor of the Old North Church, 
press extensively in this country in the Boston. Later he left that church with a 
dissemination of tracts treating of tern- number of its members and founded a 
perance, religion, and social morals. He separate congregation in the same city, 
preached and wrote for sailors, Indians, His publications include Life of Cotton 

Mather; Apology for the Liberties of the 
Churches in Neio England; America 
Known to the Ancients, etc. He died in 
Boston, Mass., June 27, 1785. 

Matlack, TIMOTHY, patriot; born in 
Haddonfield, N. J., in 1730; was a mem 
ber of the Society of Friends, or " Fight 
ing Quakers," as the members of the 
society were called who took an active 
part in the Revolutionary War, like Gen 
eral Mifflin. Matlack was most active in 
every patriotic movement from the time 
of the Stamp Act until the end of the 
war, serving in the councils of the inchoate 
nation and as colonel of a Pennsylvania 
battalion of troops. He was in the civil 
service of Pennsylvania after the war, and 
in all places was distinguished for thor 
ough uprightness. He died near Holmes- 
burg, Pa., April 15, 1829. 

Matteson, TOMPKINS HARRISON, artist; 

and negroes. The number of his publish- born in Peterboro, N. Y., May 9, 1813; 
ed works issued between 1686 and 1727 studied art from boyhood; became an as- 
was 382. He died in Boston, Feb. 13, 1728. sociate of the National Academy of Design 
Mather, INCREASE, clergyman; born in in New York City in 1847. His paintings 
Dorchester, Mass., June 21, 1639; was edu- include Spirit of 76; The First Sabbath of 
cated at Harvard and Dublin universi- the Pilgrims; Examination of a Witch; 
ties, and returned to Boston in 1661. He Perils of the Early Colonists; Eliot 
was president of Harvard University from Preaching to the Indians; First Prayer in 
1685 to 1701. He Avas an energetic and Congress. He died in Sherbourne, N. Y., 
patriotic public man; was sent to Eng- Feb. 2, 1884. 

land to obtain redress of grievances; and Matthews, EDWARD, military officer; 
returned in 1692 with a new charter, and born in England in 1729. In 1746 he was 
invested with the power to nominate a an ensign in the Coldstream Guards, and 
governor, lieutenant-governor, and council before he came to America, in 1776, 
for Massachusetts. Dr. Mather opposed was a colonel and aide-de-camp to the 
the violent measures promoted by his son, King. He commanded a brigade of the 
COTTON, against persons accused of witch- Guards, with the rank of brigadicr-gen- 
craft. He wrote a History of the War eral, in the attack on Fort Washington. 
with the Indians and many other books J n May, 1779, General Clinton sent 2,000 
and pamphlets. He died in Boston, Aug. m en from New York, under General 
2,5, 1723. Matthews, to plunder the coast of Vir- 

Mather, RICHARD, clergyman; born in ginia. He entered the Elizabeth River 
England in 1596; emigrated to America on transports, escorted by a squadron of 
in 1635; pastor of the Dorchester Church, armed vessels under Sir George Collier, 
1636-69. He drew up the celebrated Cam- on May 9. They plundered and spread 
bridge Platform of Discipline. He died in desolation on both sides of the river 
Dorchester, Mass., April 22, 1669. to Norfolk. They seized that city, then 

Mather, SAMUEL, clergyman; born in rising from its ashes and enjoying a con- 
Boston, Mass., Oct. 30, 1705; graduated siderable trade, and also Portsmouth, op- 

142 



MATTHEWS MAUBILA 

posite. These were the chief places of and is author of The Theatres of France; 

deposit of Virginia agricultural produc- French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Cen- 

tions, especially tobacco. They captured tury ; Secret of the Sea and Other Stories; 

and burned not less than 130 merchant Pen- and Ink; A Family Tree and Other 

vessels in the James and Elizabeth rivers, Stories; Introduction to the Study of 

an unfinished Continental frigate on the American Literature; Tales of Fantasy 

stocks at Portsmouth, and eight ships-of- and Fact; Aspect of Fiction; The Drcn/u- 

\var on the stocks at Gosport, a short (.iown of the Japanese Ambassador; His 

distance above Portsmouth, where the Vir- Father s Son, etc. Mr. Matthews was one 

ginians had established a navy-yard. So of the founders of the Authors Club, and 

sudden and powerful was the attack, that one of the organizers of the American 

very little resistance was made by Fort Copyright League and the Dunlap So- 

Nelson, below Portsmouth, or by the Vir- ciety. 

ginia militia. Matthews carried away Matthews, STANLEY, jurist; born in 

or destroyed a vast amount of tobacco and Cincinnati, O., July 21, 1824; graduated 

other property, estimated, in the aggre- at Kenyon College in 1840; admitted to 

gate, at $2,000,000. Afterwards he as- the bar of Tennessee in 1845; appointed 

sisted in the capture of Verplanck s and United States attorney for the Southern 

Stony Point. Appointed major-general, he District of Ohio in 1858; commissioned 

was stationed at or near New York, and lieutenant-colonel of the 23d Ohio Regi- 

returned to England in 1780; was com- ment in March, 18G1 ; promoted colonel of 

mander-in-chief of the forces in the West the 57th Ohio in October, 1861; elected 

Indies in 1782, and the next year was gov- judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati 

ernor of Grenada and the Caribbean Isl- in 1873; United States Senator in 1876; 

amis. In 1797 he became a general. He appointed justice of the Supreme Court 

died in Hants, England, Dee. 26, 1805. of the United States in 1881. He died in 

Matthews, GEORGE, military officer; Washington, D. C., March 22, 1889. 

born in Augusta county, Va., in 1739: led Maubila, BATTLE OF. At Choctaw 

a company in the battle of Point Pleas- Bluff, in Clarke county, Ala., about 25 

ant. and was colonel of the 9th Virginia miles above the confluence of the Alabama 

Regiment in the Revolutionary War. Made and Tombigbee rivers, was a strong Indian 

a prisoner at the battle of Germantown, town, the capital of Tuscaloosa, the head 

he was a captive in a prison-ship until of the Mobilian tribes. Tuscaloosa was 

exchanged, late in 1781, when he joined gigantic in stature, and was called the 

Greene s army with his regiment. After Black Warrior. De Soto had led his ma- 

the war he settled in Georgia, and was rauders through the beautiful Coosa coun- 

governor of the State from 1793 to 1796. try, and had, as usual, requited kind 

From 1789 to 1791 he was a member of treatment by treachery and cruelty. He 

Congress. He was afterwa.rds brigadier- made captive the Coosa ruler, and carried 

general of the Georgia militia, with which off men, women, and children in chains as 

he was active in taking possession of slaves. Arriving on the borders of Tus- 

Florida, by order of the President (see caloosa s domain, at the great town of 

FLORIDA), and the capture of AMELIA Tallase, he there released the Coosa chief, 

ISLAND (q. v.). He died in Augusta, Ga., and found the Black Warrior at his tem- 

Aug. 30, 1812. porary residence. He was seated on a 

Matthews, JAMES BRANDER, author; commanding eminence, with beautiful 

born in New Orleans, La., Feb. 21, 1852; mats under his feet, and surrounded by 

graduated at Columbia University in 1871 ; numerous attendants. Forty years of age, 

admitted to the bar in New York in with a handsome face and grave aspect, a 

1873, but never practised: and became head taller than any of his warriors, and 

Professor of Literature in Columbia Uni- lord of many tribes, he was reverenced by 

versity in 1892. HP had devoted much his people and feared by all his neighbors, 

time to the study of the stage, and among and his influence was felt from the Ala- 

his plays are Margery s Lovers, a comedy: bama to the Mississippi River. He re- 

and This Picture and That, a comedy. He ceived De Soto with haughty courtesy, 

is a frequent contributor to periodicals. When a pack-horse was brought, and Tus- 

143 



MAUBILA MAUDUTT DUPLESSIS 



caloosa was requested to mount and ride 
by the side of De Soto, it was evident 
to him that he was really a prisoner of 
the Spaniard, after the manner of other 
caciques who had been held as hostages. 
They crossed the Alabama River a little 
below the site of Selma, and moved on in 
the direction of the sea. 

De Soto discovered signs which made 
him uneasy. Tuscaloosa was in close and 
continual consultation with his principal 
followers, and was constantly sending run 
ners ahead to his capital with messages, 
telling De Soto that he was preparing 
for their honorable reception there. De 
Soto did not believe him, and took meas 
ures against treachery. The Black War 
rior and the Spanish leader rode side by 
side into the Mobilian capital, a large, high- 
palisaded, and walled town, called Mau- 
bila. They were received in a great square 
with songs, the music of flutes, and the 
dancing of Indian girls. There Tusca 
loosa requested not to be held as a hostage 
any longer. De Soto hesitated, when the 
cacique, with proud and haughty step, en 
tered a house. When invited to return, 
he refused, saying, " If your chief knows 
what is best for him, he will immediately 
take his troops out of my country." This 
was followed by a revelation that 10,000 
Indian warriors were in the houses, with 
a vast amount of weapons ; that the old 
women and children had been sent to the 
forests, and that the Indians were talking 
about the proper hour to fall upon the Span 
iards. A greater part of De Soto s army 
was lagging behind at that perilous mo 
ment in fancied security. To postpone at 
tack until his army should come up, De 
Soto approached Tuscaloosa with smiles 
and kind words. The cacique turned 
haughtily away, when a chief came out 
of a house, and denounced the Spaniards 
as robbers and murderers. Gallegos, one 
of De Soto s most powerful warriors, an 
gered by his words, cleft the speaker with 
his heavy sword from his head to his loins. 
The fury of the people was aroused. They 
swarmed from the houses, and by force of 
numbers pushed the invaders out of the 
walled town into the plain, releasing the 
Indian captives, and making them fight 
their late masters. Five Spaniards were 
killed and many wounded in that first en 
counter. 



De Soto himself was wounded, but he 
fought on desperately. At the head of his 
cavalry, he charged upon the Indians, and 
drove them back into their town. They 
rushed to their wall-towers, and hurled 
showers of stones and clouds of arrows 
upon their assailants, which drove them 
back. The Indians rushed out with heavy 
clubs, and there was a fierce hand-to-hand 
fight. Hearing the sounds of battle, De 
Soto s laggards hurried forward, and with 
these fresh troops the Indians were driven 
back into their town, followed by the in 
vaders. A dreadful carnage ensued. The 
Indians fought with all the desperation of 
patriots. Young women, in large numbers, 
fought side by side with the warriors, and 
their blood flowed as freely. At length 
De Soto, at the head of his cavalry, made 
a furious charge into the town, with a 
shout of, " Our Lady and Santiago ! " and 
made fearful lanes in the ranks of fight 
ing men and women. The houses were 
now fired, and the combatants were 
shrouded in blinding smoke. As the sun 
went down, the sights and sounds of the 
slaughter were dreadful. When night fell 
the contest was over. It had raged nine 
hours. Maubila was a smoking ruin, and 
its inhabitants had perished. It was esti 
mated that 11,000 native Alabamians had 
fallen, and De Soto lost eighty-two of his 
men, some of them the flower of Spanish 
chivalry. It is believed that Tuscalooaa 
remained in his house and perished in the 
flames. See DE SOTO. 

Mauduit, ISRAEL, political writer; born 
in Exeter, England, in 1708; was a pros 
perous London merchant; acting agent of 
the province of Massachusetts in England 
in 1763-64, and wrote much in praise of 
the American cause during the Revolution 
ary War. He died June 16, 1787. 

Mauduit Duplessis, THOMAS ANTOINE, 
CHEVALIEB DE, military officer; born in 
Hennebon, France, Sept. 12, 1752. When 
twelve years of age he ran away from 
home, visited the battle-fields of Marathon 
and Thermopylae, and made plans of these 
battles with his own hand. He became an 
artillerist, and served in the Continental 
army of America, first as volunteer aide 
to General Knox. He became a lieuten 
ant-colonel, and behaved with skill and 
bravery at the battles of Brandywine, 
Germantown, Fort Mercer, and Monmouth. 



144 



MATJMEE INDIANS MAXIM GUN 

In 1781 he distinguished himself at the permanent cripple, and he was placed 

siege of Yorktown. After the war he was in charge of the Hydrographic Office at 

stationed at Santo Domingo, where he Washington. On its union with the 

perished by the hands of the revolution- Naval Observatory, in 1844, he became 

ists, March 4, 1791. its superintendent. He made extensive 

Maumee Indians. See MIAMI IND- researches concerning the physical geog- 

IANS. raphy of the sea, and published an in- 

Maumee Bapids, or Fallen Timbers, teresting work on the subject. He also 

BATTLE OF. In northern Ohio, Wayne made extensive investigations regarding 

completely routed 2,000 Indians, on Aug. the Gulf Stream. In 18G1 he resigned 

20, 1794. The Americans lost thirty-three his appointments from the government and 
killed and 100 wounded. The battle ended espoused the cause of the Confederacy, 
the Indian war in the Northwest. See In 1871 he was made president of the 
FALLEN TIMBERS. University of Alabama. He died in Lex- 

Maurepas, JEAN FREDERIC PHELY- ington, Va., Feb. 1, 1873. 

PEAUX, COUNT DE, statesman ; born in Ver- Maury, SARAH MYTTON, author ; born 

sailles, France, July 9, 1701; was minister in Liverpool, England, Nov. 1, 1803; was 

of state in 1738, and one of the ablest educated there; came to the United States 

statesmen France ever produced; but be- in 1846. After her arrival she influenced 

cause of an epigram on the mistress of Congress to pass a law making sanitary 

Louis XV. Madame d Etoiles whom the provisions for emigrant vessels obligatory, 

monarch had just created Marquise de Her publications include The English- 

Pompadour, he was removed from office icoman in America; The Statesmen of 

in 1745. He was recalled in 1774, on the America in 1846; etc. She died in Vir- 

accession of Louis XVI., when he restored ginia in October, 1849. 

the exiled Parliament, and began a system Mauvaises Terres. See BAD LANDS. 

of reform. He was instrumental in bring- Maverick, SAMUEL, colonist; born in 

ing about the treaty of alliance between England in 1602; settled on Noddle s Isl- 

France and the United States in 1778. and, Mass., in 1629. In 1664 he was ap- 

He died in Versailles, Nov. 21, 1781. pointed one of the four commissioners to 

Maury, DABNEY HERNDON, military settle political difficulties in New Eng- 

officer; born in Fredericksburg, Va., May land, and to wrest New Netherland from 

21, 1822; graduated at the University of the Dutch. He died in New Amsterdam 
Virginia; and at the United States Mili- about 1670. 

tary Academy in 1846; joined the Mounted Maxey, SAMUEL BELL, soldier and 
Rifles in the same year, and served with statesman; born in Tompkinsville, Ky., 
marked distinction in the Mexican War. March 30, 1825; graduated at West Point 
During the interval between that struggle in 1846; served through the Mexican War 
and the Civil War he was an instructor at with credit; raised the 9th Texas C. S. I. 
West Point and later superintendent of in 1861 ; attained the rank of major- 
cavalry instruction and regimental ad- general; United States Senator from 
jutant at Carlisle Barracks. In 1861 he Texas, 1875-87. He died in Eureka 
resigned his post and became a colonel Springs, Ark., Aug. 16, 1895. 
in the Confederate army; was promoted Maxim, SIR HIRAM STEVENS, inventor; 
brigadier-general for gallantry in the born in Sangerville, Me., Feb. 5, 1840; 
Elkhorn campaign. His publications in- worked as a coach-builder and in iron- 
elude System of Tactics in Single Rank; works; removed to England in 1881, 
Recollections of a Virginian; History of where he invented an incandescent lamp, 
\ 7 irginia, etc. He died in Peoria, 111., Jan. a smokeless powder, the Maxim gun, 
11, 1900. automatic system of firearms, and other 
Maury, MATTHEW FONTAINE, scientist; ordnance inventions; and devoted much 
born in Spottsylvania county, Va., June time to aerial navigation. He was knight- 
14, 1806; entered the navy as midship- ed by Queen Victoria in 1901. 
man in 1825, and while circumnavigating Maxim Gun, an automatic gun; inven- 
the globe began his treatise on Naviga- tion of Sir Hiram S. Maxim. On a test 
tion. An accident in 1839 made him a experiment 2,004 shots were fired in 
vi. K 145 



MAXIMILIAN MAYAGUEZ 



One minute forty-five seconds. At the 
same time, in a test for accuracy, out of 
334 shots tired at a target 12 X 26 feet at 
a distance of 300 yards, 268 hits were made. 
The gun works itself after the first shot 
is fired until the cartridges in the belt or 
magazine are exhausted. See EXPLOSIVES. 
Maximilian, FERDINAND JOSEPH, Arch 
duke of Austria and Emperor of Mexico; 
born in Vienna, July 6, 1832, and, having 
entered the naval service, was made rear- 
admiral and chief of the Austrian navy in 
1854. In 1857 he was made governor of 
the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, and in 
the same year married Charlotte, daughter 
of Leopold I., of Belgium. He departed 
for Mexico in April, 1864, and landed, 
with his wife, at Vera Cruz in May. The 
French army had already taken possession 
of the country. The archduke assumed 
the crown, of Mexico, with the title of 
Maximilian I., and, being childless, adopt 
ed a son of ITUKBIDE (q. v.) as his pre 
sumptive successor on the throne. Juarez, 
the President, who had been driven from 
the capital, and, with his followers, de 
clared by the new Emperor to be an out 
law and usurper, made such strong re 
sistance that Maximilian had to struggle 
for his throne from the very beginning. 
When the American Civil War was ended, 
Napoleon was given to understand, by the 
United States government, that the empire 
in Mexico and the presence of French troops 
there could not be regarded with favor 
by the citizens of the United States. The 
Emperor of the French acted upon this 
hint. He suggested the propriety of the 
abdication of Maximilian, but the latter 
would not consent, for he relied upon 
French arms to sustain him. His wife 
went to Europe to have an interview with 
the Emperor and also with the Pope, but 
the boon was refused, and her mind gave 
way under the pressure of her anxiety. 
Napoleon perfidiously abandoned Maxi 
milian by withdrawing his troops, and 
left the latter to his fate, who, after 
struggling for a while to maintain his 
power, was captured by the Mexicans at 
Queretaro on May 14, 1867. He was shot, 
with two of his generals, on June 19. A 
vessel was sent from Austria, under the 
command of a vice-admiral, to convey his 
remains to his native country, and they 
were interred in the imperial vault in 



January, 1868. His wife yet (1905) lives, 
hopelessly insane. 

Maxwell, WILLIAM, military officer ; 
born in New Jersey ; ( was made colonel of 
the 2d New Jersey Battalion in 1775, and 
served in the campaign in Canada in 1776. 
He had been in the provincial army con 
tinually for fifteen years before the Revo 
lutionary War broke out. In October, 
1776, he was appointed brigadier-general, 
and, in command of a New Jersey brigade, 
was distinguished at the battles of Bran- 
dywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He 
was in Sullivan s campaign in 1779, and 
soon after the action at Springfield, N. J., 
in 1780, he resigned. He died Nov. 12, 
1798. 

May, CORNELIUS JACOBSEN, colonial 
governor; commanded the Dutch trading- 
vessel Fortune on a trading excursion to 
Manhattan in 1613. The next year he 
coasted along New England to Martha s 
Vineyard. In 1620 he was on the coasts 
and rivers southward of Manhattan, in the 
ship Glad Tidings, visited Chesapeake 
Bay, and sailed up the James River to 
Jamestown. The bay at the mouth of the 
Delaware River the Dutch called New Port 
May. in compliment to their commander, 
and the southern extremity of New Jersey 
is still known as Cape May. In the spring 
of 1623, Captain May conveyed to Man 
hattan thirty families, chiefly Walloons, 
in the ship New Netherland, with Adriaen 
Joris as lieutenant. May remained at 
Manhattan as first director or governor of 
the colony. He was succeeded by William 
Verhulst, second director of New Nether- 
land, and returned to Holland. Except 
ing his career in America, little is known 
of his life. 

Mayaguez, a seaport town of Porto 
Rico, in the province of the same name, 
about 50 miles west of Ponce. On Aug. 
8, 1898, a body of American troops, under 
Brig.-Gen. Theodore Schwan, advanced 
rapidly from Yanco towards Mayagnez. 
On the same date Sabona la Grande was 
occupied, and on Aug. 10, San German. 
The Americans then attacked the Span 
iards near Hormigneros, and with a rapid 
charge carried the position in face of 
a heavy fire. The casualties of the en 
gagement, as officially reported, were, on 
the American side, one killed and fifteen 
wounded; on the Spanish side, twenty-five 



146 



MAYER MAYFLOWER LOG 



killed and fifty wounded. On the next Sumatra, China, and Japan, returning JK 
morning, Aug. 11, General Schwan en- 1828. He was admitted to the bar in 
tered Mayaguez unopposed. 1829; was appointed secretary of legation 

Mayer, ALFRED MARSHALL, physicist; to Mexico in 1841, and afterwards pub- 
born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 13, 1836; lished two important works on that coun- 
left college and entered the draughting- try. He was an accurate and industrious 
room of a mechanical engineer. Later he writer, and issued several valuable pub- 
took a laboratory course and made a lications, besides numerous occasional ad- 
spocialty of chemistry. He was appoint- dresses. During the Civil W T ar and after- 
ed Professor of Physics and Chemistry in wards he held the office of paymaster in 
the University of Maryland in 1856, and the army, and resided in California a few 
three years later accepted the similar chair years. He was one of the judges at the 
in Westminster College, Fulton, Mo., Centennial Exhibition in 1876. He died 
where he remained two years. In 1867-71 in Baltimore, March 2J . 1879. 
he was Professor of Astronomy in Lehigh Mayes, JOEL BRYAN, Indian chief; born 
University, and from 1871 till his death in the Cherokee reservation, Ga., Oct. 2, 
Professor of Physics in Stevens Institute 1833. His grand-father was JAMES ADAIR 
of Technology, Hoboken, N. J. In 1869 he (q. v.). In 1838 he removed to the Ind- 
had charge of a party sent to Burlington, ian Territory (see CHEROKEE INDIANS), 

where he taught in the Indian schools 
until the outbreak of the Civil War, when 
he joined the Confederate army as quar 
termaster. After the war he was elected 
to the supreme court of the Cherokees, 
and in 1887 became chief of the nation. 

Mayflower Descendants, SOCIETY OF, 
an organization founded in New York 
City, Dec. 22, 1894, by the lineal descend 
ants of the Mayflower Pilgrims. The pur 
pose of the society is " to preserve their 
memory, their records, their history, and 
all facts relating to them, their ancestors, 
and their posterity." Any lineal descend 
ant of a Pilgrim of the Mayflower who 
has reached the age of eighteen years is 
eligible to membership. The annual meet 
ing occurs on Nov. 21, the anniversary of 
the signing of the " Compact." The total 
membership in 1900, scattered over sev 
eral of the New England and Middle 

la., to observe the solar eclipse of Aug. 7, States, was 2,500. Henry E. Howland is 
for the United States Nautical Almanac, governor - general, and Richard Henry 
During this eclipse he took forty-one sue- Greene is secretary-general. See MASSA- 
cessful photographs. In 1871-75 he con- CIITSETTS. 

tributed a series of investigations en- Mayflower Log 1 . The Mayflower So- 
titled Researches in Acoustics to the ciety of Massachusetts, through Ambas- 
American Jour mil of Science. Later these sa dor Bayard, petitioned the British gov- 
investigations led to his inventions of the eminent for the return to the United 
topophone and the acoustic pyrometer. States of the log of the ship Mai/flower, 
H<- was the author of many scientific Ilp0 n which the Pilgrims sailed for this 
works. _He died in Maplewood, N. J., July country in 1620. Queen Victoria favored 

the society s request, and the relic was 

Mayer, BRAXTZ. author; born in Bait?- returned in June, 1897, and given into 
more. Md.. Sept. 27, 1809; was educated the keeping of the governor of Massachn- 
at St. Mary s College, Baltimore, and se tts. See BRADFORD, WILLIAM; PLYM- 
made a trip to the East Indies, visiting QUTH NEW 

147 




MA YHEW MAZZEI 

Mayhew, JONATHAN, clergyman; born a member of it, and Mazzei bought an 

in Martha s Vineyard, Mass., Oct. 8, 1720; estate adjoining that of Moriticello to try 

graduated at Harvard in 1744, and or- the experiment. He persevered three 

dained minister of the West Church, years, but the war and other causes made 

Boston, in 1747, which post he held until him relinquish his undertaking. Being 

his death, July 9, 1766. He was a zeal- an intelligent and educated man, he was 

ous republican in politics, and his preach- employed by the State of Virginia to go to 

ing and writing were remarkable for their Europe to solicit a loan from the Tuscan 

controversial character. He warmly op- government. He left his wife in Virginia, 

posed the operations of the British Society when he finally returned to Europe, in 

for the Propagation of the Gospel in 1783, where she soon afterwards died. 

Foreign Parts, for he regarded it as an in- He revisited the United States in 1785, 

strument for the spread of Episcopacy, and in 1788 wrote a work on the History 

He became involved in a controversy with of Politics in the United States, in 4 

Dr. Seeker, Archbishop of Canterbury, be- volumes. In 1792 Mazzei was made privy 

cause the latter proposed the introduction councillor to the King of Poland; and in 

of bishops into the colonies; co-operated 1802 he received a pension from the Em- 

with Otis and others in their resistance to peror Alexander, of Russia, notwithstand- 

measures of the British Parliament con- ing he was an ardent republican, 

cerning the Americans; and was among During the debates on Jay s treaty, 

the boldest of the Whigs. His death de- Jefferson watched the course of events 

prived the cause of a stanch champion. from his home at Monticello with great 

Maynard, HORACE, diplomatist; born interest. He was opposed to the treaty, 
in Waynesboro, Mass., Aug. 13, 1814; and, in his letters to his partisan friends, 
graduated at Amherst College in 1838; he commented freely upon the conduct 
removed to Tennessee in 1839; admitted and character of Washington, regarding 
to the bar in 1845; elected to Congress him as honest but weak, the tool and dupe 
in 1857 and 1865; attorney -general of of rogues. In one of these letters, ad- 
Tennessee in 1864; president of the Bor- dressed to Mazzei, he declared that "in 
der State Convention in 1867; minister to place of that noble love of liberty and 
Russia in 1875-80; appointed Postmaster- republican government" which carried 
General by President Hayes in 1880. He the Americans triumphantly through the 
died in Knoxville, Tenn., May 3, 1882. late struggle, "an Anglican, monarchical, 

Mayo, WILLIAM KENNON, naval officer ; aristocratic party " had sprung up, re 
born in Drummondtown, Va., May 29, solved to model our form of government on 
1829; entered the navy in 1841; and served that of Great Britain. He declared that 
in the Mexican War. In July, 1861, when the great mass of citizens, the whole land- 
the Virginia convention met, he was de- ed interest, and the talent of the country, 
clared an alien enemy, and forever were republicans; but opposed to them 
banished from that State because of his were the executive (Washington), the ju- 
adhesion to the Union. His service dur- diciary, two out of three of the national 
ing the Civil War was marked with skill legislature, " all the officers of the govern- 
and bravery. He was promoted com- ment, all who want to be officers, all timid 
modore in 1882, and retired after forty- men who prefer the calm despotism to 
five years service in 1886. He died in the boisterous sea of liberty, British mer- 
Washington, D. C., April 10, 1900. chants and Americans trading on British 

Mazzei, PHILIP, patriot; born in capital, speculators and holders in the 

Tuscany in 1730; was a practising physi- banks and public funds a contrivance 

cian at Smyrna for a while, and was en- invented for the purpose of corruption, 

gaged in mercantile business in London and for assimilating us in all things to 

in 1755-73. He came to America in De- the rotten as well as the sound parts of 

cember, 1773, with a few of his country- the British model." " It would give you a 

men, for the purpose of introducing into fever," he continued, " were I to name to 

Virginia the cultivation of the grape, you the apostates who have gone over 

olive, and other fruits of Italy. He formed to these heresies men who were Sam- 

a company for the purpose. Jefferson was sons in the field and Solomons in the coun- 

148 



MEAD MEADE 



oil, but who have had their heads shorn and was in command of the Army of the 
by the harlot of England." Potomac in the summer of 18G3. On July 

This was used as political capital by 1, 2, and 3, of that year he fought the 
the Federalists until the election of Jef- decisive battle of Gettysburg. In 1864 
ferson to the Presidency. Mazzei died in he was made major-general in the United 
Pisa, March 19, 1816. States army; and from July, 1865, to 

Mead, EDWARD CAMPBELL, author; born 
in Newton, Mass., Jan. 12, 1837; travelled 
in the Orient in 1858-59, and later en 
gaged in farming. He is the author of 
Cienealogical History of the Lee Family of 
Virginia and Maryland; Biographical 
Sketch of Anna M. Chalmers; and His 
toric Homes of the Southwest Mountains 
of Virginia. 

Mead, EDWIN DOAK, editor of the Nrio 
England Magazine; born in Chesterfield, 
N. H., Sept. 29, 1849; studied in English 
and German universities, 1875-79; since 
then engaged in lecturing and literary 
work. He is the director of the Old 
South historical work in Boston, and has 
edited and annotated many of the Old 
South leaflets. 

Mead, LAKKIN GOLDSMITH, sculptor; 




GEORGE GORDON MEADE. 



born in Chesterfield, N. H., Jan. 3, 1835; 
studied drawing and sculpture with Henry 

K. Brown ; and during the Civil War was August, 1866, was in command of the 
employed on Harper s Weekly as a war Military Division of the Atlantic, and sub- 
artist. His works include the National sequently of the Department of the East 
Lincoln Monument in Springfield, 111., and the military district comprising the 
Soldiers Monument in St. Johnsbury, Vt. ; States of Florida, Georgia, and Alabama, 
statues of Ethan Allen in the National In 1865 he received the degree of LL.D. 
Art Gallery in Washington, D. C., and from Harvard University. He died in 
the State Capitol, Montpelier, Vt, etc. Philadelphia, Nov. 6, 1872. The citizens 
Meade, GEORGE GORDON, military offi- of Philadelphia presented to his wife the 
cer; born in Cadiz, Spain, Dec. 31, 1815; house in which he died, and $100,000 was 
graduated at West Point in 1835, served afterwards raised for his family. See 
in the war with the Seminoles, and re- ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS; EVERETT, En- 
signed from the army in 1836. He prac- WARD; GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF. 
tised civil engineering until May, 1842, Meade, RICHARD WORSAM, naval offi- 
when he was appointed a second lieuten- cer; born in New York City, Oct. 9, 1837; 
ant of topographical engineers, serving entered the navy as midshipman in 1850; 
through the war against Mexico, attach- promoted passed midshipman, 1856; mas- 
ed to the staff, first of General Taylor, ter and lieutenant, 1858; lieutenant-com- 
and then of General Scott. The citizens mander, 1862; commander, 1868; captain, 
of Philadelphia presented him with an 1880; commodore, 1892; and rear-admiral, 
elegant sword on his return from Mexico. 1894; and was retired in May, 1895. Dur- 
In the summer of 1861 he was made a ing the Civil War he served with much 
brigadier-general of volunteers, having distinction. In 1861-62 he was instructor 
been in charge of the surveys on the in gunnery on the receiving ship Ohio, 
northern lakes until that year as captain in Boston; in the latter half of 1862 he 
of engineers. He was in the Army of the commanded the Louisville, and was em- 
Potomac, active and efficient, from 1861 ployed in aiding the Western armies and 
until the close of the war. In June, 1862, in checking guerilla warfare between 
he was made major-general of volunteers, Memphis and Helena on the Mississippi 

149 



MEADE MEAGHEB 



Rivet, from September, 1863, till May, officer ; born in Waterford, Ireland, Aug. 



lSti4, lie commanded the gunboat Marble- 
lii-iid, of the South Atlantic blockading 
squadron. He took part in the battle of 
Stono River, S. C., Dec. 25, 1863, when he 
resisted the Confederate attempts to sink 
his vessel, drive the National transports 
out of the river, and turn the left flank 
of General Gillmore. Later he landed and 
destroyed the batteries of the enemy. In 
18(54-65, while with the Western Gulf 
blockading squadron, he destroyed or 
captured seven blockade-runners. In 
1870, in the international yacht race in 
New York Harbor, he commanded the 
America, which outsailed the English com- 
petitor, Cambria. In 1893 he was naval 
commissioner to the World s Columbian 
Exhibition. His retirement before the 
age limit resulted from a disagreement 
with the Navy Department concerning the 
way in which he had been treated offi- 
cially. An article which appeared in the 
New York Tribune represented Admiral 
Meade as criticising the administration, 
and using the sentence, " I am an Ameri- 
can and a Union man two things this 
administration can t stand." Subsequent 
ly when Secretary Herbert asked him to 
affirm or deny this criticism he returned a 
r.on-committal answer. Soon there were 
rumors that he would be court-martialled 
for disrespect to the President, whereupon 
he requested his retirement. President 
Cleveland, in granting his request, cen 
sured his conduct. He died in Washing 
ton, D. C., May 4, 1897. 

Meade, WILLIAM, clergyman; born 
near Millwood, Frederick (now Clarke) 
co., Va., Nov. 11, 1789; son of Richard 
Kidder Meade, one of Washington s con 
fidential aides; graduated at Prince 
ton in 1808, and became a minister of 
the Protestant Episcopal Church. He 
was an earnest and active worker for his 
church and the best interests of religion. 
In 1829 he was made assistant bishop of 
the diocese of Virginia, and became bishop 
on the death of Bishop Moore in 1841. 
For several years he was the acknowl- 
edged head of the " evangelical " branch of 
the Church in the United States. In 1856 
he published Old Churches, Ministers, and 
Families in Virginia. He died in Rich- 
mond, Va., March 14, 1862. 

Meagher, THOMAS FRANCIS, military 



3, 1823; was educated in Ireland and in 
England. In 1846 he became one of the 
leaders of the Young Ireland party. He 
was already distinguished for his oratory, 
and was sent to France to congratulate 
the French Republic in 1848. On his re- 
t\irn he was arrested on a charge of 
sedition and held to bail. Afterwards 
charged with treason, he was again ar- 
rested, triad, found guilty, and sentenced 
to death. That sentence was commuted 
to banishment for life to Van Diemen s 
Land, from which he escaped, and landed 
in New York in 1852. Lecturing with suc- 
cess for a while, he studied law, entered 
upon its practice, and in 1856 edited the 
Irish News. When the Civil War broke 
out he raised a company in the 69th New 
York Volunteers, and, as major of the 
regiment, fought bravely at Bull Run. 
Early in 1862 he was promoted brigadier- 
general of volunteers, and served in the 
Army of the Potomac in the campaign 
against Richmond that year. He was in 
Richardson s division in the battle of An- 




THOMAS FRANCIS MEAGHER. 

tietam. Engaged in the desperate battle 
of Fredericksburg, he was badly wounded. 
Immediately after the battle of CHANCEL- 
LORSVILLE ((/. v.) he resigned. He was 
recommissioned brigadier-general of volun 
teers early in 1864, and was assigned to 
the command of the district of Etowah. 
In 1865 he was appointed secretary, and 



150 



MECHANIC ARTS MECHANICSVILLE 



in 1866 became acting governor of Mon 
tana. While engaged in operations against 
hostile Indians, he was drowned at Fort 
Benton. Mont., July 1, 1867. 

Mechanic Arts. See AGRICULTURAL 
COLLEGKS ; SCHOOLS or TECHNOLOGY ; MAN 
UAL TRAINING SCHOOLS. 

Mechanicsville, or Ellison s Mill, 
BATTLE OF. Gen. Robert E. Lee, who had 
been recalled from Georgia, was placed in 
command of the Confederate army led by 
Johnston, after the latter was wounded 
(see FAIR OAKS, BATTLE OF). He pre 
pared to strike McClellan a fatal blow or 
to raise the siege of Richmond. He had 
quietly withdrawn Jackson and his troops 
from the Shenandoah Valley, to have him 



-> ^fcsT 



On the right side of the Chickahominy 
General Porter was posted with 27,000 
men and ten heavy guns in battery. At 
3 P.M., on the 26th, Gen. A. P. Hill cross 
ed the river and drove a regiment and a 
battery at Mechanicsville back to the 
main line near Ellison s Mill, where the 
^Nationals were strongly posted. There, 
on a hill, McCall s Pennsylvania Reserves 
were posted, 8,500 strong, with five bat 
teries. These, with a part of Meade s bri 
gade, were supported by regulars under 
Morell and Sykes. General Reynolds held 
the right, and General Seymour the left, 
and the brigades of Martindale and Griffin 
were deployed on the right of McCall. In 
the face of these formidable obstacles, and 




MECHANICSVILLE, 1862. 



suddenly strike the right flank of McClel- 
lan s army at Mechanicsville and uncover 
the passage of that stream, when a heavy 
force would join him, sweep down the left 
side of the Chickahominy towards the 
York River, and seize the communications 
of the Army of the Potomac with the 
White House. McClellan did not discover 
Jackson s movement until he had reached 
Hanover Court-house. He had already 
made provision for a defeat by arrange 
ments for a change of base from the 
Pamunkey to the James River ; and when, 
on the morning of June 25, 1862, he heard 
of the advance of Jackson on his right, 
he abandoned all thought of moving on 
Richmond, took a defensive position, and 
prepared for a retreat to the James River. 



a heavy fire of infantry and artillery, the 
leading brigades of Hill advanced, fol 
lowed by Longstreet s, and moved to the 
attack. They massed on the National 
right to turn it, expecting Jackson to fall 
upon the same wing at the same time; but 
this movement was foiled by Seymour. A 
terrific battle ensued. The Confederates 
were hurled back with fearful carnage. 
At 9 P.M. the battle of Mechanicsville, or 
Ellison s Mill, ceased. The loss of the 
Nationals was about 400; that of the 
Confederates, between 3,000 and 4,000. 
By this victory Richmond was placed 
at the mercy of the National army; but 
McClellan, considering his army and 
stores in peril, prepared to transfer both 
to the James River. 



J51 



MECKLENBURG DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE MEDALS 



Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde 
pendence. See DECLARATIONS OF INDE 
PENDENCE. 

Medal of Honor Legion, an organ 
ization of officers and enlisted men of the 
Union army who, during the Civil War, 
were awarded medals of honor for special 
acts of bravery and devotion under an act 



of Congress of 1862. Up to 1901, 1,500 of 
these medals had been awarded to veterans 
of the army, and 600 to naval veterans, 
of which 69 were on account of the war 
with Spain. 

Medals. The following table is a list 
of the medals awarded by the Congress of 
the United States. 



Date of Resolution. 



To whom presented. 



March 25, 
Nov. 4, 
July 26, 



Sept. 24, 
Nov. 3, 



1776 
1777 
1779 



1780 



March 9, 1781 



Oct. 29, 
Oct. 16, 
March 29, 
March 3, 
Jan. 29, 



March 3, 
Jan. 6, 



1787 
1800 
1805 
1813 



18H 



Jan. 
Oct. 



11, 

20, 



Oct. 21, 
Nov. 3, 



Feb. 27, 
Feb. 22, 



1815 
1816 



April 4, 1818 



Feb. 13, 
July 16, 
March 2, 

March 3, 

March 9, 
May 9, 
Aug. 4, 



1835 
1846 
1847 



1848 

(| 

1854 



May 11, 1858 



Dec. 21, 1861) 
July 16, 1862) 



July 12, " ) 
March 3, 1863 | 

Dec. 17, " 
Jan. 28, 1864 



July 26, 1866 



Gen. George Washington 

Brig.-Gen. Horatio Gates 

Maj.-Gen. Anthony Wayne 

Lieut. -Col. De Fleury 

Maj. John Stewart 

Maj. Henry Lee 

John Pan Ming 

David Williams 

Isaac Van Wart 

Brig -Gen. Daniel Morgan 

Lieut.-Col. William A. Washington 

Lieut. -Col. John E. Howard 

Maj.-Geu. Kathanael Greene 

Capt. John Paul Jones 

Capt. Thomas Truxton 

Com. Edward Preble 

Capt. Isaac Hull 

Capt. Jacob Jones 

Capt. Stephen Decatur 

Capt. William Bainbridge 

Lieut. Edward R. McCall 

Com. Oliver H. Perry 

Capt. Jesse D. Elliott 

Capt. James Lawrence 

Com. Thomas Macdonough 

Capt. Robert Henley 

Lieut. Stephen Cassin 

Capt. Lewis Warrington 

Capt. Johnston Blakely (to the widow). 

Maj.-Gen. Jacob Brown 

Maj. -Gen. Peter B. Porter 

Bri g. -Gen. E. W. Ripley 

Brig.-Gen. James Miller 

Maj. -Gen. Winfield Scott 

Maj.-Gen. Edmund P. Gaines 

Maj.-Gen. Alexander Macorab 

Maj. -Gen. Andrew Jackson 

Capt. Charles Stewart 

Capt. James Biddle 

Maj.-Gen. William H. Harrison 

Gov. Isaac Shelby 

Col. George Groghan (22 years after) 

Maj.-Gen. Zuchary Taylor 



( British, French, and Spanish officers ) 
( and crews J 



Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott 

Maj.-Gen. Zachary Taylor.. 
Capt. Duncan N. Ingraham . 



Dr. Frederick H. Rose, of the British navy 

Naval, to be bestowed upon petty offi- ~| 
cers, seamen, and- marines distin- ! 
guished for gallantry in action, etc. ; | 
200 issued J 

Army, to non-commissioned officers) 
and privates for gallantry in action, J 
etc. ; 2,000 issued ) 



Maj.-Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. 
Cornelius Vanderbilt 



Capts. Creighton, Low, and Stouffler... 



152 



Foi what service. 



Capture of Boston 

Defeat of Burgoyne 

Storming of Stony Point 



Surprise of Paulus Hook. 
Capture of Andro 



Victory of the Cowpens. 



Victory at Eutaw Springs , 

Capture of the Serapis, 1779 

Action with the Vengeance (French). 

Tripoli 

Capture of the Guerriere 

" " Frolic 

" " Macedonian 

" " Java 

" " Boxer 

Victory on Lake Erie 



Capture of the Peacock 

Victory on Lake Champlain. 



Capture of the Epervier. 

" " Reindeer. 

Victory of Chippewa, etc. 



Erie 

Plattsburg 

New Orleans 

Capture of the Ci/ane and Levant. 

" " Penguin 

Victory of the Thames 



Defence of Fort Stevenson, 1813. 

Victory on Rio Grande 

Capture of Monterey. 



( Rescuing crew of IT. S. brig of war 8om-\ 
{ ers before Vera Cruz, Dec. 7, 1846. . . ) 



Mexican campaign 

Victory of Buena Vista 

Release of Martin Koszta 

{For humanity care of yellow- fever) 
patients from Jamaica to New York > 
on the U. S. S. Susquehanna ) 



At Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, the 27th ] 
Maine volunteered to remain for the I 
battle, although its term had expired. | 
All its members received medals. . . . j 

Victories of Fort Donelson, Vicksburg, \ 
Chattanooga / 

Gift of ship Vanderbilt 

Rescuing 500 passengers from the S. S. 
Kan Francisco, July 26, 1853. Creigh 
ton, of the Three Bells, Glasgow ; , 
Low, of the bark Kelly, of Boston ; [ 
and Stouffler, of the ship Antarctic, I 
Liverpool j 



Metal. 



Gold. 



Silver. 

(I 

Gold. 
Silver. 



Gold. 
Silver. 

u 

Gold. 



(Gold & 

( silver. 

Gold. 



Bronze 
Gold. 



MEDICAL SCHOOLS MEDICINE AND SURGERY IN THE IT. S. 

MEDALS AWARDED BY THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES Continued. 



Date of Resolution. 



March 2, 1867 
March 16, " 

March 1, 1871 



To whom presented. 



Cyrus W. Field . 
George Peabody. 



George F. Robinson. 



( Capt. Crandall and others, Long Island ) 
( light-house keeper and crew } 

Centennial medals 



For what service. 



Laying the Atlantic cable 

Promotion of education 

(Saving William H. Seward from assas-") 
sination, April H, 1865. Besides the}- 

( medal, $5,000 j 

(Saving passengers from the MeMs, of) 
\ the New York and Providence line, V 
( Aug. 31,1872 J 



Metal. 



Gold. 



Feb. 21, 1873 

June 16, 1874 

f There have been presented as awards } 

June 20, Life-saving medal, 1st and 2d class. .. ^ !Bffl I S^ SlSKRS {IS. 

medals up to July 1, 1892 j 

Medical Schools. Medical education Maryland on a negro supposed to 

,, TT ., , , , ,; , , have been murdered by his master ; 

in the United States at the close of surgeons received fees for " dissect- 

school year 1901-02 was promoted by 154 ing and viewing the corpse," one 

schools, which had 5,029 professors and hogshead of tobacco Sept. 24, 1657 

iTKstniH-orq and a total of ?6 8*1 students Treatlse on small-pox and measles pub- 

1S a lished at Boston by Thomas Thacher ; 

As far as reported the endowments of a sneet 15 y 2 x ioy 2 inches the 

these schools aggregated $2,132,568. The first medical work published in 

value of the grounds and buildings was America . 16(7 

i j mi n Tr>or> r> *n -\ ii Ti, First quarantine act passed by the 

placed at $12,986,642, and the libraries General Assemb iy of Pennsylvania. . 1700 

contained about 156,929 volumes. These First general hospital chartered in the 

schools included the regular medical, the colonies -- Pennsylvania hospital of 

homoeopathic, the eclectic, and the physio- Philadelphia organized 1751, open- 

.,, , ,. ,, r ed Dec., 1756 

medical, and with few exceptions the prm- Medlcal department, University of 

cipal ones were departments of large col- Pennsylvania, founded 1765 

leges and universities. College of Physicians and Surgeons, 

Medicine and Surgery in the United medical department of King s Col- 

_, , ... e , . . lege, New York, established l<6i 

States. The position of physician - gen- ^ clinical instruction in America 

eral of the colony of Virginia was held one given by Thomas Bond in Penn- 

year by Lawrence Bohun, who arrived sylvania hospital 1769 

1610; and afterwards by John Pot, the Tern J "doctor" first applied to medi- 

.* ,.. . cal practitioners or " physitians 

first permanent resident physician in the j n America (Toner) 1769 

United States. Samuel Fuller, first phy- Medical department, Harvard Univer- 

sician of New England, arrived in the sity, founded. . . . . 17S3 

Mayflower in 1620, and Johannes la Mon- "S^gJSiSrtyS Xck^oof^first 

tagne, first permanent medical settler in in the United States, established 178G 

New Amsterdam, arrived 1637, followed Karliest example of a special American 

the next year by Gerrit Schult and Hans Pharmacopoeia is a thirty-two-page 

. . ., .. , ,,, j work of William Brown, published 

Kiersted, while Abraham E tied at at p hil adelphia, and designed espe- 

Albany prior to 1650. Lambert Wilson, a cially for the army 178S 

" chirurgeon " or surgeon, was sent to "Doctors mob" in New York 1788 

New England in 1629 to serve the colony Ne 4 w J" k Dispensary organized Jan. 

4, 1(91; incorporated 179o 

three years, and to educate and instruct E n s ha Perkins, of Norwich, Conn., 
in his art one or more youths." patents his " metallic tractors," after 
wards known as " Perkinism " 1796 

First original American medical jour- 
Anatomical lectures were delivered in nal, the Medical Repository, appears. 1797 
Harvard College by Giles Firman be- Medical department of Dartmouth Col- 
fore 1647 lege established 1798 

Earliest law to regulate practice of First general quarantine act passes 

medicine in the colonies was passed Congress Feb. 23, 1799 

in Massachusetts in 1649 ; adopted First vaccination in United States per- 
by New York 1665 formed by Benjamin Waterhouse, pro- 
Earliest recorded autopsy and verdict fessor in Harvard College, on his four 

of a coroner s jury was made in children July, 1800 

153 



MEDICINE AND SURGERY IN THE U. S. MEIGS 



First vaccine institute in the United 
States organized by James Smith in 
Baltimore, Md 

American Dispensatory published by 
John Redman Coxe 

Ovariotomy performed incidentally by 
Robert Houston in Glasgow (1701) 
and by L Aumonier, in Rouen (1781), 
is performed by Ephraim McDowell, 
of Kentucky 

United States vaccine agency establish 
ed by Congress (discontinued in 
1822) 

Work on Therapeutics and Hateria 
Jlcdica, the first in the United States 
and best in the English language 
at that time, published by Nathaniel 
Chapman 

John Syng Dorsey, of Philadelphia, 
author of Elements of Suiyeri/ 
(1814), and firsf surgeon to tie the 
external iliac artery, died (aged 35) . 

New York Eye and Ear Infirmary 
founded 

Pennsylvania Eye and Ear Infirmary, 
Philadelphia, founded 

Benjamin W. Dudley, founder of the 
medical department, University of 
Transylvania, Lexington, Ky., tre 
phines . the skull for epilepsy, prob 
ably the first instance in the United 
States 

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 
Boston, founded 

Dispensatory of the United States of 
America, first published by Franklin 
Bache and George B. Wood 

Oesophagotomy first performed by John 
Watson, of New York : case reported . 

Water-cures introduced into the United 
States by R. T. Trail, who opened a 
hydropathic institute in New York in 
1844. and Joel Shew, at Lebanon 
Springs, N. Y 

Left subclavian artery tied by J. 
Kearney Rodgers 

Collodion first applied to surgical pur 
poses by J. Parker Maynard in Bos 
ton 

Elizabeth Blackwell graduated M.D. 
at the medical school of Geneva, 
N. Y. (the first woman in the United 
States) Jan., 

First excision of the hip-joint in the 
United States performed by Henry 
J. Bigelow, professor in Harvard Col 
lege 

Elkanah Williams, of Cincinnati, earliest 
specialist in ophthalmology, begins 
practice 

Arteria innominata tied for the first 
time by Valentine Mott, of New York 
(1818) ; by R. W. Hall, of Baltimore 
(1830) ; by E. S. Cooper, of San 
Francisco (1859) ; and again, being 
the first case in which the patient s 
life was saved, by A. W. Smyth, of 
New Orleans 

Horace Green, said to have been the 
first specialist in diseases of the 
throat and lungs, died 



1802 
1800 

1809 
1813 

1817 

1818 
1820 
1822 



1828 
1829 

1833 
1844 

1845 
1S-J6 

1847 
1849 

1852 
1855 



1864 
1866 



Centennial international medical con 
gress held in Philadelphia 1876 

New York Polyclinic organized 1880-81, 

opened 1882 

Valentine Mott, of New York, reports 
four apparently successful inocula 
tions for hydrophobia, performed by 
himself Oct., 188G 

The ninth international medical con 
gress held in Washington. Sept. 5-10, 188G 

International medico - legal congress 
opens in Steinway Hall June 4, 1889 

Fortieth meeting of American Medical 
Association opens in Newport, R. I . . 

June 25, 1889 

Experiments with the Brown-Sequard 
life elixir cause the death of ten peo 
ple in Shamokin, Pa Aug. 16, 1889 

The stetho-telephone is patented by 
, James Louth, Chicago Jan. 27, 1890 

The twelfth annual congress of the 
American Laryngological Association 
meets in Baltimore May 29, 1890 

New York Institution for the Diseases 
of the Eye and Ear opened. .Aug. 19, 1890 

American Institution of Homoeopathy 
meets In Washington, D. C....June, 1892 

Pan-American medical congress in 

Washington opened Sept. 5, 1893 

Fifteenth annual meeting of the Ameri 
can Medico-Psychological Association 
in Philadelphia June 15,1894 

Triennial Congress of American Asso 
ciation of Physicians and Surgeons 
opens in Washington, D. C. . .May 29. 1894 

First visit of Prof. Adolph Lorenz to 
the United States to demonstrate 
bloodless operations 1902 

Meigs, MONTGOMERY CUNNINGHAM, mil 
itary officer; born in Augusta, Ga., May 
3, 1816; graduated at the United States 
Military Academy, and commissioned 
a second lieutenant in the 1st Artil 
lery and a brevet second lieutenant of en 
gineers, all on July 1, 1836; resigned 
July 31, 1837; reappointed brevet second 
lieutenant of engineers on the following 
day; promoted first lieutenant in 1838; 
captain in 1853: colonel of the llth In 
fantry and brigadier-general and quarter 
master-general, in May, 1861 ; brevetted 
major-general, U. S. A., July 5, 1864; 
and was retired, Feb. 6, 1882. He was 
considered the foremost scientific officer 
in the regular army, and distinguished 
himself as its quartermaster-general dur 
ing the Civil War, and also as an enginocT. 
While in the latter service he was em 
ployed in the construction of a number of 
forts, and superintended the building of 
the Potomac aqueduct, of the wings and 
dome of the extension of the national 
Capitol, and of the extension of the Post- 



154 



MEIGS 

Office Department. Subsequently he was mander of the St. Charles district of 
employed in preparing plans for the Louisiana, with tlic brevet of colonel, 
.National Museum, and the new State, U. S. A. tie was a I nited States district 



jud 



ere in 



Michigan: 



United States Sen- 




Q 



alor from 1808 to 1810; and governor of 
Ohio from 1810 to 1814. His services 
during the War of 1812 were of incalcu 
lable value. From 1814 to 1823 he was 
Postmaster-General. He died in Marietta, 
O., March 29, 182r>. 

Meigs, FORT. When, in 1813, General 
Harrison heard of the advance of Win 
chester to the Maumee and the Raisin, he 
ordered all of his available force to push 
forward to reinforce that officer. The 
advancing column was soon met by fugi 
tives from Frenchtown, and thoughts of 
inarching on Maiden were abandoned for 
the time. The troops fell back to the 
rapids of the Maumee, and there built a 
fortification which was called Fort Meigs, 
in honor of the governor of Ohio. Har 
rison s troops there were about 1,800 in 
number, and were employed under the 
direction of Captain Wood, chief engineer 
of his army. The work was about 2,500 



MONTGOMERY CUNNINGHAM MEIGS. 

War, and Navy Department buildings, and. 

after his retirement, was the architect of yards in circumference, the whole of 

the new Pension building, all in Washing- which, with the exception of several small 

ton. He presented a remarkable collection intervals left for block-houses, was to be 

of historical articles to the United States picketed with timber 15 feet long and 



government, for deposit in the National 
Museum. He died in Washington, D. C., 
Jan. 2, 1892. 

Meigs, RETURN JONATHAN, military 
officer ; born in Middletown, Conn., Dec. 
17, 1734; hastened with a company to 



from 10 to 12 inches in diameter, set 3 
feet in the ground. When the fort was 
finished, March, 1813, the general and 
engineer left the camp in the care of 
Captain Leftwich, who ceased work upon 
it, utterly neglected the suffering garri- 



Cambridge after the affair at Lexington; son, and actually burned the pickets for 

accompanied Arnold to Quebec, with the fire-wood. On the return of Wood, work 

rank of major, where he was made pris- on the fort was resumed, and pushed 

oner; and having raised a regiment in towards completion. 



1777, was made a colonel, and performed 
a brilliant exploit at SAG HARBOR (q. v.). 
He commanded a regiment at STONI" 
POINT (q. v.), and served faithfully to 
the end of the war. He was one of the 



Harrison had forwarded Kentucky 
troops from Cincinnati, and on April 12 
he himself arrived at Fort Meigs. He 
had been informed on the way of the fre 
quent appearance of Indian scouts near 



first settlers of Marietta, 0. He died in the rapids, and little skirmishes with 



the Cherokee agency, Ga., Jan. 28, 1823. 

Meigs, RETURN JONATHAN, jurist; 
born in Middletown, Conn., in Novem- 



what he supposed to be the advance of a 
more powerful force. Expecting to find 
Fort Meigs invested by the British and 



ber, 1765; son of the preceding; gradu- Indians, he took with him all the troops 



on the Auglaize and St. Mary s Rivers. 
He was agreeably disappointed to find, 



ated at Yale College in 1785; and went 

with his father to Marietta, 0., in 1788. , 

There he took a conspicuous part in pub- on his arrival, that no enemy was near 

lie affairs, and was often engaged in Ind- in force. They soon appeared, however. 

ian fights. In 1803-4 he was chief-justice Proctor, at Fort Maiden, had formed plans 

of Ohio; and for two years he was com- for an early invasion of the Maurnee Val- 

155 



MEIGS, FORT 

ley. Ever since the massacre at French- which they were sheltered. Their ammuni- 

town he had been active in concentrating tion was scarce, and it was used spar- 

a large Indian force for the purpose at ingly; they had an abundant supply of 

Amber stburg. He so fired the zeal of food and water for a long siege. Still 

Tecumseh and the Prophet by promises Harrison felt anxious. He looked hourly 




LOOKING UP THE MAUMKE VALI.EV, PROM PORT MEIGS. 



of future success in the schemes for an 
Indian confederation that, at the begin 
ning of April, the great Shawnee warrior 
was at Fort Maiden with 1,500 Indians. 
Full 600 of them were drawn from the 
country between Lake Michigan and the 
Wabash. On April 23 Proctor, with 
white and dusky soldiers, more than 
2,000 in number, left Amherstburg on a 
brig and smaller vessels, and, accom 
panied by two gunboats and some artil 
lery, arrived at the mouth of the Maumee, 
12 miles from Fort Meigs, on the 26th, 
where they landed. One of the royal 
engineers (Captain Dixon) was sent up 
with a party to construct works on the 
left bank of the Maumee, opposite Fort 
Meigs. 

On April 28 Harrison was informed of 
the movement of Proctor and his forces. 
He knew that Gen. Green Clay was on the 
march with Kentuckians, and he despatch 
ed Capt. William Oliver with an oral mes 
sage urging him to press forward by 
forced marches. Meanwhile Proctor and 
his forces had arrived, and on the morning 
of May 1, 1813, he opened a cannonade and 
bombardment from the site of Maumee 
City upon Fort Meigs, and continued, with 
slight intermission, for five days, but with 
out much injury to the fort and garrison. 
The fire was returned occasionally by 18- 
pounders. The Americans had built a 
strong traverse athwart the fort, behind 



up the Maumee for the appearance of Clay 
with reinforcements. The latter had heard 
the cannonading at the fort, and had 
pressed forward as rapidly as possible. 
Proctor had thrown a force of British and 
Indians across the river to gain the rear 
of the fort, and these the vanguard of Clay 
encountered. When the latter officer drew 
near he received explicit orders from Har 
rison to detach 800 men from his brigade, 
to be landed on the left bank of the river, 
a mile and a half above Fort Meigs, to 
attack the British batteries, spike their 
guns, destroy their carriages, and then 
cross the river to the fort; the remainder 
of Clay s troops to fight their way to the 
fort. 

These orders met Clay as he was de 
scending the Maumee in boats (May 5). 
Colonel Dudley was appointed to lead the 
expedition against the British batteries. 
The work was successfully performed; but 
a band of riflemen, under Capt. Leslie 
Combs, being attacked by some Indians in 
ambush, Dudley led reinforcements to 
them. The Indians were soon put to flight, 
but Dudley, unmindful of his instructions, 
pushed on in pursuit, leaving Col. Isaac 
Shelby in charge of the batteries. Both 
the British and Indians were reinforced ; 
the batteries were retaken; and after a 
sharp fight, in which Shelby s troops par 
ticipated. Dudley s whole command was 
put to flight, and dispersed in great con- 



156 



MEIGS MELVILLE 



fusion. A great part of them were killed Melville, GEORGE WALLACE, naval en- 
or captured. Dudley was slain and scalped, gineer; born in New York, Jan. 10, 1841; 
and Combs and many companions were was educated in the public schools and at 
marched to Fort Miami below as prison- the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute; enter- 
ers. Of the 800 who landed from the boats ed the U. S. N. as third assistant engineer 
only 170 escaped to Fort Meigs. on July 29, 1861; was promoted second 

While these scenes were occurring on assistant engineer, Dec. 18, 1862; first as- 
the left bank of the Maumee, there was a sistant engineer, Jan. 30, 1865; passed as- 
desperate struggle on the fort side. A part sistant engineer, Feb. 24, 1874; chief engi- 
of the remainder of Clay s command, under neer, March 4, 1881 ; and was retired Jan. 
Col. W. E. Boswell, having landed a short 10, 1903. On Aug. 9, 1887, Captain Mel- 
distance above the fort, were ordered to ville was appointed chief of the bureau of 
fight their way in. They were soon at- steam engineering in the navy with the 
tacked by a body of British and Indians, relative rank of commodore, and on the 
but were joined by a sallying party from abolition of the grade of commodore by 
the fort; and while a sharp struggle was the Navy Personnel Act in 1899 he was 
going on there, Harrison ordered a help- given the rank of rear-admiral during his 
ful sortie from the fort to attack some occupancy of the office of chief engineer, 
works cast up by the enemy near a deep In 1879 he joined the Jeannette polar ex- 
ravine. This was done by 350 men, under pedition under the command of Lieut. 
Col. John Miller, of the regulars. They George W. De Long, and sailed from San 
found a motley force there, 850 strong, Francisco July 8. The vessel was crush- 
but they were soon driven away and their ed by the ice and sunk June 12, 1881. 
cannon spiked. The fight was desperate, Melville and De Long succeeded in reaching 
the Americans being surrounded at one land 150 miles apart, with a portion of the 
point by four times their own number, crew. De Long and all but two of his men 
The victors returned to the fort with forty- perished from cold and starvation on the 
three captives. Boswell 
in the mean time had 
utterly routed the force 
before him at the point 
of the bayonet. Fort 
Meigs was saved. The 
result of that day s 
fighting, and the ill- 
success of all efforts to 
reduce the fort, caused 
Proctor s Indian allies 
to desert him, and the 
Canadian militia to 
turn their faces home 
ward. The Prophet 
had been promised by 
Proctor the whole Ter 
ritory of Michigan as 
his trophy, and Tecum- 
seh was to have the 
person of General Har 
rison, whom he had in 
tensely hated since the 
BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE 

(q. v.), as his. These promises were un- banks of the Lena. The next spring Mel- 
fulfilled, and the Indians left in disgust, ville with his companions explored the 
Only Tecumseh s commission and pay of a delta for traces of the missing party, 
brigadier-general in the British army se- After finding the remains of De Long and 
cured his further services. his companions he returned to the United 

157 




MAP OF THE SIKGE OF FORT MEIGS. 



MELYN MEMMINGER 




GEORGE WALLACE MELVILLE. 

States. He has contributed largely to 
the building up of the new navy; designed 
the triple-screw machinery for the two 
swiftest cruisers, Columbia and Minneapo 
lis; and invented many mechanical ap 
pliances. He is president of the Ameri 
can Society of Mechanical Engineers and 
author of In the Lena Delta. See ARCTIC 
EXPLORATIONS. 

Melyn, CORNELIUS, patroon; born in 
Antwerp; came to Manhattan in 1639, and 
was so pleased that he returned and 
brought over his family and began a 
colony on Staten Island, under the au 
thority of the Amsterdam directors. His 
domain was near the Narrows, and he was 
vested with the privilege of a patroon. 
Melyn was active, and was chosen one of 
the Eight Men, under Kieft. He quarrelled 
with Kieft, and, as president of the Eight 
Men, he wrote a vigorous letter to the 
States-General urging them to interfere in 
behalf of the province. On the accession 
of Stuyvesant, he was falsely accused of 
rebellious practices as one of Kieft s coun 
cil of Eight Men, and a prejudiced verdict 
was given against him. He was sen 
tenced to seven years banishment from the 
colony, to pay a heavy fine, and to " forfeit 
all benefits to be derived from the com 
pany." Kuyter, another of the Eight in 



volved in the same charges, received a 
somewhat less severe punishment. He and 
Melyn sailed for Holland in the same ship 
with Kieft, which was, lost on the coast 
of Wales, but both were saved, while 
eighty others were drowned. The au 
thorities in Holland reversed the sentence, 
and Melyn and Kuyter returned to Man 
hattan, when he demanded that his vin 
dication should be made as public as had 
the sentence of disgrace; but his redress 
was denied. Melyn was persistently per 
secuted by Stuyvesant, and at length, 
weary with suffering, he returned to Hol 
land to seek justice there. He joined dele 
gates of the commonalty of New Amster 
dam, who wrote voluminous documents, 
filled with complaints against Stuyvesant s 
administration. There were promises of 
relief, but their fulfilment was delayed, 
and when Melyn returned to New Nether- 
land Stuyvesant renewed his persecutions. 
He made new charges against the patroon, 
confiscated his property in New Amster 
dam, and compelled him to confine himself 
to his manor on Staten Island. Melyn 
finally abandoned New Netherland (1657) 
and went to New Haven, where he took 
the oath of fidelity; and in 1661 he sur 
rendered his manor and patroonship to the 
West India Company. Soon afterwards 
the whole of Staten Island became the 
property of the company. 

Memminger, CHARLES GTJSTAVUS, fin 
ancier; born in Wiirtemberg, Germany, 
Jan. 9, 1803; was taken to Charleston, 
S. C., in infancy; graduated at South 
Carolina College in 1820, and began to 
practise law in 1826. In the nullifica 
tion movement in South Carolina (see 
NULLIFICATION ) he was a leader of the 
Union men. In 1860 he was a leader of 
the Confederates in ihat State, and on the 
formation of the Confederate government 
was made Secretary of the Treasury. 
He - had been for nearly twenty years 
at the head of the finance committee of 
the South Carolina legislature. He died 
March 7, 1888. 

In January, 1860, as a representative 
of the political leaders in South Carolina, 
he appeared before the legislature of Vir 
ginia as a special commissioner to enlist 
the representatives of the " Old Domin 
ion " in a scheme to combat the abolition 
ists. In the name of South Carolina, he 



158 



MEMORIAL DAY MEMPHIS 



proposed a convention of the slave-labor 
States to consider their grievances and to 
" take action for their defence." In an 
able plea he reminded the Virginians of 
their narrow escape from disaster by John 
Brown s raid, and the necessity of a South 
ern union to provide against similar 
perils. He concluded by saying: "I have 
delivered into the keeping of Virginia the 
cause of the South." He reported that he 
" found it difficult to see through " the 
Virginia legislature, for they hesitated to 
receive his gospel. The slave-holders of 
that State who were deriving a princelv 
revenue from the inter-State slave-trade 



"Memorial Day," when the graves of 
Confederate soldiers and sailors are also 
decorated with flowers, with imposing 
ceremonies. In recent years there has 
been a happy commingling of the Boys in 
Blue and the Boys in Gray on these re 
spective occasions. 

Memphis, CAPTURE OF. After the 
capture of Island Number Ten, Commo 
dore Foote went down the Mississippi 
with his flotilla, and transports bearing 
Pope s army, to attempt the capture of 
Memphis, but was confronted at Chick- 
asaw Bluffs, 80 miles above that city, by 
a Confederate flotilla under Capt. J. S. 




FORT PILLOW. 



from $12,000,000 to $20,000,000 a year Hollins and 3,000 troops under Gen. Jeff, 
were averse to forming a part of a con- M. Thompson, who occupied a military 
federacy in which the African slave-trade work on the bluffs, called Fort Pillow, 
was to be reopened and encouraged. Mr. then in command of General Villepigue, 
Memminger, in his report, said: " I see no an accomplished engineer. On April 14, 
men, however, who would take the posi- 1862, Foote began a siege of Fort Pillow 
tion of leaders in a revolution." with his mortar-boats, and soon drove 
Memorial, or Decoration Day. The Hollins to the shelter of that work. Pope, 
30th day of May is generally observed as whose troops had landed on the Arkansas 
a holiday by the citizens of the United shore, was unable to co-operate, because 
States, when the touching ceremony of the country was flooded, and being soon 
decorating the graves of Union soldiers called by Halleck to Shiloh, Foote was 
and sailors all over the land is performed, left to operate alone. He was finally corn- 
in public and private cemeteries, with ap- pelled to turn over the command to Capt. 
propriate ceremonies. The 20th of May C. H. Davis on account of the painfulness 
is observed in the Southern States as of a wound he had received at Fort Donel- 

159 



MENARD MENENDEZ DE AVILES 



son. On May 10 Rollins attacked Davis, 
but was repulsed, notwithstanding he was 
aided by the heavy guns of Fort Pillow. 
For more than a fortnight afterwards the 
belligerent fleets watched each other, 
when a " rani " squadron, commanded by 
Col. Charles Ellet, Jr., joined Davis s flo 
tilla and prepared to attack Hollins. 
The Confederates, having just heard of 
the flight of Beauregard from Corinth, 
which uncovered Memphis, hastily evacu 
ated Fort Pillow (June 4) and fled down 
the river in transports to Memphis, fol 
lowed by Hollins s flotilla. On June 6 
the National flotilla won a victory over 
the Confederate squadron in front of Mem 
phis, when that city was surrendered to 
the Union forces. It was speedily occu 
pied by troops under Gen. Lew. Wallace, 
who were received with joy by the Union 
citizens. All Kentucky, western Tennes 
see, northern Mississippi, and Alabama 
were then in possession of the National 
authorities. The population of Memphis 
in 1890 was 64,495; in 1900, 102,320. 

Menard, RENE. See JESUIT MISSIONS. 

Menendez de Aviles, PEDRO, naval offi 
cer; born in Aviles, Spain, in 1519; en 
tered the Spanish naval service in his 
youth. After successfully battling with 



French corsairs, Philip II. of Spain ap 
pointed him captain-general of the India 
fleet. Menendez carried that monarch to 
England to marry Queen Mary, and took 
him back on his return. In 1565 Philip 
made him governor of Florida; and just 
before he was to depart the King was in 
formed of the Huguenot settlement there, 
and fitted out an expedition for their de 
struction. Menendez sailed with thirty- 
four vessels, bearing 2.000 persons farm 
ers, mechanics, soldiers, and priests. Ar 
riving at Porto Rico with a small part of 
his force, Menendez heard of the rein 
forcements Ribault had taken to Florida, 
and he immediately went to the mouth of 
the St. John with Philip s cruel order to 
murder all the Huguenots. Failing to 
catch the French fleet that escaped from 
the St. John, Menendez landed farther 
southward, built a fort, and founded ST. 
AUGUSTINE (<]. v.} . Marching overland, 
he attacked and captured the French Fort 
Carolina, putting nearly the whole of the 
garrison to death. Only seventy of the 
colonists escaped, and some of the prison 
ers were hanged. Ribault s ships that 
went out to drive Menendez from St. Au 
gustine were wrecked, and a portion of 
the crew, with Ribault, falling into the 




MENE.NDEZ S EXPEDITION ON ITS WAY TO THE NEW WORLD. 
160 



MENNONITES 




DE GOURGUES AVKNGING THE MASSACRE OF THE Hl GUESOTS BY MKNEXDEZ. 

hands of the Spaniards, were nearly all church policy, which is still generally ad- 
put to death. These outrages were avenged hered to by them. Persecution in the 
by a Frenchman named De Gourgues. In seventeenth and eighteenth centuries drove 
1570 Menendez sent a colony of Jesuits many from other European countries to 
to establish a mission near Chesapeake take refuge in Holland, where the church 
Bay. They were massacred by Indians, became very strong. They established a 
In 1572 he explored the Potomac and the theological seminary at Amsterdam in 
Chesapeake Bay, and was preparing to 1735. They are now one of the strongest 
colonize that region, when his King ap- religious bodies in Holland. In the seven- 
pointed him commander of a fleet against teenth century many Mennonites emi- 
the Low Countries. While preparing for grated to Russia, but a century later perse- 
this expedition he died, in Santander, Sept. cution drove them largely from that coun- 
17, 1574. See FLORIDA; HUGUENOTS. try. In 1786, however, Catharine II. 
Mennonites. This sect derives its name offered special privileges to the members 
from Simon Menno, the founder, who lived of this religious body to persuade them 
early in the sixteenth century. He sepa- to settle in the kingdom. This induced a 
rated his followers from the other bodies large emigration of them thither, where 
of Protestants in Holland and Germany, by their diligence they gained great pros- 
and gave them a system of church order, perity. They were always protected and 
Their peculiar beliefs consisted in con- favored by the government until 1871, 
demning all war as sinful, also oaths and when their most valued privilege exemp- 
lawsuits, and in looking for the personal tion from military duty was taken from 
reign of Christ in the millennium. All them. This brought about the removal of 
immoral practices were condemned by the larger part of the Russian Mennonites 
them, and their own conduct has been ex- to the United States. 

emplary, prudent, and devout. Historians The first members of these to come to 
rank them as among the best Christians this country was a delegation that came 
of the Church, and the best citizens any in 1683, by invitation of William Penn. 
State ever had. Towards the end of the Others followed in subsequent years, set- 
sixteenth century William, Prince of tling in Pennsylvania and other States, 
Orange, granted the Mennonites a settle- but their numbers were comparatively few 
ment in the United Provinces. Their con- here until the coming of the colonies from 
fession of faith was made public in 1626, Russia. These have generally settled in 
and in 1649 they adopted a system of Kansas and Nebraska. There have been 
VI. L 161 



MEN OF THE WOODS MERCEB 



several secessions from the main body of 
the Mennonites. The Reformed Mennonites 
seceded in 1811. Another branch, the 
New Mennonites, organized in 1847, and 
an offshoot from this, the Evangelical 
Mennonites, was formed in 1856. The 
Amish Mennonites form still another with 
drawal from the main body. These latter 
are often known as " Hookers," because 
they substitute hooks for buttons on their 
clothes. 

The Mennonites in the United States 
are divided into twelve branches, as fol 
lows: Mennonites proper, Amish, Reform 
ed, General Conference, Bundes Conference, 
Defenceless, Brethren in Christ, Brueder- 
hoef, Old Amish, Apostolic, Church of 
God in Christ, and Old (Wisler). In 
1004 the principal bodies reported the 
following statistics: 



ligion of the Menomonees was that of all 
the other tribes in the North. They are 
now about half pagans and half Roman 
Catholics. They refused to join the Sioux 
in their outbreak in 1861, and several of 
their warriors were volunteers in the Na 
tional army. They are fading, like the 
other tribes. In 1822 they numbered near 
ly 4,000; in 1899, 1,375, all at the Green 
Bay agency. 

Mercer, HUGH, military officer; born in 
Aberdeen, Scotland, about 1720; became a 
physician, and was assistant surgeon at 
the battle of Culloden, on the side of the 
Pretender, and was obliged to leave his 
country. He came to America in 1747, 
was a captain in the French and Indian 
War, was severely wounded in the battle 





Minister". 


Chnrchea. 


Members. 


Mennonite 


4 AJ 


288 


22,974 


Aiuish . ... 


274 


124 


13 413 


Reformed. . . 


43 


34 


],<;8o 


General Conference .... 


135 


76 


10.545 


Biiixlrs Conference 


44 


16 


3,000 


Hi fenceless 


20 


11 


1,126 


Brethren in Christ 


76 


59 


3,103 










Total. . 


1.017 


608 


55,841 




Men of the Woods. See CAYUQA IND 
IANS. 

Menomonee Indians, a family of the 
Algonqnian nation, residing upon the Me 
nomonee River, in Wisconsin. They assert 

that their ancestors emigrated from the HUGH MERCER. 

East, but they were found on their present 

domain in 1640 by the French. Jesuit where Braddock was defeated, and re 
missions were established among them in ceived a medal from the corporation of 
1670 by Allouez and others. The Menom- Philadelphia for his prowess in that expe- 
onees were fast friends of the French, dition. He was made lieutenant-colonel 
marched to the relief of Detroit in 1712, in 1758; entered heartily into the military 
and subsequently drove the Foxes from service when the Revolutionary War broke 
Green Bay. Some of their warriors were out, and was made colonel of the 3d Vir- 
with the French against Braddock in ginia Regiment in February, 1770. In 
1755; also at the capture of Fort William June following Congress made him a briga- 
Ilenry, on Lake George, and on the Plains dier-general. He led the column of attack 
of Abraham with Montcalm. In the Revo- at the BATTLE OF TRENTON (</. v.) , and at 
lutionary War and the War of 1812 they the council of war there he suggested the 
were the friends of the English. They as- daring night march on Princeton. In the 
sisted in the capture of Mackinaw in battle that ensued the following morning 
1812, and were with Tecumseh at Fort he was mortally wounded, and died Jan. 
Meigs and at Fort Stephenson in 1813. 12, 1777. See PRINCETON, BATTLE OF. 
After that they made several treaties with Mercer, FORT, a strong work on the 
the United States, and they served the New Jersey shore of the Delaware, not far 
government against the Sacs and Foxes in below Philadelphia, which in 1777 had a 
1832 (see BLACK HAWK WAR). The re- garrison under the command of Col. Chris- 

162 



MERCER MERCHANT MARINE 



topher Greene, of Rhode Island. After 
Howe had taken possession of Philadel 
phia, in September of that year, he felt 
the necessity of strengthening his position; 
so. in the middle of October, he ordered 
Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to abandon the 
forts he had captured in the Hudson High 
lands, and send 6,000 troops to Philadel 
phia. He had just issued this order, when 
I ows of the surrender of Burgoyne and 
his army reached him. He then perceived 
that he must speedily open the way for 
his brother s fleet to ascend the Delaware 
to Philadelphia or all would be lost. He 
ordered Count Donop to take 1,200 picked 
Hessian soldiers, cross the Delaware at 
Philadelphia, march down the New Jersey 
shore, and take Fort Mercer by storm. 
He obeyed, and at the same time the Brit 
ish vessels of war in the river opened a fu 
rious cannonade on Fort Mifflin, opposite. 
Already the works at Billingsport, below, 
had been captured, and a narrow channel 
had been opened through obstructions 
above. This admitted British vessels to 
approach near enough to cannonade the 
two forts. 

On the approach of Donop (Oct. 22), 



non-shot of the fort, Donop planted a bat 
tery of ten heavy guns, and late in the 
afternoon demanded the instant surrender 
of the fort, threatening that, in case of 
refusal and resistance, no quarter would 
be given. Colonel Greene had only 400 
men back of him, but he gave an instant 
and defiant refusal, saying, " We ask no 
quarter, nor will we give any." Then the 
besiegers opened their heavy guns, and, 
under their fire, pressed up to storm the 
fort. They were received by terrible vol 
leys of musketry and grape-shot from can 
non, while two concealed American gal 
leys smote them with a severe enfilading 
tire. The slaughter of the assailants was 
fearful. Count Donop instantly fell, and 
many of his officers were slain or mortally 
wounded. At twilight the invaders with 
drew, after a loss of 208 men. The Amer 
icans lost thirty-seven, killed and wound 
ed. Donop died three days after the battle. 
He said, " I die a victim to my ambition 
and the avarice of my sovereign." 

Merchant Marine. At the close of 
the War of 1812, the United States was 
noted throughout the world for the ex 
cellence of its sailing-vessels. As the use 




LAUNCH OP THE SHIP FAME, 1802. 

Greene abandoned the outworks of Fort of steamships increased, however, this 
Mercer, and retired into the principal re- supremacy was lost, and in 1870, when 
doubt. At the edge of a wood, within can- iron and steel vessels began to be needed, 

163 



MERCHANT MARINE 



the ship-building industry in this coun 
try had nearly vanished. In 1890 almost 
the entire carrying trade of American 
ports was done in British bottoms. Re 
alizing that this was a serious condition, 
Congress in 1892 passed several acts for 
the encouragement of American ship 
builders, and admitted to American regis 
try two Inman Line steamers on condi 
tion that the owners should build at least 
two vessels of equal tonnage in American 



twice in 1864, when 415,740 gross tons 
were built, and in 1874, when 432,725 
gross tons were built. 

The construction was classed according 
to the following types: Schooners, schoon 
er-barges, and sloops, 499, of 109,605 gross 
tons; Great Lake steam-vessels, 25, of 97,- 
847 gross tons ; canal - boats and barges, 
523, of 74,860 gross tons ; ocean screw 
steamships, 20, of 60,369 gross tons (of 
which all but one, the Maracaibo, 1,771 




THE AMERICAN STEAMER ST. LOUIS. 



yards. On Nov. 12, 1894, the St. Louis, gross tons, were built wholly or principal- 

the first-fruit of this law, was launched ly for trades reserved by law to American 

at Philadelphia. The vessel was wholly vessels); river - steamers, 375, of 44,282 

American in build and material, and was gross tons; square-rigged vessels, 4, of 

the second largest merchant vessel afloat. G,205 gross tons. 

Subsequently this fleet was increased, The steam - vessels built 420, of 202,- 

and became known as the American Line. 498 gross tons surpassed the record, the 

In the American-Spanish War of 1898 the nearest approach being 1891, when 488 

St. Paul, St. Louis, Neio York, and Paris steam-vessels, of 185,037 gross tons, were 

were used as auxiliary cruisers, the first built. 

two under their own names, and the oth- The steel vessels built 90, of 196,851 
ers under those of the Yale and Harvard, gross tons exceeded the previous record 
The official report of the United States year, 1899, when 91 such vessels, of 131,- 
commissioner of navigation for the fiscal 379 gross tons, were built. Cleveland, 
year ending June 30, 1900, showed that 0., ranked first as builder of steel ves- 
1,446 vessels, of 393,168 gross tons, were sels, with 9 steamships, of 42.119 gross 
built and documented in the United States, tons, followed by Newport News, 7 steam- 
Since 1856 this record was exceeded only ships, of 28,202 gross tons; Chicago, 5 

164 



MEREDITH MEEJRITT 



vessels, 24,504 tons; Detroit, 4 steamships, 
15,693 tons. 

During the decade 1890-1900 the steel 
steam-vessels built in the United States 
aggregated 465, of 742,830 gross tons, of 
which 198, of 450,089 gross tons, were 
built on the Great Lakes. For comparison 
it may be noted that the British board 
of trade reports that 727 steel steam-ves 
sels, of 1,423,344 gross tons, were built 
in the United Kingdom during 1899. Dur 
ing the ten years 69 steel steam-vessels, 
of 194,080 gross tons, were built at Cleve 
land, and 110, of 138,593 gross tons, at 
Philadelphia. 

The total tonnage built and documented 
on the Great Lakes during the year 125 
vessels, of 130,611 gross tons was the 
largest in the history of that region. The 
total for the Middle Atlantic and Gulf 
coasts 605 vessels, of 135,473 tons ex 
ceeded any record since 1872. The total 
for the New England coast 199 vessels, 
of 72,179 gross tons had not been 
equalled since 1891, while the product of 
the Pacific coast 300 vessels, of 40,396 
tons was surpassed only by the returns 
of 1898 and 1899. Construction on the 
Mississippi River and tributaries 217 ves 
sels, 14,509 tons was 9,000 less than 1899. 
The foregoing figures do not cover yachts 
nor government vessels. 

Meredith, WILLIAM MORRIS, lawyer; 
born in Philadelphia, June 8, 1799; gradu 
ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 
1812; elected to the State legislature in 
1824; and appointed Secretary of the 
United States Treasury in 1849. He died 
in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 17, 1873. 

Mergenthaler, OTTMAR, inventor; born 
in Wiirtemberg, Germany, May 10, 1854; 
came to the United States friendless and 
penniless when eighteen years old; and 
first secured employment under the gov 
ernment in Washington to look after the 
mechanism of clocks, bells, and signal ser 
vice apparatus. In 1876 he was employed 
by a mechanical engineering firm in Balti 
more. Later, while in the employment of 
this firm, he made experiments that led 
to the invention of a type-setting machine. 
For four years he spent all his leisure 
time in perfecting his plans. He first 
conceived the idea of a rotary apparatus, 
but afterwards made a complete change 
in his plan and adopted the linotype 



scheme, which he finally perfected. His ma 
chine was worked by a key-board similar 
to that of a typewriter, and was capable 
of setting a line of type or dies, adjusting 
it to a desired width, and casting it into 
a solid line of type-metal. He secured 
patents for his invention, but it was not 
a practical success until the Rogers spacer 
was purchased by the linotype company 
which he organized. He died in Balti 
more, Md., Oct. 28, 1899. 

Merrimac. See MONITOR AND MERRI- 
MAC. 

Merriman, TITUS MOONEY, clergyman; 
born in Charleston, P. Q., Canada, April 
23,1822; graduated at Canada Baptist Col 
lege, Montreal, in 1844; and ordained in 
the Baptist Church. He became a natural 
ized citizen of the United States in 1882. 
His publications include Trail of History; 
1 ilgrims, Puritans, and Roger Williams 
Vindicated; Historical System, etc. 

Merritt, WESLEY, military officer; born 
in New York, June 16, 1836; gradu 
ated at the United States Military Acad 
emy, and brevetted second lieutenant in 
the 2d United States Dragoons on July 1, 
1860; was promoted successively to second 
and first lieutenant in the 2d Cavalry in 
1861; captain, 1862; lieutenant-colonel of 
the 9th Cavalry in 1866; colonel of the 
famous 5th Cavalry in 1876; brigadier- 
general, April 16, 1887; and major-gen 
eral, April 5, 1895; and was retired June 
16, 1900. In the volunteer service he was 
commissioned a brigadier-general, June 
29, 1863; brevetted major-general, Oct. 19, 
1864; and promoted to major-general, 
April 1, 1865. During the greater part 
of the Civil War he served in the Army of 
flic Potomac, taking part in all of its bat 
tles, and distinguishing himself at Gettys 
burg, Yellow Tavern, Hawe s Shop, Five 
Forks, etc. From June, 1864, to the close 
of the war, he accompanied General 
Sheridan on his cavalry raids, commanded 
the cavalry division in the Shenandoah 
campaign, and the cavalry corps in the 
Appomattox campaign; was engaged in 
the battles of Trevillian Station, Winches 
ter, Fisher s Hill, etc., and was one of the 
three commanders selected from the Union 
army to arrange with the Confederate 
commanders for the surrender of General 
Lee s army. After the war he was con 
spicuous in a number of Indian cam- 



165 



MERRY MOUNT METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH 



paigns; was superintendent of the United ted to the Connecticut bar in the same 
States Military Academy in 1882-87; and year; later practised in New York City 
commander of the Department of the At- and Utica, and then removed to Oakland, 
lantic till May, 1898, when he was as- Cal.; and was elected a member of Con 
signed to the command of the United gress from that State in 1889. In June, 
States forces about to be sent to the Phil- 1!)04, he was appointed by President Roose- 
ippine Islands. He reached Manila Bay velt secretary of the Department of Corn- 
in July; had charge of the operations merce and Labor to succeed GEORGE B 
around Manila and the capture of the CORTELYOU (q. v.). 

Metcalf e, THOMAS, legislator; born in 
Fauquier county, Ya., March 20, 1780; 
became a stone-cutter. In the War of 
1812-15 he commanded a company at 
the siege of FORT MEIGS (q. v.), in 
1813. After serving in the Kentucky 
legislature, he was a member of Con 
gress in 1819-29; governor of Kentucky 
in 1828-32; State Senator in 1834, and 
United States Senator in 1848-49. He 
died in Nicholas county, Ky., Aug. 18, 
1855. 

Methodist Episcopal Church, a re 
ligious denomination which dates its ori 
gin in the United States back to 1706. 
About thirty years prior thereto John 
and Charles Wesley visited America and 
labored in Georgia. It was reserved for 
Philip Embury and Robert Strawbridge 
to really organize the movement in Amer 
ica. Embury began his work in New 
York City, and in 1768 the first Methodist 
church in America was established on John 

city, and afterwards relinquished the mil- Street. Strawbridge at about the same 
itary command to GEN. ELWELL S. OTIS time gathered about him a few people in 
(q. v.) , and assumed the duties of the Frederick county, Md. The first annual con- 
first American military governor of the ference was held in Philadelphia in 1773, 
Philippines. In August he was ordered but the Methodist Episcopal Church was 
to Paris as an adviser to the American not formally established till Dec. 24, 1784. 
peace commissioners, and in December They were without an ordained ministry 
following he returned to the United States during the Revolutionary War. When 
and was commandant of the Military De- this condition of affairs was reported to 
partment of the East, with headquarters John Wesley, he appointed Dr. Thomas 
on Governor s Island, New York Harbor, Coke, a presbyter of the Church of Eny- 
till his retirement. See MANILA. land, to organize the Methodists of North 

Merry Mount. See SALEM. America into a regular ecclesiastical body 

Metcalf, HENRY BREWER, Prohibition- and to superintend the same. To aid him 
1st; born in Boston, Mass., April 2, 1829; in this work Mr. Wesley sent with him 
removed to Rhode Island in 1872; was Francis Asbury and two others. Dr. Coke 
elected to the State Senate as a Repub- and Francis Asbury were elected as super- 
lican in 1885; and was the candidate for intendents, or bishops, by the first general 
Vice-President on the Prohibition ticket conference above mentioned, which had 
in 1900. met for the purpose of following Wesley s 

Metcalf, VICTOR HOWARD, lawyer; born plan. The constitution of the Church as 
in Utica, N. Y., Oct. 10, 1853; acquired then adopted is held to consist of the Gen- 
an academic education; was graduated at eral Rules of Conduct recommended by 
the Yale Law School in 1876, and admit- Mr. Wesley, the Articles of Religion, and 

166 




WESLEY MERRITT. 



METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH METRIC SYSTEM 

six rules to limit the power of the general reported 6,381 ministers, 14,920 churches, 
conference, which meets every four years, and 1,533,766 members, 
and is the supreme legislative court of the Methodist Protestant Church, a 
church. The growth of Methodism in the branch of Methodism established in 1830 
United States has been very rapid. From by a number of ministers and members 
I!). 1 ), 000 communicants in 1812 the num- who had left or been expelled from the 
ber increased until in 1904 there were Methodist Episcopal Church. Prior to 
2,822,765, including 17,053 ministers. The their organization they had held the 
number of church edifices reported in the opinion that the laity should be per- 
latter year was 27,021. mitted to share in the government of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Church. To foster this opinion, a union 
a religious body organized at a conven- society was formed in Baltimore, in 
tion in Louisville, Ky., in 1845, by a num- 1824, which also published a periodical 
ber of annual Methodist conferences in the called The Mutual Rights. The agitation 
Southern States. The slavery agitation soon became so strong that a convention 
was the cause of the separation of the was called in 1827, which presented 
Northern and Southern Methodists. As a petition to the general conference 
early as 1780 a conference held at Balti- of 1828, requesting the representation 
more adopted a resolution requiring of laymen. To this petition an unfavor- 
itinerant preachers who owned slaves to able reply was remitted, which greatly 
set them free, and urging lay slave-holders increased the disaffection. Another con- 
to do the same. In 1789 the following vention met on Nov. 2, 1830, and the 
sentence appeared in the rules of disci- Methodist Protestant Church was found- 
pline which prohibited certain things: ed with 5,000 members and eighty-three 
" The buying or selling the bodies and clergymen. During the first four years 
souls of men, women, or children, with of its existence there was a rapid in- 
an intention to enslave them." In 1816 crease in membership. Their organiza- 
the general conference passed an act tion was greatly affected by the anti- 
that no slave-holder could hold any office slavery agitation, and finally there was 
in the Church, except in such States a division; but in 1877 the two branches 
where the laws did not " admit of reunited under the old name. In doctrine 
emancipation and permit the liberated the Methodist Protestant Church does 
slave to enjoy freedom." The agitation not greatly differ from the Methodist 
caused by slavery which continually dis- Episcopal Church, save that it has 
turbed the Church culminated in a serious twenty-nine instead of twenty-six articles 
condition in 1844, when Bishop Andrew, of religion. In 1904 this denomination 
cf the South, became a slave - holder by reported 1,537 ministers, 2,390 churches, 
marriage. At the general conference and 184,040 members. 

held in New York, in May, 1844, a reso- Metric System, a uniform decimal sys- 
lution was adopted, by a vote of 111 to tern of weights and measures, originated 
09, that Bishop Andrew " desist from in France with a committee of eminent 
the exercise of his office so long as he is scientists, named by the Academy of Sci- 
connected with slavery." The outcome of ences by order of the Constituent Assem- 
the discussion was the report of a com- bly, May 8, 1790. The basis of the system 
mittee that the thirteen annual confer- is the metre, which is 3.37 inches longer 
ences in slave-holding States would " find than the American " yard." This base, de- 
it necessary to unite in a distinct ecclesi- termined by Delambre and Mechain, is the 
astical connection." In May of the fol- 1-40,000,000 part of the circumference of the 
lowing year these Southern conferences earth on the meridian extending through 
sent representatives to the convention in France from Dunkirk to Barcelona. It 
Louisville, Ky., which formally organized was made the unit of length and the base 
the "Methodist Episcopal Church, of the system by law, April 7, 1795. A 
South." During and for some years after prototype metre was constructed in plati- 
the Civil War the growth of the South- num by an international commission, rep- 
ern Church was slow, but latterly it has resenting the governments of France, Hoi- 
been quite rapid. In 1904 this Church land, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, 

107 



METRIC SYSTEM MEXICO 



Spain, Savoy, and the Roman, Cisalpine, Unit of the measure of capacity and solidity. 
and Ligurian republics, in 1799. The unit Litre = cube of .1 metre (decimetre) = 
or weight is the gramme, the weight of a 
cubic centimetre of water at 4 centigrade 
(the temperature of greatest density). 
The unit of measure of surface is the arc, 
which is the square of the decametre, or 
10 metres. The unit of measure of capac 
ity is the stcrc, or cubic metre. The sys- 



61.022 cubic inches or .908 qt. 

Decalitre 10 litres. 

Hectolitre 100 

Kilolitre or stere. 1,000 

Decilitre .1 litre. 

Centilitre .01 

Millilitre .001 

Unit of ivciyht. 



tern is now in use in the United States Gramme = cube of .01 metre (centimetre) 



Marine Hospital service, in the foreign 
business of the post-office, in the United 
States coast and geodetic survey, and 
to some extent in the mint, United States 
signal service, and United States census: 



= .061022 cubic inch or 15.432 grs. 

Decagramme 10 grammes. 

Hectogramme 100 " 

Kilogramme 1,000 

Myriagramme 10,000 " 

Quintal 100,000 

Millier or Tonneau. 1,000,000 

Decigramme 1 gramme. 

Centigramme 01 " 

Milligramme 001 " 



Mexico, REPUBLIC OF, when first dis 
covered by the Spanish adventurers, was 
in the possession of the Aztecs, a semi- 



Decimal system of money adopted by 

the United States Congress, with the 

dollar as a unit July 6, 1785 

John Quincy Adams, United States 

Secretary of State, makes an elab 
orate report on the metric system 

to Congress Feb. 23, 1821 civilized race of dark-lined people, who 

By legislation of July 4, 1837, the use u d th . country Mexi tli. Older occu- 

of the system in France is enforced, j 

to take effect Jan. 1, 1840 pants were the Toltecs, who came to the 

International Decimal Association form- valley of Mexico, about the sixth century, 

ed ; 18u5 and were the first known tribe on this 

Canada adopts the decimal currency ,. , , ,, ... , 

used in United States Jan. 1, 1858 continent who left a written account of 

Metric weight of 5 grammes (77.16 their nationality and polity. Their em- 
grains) and diameter of 2 centi- pi re ended in the twelfth century. The 
metres given to the 5-cent copper Axtecs appeared at the close of th thir . 
nickel piece in the United States by 
act of Congress May 16, 1866 teenth century, coming from Azatlan, an 

Use in the United States authorized unknown region in the north. They seem 

by act of Congress, and table of to } iave first halted in their migrations 

equivalents approved July 28, 1866 southward at the Q rpat Salf f akp in 

Convention establishing an internation- 



Utah ; the next on the River Gila ; and 
the last on the high plateau in the val 
ley of Mexico, where they led a nomadic 
life until early in the fourteenth century, 
when they laid the foundation of a city 

and Peru May 20, 1875 upon an island in Lake Tezcuco, and call- 
International congress on weights and ed . t T htitl afterwards Mexitli 

measures meets at Pans Sept. 4, 1878 

(Spanish, Mexico), after their supremo 

god. It was a large and prosperous city 
when COKTEZ (q. v.) entered it on Nov. 
8, 1519. MONTEZTJMA (q. v.) was then 
emperor of the extended domain of the 
Aztecs. He lived in a fine palace in the 
city. Another palace was assigned to the 
use of Cortez as a guest, large enough to 
hold his whole army. By treachery and 
violence that adventurer took possession 
of the city and empire, caused the death 
Unit of tlic measure of surface. of Montezuma and his successor, and an- 

Centare = 1 sq. metre = 1,550 sq. inches. ncxed * fexi . CO as a P vince to S P* in - 

100 centares. The Mexicans were then very much en 

lightened. They worked metals, practised 
168 



al bureau of weights and measures 
signed at Paris by representatives of 
Austria, Germany, Russia, Italy, Spain, 
Portugal, Turkey, Switzerland, Bel 
gium, Sweden, Denmark, United 
States, Argentine Republic, Brazil, 



METRIC SYSTEM. 

Unit of the measure of length. 
Metre = 39.37 inches. 



Decametre 10 

Hectometre .... 100 

Kilometre 1,000 

Myriametre . . . 10,000 

Decimetre .1 

Centimetre .... .01 

Millimetre . .001 



metres. 



metre. 



Hectare 10,000 



MEXICO, REPUBLIC OF 



his troops and 






many of the useful arts, had a system of Icon III. placed MAXIMILIAN (q. v. ), arch- 
astronomy, kept their records in hiero- duke of Austria, on a throne in Mexico, 
glyphics, and practised architecture and with the title of emperor. Juarez, the 
sculpture in a remarkable degree. They deposed President of the republic, strug- 
had a temple, pyramidal in shape, con- gled for power with the troops of the 
structed solidly of earth and pebbles, and usurper, and succeeded. The Emperor of 
coated externally with hewn stones. The the French withdrew 
base was 300 feet 
square, and its top 
was reached by 111 
steps spirally con 
structed. The top 
was a large area 
paved with great 
flat stones, and on 
it were two towers 
or sanctuaries, and 
before each an altar 
on which fire was 
perpetually burn 
ing. There they 
made human sacri 
fices. The conquest 
by Cortez was ac 
complished by the 
aid of native allies 
who had been sub 
jected by the Aztecs 
and hated them. He - 
began to rebuild the 
city of Mexico on its 
present plan while 
he was governor, 
and it remained in 
possession of the 
Spanish government 
until 1821, or just 
300 years. 

After years of 
revolutionary move 
ments the Spanish 
province of Mexico 
\vas declared inde 
pendent, Feb. 24, 
1821, with Don Au- 
gustin Iturbide, a 
native of Mexico, at 
the head of the gov 
ernment as a repub 
lic. He afterwards 
became emperor. In 
1836 it lost the fine 
province of Texas 

by revolution, and ten years afterwards abandoned Maximilian, who was captured 
that portion of ancient Mexico was an- early in 1867, and was shot on June 19. 
nexed to the United States. In 1864 Napo- The republic was re-established. 

169 




NATIONAL PALACE. CITY OP MKXICO. 



MEXICO 

Mexico, WAR WITH. The annexation to the Rio Grande, opposite the Spanish 
of Texas caused an immediate rupture be- city of Matamoras, because Mexican troops 
tween the United States and Mexico, for were gathering in that direction. This 
the latter claimed Texas as a part of her was disputed territory between Texas and 
territory, notwithstanding its independence the neighboring province of Tamaulipas. 
had been acknowledged by the United When he encamped at Point Isabel, March 
States, England, France, and other gov- 25, on the coast, 28 miles from Matamoras, 
ernments. When Congress had adopted Taylor was warned by the Mexicans that 
the joint resolution for the annexation he was upon foreign soil. He left his 
of TEXAS (q. v.) to the United States, stores at Point Isabel, under a guard of 
General Almonte, the Mexican minister 450 men, and with the remainder of his 
at, Washington, protested against the army advanced to the bank of the Rio 
measure and demanded his passports. Grande, where he established a camp and 
On June 4 following the President of began the erection of a fort, which he 
Mexico (Herrara) issued a proclama- named Fort Brown, in honor of Major 
tion declaring the right of Mexico to Brown, in command there, 
the Texan territory, and his determination The Mexicans were so eager for war 
to defend it by arms, if necessary. At the that, because President Herrera was anx- 
same time there existed another cause for ious for peace with the United States, 
serious dispute between the United States they elected General Paredes to succeed 
and Mexico. The latter had been an un- him. The latter sent General Ampudia, 
just and injurious neighbor ever since the with a large force, to drive the Americans 
establishment of republican government in beyond the Nueces. This officer demanded 
Mexico in 1824. Impoverished by civil of General Taylor, April 12, the with- 
war, it did not hesitate to replenish its drawal of his troops within twenty-four 
treasury by plundering American vessels hours. Taylor refused, and continued to 
in the Gulf of Mexico, or by confiscating strengthen Fort Brown. Ampudia hesi- 
the property of American merchants with- tated, when General Arista was put in his 
in its borders. The United States govern- place as commander-in-chief of the North- 
ment remonstrated in vain until 1831, ern Division of the Army of Mexico. He 
when a treaty was made and promises of was strongly reinforced, and the position 
redress were given. These promises were of the Army of Occupation became critical, 
never fulfilled. Robberies continued; and, Parties of armed Mexicans soon got be- 
in 1840, the aggregate value of property tween Point Isabel and Fort Brown and 
belonging to Americans which had been cut off all intercommunication. A recon- 
appropriated by the Mexicans amounted to noitring party under Captain Thornton 
more than $6,000,000. The claim for this was surprised and captured (April 24) on 
amount was unsatisfied when the annexa- the Texas side of the Rio Grande, when 
tion of Texas took place in 1845. Lieutenant Mason was killed. Having 

Being fully aware of the hostile feel- completed his fort, Taylor hastened to the 

ings of the Mexicans, President Polk relief of Point Isabel, May 1, which was 

ordered (July, 1845) Gen. Zachary Tay- menaced by a Mexican force, 1,500 strong, 

lor, then in command of the United States collected in the rear. He reached Point 

troops in the Southwest, to go to Texas Isabel the same day. This departure of 

and take a position as near the Rio Taylor from the Rio Grande emboldened 

Grande as prudence would allow. This the Mexicans, who opened fire upon Fort 

force, about 1,500 strong, was called the Brown, May 3, from Matamoras, and a 

Army of Occupation for the defence of large body crossed the river to attack it 

Texas. At the same time a strong naval in the rear. Taylor had left orders that 

force, under Commodore Conner, sailed to in case of an attack, if peril appeared im- 

the Gulf of Mexico to protect American minent, signal guns must be fired, and he 

interests there. In September Taylor would hasten to the relief of the fort, 

formed a camp at Corpus Christi, and On the 6th, when the Mexicans began 

there remained during the autumn and to plant cannon in the rear and Major 

winter. He was ordered, Jan. 13, 1846, P.rown was mortally wounded, the signals 

to move from his camp at Corpus Christi were given, and Taylor inarched for the 

170 



MEXICO, WAR WITH 



Rio Grande on the evening of the 7th, with 
a little more than 2,000 men, having boen 
reinforced by Texan volunteers and ma 
rines from the fleet. At noon the next 
day he fought and defeated Arista, with 
6,000 troops, at PALO ALTO (q. v.). At 2 
A.M. the next day his wearied army was 
summoned to renew its march, and, tow 
ards evening, fought a more sanguinary 
battle with the same Mexicans, at RESACA 
r>E LA PALMA ( q. v. ) . Again the Ameri 
cans were victorious. The Mexican army 
in Texas was now completely broken up. 
Arista saved himself by solitary flight 



drove the Mexican troops from Matamorus. 
took possession of the town (May 18), and 
remained there until August, when he re 
ceived reinforcements and orders from his 
government. Then, with more than 6,000 
troops, he moved on Monterey, defended by 
General Ampudia, with more than 9,000 
troops. It was a very strongly built town, 
at the foot of the great Sierra Madre. A 
siege commenced Sept. 21 and ended with 
the capture of the place on the 24th. Gen 
eral Wool had been directed to muster and 
prepare for service the volunteers gathered 
at Bexar, in Texas, and by the middle of 




GENERAL TAYLOR S ATTACK ON* MONTEREY. 



across the Rio Grande. The garrison at 
Fort Brown was relieved. In the mean 
while, Congress had declared, May 11, 
1846, that, " by the act of the republic of 
Mexico, a state of war exists between that 
government and the United States," and 
authorized the President to raise 50,000 
volunteers. They also (May 13) appro 
priated $10.000,000 for carrying on the 
war. The Secretary of War and General 
Scott planned a magnificent campaign. 
On May 23 the Mexican government also 
declared war. 

General Taylor crossed the Rio Grande, 

1 



July 12,000 of them had been mustered 
into the service. Of these, 9,000 were sent 
to reinforce Taylor. Wool went up the 
Rio Grande with about 3,000 troops, cross 
ed the river at Presidio, penetrated Mex 
ico, and, in the last of October, reached 
Monclova, 70 miles northwest of Monterey. 
He pushed on to Coahuila, where he ob 
tained ample supplies for his own and 
Taylor s troops. General Taylor had 
agreed to an armistice at Monterey. This 
was ended Nov. 13, by order of his govern 
ment, when, leaving General Butler in 
command at Monterey, he marched to Vic- 
71 



MEXICO, WAR WITH 



and there a severe 
battle was fought, 
Feb. 23, resulting 
in victory for the 
Americans. 

GEN. STEPHEN 
W. KEARNY (q. v.) 
was placed in com 
mand of the Army 
of the West, with 
instructions to 
conquer New Mex 
ico and California. 
He left Fort 
Leaven worth in 
June, 184G, and, 
after a journey of 
900 miles over the 
great plains and 
among mountain 
ranges, he arrived 
at Santa Fe, Aug. 
18, having met 
with no resist 
ance. Appointing 

toria, the capital of Tamaulipas, with the Charles Brent governor, he marched tow- 
intention of attacking Tampico, on the ards California, and was soon met by an 
coast. Meanwhile, General Worth, with express from COMMODORE ROBERT F. STOCK- 
900 men, had taken possession of Saltillo TON (g. v.) , and LIEUT-COL. JOHN C. 




THE FIGHT IN THE STREETS OP MONTEREY. 



(Nov. 15), the capital of Coahuila. 



FREMONT (q. v. ), informing him that the 



Taylor, ascertaining that Tampico had conquest of California had been achieved, 
already surrendered to the Americans Fremont and a party of explorers, sixty in 
(Nov. 14), and that Santa Ana was col- number, joined by American settlers in the 
lecting a large force at San Luis Potosi, vicinity of San Francisco, had capt- 
returned to Monterey to reinforce Worth, ured a Mexican force at Sonoma pass, 
if necessary. Worth "was joined at Saltillo June 15, 1846, with the garrison, nine 
by Wool s division (Dec. 20), and Taylor cannon, and 250 muskets. He then de- 
again advanced to Victoria ( Dec. 29 ) . f eated another force at Sonoma, and drove 
Just as he was about to proceed to a vigor- the Mexican authorities out of that re- 
ous campaign, Taylor received orders from gion of country. On July 5 the Ameri- 
General Scott, at Vera Cruz, to send the cans in California declared themselves in- 
latter a large portion of his (Taylor s) dependent, and put Fremont at the head 
best officers and troops, and to act only of affairs. On the 7th Commodore Sloat, 
on the defensive. This was a severe trial with a squadron, bombarded and captured 
for Taylor, but he cheerfully obeyed. He Monterey, on the coast; on the 9th Coni- 
and Wool were left with an aggregate modore Montgomery took possession of 
force of only about 5,000 men, of whom San Francisco. Commodore Stockton and 
only 500 were regulars, to oppose 20,000, Colonel Fremont took possession of Los 
then gathering at San Luis Potosi, under Angeles on Aug. 17, and there they were 
Santa Ana. Taylor and Wool united their joined by Kearny, who had sent the main 
forces, Feb. 4, 1847, on the San Luis road, body of his troops back to Santa Fe. 
determined to fight the Mexicans, who Fremont went to Monterey, and there as- 
were approaching. The opportunity was sumed the office of governor, and pro- 
fell 



not long delayed. The Americans 
back to Buena Vista, within 11 miles of 
Saltillo, and encamped in a narrow defile, 



claimed, Feb. 8, 1847, the annexation of 
California to the United States. 

Meanwhile, Colonel Doniphan, detached 



172 



MEXICO, WAR WITH 



by Kearny, with 1,000 Missouri volun 
teers, marched towards Chihuahua to join 
General Wool. In two engagements with 
Mexicans he was victorious, and entered 
the capital of Chihuahua in triumph, 
March 2, and took possession of the prov 
ince. After resting six weeks, he joined 
Wool at Saltillo, and thence returned to 
New Orleans, having made a perilous 
march from the Mississippi of about 5,000 
miles. 

The conquest of all northern Mexico 
was now complete, and General Scott 
was on his march for the capital. He had 
landed at Vera Cruz, March 9, with an 
army of 13,000 men. It had been borne 
thither by a powerful squadron, com 
manded by Commodore Conner. He in 
vested the city of VERA CRUZ (q, v.) on 
the 13th, and on the 27th it was sur 
rendered with the castle of San Juan de 
Ulloa. Scott took possession of the city 
two days afterwards, and, on April 8, 
the advance of his army, under General 
Twiggs, began its march for the capital, 
by way of Jalapa. Santa Ana had ad 



vanced, with 12,000 men, to meet the in 
vaders, and had taken post at Cerro 
Gordo, a, difficult mountain pass at the 
foot of the Eastern Cordilleras. Scott 
had followed Twiggs with the rest of 
his army, and, on April 13, defeated the 
Mexicans at that strong pass, and, push 
ing forward, entered Jalapa on the 19th. 
On the 22d the American flag was un 
furled over the Castle of Perote, on the 
summit of the Eastern Cordilleras, 50 
miles from Jalapa. This was considered 
the strongest fortress in Mexico, except 
ing Vera Cruz. It was surrendered with 
out resistance, and with it fifty-four pieces 
of cannon, some mortars, and a large 
amount of munitions of war. 

Onward the victorious army marched, 
and entered the fortified city of Puebla, 
May 15, a city of 80,000 inhabitants; and 
there the army rested until August. Be 
ing reinforced, Scott then pushed on tow 
ards the capital. From that very spot on 
the lofty Cordilleras, Cortez first looked 
down upon the quiet valley of Mexico, 
centuries before. Scott now beheld that 




BATTLE OF CHURCBUSCO. 

173 



MEXICO, WAR WITH 

spacious panorama, the seat of the capital That night Santa Ana and his troops, 
of the Aztecs the " Halls of the Monte- with the civil officers, fled from the city, 
zumas." He pushed cautiously forward, and, at 4 A.M. the next day, a deputation 
and approached the stronghold before the from the municipal authorities waited 
city. The fortified camp of Contreras upon Scott, begging him to spare the 
was taken by the Americans on Aug. 20. town and treat for peace. He would make 
Then the strong fortress of San Antonio no terms, but entered the city, Sept. 13, 
yielded the same day. The heights of a conqueror; and from the grand plaza 
Churubusco were attacked. Santa Ana ad- he proclaimed the conquest of the re- 
vanced, and soon the whole region be- public of Mexico. Santa Ana made some 
came one great battle-field. Churubusco feeble efforts to regain lost power, but 
was taken, and Santa Ana fled towards failed. He was defeated in two slight 
the capital. A Mexican army, 30,000 battles. Before the close of October he 
strong, had in a single day been broken was stripped of every command, and fled 
up by another less than one-third its for safety to the shores of the Gulf. The 
strength in number, and at almost ev- president of the Mexican Congress as- 
ery step the Americans were success- sumed provisional authority, and, on Feb. 
ful. Full 4,000 Mexicans were killed and 2, 1848, that body concluded a treaty of 
wounded, 3,000 were made prisoners, and peace with the United States commission- 
thirty-seven pieces of cannon were capt- crs at Guadalupe-Hidalgo. It was rati- 
ured on that memorable day. The Amer- fled by both governments, and, on July 4, 
leans had lost 1,100 in killed and 1848, President Polk proclaimed it. It 
wounded. stipulated the evacuation of Mexico by the 
They might now have entered the city American troops within three months ; the 
of Mexico in triumph, but General Scott payment of $3,000,000 in hand, and $12,- 
preferred to bear the olive-branch rather 000,000 in four annual instalments, by the 
than the palm. As he advanced to Tacuba, United States to Mexico, for New Mexico 
Aug. 21, only 7 miles from the city, and California, which had become terri- 
lie met a deputation from Santa Ana tory of the United States by conquest, 
to ask for an armistice, preparatory to and, in addition, to assume debts due 
negotiations for peace. It was granted, certain citizens of the United States from 
NICHOLAS P. TRIST (q. v.) , appointed by Mexico to the amount of $3.500,000. It 
the United States government to treat for also fixed boundaries and otherwise ad- 
peace, was present. The treacherous justed matters in dispute. 
Santa Ana had made this only a pretext Unfaithful American citizens plotted 
to gain time to strengthen the defences schemes for the extinction of the Mexi- 
of the city. When the trick was dis- can Republic (see KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN 
covered, Scott declared the armistice at an CIRCLE). While the plots were fast rip- 
end, and advanced upon the city. Less ening, the two governments successfully 
than 4,000 Americans attacked Santa Ana negotiated a treaty by which the bound- 
with 14,000 Mexicans, Sept. 8, at Molino ary-line between the United States and 
del Rev (the King s Mill), near Chapul- Mexico was defined and fixed. The treaty 
tepee. The combatants fought desperate- was ratified early in 1854, and it was 
ly and suffered dreadfully. The Mexicans agreed that the decisions of the commis- 
left almost 1,000 dead on the field; the sioners appointed under it to revise the 
Americans lost 800. The lofty battle- boundary should be final. -By that treaty 
mented hill of Chapultepec was doomed, the United States was to be released 
It was the last place to be defended out- from all obligations imposed by the 
side of the city. It was attacked by mor- treaty of peace with Mexico in 1848, and, 
tar and cannon shells and round-shot, as a consideration for this release, and 
Sept. 12, and the assault continued until for the territory ceded by Mexico, the 
the next day, when the American flag United States agreed to pay the latter 
waved in triumph over its shattered $10,000,000 $7,000.000 on the ratifica- 
castle. The Mexicans fled into the city, tion of the treaty, and the remainder 
pursued by the Americans to the very as soon as the boundary-line should be 
gates. established. These conditions were com- 

174 



MEXICO MIAMI 

plied with, and the peaceful relations be- Miami, FORT, erected near the present 
tween the two countries have never since city of Fort Wayne, Ind., was garrisoned 
been broken. by Ensign Holmes and ten men. On the 




UU.NKKAL SCOTT S KNTttY INTO THE CITY OF MEXICO. 



For documents relating to the war, see morning of May 27, 1703, he was in- 

POLK, JAMES KNOX. See, also, the titles formed that the fort at Detroit had been 

of the military and naval officers above attacked, and he put his men on their 

mentioned, and of the scenes of battles, guard. The same day an Indian woman 

See CIIAPULTEPEC, BATTLE OF; CHURU- came to Holmes, saying a squaw in a 

uusco, BATTLE OF. cabin 300 yards off was ill, and wished 

175 



MIAMI INDIANS MICHIE 



him to bleed her. He went out, and was (qq. v.). As early as 1G32 he visit- 
shot. The sergeant followed, and was ed Boston with his wife and stayed two 
made prisoner, when the rest of the gar- nights. 
rison surrendered to the Indians who 
swarmed in the forest nearby. See PON- 



TIAC. 



He went to church with the Eng 
lish. Governor Winthr,op took Miantono- 
moh and his attendants to his home and 
made much of them. In 1637 he 



as- 



Miami Indians, an Algonquian family sisted the English in the war with the 

that, when discovered by the French in PEQUOD INDIANS (q. v.). At the be- 

1658, were seated near Green Bay, Wis.; ginning of 16,38 he succeeded his uncle, 

and their chief, having a body-guard, was Canonicus, as sachem or king of the Nar- 

treated with more reverence than was ragansets: and in March he granted lands 

usual among the Northern Indians. The on the island of Rhode Island to William 

English and the Five Nations called them Coddington and others to make a settle- 

Twightwees. In 1683 they and their kin- ment. Entering into an agreement with 

dred (the Illinois) were attacked by the Uncas, sachem of the Mohegans, not to 

IROQUOIS INDIANS (q. v.) , whom they make war vipon each other without first 

drove back, though engaged at the same appealing to the English, he fell under 

time in war with the fiery Sioux. Act- the suspicions of the latter, and was cited 

ing alternately as friends and foes of the to appear before the governor and council 

French, they were ruthless, and were not at Boston in 1642. Nothing being found 

trusted by Europeans. Some of them against him, he was dismissed with honor, 

were with De Nonville in his expedition It was the policy of the English to fo- 

against the Five Nations in 1687; and ment a rivalry between the Mohegans and 

they joined the Iroquois against the Hu- Narragansets, and Uncas was induced to 

rons and opened intercourse with the Eng- insult and injure Miantonomoh as much 

lish. In their wars with the French and as it was in his power to do. When 

the Sioux the Miamis lost heavily; and, Uncas pressed hard upon Miantonomoh, 

finally, in 1721, they were mostly seated the latter made war. The Narragansets 

upon the St. Joseph and the Maumee, were beaten and their sachem was made 

near Fort Wayne, Ind. Miami and Mau- prisoner. Uncas conveyed him to the Eng- 

mee are the same, the latter simply show- lish at Hartford, where, by the advice and 

ing the French pronunciation of the word, consent of the magistrates and elders of 

When the struggle for dominion began the Church, this uniform friend of the 

between the French and English the white people was put to death, in obe- 

Miamis hesitated; and when the French dience to a policy that thus favored the 

power fell they would not allow the Eng- Mohegans. His death left an indelible 

lish to pass through their country for a stain upon the Connecticut authorities, 

while, and joined PONTIAC (q. v.) in his The names of Miantonomoh and Canon- 

the 



operations. During 



Revolutionary icus have been given to two vessels in the 



War they were friends of the English; new navy of the United States, the first 
and when, in 1790, General Harmar was a double-turret monitor, the second a 
sent against them, they put 1,500 warriors single-turret one. 

Michie, PETEU SMITH, military officer; 
born in Brechin, Scotland, March 24, 



in the field, with the famous Little Turtle 
at their head. They defeated Harmar. 
but were crushed by Wayne, and were par- 1839: came to the United States in boy- 
ties to the treaty at Greenville in 1795. hood; graduated at West Point and corn- 
When Tecumseh conspired they refused to missioned a first lieutenant of engi- 
join him, but favored the British in the neers in 1863. He was promoted captain 
War of 1812. Since that time they have on Nov. 23, 1865, and was appointed Pro- 
rapidly declined. In 1822 they numbered fessor of Natural and Experimental Phi- 
about 2,500; in 1899, the remnant on the losophy in the United States Military 
Quapaw reservation, in the Indian Terri- Academy on Feb. 14, 1871, a post he held 



tory, was only ninety-two. 



till his death. His publications include 



Miantonomoh, king of the Narragan- Elements of Wave Motion Relating to 



set Indians; born in 
nephew of CANONICUS 



Rhode Island: Sound and Light; Life and Letters of 
and NINEGRET Major-General Emory Upton; Personnel 
176 



MICHIGAN 



of Sea-Coast Defence; Elements of Analyt- support him was organized at Georgetown, 
ical Mechanics; Elements of Hydro-Me- Ky. ; but before it had crossed the Ohio 
chunics; and Practical Astronomy. He news of the surrender at Detroit reached 
died in West Point, N. Y., Feb. 16, them. That event stirred the patriotic 
1901. zeal of the whole Western country, and 

Michigan, STATE OF, was discovered and the greatest warlike enthusiasm prevailed, 
settled by French missionaries and fur- Volunteers gathered under local leaders in 
traders. As early as 1G10 the site of De- every direction. Companies were formed 
troit was visited by Frenchmen, and in and equipped in a single day, and were 
1G41 some Jesuits reached the falls of St. ready to march the next. They passed 
Mary. The first European settlements with- over the Ohio from Kentucky, Pennsyl- 
in the present limits of Michigan were made vania, and Virginia; and the governor of 
there by the establishment of a mission Ohio sent forward 2,000 men under Gen- 
by Father JACQUES MAEQUETTE (q. v.) era! Tupper for the recovery of Michigan, 
and others in 1GG8. Three years later General Harrison wus appointed com- 
Fort Mackinaw was established, and in mander-in-chief of the Army of the North- 
1701 Detroit was founded. Michigan west. For several weeks volunteers found 
made slow progress in population from employment in driving the hostile Indians 
that time until it was made a Territory from post to post, in Ohio and Indiana, 

on the borders of the extreme western 
settlements. They desolated their vil 
lages and plantations, after the manner 
of Sullivan in 1779, and thereby in 
curred the fiercest indignation of the 
tribes. 

Harrison took steps early to relieve 
the frontier posts Fort Harrison, on 
the Wabash ; Fort Wayne, at the head of 
the Maumee ; Fort Defiance, at the junction 
of the Auglaize and Maumee; and Fort 
Deposit. At Vincennes General Hopkins 
had assembled about 4,000 mounted Ken 
tucky militia to chastise the Indians on 
the borders of Illinois. They penetrated 
the Indian country beyond the Wabash ; 
but, becoming alarmed, returned to Vin 
cennes, and left the honors of the cam- 

of the United States. It came into pos- paign to be gathered by Ninian Edwards, 
session of the English by the treaty of governor of the Territory of Illinois, who 
1763; suffered from the conspiracy of had advanced up the Illinois River with 
I ONTIAC {q. v.) ; and it was some time about 400 men to co-operate with Hop- 
after the treaty of peace, in 1783, before kins. He succeeded in destroying several 
the British gave up the territory. The Indian villages above Peoria. Harrison, 
Americans did not take possession until meanwhile, was busily employed in push- 
1796. At first it was a part of the North- ing forward provisions to forts towards 
west Territory, and afterwards it formed the lake, whence his troops were to march 
a part of the Territory of Indiana. It for concentration at the rapids of the 
was erected into an independent Territory Maumee, where another depot was to be 
in 1805, with WILLIAM HULL (q. v.) as established. 

its first governor. In August, 1812, it fell It was a miserable country to pass over 
into the hands of the British (see DE- swampy, wooded, and made almost im- 
TROIT), and remained so until the fall of passable by heavy rains. The troops be- 
1813, when General Harrison reconquered came discontented and mutinous. Orders 
it (see THAMES, BATTLE OF THE). In given to Tupper s division to advance to 
consequence of alarming despatches from the Maumee Rapids were not, or could 
Hull, in Detroit, in July, 1812, a force to not be, obeyed; it fell back to Urbana. 
vi. M 177 




SEAL OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 



MICHIGAN, STATE 

Harrison had been very anxious to re- States as a partisan, and the Democratic 
take Detroit before winter; but the nat- party as cause of the alarm, resentment, 
lire of the country compelled him to and discontent in the South, by persistent 
wait for the freezing of the swamps. An- misrepresentations of the principles and 
other expedition, under Hopkins, marched intentions of the Kepublican party. He 
up the Wabash to Tippecanoe, in Novem- declared the personal liberty act of his 
ber, 1812; but the approach of winter State to be right. "Let it stand," he 
and insufficient clothing of his troops said ; " this is no time for timid and vacil- 
compelled him to return to Vincennes lating counsels while the cry of treason 
after destroying one or two Indian vil- is ringing in our ears." The new governor 
lages. So ended in failure the effort to (Austin Blair) , who was inaugurated Jan. 
recover Michigan in the autumn of 1812. 3, took substantially the same ground. 
To this end Harrison had labored in- He recommended the legislature to take 
cessantly all through the months of Oc- action for the support of the national 
tober, November, and December. government, and they responded by pass- 
The lands of Michigan were first ing resolutions, Feb. 2, pledging to that 
brought into market for public sale in government all the military power and 
1818, and from that time it dates its material resources of the State. They ex- 
prosperity. The Territory was author- pressed an unwillingness " to make com- 
ized in 1819 to send a delegate to Con- promises with traitors," and refused to 
gress, and in the election the right of send delegates to the PEACE CONGRESS 
suffrage was extended to all taxable citi- (q. v.). The best men of the State, serv- 
zens. Afterwards the Indians made im- ing in the Union army, redeemed this 
portant territorial concessions, and in pledge. Michigan furnished to the Na- 
1836 all the lower peninsula and part of tional army, during the Civil War, 90,747 
the upper were freed from Indian titles, soldiers, of which number 14,823 perished. 
The same year Wisconsin Territory was The expenditures of the State for carry- 
formed from the western portion of Mich- ing on the war were $3,784,408; by coun- 
igan. The legislative power of Michigan ties, cities, and townships for the same 
was vested in the governor and judges purpose, $10,173,336; and for the relief 
until 1823, when Congress transferred it of soldiers families by counties, $3,591,- 
to a council of nine persons, selected by 248, or a total of nearly $17,600,000. 
the President of the United States from Population in 1890, 2,093,889; in 1900, 
eighteen chosen by the citizens. The 2.420.982. See UNITED STATES, MICHIGAN, 
council was increased to thirteen in 1825; in vol. ix. 
but two years later the citizens were al 
lowed to elect the councillors without the TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS. 

interference of the President or Congress. N..,,,~ 

In 1835-36 there was a territorial dispute wniiam Hull 

between Ohio and Michigan that, at one Lewis Cass 

r*nn**r,n T> 1 



George B. Porter. 
Mason. 



time, threatened civil war ; but it was s te ven T. 

settled by Congress admitting the latter 

into the Union as a State, on condition STATE GOVERNORS. 

that it should relinquish its claim to the Steven T. Mason 

* Wiltiinn Wnnrlhri 



William Woodbridge. 



disputed territory and accept in its stead j a i ne s w. Gordon 
the upper peninsula. In January, 1837, John s. Barry 



Alpheus Felch. 



Michigan was admitted. In 1847 the seat wiTIlam L. Oreenlev. .. ".... .. I.. ....... 

of government was removed from Detroit Epaphroditus Ransom 

TnVin C! Rnrrtr 



John S. Barrv. 



to Lansing. In 1850 a new constitution Robert McCleiiand 
was adopted, which, with subsequent Andrew Parsons 



," V. . . ml" ol Kingslev S. Blngham 

amendments, is now in force. This State Moses wisner 



took a decided stand for the Union in the Austin Blair 



Henry H. Ornpo. 



anxious days of 1860. Its legislature met Henry p. Baldwin 
at the beginning of January, 1861, when John J. Bagley 



Charles M. Crosswell. 



.. , . . / -\ r TTT* \ j L/uantw m. ^lusav 

its retiring governor (Moses Wisner) de- navi(1 H j er ome 
nounced the President of the United JosiahW. Begole. 



1805 to 1813 

1*14 " 1831 

1831 " 1834 

1834 " 1S35 



1836 to 1840 

1840 " 1841 

1841 

1842 to 1846 

1846 " 1847 

1847 

1848 to 1850 



1850 
1852 
1853 



1855 
1859 



ISfil 
1865 
1869 
1873 
1877 
1881 
1883 



. 1852 
1853 
1855 
1859 
1861 
18fi5 
1869 
1873 
1877 
1881 
1883 
1885 



178 



MICMAC INDIANS MIFFLIN 



Name. 


Term. 




1885 to 1887 
1887 " 1891 
1891 " 1893 
1893 " 1896 
1896 " 1900 
1900 " 1904 
1904 " 1908 

{S. 






John T Rich 


Hazeu S Pingree 


Aaron T Bliss 


Frederick M. Warner 


UNITED STATES SENATOI 


Name. 


No. of Congress. 


Term. 




24th to 25th 
24th 26th 
26th 28th 
27th 29th 
29th 30th 
30 h 
30th to 32d 
31st 34th 
33d 35th 
35th 43d 
36th 
37th to 41st 
42d 
44th " 46th 
46th 
4<ith 
47th to 50th 
48th 51st 
50th 53d 
61st 57th 
53d 54th 
54th 
58th 


1837 to 1839 
1837 1841 
1839 " 1845 
1841 " 1847 
1845 " 1848 
1849 
1847 to 1853 
1851 " 1857 
1853 " 1859 
1857 " 1875 

1862 " 1871 
1871 
1875 to 1879 

18T9 to 1881 
1881 " 1887 
1883 " 1889 
188T " 1894 
1889 " 1903 
1894 " 1895 
1895 " 
1903 " 


John Norvell 


Augustus S. Porter 


William VVoodbridge 


Lewis Cass 








Charles E. Stuart 


Zachariah Chandler 


Kinsley S. Biughatn 


Jarob M Howard 


Thomas W. Ferry 


Isaac P. Christiancy 


.Zachariah Chandler 


Henry P. Baldwin 


Omar D. Conger 


Thomas W. Palmer 


Francis B. Stockbridge... 
James McMillan 


John Patton Jr 


Julius C Burrows 


Russell A. Alger 



STATE GOVERNORS Continued. Middle Creek, KY., BATTLE OF, fought 

Jan. 10, 1862, in the valley of the Big 
Sandy. Gen. James A. Garfield, with 
I89i about 1,800 men, defeated Gen. Humphrey 

1893 Marshall, commanding 2,500 Confederates. 

Middleton, ARTHUR, signer of the Dec- 
1904 laration of Independence; born in Mid- 
1908 dleton Place, on the Ashley River, S. C., 
June 26, 1742; was educated at Harrow 
and Westminster schools, England, grad- 
7 to 1839 U ating at Cambridge University in 1764. 
1839 " 1845 After his marriage he became a planter, 
|847 and in politics a leader of the patriots, 
and a most efficient member of the coun 
cil of safety. In 1776 he helped to frame 
1853 " 1859 the State constitution, and was sent to 
1875 Congress, where he voted for and sign 
ed the Declaration of Independence. In 
1779 he took up arms in defence of 
Charleston, and was made a prisoner 
1879 to 1881 when it fell, in 1780, when his estate 

- ""- -| QQ 7 

1889 was sequestered and he was sent a pris- 

1894 oner, first to St. Augustine, and then to 

e prison-ship Jersey. In 1781 he was 

exchanged, and was a member of Congress 

= from 1781 to 1783. He was a skilful 
Micmac Indians, the most easterly stenographer, and took notes of the de- 
family of the Algonquian nation. They bates in which he was engaged. Mr. 
spread over New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Middleton wrote some effective political 
Cape Breton, Newfoundland, and Prince essays over the signature of ANDREW 
Edward Island, and were called by the MARVEL. He died on Goose Creek, S. C., 
neighboring tribes " Salt-water Indians," Jan. 1, 1787. His father, HENRY MID- 
because they also inhabited the sea- DLETON, was president of Congress in 
coasts. They carried on wars with the 1775; and his grandfather, ARTHUR, who 
Little Esquimaux, north of the St. Law- was born at Twickenham, England, was 
rence, at a very early period; and their often in public affairs in South Carolina, 
chief business, in peace, was fishing, as early as 1712. His influence was al- 
When De Monts attempted settlements in ways on the side of the people. He was 
that region and in Canada, the Micmacs governor of the colony (1725-31), and 
numbered fully 3,000. The French estab- was afterwards in the council. 
Hshed missions among them, and secured Middleton, HENRY, author; born in 
their friendship; and they were a source Paris, France, March 16, 1797; graduated 
of great annoyance to the English in at the United States Military Academy in 
Iheir wars in that region. The Micmacs 1815; admitted to the bar in 1822, but 
plundered English vessels in the Bay of never practised. His publications include 
Fundy, and captured eighteen English The Government and the Currency.; ^co- 
vessels in 1722. They actually cruised nomical Causes of Slavery in the United 
in their prizes and attacked British armed States and Obstacles to Abolition; Pros- 
vessels. From 1724 to 1760 they were pects of Disunion, etc. He died in Wash- 
the active enemies of the English in Nova ington, D. C., March 15, 1876. 
Scotia; but at the latter date, Canada Mifflin, THOMAS, military officer; born 
having been captured by the English, the of Quaker parents, in Philadelphia, Pa., in 
Richibucto Micmacs, the most formi- 1744; was educated in the Philadelphia 
dable of the tribe, laid down their arms College; visited Europe in 1765, and, on 
and submitted to English rule. The Mic- his return, became a merchant. Having 
macs were sun-worshippers. served in the legislature of Pennsylvania, 

,179 



MIFFLIN 



. 




THOMAS MIFFLIN. 

he was chosen a member of the first Con 
tinental Congress in 1774; was appointed 
major of one of the first regiments raised 
ill Philadelphia, and accompanied Wash 
ington as aide-de-camp to Cambridge in 
the summer of 1775. All through the 
Revolutionary War Mifflin was a faithful 
and efficient officer, rising to the rank of 
major-general in 1777. He was eloquent 
in speech, and was efficient in rousing his 
countrymen to action when necessary. In 
this way, traversing Pennsylvania, he 



caused large numbers of its citizens to 
flock to the standard of Washington before 
the attack on the enemy at Trenton. He 
was quartermaster-general, and, in 1777,. 
was a member of the Board of war. Mif 
flin was one of " Conway s Cabal," a con 
spiracy to put Gates in the place of Wash 
ington. Late in 1782 he was elected to 
Congress, and was president of that body 
in the last month of that year, when Wash 
ington resigned his commission into their 
hands. General Mifflin was a delegate to 
the convention that framed the national 
Constitution (1787), and was president 
of the supreme executive council of Penn 
sylvania (1788-90). He was also presi 
dent of the convention that framed his 
State constitution (1790), and was gov 
ernor of the State from 1791 to 1800. He 
was very efficient in quelling the Whiskey 
Insurrection in 1794. He died in Lancas 
ter, Pa., Jan. 20, 1800. 

Mifflin, FORT. The firing of the first 
gun upon FORT MERCER (q. v.) was the 
signal for British vessels to approach and 
attack Fort Mifflin, opposite. They had 
made their way through the obstructions 
near Billingsport. The Augusta,, ship-of- 
war, and other armed vessels, came up the 
river, but were kept at bay by American 
galleys and floating batteries. The attack 
was deferred until the morning after (Oct. 
23, 1777) the assault on Fort Mercer. A 
heavy cannonade was brought to bear on 




FORT MIFFLIN DESTRUCTION OF THE AUGUSTA. 

180 




LIEUTENANT-GENERAL NELSON A. MILES 



MILAN DECREE MILITABY ACADEMY 

the British fleet by the American flotilla, Sept. 9, 18G1 ; promoted lieutenant-colonel 
and at the same time an equally heavy 61st New York Infantry, May 31, 1862, 
fire was kept up by the royal vessels on and colonel, Sept. 30 following; brigadier- 
Fort Mifflin, the little garrison of which general, May 12, 1864; major-general, Oct. 
was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel 21, 1865; and was mustered out of the 
Smith, of Maryland. Smith made a gal- volunteers, Sept. 1, 1866. On July 28, 1866, 
lant defence. A hot shot from the fort he was commissioned colonel of the 40th 
set fire to the Augusta, and she blew up. United States Infantry; Dec. 15, 1880, 
After an engagement of several hours, the promoted brigadier-general ; April 5, 
British fleet retired, and the Americans re- 1890, major-general; June 6, 1900, lieu- 
mained masters of the Delaware a short tenant-general, under an act of Con- 
time longer. Finally the British erected gress of that date; Feb. 5, 1901, 
batteries on Province Island, that com- was appointed lieutenant - general under 
manded Fort Mifflin, and brought up a the law reorganizing the army; and 
large floating battery, and four 64-gun Aug. 8, 1903 was retired. During 
ships and two 40-gun ships to at- the Civil War he distinguished himself 
tack the fort. On Nov. 10 the British at Fair Oaks (wounded), Malvern Hill, 
opened their batteries on land and water. Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (wound- 
Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, with his garri- ed ) , Ream s Station, and in the opera- 
son of 300 men, sustained the siege six tions against Richmond ; and after the 
consecutive days. When every gun was war conducted a number of campaigns 
dismounted, and the fort was almost a against the hostile Indians, notably 
ruin, the garrison left in the night (Nov. against the Apaches under Geronimo and 
16), after firing the remains of the bar- Natchez, whose surrender he forced. He 
racks, and escaped to Fort Mercer, which represented the army at the seat of the 
Colonel Greene, despairing of relief, evac- war between Turkey and Greece, and also 
uated Nov. 20. During the siege of Fort at the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria 
Mifflin, about 250 men of the garrison were in 1897. In the war against Spain in 
killed and wounded. The British loss is 1898 he visited Cuba and commanded the 
not known. See MERCER, FOBT. expedition to PORTO Rico (q. v.) . 

Milan Decree. See BERLIN DECREE, Milet, PIERRE. See JESUIT MISSIONS. 

THE ; EMBARGO ACTS ; ORDERS IN COUNCIL. Military Academy, UNITED STATES, 

Milburn, WILLIAM HENRY, clergyman; a government institution at West Point, 

born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 26, 1823; N. Y. ; established by act of Congress, 

was educated in Philadelphia, Pa., Jack- March 16, 1802, for the purpose of edu- 

sonville, 111., and at Illinois College. When eating and training young men in the 

five years old he lost the sight of one eye theory and practice of military science, 

by an accident, and subsequently became to become officers in the United States 

totally blind. He was licensed as a Meth- army. Attempts had been made by Wash- 

odist preacher in Illinois in 1843, and ington in 1793 and 1796 to have Congress 

ravelled about 1,500,000 miles in Amer- establish an institution for this purpose, 

ica and Europe. He afterwards lectured Cadets are appointed, one from each con- 

and preached in the United States, Can- gressional district, Territory, and the 

ada, and Europe. After 1845 he waa District of Columbia, by the Secretary of 

chaplain of each house of Congress sev- War, at the request of the Representa- 

eral times. His publications include Rifle, tive or Delegate in Congress of the dis- 

Axe, and Saddle-Bags; Ten Years of trict or Territory in which the applicant 

Preacher Life; Lance, Cross, and Canoe; is an actual resident. There are also 

etc. He died in Santa Barbara, Cal., April thirty appointments at large, specially 

10, 1903. conferred by the President of the United 

Miles, NELSON APPLETON, military offi- States. In 1901 there were three extra 

cer; born in Westminster, Mass., Aug. 8, cadets at the Academy, who were author- 

1839; was engaged in mercantile business ized by Congress to enter it at their own 

in Boston till the outbreak of the Civil expense, from Venezuela, Costa Rica, and 

War; entered the volunteer army as a Ecuador. The Representative may nomi- 

captain in the 22d Massachusetts Infantry, nate a legally qualified second candidate, to 

181 



MILITARY ACADEMY, UNITED STATES 



be designated the alternate. The alternate 
will receive from the War Department a 
letter of appointment, and will be ex 
amined with the regular appointee, and 
if duly qualified will be admitted to the 
Academy, in the event of the failure of 
the principal to pass the prescribed pre 
liminary examinations. Appointees to the 
Military Academy must be between seven 
teen and twenty-two years of age, free 
from any infirmity which may render them 
unfit for military service, and able to 
pass a careful examination in reading, 



ties for offences is inflexible rather than 
severe. Examinations are held in each 
January and June, and cadets deficient 
in either conduct or studies are dis 
charged. From about the middle of June 
to the end of August cadets live in camp, 
engaged only in military duties and re 
ceiving practical military instructions. 
Cadets are allowed but one leave of ab 
sence during the course, and this is grant 
ed at the expiration of the first two 
years. The pay of a cadet is $540 per 
year. The number of students at the 



:/;irai 




ACADEMIC BUILDINGS, WEST POINT. 



writing, orthography, arithmetic, gram- academy is usually about 425. An an- 
mar, geography, and history of the United nual board of visitors is appointed, 
States. seven by the President of the United 
The course of instruction requires States, tw r o by the president of the Sen- 
four years, and is largely mathematical ate, and three by the speaker of the House 
and professional. The principal subjects of Representatives. They visit the acad- 
taught are mathematics, French, draw- emy in June, and are present at the con 
ing, drill regulations of all arms of the eluding exercises of the graduating 
service, natural and experimental philos- class of the year. The superintendent 
ophy, chemistry, chemical physics, min- in 1905 was COL. ALBERT L. MILLS, 
eralogy, geology, and electricity, history, U. S. A. (q. v.) , and the military and 
international, constitutional, and mill- academic staff consisted of seventy-nine 
tary law, Spanish, civil and military engi- persons. 

neering, art and science of war, and ord- Upon graduation, the class is divided 
nance and gunnery. The discipline is by the academic board into three see- 
very strict, and the enforcement of penal- tions of varying and unequal numbers, 

182 



MILITARY DEPARTMENTS MILITIA 

according to class rank; the highest, in-chief, Lieut.-Gen. John M. Schofield; 

usually very small, is recommended for senior vice - commander - in - chief Acting 

appointment in any corps of the army; Volunteer Lieut. Charles P. Clark; junior 

the second in any corps, excepting the vice-commander-in-chief, Brig.-Gen. Henry 

engineers ; and the third in any corps, C. Merriam ; recorder-in-chief, Brev. Lieut.- 

excepting engineers and artillery. Com- Col. John P. Nicholson; registrar-in-chief 

missions for the rank of second lieutenant Brev. Maj. William P. Huxford; treas- 

are then conferred by the President, in urer-in-chief, Paymaster George De F. 

accordance with these recommendations. Barton; chancellor-in-chief, Brev. Brig.- 

See LEAVENWORTH, FORT; MONROE, FORT; Gen. William L. James; chaplain-in-chief, 

KILEY, FORT; and WILLETT S POINT. Brev. Maj. Henry S. Burrage. 

Military Departments. See ARMY. Militia, UNITED STATES. The pressure 

Military, or Martial, Law is built on of wars with the Indians in the North- 
no settled principle, but is arbitrary, and, west forced Congress to undertake the or- 
in truth, no law; but sometimes indulged, ganization of the militia throughout the 
rather than allowed, as law. Sir Matthciv Union. This was a difficult task, for at 
Hale. See HABEAS CORPUS; MILLIGAN, once there was a conflicting claim for au- 
CASE OF. thority in the matter between the national 

Military Order of Foreign Wars, and State governments. The President 
an organization founded in New York called the attention of Congress to the sub- 
City, Dec. 27, 1894, by the veterans and jcct on Aug. 7, 1789. Immediate action 
descendants of veterans of one or more was taken. The matter was referred to a 
of the five wars waged between the Unit- committee, but they did not report that 
ed States and foreign powers. The pur- session, and a new committee was appoint- 
pose of this organization is "to perpetu- ed Jan. 15, 1790. A plan was arranged 
ate the names and memory of brave and by General Knox, Secretary of War. A 
loyal men who took part in establishing bill was offered on July 1, 1790, but there 
and maintaining the principles of the were no further proceedings on the sub- 
government," and " to preserve records ject during that session. Soon after the 
and documents relating to said wars, and assembling of the third session of the 
to celebrate the anniversaries of historic first Congress, another committee was ap- 
events connected therewith." A com- pointed (Dec. 10, 1790) by the House of 
mandery may be established in any State. Representatives, and a bill reported, but 
A national commandery was instituted no result was reached at that session. 
March 11, 1896, with the following offi- The President, in his message at the open- 
cers: Commander - general, Maj. -Gen. ing of the second Congress, called atten- 
Alexander S. Webb, U. S. A.; secretary- tion to it, and another committee was ap- 
general, James H. Morgan, New York pointed (Oct. 31, 1791). A bill for the 
City; treasurer - general, Edward S. organization of the militia passed the 
Sayres; registrar-general, Rev. Henry N. House of Representatives, and the Senate 
Wayne; historian-general, Capt. Samuel made amendments which the House would 
K. Cross, U. S. V.; recording-general, not agree to. A committee of conference 
Charles D. Walcott. was appointed, and the bill was passed 

Military Order of the Loyal Legion, March 27, 1792. Some amendments were 
an organization founded by officers and made the next session, and the militia 
ex-officers of the army, navy, and marine system then adopted remained, with very 
corps of the United States, who were en- little alteration, until the breaking out 
gaged in the Civil War of 1861-05. Only of the Civil War in 1861. 
the eldest direct male lineal descendant, It provided for a geographical arrange- 
according to the rules of primogeniture, ment of the militia by the State legislat- 
is eligible to membership. There are in ures into companies, battalions, regiments, 
all twenty-one commanderies, one repre- brigades, and divisions; each company to 
s j nting the District of Columbia, and each consist of sixty-four men, each battalion 
of the others representing a State. In of five companies, each regiment of two 
1900 the total membership was 9,043. battalions, and each brigade of four regi- 
The following were officers: Commander- ments. Each company, battalion, regi- 

183 



MILITIA, UNITED STATES 



inent, and division was officered as now, 
except that the commander of a regiment 
held the rank of lieutenant-colonel. This 
arrangement was long perpetuated in the 
regular army, as well as in the militia. 
The rank of colonel, however, had been 
established in both services. There was 
provision made for one company of light 
troops to each battalion, and at least one 
company of artillery and one of horse to 
each division, to be formed out of volun 
teers, and to be clad in uniform at their 
own expense. Each State was to appoint 
an adjiitant-general for the general super 
intendence of the whole militia system. 
Every able-bodied male citizen between the 
ages of eighteen and forty-five years, with 
certain exceptions, was to be enrolled in 



the militia by the captain of the com 
pany within whose bounds he might re 
side; such citizen to arm and equip him 
self and appear for exercise when called. 
This law simply adopted the system as it 
stood in each State. By another act it 
authorized the President, in case of in 
vasion by any foreign nation or Indian 
tribe, or imminent danger thereof, or in 
case of insurrection in any State, applica 
tion being made by its legislature or its 
executive, to call forth the militia of the 
State or States most convenient to the 
scene of action. Whenever there should 
be an invasion, or insurrection, or com 
bination to resist the laws too strong to 
be suppressed by the civil authorities, the 
President was authorized to call out the 



TABLE SHOWING THE CONDITION OF THE STATE MILITIA ON DEC. 1, 1900. 



States and 
Territories. 


Official Designation of State Troops. 


il 

TJ"3 

*l 


6 

"aa 
> 

OS 

O 


>, 

JU 

E 
< 


Infantry. 


Total 
Number 
Author 
ized. 


Total Liable 
to Military 
Service. 


State 
Appropria 
tions. 


Alabama 
Alaska 


Alabama State Troops 
No organized militia V 


24 
6 
17 
63 
55 
18 

u 

17 
14 
91 
15 


191 

99 
258 

181 
73 

390 


158 

140 

46 
37 

43 

i-i-j 


1,949 
163 
382 
1,630 
2,991 
897 
2,168 
449 
1,411 
1,167 
3,416 
42 
790 
566 
6,535 
739 


5,788 
t 
898 

6,471 

4,108 
750 
3,320 
1,458 
12,344 

2 ,000 
21, not) 
10,626 
4,601 
t 
3,694 
2,131 
3,500 
t 
2,051 
2,700 
6,592 
3,429 
3,729 
1,800 
3,000 
1,124 
2,113 
t 
1,699 
I,1H 
1,128 
18,000 
5,000 
933 
9,486 
2,164 
1,681 
11,103 
1,000 
1,030 

5 ,flOO 
1,000 
3,000 

1,000 

t 

s,m 

1,877 
8,359 
3,122 
1,078 


170,000 
18,000 

17,200 
262,000 
250,000 
100,000 
107,000 
29,000 
50,000 
85,000 
290,000 
1,200 
4,000 
27,000 
800,000 
550,000 
5,000 
350,000 
110,000 
415,000 
140,000 
110,000 
210,000 
460,000 
280,000 
200,000 
235,000 
415,000 
34,000 
100,030 
5,600 
35,000 
390,000 
40,000 
950 000 
250,000 
37,000 
650,000 
62,000 
62,000 
900,000 
110,000 
69,000 
400 
110,000 
53,000 
165,000 
350,000 
40,000 
45,000 
300,000 
96,000 
130,000 
400,000 
180,000 



$4,710 

154,247 
37,000 
138,450 
5,000 
31,325 
16,000 
25,000 
t 

1,000 
205,000 
45,000 

50,200 
211,1 SO 
7,00ft 
21 .000 
33,000 
50,000 
323,900 
90,000 
51,000 
,000 
10,000 
10.000 
15,000 
2,000 
30,000 
174.000 
31. 395 
575.010 
6,000 
1 1 ,000 
191,000 

30,000 
150,000 

37,500 
t 
8,000 
6,700 
14,000 
5,000 
10,000 
9,500 
11,200 

16,700 
100,000 
5,000 










Colorado 


National Guard of Colorado 






District of Columbia. . . 


National Guard District of Columbia 
Florida State Troops 


Georgia 


Georgia Volunteers. 






T 
6 
103 
13 


93 
365 


200 
121 


Idaho 

Illinois 


Idaho National Guard 






Indian Territory 






26 
6 
7 
16 
6 
15 
38 
8 
20 
28 
4 


41 

39 

71 
246 

is 


93 
678 

1,027 

138 
219 


1,806 
1,090 
1,762 
780 
1,252 
1,806 
3,874 
2,800 
2,322 
928 
2,44 

950 
154 
1 ,267 
3,397 
214 
13,448 
1,618 
557 
4,171 
49S 
925 
9,334 
600 
786 
68 
2,058 
52 
1,480 
2,793 
286 
617 
805 
669 
945 
9,M 
348 






Kentucky 


Kentucky National Guard 






























M t 




9 
1 
1 

15 
43 
3 
69 
17 
9 
21 
5 
7 
178 

19 


63 

66 
130 
115 
343 

si 

49 

47 
240 

iii 


60 
63 

73 
140 
11 
370 
23 
56 
200 



284 

98 






Nevada 
New Hampshire 


Nevada National Guard 
New Hampshire National Guard 






New York 
North Carolina 
North Dakota 
Ohio 


National Guard State of New York 
North Carolina National Guard 
North Dakota National Guard 


Oklahoma 
Oregon 
Pennsylvania 
Porto Rico 
Rhode Island 


Oklahoma National Guard 
Oreeon National Guard 
National Guard Pennsylvania 
Porto Rico Battalion 
Brigade of Rhode Island Militia 






South Carolina Volunteer State Troops.. 


9 
3 
2 
50 
15 
18 
2 
11 
20 
8 


865 
46 

191 
21 

so 

73 
20 
67 


96 

210 

76 
190 
54 

69 


South Dakota 




National Guard State of Tennessee 
Texas Volunteer Guard 


Texas 

Utah 






Virginia 








West Virginia 


West Virginia National Guard 
















911 


4,576 


5,459 


96,899 


199,694 


11,448,300 


$3,282,407 







The total organized force is 105,845. 



* None organized, t No limit, t Unknown. None. 



184 



MILL SPRING MILLEB 

militia in such numbers as he might deem their camp at Beech Grove. They were 

necessary. hard pressed by the Nationals, who had 

The militia of the States and Terri- gained a position where their great guns 
tories constitute primarily an armed local commanded the Confederate works. The 
constabulary that may be called out by next morning the Confederates were gone, 
the governor as commander-in-chief on the The beleaguered troops had escaped si- 
request of a sheriff or other local author- lently across the river, under cover of 
ity to aid in the enforcement of law, pre- darkness, abandoning everything in their 
serve order, etc. In the Civil War as camp and destroying the vessels that car- 
well as that against Spain the bulk of ried them over the stream. The Xa- 
the volunteer army of the United States tionals lost 247 men, of whom thirty-nine 
was drawn from the militia of the States, were killed; the Confederates lost 349, of 
and in their more extended service these whom 192 were killed and eighty-nine 
soldiers lose for the time being their State were made prisoners. 

organization and become subject wholly Millard, JOSEPH HOPKINS, legislator; 

to the orders of the President. born in Hamilton, Canada, in April, 1836; 

The table on opposite page, compiled by removed to Omaha in 1856, where he en- 

Capt. W. R. Hamilton, U. S. A., shows the gaged in banking. He was the founder 

condition of the State militia on Dec. 1, and president of the Omaha National 

1900. Bank; mayor of Omaha for one term; 

Mill Spring, BATTLE OF. At Beech government director of the Union Pacific 

Grove and Mill Spring, Ky., there were railroad for six years and director for 

gathered by the middle of January, 1862, seven years; and a Republican United 

about 10,000 effective Confederate soldiers, States Senator in 1901-07. 

with twenty pieces of artillery, under the Milledge, JOHN, statesman; born in 

command of General Crittenden. Gen. Savannah, Ga., in 1757. He was active 

George H. Thomas was sent to attack in civil and military affairs in Georgia 

them, and, if successful, to push over the during the Revolutionary War, and in 

Cumberland Mountains and liberate the 1780 was appointed attorney-general of 

east Tennesseeans from Confederate rule, the State. From 1792 to 1802 he was a 

He divided his forces, giving a smaller member of Congress, excepting one term, 

number to the command of General and from 1802 to 1806 was governor of 

Schoepf, and leading the remainder him- the State. He founded the University of 

self. When he was within 10 miles of Georgia, and the legislature gave his 

the Confederate camp the insurgents came name to the State capital. He died in 

out to meet him. At early dawn (Jan. Sand Hills, Ga., Feb. 9, 1818. 

19) the Confederates, 5,000 strong, led by Miller, ADAM, clergyman; born in 

Zollicoffer, met the Union pickets Wool- Maryland in 1810; ordained a Methodist 

ford s cavalry. A severe battle was soon minister in 1830; became a physician in 

afterwards begun on the side of the Na- 1843. In connection with DR. WILLIAM 

tionals by the Kentucky and Ohio regi- NAST (q. v.) he founded the German 

ments and Captain Kinney s battery. It branch of the Methodist Church. At the 

was becoming very warm, when Col. R. L. time of his death he was the oldest phy- 

McCook came up with Ohio and Minne- sician in the United States, with one ex- 

sota troops, also a Tennessee brigade and ception. He died in Chicago, July 29, 

a section of artillery. For a time it was 1901. 

doubtful which side would prevail. They Miller, CINCINNATI^ HEINE (better 
w r ere hotly contesting the possession of a known as JOAQUIN MILLER), author; born 
commanding hill when ZollicofFer was in Wabash district, Ind., Nov. 10, 1841; 
killed at the head of his column. General went with his parents to Oregon in 1850; 
Crittenden immediately took his place, subsequently engaged in mining in Cali- 
and the struggle for the hill continued fornia, and studied law. In 1863 he edit- 
about two hours. A galling fire from ed the Democratic Register, in Eugene, 
Minnesota troops and a charge of Ohio Ore., a weekly paper which was accused 
troops with bayonets compelled the Con- of disloyalty and suppressed; in 1863-66 
federates to give way and retreat towards practised law in Canton City, Ore.; and 

185 



MILLER 



in 1866-70 was judge of Grant county, 
Ore. Later he went to London, where he 
published his first book of poems. Keturn- 
ing to the United States he spent several 
years in newspaper work in Washington. 
Since 1887 he has resided in Oakland, Cal. 
In 1897-98 he was correspondent for the 
New York Journal in the Klondike. His 
publications include Songs of the Sierras; 
Songs of the Suriland; The Ship of the 
Desert; Life Among the Modocs; The 
One Fair Woman; Shadows of Shasta; 
Songs of Far - Away Lands; 49, or the 
Gold-Seekers of the Sierras; The Life 
of Christ, etc. He has also written plays, 
including The Silent Man; J f 9; the Dan- 
iles; Tally-Ho, etc. 

Miller, JAMES, military officer; born in 
Peterboro, N. H., April 25, 1776; entered 
the army as major in 1808, and was lieu- 
tenant-colonel and leader of the Ameri- 
cans in the battle at Brownstown in 1812. 
He was distinguished in events on the 



JAMES MIU.ER. 



Niagara frontier, especially in the battle 
at Niagara Falls, or Lundy s Lane, in July, 
1814. For his services there he was brev- 
etted brigadier-general, and received from 
Congress a gold medal. He was governor 
of Arkansas from 1819 to 1825, and col- 



See MILLER, CIN- 




lector of the port of Salem from 1825 to 
1849. He died in Temple, N. H., July 7, 
1851. 

Miller, JOAQUIN. 
CINNATUS HEINE. 

Miller, JOSEPH NELSON, naval officer; 
born in Ohio, Nov. 22, 1836; entered the 
navy in 1851 ; was promoted passed mid 
shipman in 1856; master in 1858; lieuten 
ant in 1860; lieutenant-commander in 
1862; commander in 1870; captain in 
1881; commodore in 1894; and rear-ad 
miral, March 21, 1897; and was retired, 
Nov. 22, 1898. During the Civil War he 
served with distinction as executive offi 
cer of the iron-clad Passaic in the attack 
upon Fort McAllister and Fort Sumter, 
and on the Monadnock in the two engage 
ments with Fort Fisher. In 1875, while 
commander of the Tuscarora, he made 
deep-sea soundings in the Pacific Ocean 
between the Hawaiian and Fiji Islands. 
In 1897, with the Brooklyn, he represent 
ed the United States at Queen Vic 
toria s jubilee; in August of the 
same year was made commander of 
the Pacific station ; and in August, 
1898, he raised and saluted the 
American flag at Honolulu, the 
last act in the annexation of Ha 
waii to the United States. During 
the war with Spain he organized 
the naval reserves on the Pacific 
coast. 

Miller, SAMUEL, LL.D., theolo 
gian; born in Dover, Del., Oct. 31, 
1769; graduated at the University 
of Pennsylvania in 1789; minister 
of a Presbyterian church in New 
York City from 1793 to 1813, and 
was noted as a political and theo 
logical writer. From 1813 to 1849 
he Avas Professor of Ecclesiastical 
History and Church Government in 
the Theological Seminary at Prince 
ton. His piiblished works are quite 
numerous. Dr. Miller AA r as an early 
member of the American Philosoph 
ical Society. He died in Princeton, 
X. J., Jan. V 7, 1850. 

Miller, SAMUEL FREEMAN, jurist; born 
in Richmond, Ky., April 5, 1816; grad 
uated at Transylvania University in 1838; 
removed to Iowa in 1850; appoint 
ed associate justice of the United States 
Supreme Court by President Lincoln in 



186 



MILLER MILLIGAN 



1SG2. He died in Washington, D. C., Oct. 
13, 1890. 

Miller, WALTER, philologist; born in 
Ashland county, O., May 5, 1864; grad 
uated at the University of Michigan 
in 1884, and studied in the University of 
Leipsic in 1884-85 and 1889-91. He was 
instructor of Latin and Sanskrit in 1887- 
88 and acting assistant professor in 1888- 
89. In 1892 he was called to the chair of 
Classical Philology in the Stanford Uni 
versity. He is the author of Excavations 
upon the Akropolis at Athens; The The 
atre of Thoricus; Latin Prose Composi 
tion for College Use; Pronunciation of 
Greek and Latin Proper Names; History 
of the Akropolis of Athens; Johannes 
Orcrbeck; Scientific Names of Latin and 
Greek Derivation; The Roman Religion; 
Steller s Great Sea Beasts, etc. 

Miller, WILLIAM, founder of the sect of 
MJLLERITES, or ADVENTTSTS (q. v.) ; born 
in Pittsfield, Mass., Feb. 5, 1782; was 
mainly self-taught during his leisure mo 
ments while working on a farm. At the 
beginning of the War of 1812 he was a 
recruiting officer, and later a captain in 
the army. During his early manhood he 
read and advocated the teachings of Vol 
taire, Thomas Paine, and Hume. Subse 
quently he was converted to Christian 
ity, and joined a Baptist church. He be 
came a deep student of the Old Testament 
prophecies, which convinced him that 
Christ would reappear to judge the world 
between the years 1831 and 1844. Churches 
were thrown open to him everywhere, and 
multitudes flocked to hear his interpreta 
tion of prophecy. When the time set by 
Father Miller, as he was popularly called, 
for the second advent of Christ had ex 
pired, the majority of his followers, about 
50,000, did not give up their faith in the 
speedy coming of the Saviour. On April 
25, 1845, a convention was called, which 
agreed upon a declaration of faith and 
the name Adventists. Father Miller s 
Dream of the Last Day was widely circu 
lated. He died in Low Hampton, N. Y., 
Dec. 20, 1849. 

Miller, WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, law 
yer; born in Augusta, N. Y., Sept. 6, 1840; 
spent his early life on a farm; and 
graduated at Hamilton College in 1861. 
He settled in Maumee City, O., where he 
taught school a year; then entered the 



Union army; and after his discharge was 
admitted to the bar and practised law at 
Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1866-74. In the lat 
ter year he moved to Indianapolis and 
became a law partner of BENJAMIN HAR 
RISON (q. v.). He was Attorney-General 
of the United States (1889-93) in Presi 
dent Harrison s cabinet, and afterwards 
resumed practice in Indianapolis. 

Millet, FRANCIS DAVIS, artist; born in 
Mattapoisett, Mass., Nov. 3, 1846; grad 
uated at Harvard College in 1869; studied 
at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts 
in Antwerp in 1871-72, was secretary 
of the Massachusetts Commission to the 
Vienna Exposition in 1873, and art cor 
respondent for the London Daily News, 
the London Graphic, and the New York 
Herald during the Russo-Turkish war of 
1877-78. In 1892-93 he was director of dec 
orations and of functions at the World s 
Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and 
in 1898 was art correspondent for the Lon 
don Times and Harper s Weekly at Manila, 
Philippine Islands. He designed the cos 
tumes for the representation of the Oedi 
pus Tyrannus of Sophocles by Harvard 
students in 1880; has executed a large 
amount of decorative work; and received 
numerous foreign war medals. 

Milligan, CASE OF. On Oct. 5, 1864, 
Lambdin P. Milligan, while at home in 
Indiana, was arrested, with others, for 
treasonable designs, by order of Gen. Al- 
vin P. Hovey, commanding the military 
district of Indiana; on Oct. 21 brought 
before a military commission convened at 
Indianapolis by General Hovey, tried on 
certain charges and specifications, found 
guilty, and sentenced to be hanged, Friday, 
May 19, 1865. The proceedings of the 
military commission closed in January, 
1865. When the circuit court of the Unit 
ed States met at Indianapolis in Jan 
uary, 1865, the grand jury did not indict 
Milligan, who then petitioned the court to 
be brought before it and tried by jury or 
released. With the petition was filed the 
order appointing the commission, the 
charges, finding of the commission, with 
the order from the War Department re 
citing that the sentence was approved by 
the President, and directing that the sen 
tence be carried out without delay. The 
judges differed on three questions : ( 1 ) 
Whether on the facts submitted a writ of 



187 



MILLIKEN S BEND MILLS 

habeas corpus should be issued; (2) Mills, ANSON, military officer; born in 

Whether Milligan ought to be discharged; Boone county, Ind., Aug. 31, 1834; studied 

(3) Whether the military commission had in the United States Military Academy in 

acted within its jurisdiction; and these 1855-57; was surveyor of, the commission 

were submitted to the Supreme Court to determine the boundary between New 

of the United States. The first two ques- Mexico, Indian Territory, and Texas; 

tions were answered in the affirmative, the served with distinction throughout the 

third in the negative, Justices Davis, Civil War. When peace was declared he 

Grier, Nelson, Clifford, and Fields holding was assigned to frontier duty and partic- 

that Congress had not the constitutional ipated in nearly all of the Indian wars, 

power to authorize such commission that He was promoted brigadier-general, June 

the Constitution forbids it, and is the su- 16, 1897, and was retired six days later. He 

preme law of the land, in war as in peace, invented the woven cartridge belt, also the 

Chief-Justice Chase, supported by Justices loom by which it is made, which the govern- 

Wayne, Swayne, and Miller, held that Con- ment adopted for use in the army and navy, 

gress has the power to authorize military Mills, CLARK, sculptor ; born in Ononda- 

commissions in time of war; but all con- ga county, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1815; settled in 

curred in the answers given to the three Charleston, S. C., at an early age, and 

questions submitted, and Milligan was there discovered a method of taking a cast 

released. " The decision of the court from a living face. In 1848 he completed 

overthrew the whole doctrine of military the equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson 

arrest and trial of private citizens in in Washington, D. C. ; later he made the 

peaceful States." Lalor s Cyclopaedia of colossal equestrian statue of George Wash- 

Political Science, vol. ii., p. 433. See ington in the same city; and in 1863 

HABEAS CORPUS. finished his statue of Freedom, which was 

Milliken s Bend, a locality in Louisi- placed above the dome of the Capitol. He 

ana, attacked by Confederates under Gen. died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 12, 1883. 

H. McCulloch; repulsed June 6, 1863, by Mills, HERBERT ELMER; born in Salem, 

Union forces (mostly colored), aided by N. H., Aug. 8, 1861; graduated at Uni- 

the gunboats Choctaw and Lexington, versity of Rochester in 1883; appointed 

Union loss, killed and wounded, 404. Professor of Economics in Vassar College 

Mills, ALBERT LEOPOLD, military officer; in 1890. He is the author of Practical 
born in New York City, May 7, 1854; Economical Problems; Labor Problem; The 
graduated at the United States Military French Revolution in San Domingo, etc. 
Academy, and was commissioned a second Mills, ROBERT, architect; born in 
lieutenant in the 1st United States Charleston, S. C., Aug. 12, 1781; studied 
Cavalry, and selected as military in- architecture under Benjamin H. Latrobe; 
structor in 1879: Professor of Military was made United States architect in 1830 ; 
Science and Tactics in the South Carolina planned the construction of the United 
Academy in 1886; promoted first lieu- States Post-office, Patent Office, and Treas- 
tenant of 1st Cavalry in 1889; adjutant ury buildings. He drew the original design 
of 1st Cavalry in 1890-94; and promoted of the Washington Monument, on which 
captain of the 6th Cavalry, Oct. 8, 1898. work was begun in 1848 on the site select- 
In the war with Spain (1898) he was ap- ed by Washington for a memorial of the 
pointed captain and assistant adjutant- Revolutionary War. His publications in- 
general of volunteers May 12. He served elude Statistics of South Carolina; The 
on the frontier during the war against the American Pharos, or Light-house Guide; 
Sioux Indians in 1890; was engaged in and Guide to the National Executive Of- 
the Santiago campaign at Las Guasimas fees. He died in Washington, D. C., 
and Santiago City, in 1898, where he was March 3, 1855. 

wounded ; was brevetted major and pro- Mills, ROGER QUARLES, lawyer ; born in 

moted lieutenant-colonel for gallantry; Todd county, Va., March 30, 1832; became 

and was appointed superintendent of the a lawyer in Corsicana, Tex. ; was colonel 

United States Military Academy, Aug. 8, of the 10th Texas Regiment in the Con- 

1898. He is author of Campaigns in 1862 federate army in the Civil War; and en- 

in Virginia. tered the national House of Representa- 

188 



MILLS MIMS 

tives in 1873 as a Democrat. Having 1813 they were led to expect an exter- 

given especial attention to revenue ques- minating blow. They knew that a British 

tions, he was appointed, in the Congress squadron was in the Gulf, and on friendly 

of 1887-89, chairman of the ways and terms with the Spaniards at Pensacola. 

means committee, and reported in 1888 They prepared to defend themselves as 

the so-called Mills bill. This measure, well as they might. They learned that 

prepared in the direction of tariff reform, British agents at Pensacola were distrib- 

passed the Democratic House and was de- uting supplies among the Creeks. Very 

feated in the Republican Senate. Mr. soon hostilities began here and there, and 

Mills was defeated by Mr. Crisp in the the white people fled to secret places for 

contest for speaker in 1891, and was a refuge some in the thick swamps not far 

United States Senator in 1892-99. above the junction of the Alabama and 

Mills, SAMUEL JOHN, clergyman; born Tombigbee rivers. There they were joined 

in Torringford, Conn., April 21, 1783; by wealthy half-blood families, and the 

graduated at Williams College in 1809 ; house of Samuel Minis, an old and wealthy 

was the originator of the American Bible inhabitant, was strongly stockaded with 

Society, founded in 1816; and was also heavy pickets. Several other buildings were 

instrumental in the formation of the enclosed within the acre of ground stock- 

AMEKICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY ( q. v.) . aded, and the whole was known as Fort 

In behalf of the latter society he explored Mims. Major Beasley was placed in com- 

the western coast of Africa for a suit- mand and authorized to receive any cit- 

able site for a colony, in 1818, and died izens who would assist in defence of the 

on his passage homeward, June 16, 1818. station, and issue soldiers rations to them. 

Millspaugh, CHAKLES FREDERIC, bota- Its dimensions were soon too small for the 
nist; born in Ithaca, N. Y., June 20, people who flocked to it for protection 
1854; graduated at New York Homceo- against the impending storm, and a new 
pathic Medical College in 1881 ; appointed enclosure was built. At the close of Au- 
Professor of Botany in West Virginia Uni- gust Indians were seen prowling around 
versity in 1891; Professor of Medical Fort Mims; but Major Beasley was con- 
Botany in the Chicago Homoeopathic Medi- fident that he could " maintain the post 
cal College in 1897; lecturer on botany in against any number of Indians." 
the University of Chicago in 1895. In Aug. 30 was a beautiful day, and no 
the interest of botanical science he has sense of danger was felt at the fort. It 
made explorations in the West Indies, contained 550 men, women, and children. 
Mexico, and Brazil. He is the author of The mid-day drum was beaten for dinner. 
Weeds of West Virginia, Flora of West The soldiers were loitering listlessly 
Virginia, American Medical Plants, Flora, around, or were playing cards; almost 10U 
of Yucatan, etc. children were playing around, and young 

Milroy, ROBERT HUSTON, military offi- men and maidens were dancing. At that 
cer ; born in Washington county, Md., moment 1,000 almost naked Creek war- 
June 11, 1816; became a lawyer; served riors lay in a ravine not more than 
in the 1st Indiana Volunteers in the Mexi- 440 yards from the fort, ready, like 
can War; became colonel of the 9th Indi- famished tigers, to spring upon their 
ana Volunteers, April 26, 1861 ; brigadier- prey. They were led by Weathersford, 
general, Feb. 6, 1862; and major-general a famous Creek chief. The first tap 
in 1863; served principally in western Vir- of the dinner-drum was the signal for the 
ginia and the Shenandoah Valley. Indians to rise from their cover and rush 

Mims, FORT, MASSACRE AT. In the to the fort; and the first intimation of 

autumn of 1812, Tecumseh and his brother, their presence was a horrid yell, that 

the Prophet, went among the Creeks to filled the air as they came streaming over 

stir them up to make war upon the whites, a field towards an open gate of the fort. 

They were divided in sentiment, for many P>easley flew to close it, and the soldiers 

of them preferred peace and friendship rushed with their arms to the portholes, 

with the Americans, and civil war was en- The unarmed men and the women and 

gendered. The white settlers among them children, pale with terror, huddled within 

were in great peril, and in the spring of the houses and cabins of the enclosure. 

189 



MILWAUKEE MINE BUN 

Bcasley was too late. He was felled by and Martin in 1835, the first sale of lots 

clubs and tomahawks, and over his dead taking place in August of that year. In 

body the terrible torrent rushed into the 1838 the population of Milwaukee was 

new enclosure. 700; 1840, 1,700; and by decades since, 

The soldiers made a gallant fight for 1850, 20,061; 18GO, 45,246; 1870, 71,440; 
three hours. They were nearly all slain. 1880, 115,587; 1890, 204,468; 1900, 285,- 
The unarmed people were in the old 315; by this census the fourteenth city in 
enclosure, with a picket between them the United States in point of population, 
and the slaughter. The Indians became Mine Explosion. See PETERSBURG. 
weary, and slackened their fire. The peo- Mine Run, OPERATIONS NEAR. Early in 
pie in the main fort hoped the savages November, 1863, General Lee was pre- 
were about to depart. They were dis- paring to go into winter quarters near 
appointed. Weathersford was not a man Culpeper Court-house when the National 
to accept half a victory when a whole victory at Rappahannock Station and the 
one was attainable. His people, who had crossing of that stream by Meade, Nov. 8, 
begun to carry away plunder, were re- caused him, under cover of darkness, to 
buked by him, and exhorted to complete withdraw beyond the Rapidan, and in- 
the work. The horrid task was resumed, trench his army on Mine Run and its 
The few soldiers left made stout resist- vicinity, a strong defensive position, 
ance, when the Indians sent fire on the Meade lay quietly between the Rappahan- 
wings of arrows to the roof of Mims s nock and Rapidan, until late in Novem- 
house, and it burst into a flame. Very ber, when, his communications being per- 
soon the whole " fort " was in flames, feet with his supplies and the capital, he 
The Indians pressed into the main fort, undertook a bold movement. He proceed- 
With the most horrible cruelties they ed to attempt to turn the right of the 
murdered the defenceless. Weathersford Confederates, and, sweeping round tow- 
begged the warriors to spare the women ards Orange Court-house, overwhelm E well, 
and children, but they refused. He had turn the works on Mine Run, and ef- 
raised the storm, but was not able to feet a lodgment at Orange and Gordons- 
control it. At sunset 400 of the inmates ville. This would involve the perilous 
of Fort Minis lay dead. Not a white measure of cutting loose from his supplies, 
woman or child escaped. Twelve of the but he took the risk. He left his trains 
soldiers cut their way through the cor- parked at Richardsville, on the north side 
don of Indians and escaped. Most of the of the Rapidan, and moved on the morn- 
negroes were spared, and were made ing of Nov. 26; but instead of crossing 
slaves of the Indians. A negro woman, that stream in a short time, so as to 
who had received a ball in her breast, march rapidly and surprise the Confed- 
escaped to the river, seized a canoe, and, crates, the whole day was consumed in 
paddling down to Fort Stoddart, gave to the passage. It was 10 A.M. the next 
General Claiborne there the first tidings day before any of the troops reached the 
of the horrible tragedy. The contest last- designated point, when the movement had 
ed from 12 M. until 5 P.M. The Ind- become known to the Confederates, 
ians had suffered severely, for not less Warren, with 10,000 men, followed by 
than 400 Creek warriors were killed or an artillery reserve, was confronted by a 
wounded, as the victims had sold their large portion of Swell s corps, and brisk 
lives as dearly as possible. skirmishing began. French s troops, that 

Milwaukee, known as the " Cream were to support Warren, did not, for 

City," the metropolis of Wisconsin, situ- various causes, come up until night, when 

ated on the western shore of Lake Michi- the latter was so hard pressed that Meade 

gan, was founded by Solomon Juneau, who was compelled to send troops from his 

arrived there Sept. 14, 1818. The place left to Warren s assistance. These vari- 

and name were known as early as Nov. 10, ous delays had given Lee ample time to 

1699, as John Buisson de St. Comes men- prepare to meet his antagonist, and 

tions being storm-bound at Milwarck on Meade s plans, so well laid, were frus- 

that date. The east side was first platted trated. He concentrated his whole army 

and named Milwaukee by Messrs. Juneau on the west bauk of Mine Run, and ex- 

190 



MINE BUN MINISINK 



tended his fortifications along the line 
of that stream until they crossed the two 
highways on which Meade s army lay. In 
front of all was a strong abatis. Meade, 
however, resolved to attack Lee, and to 
Warren was intrusted, the task of opening 
the assault, his whole force being about 
20,000 men. lie was to make the attack 
at 8 A.M., Nov. 30. 

At that hour Meade s batteries on the 
left and centre were opened, and skirmish 
ers of the latter dashed across Mine Bun 
and drove back those of the Confederates. 
But Warren s guns were not heard. He 
had found the Confederates much stronger 
than he expected, and prudently refrained 
from attacking. Satisfied that Warren 
had done wisely, Meade ordered a general 
suspension of operations. Lee s defences 
were growing stronger every hour, while 
Meade s strength was diminishing. His 
rations were nearly exhausted, and his 
supply-trains were beyond the Rapidan. 
To attempt to bring them over might ex 
pose them to disaster, for winter was at 



between that stream and the Rappahari- 
nock. 

Miner, JAMES G., military officer; born 
in New England in 181U; graduated at the 
University of Edinburgh; later removed 
to Texas. During the Mexican War he 
served under General Taylor. Prior to the 
Civil War he was a partner in the famous 
Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Va., 
and during that war was assistant Secre 
tary of the Confederate Navy. Later he 
invented a high-pressure engine, but it 
did not prove a financial success. He died 
in Mil ford, 0., May 28, 1901. 

Mingoes, the Algonquian name for the 
Indians of the Five Nations or Iroquois, 
especially of the Mohawk tribe. 

Minisink, DESOLATION OF. On the night 
of July 19, 1779, Joseph Brant, the Mo 
hawk chief, at the head of sixty Indians 
and twenty-seven Tories disguised as sav 
ages, stole upon the little town of Mini- 
sink, Orange co., N. Y., which was wholly 
unprotected, and, before the people were 
aroused from their slumbers, set on fire 




THE ABATIS IN FRONT OF LEE S FORTIFICATIONS. 

hand and rain might suddenly swell the several houses. The inhabitants fled to 

streams and make them impassable, the mountains. Their small stockade fort, 

Meade therefore d etermined to sacrifice mill, and twelve houses and barns were 

himself, if necessary, rather than his burned; their orchards and plantations 

army. He abandoned the enterprise, re- were laid waste; their cattle were driven 

crossed the Rapidan, and went into win- away, and booty of every kind w T as borne 

ter quarters on his old camping - ground to the banks of the Delaware, where the 

191 



MINISINK MINNESOTA 

thief had left the main body of his war- Sullivan s men, who, a few weeks after- 

riors. Several of the inhabitants were wards, desolated the beautiful land of the 

killed, and some were made prisoners. Cayugas and Senecas. In 1822 the citi- 

When news of this invasion reached zens of Orange county collected the bones 

Goshen, Dr. Tusten, colonel of the local of the slain, and caused tkem to be buried 

militia, ordered the officers of his regiment near the centre of the green at the foot 

to meet him at Minisink the next day, of the main street of the village of Goshen. 

with as many volunteers as they could There was a great multitude of citizens 

muster. They promptly responded, and present. Over their remains a new marble 

140 hardy men were gathered around Tus- monument was erected the same year, the 

ten the next morning, many of them the corner-stone of which was laid by General 

most respected citizens. They pursued the Hathorn, then over eighty years of age, 

invaders, under Colonel Hathorn, who and one of the survivors of the massacre, 

joined Tusten with a small reinforcement, The monument bears the names of the 

and, being senior officer, took chief com- slain. 

mand. The more prudent officers coun- Minnesota, STATE OF. The first Eu- 
selled against pursuit when the great ropeans who trod its soil were two Hugue- 
number of Indians at Brant s command be- nots, Sieur Groselliers and Sieur Radisson, 
came known. But hot-heads ruled, and who, in search of a northwest passage to 
the expedition soon became involved in a China, passed through this region in 105!). 
desperate fight, with the Indians on July Re-turning to Montreal in 16GO with sixty 
22. The Indians pressed upon the white canoes laden with skins, they excited 
people on every side, until they were others to go in search of peltries, and this 
hemmed within the circumference of one was the beginning of the French fur- 
acre, on a rocky hill that sloped on all trade which afterwards interfered with 
sides. The conflict began at 11 A.M., and the Hudson Bay Company. To secure this 
lasted till sunset. Into that hollow square trade, which the English were grasping, 
the Indians broke. The survivors of the Daniel Greysolon du Luth, a native of 

conflict attempted to Lyons, left Quebec in September, 1078, 
escape. Behind a with twenty men, and entered Minnesota, 
ledge of rocks Dr. The next year Father Hennepin and two 
Tusten had been others, who were a part of La Salle s ex- 
dressing the wounds pedition, penetrated the country far above 
of his companions the falls of St. Anthony. The territory 
all day. When the was formally taken possession of in the 
retreat began he had name of the French monarch, by Perrot 
seventeen under his and his associates, in 1G89. They built 
care. The Indians a fort on the west shore of Lake Pepin ; 
fell upon these with and Le Seur built another fort, in 1005, 
fury, and all, with on an island in the Mississippi, just be- 
the doctor, were low the mouth of the St. Croix River, af- 
slain. The flower of ter which the fur-traders flocked into that 
the youth and ma- region. In 1703, Jonathan Carver visited 
ture manhood of that Minnesota and published a description of 
region had perished, the country. In 1800, a part of Minnesota 

lying west of the Mississippi 
was included in the Territory of 
Indiana. 

The purchase of Louisiana, in 
1803, gave the United States pos 
session of the whole country west 
MONUMENT AT GOSHEN. of the Mississippi, and in 1816 

Congress passed a law excluding 

The event made thirty-three widows in foreigners from the fur-trade in that 

the congregation of the Presbyterian region. Fort Snelling was built and 

church at Goshen. It gave firmness to garrisoned in 1819, and active trade with 

192 




MINNESOTA, STATE OF 



the Indians was carried on there. In 
1820 that region" was explored by a party 
under Gen. Lewis Cass, and by Major 




STATE SEAL OF MINNESOTA. 



Long in 1821. A third exploring party 
went there in 1832, led by Henry R. 
Schoolcraft, who discovered the main 
source of the Mississippi River. In 1837, 
some lumbering operations began in Minne- 



and at the end of eight years (1857) the 
number was 150,000. In 1851 the Sioux 
ceded to the United States all their lands 
in Minnesota. In 1857 application was 
made by the people for the admission of 
Minnesota into the Union as a State. 
This was effected May 11, 1858. Min 
nesota furnished to the National army 
and navy during the Civil War 25,034 
soldiers. The population in 1890, a 
little more than fifty years after the 
first settlement, was 1,301,826; in 1900, 
1,751,394. 

The people of the State were faithful 
to the old flag in 1861; so was the 
governor, Alexander Ramsey. The legis 
lature that assembled Jan. 26 passed a 
series of loyal resolutions, in which se 
cession was denounced as revolution, and 
the acts of the South Carolinians in 
Charleston Harbor as treasonable; and 
said that the full strength of the national 
authority under the national flag should be 
put forth. It gave assurance that the peo 
ple of Minnesota would never consent to 
the obstruction of the free navigation of 




A VIKW OF ST. PAUL. 



sota, upon the St. Croix River. The town the Mississippi River " from its source to 

of St. Paul was founded in 1842, and in its mouth by any power hostile to the fed- 

1849 the Territory of Minnesota was ere- eral government." 

ated. At that time one-half the lands in- At midsummer, in 1862, Little Crow, a 

eluded in the Territory belonged to the saintly looking savage in civilized costume, 

Indians, arid the white population was leader of Sioux warriors, began war on 

less than 5,000. Emigrants flocked in, the white people, and in August and 
vi. N 193 



MINNESOTA, STATE OF 




A SIOUX MASSAUKE. 



September butchered inhabitants at three scattered them among the wilds of the 
points in Minnesota, and at posts beyond eastern slopes of the spurs of the Rocky 
the boundary of the State. For nine days Mountains. An outbreak by the Pillager 
the Sioux besieged Fort Ridgely. Fort band of Chippewas at Leech Lake occurred 
Abercrombie was also besieged, and twice in October, 1898, because of continued im- 
assaulted; and in that region the Indians positions by the whites; but it was quick- 
murdered about 500 white inhabitants, ly suppressed by a detachment of the regu- 
mostly defenceless women and children, lar army. See UNITED STATES, MINNE- 
Gen. H. H. Sibley was sent with a body SOTA, in vol. ix. 
of militia to crush the Indians. He at 
tacked a large force under Little Crow at TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS. 
Wood Lake, and drove them into Dakota, Ata. Ramsey, of Pennsylvania.. appointed Aprtl 2, 1849 

malrina ^00 nf tlioir rmmhpr Ttrisonprq Willis A (.onuau, of Indiana " March 4, 1853 

Samuel Medary.. " 1857 

Tried by court-martial, 300 of them were 



sentenced to be hanged. The President 



3TATE C 



interfered, and only thirty-seven of the Henry H. Sibley 

j-i TTI i, OQ Alexander Uamsey 
worst offenders were executed, Feb. 28, Henry A. Swift 



1863. The " Sioux War " was not ended Stephen Miller 

,., ., ,. 10/ > r. n i William R. Marshall, Hep 

until the summer of 1863, when General Horace Austin, 

Pope took command of that department, Cushman K. Davis. 

. \ T ,, ,. t ,,, , . .> f JohnS. Pillsburv, 

picketed the line ot settlements in the tar j^uciusF. Hubbard 

Northwest with 2,000 soldiers, and took Andrew R. McGiil, 

j. ,r r. j.-i William R. Merriam, .... 

vigorous measures to disperse the hostile Knute Nelson " 

bands. Generals Sibley and Sully moved David M. Clough 

against them in June, 1863, fought the parnue/R. vanSanV. . . . . . . . . 

Indians at different places, and finally John A. Johnson 

191 



elected 1857 

Oct., 1859 

1 July, 18fi3 

... .Oct., 1863 
..Nov. 7, 1865 
....Nov., 1869 
....Nov., 1873 
..Nov. 2, 1875 
....Nov., 1881 
..Nov. 2, 1886 



. . . .term begins 



...Jan. 9, 1889 
. . .Jan. 4, 1893 
...Jan. 31, 1895 

Jan. 2, 1899 

Jan. 7, 1901 

Jan. 2, 1905 



MINOT MINT 



UNITED STAIRS SENATORS 



Name. 



James M. Rice 

William W. Phelps. . . . 
Morton S. Wilkinson.. 
Alexander Ramsey. . . . 

Daniel S. Norton 

William Wiudom 

Ozora P. Stearns 

Samuel J. R. McMillan. 

Dwisdit M. Sabin 

Cushman K. Davis.... 

Charles A. Towue 

William D. Wasbburn. 

Knute Nelson 

Moses K ciapp 



No. of Congress. 



35th to 37th 

35th 
36th to 38th 

38th 
39th to 41st 



41st 
41st 
44th 
47th 
50th 

I 

51st 
54th 
5(ith 



45th 
43d 
49th 
49th 
5fJth 
5( th 
to 54th 



Term. 



1858 

1858 

1859 

: 

1865 
1870 
1871 
1S75 
18S1 
1887 
1900 
1SK9 
1S95 
1901 



to 



1863 
to 



18C.3 
1859 
1865 

1870 
1881 
1S75 
1887 
1887 
1900 
1901 
1895 



side with N. E., and on the other side 
with XTId, VId, and Hid," according to 
the value of each piece. These coins were 
to be of the fineness of " new sterling 
English money," and every shilling was to 
weigh three penny Troy weight, and 
lesser peeces proportionally." It was 
found, as soon as they were in circulation, 
that, owing to the excessive plainness of 
their finish, they were exposed to " wash 
ing and clipping." To remedy this evil, 
the General Court, on Oct. 9 of the same 
year, ordered a new die, and required that 




MILLS AT MINNEAPOLIS. 

Minot, GEORGE RICHARDS, jurist; born "henceforth both shillings and smaller 
in Boston, Mass., Dec. 22, 1758; graduated peeces shall have a double ring on either 
at Harvard College in 1778; began law side, with this inscription: Massachu- 
practice in Boston; became probate judge setts, and a tree in the centre, on the one 
for Suffolk county in 1792; and was secre- side, and New England and the date of 
tary of the convention which adopted the the year on the other side." In 1662 a 
national Constitution. His publications two-penny piece was added to the series, 
include Eulogy on Washington; History of This mint existed thirty-four years, but 
the Insurrection in Massachusetts in 1786; the coins issued have only the dates 1652 
and Continuation of the (Hutchinson s) 
History of Massachusetts Bay from the 

Year 1748, with an Introductory Sketch /^>^ J S.1f\ /A^CT^< \ 

of Events from its Original Settlement. 
He died in Boston, Mass., Jan. 2, 1802. 

Mint, FIRST AMERICAN. The earliest 
colonial coinage was in Massachusetts, in 
pursuance of an order of the General 
Court, passed May 27, 1652, which estab 
lished a " mint - house " at Boston. The and 1662, the original dies having done 
nider required the coinage of " 12-pence, service throughout the whole period 
6-pence, and 3-pence peeces, which shall us " pine-tree shillings." See COINAGE; 
be for forme flatt, and stamped on one CURRENCY; UNITED STATES MINT. 

195 




THK PINE -TREE SHILLING. 



MINTY MISCHIANZA 



Minty, ROBERT HORATIO GEORGE, mill- feeling between the United States and 
tary officer; born in County Mayo, Ire- Spain, and the government officers avert- 
land, Dec. 4, 1831; served in the British ed their eyes from Miranda s doings. His 
army from 1849 to 1853; removed to preparations for the expedition were 
Michigan ; and was made lieutenant-colonel made at New York, while he resided at 
of the 3d Michigan Cavalry in 1861. He Washington, D. C., and was on intimate 
distinguished himself in battles in the social relations with President Jefferson 
West and South, notably at Stone River, and Secretary Madison. He chartered the 
Chickamauga, and in the Atlanta cam- ship Leandcr at New York, and she sailed 
paign, raiding with Kilpatrick in Georgia ; from that port (February) with arms 
was promoted brigadier-general of volun- and about 250 men. He was joined by 
teers in 18G4; and at the close of the war other vessels. The expedition reached 
was brevetted major-general. Caracas in safety, and, with the help of 

Minuit, PETER, colonist; born in Wesel, the English in that quarter, Miranda took 
Germany, about 1580; appointed director, possession of two or three towns on the 
or governor, of New Netherland, 1625- coast. The people would not listen to his 
3] ; entered the service of the Swedish offers of liberty. The Spaniards captured 
West India Company in 1633; led a two transports, with about sixty Ameri- 
body of settlers to NEW SWEDEN (q. v.) cans, and the expedition ended in failure 
in 1637. He died in Fort Christiania, about three months after the Lcander left 
Del., in 1641. New York. Miranda escaped to Cartha- 

Minute-men. In November, 1774, the gena, when Bolivar delivered him to the 
Provincial Congress of Massachusetts au- Spaniards, who confined him in a dun- 
thorized the enrolment of 12,000 men in geon in Cadiz till his death, July 14, 
the province, who should be prepared to 1816. 

take the field at a minute s warning. Dea- Mischianza, THE. Before Sir William 
cons of churches, and even pastors, became Howe s departure from Philadelphia, May 
captains of companies, and magistrates led 24, 1778, he and his brother, the admiral, 
the people. This army was, from the con- were honored by a grand complimentary 
ditions of its enlistment, called " Minute- entertainment, " the most splendid," the 
men." There were similar organizations accomplished Major Andre wrote, " ever 
in other colonies, especially in Virginia. 

Miranda, FRANCISCO, military offi 
cer; born in Caracas, Venezuela, June 
9, 1756; became a captain in the 
Spanish army; and served in the 
United States in 1779 and 1781. He 
was a born agitator and revolution 
ist, and tried to free Spanish-Ameri 
can colonies from the Spanish yokf, 
presenting his projects to various Eu 
ropean courts. In the French Rev 
olution he acquired a high reputa 
tion as a military leader, especially 
as an engineer and tactician, and be 
came a general of division. Twice he 
was expelled from France as a dan 
gerous intriguer. 

About the beginning of 1806 he 
was again in the United States, for 
the purpose of fitting out an expedi 
tion having for its object the rev 
olutionizing of the Spanish province 
of Caracas, which now constitutes 
the republic of Venezuela. At that 
time there was much irritation of 




MISCHIANZA T1CKKT. 



196 



MISSIONARY RIDGE 

given by an army to their commander." It a considerable distance in advance of 
was given at the Wharton Mansion and the former. Wood s division of Granger s 
lawns on the present Fifth Street. AndrCi corps led the left, and Sheridan s the 
was the chief inventor of the pageant, right. General Palmer supported Gran- 
which was called, in the Italian tongue, ger s right, Johnson s division remained in 
mischiaiiza, a medley, and the ticket of the trenches, and Howard s corps was in 
admission was designed by him. It began reserve. The Nationals soon drove the 
with a grand regatta on the Delaware, in Confederates from Orchard Knob by a vig- 
the presence of thousands of spectators, orous charge, carrying the rifle-pits on 
and accompanied by martial music and that eminence and taking 200 prisoners, 
the flutter of banners. This over, the Wood immediately intrenched; Howard 
scene changed to a tournament on \Vhar- moved up and took position on the left, 
ton s lawn, in which young ladies of Tory and Bridge s (Illinois) battery was placed 
families in Philadelphia joined in a spec- in position on the crest. Bragg had 
tacle imitating the noted military pas- been fatally outgeneralled. To get Sher- 
times of the Middle Ages. There were man s troops across the Tennessee with- 
knights and ladies, a queen of beauty, out discovery, Hooker was ordered to 
and all the paraphernalia of a scene of divert the attention of the Confederates 
ancient chivalry. Then there was a grand by an attack on Bragg s left on LOOKOUT 
ball and supper in a temporary hall, deco- MOUNTAIN (q. v.). The troops had all 
rated by the skilful hand of Andr6, with crossed before noon of the 24th, and pro- 
painted scenery, and with evergreens, lus- ceeded to attack the Confederates on the 
trous mirrors, and a host of chandeliers, northern end of Missionary Eidge, and 
The entertainment was concluded by a secured an important point. The night 
grand display of fireworks. It was an ap- of the 24th was spent in important prep- 
propriate closing of a round of dissipation arations for battle the next day. Bragg 
in which the British army had indulged in drew all his troops across Chattanooga 
Philadelphia for six months, where profli- Creek and concentrated them on Mission- 
gacy among the officers became so conspic- ary Ridge on the morning of the 25th. 
uous that many of the Tory families who Hooker moved down to the Chattanooga 
had welcomed the invaders had prayed for Valley from Lookout Mountain, and, in 
their departure. the afternoon, drove the Confederates out 
Missionary Ridge, BATTLE OF. Gen. of Ross s Gap, capturing a large quanti- 
W. T. Sherman was lying, with his corps, ty of artillery, small-arms, ammunition, 
along the line of the Big Black River, in wagons, and stores. He then attempted to 
Mississippi, when General Grant called clear the ridge of Confederates, but found 
him, Sept. 22, 1863, and a greater portion them strongly fortified behind the in- 
of his command to Chattanooga. Sherman trenchments cast up there by Thomas at 
fought his way eastward. He crossed the the time of the battle of CIIICKAMAUGA 
Tennessee River to the north side, at East- (q- v.). Osterhaus was leading the Na- 
port (Nov. 1), under cover of gunboats, tionals parallel with the ridge on its 
and, pushing on, reported to Grant in per- eastern side, while Cruft was ordered to 
son on Nov. 15. Sherman s corps was then move along its crest, and Geary, with the 
in command of Gen. Frank Blair, and, on batteries, marched up the valley on the 
the afternoon of Nov. 23, it was ready to western side. 

cross the Tennessee above Chattanooga, on This dangerous movement in the valley 
a pontoon bridge which it had stealthily Bragg s skirmishers attempted to meet, 
brought with them, at the moment when but were driven back upon their main line 
General Thomas was moving the centre of by a part of Cruft s forces. Meanwhile, 
the Nationals towards the Confederates on the remainder of Cruft s column formed 
Missionary Ridge, to ascertain whether in battle-line, and moving at a charging 
Bragg was preparing to flee or to fight, pace, steadily pushed the Confederates 
He was ready for the latter act. When back, their front line, under General Stew- 
Thomas moved, the heavy guns at Fort art, retreating, while fighting, upon the 
Wood, Chattanooga, played upon Mission- second line, under General Bate, while 
ary Ridge and Orchard Knob, a lower hill Geary and Osterhaus were pouring mur- 

197 



MISSIONARY BIDGE, BATTLE OF 

derous fires upon their flanks. So the tional centre. The divisions of Wood, 
h:. .lf-running fight continued until near IJaird, Sheridan, and Johnson moved 
sunset, when the Confederates broke into steadily forward. They created such a 
confusion and fled, and fully 2,000 of them panic among the occupants of the rifle- 
were made prisoners. Hooker s victory pits at the base of the ridge that they 
in that part of the field was complete at fled in great haste towards the crest, 
twilight. The Nationals stopped but for a moment 
Meanwhile, Sherman had been busy to reform, when, by an irresistible im- 
clearing the ridge at the other extremity pulse, the troops, without orders from 




BATTLE OP MISSIONARY RIDGE. 



of the battle-line, where Hardee was in their commanders, began to follow the 

command. His order of battle was similar fugitives. The men of Willich s and Ila- 

to that of Hooker, and his troops were xen s brigade had commenced running for- 

roused at sunrise. The ground to be ward for security under the ridge, but 

traversed was very difficult; instead of as they reached it they commenced its 

a continuous ridge, it was a chain of ascent. Hazen then gave the order " For- 

hills, each wooded and fortified. General ward!" and sent his staff-officers to urge 

Corse led the way. Having gained the everybody forward up the declivity. The 

second crest from his point of departure, lire they passed through was dreadful, 

Corse, in moving forward, had a severe but the men, without preserving lines, 

hand-to-hand struggle for an hour, but formed into groups, wherever the ground 

could not carry the works, nor could the gave cover; and each group, led by a color, 

Confederates repulse him. At the same steadily made its way up. Their colors 

time, Gen. Morgan L. Smith and Colonel were often shot down, but they were at 

Loomis were advancing on both sides of once seized and borne along. The men 

the ridge, fighting their way to the Con- pressed vigorously on, in the face of a 

federate flanks. Up to 3 P.M. Sherman terrible storm of grape and canister shot 

had not been able to gain much advantage, from about thirty guns on the summit, 

General Grant, from his post on Orchard and murderous volleys of musketry from 

Knob, had been watching all these move- the well-filled rifle-pits on the crest. The 

ments. Early in the afternoon he ordered Nationals did not waver for a moment, 

General Thomas to advance with the Na- but pressed forward, when Lieutenant- 

198 



MISSISSIPPI 



Colonel Langdon, with Ohio volunteers, 
sprang forward and made a lodgment on 
the hill-top, within 500 yards of Bragg s 
headquarters. With shouts the remainder 
of the Nationals pushed upward, and 
very speedily the whole battle-line of the 
Confederates on Missionary Kidge was in 
their possession, with all the Confederate 
cannon and ammunition. Sherman soon 
drove the Confederates from the front, 
and the battle ceased at that end of the 
line. The divisions of Wood and Baird 
were obstinately resisted until dark, 
when, at the edge of the evening, the 
Confederates fled. General Breckinridge 
barely escaped capture. Grant reported 
the Union loss in the series of struggles 
which ended in victory at Missionary 
Eidge at 5,286, of whom 757 were killed 
and 330 missing. Bragg s loss was about 
3,000 in killed and wounded and 6,000 
made prisoners. The Nationals captured 
forty pieces of artillery and 7,000 small- 
arms. 

Mississippi, STATE OF. The first 
Europeans who traversed this region were 
De Soto and his companions. They made 
no settlements. La Salle discovered the 
river in 1682, and took formal possession 
of the country it watered in the name 
of his King. In 1716 the French erected 
a fort on the site of Natchez. The colonies 
planted there grew slowly until New Or 
leans was founded, when many settlers 
were attracted to the Mississippi River; 
but hostile Indians suppressed rapid 
growth, and it was not until after the 
creation of the Territory of Mississippi, 
April 7, 1798, that the population be 
came numerous. The boundaries of the 
Territory at first included all of Alabama 
north of the 31st parallel. In 1817 
Mississippi was admitted into the Union 
as a State. A new constitution was 
adopted in 1832. In November, 1860, the 
legislature, in extraordinary session, pro 
vided for an election of delegates to a con 
vention to be held on Jan. 7, 1861, to 
consider the subject of secession. That 
convention passed an ordinance of seces 
sion on the 9th, and, on March 30, rati 
fied the constitution of the Confederate 
States. 

The northern portion of the State was 
the theatre of military operations in 1862, 
but the most important ones were in 1863, 



in movements connected with the siege and 
capture of VICKSBURG (q. v. ). On June 
13, 1865, President Johnson appointed 
a provisional governor ( W. L. Sharkey ) , 




STATE SEAL OF MISSISSIPPI. 

who ordered an election of delegates to a 
convention which met Aug. 14. By that 
convention the constitution of the State 
was so amended as to abolish slavery, 
Aug. 21, 1865, and the ordinance of seces 
sion was repealed. In October Benjamin 
G. Humphreys was elected governor, and 
Congressmen were also chosen. The lat 
ter were not admitted to seats, for Con 
gress had its own plan for reorganizing 
the Union. By that plan Mississippi and 
Arkansas constituted one military dis 
trict, and military rule took the place of 
civil government. Early in January, 1868, 
a convention assembled to adopt a con 
stitution, and remained in session until 
May 18. GEN\ ADELBERT AMES (q. v.) 
was appointed governor, June 16, in place 
of Governor Humphreys, and, at an elec 
tion held June 22, the constitution was 
rejected. On April 10, 1869, Congress 
authorized the President to submit the 
constitution again to a vote of the peo 
ple, with such clauses separate as he might 
deem proper. The constitution was al 
most unanimously ratified at an election 
in November. Objectionable clauses, such 
as those disfranchising and disqualifying 
persons who had taken part against the 
government in the Civil War, being voted 
upon separately, were rejected. A Repub 
lican governor (James L. Alcorn) was 
elected. In January, 1870, the legislature 
ratified the Fourteenth and Fifteenth 



199 



MISSISSIPPI MISSISSIPPI BIVEE, 



amendments to the national Constitution. 
By act of Congress, Feb. 23, 1870, Missis 



UNITED STATES SENATORS Continued. 



on March 10 Governor Alcorn was in- Henry R. Pease 
augurated, and the civil authority as 
sumed rightful control. Population in James %. George 
1890, 1,289,600; in 1900, 1,551,270. See 
UNITED STATES, MISSISSIPPI, in vol. ix. 



TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS. 

Winthrop Sargent appointed May 10, 1798 

William C. C. Claiborne " July 10, 1801 

Robert Williams 1804 J OHN 

David Holmes " March, 1809 



Name. 


\o. of Congress. 


Term. 


James Lusk Alcorn 


12d tc 

^; 

44th t 
45th 
47th 
49th 
53d 
55th 
54th 
57th 


) 44th 
Id 
4fith 
48th 
54th 
53d 
54th 
57th 


1871 t 
18 

1875 t 
1877 
1881 
1885 
1804 
1808 
1807 
1901 


o 1877 
4 
o 1881 
1885 
1897 
1894 
1805 
1901 


Henry R. Pease 




James % George 




Anselm T McLaurin 


Will Van Amberg Sullivan 
Hernando De Soto Money. 
Anselm J McLaurin .... 





Mississippi Company. See LAW, 



Mississippi Biver. Indian name 

Miche-sepe, meaning " Great Water," or 

David Holmes term begins Nov. 1817 .,_,., , TTT , ,. -,. i 

George Poiudexter; " 1819 Father of Waters " ; was first discovered 

1825 ky Europeans with De Soto, in June, 1541, 
not far from the site of Helena, Ark., it is 
1827 supposed. De Soto died on its banks. A 
1833 London physician named Coxe purchased 
patent for Carolina granted to Sir 
1838 Robert Heath (see NORTH CAROLINA) in 
1630, and put forward pretensions to the 
1848 mouth of the Mississippi, which two 
" t850 armed English vessels were sent to ex- 
Nov. b 25, li " 1 plore. Bienville, exploring the Mississippi 
Henry S.^oote, "union term begins Jan. 1852 a t a point some 50 miles from its mouth, 

wliiiam^icwniie .! !!!""". . !! " Nov. 16, 1857 unexpectedly encountered one of Coxe s 
John J. Pettus, Democrat Jan. 1860 vessels coming up. Assured that this was 

Ch C a riesaa n rk S e 0n " 1864 not the Mississippi, but a dependency of 

w. L. Sharkey, provisional appointed June 13, 1865 Canada, already occupied by the French, 

Benjamin G. Humphreys term begins Oct. 16, , _-, i- , nr >mni(inrlpr turnprl about nnd 

Gen Adelbert Ames, provisional, appointed June 15, 1868 the Ji.nglisn { 

James L. Alcorn, Republican term begias Jan. 1870 } e ft the river; and that point has ever 

AdSb^^ Biiirtd^:::::tr^SM EiiW4 since been known as "the English Turn." 
John M. Stone. acting. March 29, 1876 T n 1673 Joliet and Marquette descended 

?^ er V a, wry term begins an. ij ^ river to a point within three days 

John M. otone 

A. J. McLaurin 1896 journey of its mouth. Father Hennepm 

1904 explored it from the mouth of the Illinois 



STATE GOVERNORS. 



Walter Leake. 

Lieut. -Gov. Gerard C. Brandon . . acting 

David Holmes term begins 

Gerard C. Brandon 

Abram M. Scott 

Lieut. -Gov. Fountain Winston. . . acting 

Hiram G. Runnels term begins Jan. 1834 

" " 1836 

Democrat 

Tilgham M. Tucker, 
Albert G. Brown, 
Joseph W. Matthews, 
John A. Quitman, 

i, pres. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. River up to the falls of St. Anthony in 


Name. 


No. of Congress. 


rm. 1680, and in 1682 La Salle descended it t 




15th to 16th 
15th 
16th to 18th 
19th " 22d 
19th " 20th 
21st 
21st to 23d 
22d " 25th 
24th " 29th 
25th 
25th 
26th to 28th 
29th 
20th to 30th 
30th " 32d 
30th " 32d 
32d 
32d to 34th 
32d 
33d to 36th 
35th 36th 


1817 to 1820 the Gulf of Mexico, and took possession of 
1817 the country drained by it and its tribu- 
1825 *" 1832 taries in the name of the French King, 
1826 " 1829 an( j named the great stream River Col- 
I830 18 tol836 bert. In 1699 Iberville built Fort Biloxi 

1836 " 1845 near itS m uth and in 17 3 the flrSt settle - 
^ 3( ]838 18 ment of Europeans in that region was 
1838 made at St. Peter s, on the Yazoo branch. 
39 1845 18 New Orleans was laid out in 1708, and the 
1845 to 1847 building of levees was commenced there. 
1847 " 1851 Tn Civil War Time The gunboats of 
1852 Commodore Farragut and the mortar-fleet 
is! " 1853 of Commodore Porter attacked Fort Jack- 
issl " 1861 son, 60 miles below NEW ORLEANS (q. v.) , 

1857 " 1861 A ~_:i IQ iQfso T7^r-4- TanVcnn n-nnnprl 


Thomas H. Williams 
David Holmes 






Robert H Adams 




John Black 


Robert J Walker 


James F Trotter 


Thomas H Williams .... 


John Henderson 


Joseph W Chalmers 




Jefferson Davis 


Henry S. Foote 


John I. McRae 


Stephen Adams 


Walter Brooke 


Albert G. Brown 
Jefferson Davis . . 



[37th, 38th, 39th, 40th Congresses vacant.] 

41st to 43d I 1870 to 1874 



Adelbert Ames 

Hiram R. Revels (colored). 



the conflict by a shot, when a bombard- 
41st | 1870 " 1871 ment was commenced by twenty mortar- 
200 



MISSISSIPPI RIVER 



vessels. Porter, on the Harriet Lane, become free she was furiously attacked 
directed the firing. This conflict was con- by the ram Manassus, but without being 
tinued several days, assisted by the gun- much injured. She had just escaped the 
boats, when, perceiving little chance for ram, when a large Confederate steamer 
reducing the forts, Farragut prepared to assailed her. She gave it a broadside, 
run by them. In the intense darkness of which set it on fire, and its swift de- 
the night of the 20th five of the gunboats struction ensued. Then she brought her 
ran up and destroyed the boom below the guns to bear upon Fort St. Philip and 
forts. The Nationals were discovered, and silenced that work. Meanwhile the Hart- 
a heavy fire from the forts was opened ford was battling with Fort Jackson and 
upon them; and two hours later a blaz- encountering a fire-raft that set her ablaze, 
ing fire-raft came roaring down the river, but the flames were soon extinguished, 
but did no damage. Night after night Captain Bell made his way up the channel, 
these fire-rafts were sent 
down. During the bom 
bardment 1,000 shells fell 
within the fort. At sun 
set on the 23d Farragut 
was prepared for the 
perilous feat of running 
past the forts. The mor 
tar-boats, keeping their 
position, were to cover the 
advance of the fleet. At 
2 A.M. the next day the 
fleet moved. Farragut, 
with his wooden flag-ship 
Hartford and the large 
ships Richmond and 
Brooklyn, that formed the 
first division, was to keep 

near the right bank and THE HARTFORD. 

fight Fort Jackson; while 

CAPT. THEODORUS BAILEY (g. v.) with the Three of his vessels had passed the forts, 
second division, composed of eight gun- when a fourth was disabled by a storm of 
boats, was to keep close to the left bank shot, one of which pierced her boiler, and 
and fight Fort St. Philip. To Captain she drifted down the river. Another ves- 
Bell, with six gunboats, was assigned the sel recoiled, and yet another, entangled 
duty of attacking the Confederate fleet among obstructions, could go no farther, 
above the forts. Keeping in the channel, Before the fleet had fairly passed the 
he was to push on to his assigned work forts the Confederate gunboats and rams, 
without regard to the forts. commanded by Captain Mitchell, had at- 

These were silent until the Cayuga, Cap- tacked the National vessels. The scene 
tain Bailey s ship, passed the boom, when was then awfully grand. The noise of 
heavy guns were brought to bear upon twenty mortars and 260 great guns, afloat 
her. She did not reply until she was and ashore, was terrific. Added to these 
close to Fort St. Philip, when she gave were blazing fire-rafts, lighting up the 
it tremendous broadsides of grape and scene with their lurid blaze. Upon the 
canister as she passed by. Four other Caynga (Captain Bailey) and the Vrtrumi 
gunboats were close in her wake and imi- (Captain Boggs) the chief wrath of the 
tated her example, and the whole of Bai- Confederates seemed to be directed. These 
ley s division passed the forts almost un- commanders performed wonders of valor, 
harmed. The Hartford and her consorts Bailey s vessel escaped up the river after 
had a tremendous struggle with Fort Jack- having been struck forty-two times. The 
son. The Brookh/n had become entangled Varuna had rushed into the midst of the 
with a sunken hulk, and just as she had Confederate fleet to assist the Cayuga, 

201 




MISSISSIPPI RIVER 

and delivered her broadsides right and ing from every opening, for she was on 
left with destructive effect. She was lire. At length, giving a plunge like some 
finally attacked by a ram, which she huge monster, she went hissing to the 
drove ashore in flames, when Boggs, find- bottom of the Mississippi 
ing his own vessel sinking, let go her The river was well blockaded at Vicks- 
anchor and tied her bow up to the shore, burg and Port Hudson. Between these 
at the same time firing upon an antago- points Confederate transports were sup- 
nist. This was kept up until the water plying the troops at both places. It was 
was over the gun-trucks, when Boggs got determined by the federal authorities to 
his crew on shore. The Varuna had destroy them; and for this purpose the 
driven four Confederate gunboats ashore ram Queen of the West ran by the bat- 
in flames. teries at Vicksburg before daylight, Feb. 
Thus ended one of the most desperate 2, 1863, destroyed some vessels near 
conflicts of the war. Within the space Natchez, ran a few miles up the Red 
of an hour and a half after the National River, and, returning, repassed the 
vessels left their anchorage the forts Vicksburg batteries. On Feb. 10 she 
were passed, and eleven of the Confeder- started on another raid down the river, 
ate vessels nearly the whole of their fleet accompanied by a gunboat and coal-barge. 
were destroyed. The National loss was They passed the batteries at Vicksburg, 
thirty killed and 125 wounded. All of went up the Red River to the Atchafa- 
Farragut s vessels twelve in number laya, captured a train of army-wagons 
joined the Cayuga at quarantine above and a quantity of stores on that stream, 
the forts, when the dead were carried and also a small steamer (the Era) 
ashore and buried. The forts were sur- laden with corn and Texas soldiers, 
rendered, and the lower Mississippi was Captain Ellet compelled the pilot of the 
opened as far as New Orleans. Era to serve the Queen of the West in 
In this desperate engagement the ram the same capacity, when he purposely 
Alanassas had taken a conspicuous part ran her ashore near Fort Taylor, where 
in the flotilla fight above the forts. She heavy guns soon disabled her. Captain 
was a peculiar-shaped iron-clad vessel, Ellet and his crew abandoned her, and 
with a powerful iron beak; but in this retreated on floating bales of cotton. The 
engagement she was so dreadfully pound- accompanying gunboat (De Soto) picked 
ed and shattered by the shot of the Na- them up, when the same pilot ran her 
tional gunboats that she was at length ashore, and the vessel and coal-barge were 
sent adrift, in a helpless condition, going scuttled and sunk. 

towards Porter s mortar-fleet. Some of The little Era was now Ellet s last 

refuge. Casting her corn over 
board (her Texan soldiers had 
been paroled), he went as lightly 
and rapidly as possible down to 
the Mississippi, when the same 
Confederate pilot ran her ashore, 
while four armed boats were close 
in chase. The Era was extricated, 
and, going slowly up the Missis- 
sip})!, met the powerful National 
iron-clad Indianola coming down 
in a fog. She rescued the Era 
from her pursuers (among Avhich 
THE MANASSAS. was the powerful ram Webb, which 

had come out of the Red River), 

these vessels opened fire upon her; but and she reached a point below Vicks- 
it was soon perceived that she was harm- burg in safety. The Indianola block- 
legs. Her pipes were all twisted and aded the mouth of the Red River a few 
riddled by shot, and her hull was well days, and then ascending the Mississippi 
battered and pierced. Smoke was issu- to enter the Big Black River, she was as- 

202 




MISSISSIPPI RIVER MISSOURI 



sailed near Grand Gulf, at 9 P.M., by pow 
erful Confederate gunboats (among them 
the Webb and the captured Queen of the 
West), and was compelled to surrender. 
The Confederates now believed they had 
nothing to fear between Vicksburg and 
Port Hudson, when they were alarmed and 
disconcerted by a trick. Admiral Porter 
fitted up a worthless flat-boat in imitation 
of a ram, with smoke-stacks made of pork- 
barrels, and set it afloat one night with 
out a man on board. When the Confed 
erates discovered it they believed it to 
be a terrible iron-clad monster. As it 
passed sullenly by it drew a tremendous 
fire from the batteries at Vicksburg. It 
seemed to defy shot and shell. Word was 
quickly sent to the gunboats below. The 
Queen of the W r est fled in great haste. 
The Indianola was destroyed to prevent 
her being captured by the awful ram, and 
her great guns went to the bottom of the 
river. 

Modern Improvements. It has been 
oflicially estimated that during the period 
of 1850-90 something like $35,000,000 was 
spent on the levees of the Mississippi, and 
that nearly or quite one-half of this sum 
was contributed by the taxpayers of the 
localities directly benefited. The engi 
neers of the Mississippi River commis 
sion, authorized by act of Congress, re 
ported in 1897 that a further sum of about 
$18,000,000 would be required to complete 
the work of construction and improve 
ment, after which the chief expense would 
be confined to maintenance. The impor 
tance of the river to navigation and the 
great damage its banks have sustained 
from floods (see INUNDATIONS) induced 
Congress in 1892 to take a larger share 
in the work of constructing and strength 
ening the levees than previously, and to 
thus relieve the people of Missouri, Ar 
kansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louisi 
ana. Hence, of the allotment to the com 
mission, averaging $2,500,000 per annum, 
usually one-half, and sometimes three- 
fifths, is used for this purpose. The fol 
lowing apportionment of the congression 
al appropriation of $2,250,000 for the 
improvement of the river in 1900-1 gives 
an idea of the character and costliness of 
the work: 

tipper St. Francis Levee District... $20,000 
Lower St. Francis Levee District.. 114,500 



203 



White River Levee District $50,000 

Upper Yazoo Levee District 94,0<Hi 

Lower Yazoo Levee District 150,000 

Upper Tansas Levee District 800,000 

Lower Tansas Levee District 110,000 

Atchafa Levee District 55,000 

La Fourche Levee District 28,000 

Barataria Levee District 14,000 

Lake Borgne Levee District 14,500 

Dredges and dredging 400,000 

Surveys and observations 40,000 

Plum Point Reach 80,000 

Hopefield Point 50,000 

Ashbrook Neck 70,000 

Lake Providence Revetment 75,000 

Kemple Bend Revetment 150,000 

Giles Bend Revetment 150,000 

For surveys 15,000 

Plant 75,000 

The Eads jetties at the mouth of the 
river form one of the grandest and most 
successful triumphs of engineering skill 
in the interest of inland navigation to be 
found anywhere. 

Mississippi Valley, THE. See HART, 
ALBERT BUSHNELL. 

Missouri, STATE OF, was a part of what 
was originally known as Upper Louisiana. 
By the grant of Louis XIV. to Cro/at, 
Sept. 14, 1712, "all the country drained 
by the waters emptying, directly or indi 
rectly, into the Mississippi River," is in 
cluded in the boundaries of Louisiana. In 
northern Louisiana were included Arkan 
sas, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, and Nebras 
ka. Below the Missouri the settlements 
were more rapid. In 1720 the discovery of 
lead-mines within its present borders drew 
adventurers there. Its oldest town, St. 
Geiievieve, was founded in 1755, and. by 
the treaty of Paris, in 1763, that whole 
region passed into the possession of the 
English. Already many of the Canadian 
French had settled on the borders of the 
Mississippi. Lands were liberally granted 
to the colonists by the English. Emigrants 
from Spain flocked in. In 1775 St. Louis, 
which had been first a fur-trading estab 
lishment, contained 800 inhabitants, and 
St. Genevieve about 460. In the region of 
Missouri there were soon stirring events ; 
for Spain, taking sides with the Ameri 
cans, made war on the English, and that 
country became master of lower Louisiana 
and Florida. In 1780 the British from 
the Lakes attacked St. Louis, but the time 
ly arrival of COL. GEORGE ROGERS CLARKE 
(q. v.) in Illinois saved it from capture. 

After the war Spain retained Louisiana, 



MISSOURI, STATE OF 

and the country on the east bank of the the Union ; and the great body of the peo- 
Mississippi became the property of the pie deprecated the teachings of the dis- 
United States. American settlers crossed loyal politicians, and determined to stand 
the Mississippi, and collisions with the by the national government. Claiborne F. 
Spanish authorities ensued. Diplomacy Jackson was inaugurated governor of Mis- 
settled the disputes, and the navigation of souri, Jan. 4, 1861. In his message to the 
the Mississippi was made free to both par- legislature he recommended the people to 
ties. The purchase of LOUISIANA (q. v.) stand by their sister slave-labor States in 
made a final settlement. It was divided whatever course they might pursue. He 
into the Territory of New Orleans and the recommended the calling of a convention. 
District of Louisiana. The latter was ad- This the legislature authorized (Jan. 10), 
mitted into the Union as the State of but decreed that its action on the subject 
Louisiana in 1812. The name of the Dis- of secession should be submitted to the 
trict of Louisiana was changed to Mis- people before it should be valid, 
souri, and at that time the population was The convention assembled in Jefferson 
full 22,000. In 1817 it had increased to City, Feb. 28. On the second day of the 
00,000, and application was made to Con- session it adjourned to St. Louis, where 
gress for permission to frame a State con- it reassembled, March 4, with Sterling 
stitution. It was framed, and application Price as president, and Samuel A. Lowe 
was made for the admission of Missouri as secretary. Price professed to be a 
as a State. Then came the struggle be- Unionist, and so obtained his election, 
tween the friends and foes of the slave- He soon afterwards became one of the 
labor system, which ended in the famous most active Confederate military leaders 
compromise (see MISSOURI COMPROMISE), in that region. Luther J. Glenn, an ac- 
in accordance with the provisions of which credited commissioner from Georgia, was 

allowed to address the convention on the 
first day of the session at St. Louis. He 
strongly urged Missouri to join the 
" Southern Confederacy " ; but it was 
found that the atmosphere of St. Louis, 
in and out of the convention, was not con 
genial to the nourishment of such an idea. 
The population of that city was made up 
largely of New-Englanders and Germans, 
who were loyal ; while emigrants from 
slave-labor States, especially Virginia, 
composed the great body of the Confed 
erates. Glenn s remarks were greeted with 
hisses by spectators at the convention. 
The convention itself officially assured him 
that his views were not acceptable to that 
body, and its proceedings throughout were 
marked by a great dignity and propriety. 
STATE SEAL OF MISSOURI. The report of a committee on federal 

relations, submitted to the convention on 

Missouri was admitted to the Union, Aug. March 9, deplored the offensive language 
10, 1821. From that time the material used towards the slave-labor States and 
prosperity of the State rapidly increased, the institution of slavery by the anti- 
It was checked somewhat by the Civil slavery speakers and writers in the free- 
War, labor States; but declared that " hereto- 
The inhabitants of the State were much fore there has been no complaint against 
agitated by the political events in KAN- the actions of the federal government, 
SAS (q. v.). They had pretty well learned in any of its departments, as designed to 
the merits of the question at issue, and violate the rights of the Southern States." 
when they were called upon to act they did The committee concluded that, while the 
so intelligently. They knew the value of possession of the government by a sec- 

204 




MISSOUBI, STATE OF 







v A VIEW OF ST. LOCTIS. 

tional party might lead to dangerous drawal of the National troops from the 
strife, the history of the country taught forts within the borders of the seceding 
that there was not much to be feared from States where there is danger of collision 
political parties in power. The report between the State and National troops, 
closed with seven resolutions evincing After appointing delegates to a Border 
attachment to the Union; declaring the State convention, and giving power to a 
Crittenden Compromise (see CKITTENDEN, committee to call another session when 
JOHN JORDAN) to be a proper basis for it might seem necessary, the convention 
an adjustment; that a convention of the adjourned to the third Monday in De- 
States to propose amendments to the Con- cember. 

stitution would be useful in restoring A Union convention, which had been 

peace and quiet to the country; that an held in February, 1861, and adjourned, 

attempt to " coerce the submission of the reassembled at Jefferson City, on July 

seceding States, or the employment of 22, and proceeded to reorganize the civil 

military force by the seceding States to government of the State, which had been 

assail the government of the United broken up by the flight of the governor 

States," would inevitably lead to civil and other officers and the dispersion of 

war ; and earnestly entreated the national the legislature, many of whom were now 

government and the Confederates to " stay Confederate soldiers. By a vote of 56 to 25 

the arms of military power." the convention declared the various State 

The convention substantially adopted offices vacant ; also that the seats of the 

this report, March 19 ; and an amendment members of the General Assembly were 

was agreed to recommending the with- vacant; and they proceeded to fill the ex- 

205 



MISSOURI, STATE OF 



ecutive offices to carry on a provisional 
government, and appointed the first Mon 
day in November as the time for the 
people to elect all the State officers and 
a new Assembly. The convention issued 
an address to the people, in which they 
set forth the dangers with which the 
commonwealth was menaced by the acts 
of the Confederates, and exposed the trea 
sonable acts of the governor and his as 
sociates. H. R. Gamble was appointed 
provisional governor; W. P. Hall, lieu 
tenant-governor; and M. Oliver, secretary 
of state. 

On July 31, 1861, Thomas C. Reynolds, 
lieutenant-governor of Missouri, issued a 
proclamation at New Madrid, as acting 
chief-magistrate in the " temporary ab 
sence," he said, " of Governor Jackson," in 
which he declared the absolute severance 
of Missouri from the Union. " Disregard 
ing forms," he said, " and looking to 
realities, I view any ordinance for the 
separation from the North and union with 
the Confederate States as a mere outward 
ceremony to give notice to others of an 
act already consummated in the "hearts of 
the people; consequently, no authority of 
the United States will hereafter be per 
mitted in Missouri." This short way of 
transferring the allegiance of the people 
of a State from one power to another was 
followed by the announcement, in the same 
proclamation, that they were placed under 



the military rule of the Confederacy, and 
that by invitation of Governor Jackson, 
GEN. GIDEON J. PILLOW (q. v.) , of Ten 
nessee, had already entered Missouri with 
troops. The fugitive governor (Jackson) 
had been to Richmond to prepare the way 
for the admission of Missouri into the 
Confederacy. From New Madrid he pro 
claimed, Aug. 5, 1861, that Missouri was 
" a sovereign, free, and independent re 
public." On the 20th of the same month 
the Confederate Congress at Richmond 
passed an act to " aid the State of Mis 
souri in repelling invasion by the United 
States, and to authorize the admission of 
said State as a member of the Confederate 
States of America." Measures were speed 
ily adopted for the consummation of 
the alliance, and during a greater por 
tion of the war men claiming to repre 
sent the people of Missouri occupied seats 
in the Confederate Congress at Rich 
mond. The old legislature of Missouri 
met at Neosho, Oct. 21, and on the 28th 
passed an ordinance of secession. An act 
to provide for the defence of the State of 
Missouri was adopted Nov. 1, in which 
provision was made for the issue of what 
were called " defence bonds " to the 
amount of $10,000,000, payable in three, 
iive, and seven years. 

As before indicated, popular feeling in 
Missouri was opposed to secession, but 
the State authorities favored it. Civil 




OX THE LEVEE, ST. LOUIS. 

206 



MISSOURI, STATE OF 




GKNERAL ITON S MARCH TO BOOXKVII.LE. 

war was begun there by the governor (C. Leaving Boernstein to hold the capital, 

F. Jackson), who, on June 12, 1861, issued Lyon followed, June 16. He overtook the 

a call for the active service of 50,000 of fugitives not far from Booneville. Lyon 

the State militia, " for the purpose of re- landed his men and attacked the camp of 

polling invasion, and for the protection the Confederates, commanded by Colonel 

of the lives, liberty, and property of the Marmaduke, of the State forces, some of 

citizens." GEN. NATHANIEL LYON (q. v.) , whose troops had made a citadel of a brick 

in command of the Department of Mis- house. The camp was on an eminence, 

souri, moved against Governor Jackson Lyon ascended this and opened a battle 

as soon as the latter had raised the stand- by firing into the midst of the Confeder- 

ard of revolt at Jefferson City. He sent ates. A sharp fight ensued. Two of 

(July 12, 1861) a regiment of Missouri Lyon s shells entered the brick house and 

volunteers, under COL. FRANZ SIGEL (q. drove out the inmates. Finally the Con- 

v. ) to occupy and protect the Pacific Rail- federates fled. They lost a battery, 

way from St. Louis to the Gasconade twenty prisoners, several horses, and a 

River, preparatory to a movement south- considerable amount of military stores, 

ward to oppose an invasion by Gen. Ben- Leaving a company to hold the deserted 

jamin McCulloch, a Texan ranger, who camp, Lyon pushed on to Booneville. The 

had crossed the Arkansas frontier fugitives scattered, some going westward 

with about 800 men, and was march- and some southward. With the latter 

ing on Springfield. Lyon left St. went Governor Jackson. At Warsaw, on 

Louis (June 13) with 2,000 men, on the Osage, he was joined (June 20) by 

two steamboats, for Jefferson City, to 400 men under Colonel O Kane, who had 

drive Jackson and Price out of it. The just captured and dispersed about the 

Missouri troops were commanded by Col- same number of the loyal Missouri Home 

onels Blair and Boernstein, the regulars Guards. 

by Captain Lathrop, and the artillery by The governor and his followers contin- 
Capt. J. Totten. The Confederates fled ued their flight to the extreme south- 
westward to a point near Booneville. western corner of Missouri, where he was 

207 



MISSOURI, STATE OF 

joined by General Price, when the whole served. The loyal people were alarmed, 
Confederate force amounted to full 3,000 for they well knew the governor would 
men. At the same time Gen. J. G. Rains, violate his pledge. The national govern- 
a graduate of West Point, was hurrying raent did not sanction the compact. Gen- 
forward to join Jackson with a consider- eral Harney was relieved of his corn- 
able force, closely pursued by Major Stur- inand, and on May 29 Lyon, who had 
gis, with a body of Kansas volunteers, been commissioned (May 16) a briga- 
Jackson was now satisfied that the whole clier-general, was put in his place and 
of northern Missouri was lost to the cause made commander of the Department of 
of secession, and he endeavored to concen- Missouri. The purse and sword of Mis- 
trate all the armed disloyal citizens, with souri were in the hands of the governor, 
McCulloch s men, in the southwestern part and he defied the national government, 
of the commonwealth. Assured by the as- He determined to wield the power of the 
pect of affairs, and conciliatory and as- State in favor of the Confederacy. Final- 
suring proclamations from both General ly General Lyon and others held a con- 
Lyon and Colonel Boernstein, the people ference (June 11) with Governor Jack- 
became quieted, and the loyal State con- son. He demanded, as a vital condition 
vention was called to assemble at Jeffer- of pacification, the disbanding of the 
son City on July 22, 1861. General Lyon Home Guards loyal citizens through- 
remained at Booneville about a fortnight, out the State, and that no National troops 
preparing for a vigorous campaign in the should be allowed to set foot on the soil 
southwest. He then held military con- of Missouri. Lyon refused compliance, 
trol over the whole region northward of and on the following day the governor 
the Missouri River, and on July 1 there raised the standard of revolt, as before 
were at least 10,000 loyal troops in Mis- narrated. 

souri, and 10,000 more might have been Strengthened by the successes of Pope 
there within forty-eight hours from camps (see BLACKWATER, BATTLE AT THE), Gen. 
in neighboring States. Sigel was push- Henry W. Halleck, who had succeeded to 
ing forward towards the borders of Kan- the command of the Department of Mis- 
sas and Arkansas to open the campaign, souri, prepared to put forth more vigor- 
The capture of the Confederate troops at ous efforts to purge the State of Confed- 
ST. Louis (q. v.) produced consternation erates. On Dec. 3, 1861, he declared 
among their friends in Jefferson City, martial law in St. Louis, and afterwards 
where the Missouri legislature was in ses- extended it to all railroads and their 
sion. A bill was immediately passed by vicinities. Meanwhile Price, being prom- 
which the governor was authorized to re- ised reinforcements from Arkansas, moved 
ceive a loan of $500,000 from the banks back to Springfield, where he concentrated 
and to issue $1,000,000 in State bonds for about 12,000 men, and prepared to spend 
war purposes. He was also authorized to the winter there. Halleck sent Gen. 
purchase arms, and the whole military S. R. Curtis to drive him out of the 
power of the State was placed under his State. Curtis was assisted by Generals 
control. Meanwhile General Harney had Davis, Sigel, Asboth, and Prentiss. They 
issued a proclamation denouncing the bill moved in three columns. Early in Feb- 
as an indirect secession ordinance, and ruary, 1862, Price fled into Kansas, 
null; yet, anxious for peace, he was ready whither he was pursued by Curtis; and 
to pursue a conciliatory policy. He en- Halleck wrote to his government, late in 
tered into a compact (May 21) with February, that he had "purged MIS- 
STERLING PRICE (q. v.), a general of the souri," and that the flag of the Union 
State militia, which had for its object the was " waving in triumph over the soil of 
securing of the neutrality of Missouri Arkansas." In accomplishing this work 
in the impending conflict. Price, in no less than sixty battles most of them 
the name of the governor, pledged the skirmishes had been fought on Missouri 
power of the State to the maintenance soil, beginning with Booneville, at the 
of order. Harney, in the name of his middle of June, 1861, and ending at the 
government, agreed to make no military middle of February, 1862. These con- 
movements as long as order was pre- flicts resulted in the loss, to both par- 

208 



MISSOURI MISSOURI COMPROMISE 



ties, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, of 3,106,665. See UNITED STATES, MISSOURI, 
about 11,000 men. in vol. ix. 



Emboldened by the failure of the RED 



TERRITORIAL GOVERNOR. 



STATE GOVERNORS. 



1848 
Dec., 1852 



RIVER EXPEDITION (q. *>.), the Confed- William Clark assumes duties.... July, 1813 

crates, by raiding bands, awed the Union 
ists in Arkansas into inactivity, and 

gave General Price an opportunity, Alexander McNair term begins.. Sept. 19, 1820 

- ,, , , 00 . ; Frederick Bates " Nov., 1824 

early in the fall of 1864, to invade Abraham J. Williams acting ...Aug. 1, 1825 

Missouri again, this time chiefly for Gen. John Miller term begins Nov., " 

J . . Daniel Dunkliu " . > ig32 

a political purpose. Secret societies Lilburn w. Boggs " " isse 

in sympathy with the KNIGHTS OF THE Thomas Reynolds (Dem.).. .... mo 

, J . , , , M. M. Marmaduke acting .. ..Feb. 9, 1844 

GOLDEN CIRCLE (q. V.) had been formed John C. Edwards (Dem,).... term begins Nov., 

in Missouri and neighboring Southern Austin A King (Dem.) IR 

6 . Sterling Price (Dem.). . 

States, whose object was to give aid to Trust en Polk (Dem.)... 

the Confederate cause. Price had been Hancock Jackson acting ... March, 1857 

j r>/i nrvrv -A. -ft. i u Robert M. Stewart (Dem. ).. term begins Dec, " 

promised 20,000 recruits if he should enter ciaiborne F. Jackson (Dem.) ....Jan. 4, 1861 

Missouri with a respectable military force. H. R. Gamble (provisional)., elected ...Julyk , " 

i, j ,N i ou iu j J.L -MT- Willard P. Hall acting ...Jan. 31, 18C.4 

Me and General Shelby crossed the Mis- Thomas 0. Fletcher (Rep.).. term begins... m;r> 

souri border early in September with Joseph w. Mcdurg (Rep.).. ... isea 

r,n /\ * 11 j i j T.-I A R- firatz Brown (Lib.) " 1871 

20,000 followers, and pushed on to Pilot Silas Woodson (Dem.) " 1373 

Knob, half-way to St. Louis. But the Charlea H. Hardln (Dem. ). . . . . . 1875 

. j .. ,., m , John S. Phelps (Dem.) " 1877 

promised recruits did not appear. The T hos. T. Cntten ( ien(Dem.) . " ... issi 

vigilant Rosecrans, then in command of John & Marmaduke (Dem.). ... 1885 

,, -p. , , e ,-, ,,. . , , j. Albert G. Morehouse.,. acting ..Dec 28 1887 

the Department of the Missouri, had dis- Dav id R. Francis (Dem.)... term begins Ian.; 1889 

covered Price s plans and, by some arrests, William J. stone (Dem.).... u " 1393 

,,,.,, . r j ,, Lou V. Stephens (Dem. " 1397 

had so frightened the remainder that they A. M. Dockery (Dem.) ...... ..| .] 1901 

prudently remained in concealment. Price Joseph W. Folk (Dem.) " .|... 1905 

was disappointed; and he soon perceived ENATORS. 

that a web of great peril was gathering 

around him. General Ewing, with a bri- David Barton nth to 2ist 

gade of National troops struck him an Alexander Buckner !! l *22d 

astounding blow at Pilot Knob. Soon af- Lewis F. Linn 23d to 27th 

terwards these and other troops under Henrys. Geyer" 1 \ lid* " 34?h 

Gen. A. J. Smith and General Mower sent James Stephen Green 34th " 3f>th 

Price flying westward towards Kansas, vfaldo"? Johnson 37th 

closely pursued. This chase was enlivened John B. Henderson 37th to 40th 

by several skirmishes, and late in Novem- 5f> t J V Rr?.wn 

J3. \T 1 <( I /j KJlUTTll OoLIl L(J . . 111 

ber Price was a fugitive in western Ar- Charles D.Drake 40th " 4ist 



N Hme - 



No. of Congress. 



Term. 



41st 
41st 
43d 
44th 
4t 

4(ith 
58th 



42d 
42d 
45th 



b 



57th 



1821 to 1831 

1821 " 1851 

1831 " 1833 

1833 " 1843 

1843 " 1856 

1851 " 1857 

1857 " ISfil 

1857 " 1862 

1861 " 1862 

1862 " 1869 
1862 

1863 to 1867 
1867 " 1870 
1871 " 1873 
1869 " 1875 
1873 " 1877 

1875 " 

1877 " 1879 

1879 " 1903 

1903 " 



kansas with a broken and dispirited army. 

This was the last invasion of Missouri by Lewis F. Bogy 

the Confederates Tn the exnnlsion of Francis M - Cockrell 

es - David H. Armstrong 

Price from Missouri GEN. ALFRED PLEAS- George G. Vest 

OXTON (q. v.) bore a conspicuous part. William J. Stone 

The total loss of the Nationals during Missouri Compromise, THE. In 1817 

the invasion was 346 killed and wounded, the inhabitants of the Territory of Missouri 

Price left Missouri much weaker than petitioned Congress for admission into the 

when he entered it. Union as a State. A bill was introduced 

On Jan. 6, 1865, another convention as- into Congress (Feb. 13, 1819) for that 

sembled at St. Louis and framed a new purpose, when James Tallmadge, Jr., of 

constitution, which was ratified by a pop- New York, moved to insert a clause pro- 

tilar vote in June following. During the hibiting any further introduction of 

war Missouri furnished to the National slaves within its domains, and granting 

army 108,773 troops. In 1869 the legis- freedom to the children of those already 

lature of Missouri ratified the Fifteenth there, on their attaining the age of twen- 

Amendment to the national Constitution, ty-five years. This motion brought the 

Population in 1890, 2,679,184; in 1900, slavery question again before Congress 
vi. o 209 



MISSOTJBI COMPBOMISE, THE 

most conspicuously. After a three days against admitting Missouri as a slave- 
vehement debate, it was carried, 87 to 76. labor State. President Monroe consulted 
As a companion to the Missouri bill, an- his cabinet concerning the constitutional- 



other to oVganize the Territory of Arkan- ity of the act. The matter was allowed to 
sas was introduced (Feb. 16). When it go over until the next session, and it occu 
pied much time during that session. At 
length Henry Clay moved a joint commit 



was taken up 
York, moved 



John W. Taylor, of New 
to add a provision that 



neither slavery nor involuntary servitude tee (February, 1821) to consider whether 

should hereafter be introduced into any or not it was expedient to admit Missouri 

part of the Territories of the United States into the Union; and if not, what provision 

north of lat. 36 30 N., the northern adapted to her actual condition ought to 

boundary of the proposed new Territory be made. The motion prevailed 101 to 



of Arkansas. Arthur Livermore, of New 55 all of the Southern members, except- 
Hampshire, who had been zealous for the ing Randolph and two or three followers, 
Missouri restrictions, conceived that this voting for it. The committee was appoint- 
proposition had been made "in the true ed, and soon reported. The closing de- 
spirit of compromise," but thought that cision on the Missouri question was finally 
line of division not sufficiently favorable reached by the adoption of a compromise, 
to freedom. Gen. W. H. Harrison agreed Feb. 27, 1821, substantially as proposed 
to the necessity of some such partition, by Taylor, of New York, in 1819 namely, 

,. ,-. j i_ _ x _- _n j :i ~,,i-"u ~ l4- Oi on 

but he proposed a line due west from the 
mouth of the Des Moines River, thus giv 
ing up to slavery the State of Missouri 
and all territory south of that latitude. 
This partition policy was warmly op 
posed by a large number of members of 
Congress from the North and the South, 
declaring themselves hostile to any com 
promise whatever. Slavery was either 
right or wrong, and there could be no com 
promise. Taylor withdrew his motion. 
The proposition for a compromise which 



that in all territory north of lat. 36 30 
N. (outside the boundary of the State of 
Missouri) slavery should not exist, but 
should be forever prohibited in the region 
north of that line. But Missouri was ad 
mitted as a slave-labor State. In the 
course of the later debates there was much 
angry feeling displayed, and unwise men, 
North and South, uttered the cry of dis 
union. A member from Georgia said, 
pathetically, in the course of the debate: 
" A fire has been kindled which all the 



JL JUIO l/l wl/V/wA w*" * v* - ^**** 

was finally agreed to was originated by a waters of the ocean cannot put out, and 
Northern member, and not by Henry Clay, which only seas of blood can extinguish." 
of Kentucky, as is generally supposed. The " seas of blood " shed in the Civil War 
This Missouri bill caused one of the most did alone extinguish it. 

When President Monroe hesitated about 
signing the Missouri Compromise act, and 
laid the matter before his cabinet, he sub- 



exciting debates on the slavery question 
ever before known in the national legis 
lature. Extreme doctrines and foolish 
threats were uttered on both sides. South 
ern members threatened a dissolution of 
the Union. There was much adroit man- 



mitted two questions to his advisers: Has 
Congress the power to prohibit slavery in 
a Territory? and Was the term " forever," 



agement by the party leaders, who used in the prohibitive clause in the bill, to be 

ereat dexterity in trying to avoid a com- understood as referring only to the terri- 

O TIC* . i -i i ( J 1 _ _1 * _J__* -1. J . , . 1 , * ^"U 1 4- 

promise for one party insisted upon Mis 
souri entering, if at all, as a free-labor 

State, and the other party insisted that it the prohibition of slavery to such States 

__ t i 1 I 1 J 1 . _ J! .. O T 1 !-. n f*f* Vv-1 



torial condition of the district to which it 
related, or was it an attempt to extend 



should enter as a slave-labor State. But 
compromise seemed to be the only door 



as might be erected therefrom? The cabi 
net was unanimous in the affirmative on 



\jl/ll.ll_/l VJiiiiO^J tJ*_V,i- V*. i/ 

through which Missouri might enter; and, the first question. On the second 



by adroit management, a compromise bill 
was carried, March 2, 1820, by a vote of 
134 against 42. John Randolph denounced 
it as " a dirty bargain," and the eighteen 
Northern men who voted for it as " dough 
faces." There was an almost solid North 



tion, John Quincy Adams (Secretary of 
State) thought the term meant forever, 
and not to be limited to the existence of 
the territorial condition of the district. 
Others limited it to the territorial con 
ditiona territorial " forever " and not 



210 



MISSOURI RIVER MITCHEL 




ORMSHY MCKNIGHT MITCHEL. 



interfering with the right of any State bany, N. Y. Professor Mitchel was a very 
formed from it to establish or prohibit popular lecturer on astronomy, but the 
slavery. Calhoun wished not to have this breaking out of the Civil War turned his 
question mooted, and at his suggestion the extraordinary energies into another field 
second question was modified into the of effort. In August, 1861, he was made 
mere inquiry, Is the provision, as it stands 
in the bill, constitutional or not? This 
was essentially a different question. To 
it all could answer yes, and did so an 
swer in writing. This writing was ordered 
to be deposited in the archives of state, 
but it afterwards mysteriously disappear 
ed. The act was then signed by the Presi 
dent, but with a different understanding 
from that which had been adopted by Con 
gress. 

Missouri River, THE. Recent investi 
gations seem to make it certain that the 
Mississippi River, from its confluence with 
the Missouri, should be called the Mis 
souri; and that the Mississippi proper, 
above that confluence, is a branch of the 
Missouri. Above their confluence the 
Mississippi drains 109,000 square miles, 
and the Missouri drains 518,000 square 
miles. From that point to Lake Itasca 
the length of the Mississippi is 1,330 a brigadier-general of volunteers and or- 
miles; while that of the Missouri, from dered to the Department of the Ohio, 
its sources in Madison, Red Rock, and The Confederate forces under Gen. A. 
Gallatin lakes, is about 3,047 miles. At S. Johnston, when they passed through 
the confluence of the rivers the Mississippi NASHVILLE (q. v.) pushed on to Mur- 
has a mean discharge of 105,000 cubic freesboro, and there, taking a south- 
feet of water a second, and the Missouri westerly course, joined the forces under 
120,000 cubic feet a second. Above that Beauregard at Corinth, in northern Mis- 
confluence the Missouri is navigable to sissippi. Gen. Ormsby M. Mitchel was sent 
Fort Benton, Mont., by good-sized steam- by General Buell, with a part of his force, 
boats, a distance of 2,682 miles, or more in the direction of Huntsville, Ala., to 
than twice the length of the Mississippi seize and hold the Memphis and Charles- 
from Lake Itasca to its confluence with ton Railway at that place. He performed 
the Missouri. Reckoning the Mississippi this task with most wonderful vigor, 
below the confluence as the Missouri With engines and cars captured at Bowl- 
makes the latter, to the Gulf 4,347 miles ing Green he entered Nashville, and push- 
the longest river in the world. ed on southward. He reached the south- 

Mitchel, ORMSBY MCKNIGHT, astrono- ern boundary of Tennessee on April 10, 
nier and soldier; born in Union county, crossed the State-line the same day, and 
Ivy., Aug. 28, 1810; graduated at West entered northern Alabama. He had pass- 
Point in 1829, and was assistant Professor ed through a very hostile region, but now 
of Mathematics there until 1831. He saw signs of loyalty. Pushing on to 
became a lawyer, and for ten years Huntsville, before dawn, April 11, while 
(1834-44) was Professor of Mathematics, the unsuspecting inhabitants were sound- 
Philosophy, and Astronomy in Cincinnati ly slumbering, he surprised and captured 
College. When an observatory was estab- the place. He did not tarry long there, 
limbed at Cincinnati he became its director. Finding himself in possession of an ample 
Soon afterwards he became engineer of supply of rolling-stock, he speedily or- 
a railroad, and from 1859 to 1861 he was ganized two expeditions to operate along 
director of the Dudley Observatory at Al- the line of the railway each way from 

211 



MITCHELL 

liuntsville. Colonel Sill led the expedi- Nantucket, Mass., Aug. 1, 1818; inherited 
tion eastward to Stevenson, and Colonel from her father, William Mitchell (who 
Turchin the other westward to Tuscum- died in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in April, 
bia. Mitchell was promoted major-gen- 1869), a fondness for astronomical studies 
eral in April, 1862. In September he was and became a valuable assistant to him 
made commander of the Department of in the study of astronomy when she was 
the South, with his headquarters at Hil- quite young. Examining nebulae and 
ton Head, where he was working with his searching for comets, her industry and 
usual energy in preparations for a vigor- efforts were rewarded when, on Oct. 1, 
ous campaign, when he died with yellow 1847, she discovered a telescopic comet, 
fever Oct. 30, 1862. for which she received a gold medal from 

Mitchell, DONALD GRANT (pen-name the King of Denmark. She was after- 
IK MAKVEL), author; born in Norwich, wards employed in making observations 
Conn., April 12, 1822; studied at Judge connected with the United States coast 
Hall s Ellington School in 1830-37, and survey, and for many years assisted in the 
graduated at Yale College in 1841. After compilation of the Nautical Almanac. In 
spending three years in farm-work he the spring of 1865 she was appointed 
studied law in New York in 1846. He Professor of Astronomy and superintend- 
\vas United States consul in Venice in cnt of the observatory at Vassar College, 
1853-55. Returning to the United States, and entered upon her duties in Septem- 
he settled on his farm at Edgewood and ker. She resigned in 1888. Professor 
devoted himself to literature. Mitchell was a member of the American 

Mitchell, JOHN, physician; born in Association for the Advancement of Sci- 
England; came to America and settled in ce, being the first woman admitted to 
Urbana, Va., in 1700; devoted much time that body. She received the honorary de- 
to botanical researches and made valuable g refi s of Ph.D. and LL.D. She died m 
contributions to the knowledge of that Lynn, Mass., June 28, 1889. 
science. His publications relating to the Mitchell, NAHTJM, jurist; born in East 
history of the United States include A Bridgewater, Mass, Feb. 12, 1769; grad- 
Map of the British and French Dominions " ated at Harvard College m 1789; ad- 
in North America; The Contest in Amer- mitted to the bar in 1792; member of 
tea between Great Britain and France; Congress in 1803-5, and attained prom- 
and The Present State of Great Britain inence as a jurist in his native State. 
and North America. He died in England He published a History of the Early Set- 
in March 1768. tlements of Bridgewater, a valuable con- 
Mitchell, JOHN, labor leader; born in tribution to the history of New England. 
Braidwood, 111., Feb. 4, 1869; worked in He died in East Bridgewater, Mass., Aug. 
coal mines in 1882; joined the Knights of 1> 1853. 

Labor in 1885; travelled in the West, Mitchell, SILAS WEIR, physician and 
where he mined coal till 1890; became author; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 
secretary-treasurer of the sub-district of 15,- 1830; was educated at the University 
the United Mine Workers of America in of Pennsylvania, and graduated at 
1895, and its president in 1898; vice- Jefferson Medical College in 1850. He 
president of the American Federation of began practice in Philadelphia, and later 
Labor in 1898; and took personal charge became renowned as a physiologist, but 
of the great strike in the anthracite-coal more especially as a neurologist. In 
mines in 1902. 1865 he was elected a member of the Na- 

Mitchell, JOHN HIPPLE, legislator; tional Academy of Sciences, and for many 
born in Washington county, Pa, June 22, years was identified with the leading 
1835; removed to Portland, Or, in 1860; scientific societies of the United States 
State Senator, 1862-66 (president, 1864) ; and Europe. Dr. Mitchell was also wide- 
professor of medical jurisprudence, Wil- ly known as a poet and novelist, 
liamette University, 1867-71; United publications include Treatises on Neurol- 
States Senator, 1873-79, 1885-97, and ofiy; Serpent Poisons; Comparative Phys- 
1901-07. iolofjy; many papers on neurological sub- 

Mitchell, MARIA, astronomer; born in jects; Hepzibah Guinnes; Far in the 

212 



MITCHILL MOBILE 



Forest; Characteristics; Hugh Wynne, 
Free Quaker; Adventures of Frangois, 
etc. 

Mitchill, SAMUEL LATHAM, scientist; 
born in North Hempstead, Long Island, 
N. Y., Aug. 20, 1764; studied medicine 
u:lh Dr. Samuel Bard, but turned his 
attention to law, and began a public 
career by serving as commissioner (1788) 
to treat with the IROQUOIS INDIANS 
(q. v.) in New York State for the pur 
chase of their lands. In 1790 he was in 
the legislature, and at the age of twenty- 
eight became Professor of Chemistry, 
Natural History, and Philosophy in Co 
lumbia College. Dr. Mitchill was ever 
ready to labor for the enlargement of the 
bounds of human knowledge, and to ad- 



aud was vice-president of the Rutgers 
Medical School. With Drs. Hosack and 
Williamson he founded the New York 
Literary and Philosophical Society. Dr. 
Mitchill possessed a very retentive mem 
ory, and acquired vast stores of learning. 
He believed in Fulton s ability to estab 
lish navigation by steam, promoted his 
interests in the legislature, and was one 
of the friends who accompanied him on 
his experimental voyage from New York 
to Albany in September, 1807. He died 
in New York City, Sept. 7, 1831. 

Mobile, CITY OF. Under the act of 
cession of Louisiana from France tlie 
United States claimed all of west Florida, 
including Mobile. A large portion of that 
territory had been annexed to the Terri- 




OPEM.NU OK THE BATTLK OP MOBILE BAY. 



vance the interests of mankind. He was tory of Mississippi, and in the winter and 

one of the founders of the Society for the spring of 1812, when war had been deter- 

Promotion of Agriculture, Manufactures, mined upon, the importance to the United 

and Useful Arts, and his scientific labors States of possessing Mobile was very ap- 

made him famous at home and abroad parent. In March General Wilkinson, in 

when he was little past thirty years of command of the United States troops in 

age. In 1797 he assisted in establishing the Southwest, was ordered to take pos- 

the Medical Repository, a magazine session of it. Wilkinson sent Commodore 

which he edited sixteen years. He was Shaw, with gunboats, to occupy Mobile 

a member of the national House of Repre- Bay and cut off communications with Pen- 

sentatives from 1801 to 1804, and a Unit- sacola. Lieutenant-Colonel Bowyer, then 

ed States Senator from 1804 to 1809. with troops at Fort Stoddart, was ordered 

From 1808 to 1820 he was Professor of to be prepared to march on Mobile at a 

Natural History in the New York College moment s notice for the purpose of invest- 

of Physicians and Surgeons; of Botany ing the fort there. Wilkinson left Mo- 

and Materia Medica from 1820 to 182G; bile March 29 on the sloop Alligator, and, 

213 



MOBILE, CITY OP 



after a perilous voyage, reached Petit 
Coquille, when he sent a courier with 
orders to Bowyer to march immediately. 
Wilkinson s troops arrived in Mobile Bay 
April 12, landed the next morning, and 
at noon 600 men appeared before Fort 
Charlotte, commanded by Capt. Cayetano 
Perez, and demanded its surrender. On 
the 15th the Spaniards evacuated the fort 
and retired to Pensacola, and the Amer 
icans took possession. Placing nine can 
non in battery on Mobile Point, Wilkinson 
marched to the Perdido. There he began 
the erection of a fort, but the place was 
soon abandoned and another was begun 
and finished on Mobile Point and called 
Fort Bowyer, in honor of the brave lieu 
tenant-colonel of that name. Such was 
the beginning of a movement which re 
sulted in the acquisition of all Florida by 
the Americans. 

In 1864, after the destruction of the 
ALABAMA (q. v.), it was determined to 
seal up the ports of Mobile and Wilming 
ton against English blockade-runners. 
These were the only ports then open to 
them. Admiral Farragut was sent for that 
purpose to the entrance of Mobile Bay, 30 
miles below the city of Mobile, with a fleet 
of eighteen vessels, four of them iron-clad, 
while a co-operating land force, 5,000 
strong, under GEN. GORDON GRANGER 
(q. v.), was sent from New Orleans to 
Dauphin Island. Farragut entered the bay 
Aug. 5, 1864. That entrance is divided into 
two passages by Dauphin Island. On the 
eastern side of this island was Fort Gaines, 
commanding the main entrance ; and south 
easterly from it was Fort Morgan, a still 



stronger work, with a light-house near it. 
These forts the Confederates had well 
armed and manned, and within the bay 
lay a Confederate flotilla under Admiral 
Buchanan. 

His flag-ship was the Tennessee, a pow 
erful ram, and it was accompanied by 
three ordinary gunboats. Farragut lashed 
his wooden ships together in couples, his 
own flag-ship, the Hartford, being tethered 
to the Metacomet. Wishing to have a 
general oversight of the battle, he ascended 
the rigging, when Captain Dray ton, fear 
ing he might be dislodged by a sudden 
shock, sent up a man with a line, which he 
passed around the admiral and made it 
fast. In this position he went into the 
battle, boldly sailing in between the forts, 
and delivering terrific broadsides of grape- 
shot, first upon Fort Morgan. The mon 
itor Tecumseh, which led the National 
vessels, was struck by the explosion of a 
torpedo directly under her turret, carrying 
down with her Commander Craven and 
nearly all of his officers and crew only 
seventeen of 130 being saved. Farragut 
ordered the Hartford to push on and the 
others to follow, unmindful of torpedoes. 
The forts were silenced by the storm of 
grape-shot poured upon them, but as the 
National fleet entered the bay the Confed 
erate vessels opened upon them. The ram 
Tennessee rushed at the Hartford, but 
missed her. The fire of the three gun 
boats was concentrated on the flag-ship. 
The fight was short. One of the Confed 
erate gunboats was captured, and the other 
two sought safety under the guns of the 
fort. Under cover of night one of them 







CAPTURE OF FORT MORGAN, MOBILE BAT. 
214 



MOBILE, CITY OF 



escaped to Mobile. Believing the battle 
over at dusk, Farragut had anchored his 
vessels, when, at nearly 9 P.M., the ram 
Tennessee came rushing at the Hartford 
under a full head of steam. The other 
National vessels were ordered to close upon 
her. A tremendous fight with the monster 
at short range occurred, and very soon the 
Tennessee, badly injured, surrendered. Her 
commander was severely wounded. The 
Confederate squadron was destroyed. The 
forts were assailed by land and water the 
next day, and the three were surrendered, 
the last (Fort Morgan) on the morning 
of Aug. 23. With this victory the govern 
ment came into possession of 104 guns and 
1,464 men, and effectually closed the port 
of Mobile to blockade-runners. This vic 
tory, and that at Atlanta, soon afterwards, 
together with the hearty response given 
by the people of the free-labor States to 
the call of the President (July 18, 1864) 
for 300,000 men, gave assurance that the 
Civil War was nearly ended. 

Capture of Mobile. Gen. J. E. John 
ston said Mobile was the best - fortified 
place in the Confederacy. It was garrison 
ed by 15,000 men, including troops on the 
east side of the bay and 1,000 negro labor 
ers subject to the command of the engin 
eers. The department was then (1865) in 
command of Gen. Richard Taylor, son of 
President Taylor. For several months after 
the harbor of Mobile was sealed there was 
comparative quiet in that region; but 
when Sherman had finished his triumphal 
march from Atlanta to the sea the govern 
ment determined to repossess Alabama, be 
ginning with a movement against Mobile, 
and by other operations in the interior. 
GEN. EDWARD E. S. CANBY (q. v.) , com 
manding the West Mississippi Army, was 
charged with the conduct of the expedi 
tion against Mobile, and the co-operating 
force was that of Gen. J. H. WILSON, the 
eminent cavalry leader, under the direc 
tion of General Thomas. Early in 1865 
Gen. A. J. Smith s corps joined Canby at 
New Orleans, Feb. 21. That corps went to 
Dauphin Island, at the entrance to Mobile 
Bay, where a siege-train was organized, 
consisting of ten batteries. Knipe s cav 
alry, attached to the corps, marched over 
land from New Orleans. Everything was 
in readiness for an attack on Mobile by 
the middle of March, with from 25,000 



to 30,000 troops, including cavalry; and 
the West Gulf Squadron, under Admiral 
Thatcher, was ready to co-operate. It 
was so strongly fortified by three lines of 
works on its land side that it was de 
termined to flank the post by a movement 
of the main army up the eastern side of 
the bay. The 13th Army Corps began a 
march on the 17th from Fort Morgan over 
a SAvampy region in heavy rain, and the 
16th Corps crossed the bay from Fort 
Gaines and joined the other. At the same 
time a feint was made on Mobile to at 
tract attention from this movement. 
General Steele, with Hawkins s division 
of negro troops and some cavalry, had 
been marching from Pensacola to Blake- 
ly, 10 miles north of Mobile, to induce 
the belief that Montgomery was Canby s 
real objective point. On March 25 this 
force encountered and defeated 800 Ala 
bama cavalry under General Clanton. 
The Confederates lost about 200 men 
killed and wounded, and 275 made pris 
oners. Steele found very little opposition 
afterwards until he reached the front of 
Blakely. The Nationals on the east side 
of the bay pushed on to Spanish Fort, 7 
miles east of Mobile. It was invested, 
March 27, but its garrison of nearly 3,000 
of Hood s late army, with its neighbors, 
made it a stout antagonist, willing to give 
blow for blow. Warmer and warmer 
waxed the fight on that day, and before 
sunset a tremendous artillery duel was 
in progress, in which gunboats of both 
parties joined, and kept it up all night. 
Then a siege was formally begun (March 
28 ) . The Nationals finally brought to 
bear upon the fort sixteen mortars, 
twenty heavy guns, and six field-pieces. 
Towards sunset, April 8, Canby began a 
general assault by a consecutive fire from 
all his heavy guns, his field-pieces, and his 
gunboats. An Iowa regiment, encoun 
tering some Texas sharp-shooters, charged 
upon and overpowered them. Sweeping 
along the rear of the intrenchinents, they 
captured 300 yards of them, with 350 
prisoners and three battle-flags. This ex 
ploit made the Confederates evacuate the 
fort, and by 2 A.M. the next day it was 
in possession of the Nationals. The gar 
rison, excepting 600 made prisoners, es 
caped. It had expected assistance from 
Forrest, but Wilson was keeping him 



215 



MOBILE, CITY OF 



But the army found no 
enemy to fight, for 
Gen. D. H. Maury, in 
command there, had 
ordered the evacuation 
of the city; and on the 
llth, after sinking two 
powerful rams, he fled 
up the Alabama River 
with 9,000 men on gun 
boats and transports. 
On the 12th General 
Granger and Rear-Ad 
miral Thatcher de 
manded the surrender 
of the city. This was 
formally done the same 
evening by the civil au 
thorities, and on the 
following day Veatch s 
division entered the 
city and hoisted the 
National flag on the 
public buildings. Gen 
erals Granger and 
Canby entered the city 
soon afterwards. A 
large amount of cotton 
and several steamboats 
were burned by order 
away. The spoils were thirty heavy of the military authorities, before the city 
guns and a large quantity of munitions was given up. The " repossession " of 
of war. Forts Huger and Tracy were also Mobile cost the national government 2,000 
captured, April 11. The key to Mobile men and much treasure. Seven vessels of 
was now in the hands of the Nationals, war had been destroyed by torpedoes. 
Torpedoes were fished up, and the Na- During this campaign of about three 
tional squadron approached the city. The weeks the army and navy captured about 




MAP OP DEFENCES AROUND MOBILE. 




CONFLAGRATION IN MOBILE. 



army moved on Blakely, and on April 9 5,000 men, nearly 400 cannon, and a vast 
the works there were attacked and car- amount of public property. The value of 
ried. Meanwhile the 13th Corps had been ammunition and commissary stores found 
taken across the bay to attack Mobile, in Mobile was valued at $2,000,000. 

216 



MOBILIAN INDIANS MOHAWK INDIANS 

Mobilian, or Floridian, Indians, a na- reservation. A clan known as Captain 

tion composed of a large number of tribes ; Jack s band were uneasy and turbulent, 

ranking next to the Algonquians in the ex- Their tribe complained of them, and in 

tent of their domain and power when Euro- the spring of 1872 they were ordered back 

peans discovered them. They were supe- to the Klamath reservation. They refused 

rior to most of the Algonquians in the at- to go, and late in November (1872) United 

tainments which lead to civilization, and States troops and citizens of Oregon at- 

they were evidently related to the inhab- tacked their two camps on opposite sides 

itants of Central and South America. The of a river. The people were repulsed with 

domain of the Mobilians extended along loss, and the united Modocs, retreating, 

the shores of the Gulf of Mexico from the massacred some white settlers on the way, 

Atlantic to the Mississippi River, more and took refuge in the Lava Beds, a vol- 

than 600 miles. It stretched northward canic region difficult for a foe to enter 

along the Atlantic coast to the mouth of if moderately defended. In June, 1873, 

the Cape Fear River, and up the Missis- General Wheaton attempted to drive the 

sippi to the mouth of the Ohio, comprising Modocs from their stronghold, but could 

a large portion of the present cotton-grow- not penetrate within 3 miles of them, after 

ing States. A greater portion of Georgia, the loss of several men. General Gillem 

the whole of Florida, Alabama, and Mis- made an equally unsuccessful attempt to 

sissippi, and parts of South Carolina, Ten- dislodge them. In the mean time the gov- 

nessee, and Kentucky were included in ernment had appointed a commission of 

their territory. The nation was divided inquiry, and clothed it with power to ad- 

into three grand confederacies viz., Mus- just all difficulties. It met the Modocs 

coghees, or Creeks, Choctaws, and Chicka- in conference on April 11, 1873, when the 

saws. See these titles respectively. Indians killed GEN. EDWARD R. S. CANBT 

Modoc Indians, a tribe that originally (q. v.) and Dr. Thomas, two of the corn- 
formed a part of the Klamath nation, missioners, and wounded Mr. Meacham, 
Their name means " enemies," and was another commissioner. After this act of 
given to them by^ others. The Modocs were treachery, operations against the Modocs 
first found on the south shore of Lake were pressed with vigor. A long and stub- 
Klamath, in California, when both sexes born resistance ensued, but finally Captain 
were clothed in skins. In their wars they Jack and his band were compelled to sur- 
held captives as slaves, and traded in render. The chief and three of his promi- 
them. The early emigrants to California nent associates were tried by a military 
encountered them as hostiles, and they commission and executed at Fort Kla- 
massacred many white people. In 1852 math, Oct. 3, 1873. The remainder were 
Ben Wright, who sought revenge, invited placed on the Quapaw reservation, in 
a band of Modocs to a peaceful feast, when the Indian Territory. Jack s band num- 
he and his men murdered forty-one out of bered 148 ; those left at the Klamath 
forty-six Indians who were there. The agency, and who took no part in hostili- 
Modocs never forgave the outrage, and ties, numbered about 100. 
war with them was kept up at intervals Moffet, SAMUEL, ERASM"US, journalist; 
until 1864, when, by a treaty, they ceded born in St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 5, 1860; edu- 
their lands to the United States, and cated at the universities of California 
agreed to go on a reservation. The treaty and Columbia. In 1885 he became an 
was not ratified by the government until editorial writer; and was connected at 

1870, nor the reservation set apart until different times with the San Francisco 

1871. The Modocs meanwhile had gone Post, San Francisco Examiner, and the 
upon the Klamath reservation, but it was New York Journal. His publications in- 
so sterile that they could not live there, elude The Tariff: What It Is and What ft 
They were cheated by the government and Does ; Chapters on Silver ; and Suggestions 
harassed by the Klamaths, who were an- on Government. 

ciently their enemies, and some went to Mohawk Indians, the most celebrated 

another reservation. Unfortunately some of the Five Nations (see IROQUOIS Cox- 

Klamaths were put with them, and trouble FEDERACY ) . Their proper name was Ag- 

continued, when two Modoc bands left the megue, and they called themselves, as 

217 



MOHAWK INDIANS 

a tribe, She-bears. That animal was their into the forest with their women and chil- 

totemic symbol. The neighboring tribes dren, and all the invaders accomplished 

called them Mahaqua, which name the was to burn several villages and murder 

English pronounced Mohawk. Champlain some sachems. 

and his followers, French and Indians In the spring of 1667 the exasperated 
from Canada, fought them in northern Canadians resolved to chastise them for 
New York in 1609. At Norman s Kill, their perfidy. De Tracy again set out in 
below the site of Albany, the Dutch made person at the head of 1,200 white soldiers 
a treaty with them in 1698, which was and 100 Indian allies, passed down Lake 
lasting; and the English, also, after the Champlain in boats and canoes, and in Oc- 
conquest of New Netherland, gained their tober marched through the Mohawk coun- 
friendship. The French Jesuits gained try, burning the villages and setting up 
many converts among them, and three the arms of France at conspicuous places, 
villages of Roman Catholics on the St. On his return to Quebec De Tracy sent 
Lawrence were largely filled with the Mo- back prisoners with terms of peace for the 
hawks. They served the English against Mohawks to consider. The English, made 
the Canadians in the French and Indian anxious by these events, tried to persuade 
War, and in the Revolutionary War, in- the Mohawks to remain faithful to them; 
fiuenced by Sir William Johnson and his but the latter, remembering how well the 
brother-in-law Brant, they made savage French could fight, and also the fearful 
war on the patriots, causing the valleys sight of their burning villages, their 
in central New York to be called the women and children hiding in the woods, 
" Dark and Bloody Ground." After that and their dead warriors, would not listen 
struggle, the greater portion of them re- to the appeals of the English. When the 
moved to Grand River, 50 or 60 miles warm weather came deputations from the 
west of the Niagara River, where they Mohawks and Oneidas appeared in Quebec 
still are. Many of them are Christians, and promised submission. The Indians 
The Common Prayer-book has been trans- brought their families with them to attest 
lated into their language, one edition by their sincerity, and a treaty was made by 
ELEAZAR WILLIAMS (q. v.) , the "Lost which the Mohawks promised allegiance 
Prince." Tradition says that at the for- to the French monarch. They also con- 
mation of the confederacy Hiawatha said, sented to listen to the teachings of the 
" You, the Mohawks, sitting under the Jesuit missionaries. This treaty left the 
shadow of the Great Tree, whose roots whole northern frontier exposed to incur- 
sink deep into the earth, and whose sions by the French and Indians, 
branches spread over a vast country, shall In 1693 Count Frontenac, governor of 
be the first nation, because you are war- Canada, unable to effect a treaty of peace 
like and mighty." The confederacy being with the Five Nations, meditated a blo\v 
called " the long house," the Mohawks on the Mohawks. In midwinter he col- 
were denominated the " eastern door." lected an army of about 700 French and 
The Mohawks in eastern New York Indians, well supplied with everything for 
made frequent incursions into Canada, a campaign at that season. They left 
Finally, in 1661, M. de Tracy, French Montreal Jan. 15, and after several hard- 
viceroy of New France, although over ships reached the Mohawk Valley early in 
seventy years of age, led a military expe- February, and captured three castles. At 
dition against them. He was accompanied the third castle they found some Indians 
by M. de Courcelles, governor of Canada, engaged in a war-dance. There a severe 
A regiment had lately been sent to Canada conflict ensued, in which the French lost 
from France. With twenty-eight com- about thirty men. In the expedition they 
panics of foot, and all the militia of the captured about 300 Indians in the English 
colony of Quebec, he marched 700 miles interest, and were making their way back 
into the Mohawk country in the dead of to Canada when they were pursued by 
winter, easily crossing the swamps and Colonel Schuyler and several skirmishes 
streams on bridges of ice, and burrowing ensued. In the Scarron (Schroon) Valley 
in the snow at night. The Mohawks, on the pursuit ended. The French had de- 
the approach of the French, retired deeper sired to kill their prisoners to facilitate 

218 



MOHAWK INDIANS MOHAWK VALLEY 



their retreat, but their Indian allies would hawks chose a large tract of land, corn- 
not consent. Of these Schuyler recapt- prising 200 square miles on the Ouise or 
ured about fifty. The Mohawks called Grand River, or 6 miles on each side of 

that stream from its source to its 
mouth. It is chiefly a beavitiful 
and fertile region. Of all that 
splendid domain, the Mohawks 
now retain only a comparatively 
small tract in the vicinity of 
Brantford, on the Grand River. 
In 1830 they surrendered to the 
government the town - plot of 
Brantford, when it was surveyed 
and sold to actual settlers. On 
their present reservation is a 
church built of wood in 1783, a 
plain, unpretending structure. It 
is furnished with a silver com 
munion service which Queen Anne 
presented to the Mohawks in 1712. 
Upon each piece is engraved the 
royal arms of England and the 
monogram of the Queen, " A. R/ 
Anna Regina with the follow 
ing inscription: "The Gift of her 
Majesty, Anne, by the Grace of 
God, of Great Britain, France, 
and Ireland, and of her Planta 
tions in North America, Queen, to 
her Indian Chapel of the Mo 
hawks." 

Mohawk Valley, THE. The 
valley of the Mohawk River, ex- 
Colonel Schuyler " Great Swift Hero," be- tending from near the middle of the State 
cause of his promptness in coming to their of New York to the Hudson River, is one 
relief. The Mohawks, discouraged by of the most interesting historical regions 
their heavy loss, were disposed to make a in the republic. Within it, according to 
treaty of peace with the French, but 
Schuyler prevented it. 

The governors of Canada during 
the Revolutionary War promised 
those of the Six Nations who joined 
the British in that war that they 
should be well provided for at its 
close. In the treaty of peace (1783) 
no such promise was kept. At that 
time the Mohawks, with Brant at 
their head, were temporarily residing 
on the American side of the Niagara 
River, below Lewiston. The Senecas 
offered them a home in the Genesee 
Valley, but Brant and his followers 

had resolved not to reside within the Unit- tradition, was formed the powerful IRO- 
ed States. He went to Quebec to claim QVOIS CONFEDERACY (q. v.) , the members 
from Governor Haldimand a fulfilment of which have been called " The Romans of 
of his and Carleton s promises. The Mo- the Western World." French mission- 

219 




MOHAWK CHURCH. 




COJIMPXIOX PLATE PRKSEXTKD BY QUEIJX AXXE. 



MOHEGAN INDIANS MOLLY MAGUIB.ES 

aries spread through the valley a knowl- the meaning of Mohegan. When the Eng- 
edge of the Christian religion, and 100 lish and French began their great struggle 
years before the Revolutionary War it for the mastery in America (about 1690), 
was the scene of sharp conflicts between the Hudson Mohegans made peace with 
the natives and intruding Europeans, the Mohawks and joined the English, but 
Within its borders, before that time, its were soon reduced to 200 warriors, and 
chief inhabitant (William Johnson) re- the Connecticut Mohegans to about 150. 
ceived the honors of knighthood, and Some of the latter were collected at Stock- 
ruled not only over a vast private mano- bridge, Mass.; and from 1740 to 1744 the 
rial domain, but also over Indian tribes Moravians had a flourishing mission among 
of the confederacy, as their official super- them at Shekomeco, in Dutchess county, 
intendent. When the Revolution broke out N. Y. Some of these went to Pennsylvania 
his family were the leaders of the ad- under the care of the Moravians. In the 
herents to tLo crown in the northern re- Revolution they joined the Americans, and 
gions of Nev,* York; and his son, Sir were found in the ranks at Bunker Hill, 
John, who inherited his title and his pos- White Plains, and other fields. After the 
sessions, with a large number of Scotch war some of the Mohegans emigrated to 
retainers and other white people, organ- Oneida, under the Rev. Samson Occum, a 
ized a corps of loyalists called "Johnson native preacher, and others, and before 
Greens," which, with Indians under 1830 they had emigrated to Green Bay, 
Brant, his kinsman by marriage, carried Wis., where they abandoned their tribal 
on a distressing warfare against the relations and became citizens. They have 
patriots. Later, the Erie Canal, the most almost given up their own language for 
gigantic single work of internal improve- the English, and are nearly extinct. Those 
ment in the United States, was dug the who remained in Connecticut took up their 
whole length of the valley, and became abode near Norwich, at a place known as 
the highway for a vast commerce between Mohegan Plains, and also near the vil- 
the Western States and the Atlantic lage of Kent, in western Connecticut. 
Ocean. At the latter place they have inter min- 
Mohegan, or Mohican, Indians, an gled with other races, until now, among 
Algonquian family found by the Dutch on less than a hundred, not one of pure 
the Hudson River above the Highlands, blood remains. The last surviving Pequod 
The name was also given to several inde- of pure blood was Eunice Mauwee, who 
pendent tribes on Long Island, and in the died near Kent in 18GO, aged about 100 
country between the Lenni-Lenapes, or years. The last lineal descendant of 
Delawares (see DELAWARE INDIANS), and Uncas, the "rebel," was buried at Nor- 
the New England Indians. Of this family wich in 1827. The tribe in Connecticut is 
the Pequods, who inhabited eastern Con- extinct. 

necticut, were the most powerful, and ex- Molino del Bey. See EL MOLING DEL 

ercised authority over thirteen cantons on REY. 

Long Island. They received the Dutch Molly Maguires, THE. There are sev- 

kindly, and gave them lands on which they eral stories related in regard to the origin 

erected Fort Orange, now Albany. They of the name of the " Molly Maguires," all 

were then at war with the Mohawks, and of which seem to come from one parent 

when furiously attacked by the latter the tradition. One which has gained some- 

Mohegans fled to the valley of the Connect- what general currency is that an old 

icut, whither a part of the nation had woman named Maguire was murdered in 

gone before, and settled on the Thames. Ireland, many years ago, at the hands of 

This portion was the Pequods (see PEQUOD a land agent, who, in company with his 

INDIANS). A part of them, led by Uncas, followers, seized on her property for rent, 

seceded, and these " rebels " aided the The sons of the woman and their friends 

English in their war with the Pequods in formed a society, to which the name of the 

1637. The bulk of the nation finally re- deceased was given. Another story runs 

turned to the Hudson, and kept up a com- that the society was formed under the aus- 

munication with the French in Canada, pices of an old woman, Maguire by name, 

who called them Loups (wolves), which is and that the first meetings were held at 

220 



MOLLY MAGUIRES MONCKTON 

her house. Still another is to the effect shot " was exercising an unwholesome in- 
that there was a " sort of Amazon of that fluence in Schuyler and Luzerne counties, 
name, who not only planned deviltry, but Both these organizations have had laid at 
also was foremost in assisting to execute their doors crimes of various kinds, as- 
it." It is, however, believed by many who saults, arson, and even murder. It was 
have given the origin and history of the in the midst of such lawlessness that the 
organization careful attention that the Molly Maguires grew rapidly, and in such 
best-authenticated explanation of the name communities that their deeds of darkness 
is that the members were stout, active and bloodshed were perpetrated. To give 
young men, dressed up in women s clothes, even a record of the murders and outrages 
with their faces blackened and otherwise they committed would take a large vol- 
disguised, with crape or fantastic masks, ume. Those which are known are num- 
or with burnt cork about their eyes, mouths, bered by the hundred, and the unfortunate 
and cheeks. In this condition they would victims in most cases were gentlemen well 
pounce upon process-servers and others known and highly respected in the corn- 
engaged in the prosecutions and evictions munity in which they lived. However, in 
of tenants, duck them in bog-holes, beat, 1873, a young detective named James 
and otherwise misuse them. The custom McParlan, attached to the Pinkerton de- 
of wearing women s clothes does not ap- tective agency of Chicago, was detailed 
pear to have been observed in all localities, to investigate the Molly Maguires, and 
and it is noticed that there is no recorded learn their character and -purposes. He 
instance of this disguise ever having been did so, and the secrets of the order were 
resorted to in the United States. To the revealed, the sanguinary work of its mem- 
discriminating reader it is scarcely neces- bers shown to the public, many of its 
sary to suggest that, whatever may have perpetrators brought to justice, and the 
been the causes for the organization of the strength and terrorism of its lawless lead- 
Molly Maguires in Ireland, no such reasons ers and tools broken. 

warranted their existence in this country. Mompesson, ROGER, jurist; born in 
Here were no oppressive land laws, here England; was appointed judge of the vice- 
no landed proprietors who ground down admiralty for Massachusetts, Rhode Isl- 
their struggling tenants, here no alien and, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, 
monopolists of the soil to grow richer and and Pennsylvania in April, 1703; ami 
richer while the peasantry grew poorer settled in Pennsylvania in 1704. Though 
and poorer ; so that whatever may be urged highly spoken of as a man and a lawyer, 
in extenuation of the offences of the Molly he was a mere tool in the hands of Lord 
Maguires in Ireland, on account of their Cornbury, the governor of New York and 
wrongs and temptations, their race and New Jersey. He died in March, 1715, 
their history must not be confounded with some authorities say in New Jersey, others 
the deeds of violence committed by the in New York, 

illegitimate offspring of the order which Monckton, ROBERT, colonial governor; 

terrorized whole counties in Pennsyl- born in England; was son of the first Vis- 

vania, and left a blood-red trail behind count Galway, and began his military 

it in the coal regions of the Keystone life in Flanders in 1742. In 1754 he was 

State. governor of Annapolis ( Port Royal ) , Nova 

When the coal-fields began to be opened Scotia; assisted in the reduction of the 

up in Pennsylvania there was a large de- French power in that peninsula, and was 

mand for laborers, and many of the best lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 

of the working-classes answered the call; 1756. He commanded a battalion at the 

but with these were numbers of the float- siege of Louisburg in 1758, and the next 

ing, drifting, unstable. In eaxly war year he was second in command under 

times vague rumors were abroad that these General Wolfe at the capture of Quebec, 

restless elements in the neighborhood of where he acted as brigadier-general, and 

Pottsville had crystallized, and that an was severely wounded. In 1761 he was 

order called the " Black Spots " was in made major-general, and the next year 

existence there. In 1862 it was rumored governor of New York. He commanded 

that a powerful society called the " Buck- the expedition against Martinique in 1762; 

221 



MONETARY REFORM 

was a member of Parliament in 1768; in America in 1775, but he declined to 
made lieutenant-general in 1770, and was draw his sword against British subjects, 
offered the command of the British forces He died in England, May 3, 1782. 



MONETARY REFORM 

Monetary Reform. A national mone- Edmunds announced the following com- 

tary conference, called at the request of mittees: On Metallic Currency C. Stuart 

the Indianapolis Board of Trade, and com- Patterson, of Pennsylvania; Louis A. Gar- 

posed of representatives of similar organ- rett, of California; and J. Laurence 

izations in all parts of the United States, Laughlin, of Illinois. On Demand Obli- 

was held in Indianapolis, Ind., in January, gations of the Government Robert S. 

1897. Nearly 300 delegates were pres- Taylor, of Indiana; Stuyvesant Fish, of 

ent. Among the points made in the ad- New York; J. W. Fries, of North Caro- 

dresses and papers were: That the green- lina, and George Edmunds, of Vermont. 

backs should be retired; that national On the Banking System Charles S. Fair 

banks should be permitted to issue notes child, of New York; T. G. Bush, of Ala- 

up to the par value of bonds deposited to bama; W. B. Dean, of Minnesota, and 

secure their payment; that the country George E. Leighton, of Missouri. 

needed a stable tariff, stable government, In January, 1898, a second conference 

and stable currency; that prosperity was held in Indianapolis, during which 

could only be restored by the establish- the report of the commission was unan- 

ment of a sound monetary system; that imously adopted. The report, after recit- 

the government should base all its issues ing the facts as to the currency, the de- 

on the gold standard and replace all notes mand obligations of the government, and 

by coin certificates protected by a 25 the banking system, gave the following 

per cent, gold reserve; that the gov- plan of currency reform: 
ernment should withdraw from the bank 
ing business; that postal savings-banks 
should be established; and that legisla- 
tion was necessary for the maintenance 
of the gold standard, cancellation of 

United States legal-tender notes, and the maintained; and to this end the standard 

creation of a safe and expansive cur- unit of value shall continue, as now, to 

rency on the basis of the plan followed in consist of 25.8 grains of gold, nine-tenths 

Baltimore, where there had been no bank fine, or 23.22 grains of pure gold, as now 

failure in sixty years. Under a resolu- represented by the one-tenth part of the 

tion, the conference appointed a monetary eagle. All obligations for the payment of 

commission, and charged it with the duty money shall be performed in conformity 

of making a comprehensive investigation to the standard aforesaid; but this pro 

of the existing currency system with a vision shall not be deemed to affect the 

view to urging a currency reform meas- present legal-tender quality of the silver 

ure on Congress at its session of 1897-98. coinage of the United States or of their 

The commission consisted of ex - Senator paper currency having the quality of legal 

Edmunds, of Vermont; ex - Secretary tender. All obligations of the United 

Charles S. Fairfield, of New York ; C. States for the payment of money now ex- 

Stuart Patterson, of Philadelphia; John isting, or hereafter entered into, shall, 

W. Fries, of North Carolina; T. G. Bush, unless otherwise expressly provided, be 

of Alabama; G. E. Leighton, of St. Louis; deemed, and held, to be payable in gold 

W. B. Dean, of St. Paul ; Prof. J. Laurence coin of the United States as defined in 

Laughlin, of Chicago; L. A. Garnett, of the standard aforesaid. 

San Francisco; Stuyvesant Fish, of New 2. There shall continue to be free coin- 

York ; H. H. Hanna, of Indianapolis, and age of gold into coins of the denomina- 

Eobert S. Taylor, of Indiana. At a session tions, weights, fineness, and legal-tender 

of the commission, Sept. 28, President quality prescribed by existing laws. 

222 



_ METALLIC CURRENCY AND DEMAND OB- 

LIGATIONS 

1- The existing gold standard shall be 



MONETARY REFORM 

3. No silver dollars shall be hereafter cent, of the aggregate amount of both the 
coined. United States notes and treasury notes 

4. Silver coins of denominations less issued under the act of July 14, 1890, 
than $1 shall be coined upon government outstanding, and a further sum in gold 
account, of the denominations, weight, equal to 5 per cent, of the aggregate 
fineness, and legal - tender quality pre- amount of the coinage of silver dollars, 
scribed by existing laws. This reserve shall be held as a common 

5. Minor coins shall continue to be fund, and used solely for the redemption 
coined upon government account, of the of such notes and in exchange for such 
denominations, weight, fineness, and legal- notes, and for silver and subsidiary and 
tender quality prescribed by existing laws, minor coins. 

6. Subsidiary and minor coins shall be 10. It shall be the duty of the Secre- 
issued and exchanged as prescribed by ex- tary of the Treasury to maintain the gold 
isting laws, except as hereinafter other- reserve in the division of issue and re- 
wise provided. demption at such sum as shall secure the 

7. There shall be created a separate di- certain and immediate resumption of all 
vision in the Treasury Department, to be notes and silver dollars presented, and 
known as the Division of Issue and Re- the preservation of public confidence; and 
demption, under the charge of an assist- for this purpose he shall from time to 
ant treasurer of the United States, who time as needed transfer from the general 
shall be appointed by the President by and fund of the treasury to the division of 
with the advice and consent of the Sen- issue and redemption any surplus revenue 
ate. not otherwise appropriated, and in addi- 

8. To this division shall be committed tion thereto he shall be authorized to 
all functions of the Treasury Department issue and sell, whenever it is, in his 
pertaining to the issue and redemption judgment, necessary for that purpose, 
of notes or certificates, and to the ex- bonds of the United States bearing inter 
change of coins, and this division shall est not exceeding 3 per cent., running 
have the custody of the guarantee and re- twenty years, but redeemable in gold coin, 
demption funds of the national banks, at the option of the United States, after 
and shall conduct all the operations of one year ; and the proceeds of all such 
redeeming national bank notes, as pre- sales shall be paid into the division of 
scribed by law, and to this division shall issue and redemption for the purposes 
be transferred all gold coin held against aforesaid. 

outstanding gold certificates, all United 11. To provide for any temporary de- 
States notes held against outstanding cur- ficiency which may at any time exist in 
roncy certificates, all silver dollars held the fiscal department of the treasury of 
against outstanding silver certificates, and the United States, the Secretary of the 
all silver dollars and silver bullion held Treasury shall be authorized, at his dis- 
against outstanding treasury notes of cretion, to issue certificates of indebted- 
1890, and all subsidiary and minor coins ness of the United States, payable in 
needed for the issue and exchange of such from one to five years after their date, 
coins, and the funds deposited with the to the bearer, of the denominations of $50, 
treasury for the liquidation of national or multiples thereof, with interest at a 
bank notes. All accounts relating to the rate not to exceed 3 per cent, per an- 
business of this division shall be kept en- num, and to sell and dispose of the same 
tirely apart and distinct from those of the for lawful money at the Treasury Depart- 
fiscal departments of the treasury, and ment, and at the sub-treasuries and des- 
the accounts relating to the national banks ignated depositories of the United States, 
shall be kept separate and apart from all and at such post-offices as he may select, 
other accounts. And such certificates shall have the like 

9. A reserve shall be established in this privileges and exemptions provided in the 
division by the transfer to it by the treas- act to authorize the refunding of the 
urer of the United States from the gen- national debt, approved July 14, 1870. 
eral funds of the treasury of an amount of 12. Whenever money is to be borrowed 
gold in coin and bullion equal to 25 per on the credit of the United States the 

223 



MONETARY REFORM 



Secretary of the Treasury shall be author 
ized, instead of issuing the usual forms of 
engraved bonds, upon receiving lawful 
money of the United States in sums of 
not less than fifty dollars ( $50 ) in any sin 
gle payment, to cause a record of all such 
payments to be made in books to be kept 
for that purpose in Washington, and there 
after, from time to time, to pay to those 
so registered on such books interest not 
exceeding 3 per cent, per annum in gold 
coin on the amount with which they shall 
severally stand credited on such books, 
in the same manner and at the same dates 
as if they were the holders and owners of 
registered bonds of the United States; and 
he shall also pay to those so registered 
the principal sum originally deposited, in 
gold coin, at the date of maturity of such 
inscribed loans. Suitable arrangements 
shall be made at each and every money- 
order post-office in the United States for 
receiving such payments into the treas 
ury on like terms, as well as for the trans 
fer, on proper identification, of any in 
scription on the books in Washington, or 
of any part thereof not less than fifty 
dollars ( $50 ) . No interest shall accrue 
or be paid on inscriptions which shall 
have been reduced below fifty dollars 
($50). No charge of any kind shall be 
made by any department or officer of the 
government for any service in connec 
tion with the receipt or transmission of 
the lawful money, nor in the transfer of 
inscriptions on the books at Washing 
ton. 

13. The division of issue and redemp 
tion shall on demand at Washington, and 
at such sub-treasuries of the United States 
as the Secretary of the Treasury may from 
time to time designate: 

(a) Pay out gold coin for gold certifi 
cates. 

(b) Pay out gold coin in redemption 
of United States notes or treasury notes 
of 1890. 

(c) Pay out silver dollars for silver 
certificates of any denomination. 

(d) Issue silver certificates of denomi 
nations of $1, $2, and $5 in exchange for 
silver dollars, and silver certificates in 
denominations above $5. 

(e) Pay out gold coin in exchange for 
silver dollars. 

(f) Pay out silver dollars in exchange 



for gold coin, United States notes, or 
treasury notes. 

(g) Pay out United States notes or 
treasury notes, not subject to immediate 
cancellation, in exchange for gold coin. 

(h) Pay out and redeem subsidiary and 
minor coins as provided by existing laws. 

(i) Pay out United States notes in ex 
change for currency certificates. 

14. United States notes or treasury 
notes once redeemed shall not be paid 
out again except for gold, unless there 
shall be an accumulation of such notes 
in the division of issue and redemption 
which cannot then be cancelled under the 
provisions of the act, in which case the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall have au 
thority, if, in his judgment, that course 
is necessary for the public welfare, to 
invest the same or any portion thereof 
in bonds of the United States for the ben 
efit of the redemption fund, such bonds 
to be held in the division of issue and re 
demption, subject to sale at the discre 
tion of the Secretary of the Treasury for 
the benefit of the division of issue and re 
demption, and not for any other purpose. 

15. The Secretary of the Treasury shall 
be authorized to sell from time to time, 
in his discretion, any silver bullion in the 
division of issue and redemption; and the 
proceeds in gold of such sales shall be 
placed to the account of the gold reserve 
in the division of issue and redemption. 

16. The gold certificates and the cur 
rency certificates shall, whenever present 
ed and paid or received in the treasury, 
be retired and not reissued. 

17. No United States note or treasury 
note of 1890 of a denomination less than 
$10 shall hereafter be issued; and silver 
certificates shall hereafter be issued or 
paid out only in denominations of $1, $2, 
and $5 against silver dollars held by or 
deposited in the treasury. 

18. The assistant treasurer in charge 
of the division of issue and redemption 
shall, on demand, pay in gold coin all 
United States notes and treasury notes 
presented for payment, and as paid cancel 
the same up to the amount of $50,000,- 
000. After that amount shall have been 
paid and cancelled, he shall then, from 
time to time, cancel such further amounts 
of notes so paid as shall equal, but not ex 
ceed, the increase of national bank notes 



224 



MONETARY REFORM 

issued subsequent to the taking effect whole of its capital being unimpaired), 

of the proposed act. the notes issued by it shall not exceed the 

19. If at the end of five years next value of United States bonds, to be fixed 
after the taking effect of the proposed as hereinafter provided, deposited with 
act any United States notes or treasury the treasurer of the United States. The 
notes shall be outstanding, a sum not ex- additional notes authorized may be issued 
ceeding one - fifth of such outstanding without further deposit of bonds, 
amount shall be retired, and cancelled each Beginning five years after the passage 
year thereafter; and at the end of ten of the proposed act, the amount of bonds 
years after the passage of the proposed act required to be deposited before issuing 
the United States notes and treasury notes notes in excess thereof shall be reduced 
then outstanding shall cease to be legal each year by one-fifth of the 25 per cent, 
tender for all debts, public and private, ex- of capital herein provided for, and there- 
cept for dues to the United States. after any bank may at any time withdraw 

20. The Secretary of the Treasury may, any bonds deposited in excess of the re 
in his discretion, transfer from surplus quirements hereof. 

revenue in the general treasury to the di- 24. Every national bank shall pay a tax 
vision of issue and redemption any Unit- at the rate of 2 per cent, per annum pay 
ed States notes or treasury notes which able monthly upon the amount of its notes 
on such transfer could then lawfully be outstanding in excess of GO per cent., and 
cancelled under the provisions of the pro- not in excess of 80 per cent, of its capital, 
posed act if they had been redeemed on and a tax at the rate of 6 per cent, per 
presentation; and when so transferred the annum payable monthly upon the amount 
same shall be cancelled. The Secretary of its notes outstanding in excess of 80 
of the Treasury, in his discretion, when- per cent, of its capital, 
ever there may be United States notes 25. Any bank may deposit any lawful 
or treasury notes in the general treas- money with the treasurer of the United 
ury, which are not available as surplus States for the retirement of any of its 
revenue, and which, upon transfer to the notes; and every such deposit shall be 
division of issue and redemption, could treated as a reduction of its outstanding 
then lawfully be cancelled under the pro- notes to that extent; and the tax above 
visions of the act, may exchange such provided for shall cease as of the 1st of 
notes with the division of issue and re- the following month on an equal amount 
demption for gold coin, and such notes of its notes, 
shall thereupon be cancelled. 26. The Secretary of the Treasury shall 

21. All vested rights of property or con- annually fix the value of each series of 
tract, and all penalties incurred before bonds of the United States bearing a rate 
the taking effect of the proposed act or of interest exceeding 3 per cent, as equal- 
any part of it, shall not be affected by the i ze d upon the rate of interest of 3 per 
passage thereof, and all provisions of law cent, per annum, and such valuation as 
inconsistent with any of the provisions fixed by the Secretary on this basis shall 
of the proposed act should be repealed. be the valuation at which the bonds will 

be receivable upon deposit. Bonds paya- 

II. BANKING SYSTEM. ble at the option of the government shall 

22. The total issues of any national bank be receivable at 95 per cent, of their then 
shall not exceed the amount of its paid- market value as determined by the Secre- 
up and unimpaired capital, exclusive of tary of the Treasury. If any bonds shall 
so much thereof as is invested in real es- be issued hereafter payable at date named 
tate. All such notes shall be of uniform and bearing interest at 3 per cent, or less, 
design and quality, and shall be made a they shall be receivable at par. 

first lien upon all the assets of the issuing 27. The comptroller of the currency shall 

bank, including the personal liability of from time to time, as called for, issue to 

the stockholders. No such notes shall be any bank the capital of which is full paid 

of less denomination than $10. and unimpaired any of the notes herein 

23. Up to an amount equal to 25 per elsewhere provided for, on the payment 
cent, of the capital stock of the bank (the to the treasurer of the United States in 

VI. P 225 



MONETARY REFORM 

gold coin, of 5 per cent, of the amount paragraph 24, as well as the interest 
of notes thus called for, which payments accruing from investment of any part 
shall go into the common guarantee fund, of the guarantee fund, shall be held in 
for the prompt payment of the notes of the division of issue and redemption in 
any defaulted national bank. Upon the gold coin or in United* States bonds, in 
failure of any bank to redeem its notes, the discretion of the Secretary of the 
they shall be paid from the said guarantee Treasury, and shall be a fund supple- 
fund, and forthwith proceedings shall be mentary and in addition to the guarantee 
taken to collect from the assets of the fund to be used in case said guarantee 
bank and from the stockholders thereof, fund shall ever become insufficient to re- 
if necessary, a sum sufficient to repay to deem any bank notes issued hereunder, 
said guarantee fund the amount thereof and it shall not be taken into account in 
that shall have been used to redeem said estimating the amount of assessments 
notes; and also such further sums as necessary to replenish said guarantee fund 
shall be adequate to the redemption of all or in payments to banks of their contribu- 
thc unpaid notes of said banks outstand- tions to the guarantee fund, 
iug. 30. The present system of national bank- 

28. Persons who, having been stockhold- note redemption should be continued, with 
ers of the bank, have transferred their a constantly maintained redemption fund 
shares, or any of them, to others, or regis- of 5 per cent, in gold coin, and with 
tered the transfer thereof within sixty power conferred on the comptroller of the 
days before the commencement of the sus- currency, with the approval of the Secre- 
pension of payment by the bank, shall be tary of the Treasury, to establish addi- 
liable to all calls on the shares held or tional redemption agencies at any or all 
subscribed for by them, as if they held of the sub-treasuries of the United States, 
such shares at the time of suspension of as he may determine. 

payment, saving their recourse against 31. So much of the provisions of exist- 

those by whom such shares were then ing law as require each national bank to 

actually held. So long as any obligation receive at par in payment of debts to it 

of the bank shall remain unsatisfied, the the notes of other national banks, and 

liability of each stockholder shall extend making such notes receivable at par in 

to, but not exceed in the whole, an amount payment of all dues to the United States 

equal to the par of his stock. except duties on imports, shall be ex- 

29. If the said guarantee fund of 5 per tended to cover notes issued under the 
cent, of all the notes outstanding shall be- proposed plan. 

come impaired by reason of payment made 32. National banks shall hold reserves 

to redeem the said notes as herein pro- in lawful money against their deposits 

vided, the comptroller of the currency shall of not less than 25 per cent, and 15 per 

make an assessment upon all the banks in cent, for the respective classes, as now 

proportion to their notes then outstanding provided by law, at least one-fourth of 

sufficient to make said funds equal to 5 which reserve shall be in coin, and held 

per cent, of said outstanding notes. in the vaults of the bank. Neither the 

Any bank may deposit any lawful money 5 per cent, redemption fund nor the 5 

with the treasurer of the United States per cent, guarantee fund shall be count- 

for the retirement of any of its notes, or ed as part of the reserve required. No 

return its own notes for cancellation, bank shall count or report any of its 

whereupon the comptroller shall direct the own notes as a part of its cash or cash 

repayment to such bank of whatever sum assets on hand. 

may be the unimpaired portion of said 33. Permit the organization of national 

bank s contribution to the guarantee fund banks with a capital stock of $25,000 in 

on account of said notes. places of 4,000 population or less. 

Any portion of the guarantee fund may 34. Provision should be made whereby 
be invested in United States bonds in branch banks may be established, with 
the discretion of the Secretary of the the consent of the comptroller of the cur- 
Treasury, rency and approval of the Secretary of 

The taxes on circulation, provided for in the Treasury. 

226 



MONETABY BEFOBM 

35. For. the purpose of meeting the ex- paired capital sufficient to entitle it to 
ponses of the treasury in connection with become a national banking association un- 
the national-bank system, a tax of one- der the provisions of the proposed act, 
eighth of 1 per cent, per annum upon its may, by the consent in writing of the 
franchise, as measured by the amount of shareholders owning not less than two- 
its capital, surplus, and undivided profits, thirds of the capital stock of such bank 
shall be imposed upon each bank. or banking association, and with the ap- 

30. To so amend existing laws as to proval of the comptroller of the currency, 

provide: become a national bank under this system, 

(a) For more frequent and thorough under its former name or by any name 
examinations of banks. approved by the comptroller. The directors 

(b) For fixed salaries for bank ex- thereof may continue to be the directors 
aminers. of the association so organized until oth- 

(c) To provide for rotation of exam- ers are elected or appointed in accordance 
iners. with the provisions of the law. When the 

(d) For public reports, regular or spe- comptroller of the currency has given to 
cial, at the call of the comptroller of the such bank or banking association a certifi- 
currency. cate that the provisions of this act have 

(e) To make it penal for any bank to been complied with, such bank or banking 
loan money, or grant any gratuity, to an association, and all its stockholders, offi- 
examiner of that bank, and penal for cers, and employes shall have the same 
such examiner to receive it. powers and privileges, and shall be subject 

37. Any national banking association to the same duties, liabilities, and regula- 
heretofore organized may at any time tions, in all respects, as shall have been 
within one year from the passage of the prescribed for associations originally or- 
proposed act, and with the approval of the ganized as national banking associations 
comptroller of the currency, be granted, under the proposed act. 

as herein provided, all the rights, and be At the adjourned session of the confer- 
Mibject to all the liabilities, of natural ence in Indianapolis, in 1898, after the re- 
banking associations organized hereunder: port of the commission was adopted, a sub- 
Provided, that such action on the part committee of the commission, consisting of 
of such associations shall be authorized ex-Senator Edmunds, ex-Secretary Fair- 
by the consent in writing of shareholders child, and C. Stuart Patterson, prepared a 
owning not less than two-thirds of the bill for introduction in Congress, based on 
capital stock of the association. the conclusions of the commission. This 

38. Any national banking association bill was introduced into the House of Kep- 
now organized which shall not, w T ithin one resentatives by Representative Overstreet, 
year after the passage of the proposed of Indiana, on Dec. 4, 1899. On Dec. 18, 
act, become a national banking asso- following, the measure was passed by the 
ciation under the provisions hereinbefore House by a vote of 190 yeas to 150 nays, 
slated, and which shall not place in the On Dec. 9 the bill was laid before the 
hands of the treasurer of the United Senate, referred to the committee on 
States the sums hereinbefore provided for finance, and, after being considerably 
the redemption and guarantee of the cir- amended, was passed on Feb. 15, 1900, by 
culating notes, or which shall fail to comply a vote of 49 yeas to 46 nays. The House 
with any other provision of the proposed refused to concur in the Senate amend- 
act, shall be dissolved, but such dissolu- ruents. whereupon a committee of confer- 
tion shall not take away or impair any ence was appointed, which agreed upon 
remedy against such corporation, its stock- a substitute, and its report was adopted, 
holders or officers, for any liability or pen- March 13, 1900, and received the Presi- 
alty which shall have been previously in- dent s npproval on the following day. 
curred. The provisions of the measure as finally 

39. Any bank or banking association adopted are as follows: 

incorporated by special law of any State, That the dollar consisting of 25.8 grains 

or organized under the general laws of any of gold nine-tenths fine, as established by 

State, and having a paid-up and unim- Section 3,511 of the Revised Statutes of 

227 



MONETARY REFORM 

the United States, shall be the standard United States, as well as from taxation in 
unit of value, and all forms of money any form by or under State, municipal, or 
issued or coined by the United States shall local authority; and the gold coin re- 
be maintained at a parity of value with ceived from the sale of said bonds shall 
this standard, and it shall be the duty of first be covered into the general fund of 
the Secretary of the Treasury to maintain the treasury and then exchanged, in the 
such parity. manner hereinbefore provided, for an 
SEC. 2. That United States notes, and equal amount of the notes redeemed and 
treasury notes issued under the act of held for exchange, and the Secretary of the 
July 14, 1890, when presented to the Treasury may, in his discretion, use said 
treasury for redemption, shall be fixed in notes in exchange for gold, or to purchase 
the first section of this act, and in order or redeem any bonds of the United States, 
to secure the prompt and certain redemp- or for any other lawful purpose the public 
tion of such notes as herein provided it interests may require, except that they 
shall be the duty of the Secretary of the shall not be used to meet deficiencies in 
Treasury to set apart in the treasury a the current revenues. That United States 
reserve fund of $150,000,000 in gold coin notes when redeemed in accordance with 
and bullion, which fund shall be used for the provisions of this section shall be re- 
such redemption purposes only, and when- issued, but shall be held in the reserve 
ever and as often as any of said notes fund until exchanged for gold, as herein 
shall be redeemed from said fund it shall provided; and the gold coin and bullion in 
be the duty of the Secretary of the Treas- the reserve fund, together with the redeem- 
ury to use said notes so redeemed to re- ed notes held for use as provided in this 
store and maintain such reserve fund in section, shall at no time exceed the maxi- 
the manner following, to wit: First, by mum sum of $150,000,000. 
exchanging the notes so redeemed for any SEC. 3. That nothing contained in this 
gold coin in the general fund of the treas- act shall be construed to affect the legal- 
ury; second, by accepting deposits of gold tender quality as now provided by law of 
coin at the treasury or at any sub-treas- the silver dollar, or of any other money 
ury in exchange for the United States coined or issued by the United States, 
notes so redeemed; third, by procuring SEC. 4. That there be established in the 
gold coin by the use of said notes, in ac- Treasury Department, as a part of the 
cordance with the provisions of Section office of the treasurer of the United 
3,700 of the Revised Statutes of the Unit- States, divisions to be designated and 
ed States. If the Secretary of the Treas- known as the division of issue and the 
ury is unable to restore and maintain the division of redemption, to which shall be 
gold coin in the reserve fund by the fore- assigned, respectively, under such regula- 
going methods, and the amount of such tions as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
gold coin and bullion in said fund shall at approve, all records and accounts relating 
any time fall below $100,000,000, then it to the issue and redemption of United 
shall be his duty to restore the same to States notes, gold certificates, silver cer- 
the maximum sum of $150,000,000 by bor- tificates, and currency certificates. There 
rowing money on the credit of the United shall be transferred from the accounts of 
States, and for the debt thus incurred to the general fund of the treasury of the 
issue and sell coupon or registered bonds United States, and taken up on the books 
of the United States, in such form as he of said divisions, respectively, accounts 
may prescribe, in denominations of $50 or relating to the reserve fund for the re- 
any multiple thereof, bearing interest at demption of United States notes and 
the rate of not exceeding 3 per cent, per treasury notes, the gold coin held against 
annum, payable quarterly, such bonds to outstanding gold certificates, the United 
be payable at the pleasure of the United States notes held against outstanding cur- 
States after one year from the date of rency certificates, and the silver dollars 
their issue, and to be payable, principal held against outstanding silver certifi- 
and interest, in gold coin of the present cates, and each of the funds represented 
standard value, and to be exempt from by these accounts shall be used for the re- 
the payment of all taxes or duties of the demption of the notes and certificates for 

228 



MONETARY REFORM 

which they are respectively pledged, and SEC. 7. That hereafter silver certifl- 

shall be used for no other purpose, the cates shall be issued only of denomina- 

same being held as trust funds. tions of $10 and under, except that not 

SEC. 5. That it shall be the duty of the exceeding in the aggregate 10 per cent. 

Secretary of the Treasury, as fast as of the total volume of said certificates, in 

standard silver dollars are coined under the discretion of the Secretary of the 

the provisions of the acts of July 14, Treasury, may be issued in denominations 

1890, and June 13, 1898, from bullion pur- of $20, $50, and $100; and silver certifi- 

chased under the act of July 14, 1890, cates of higher denominations than $10, 

to retire and cancel an equal amount of except as herein provided, shall, when- 

treasiiry notes whenever received into the ever received at the treasury or redeemed, 

treasury, either by exchange in accord- be retired and cancelled, and certificates 

ance with the provisions of this act or in of denominations of $10 or less shall be 

the ordinary course of business, and upon substituted therefor, and after such sub- 

the cancellation of treasury notes silver stitution, in whole or in part, a like vol- 

certificates shall be issued against the sil- ume of United States notes of less denomi- 

ver dollars so coined. nation than $10 shall from time to time 

SEC. 0. That the Secretary of the Treas- be retired and cancelled, and notes of de- 
ury is hereby authorized and directed to nominations of $10 and upward shall be 
receive deposits of gold coin with the reissued in substitution therefor, with 
treasurer or any assistant treasurer of the like qualities and restrictions as those re- 
United States in sums of not less than tired and cancelled. 

$20, and to issue gold certificates there- SEC. 8. That the Secretary of the Treas- 
for in denominations of not less than $20, ury is hereby authorized to use, at his 
and the coin so deposited shall be retained discretion, any silver bullion in the treas- 
in the treasury and held for the payment ury of the United States purchased under 
of such certificates on demand, and used the act of July 14, 1890, for coinage into 
for no other purpose. Such certificates such denominations of subsidiary silver 
shall be receivable for customs, taxes, and coin as may be necessary to meet the pub- 
all public dues, and when so received may lie requirements for such coin: Provided, 
be reissued, and when held by any na- that the amount of subsidiary silver coin 
tional banking association may be counted outstanding shall not at any time exceed 
as part of its lawful reserve: Provided, in the aggregate $100,000,000. Whenever 
that whenever and so long as the gold any silver bullion purchased under the 
coin held in the reserve fund in the treas- act of July 14, 1890, shall be used in the 
\iry for the redemption of United States coinage of subsidiary silver coin, an 
notes and treasury notes shall fall and amount of treasury notes issued under 
remain below $100,000,000, the authority said act equal to the cost of the bullion 
to issue certificates, as herein provided, contained in such coin shall be cancelled 
shall be suspended: And provided further, and not reissued. 

that whenever and so long as the aggre- SEC. 9. That the Secretary of the Treas- 
gate amount of United States notes and ury is hereby authorized and directed to 
silver certificates in the general fund of cause all worn and uncurrent subsidiary 
the treasury shall exceed $60,000,000 the silver coin of the United States now in 
Secretary of the Treasury may, in his dis- the treasury, and hereafter received, to be 
cretion, suspend the issue of the certifi- rccoined, and to reimburse the treasurer 
cates herein provided for: And provided of the United States for the difference be- 
further, that of the amount of such out- tween the nominal or face value of such 
standing certificates one-fourth at least coin and the amount the same will pro- 
shall be in denominations of $50 or less: duce in new coin from any moneys in the 
And provided further, that the Secrc- treasury not otherwise appropriated, 
tary of the Treasury may, in his discre- SEC. 10. That Section 5,138 of the Re- 
tion, issue such certificates in denomina- vised Statutes is hereby amended so as to 
tions of $10,000, payable to order. And road as follows: 

Section 5,193 of the Revised Statutes of " SEC. 5,138. No association shall be or- 

the United States is hereby repealed. gani/ed with a less capital than $100,000, 

229 



MONETARY REFORM 

except that banks with a capital of not and they shall be numbered consecutively 
less than $50,000 may, with the approval in the order of their issue, and when pay- 
of the Secretary of the Treasury, be or- ment is made the last number issued shall 
ganized in any place the population of be first paid, and this order shall be fol- 
which does not exceed 6,000 inhabitants, lowed until all the bonds^ are paid, and 
and except that banks with a capital of whenever any of the outstanding bonds 
not less than $25,000 may, with the sane- are called for payment interest thereon 
tion of the Secretary of the Treasury, be shall cease three months after such call ; 
organized in any place the population of and there is hereby appropriated out of 
which does not exceed 3,000 inhabitants, any money in the treasury not otherwise 
No association shall be organized in a city appropriated, to effect the exchanges of 
the population of which exceeds 50,00 per- bonds provided for in this act, a sum not 
sons with a capital of less than $200,000." exceeding one-fifteenth of 1 per cent, of 
SEC. 11. That the Secretary of the the face value of said bonds, to pay the 
Treasury is hereby authorized to receive expense of preparing and issuing the same 
at the treasury any of the outstanding and other expenses incident thereto, 
bonds of the United States bearing inter- SEC. 12. That upon the deposit with the 
est at 5 per cent, per annum, payable treasurer of the United States, by any 
Feb. 1, 1904, and any bonds of the United national banking association, of any bonds 
States bearing interest at 3 per cent, per of the United States in the manner pro- 
annum, payable Aug. 1, 1908, and to issue vided by existing law, such association 
in exchange therefor an equal amount of shall be entitled to receive from the comp- 
conpon or registered bonds of the United troller of the currency circulating notes 
States in such form as he may prescribe, in blank, registered and countersigned as 
in denominations of $50, or any multiple provided by law, equal in amount to the 
thereof, bearing interest at the rate of par value of the bonds so deposited; and 
2 per cent, per annum, payable quarterly, any national banking association now 
such bonds to be payable at the pleasure having bonds on deposit for the security 
of the United States after thirty years of circulating notes, and upon which an 
from the date of their issue, and said amount of circulating notes has been 
bonds to be payable, principal and interest, issued less than the par value of the bonds, 
in gold coin of the present standard value, shall be entitled, upon due application to 
and to be exempt from the payment of the comptroller of the currency, to receive 
all taxes or duties of the United States, additional circulating notes in blank to an 
as well as from taxation in any form by amount which will increase the circulating 
or under State, municipal, or local au- notes held by such association to the par 
thority: Provided, that such outstanding value of the bonds deposited, such ad- 
bonds may be received in exchange at a ditional notes to be held and treated in 
valuation not greater than their present the same way as circulating notes of na- 
worth to yield an income of 2% per cent, tional banking associations heretofore 
per annum; and in consideration of the re- issued, and subject to all the provisions 
duction of interest effected, the Secretary of law affecting such notes: Provided, 
of the Treasury is authorized to pay to that nothing herein contained shall be 
the holders of the outstanding bonds sur- construed to modify or repeal the pro- 
rendered for exchange, out of any money visions of Section 5,167 of the Revised 
in the treasury not otherwise appro- Statutes of the United States, authorizing 
priated, a sum not greater than the differ- the comptroller of the currency to require 
ence between their present worth, com- additional deposits of bonds or of lawful 
puted as aforesaid, and their par value, money in case the market value of the 
and the payments to be made hereunder bonds held to secure the circulating notes 
shall be held to be payments on account shall fall below the par value of the cir- 
of the sinking-fund created by Section culating notes outstanding for which such 
3,694 of the Revised Statutes: And pro- bonds may be deposited as security: And 
vided further, that the 2-per-cent. bonds, provided further, that the circulating 
to be issued under the provisions of this notes furnished to the national banking 
act shall be issued at not less than par, associations under the provisions of this 

230 



MONETARY REFORM MONITOR AND MERRIMAC 



act shall be of the denominations pre- ent and practicable to secure the same 
scribed by law, except that no national by concurrent action of the leading corn- 
banking association shall, after the pas- inercial nations of the world and at a 
sage of this act, be entitled to receive from ratio which shall insure permanence of 
the comptroller of the currency, or to relative value between gold and silver, 
issue or reissue or place in circulation, Monitor and Merrimac. At the mo- 
more than one-third in amount of its cir- ment when the Confederates evacuated 
dilating notes of the denomination of $5: Manassas a strange naval battle occurred 
And provided further, that the total in Hampton Roads. The Confederates 
amount of such notes issued to any such had raised the sunken Merrimac in the 
association may equal at any time, but Gosport navy-yard and converted it into 
shall not exceed, the amount at such time an iron-clad ram, which they called the 
of its capital stock actually paid in: And Virginia,, commanded by Captain Buchan- 
provided further, that under regulations an, late of the United States navy. She 
to be prescribed by the Secretary of the had gone down to Hampton Roads and de- 
Treasury any national banking association stroyed (March 8, 1862) the wooden sail- 
may substitute the 2 per cent, bonds is 
sued under the provisions of this act for 
any of the bonds deposited with the 
treasurer to secure circulation or to se 
cure deposits of public money; and so 
much of an act entitled " An act to en 
able national banking associations to ex 
tend their corporate existence, and for 
other purposes, approved July 12, 1882," 
as prohibits any national bank which 
makes any deposit of lawful money in 
order to withdraw its circulating notes 




MAP OF HAMPTON ROADS. 



from receiving any increase of its cir 
culation for the period of six months 
from the time it made such deposit of 
lawful money for the purpose aforesaid, 
is hereby repealed, and all other acts or 
parts of acts inconsistent with the pro 
visions of this section are hereby re 
pealed. 

SEC. 13. That every national banking 
association having on deposit, as pro 
vided by law, bonds of the United States 
bearing interest at the rate of 2 per 
cent, per annum, issued under the pro 
visions of this act, to secure its circulating ing frigates Congress and Cumberland, at 
notes, shall pay to the treasurer of the the mouth of the James River, and it was 
United States, in the months of January expected she would annihilate other ships 
and July, a tax of one-fourth of 1 per cent, there the next morning. Anxiously the 
each half-year upon the average amount army and navy officers of that vicinity 
of such of its notes in circulation as are passed the night of the 8th, for there ap- 
based upon the deposit of said 2 per cent, pearcd no competent human agency near 
bonds; and such taxes shall be in lieu of to avert the threatened disaster. Mean- 
existing taxes on its notes in circulation while another vessel of novel form and 
imposed by Section 5,214 of the Revised aspect had been constructed at Green- 
Statutes. point, L. I., N. Y., under the direction 

SEC. 14. That the provisions of this act of CAPT. JOHN ERICSSON (q. v.), who 
are not intended to preclude the accom- used Theodore R. Timby s invention of 
plishment of international bimetallism a revolving turret. It presented to the 
whenever conditions shall make it expcdi- eye, when afloat, a simple platform. 

231 



MONITOR AND MEBBIMAC 



sharp at both ends, and bearing in its 
centre a round Martello tower 20 feet in 
diameter and 10 feet in height, made, as 




INTERIOR OF THE MONITOR S TURRET. 

was the rest of the vessel, of heavy iron. 
It presented a bomb-proof fort, in which 
were mounted two 11-inch Dahlgren guns. 
The hull of this vessel was only Sy a feet 
in depth, with a flat bottom, and was 124 
feet in length, and 34 feet the greatest 
width at top. On this hull rested an 
other, 5 feet in height, that extended over 
the lower one 3 feet 7 inches all around, 
excepting at the ends, where it projected 
25 feet, by which protection was afforded 



guarded by a wall of white oak, 30 inches 
in thickness, on which was laid iron 
armor 6 inches in thickness. A shot to 
strike the lower hull would 
have to pass- through 25 feet 
of water, and then strike an 
inclined plane of iron ai an 
angle of about 10. The 
deck was well armed also. 

Such was the strange 
craft that entered Hampton 
Roads from the sea, under 
the command of LIEUT. 
JOHN L. WORDEN (q. v.), 
unheralded and unknown, 
at a little past midnight, 
March 9, on its trial trip. 
It had been named Monitor. 
^ It had been towed to the 

Roads by steamers, outrid 
ing a tremendous gale. 
Worden reported to the 
flag-officer of the fleet in the 
Roads, and was ordered to aid the Min 
nesota in the expected encounter with the 
Merrimac in the morning. It was a bright 
Sabbath morning. Before sunrise the dread 
ed Merrimac and her company came down 
from Norfolk. The stern guns of the Min 
nesota opened upon the formidable iron 
clad, when the little Monitor, which the 
Confederates called in derision a " cheese- 
box," ran out and placed herself by the 
side of the huge monster. She was like a 




BATTLE BKTWKKN THE MONITOR AND MERRIMAC, IN HAMPTON ROADS. 

the anchor, propeller, and rudder. The pigmy by the side of a giant. Suddenly 
whole was built of 3-inch iron, and was her mysterious citadel began to revolve, 
very buoyant. Its exposed parts were and from it her guns hurled ponderous 

232 



MONITOR AND MERRIMAC MONMOUTH 



shot in qviick succession. The Merrimac 
answered by heavy broadsides, and so 
they struggled for some time without in 
juring each other. Then the Monitor 
withdrew a little to seek a vulnerable part 
of her antagonist, while the Merrimac 
pounded her awfully, sometimes sending 
upon her masses of iron weighing 200 
pounds at a velocity of 200 feet per sec 
ond. These struck her deck and 
tower without harming them, and coni 
cal bolts that struck the latter glanced 
off as pebbles would fly from solid 
granite. The Merrimac drew off and at 
tacked the Minnesota. Seeing the latter 
in great peril, the Monitor ran between 



nished with sails. At her bow was a for 
midable wrought-iron ram or beak. She 
was accidentally set on fire and destroyed 
at her moorings at League Island, below 
Philadelphia, Dec. 15, 18C6. 

Monk s Corner, the scene of a notable 
surprise of American cavalry. While the 
British were besieging Charleston in 1780 
General Lincoln endeavored to keep an 
open communication with the country, 
across the Cooper River, so as to receive 
reinforcements, and, if necessary, to make 
a retreat. To close that communication 
Sir Henry Clinton detached Lieutenant- 
Colonel Webster, with 1,400 men. The 
advanced guard, composed of Tarleton s 




THK NKW IRONSIDES AND MONITOR. 



them. A most severe duel ensued, and 
as a result the Merrimac was so much 
disabled that she fled up to Norfolk, and 
did not again invite her little antagonist 
to combat. Worden was severely injured 
by concussion in the tower of the Monitor, 
and for a few days his life was in peril. 
This class of vessels was multiplied in the 
National navy, and did good service. A 
comparison of the appearance of the two 
vessels may be made in looking at the en 
graving of the New Ironsides and Monitor. 
The New Ironsides was a powerful vessel 
built in Philadelphia. It had a wooden 
hull covered with iron plates four inches 
in thickness. Her aggregate weight of 
guns was 284,000 Ibs., two of them 200- 
pounder Parrott guns. She had two 
horizontal steam-engines, and was fur- 



legion and Ferguson s corps, surprised the 
American cavalry (about 300 men), with 
militia attached to them, under the com 
mand of Gen. Isaac linger, who were sta 
tioned at Biggin s Bridge, near Monk s 
Corner. The Americans were attacked 
just at dawn (April 14) and were scat 
tered. Twenty-five of the Americans were 
killed; the remainder fled to the swamps. 
Tarleton secured nearly 300 horses, and, 
after closing Lincoln s communications 
with the country, he returned to the Brit 
ish camp in triumph. 

Monmouth, BATTLE OF. Just before 
the dawn of June 18, 1778, the British be 
gan their evacuation of Philadelphia. 
They crossed the Delaware to Gloucester 
Point, and that evening encamped around 
Haddonfield, a few miles southeast from 



233 



MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF 



Camden, X. J. The news of this evacua 
tion reached Washington, at Valley Forge, 
before morning. He immediately sent 
General Maxwell, with his brigade, to co 
operate with the New Jersey militia under 
General Dickinson in retarding the march 
of the British, who, when they crossed the 
river, were 17,000 strong in effective men. 
They marched in two divisions, one under 
Cornwallis and the other led by Knyphau- 
sen. General Arnold, whose wounds kept 
him from the field, entered Philadelphia 
with a detachment before the rear-guard 
of the British had left it. The remainder 
of the army, under the immediate com 
mand of Washington, crossed the Dela 
ware above Trenton and pursued. GEN. 
CHARLES LEE (q. v.) , who had been ex 
changed, was now with the army, and per 
sistently opposed all interference with 
Clinton s march across New Jersey, and 
found fault with everything. 

Clinton had intended to march to New 
Brunswick and embark his army on Rari- 
tan Bay for New York; but, finding Wash 
ington in his path, he turned, at Allen- 
town, towards Monmouth, to make his 
way to Sandy Hook, and thence to New 
York by water. Washington followed him 
in a parallel line, prepared to strike him 
whenever an opportunity should offer, 
while Clinton wished to avoid a battle, 
for he was encumbered with baggage- 




OLD MOXMOCTH COURT-HOl SB. 



wagons and a host of camp-followers, 
making his line 12 miles in length. He 
encamped near the court-house in Free 
hold, Monmouth co., N. J., on June 27, 
and there Washington resolved to strike 
him if he should move the next morning, 
for it was important to prevent his reach 
ing the advantageous position of Middle- 
town Heights. General Lee was now in 
command of the advanced corps. Wash 
ington ordered him to form a plan of at 
tack, but he omitted to do so, or to give 
any orders to Wayne, Lafayette, or Max 
well, who called upon him. And when, 
the next morning (June 28) a hot Sab 
bath Washington was told Clinton was 
about to move, and ordered Lee to fall 
upon the British rear, unless there should 
be grave reasons for not doing so, that 
officer so tardily obeyed that he allowed 
his antagonist ample time to prepare for 
battle. 

When Lee did move, he seemed to have 
no plan, and by his orders and counter- 
orders so perplexed his generals that they 
sent a request to Washington to appear 
on the field with the main army immedi 
ately. And while Wayne was attacking 
with vigor, with a sure prospect of vic 
tory, Lee ordered him to make only a 
feint. At that moment Clinton changed 
front, and sent a large force, horse and 
foot, to attack Wayne. Lafayette, believ 
ing there was now a good opportunity to 
gain the rear of the British, rode quickly 
up to Lee and asked permission to at 
tempt the movement. He at first refused, 
but, seeing the earnestness of the marquis, 
he yielded a little, and ordered him to 
wheel his column by the right and attack 
Clinton s left. At the same time he weak 
ened Wayne s detachment by taking throe 
regiments from it to support the right. 
Then, being apparently disconcerted by a 
movement of the British, he ordered his 
right to fall back; and Generals Scott and 
Maxwell, who were then about to attack, 
were ordered to retreat. At the same time 
Lafayette received a similar order, a gen 
eral retreat began, and the British pur 
sued. In this Ilight and pursuit Lee 
showed no disposition to check either 
party, and the retreat became a disorder 
ly flight. Washington was then pressing 
forward to the support of Lee, when he 
was met by the astounding intelligence 
234 



MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF 



that the advance division was in full re 
treat. Lee had sent him no word of this 
disastrous movement. 

The fugitives, falling back upon the 
main army, might endanger the whole. 
Washington s indignation was fearfully 
aroused, and when he met Lee, at the 



The two armies now confronted each 
other. The British, about 7,000 strong, 
were upon a narrow road, bounded by 
morasses. Their cavalry attempted to 
turn the American left flank, but were re 
pulsed and disappointed. The regiments 
of foot came up, when a severe battle 




BATTLK-GROl XD AT MO.NMOl TH. 



head of the second retreating column, he 
rode up to him, and, in a tone of wither 
ing reproof, he exclaimed, " Sir, I desire 
to know what is the reason and whence 
comes this disorder and confusion?" 
Lee replied sharply, " You know the at 
tack was contrary to my advice and opin 
ion." The chief replied in a tone that 
indicated the depth of his indignation, 
" You should not have undertaken the 
command unless you intended to carry 
it out." There was no time for alterca 
tion, and, wheeling his horse, he hastened 
to Ramsay and Stewart, in the rear, and 
soon rallied a greater portion of their 
regiments, and ordered Oswald to take 
post on an eminence near, with two guns. 
These pieces, skilfully handled, soon 
checked the enemy. Washington s pres 
ence inspired the troops with courage, 
and ten minutes after he appeared the re 
treat was ended. The troops, lately a 
fugitive mob, were soon in orderly battle 
array on an eminence on which Gen. Lord 
Stirling placed some batteries. The line, 
then, was commanded on the right by 
General Greene, and on the left by Stirling. 



occurred with musketry and cannon. The 
American artillery, under the general di 
rection of Knox, did great execution. 
For a while the result seemed doubtful, 
when General Wayne came up with a 
body of troops and gave victory to the 
Americans. Colonel Monckton, perceiv 
ing that the fate of the conflict depend 
ed upon driving Wayne away or captur 
ing him, led his troops to a bayonet 
charge. So terrible was Wayne s storm 
of bullets upon them that almost every 
British officer was slain. Their brave 
leader was among the killed, as he was 
pressing forward, waving his sword and 
shouting to his men. His veterans then 
retreated, and fell back to the heights oc 
cupied by Lee in the morning. The battle 
ended at twilight, when the wearied 
armies rested on their weapons, prepared 
for another conflict at dawn. 

Through the dee p sands of the roads, 
Clinton withdrew his army so silently 
towards midnight that he w r as far on his 
way towards Sandy Hook when the 
American sentinels discovered his flight 
in the morning (June 29). Washington 



MONOCACY 




RELICS OF THE BATTLE OP MONMOUTII. 

did not pursue, and the British escaped 
to New York. They had lost 1,000 men by 
desertion while crossing New Jersey, and 
they left four officers and 245 non-commis 
sioned officers and privates on the field, 
taking with them many of the wounded. 
They lost fifty-nine by the terrible heat 
of the day. More than fifty Americans 
died from the same cause. The loss of 
the Americans was 228, killed, wounded, 
and missing. Many of the latter after 
wards returned to the army. Washing 
ton marched northward, crossed the Hud 
son River, and encamped in Westchester 
county, N. Y., until late in the autumn. 
See PITCHER, MOLLY. 

Mouocacy, BATTLE OF. On July 5, 18G4, 
GEN. LEW. WALLACE (q. v.), in command 
of the Middle Department, with his 
headquarters at Baltimore, received in 
formation that GEN. JUBAL A. EARLY (q. 
v.), with 15,000 or 20,000 Confederates, 
who had invaded Maryland, was march 
ing on Baltimore. Already General 
Grant had been informed of the invasion, 
and had sent General Wright, with the 
Gth Corps, to protect the capital. Gen. 
E. B. Tyler was at Frederick with about 
1,000 troops, and Wallace gathered there, 
on the Gth, all the available troops in his 
department that could be spared from the 
duties of watching the railways leading 
into Baltimore from the North. He sent 
Colonel Clendennin to search for positive 



information with 400 men and a section 
of artillery, and at Middletown he en 
countered 1,000 Confederates under Brad 
ley Johnson, a Marylander, who pushed 
him steadily back towards Frederick. 
There was a sharp fight near Frederick 
that day (July 7, 1804), and, at 6 P.M. 
Gilpin s regiment charged the Confeder 
ates and drove them back to the moun 
tains. Satisfied that the destination of 
the invaders was Washington, and know 
ing it was then too weak in troops to re 
sist the Confederates successfully, Wal 
lace threw his little force in front of 
them to impede their march. He with 
drew his troops from Frederick to a 
chosen position on the left bank of the 
Monocacy, and on the 9th fought the in 
vaders desperately for eight hours. Wal 
lace had been joined by the brigade of 
Ricketts, the advance of the oncoming Gth 
Corps. Although finally defeated, this little 
band of Nationals had kept the invading 
host at bay long enough to allow the re 
mainder of the Gth Corps to reach Wash 
ington. Wallace s troops had thus gained 
a real victory that saved the capital. So 
declared the Secretary of War and the 
lieutenant-general. The check to the Con- 




I l.AN OK THK HAITI, K OF .MONOCACY. 



23G 



MONONGAHELA MONROE 



federates, altogether, was over thirty 
hours. The number of National troops en 
gaged in the hattle was about 5,500; the 
Confederates numbered about 20,000. The 
Nationals lost 1,959 men, of whom 98 were 
killed, 579 wounded, and 1,282 missing. 

Monongahela, BATTLE OF. See BKAD- 
DO< K, EDWARD. 

Monroe, ANDUEW, clergyman; born in 
Virginia, Oct. 29, 1792; became a Metho 
dist preacher in 1815, joining the Ohio 
conference. He was sent as a circuit rider 
to the outline settlements in Ohio, Ken 
tucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, the great 
er portion of his labors being in Missouri, 
where he was known as the patriot of 



Methodism. He died in Mexico, Mo., 
Nov. 18, 1871. 

Monroe, ELIZABETH KOUTWRIGHT, wife 
of President James Monroe ; born in New 
York City in 1708; married Monroe in 
1786; accompanied her husband abroad in 
1794 and 1803. She was instrumental in 
obtaining the release of Madame Lafay 
ette during the French Revolution. She 
died in London county, Va., in 1830. 

Monroe, HATCIUKT. poet; born in Chi 
cago, 111., Dec. 23, I860. She was the au 
thor of the Columbian ode which was read 
and sung at the opening ceremonies of 
the 400th anniversary of the discovery of 
America, Oct. 21, 1892. 



MONROE, JAMES 



Monroe, JAMES, fifth President of the 
United States; born in Westmoreland 
county, Va., April 28, 1759; graduated 
at the College of William and Mary 
in 1776; immediately joined the patriot 
army as a cadet in Mercer s regiment ; and 
was in the engagements at Harlem Plains, 
White Plains, and Trenton. He was 
wounded in the latter engagement, and 
was promoted to a captaincy for his 
bravery. In 1777-78 he was aide to 
Lord Stirling, and was distinguished 
at the battles of Brandywine, German- 
town, and Monmouth. After the latter 
battle he left the army, studied law un 
der Jefferson, and again took up arms 
when Virginia was invaded by Cornwallis. 
In 1780 he visited the Southern army un 
der De Kalb as military commissioner 
from Virginia, and was a member of the 
Virginia Assembly in 1782. He soon be 
came a member of the executive council, 
a delegate in Congress, and in his State 
convention in 1788 he opposed the ratifica 
tion of the national Constitution. From 
1790 to 1794 he was United States Sen 
ator. In May of the latter year he was ap 
pointed minister to France, though an op 
ponent of Washington s administration, but 
was recalled in 1796, because of his oppo 
sition to Jay s treaty (see JAY, JOHN). 
In defence of his conduct, he published the 
whole diplomatic correspondence with his 
government while he was in Paris. From 
1799 to 1802 he was governor of Virginia, 
and in 1802 was sent as envoy to France. 



The next year he was United States min 
ister at the Court of St. James. In 1805 
he was associated with CHARLES C. PIXCK- 
KEY (q. v.) in a negotiation with Spain, 
and, with William Pinkney, he negotiated 
a treaty with England in 1807, which Jef 
ferson rejected because it did not provide 
against impressments. Serving in his 
State Assembly, he was again elected gov 
ernor in 1811, and was Madison s Secre 
tary of State during a large portion of 
that President s administration. From Sep 
tember, 1814, to March, 1815, he performed 
the duties of Secretary of War. 

Before the close of Madison s adminis 
tration the Federal party had so much de 
clined in strength that a nomination for 
office by the Democratic party was equiva 
lent to an election. On March 16, 1816, a 
congressional Democratic caucus was held, 
at which the names of James Monroe 
and WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD (q. v.) were 
presented for nomination. There were 
many who did not like Monroe who were 
ready to press the nomination of Craw 
ford, and, had he been inclined for a 
struggle, he might have received the votes 
of the caucus. There had been much in 
triguing before the caucus. At that gath 
ering Henry Clay and John Taylor, of 
New York, moved that congressional cau 
cus nominations for the Presidency were 
inexpedient and ought not to be continued. 
These motions having failed, Monroe re 
ceived 65 votes to 54 for Crawford. Dan 
iel D. Tompkins received 85 votes of the 
37 



MONROE, JAMES 



caucus for Vice-President to 30 for Gov 
ernor Snyder. After the election in the 
autumn it was found, when the votes of 
the electoral colleges were counted, that 
Monroe had received the votes of all the 
States excepting Massachusetts, Connecti 
cut, and Delaware, which gave Rufus King 
34 electoral votes. Three federal electors 
chosen in Maryland and one in Delaware 
did not vote at all. 

Monroe received 183 of the 221 votes, 
and Tompkins the same number for Vice- 
President. Monroe was inaugurated on 
March 4, 1817, and entered upon the duties 
of his office under the most favorable cir 
cumstances. His inaugural address was 
liberal in its tone and gave general satis 
faction; and the beginning of his admin 
istration was regarded as the dawning of 
an " era of good feeling." President Mon 
roe had been iirged by General Jackson, 
with whom he was on terms of great inti 
macy, to disregard former party divisions 
in the formation of his cabinet, and to use 
his influence and power to destroy party 
spirit by appointing the best men to office 
without regard to their political prefer 
ences. He preferred to follow the example 
of Jefferson and Madison, and appoint only 



those of his own political faith. He chose 
John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, for 
Secretary of State; William H. Crawford, 
of Georgia, Secretary of the Treasury; and 
John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, for 
Secretary of War. These were all aspir 
ants for the Presidential chair. B. W. 
Crowninshield was continued Secretary of 
the Navy, to which office Madison had ap 
pointed him in December, 1814, and Rich 
ard Rush continued in the office of Attor 
ney-General until succeeded, Nov. 13, 1817, 
by William Wirt. Return J. Meigs was 
continued Postmaster-General, to which 
office Madison had appointed him in 1817. 
After his first term, so faithfully had 
President Monroe adhered to the promises 
of his inaugural address, that he was not 
only renominated, with Tompkins as Vice- 
President, but was elected by an almost 
unanimous vote in the electoral college. 
Only one elector voted against Monroe, and 
but fourteen against Tompkins. That re 
election was at the commencement of a 
new political era. The reannexation of 
Florida to the United States, the recog 
nized extension of the domain of the re 
public to the Pacific Ocean, and the parti 
tion of those new acquisitions between 




MONROE S RESIDENCE AT OAK HILL, VA. 
238 







TOMB OF MOJiROE. 



MONROE, JAMES 

present session, of which I shall endeavor 
to give, in aid of your deliberations, a just 
idea in this communication. I undertake 
this duty with diffidence, from the vast 
extent of the interests on which I have to 
treat and of their great importance to ev 
ery portion of our Union. I enter on it 
with zeal, from thorough conviction that 
there never was a period since the estab 
lishment of our Revolution when, regard 
ing the condition of the civilized world 
and its bearing on us, there was greater 
necessity for devotion in the public ser 
vants to their respective duties, or for 
virtue, patriotism, and union in our con 
stituents. 

Meeting in you a new Congress, I deem 
it proper to present this view of public 
affairs in greater detail than might other 
wise be necessary. I do it, however, with 
peculiar satisfaction, from a knowledge 
that in this respect I shall comply more 
fully with the sound principles of our 
government. The people being with us 

freedom and slavery marked a new depart- exclusively the sovereign, it is indis- 
ure. All the old landmarks of party had pensable that full information be laid 
been uprooted by embargoes and the war, before them on all important subjects to 
and, by the question of the United States enable them to exercise that high power 
Bank, internal improvements, and the with complete effect. If kept in the dark, 
tariff, had been almost completely swept they must be incompetent to it. We are 
away. During his administration he rec- all liable to error, and those who are en- 
ognized the independence of several of the gaged in the management of public affairs 
South American states, and promulgated are more subject to excitement, and to 
the " Monroe Doctrine " (see below). He be led astray by their particular inter- 
retired to private life in 1825, and in 1831, ests and passions, than the great body 
after the death of his wife, he left Vir- of our constituents, who, being at home 
ginia and made his residence with his in the pursuit of their ordinary avocations, 
son-in-law, Samuel L. Gouverneur, in the are calm but deeply interested spectators 
city of New York, where he died, July of events, and of the conduct of those 
4, 1831. who are parties to them. To the people, 

The Monroe Doctrine. This great na- every department of the government and 
tional principle, which the United States every individual in each are responsible, 
has most strenuously maintained ever and the more full their information the 
since its enunciation, was proclaimed by better they can judge of the wisdom of 
President Monroe in his message to Con- the policy pursued, and of the conduct 
gress on Dec. 2, 1823. The declaration of each in regard to it. From their dis- 
itself consists of but few words and is passionate judgment much aid may always 
here printed in italics; but to afford a be obtained, while their approbation will 
fuller view of its far-reaching import, as form the greatest incentive and most 
well as to show the national conditions gratifying reward for virtuous actions, 
which called it forth, the entire message and the dread of their censure the be.st 
is reproduced as follows: security against the abuse of their con 

fidence. Their interests in all vital ques- 

Fellow-citizens of the Senate and House tions are the same, and the bond by 
of Representatives, Many important sub- sentiment as well as by interest will be 
jects will claim your attention during the proportionately strengthened as they are 

239 



MONROE, JAMES 

better informed of the real state of public ests of both parties, a negotiation has 

affairs, especially in difficult conjunctures, been opened with the British government 

It is by such knowledge that local preju- which, it is hoped, will have a satisfactory 

dices and jealousies are surmounted, and result. 

that a national policy, extending its fos- The commissioners under the sixth and 

tering care and protection to all the great seventh articles of the treaty of Ghent, 

interests of our Union, is formed and having successfully closed their labors in 

steadily adhered to. relation to the sixth, have proceeded to 

A precise knowledge of our relations the discharge of those relating to the 
with foreign powers, as respects our nego- seventh. Their progress in the extensive 
tuitions and transactions with each, is survey required for the performance of 
thought to be particularly necessary, their duties, justifies the presumption that 
Equally necessary is it that we should it will be completed in the ensuing year, 
form a just estimate of our resources, The negotiation which had been long 
revenue, and progress in every kind of depending with the French government 
improvement connected with the national on several important subjects, and par- 
prosperity and public defence. It is by ticularly for a just indemnity for losses 
rendering justice to other nations that sustained in the late wars by the citizens 
we may expect it from them. It is by of the United States, under unjustifiable 
our ability to resent injuries and redress seizures and confiscations of their proper - 
wrongs that we may avoid them. ty, has not as yet had the desired effect. 

The commissioners under the fifth ar- As this claim rests on the same principle 
tide of the treaty of Ghent, having dis- with others which have been admitted 
agreed in their opinions respecting that by the French government, it is not per- 
portion of the boundary between the ter- ceived on what just grounds it can be 
ritories of the United States and of Great rejected. A minister will be immediately 
Britain, the establishment of which had appointed to proceed to France and resume 
been submitted to them, have made their the negotiations on this and other subjects 
respective reports in compliance with that which may arise between the two nations, 
article, that the same might be referred At the proposal of the Eussian imperial 
to the decision of a friendly power. It government, made through the minister of 
being manifest, however, that it would the Emperor residing here, a full power 
be difficult, if not impossible, for any and instructions have been transmitted 
power to perform that office without great to the minister of the United States at 
delay and much inconvenience to itself, St. Petersburg, to arrange, by amicable 
a proposal has been made by this govern- negotiations, the respective rights and 
ment, and acceded to by that of Great interests of the two nations on the north- 
Britain, to endeavor to establish that west coast of this continent. A similar 
boundary by amicable negotiation. It ap- proposal has been made by his Imperial 
pearing, from long experience, that no Majesty to the government of Great 
satisfactory arrangement could be formed Britain, which has likewise been acceded 
of the commercial intercourse between to. The government of the United States 
the United States and the British colo- has been desirous, by this friendly pro- 
nies in this hemisphere by legislative acts, ceeding, of manifesting the great value 
while each party pursued its own course which they have invariably attached to 
without agreement or concert with the the friendship of the Emperor, and their 
other, a proposal has been made to the solicitude to cultivate the best understand- 
British government to regulate this com- ing with his government. In the discus- 
merce by treaty, as it has been to arrange sions to which this interest has given rise, 
in like manner the just claim of the and in the arrangements by which they 
citizens of the United States inhabiting may terminate, the occasion has been 
the States and Territories bordering on judged proper for asserting, as a principle 
the lakes and rivers which empty into the in which the rights and interests of the 
St. Lawrence to the navigation of that United States are involved, that the Amer- 
river to the ocean. For these and other ican continents, by the free and iudepen- 
objects of high importance to the inter- dent condition which they have assumed 

240 



MONROE, JAMES 

and maintain, are henceforth not to be had arrived when the proposal for adopt- 

considered as subjects for future colo- ing it as a permanent and invariable rule 

nization by any European powers. in all future maritime wars might meet 

Since the close of the last session of the favorable consideration of the great 
Congress, the commissioners and arbitra- European powers. Instructions have ac 
tors for ascertaining and determining the cordingly been given to our ministers with 
amount of indemnification which may be France, Russia, and Great Britain, to 
due to citizens of the United States under make these proposals to their respective 
the decision of his Imperial Majesty the governments; and when the friends of 
Emperor of Russia, in conformity to the humanity reflect on the essential amelio- 
convention concluded at St. Petersburg, ration to the condition of the human race 
on July 12, 1822, have assembled in this which would result from the abolition of 
city and organized themselves as a board private war on the sea, and on the great 
for the performance of the duties assigned facility by which it might be accom- 
to them by that treaty. The commission plished, requiring only the consent of a few 
constituted under the eleventh article of sovereigns, an earnest hope is indulged 
the treaty of Feb. 22, 1819, between the that these overtures will meet with an at- 
United States and Spain, is also in session tention animated by the spirit in which 
here; and as the term of three years lim- they were made, and that they will ulti- 
ited by the treaty for the execution of the matoly be successful. 

trust will expire before the period of the The ministers who were appointed to 

next regular meeting of Congress, the at- the republics of Colombia and Buenos 

tention of the legislature will be drawn to Ayres during the last session of Congress 

the measures which may be necessary to proceeded, shortly afterwards, to their des- 

accomplish the objects for which the com- tinations. Of their arrival there official 

mission was instituted. intelligence has not yet been received. The 

In compliance with a resolution of the minister appointed to the republic of Chile 
House of Representatives adopted at their will sail in a few days. An early ap- 
last session, instructions have been given pointment will also be made to Mexico, 
to all the ministers of the United States A minister has been received from Co- 
accredited to the powers of Europe and lombia; and the other governments have 
America to propose the proscription of the been informed that ministers, or diplo- 
African slave-trade by classing it under matic agents of inferior grade, would be 
the denomination, and inflicting on its received from each accordingly, as they 
perpetrators the punishment, of piracy, might prefer the one or the other. 
Should this proposal be acceded to, it is The minister appointed to Spain pro- 
not doubted that this odious and criminal ceeded, soon after his appointment, for 
practice will be promptly and entirely Cadiz, the residence of the sovereign to 
suppressed. It is earnestly hoped that whom he was accredited. In approach- 
it will be acceded to from a firm belief ing that port, the frigate which conveyed 
that it is the most effectual expedient that him was warned off by the commander of 
can be adopted for the purpose. the French squadron by which it was 

At the commencement of the recent blockaded, and not permitted to enter, al- 
war between France and Spain it was de- though apprised by the captain of the 
clared by the French government that it frigate of the public character of the 
would grant no commissions to privateers, person whom he had on board, the land- 
that neither the commerce of Spain her- ing of whom was the sole object of his 
self nor of the neutral nations should be proposed entry. This act, being consid- 
molested by the naval force of France, ered an infringement of the rights of am- 
except in the breach of a lawful block- Vassadors and of nations, will form a 
ade. This declaration, which appears to just cause of complaint to the government 
have been faithfully carried into effect, of France against the officer by whom it 
concurring with principles proclaimed was committed. 

and cherished by the United States from The actual condition of the public 

the first establishment of their indepen- finances more than realizes the favorable 

dence, suggested the hope that the time anticipations that were entertained of it 
VT. Q 241 



MONROE, JAMES 

at the opening of the last session of Con- The board of engineers and the topo- 

gress. On Jan. 1 there was a balance in graphical corps have been in constant 

the treasury of $4,237,427.55. From that and active service, in surveying the coast, 

time to Sept. 30 the receipts amounted to and projecting the works necessary for 

upward of $16,100,000, and the expendi- its defence. 

tures to $11,400,000. During the fourth The Military Academy has attained a 

quarter of the year it is estimated that the degree of perfection in its discipline and 

receipts will at least equal the expendi- instruction equal, as is believed, to any 

tures, and that there will remain in the institution of its kind in any country, 

treasury on Jan. 1 next a surplus of The money appropriated for the use 

nearly $9,000,000. of the ordnance department has been 

On Jan. 1, 1825, a large amount of the regularly and economically applied. The 
war debt and a part of the Revolutionary fabrication of arms at the national 
debt will become redeemable. Additional armories, and by contract with the de- 
portions of the former will continue to partment, has been gradually improving 
become redeemable annually until the year in quality and cheapness. It is believed 
1835. It is believed, however, that, if the that their quality is now such as to admit 
United States remain at peace, the whole of but little improvement, 
of that debt may be redeemed by the ordi- The completion of the fortifications 
nary revenue of those years, during that renders it necessary that there should 
period, under the provisions of the act of be a suitable appropriation for the pur- 
March 3, 1817, creating the sinking fund; pose of fabricating the cannon and car- 
and in that case the only part of the debt riages necessary for those works, 
that will remain after the year 1835 will Under the appropriation of $5,000 for 
be the $7,000,000 of 5 per cent, stock sub- exploring the Western waters for the loca- 
scribed to the Bank of the United States, tion of a site for a Western armory, a 
and the 3 per cent. Revolutionary debt, commission was constituted, consisting of 
amounting to $13,296,099.06, both of Colonel McRee, Colonel Lee, and Captain 
which are redeemable at the pleasure of Talcott, who have been engaged in ex- 
the government. ploring the country. They have not yet 

The state of the army and its organi- reported the result of their labors, but 

zation and discipline has been gradually it is believed that they will be prepared 

improving for several years, and has now to do it at an early part of the session 

attained a high degree of perfection. The of Congress. 

military disbursements have been regu- During the month of June last, Gen- 

larly made, and the accounts regularly eral Ashley and his party, who were trad- 

and promptly rendered for settlement, ing under a license from the government, 

The supplies of various descriptions have were attacked by the Ricarees while 

been of good quality, and regularly is- peaceably trading with the Indians at 

sued at all of the posts. A system of their request. Several of the party were 

economy and accountability has been killed or wounded, and their property 

introduced into every branch of the taken or destroyed. 

service, which admits of little additional Colonel Leavenworth, who commanded 

improvement. This desirable state has Fort Atkinson, at the Council Bluffs, the 

been attained by the act reorganizing most western post, apprehending that the 

the staff of the army, passed on April hostile spirit of the Ricarees would ex- 

14, 1818. tend to other tribes in that quarter, and 

The moneys appropriated for fortifica- that thereby the lives of the traders on 

tions have been regularly and economi- the Missouri, and the peace of the fron- 

cally applied, and all the works advanced tier, would be endangered, took imme- 

as rapidly as the amoiint appropriated diate measures to check the evil, 

would admit. Three important works With a detachment of the regiment sta- 

will be completed in the course of this tioned at the Bluffs, he successfully at- 

year that is, Fort Washington, Fort tacked the Ricaree village, and it is 

Delaware, and the fort at the Rigolets in hoped that such an impression has been 

Louisiana. made on them, as well as on the other 

242 



MONROE, JAMES 



tribes on the Missouri, as will prevent a 
recurrence of future hostility. 

The report of the Secretary of War, 
which is herewith transmitted, will ex 
hibit in greater detail the condition of 
the department in its various branches, 
and the progress which has been made in 
its administration during the first three 
quarters of the year. 

I transmit a return of the militia of 
the several States, according to the last 
reports which have been made by the 
proper officers in each to the Department 
of War. By reference to this return, it 
will be seen that it is not complete, al 
though great exertions have been made to 
make it so. As the defence, and even the 
liberties, of the country must depend, in 
times of imminent danger, on the militia, 
it is of the highest importance that it be 
Avell organized, armed, and disciplined, 
throughout the Union. The report of the 
Secretary of War shows the progress made 
during the first three quarters of the pres 
ent year, by the application of the fund 
appropriated for arming the militia. Much 
difficulty is found in distribiiting the arms 
according to the act of Congress provid 
ing for it, from the failure of the proper 
departments in many of the States to 
make regular returns. The act of May 
12, 1820, provides that the system of 
tactics and regulations of the various 
corps in the regular army shall be ex 
tended to the militia. This act has been 
very imperfectly executed, from the want 
of uniformity in the organization of the 
militia, proceeding from the defects of 
the system itself, and especially in its ap 
plication to that main arm of the public 
defence. It is thought that this important 
subject, in all its branches, merits the at 
tention of Congress. 



In the West Indies and the Gulf of 
Mexico our naval force has been augment 
ed by the addition of several small vessels, 
provided for by the " act authorizing an 
additional naval force for the suppression 
of piracy," passed by Congress at their 
last session. That armament has been emi 
nently successful in the accomplishment of 
its object. The piracies by which our com 
merce in the neighborhood of the island of 
Cuba had been afflicted have been repress 
ed, and the confidence of our merchants, in 
a great measure, restored. 

The patriotic zeal and enterprise of 
Commodore Porter, to whom the command 
of the expedition was confided, has been 
fully seconded by the officers and men un 
der his command; and, in reflecting with 
high satisfaction on the honorable manner 
in which they have sustained the reputa 
tion of their country and its navy, the 
sentiment is alloyed only by a concern 
that, in the fulfilment of that arduous 
service, the diseases incident to the sea 
son and to the climate in which it was 
discharged have deprived the nation of 
many useful lives, and among them of sev 
eral officers of great promise. 

In the month of August a very malig 
nant fever made its appearance at Thomp 
son s Island, which threatened the destruc 
tion of our station there. Many perished, 
and the commanding officer was severely 
attacked. Uncertain as to his fate, and 
knowing that most of the medical officers 
had been rendered incapable of discharging 
their duties, it was thought expedient to 
send to that post an officer of rank and 
experience, with several skilful surgeons, 
to ascertain the origin of the fever, and 
the probability of its recurrence there in 
future seasons; to furnish every assistance 
to those who were suffering, and, if prac- 



The report of the Secretary of the Navy, ticable, to avoid the necessity of abandon- 
which is now communicated, furnishes an ing so important a station. Commodore 
account of the administration of that de- Rodgers, with a promptitude which did 
partment for the first three quarters of him honor, cheerfully accepted that trust, 
the present year, with the progress made and has discharged it in the manner an- 
in augmenting the navy, and the manner ticipated from his skill and patriotism. 

in commission have Before his arrival, Commodore Porter, 

with the greater part of the squadron, 
had removed from the island, and return 
ed to the United States, in consequence 
of the prevailing sickness. Much useful 



in which the vessels 
been employed. 

The usual force has been maintained in 
the Mediterranean Sea, the Pacific Ocean, 
and along the Atlantic coast, and has af 
forded the necessary protection to our 
commerce in those seas. 

243 



information has, however, been obtained 
as to the state of the island, and great 



MONROE, JAMES 



relief afforded to those who had been 
necessarily left there. 

Although our expedition, co-operating 
with an invigorated administration of the 
government of the island of Cuba, and 
with the corresponding active exertions 
of a British naval force in the same seas, 
have almost entirely destroyed the un 
licensed piracies from that island, the suc 
cess of our exertions has not been equally 
effectual to suppress the same crime, under 
other pretences and colors, in the neigh 
boring island of Porto Rico. They have 
been committed there under the abusive 
issue of Spanish commissions. At an 
early period of the present year remon 
strances were made to the governor of that 
island by an agent, who was sent for the 
purpose, against those outrages on the 
peaceful commerce of the United States, 
of which many had occurred. That offi 
cer, professing his own want of authority 
to make satisfaction for our just com 
plaints, answered only by a reference of 
them to the government of Spain. The 
minister of the United States to that Court 
was specially instructed to urge the neces 
sity of the immediate and effectual inter 
position of that government, directing 
restitution and indemnity for wrongs al 
ready committed and interdicting the repe 
tition of them. The minister, as has been 
seen, was debarred access to the Spanish 
government, and, in the mean time, several 
new cases of flagrant outrage have oc 
curred, and citizens of the United States 
in the island of Porto Rico have suffered, 
and others been threatened with assassina 
tion, for asserting their unquestionable 
rights, even before the lawful tribunals of 
the country. 

The usual orders have been given to all 
our public ships to seize American vessels 
engaged in the slave-trade, and bring 
them in for adjudication; and I have the 
gratification to state that not one so em 
ployed has been discovered, and there is 
good reason to believe that our flag is now 
seldom, if at all, disgraced by that traffic. 

It is a source of great satisfaction that 
we are always enabled to recur to the con 
duct of our navy with pride and com 
mendation. As a means of national de 
fence, it enjoys the public confidence, and 
is steadily assuming additional impor 
tance. It is submitted, whether a more 



efficient and equally economical organiza 
tion of it might not, in several respects, be 
effected. It is supposed that higher 
grades than now exist by law would be 
useful. They would alford well-merited 
rewards to those who have long and faith 
fully served their country; present the 
best incentives to good conduct, and the 
best means of insuring a proper discipline ; 
destroy the inequality in that respect be 
tween the military and naval services, and 
relieve our officers from many inconven 
iences and mortifications which occur 
when our vessels meet those of other 
nations ours being the only service in 
which such grades do not exist. 

A report of the Postmaster-General, 
which accompanies this communication, 
will show the present state of the Post- 
office Department, and its general opera 
tions for some years past. 

There is established by law 88,600 miles 
of post-roads, on which the mail is now 
transported 85,700 miles; and contracts 
have been made for its transportation on 
all the established routes, with one or two 
exceptions. There are 5,240 post-offices in 
the Union, and as many postmasters. The 
gross amount of postage which accrued 
from July 1, 1822, to July 1, 1823, was 
$1,114,345.12. During the same period 
the expenditures of the Post-office De 
partment amounted to $1,169,885.50, and 
consisted of the following items: Compen 
sation to postmasters, $353,995.98; inci 
dental expenses, $30,866.37 ; transportation 
of the mail, $784,600.08; payments into the 
treasury, $423.08. On July 1 last there 
was due to the department, from post 
masters, $135,245.28; from late postmas 
ters and contractors, $256,749.31, making 
a total amount of balances due to the de 
partment of $391,994.59. These balances 
embrace all delinquencies of postmasters 
and contractors which have taken place 
since the organization of the department. 
There was due by the department to con 
tractors, on July 1 last, $26,548.64. 

The transportation of the mail within 
five years past has been greatly extended, 
and the expenditures of the department 
proportionately increased. Although the 
postage which has accrued within the last 
three years has fallen short of the expendi 
tures $262,841.46, it appears that collec 
tions have been made from the outstand- 



244 



MONROE, JAMES 

ing balances to meet the principal part tlement, the difficulty of settling the resi- 

of the current demands. due is increased from the consideration 

It is estimated that not more than that, in many instances, it can be obtained 

$250,000 of the above balances can be only by a legal process. For more precise 

collected, and that a considerable part of details on this subject, I refer to a re- 

this sum can only be realized by a resort port from the first comptroller of the 

to legal process. Some improvement in treasury. 

the receipts for postage is expected. A The sum which was appropriated at the 
prompt attention to the collection of last session for the repair of the Cumber- 
moneys received by postmasters, it is be- land road has been applied with good 
lieved, will enable the department to con- effect to that object. A final report has 
tinue its operations without aid from the not yet been received from the agent who 
treasury, unless the expenditure shall be was appointed to superintend it. As soon 
increased by the establishment of new as it is received it shall be communicated 
mail-routes. to Congress. 

A revision of some parts of the post- Many patriotic and enlightened citizens, 
office law may be necessary; and it is who have made the subject an object of 
submitted whether it would not be proper particular investigation, have suggested 
to provide for the appointment of post- an improvement of still greater impor- 
masters, where the compensation exceeds tance. They are of opinion that the waters 
a certain amount, by nomination to the of the Chesapeake and Ohio may be con- 
Senate, as other officers of the general neeted together by one continued canal, 
government are appointed. and at an expense far short of the value 

Having communicated my views to Con- and importance of the object to be ob- 

gress at the commencement of the last tained. If this could be accomplished, it 

session respecting the encouragement which is impossible to calculate the beneficial 

ought to be given to our manufactures, consequences which would result from it. 

and the principle on which it should be A great portion of the produce of the 

founded, I have only to add that those very fertile country through which it 

views remain unchanged, and that the would pass would find a market through 

present state of those countries with which that channel. Troops might be moved 

wo have the most immediate political re- with great facility in war, with cannon 

lations and greatest commercial inter- and every kind of munition, and in either 

course tends to confirm them. Under direction. Connecting the Atlantic with 

this impression, I recommend a review the Western country, in a line passing 

of the tariff, for the purpose of affording through the seat of the national govern- 

such additional protection to those arti- ment, it would contribute essentially to 

cles which we are prepared to manufact- strengthen the bond of Union itself. Be- 

ure, or which are more immediately con- lieving, as I do, that Congress possess the 

neeted with the defence and independence right to appropriate money for such a 

of the country. national object (the jurisdiction remain- 

The actual state of the public accounts ing to the States through which the canal 

furnishes additional evidence of the effi- would pass), I submit it to your consider- 

ciency of the present system of account- ntion whether it may not be advisable to 

ability in relation to the public expendi- authorize, by an adequate appropriation, 

ture. Of the money drawn from the treas- the employment of a suitable number of 

ury since March 4, 1817, the sum remain- the officers of the corps of engineers to 

ing unaccounted for on Sept. 30 last is examine the unexplored ground during 

more than $1,500,000 less than on Sept. 30 the next season, and to report their opin- 

prcceding; and during the same period a ion thereon. It will likewise be proper 

reduction of nearly $1,000,000 has been to extend their examination to the several 

made, in the amount of the unsettled ac- routes through which the waters of the 

counts for moneys advanced previously to Ohio may be connected, by canal, with 

March 4, 1817. It will be obvious that, those of Lake Erie. 

in proportion as the mass of accounts of As the Cumberland road will require 

the latter description is diminished by set- annual repair, and Congress have not 

245 



MONROE, JAMES 

thought it expedient to recommend to the taken part against them. Their cause and 
States an amendment to the Constitution, their name have protected them from dan- 
for the purpose of vesting in the United gers which might ere this have overwhelm- 
States a power to adopt and execute a t>d any other people. The^rdinary calcu- 
system of internal improvement, it is also lations of interest and of a cquisition, with 
submitted to your consideration whether a view to aggrandizement, which mingle 
it may not be expedient to authorize the so much in the transactions of nations, 
executive to enter into an arrangement seem to have had no effect in regard to 
with the several States through which the them. From the facts which have come to 
road passes to establish tolls each within our knowledge, there is good cause to be- 
its limits, for the purpose of defraying lieve that their enemy has lost forever 
the expense of future repairs, and of pro- all dominion over them; that Greece will 
viding also, by suitable penalties, for its become again an independent nation. That 
protection against future injuries. she may obtain that rank is the object of 

The act of Congress of May 7, 1822, ap- our most ardent wishes. 

propriated the sum of $22,700 for the pur- It was stated at the commencement of 
pose of erecting two piers as a shelter for the last session that a great effort was 
vessels from ice near Cape Henlopen, Dela- then making in Spain and Portugal to 
ware Bay. To effect the object of the act, improve the condition of the people of 
the officers of the board of engineers, those countries, and that it appeared to 
with Commodore Bainbridge, were direct- be conducted with extraordinary modera- 
ed to prepare plans and estimates of tion. It need scarcely be remarked that 
piers sufficient to answer the purpose in- the result has been, so far, very different 
tended by the act. It appears by their re- from what was then anticipated. Of 
port, which accompanies the documents events in that quarter of the globe with 
from the War Department, that the ap- which we have so much intercourse, and 
propriation is not adequate to the pur- from which we derive our origin, we 
pose intended; and, as the piers would be have always been anxious and interested 
of great service, both to the navigation spectators. The citizens of the United 
of the Delaware Bay and the protection States cherish sentiments the most friend- 
of vessels on the adjacent parts of the ly in favor of the liberty and happiness 
coast, I submit for the consideration of of their fellow-men on that side of the 
Congress whether additional and sufficient Atlantic. In the mars of the European 
appropriation should not be made. powers in matters relating to themselves 

The board of engineers were also di- we have never taken any part, nor does 
rected to examine and survey the entrance it comport icith our policy so to do. It 
of the harbor of the port of Presque Isle is only when our rights are invaded or 
in Pennsylvania, in order to make an es- seriously menaced that ice resent injuries 
timate of the expense of removing the or make preparation for our defence. 
obstructions to the entrance, with a plan With the movements in this hemisphere 
of the best mode of effecting the same, we are, of necessity, more immediately 
under the appropriation for that purpose connected, and by causes which must be 
by act of Congress passed March 3 last, obvious to all enlightened and impartial 
The report of the board accompanies the observers. The political system of the 
papers from the War Department, and allied powers is essentially different in 
is submitted for the consideration of Con- this respect from that of America. This 
gress. difference proceeds from that which exists 

A strong hope has been long entertained, in their respective governments. And to 
founded on the heroic struggle of the the defence of our own, which has been 
Greeks, that they would succeed in their achieved by the loss of so much blood 
contest, and resume their equal station and treasure, and matured by the wisdom 
among the nations of the earth. It is be- of their most enlightened citizens, and 
lieved that the whole civilized world takes under which we have enjoyed unexampled 
a deep interest in their welfare. Although felicity, this whole nation is devoted. 
no power has declared in their favor, yet We owe it, therefore, to candor, and to 
none, according to our information, has the amicable relations existing between 

246 



MONROE, JAMES 

the United States and those poioers, to in regard to these continents, circum- 
declare that we should consider any at- stances are eminently and conspicuously 
tempt on their part to extend their sys- different. It is impossible that the allied 
tern to any portion of this hemisphere powers should extend their political sys- 
as dangerous to our peace and safety, tern to any portion of either continent 
With the existing colonies or dependen- without endangering our peace and hap- 
cies of any European power we Jiave not piness; nor can any one believe that our 
interfered, and shall not interfere. But southern brethren, if left to themselves, 
with the governments who have declared would adopt it of their own accord. It 
their independence, and maintained it, is equally impossible, therefore, that we 
and whose independence we have, on great should behold such interposition, in any 
consideration and on just principles, form, with indifference. If we look to 
acknowledged, we could not view any in- the comparative strength and resources 
tcrposition for the purpose of oppressing of Spain and those new governments, and 
them, or controlling in any other man- their distance from each other, it must 
ner their destiny, fty any European power, be obvious that she can never subdue 
in any other light \>\an as the manifesta- them. It is still the true policy of the 
tion of an unfriendly disposition towards United States to leave the parties to 
the United States. In the war between themselves, in the hope that other powers 
these new governments and Spain we de- will pursue the same course, 
clared our neutrality at the time of their If we compare the present condition of 
recognition, and to this we have ad- our Union with its actual state at the 
hered, and shall continue to adhere, pro- close of our Revolution, the history of the 
vided no change shall occur which, in the world furnishes no example of a progress 
judgment of the competent authorities in improvement in all the important cir- 
of this government, shall make a corre- cumstances which constitute the happiness 
spending change on the part of the of a nation which bears any resemblance 
United States indispensable to their se- to it. At the first epoch our population 
curity. did not exceed 3,000,000. By the last 

The late events in Spain and Portu- census it amounted to about 10,000,000, 
gal show that Europe is still unsettled, and, what is more extraordinary, it is al- 
Of this important fact no stronger proof most altogether native, for the emigration 
can be adduced than that the allied from other countries has been inconsider- 
powers should have thought it proper, on able. At the first epoch half the terri- 
any principle satisfactory to themselves, tory within our acknowledged limits was 
to have interposed, by force, in the inter- uninhabited and a wilderness. Since then 
nal concerns of Spain. To what extent new territory has been acquired of vast ex- 
such interposition may be carried, on the tent, comprising within it many rivers, 
same principle, is a question in which all particularly the Mississippi, the naviga- 
independent powers whose governments tion of which to the ocean Was of the 
differ from theirs are interested, even highest importance to the original States, 
those most remote, and surely none more Over this territory our population has 
so than the United States. Our policy expanded in every direction, and new 
in regard to Europe, which was adopted States have been established almost equal 
at an early stage of the wars which have in number to those which formed the first 
so long agitated that quarter of the bond of our Union. This expansion of our 
globe, nevertheless remains the same, population and accession of new States 
which is, not to interfere in the internal to our Union have had the happiest effect 
concerns of any of its powers; to con- on all its highest interests. That it has 
sider the government de facto as the eminently augmented our resources and 
legitimate government for us; to culti- added to our strength and respectability 
vate friendly relations with it, and to as a power is admitted by all. But it is 
preserve those relations by a frank, firm, not in these important circumstances only 
and manly policy, meeting, in all in- that this happy effect is felt. It is mani- 
stances, the just claims of every power; fest that, by enlarging the basis of our 
submitting to injuries from none. But system and increasing the number of 

247 



MONROE 



Slates, the system itself has been greatly 
strengthened in both its branches. Consoli 
dation and disunion have thereby been 
rendered equally impracticable. Each 
government, confiding in its own strength, 
has less to apprehend from the other ; and 
in consequence, each enjoying a greater 
freedom of action, is rendered more effi 
cient for all the purposes for which it was 
instituted. It is unnecessary to treat 
here of the vast improvement made in the 
system itself by the adoption of this Con 
stitution, and of its happy effect in ele 
vating the character and in protecting the 
rights of the nation as well as of individ 
uals. To what, then, do we owe these 
blessings? It is known to all that we de 
rive them from the excellence of our in 
stitutions. Ought we not, then, to adopt 
every measure which may be necessary to 
perpetuate them? 

Monroe, JAMES, military officer; born 
in Albemarle county, Va., Sept. 10, 1799; 
graduated at West Point in 1815; partici 
pated in the war with Algiers; was 
wounded in an action with the Mashouda 



off the coast of Spain. He resigned from 
the army in 1832 and settled in New 
York City, where he became an alderman in 
1833. He was elected to Congress in 183!). 
He died in Orange, N. J. 1 , Sept. 7, 1870. 

Monroe Doctrine, a doctrine that has 
been repeatedly reaffirmed as the settled 
policy of the people and government of 
the United States. See MONROE, JAMES, 
for President s message in which the state 
ment of this " doctrine " first appeared ; 
VENEZUELA. 

Monroe, FORT (official form), planned 
to be the most extensive military work in 
the United States. Its construction was 
begun in 1819, and ^ -is completed at a 
cost of $2,500,000. J^ 1 was named in honor 
of President Monroe. Its walls, faced 
with heavy blocks of granite, were 35 feet 
in thickness and casemated below, and 
were entirely surrounded by a deep moat 
filled with water. It stands upon a pen 
insula known as Old Point Comfort, 
which is connected with the main by a 
narrow isthmus of sand and by a bridge in 
the direction of the village of Hampton. 




FOKT MOJJKOK IS 1861. 

248 



MONTAGU MONTCALM 



There were sixty-five acres of land within 
its walls, and it was armed with almost 
400 great guns when the Civil War broke 
out. It had at that time a garrison of 
only 300 men, under Col. Justin Dimick, 
U. S. A. Its possession was coveted by the 
Confederates, but Dimick had turned some 
of its cannon landward. These taught 
the Confederates, civil and military, pru 
dence, wisdom, and discretion. Gen. B. 
F. Butler, having been appointed com 
mander of the Department of Virginia, 
with his headquarters at Fort Monroe, 
arrived there on May 22, 1861, and took 
the chief command, with troops sufficient 
to insure its safety against any attacks of 
the Confederates. Butler s first care was 
to ascertain the practicability of a march 
upon and seizure of Richmond, then the 
scat of the Confederate government. Its 
capture was desired by the national gov 
ernment, but no troops could then be 
spared from Washington. Fort Monroe 
was firmly held by the Nationals during 
the war. It was then as now an impor 
tant post, for it is the key to the principal 
waters of Virginia. Since the close of the 
Civil War the War Department has main 
tained a noteworthy artillery school at 
this post. See also LEAVENWORTH, FORT; 
RILEY, FORT; and WILLETT S POINT. 

Montagu, CHARLES, first Earl of Hali 
fax, statesman; born April 16, 1661; 
appointed a lord of the treasury in 1692; 
induced Parliament to raise a large loan, 
which was the beginning of the national 
debt of England. He became chancellor of 
the exchequer in 1694; Baron of Halifax 
in 1700; Earl of Halifax in 1714. He died 
May 19, 1715. 

Montague, WILLIAM LEWIS, linguist; 
born in Belchertown, Mass., April 6, 1831; 
graduated at Amherst College in 1855; 
instructor in Latin and Greek in Williston 
Seminary; Professor of Modern Lan 
guages in Amherst College in 1864-94; 
and in 1896 removed to Paris, where he 
has since resided. His publication include 
Spanish and Italian Grammars; Intro 
duction to Italian Literature, etc. He also 
edited Biographical Records of the Alumni 
and Non-Graduate Members of Amherst 
College, 1821-71, etc. 

Montana, STATE OF, is bounded on the 
north by British Columbia and the North 
west Territory; on the east by North and 



South Dakota; on the south by Wyoming 
and Idaho; and on the west by Idaho; 
area, 146,080 square miles; capital, He 
lena; admitted to the Union Nov. 8, 1889. 




STATE SEAL OF MONTANA. 

By act of Congress in May, 1864, Montana 
was taken from the eastern portion of 
Idaho and organized as a separate Terri 
tory. The State is exceedingly rich in min 
eral productions, especially gold, silver, 
copper, lead, and coal. There are also 
very large and excellent tracts of grazing 
land. The population in 1890 was 132,159 ; 
in 1900, 243,329. See UNITED STATES, 
MONTANA, in vol. ix. 

TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS. 

Sydney Edgerton term begins June 22, 18fi4 

Thos. Francis Meagher. acting 1865 

Green Clay Smith term begins July 13, 1866 



.April 9, 18(19 
.July 13, 1870 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1887 

1889 



James M. Ashley. 

Benjamin F. foils 

John Sch uyler Crosby. . 

B. Plait Carpenter. 

Samuel T. Hauser 

Preston H. Leslie 

Benjamin F. White 

STATE GOVERNORS. 

Joseph K. Toole term begins Nov. 8, 1889 

John E. Rickards " Jan. 1893 

Robert B. Smith " " 189T 

Joseph K. Toole " " 1901 

UNITED STATES SENATORS. 



Name. 


No. of Congress. 


Term. 


Wilbur F. Sanders.. 


51st 


1890 to 1893 


Thomas C. Power 


51st to 54th 


1890 " 1895 


Vacant .... 


53d 




I.ee Mantle .". 


54th to 56th 


1895 " 1899 


Thomas H. Carter . . 


51th " 


1895 " 1901 


William A. Clark 


56th " 


1901 " 1907 


Paris Gibson 


5<jth " 


1901 " 1905 



Montcalm, GOZON DE ST. VERAN, Louis 
JOSEPH, MARQUIS DE, military officer; born 
249 



MONTCALM MONTEZTJMA 



at the Chateau Candiac, near Nismes, broidered with gold lace, is preserved in 
France, Feb. 28, 1712. Well educated, he the Ursuline convent at Quebec. See 
entered the French army at the age of QUEBEC; WOLFE, JAMES. 
fourteen years, distinguished himself in Monterey, CAPTURE OF. After General 
Germany in the War of the Austrian Taylor had entered Mexico at Matamo- 
Succession, and gained the rank of colo- ras, he remained there until September, 
nel for his conduct in the disastrous bat- waiting for further instructions from his 
tie of Piacenza, in Italy, in 1746. In government and reinforcements for his 
1756 he was appointed to the command of army. Early in September the first divi- 
the French troops in Canada, where, in the sion of his army, under Gen. W. J. Worth, 
three campaigns which he conducted, he moved towards Monterey, the capital of 
displayed skill, courage, and humanity. New Leon, which was strongly fortified, 
Weakly seconded by his government, he and then defended by General Ampudia 
did not accomplish what he might have with about 9,000 Mexican troops. Tay- 
done. He prepared, with all the means at lor soon joined Worth, and they en- 
his command, for the struggle for the su- camped within 3 miles of the city, on 
premacy of French dominion in America, Sept. 19, with about 7,000 men, and on 
in 1759*, in which he lost his life. He had the morning of the 21st attacked the 

stronghold. Joined by other divisions of 
the army, the assault became general on 
the 23d, and the conflict in the streets 
was dreadful. The Mexicans fired volleys 
of musketry from the windows of the 
strong store-houses upon the invaders, and 
the carnage was terrible. Finally, on the 
fourth day of the siege, Ampudia asked 
for a truce. It was granted, and he pre 
pared to evacuate the city. Taylor de 
manded absolute surrender, which was 
made on the 24th, when General Worth s 
division was quartered in the city, and 
General Taylor, granting an armistice for 
eight weeks if permitted by his govern 
ment, encamped with the remainder of his 
forces at Walnut Springs, a few miles 
from Monterey. In the siege of that city 
the Americans lost over 500 men. The 
Mexican loss was about double that num 
ber. See MEXICO, WAR WITH. 
resolved, he said, "to find his grave under Montezuma, the last Aztec emperor of 
the ruins of the colony," and such was his Mexico; born about 1470. Because of his 
fate. The English had spared nothing to merits as a warrior and priest, he was 
make the campaign a decisive one. The elected emperor in 1502. He was in the 
final struggle occurred in Quebec, and act of sweeping the stairs of the great 
there, on Sept. 13, 1759, he was mortally temple-teocalle at Mexico when his eleva- 
wounded, and died the next day. Wolfe, tion was announced to him. His sumptu- 
the commander of the English, was mor- ous style of living and great public ex- 
tally wounded at the same time. When penses caused a grievous imposition of 
Montcalm was told that his death was taxes. This, with his haughty deport- 
near, he calmly replied, " So much the ment, made many of his subjects discon- 
better: I shall not live to see the sur- tented. His empire was invaded by Cor- 
render of Quebec." A fine monument tez in 1519, when he gave the audacious 
stands on Cape Diamond, at Quebec, erect- Spaniard, at first, great advantages by 
ed to the memory of both Montcalm and a temporizing policy. Cortez seized him 
Wolfe. The skull of Montcalm, with a and held him as a hostage. He would not 
military coat-collar of blue velvet em- accept Christianity in exchange for his 

250 




WOLFE AND MONTCALM 8 MONUMENT. 



MONTGOMERIE MONTGOMERY 



own religion, but he formally recognized 
the supremacy of the crown of Spain, to 
whom he sent an immense quantity of 
gold as tribute. While Cortez was about 
to assail a force sent against him by 
Velasquez, the Mexicans revolted against 
the Spaniards. Cortez either persuaded or 
compelled Montezuma to address his tur 
bulent subjects and try to appease the 
rising tumult; but the latter, having lost 
respect for their emperor, assailed and 
wounded him with missiles. From the in 
juries thus received he died in June, 1520. 
See CORTEZ, HERNANDO; VELASQUEZ, 
DIEGO. 

Montgomerie, JOHN, colonial govern 
or; born in Ayrshire, Scotland; was 
officially attached to the person of King 
George II. ; served several years in Par 
liament; and came to America in the 
capacity of governor of New York in 
1728. He died in New York City, July 1, 
1731. 

Montgomery, JOHN BERRIEN, naval 
officer; born in Allentown, N. J., Nov. 17, 
1794; entered the navy as midshipman in 
1812; passed through the various grades 
until, in July, 1862, he became commo 
dore, and in July, 1866, rear-admiral on 
the retired list. He served on Lake On 
tario under Chauncey, and was in the 
Niagara with Perry at the battle on Lake 
Erie, and received a sword and thanks 
from Congress for his gallantry. He was 
with Decatur in the Mediterranean in 




1815. In command of the sloop Ports 
mouth in the Pacific squadron (1845-48), 
he established the authority of the United 
States at various places along the coast 
of California. In 1861 he was in command 
of the Pacific squadron. He died in Car 
lisle, Pa., March 25, 1873. 




JOHN 1 BKRRIEN MONTGOMERY. 



Montgomery, RICHARD, military officer; 
born in Swords County, Dublin, Ireland, 
Dec. 2, 1736; was educated at Trinity Col 
lege, Dublin, and entered the army at the 
age of eighteen. Fighting under Wolfe 
at the siege of Louisburg (1756), he won 
the approval of that commander. After 
its surrender his regiment formed a part 
of Amherst s force, sent to reduce the 
French forts on Lake Champlain, in 1759. 
Montgomery became adjutant of his regi 
ment in 1760, and was under Colonel Havi- 
land in his march upon Montreal when 
that city was surrendered. In 1762, Mont 
gomery was promoted to captain, and 
served in the campaign against Havana 
in the same year. After that he resided 
in this country awhile, but revisited Eng 
land. In 1772 he sold his commission and 
came to America, and the following year 
he bought an estate at Ehinebeck, on the 
Hudson, and married a daughter of R. R. 
Livingston. He was chosen representa 
tive in the Colonial Assembly, and was a 
member of the Provincial Convention in 
1775. In June following he was appointed 



251 



MONTGOMERY MONTREAL 

by the Continental Congress one of the been called rebels. We owe the constitu- 
eight brigadier - generals for the Conti- tion which enables us to sit in this House 
nental army. Appointed second in com- to a rebellion." Montgomery was buried 
mand, under Schuyler, in the Northern at Quebec. In 1818 his remains were re- 
Department, he became acting commander- moved to the city of New York, at the 
in-chief because of his superior s protract- expense of the State, and they were de 
ed illness. He entered Canada early in posited near the monument which the 
September, with a considerable army, United States government had erected to 
captured St. John, on the Sorel or Riche- his memory in the front of St. Paul s 
lieu River, Nov. 3, took Montreal on the Church, New York. 

13th, and pushed on towards Quebec, Montgomery, ALA., the first capital 
and stood before its walls with some of the Confederate States in 18G1. 
troops under Arnold, Dec. 4. On the 9th Montgomery, FORT. See CLINTON, 
the Continental Congress made him a FORT. 

major-general. He invested Quebec and Montreal, MASSACRE AT. On July 12, 
continued the siege until Dec. 31, when 1689, about 1,200 of the Five Nations (see 
he attempted to take the city by storm. IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY) invaded the isl- 
In that effort he was slain by grape- and of Montreal, burned all the planta- 
shot from a masked battery, Dec. 31, tions, and murdered men, women, and 
1775. His death was regarded as a children. This event threw the whole 
great public calamity, and on the floor of French colony into consternation. It was 
the British Parliament he was eulogized reported that 1,000 of the French were 
by Burke, Chatham, and Barre. Even Lord slain during the invasion, besides twenty- 
North spoke of him as " brave, humane, six carried into captivity and burned alive, 
and generous;" but added, "still he was It was this massacre that the French 
only a brave, humane, and generous rebel; sought to avenge the next year, when 
curse on his virtues, they ve undone his Frontenac sent into the Mohawk country 

the mongrel party that destroyed Schenec- 
tady, and two others which attacked 
Salmon Falls and Casco, in Maine. Sir 
William Phipps having been successful 
in an expedition against Port Royal, 
Acadia, in 1690, a plan for the conquest 
of Canada was speedily arranged. A fleet 
under Phipps proceeded against Quebec, 
and colonial land forces were placed un 
der the supreme command of Fitz-John 
Winthrop, son of Governor Winthrop, of 
Connecticut. Milborne, son - in - law of 
Leisler, undertook, as commissary, to pro 
vide and forward subsistence for the 
march. Colonel Schuyler with a party 
of Mohawks, the van of the expedition, 
pushed forward towards the St. Lawrence, 
but was repulsed by Frontenac (August). 
The remainder of the troops did not pro 
ceed farther than Lake George, where 
they were stopped by a deficiency of pro 
visions and the prevalence of the small 
pox. Mutual recriminations followed, and 
Leisler actually caused Winthrop s arrest. 
country." To this remark Fox retorted: The latter charged the failure to Mil- 
" The term rebel is no certain mark borne, who, it was alleged, had failed 
of disgrace. All the great assertors of to furnish needed provisions and trans- 
liberty, the saviors of their country, the portation. In 1711. within a fortnight 
benefactors of mankind in all ages, have after Colonel Nicholson had given notice 

252 




MONTGOMERY S MOWMKNT. 



MONTREAL MOODY 



of an intended expedition against Canada, 
New York and the New England col 
onies were busy in preparations for the 
movement. Massachusetts issued bills of 
credit amounting to about $200,000 to 
guarantee bills drawn on the imperial 
treasury; New York issued bills to the 
amount of $50,000 to defray the expenses 
of her share of the enterprise; and Penn 
sylvania, under the name of a present 



800 men he marched to the relief of the gar 
rison at St. John, after he heard of the 
capture of Chambly. He crossed the St. 
Lawrence in small boats, and when about 
to land at Longueil was attacked by Col. 
Seth Warner and about 300 Green Moun 
tain Boys, and driven back in great con 
fusion. The news of this repulse caused 
the speedy surrender of St. John, when 
Montgomery pressed on towards Montreal. 




VIEW OF MONTREAL AND ITS WALLS IN 1760 (From an old French print). 

to the Queen, contributed $10,000 towards Carleton, knowing the weakness of the 
the expedition. About 1,800 troops the fort, at once retreated on board a vessel 
quotas of Connecticut, New York, and New of a small fleet lying in the river, and 
Jersey assembled at Albany with the in- attempted to flee to Quebec with the 
tention of attacking Montreal simulta- garrison. Montgomery entered Montreal 
neously with the appearance of the fleet without opposition, and sent a force under 
from Boston before Quebec. Nicholson was Colonel Easton to intercept the intend- 
in general command; and at Albany he ing fugitives. He hastened to the mouth 
was joined by 500 warriors of the Five of the Sorel with troops, cannon, and 
Nations and 1,000 palatines, chiefly from armed gondolas. The British fleet could 
the Mohawk Valley, making the whole not pass, and Prescott, several other ofli- 
force about 4,000 strong. Nicholson was cers, members of the Canadian Council, 
assisted by Colonels Schuyler, Whiting, and 120 private soldiers, with all the ves- 
and Ingoldsby, and on Aug. 28 they began sels, were surrendered. Carleton escaped, 
their march for Canada. At Lake George Then Montgomery wrote to the Congress, 
Nicholson heard of the miscarriage of the " Until Quebec is taken Canada is un- 
naval expedition, and returned to Albany, conquered." Leaving Wooster in command 
abandoning the enterprise. at Montreal, Montgomery then pushed on 
In 1775, when the republicans invaded towards Quebec. See MONTGOMERY, RICH- 
Canada, General Carleton was in command ARD: QUEBEC. 

of a few troops at Montreal. With about Moody, DWIGHT LYMAN, evangelist; 

253 



MOODY MOORE 

born in Northfield, Mass., Feb. 5, 1837; ing of the now famous Northfield and 
was educated in the district schools of Mount Hermon institutions. In 1900 the 
his neighborhood. When seventeen years plant at Northfield was valued at about 
old he went to Boston and became a $1,000,000. It is estimated that Mr. 
clerk in a shoe-store. While there he was Moody, during his ministry, addressed 
converted and united with the Mount Ver- more than 50,000,000 people. He died in 
non Congregational Church. In 1856 he Northfield, Mass., Dec. 22, 1899. 
settled in Chicago and became greatly Moody, WILLIAM HENRY, statesman; 
interested in Sunday-school mission work, born in Newbury, Mass., Dec. 23, 1853; 
building up a school of more than 1,000 graduated from Harvard University in 
pupils. He soon after entirely relinquished 1876; district attorney for eastern dis- 
business, that he might devote all his trict of Massachusetts, 1890-95; member 
time to Christian work. During the Civil of the 54th, 55th, 56th, and 57th Con- 
War he was connected with the United gresses; appointed Secretary of the Navy 
States Christian Commission, and after in 1902. 

the war he became general missionary of Moody, W T ILLIAM REVELL, educator ; 

the Young Men s Christian Association in born in Chicago, 111., March 25, 1869; son 

Chicago, and built a church for the use of Dwight L. Moody; was graduated at 

of his Sunday-school and the many con- Yale University in 1891; and since the 

verts of his ministry. In 1871 this church death of his father has had charge of the 

was destroyed in the great fire, but sub- Northfield schools. He is the author of 

sequently was rebuilt, and under the name The Life of Dioight L. Moody and the 

of the Chicago Tabernacle supervises the editor of Record of Christian Work since 

great Chicago Training-School for foreign 1897. 

missionaries and lay Christian workers. Mooers, BENJAMIN, military officer ; 
In 1873, with Ira D. Sankey, his famous born in Haverhill, Mass., April 1, 1758; 
co-worker, who had joined him two was in the Continental army; at the sur- 
years before, he visited Great Britain and render of Burgoyne; and served as lieu- 
began Christian work in York. This mis- tenant in Hazen s regiment to the end of 
sion produced many good results, and the the war. In 1783 he settled in the wilder- 
fame of it spread widely. Later he visit- ness on the western shore of Lake Cham- 
ed Sunderland, Newcastle - on - Tyne, and plain, near the present Plattsburg. He 
other places. From England he went to was eight years in the New York legislat- 
Edinburgh, and soon afterwards the whole ure, and, as major-general of militia, com- 
of Scotland was aroused. Great meetings manded that body of soldiers in the battle 
were held in Dundee, Glasgow, and other of PLATTSBURG (q. v.) in 1814. He died 
important cities. After visiting the chief in Plattsburg, N. Y., Feb. 20, 1838. 
cities of Ireland, where he met with simi- Mooney, JAMES, ethnologist; born in 
lar success, he returned to England, and Richmond, Ind., Feb. 10, 1861. When a 
conducted great meetings in Manchester, boy he began studying Indian life and 
Birmingham, and Liverpool. His greatest character, which became his life-work. He 
meetings of all were held in Agricultural has conducted extended investigations 
Hall, London, where audiences of from among the Southern and Western Indian 
10,000 to 20,000 gathered. In Novem- tribes; and prepared government exhibits 
ber, 1875, enormous meetings were begun for several expositions. He wrote Sacred 
in Philadelphia, continuing for three Formulas of the Cherokees ; Kiouan 
months. Then, in turn, New York, Chi- Tribes of the East; Calendar History of 
cago, and Boston had similar religious the Kioica Indians; Myths of the Chero- 
awakenings. In the latter city a great tab- kees ; etc. 

ernacle was built in 1877, at a cost of $40,- Moore, ALFRED, jurist; born in Bruns- 

000, and daily meetings were held for four wick county, N. C., May 21, 1755; served 

months, with an average attendance of in the Revolutionary army throughout 

from 5,000 to 10,000. Like success attend- the war; elected attorney-general of North 

ed Mr. Moody during his whole life, both Carolina in 1792; appointed associate 

in the United States and in Great Britain, justice of the Supreme Court of the 

In 1880 he erected the first public build- United States in 1799. He resigned in 

254 



MOORE 

1804, and died in Bladen county, N. C., at the University of New York in 1843; 

Oct. 15, 1810. made librarian of the New York Historical 

Moore, EDWIN WARD, naval officer; born Society in 1849; became superintendent 

in Alexandria, Va., in 1811; entered the and a trustee of the Lenox Library in 

United States navy in 1825 ; became 1872. His publications include The Trea- 

lieutenant in 1835. After the Republic of son of Charles Lee; Employment of Ne- 

Texas was founded he was chosen by its groes in the Revolutionary Army ; Notes on 

government to command its navy. Fitting the History of Slavery in Massachusetts; 

out two small vessels as ships-of-war, he History of Jurisprudence of New York; 

sailed from New Orleans early in 1843 to Withcraft in Massachusetts, etc. He died 

meet the Mexican fleet of ten vessels, in New York City, May 5, 1897. 

During the unequal contest which ensued Moore, SIB HENRY, colonial governor; 

he defeated the enemy, causing them great born in Jamaica, West Indies, in 1713; 

loss. When Texas was annexed to the was made governor of that island in 1756; 

Union, Moore unsuccessfully sought rein- and for his services in suppressing a slave 

statement in the United States navy with insurrection there was rewarded with the 

the rank of commodore, which he had held title of baronet. He was appointed gov- 

in the Texas navy. In 1855, however, ernor of New York in 1764; arrived in 

$17,000 was appropriated to him as November, 1765, in the midst of the Stamp 

" leave " pay during the interval between Act excitement ; and held the office until 

annexation and the passage of the bill, his death, Sept. 11, 1769. 

He died in New York City, Oct. 5, 1865. Moore, JACOB BAILEY, author; born 

Moore, ELIAKIM HASTINGS, educator; in Andover, N. H., Oct. 31, 1797; learned 
born in Marietta, O., Jan. 26, 1862; was the printer s trade in Concord, N. H. ; mar- 
graduated at Yale University in 1883; ried a sister of Isaac Hill, proprietor of 
was an instructor in mathematics there the New Hampshire Patriot; became his 
in 1887-89; assistant professor of the same business partner; and afterwards estab- 
branch in the Northwestern University in lished the New Hampshire Statesman. He 
1889-91 ; and associate professor in the was a member of the State legislature in 
latter institution in 1891-92. In 1892 1828. He and Mr. Farmer published, from 
he accepted the chair of mathematics in 1822 to 1824, three volumes of Historical 
the University of Chicago, where sub- Collections of New Hampshire, of great 
sequently he was made head professor of value; and this was one of the first pub- 
that branch. He holds membership in lications in this country devoted to local 
the American Mathematical Society, the history. He pursued journalism in New 
Circolo Mathematico di Palermo, Deutsche York (whither he went in 1839) for a 
Mathematiker-Vereinigung, and the Lon- while, when he was appointed to a place 
don Mathematical Society. He is contrib- in the general post-office; and from 1845 
utor to American and European mathe- to 1848 he was librarian of the New York 
matical periodicals. Historical Society. Mr. Moore was the 

Moore, FRANK, editor; born in Concord, first postmaster in California, serving in 

N. H., Dec. 17, 1828: was assistant secre- San Francisco from 1848 to 1852. He 

tary of the United States legation in died in Bellows Falls, Vt., Sept. 1, 1853. 

Paris in 1869-72, and later engaged in Moore, JOHN, military surgeon; born 

journalism in New York. He is the editor in Indiana, Aug. 16, 1826; entered the 

of flonf/s and Ballads of the American army as assistant surgeon in June, 1853; 

Revolution; Cyclopcedia of American Elo- served in the Cincinnati Marine Hospital 

quence; Diary of the American Revolu- in 1861-62; promoted surgeon and ap- 

tion; Materials for History ; The Rebellion pointed medical director of the Central 

Record; Speeches of Andrew Johnson, with Grand Division of the Army of the Poto- 

a Biographical Introduction; Life and mac in June, 1862; and became medical 

Speeches of John Bright; Women of the director of the Department and Army of 

War, 1861-66; Songs and Ballads of the the Tennessee in 1863. He was with Sher- 

Soitlhern People, 1861-65, etc. man in the Atlanta campaign. In 1883-86 

Moore, GEORGE HENRY, librarian; born in he was assistant medical purveyor, with 

Concord, N. H., April 20, 1823; graduated the rank of lieutenant-colonel; in 1886-90 

255 



MOOBE MOORE S CREEK BRIDGE 



was surgeon-general of the army with the 
rank of brigadier -general ; and in the lat 
ter year was retired. 

Moore, JOHN BASSETT, author; born in 
Smyrna, Del., Dee. 3, 1800; was educated 
at the University of Virginia, and ad- 




JOHN BASSETT MOORE. 

mitted to the bar of Delaware in 1883. 
In 1885 he was appointed law clerk in the 
State Department in Washington, D. C., 
and in the following year became third 
assistant Secretary of State. In 1891 he 
resigned this office to accept the chair of 
International Law and Diplomacy in 
Columbia University. In April, 1898, he 
was recalled to the United States Depart 
ment of State, and in September became 
secretary and counsel to the American 
Peace Commissioners in Paris. He is 
author of Extradition and Interstate 
Rendition; American Notes on the Con 
flict of Laws; History and Digest of In 
ternational Arbitrations, etc., and one of 
the editors of the Political Science Quar 
terly, and of the Journal du Droit Inter 
national Prive. See Professor Moore s 
article on the ALASKAN BOUNDARY, in vol. 
i., p. 81. 

Moorehead, WARREN KING, archaeolo 
gist; born in Siena, Italy, of American 
parents, March 10, 1SOG; received a liberal 
education, and applied himself to archaeo 



logical study in Licking county, O. Later 
he studied with D. Thomas Wilson, curate 
of Prehistoric Anthropology in the Smith 
sonian Institution, in Washington, D. C. 
He had charge of archaeological work in 
the Ohio Valley, Utah, Colorado, and 
New Mexico, for the World s Columbian 
Exposition, and while so engaged made 
important discoveries in the altar mounds 
of the Scioto Valley. In 1898 he was en 
gaged in explorations in the West, lie 
is a member of the Victoria Institute 
of England, and a fellow of the Asso 
ciation for the Advancement of Science. 
His publications include Primitive Man 
in Ohio; Fort Ancient; Wanneta, the 
Sioux, and many reports. 

Moore s Creek Bridge, BATTLE AT. In 
January, 177(5, Sir Henry Clinton sailed 
from Boston on a secret mission. Suspect 
ing his destination to be New York, Wash 
ington sent General Lee thither. His 
presence probably deterred Clinton from 
landing, after a conference with Governor 
Tryon, and he proceeded to the coast of 
North Carolina to assist Governor Martin 
in the recovery of his power in that prov 
ince. Martin, aware of his approach, 
and anticipating an armament from Ire 
land, kept up a continual intercourse from 
his " floating palace " on the Cape Fear 
with the Scotch Highlanders (who had 
settled in large numbers in that province) 
and other Tories. He commissioned 
Donald McDonald brigadier-general. He 
was a veteran who had fought for the 
Young Pretender at the battle of Cul- 
loden (174G). Under him, as captain, 
was Allan McDonald. These two men had 
great influence over the Scotch Highland 
ers. They enlisted for the royal cause 
about 1,500 men, and marched from the 
vicinity of Fayctteville for the coast to 
join the governor and his friends on the 
Cape Fear. Col. James Moore, on hearing 
of this movement, marched with more than 
1,000 men to intercept McDonald. At the 
same time minute-men of the Neuse re 
gion, under Colonels Caswell and Lilling- 
ton, were gathering to oppose the loyalists, 
and on the evening of Feb. 26 were 
encamped at a bridge near the mouth of 
Moore s Creek, in Hanover county. There 
McDonald, chased by Colonel Moore, came 
upon the minute-men. He was sick, and 
the force was commanded by Lieutenant- 



256 



MORA MORAVIANS 



Colonel McLeod. A sharp battle ensued United States Exploring Expedition to 

the next morning, when McLeod was killed, the region of the Yellowstone, and in 

The Scotchmen were routed and dispersed, 1873 made a second journey thither, his 

and about 850 of them were made prison- sketches resulting in the famous paintings 

ers, among them the two McDonalds. The The Mountain of the Holy Cross ; Grand 

loyalists lost seventy men, killed and Canon of the Yellowstone; and Chasm of 

wounded. The republicans had only two the 



wounded, one mortally. 



Colorado. The two last paintings 
were purchased by Congress and placed 

Mora, ANTONIO MAXIMO, claimant; in the Capitol. His other paintings in 
born in Cuba in 1818; inherited large elude The Last Arrow; The Ripening of 
sugar plantations near Havana; declared the Leaf; Dreamland; The Groves were 
his intention to become a citizen of the God s First Temples; The Pictured Rocks 
United States in New York City in 1853; of Lake Superior; The Flight into Egypt; 
and after the beginning of the Cuban The Remorse of Cain; The Track of the 
revolution in 1868 was accused of aiding Storm, etc. 

the insurgents. His property, valued at Moravian Town, a settlement in Kent 
$3,000,000, was seized by the Spanish county, Ontario, Canada, on the bank of 
government (1869), and he was arrested, the River Thames, near which General 
imprisoned, and in 1870 was sentenced to Harrison defeated General Proctor in bat- 
death. He, however, escaped to the United tie on Oct. 5, 1813. The settlers were 
States, where he laid his case before Indians who had been converted to Chris- 
Hamilton Fish, then Secretary of State, tianity by the Moravians, who fled to 
at the same time declaring that he had Canada from the Muskingum, in Ohio, in 
in no way aided the insurgents. The 1792. By an order of the Provincial Covin- 
United States immediately opened a diplo- cil in 1793, about 50,000 acres of land 
matic correspondence with Spain in regard were granted for their use, on which they 
to the matter. In September, 1873, Spain proceeded to build a church and a village, 
relinquished all claims against American Rev. John Scott, of Bethlehem, ministered 
property in Cuba, excepting the Mora there for some time. At the time of the bat- 
plantation. An agreement was made that tie this Christian Indian village had about 
claims for damages by de facto Ameri- 100 houses, mostly well built, a school- 
can citizens should be placed before an in- house and chapel, and very fine gardens, 
ternational committee. Accordingly the Moravians. The church of evangelical 
claim of Mora was submitted to such a Christians known as Moravians, or United 
committee, which decided against him. Brethren, has a most remarkable history. 
The case was again brought up in 1883, Its germs appear as early as the ninth 
and Spain was requested to restore the century, when Christianity was introduced 
embargoed estates to Mora. It was not, into Bohemia and Moravia; but it does 
however, until Sept. 14, 1895, that Spain not appear distinct in history until 1457, 
paid the amount of the adjudicated dam- when a separate church was formed. The 
age to Mora ($1,449,000) to the United members of that church always mani- 
States for him. In this contest, which fested the spirit afterwards called Protes- 
had been carried on for twenty-five years, tantism, and, like the primitive church, 
Mr. Mora had been under great expense, held the Bible to be the only rule of faith 
so that he realized only $994,509 out of the and practice. They have an episcopacy, 
amount awarded him. He died in New and the episcopal succession from 1457 to 
York City, April 24, 1897. 1874 embraced 174 bishops. Their epis- 

Moran, THOMAS, artist; born in Bol- copate is not diocesan, but their bishops 

ton, Lancashire, England, Jan. 12, 1837; are bishops of the whole United Breth- 

came to the United States when seven ren. When, in 1621, Ferdinand II. of 

years old, and was educated in the public Austria began the persecution of Prot- 

schools of Philadelphia, Pa. Subsequently estants, 50,000 of his subjects emigrated 

he studied art under James Hamilton and to other lands. The church in Bohemia 

afterwards in Paris and Italy. He became and Moravia was almost extinguished, and 

distinguished as a landscape painter and its faith a hidden seed was preserved 

illustrator. In 1871 he went with the by a few families for 100 years, when 
VI. R 257 



MORAVIANS MOBEY LETTER 

ii was renewed with strength. In 1722 Indian congregation gathered by the Mo- 
two Moravian families found a refuge ravians was in the town of Pine Plains, 
on the estate of Count Zinzendorf, of Dutchess co., N. Y., at a place called She- 
Saxony, then an officer in the Saxon Court, kom-e-ko. A mission was established there 
and a lover of pure and simple worship, by Christian Henry Rauch in August, 1740. 
In five years 300 Moravians gathered there. The next year a sickly young German from 
Zinzendorf became a bishop, and after- Bethlehem, named Gottlob Biittner, join- 
wards he spent his life and fortune in ed Rauch in his work. He preached fer- 
missionary work. vently, and many converts were the fruits 

Churches were established on the Con- of the mission of Rauch and Buttner. 
tinent, in Great Britain, and in North Count Zinzendorf and his daughter visit- 
America; and in 1749 the British Par- ed the mission in 1742. Here Buttner 
liament passed acts to encourage their set- died in 1745, and over his grave the 
tlement in the English-American colonies. Moravians placed a handsome monument 
The trustees of Georgia granted 500 acres in 1859. In 1745 the mission was broken 
of land to Count Zinzendorf for the pur- up. 

pose, and also gave Bishop Spangen- The Moravian Church is divided into 

berg 150 acres embraced in a part of three provinces namely, Continental, 

the site of Savannah. A number of Mo- British, and American. The American 

ravians settled in Georgia in 1735. Others province is divided into two districts 

followed the next year, led by Bishop Northern and Sou/ hern the respective 

David Nitschmann; and on Feb. 28, 1736, centres being in Bethlehem, Northampton 

the first Moravian church in America was co., Pa., and Salem, Forsyth co., N. C. 

organized, undir the pastorship of An- There were in 1904, in the American prov- 

thony Seifferth, who was ordained in the ince, 115 churches, 127 ministers, and 

presence of John Wesley. In Georgia their 16,095 communicants. There are several 

labors were mostly among the Indians church boarding-schools; and, at Bethle- 

and negroes. As they could not conscien- hem, a college and theological seminary, 

tiously take up arms to defend Georgia At first the social and political exclusive- 

against the Spaniards at St. Augustine, ness of the Moravians prevented a rapid 

they abandoned their settlement and went increase in their numbers; but latterly 

to Pennsylvania with Whitefield. Bishops there have been great changes in this re- 

Nitschmann and Spangenberg returned to spect, as well as in the constitution of 

Europe. Whitefield had purchased lands the church, whose grand centre is at Herrn- 

at the forks of the Delaware, and invited hiitt, in Saxony, the village built on 

the Moravians to settle upon them; but Count Zinzendorf s estate. The Moravians 

doctrinal differences produced a rupture use a liturgy, and their ritual is similar 

between them and Whitefield, and he or- to that of the Protestant Episcopal 

dered them to leave his domain forthwith Church. 
(see WHITEFIELD, GEORGE). Mordecai, ALFRED, military officer r, 

Bishop Nitschmann came back, and born in Warrenton, N. C., Jan. 3, 1804; 

founded a settlement on the Lehigh, the graduated at the United States Military 

first house being completed in 1741. When, Academy in 1823; promoted captain of 

on Christmas day, Count Zinzendorf visit- ordnance in 1832; became a member of 

ed the settlement, he called it " Bethle- the ordnance board in 1839; was appoint- 

hem." That is the mother-church in Amer- ed assistant inspector of arsenals in 1842; 

ica. Their labors among the Indians were and resigned from the army May 5, 1861. 

extended far and wide, and their princi- His publications include Digest of Military 

pal station in the West was at Gnaden- Laws; Ordnance Manual for the Use of 

hiitten "tents of grace" in Ohio, where Officers in the United States Army; Re- 

many Indian converts were gathered, and ports of Experiments on Gunpowder; and 

where nearly 100 of them were massacred Artillery for the United States Land Ser- 

by white people in March, 1782, under vice, as Devised and Arranged by the Ord- 

the false impression that they were Brit- nance Board. He died in Philadelphia, 

ish spies or were concerned in some Ind- Pa., Oct. 23, 1887. 

ian outrages in Pennsylvania. The first Morey Letter. During the Presiden- 

258 



MORGAN 



tial campaign of 1880 a letter on the Chi- That officer afterwards made a public 
nese question, purporting to have been apology. Morgan became an ensign in 
written by the Republican nominee, Gen- the militia in 1758; and while carrying 
eral Garfield, to H. L. Morey, of Lynn, despatches he was severely wounded by 
Mass., was published. It asserted that in- Indians, but escaped. After the French 
dividuals as well as companies have the and Indian War he was a brawler and 
right to buy labor where it is cheapest, etc. fighter and a dissipated gambler for a 
This letter appeared in New York, and was time; but he reformed, accumulated prop- 
circulated by Democratic journals. Gar- erty, and commanded a company in Dun- 
field at once declared the letter a for- more s expedition against the Indians in 
gery. 1774. In less than a week after he heard 

Morgan, ANNE EUGENIA FELICIA, edu- of the affair at Lexington he had enrolled 
cator; born in Oberlin, O., Oct. 3, 1845; ninety-six men, the nucleus of his famous 
was graduated at Oberlin College in 186G; rifle-corps, and marched them to Boston, 
studied philosophy in Germany in 1872- He accompanied Arnold in his march to 
74; and, returning to the United States, Quebec in 1775, commanding three corn- 
was instructor of languages at Oberlin panies of riflemen, and in the siege of 
College in 1875 - 76, and instructor of that city was made prisoner. As colonel 
Greek and Latin in Vassar in 1877-78. of a rifle regiment, he bore a conspicu- 
In the latter year she became Professor ous part in the capture of Burgoyne and 
of Philosophy in Wellesley College. In his army in 1777. After serving in Penn- 
1897 she invented a game called " Belle-- sylvania, he joined the remnant of the 
cycle," which in order to play requires defeated army of Gates at Hillsboro,N.C. ; 
a practical application of experimental and on Oct. 1 was placed in command of 
psychology. Her publications include a legionary corps, with the rank of briga- 
Scripturc Studies on the Origin and Des- dier-general. He served under Greene; 
tiny of Man; and The White Lady, a plan gained a victory in battle at the Cowpens 
for the study of comparative literature. (for which Congress gave him thanks and 
Morgan, DANIEL, military officer; born a gold medal) ; and was in Greene s re 
in Hunterdon county, N. J., in 1736; at treat. He led troops that suppressed the 
the age of seventeen he was a wagoner in Whiskey Insurrection, and was a member 
Braddock s army, and the next year he of Congress from 1795 to 1799. He died 
received 500 lashes for knocking down a in Winchester, Va., July 6, 1802. 
British lieutenant who had insulted him. Morgan, EDWIN DENNISON, " war gov 
ernor " ; born in Washington, Berkshire 
co., Mass., Feb. 8, 1811; at the age of 
seventeen years became a clerk in a gro 
cery store in Hartford, Conn. ; and at 
twenty was a partner in the business. 
He was active, industrious, and enterpris 
ing; and six years later (1836) removed 
to New York, where he became a very suc 
cessful merchant and amassed a large 
fortune. Mr. Morgan took an active in- 
torest in the political movements of his 
time, and in 1849 was elected to a seat 
in the New York Senate, which he occu 
pied until 1853. The Republican party 
had no more efficient and wise adviser 
nixl worker than Mr. Morgan, and he was 
v made chairman of its New York State 
Committee. In 1859 he was elected gov 
ernor of New York, and in 1861 was re- 
elected. Governor Morgan was one of 
the most energetic of the " war govern 
ors." During the Civil W 7 ar, his brain, 
259 




DANIEL MORGAN. 



MORGAN 




EDW1X DEXNISOX MORGAN. 



his hand, and his fortune were at the cer; born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 1, 1810; 
service of his country. His administra- was in mercantile business in Quincy, 
tion was marked by a great decrease in 111., when the war against Mexico 
the public debt of the State and an in- began, and was captain of a company in 

the 1st Illinois Volunteers in that war. 
In 1861 he was commissioned lieutenant- 
colonel of the 10th Illinois Regiment, and 
was promoted brigadier-general in July, 
1862. He commanded a brigade at Nash 
ville late in that year, and was in com 
mand of a division in the 14th Corps m 
Sherman s Atlanta campaign. In 1885 
he was brevetted major-general of vol 
unteers. He died in Quincy, 111., Sept. 
12, 1896. 

Morgan, JOHN, physician; born in 
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1735; graduated at 
the Philadelphia College in 1757; stud 
ied medicine; and served as a surgeon 
of Pennsylvania troops in the French and 
Indian War, after which he went to Eng 
land. He attended the lectures of the cele 
brated Dr. Hunter ; and after spending 

crease in the revenue from the canals, two years in Edinburgh, and receiving the 
Such impetus did his zeal, patriotism, degree of M.D., he travelled on the Con- 
and energy give to the business of raising tinent. On his return to London (1765) 
troops for the war that the State sent he was elected a fellow of the Royal So- 
about 220,000 men to the field. From ciety, also of the College of Physicians in 
1863 to 1869 Mr. Morgan was United Edinburgh and London. Returning to 
States Senator, and then retired from Philadelphia the same year, he was elected 
public life. In 1867 Williams College to a professorship in the College of Phila- 
conferred upon him the honorary degree delphia, in which he founded a medical 
of LL.D. He died in New York City, school. When the treason of Church was 
Feb. 14, 1883. 

Morgan, GEORGE WASHINGTON, mili 
tary officer ; born in Washington county, 
Pa., Sept. 20, 1820. He was captain in 
the Texan war for independence; studied 
two years at W T est Point, 1841-43; and 
began the practice of law in Ohio in 1845. 
In the war against Mexico he became 
colonel of the 2d Ohio Volunteers, and for 
his gallantry won the brevet of brigadier- 
general. From 1856 to 1858 he was con 
sul at Marseilles; 1858 to 1861 was minis 
ter resident at Lisbon, and in November 
of the latter year was made brigadier-gen 
eral of volunteers. He was in command of 
a division in the Army of the Ohio in 
1862. He served under Rosecrans, and 
commanded a division under Sherman at 
Vicksburg in 1863. That year he resigned. 
He was a member of Congress from 1868 

to 1872. He died in Fort Monroe, July discovered, Dr. Morgan was appointed, by. 

27, 1895. the Continental Congress (Oct. 17, 1775), 

Morgan, JAMES DADY, military offi- director-general of the Army General 

260 







JOHN MORGAN. 



MORGAN 



Hospital, in which capacity he served 
until 1777. Dr. Morgan was one of the 
founders of the American Philosophical 
Society. He died in Philadelphia, Oct. 
15, 1789. 

Morgan, JOHN HUNT, military officer; 
born in Huntsville, Ala., June 1, 1826; 
killed at Greenville, Tenn., Sept. 4, 1864. 
Settled near Lexington, Ky., in 1830, with 
his parents; served under Taylor in the 




JOHN HUNT MORGAN. 

war with Mexico; and in 1861, at the 
head of the Lexington Rifles, he joined 
Buckner of the Kentucky State Guard. 
At the battle of Shiloh he commanded a 
squadron of Confederate cavalry, and soon 
afterwards began his career as a raider. 
His first noted exploit was his invasion of 
Kentucky from eastern Tennessee (July, 
1861), with 1,200 men, under a conviction 
that vast numbers of young men would 
flock to his standard and he would become 
the " liberator " of that commonwealth. 
Dispersing a small National force at 
Tompkinsville, Monroe co., he issued a 
naming proclamation to the people of Ken 
tucky. He was preparing the way for 
Bragg s invasion of that State. Soon re 
cruits joined Morgan, and he roamed 
about the State, plundering and destroy 
ing. At Lebanon he fought a Union force, 
routed them, and took several prisoners. 
His raid was so rapid that it created in 
tense excitement. Louisville was alarmed. 
He pressed on towards the Ohio, destroy 
ing a long railway bridge (July 14) be 



tween Cynthiana and Paris, and laying 
waste a railway track. On July 17 he had 
a sharp fight with the Home Guards at 
Cynthiana, who were dispersed. He hoped 
to plunder the rich city of Cincinnati. 
His approach inspired the inhabitants 
with terror; but a pursuing cavalry force 
under Green Clay Smith, of Kentucky, 
caused him to retreat southward in the 
direction of Richmond. On his retreat his 
raiders stole horses and robbed stores with 
out inquiring whether the property be 
longed to friend or foe. 

In June and July, 1863, he crossed the 
Ohio River for the purpose of plunder for 
himself and followers; to prepare the way 
for Buckner to dash into Kentucky from 
Tennessee and seize Louisville and, with 
Morgan, to capture Cincinnati; to form 
the nucleus of an armed counter-revolution 
in the Northwest, where the " Knights of 
the Golden Circle," or the "Sons of 
Liberty " of the peace faction, were 
numerous; and to prevent reinforcements 
from being sent to Meade from that re 
gion. Already about eighty Kentuckians 
had crossed the Ohio (June 19) into In 
diana to test the temper of the people. 
They were captured. Morgan started 
(June 27) with 3,500 well-mounted men 
and six guns, crossing the Cumberland 
River at Burkesville, and, pushing on. 
encountered some loyal cavalry at Colum 
bia (July 3), fought them three hours, 
partly sacked the town, and proceeded to 
destroy a bridge over the Green River, 
when he was driven away, after a des 
perate fight of several hours, by 200 Michi 
gan troops under Colonel Moore, well in 
trenched. Morgan lost 250 killed and 
wounded ; Moore lost twenty-nine. He 
rushed into Lebanon, captured a small 
Union force there, set fire to the place, 
and lost his brother killed in the fight. 
He reached the Ohio, 40 miles below 
Louisville, July 7. His ranks were swelled 
as he went plundering through Kentucky, 
and he crossed the Ohio with 4,000 men 
and ten guns. He captured two steamers, 
with which he crossed. He was closely 
pursued by some troops under General 
Hobson, and others went up the Ohio in 
steamboats to intercept him. He plunder 
ed Corydon, Ind., murdered citizens, and 
stole 300 horses. On he went, robbing mill 
and factory owners by demanding $1,000 



261 



MORGAN 



as a condition for the safety of their prop 
erty. In like manner he went from village 
to village until the 12th, when, at a rail 
way near Vernon, he encountered Colonel 
Lowe with 1,200 militiamen. Morgan was 
now assured that Indiana was aroused, 
and that there was a great uprising of the 
loyal people against him. The victories 
at Gettysburg and Vicksburg now inspirit 
ed the people. Governor Morton called on 
the citizens to turn out and expel the in 
vaders. Within forty-eight hours 65,000 
citizens had tendered their services, and 
were hastening towards the rendezvous. 
Morgan was alarmed. He stole fresh 
horses for the race before Hobson, his 
persistent pursuer. He passed swiftly 
north of Cincinnati through the southern 
counties, and struck the river a little 
above Pomeroy. The people of Ohio, also, 
were aroused. General Judah went up the 
Ohio, from Cincinnati, in steamboats, to 
head him off; and the people were gather 
ing from different points. At Buffington 
Ford he attempted to cross the river and 
escape into* Virginia ; but there the head of 
Hobson s column, under General Shackle- 
ford, struck his rear, General Judah struck 
his flank, and two armed vessels in the 
stream opened upon his front. Hemmed 
in, about 800 of his men surrendered, and 
the remainder, leaving all their plunder 
behind them, followed their leader up the 
river, and again attempted to cross to 
Belleville by swimming their horses. 
About 300 crossed, but the remainder were 
driven back by a gunboat, when Morgan 
fled inland to McArthur, fighting militia, 
burning bridges, and plundering. At last 
he was obliged to surrender to General 
Shackleford, July 26, 1863, at New Lisbon, 
the capital of Columbiana county. Mor 
gan and some of his officers were confined 
in the Ohio penitentiary at Columbus, 
from which he and six of them escaped in 
November, and joined the Confederate 
forces in northern Georgia. The race be 
tween the troops of Morgan and his pur 
suers had continued three weeks, without 
cessation, at the rate of 35 miles a day. 
Morgan afterwards received an ovation at 
Richmond as a great hero. 

When Longstreet left Knoxville, Tenn., 
late in 1863, he lingered awhile between 
there and the Virginia border. He had 
been pursued by cavalry, and near Bean s 



262 



Station he had a sharp skirmish (Dec. 
14), when the Nationals were pushed back 
with a toss of 200 men; Longstreet s loss 
was greater. Longstreet finally retired to 
Virginia, leaving Morgan in eastern Ten 
nessee. Gen. John G. Foster was there, in 
command of the Army of the Ohio; and 
on Dec. 29 Gen. S. D. Sturgis, with the 
National advance at Knoxville, between 
Mossy Creek and New Market, met and 
fought Morgan and Armstrong, who led 
about 6,000 Confederates. The latter were 
defeated. On Jan. 16, 1864, Sturgis was 
attacked by Morgan and Armstrong at 
Dandridge, the capital of Jefferson county. 
After a severe encounter, Sturgis fell back 
to Strawberry Plains, where his soldiers 
suffered intensely from the extreme cold. 
Morgan lingered in eastern Tennessee un 
til May, and late in that month, with com 
paratively few followers, he went over the 
mountains into Kentucky, and raided rap 
idly through the eastern counties of that 
State, plundering as they sped on in the 
richest part of that commonwealth. They 
captured several small places, dashed 
into Lexington, burning the railway sta 
tion and other property there, and hurried 
towards Frankfort. General Burbridge, 
who, when he heard of Morgan s passage 
of the mountains, had started in pursuit, 
struck him a severe blow near Cynthiana, 
by which 300 of the raiders were killed 
or wounded, 400 made prisoners, and 
1,000 horses captured. Burbridge lost 
about 150 men. This staggering blow made 
Morgan reel back into eastern Tennessee. 
Early in September he was at Greenville 
with his shattered brigade. Morgan and 
his staff were at the house of Mrs. Will 
iams in that town, when it was sur 
rounded by troops under General Gillem, 
and Morgan, attempting to escape, was 
shot dead in the garden, Sept. 4, 1864. 

Morgan, JOHN PIERPONT, capitalist; 
born in Hartford, Conn., April 17, 1837; 
son of Junius Spencer Morgan (born April 
14, 1813; died April 8, 1890); was edu 
cated in the English High School of Bos 
ton, and at the University of Gottingen, 
Germany. Returning to the United States 
in 1857 he entered the banking-house of 
Duncan, Sherman & Co., and in 1860 be 
came American agent of the London house 
of George Peabody & Co. In 1871 he 
became a partner in the firm of Drexel, 



MORGAN 

Morgan & Co., which later became J. one of the American arbitrators in the 
Pierpont Morgan & Co. Mr. Morgan s Bering Sea Court of Arbitration, and in 
firm has been conspicuous for many 1898, after the passage of the Hawaiian 
years in the reorganization of large indus- annexation bill, President McKinley ap- 
trial and railroad interests, and as syn- pointed him one of the commissioners to 
dicate managers. In 1895 the firm agreed prepare a system of government for the 
to supply the United States government 
with 3,500,000 ounces of standard gold 
coin at the rate of $17.80 per ounce, for 
thirty-year 4-per-cent. bonds, and later in 
the year, when the financial situation 
again became alarming, the firm organized 
a syndicate which took $37,911,350 of a 
new government loan. The greatest 
achievement of the firm, and the largest 
financial enterprise ever undertaken by a 
single individual, was consummated in 
April, 1901, when an amended certificate 
of incorporation of the newly formed 
United States Steel Corporation was filed 
in Trenton, N. J. This combination rep 
resented a merging of the Carnegie Steel 
Works and a number of the other great 
steel concerns of the country, with a capi 
tal stock of $1,100,000,000, and a working 
cash capital of $200,000,000. Mr. Morgan 
has long been noted for his active and large 
benevolence. His gifts include $500,000 
to the New York Trade Schools, in 1892; 
$1,000,000 to erect a new building for the 

Lying-in Hospital, in 1897; an additional islands. For several years Senator Mor- 
$350,000 to the same institution, in 1899; a gan has been especially conspicuous be- 
rare collection of ancient Greek ornaments cause of his forceful advocacy of the 
valued at $150,000 to the Metropolitan construction of an interoceanic canal on 
Museum of Art, in 1900; the finest collection the Nicaraguan route by the United 
of minerals in the United States, valued at States. As chairman of the Senate Com- 
$200,000, to the Museum of Art; $100,000 mittee on Interoceanic Canals, he early de- 
to the Young Men s Christian Association manded the abrogation of the CLAYTOX- 
of New York City; and an electric-light- BULWER TREATY (q. v.) , contending that 
ing plant, valued at $40,000, to the Loomis the canal should be wholly an American 
Sanitarium in Liberty, N. Y., in 1901. enterprise; and after Great Britain re- 

Morg-an, JOHN TYLER, statesman; born jected (March, 1901) the amended Hay- 
in Athens, Tenn., June 20, 1824; removed Pauncefote treaty, he urged that the Unit- 
to Alabama when nine years of age; re- ed States should ignore the objectionable 
ceived an academic education; was ad- features of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, and 
mitted to the bar in 1845: and practised proceed with the construction of the canal 
till the beginning of the Civil War, when without further negotiation with Great 
he entered the Confederate Army as a pri- Britain. 

vate. Subsequently he raised the 5th The Nicaragua Canal. The following is 
Alabama Regiment, became its colonel, and Senator Morgan s argument in favor of ex- 
was commissioned a brigadier-general in tending the aid of the federal government 
1863. After the war he resumed practice to the construction of the Nicaragua 

at Selma, Ala. In 1876 he was elected Canal: 

to the United States Senate, and in 1882, 

1888, 1894, and 1900 was re-elected. In In the testimony of Count Ferdinand 
1892 President Harrison appointed him de Lesseps, given before the select com- 

263 




JOHN TYL1CR MORGAN. 



MORGAN, JOHN TYLER 



mittee of the House of Representatives, 
March 8, 1880 (Mis. Doc. No. 16, Forty- 
fourth Congress, third session), he said: 
" There were fourteen projects of canals 
presented at the Paris congress, but the 
interest had entirely centred in the Nica 
ragua and Panama routes. . . . If it were 
determined to build a, lock canal, and if 
there could not be a canal between the two 
oceans, except a lock canal, then there was 
no doubt that the Nicaragua route was the 
best route." 

The Panama Canal Company, after 
years of exhaustive effort, and the expendi 
ture of immense sums of money of the 
French people, demonstrated the fact that 
no other than a lock canal can be built and 
maintained across the Isthmus of Darien 
at any cost that the commerce of the world 
would be able to bear, as the basis of 
toll charges. 

The abandonment of the effort to change 
the plan of the Panama Canal from a sea- 
level waterway to a canal with locks (for 
the amount of water at the highest level 
has settled that problem as being be 
yond the reach of successful solution) has 
verified the assurances of Mr. Menocal 
and Admiral Amnien, given to the con 
gress at Paris, that the work was imprac 
ticable. 

If the canal was built with locks and 
if it could be supplied with water by steam 
pumping, according to the last desperate 
alternative suggested by the company s 
engineers when the sea-level plan was 
abandoned, the future use of the canal 
would be embarrassed with the other in 
surmountable difficulties thus graphically 
presented by Mr. Eads in his testimony 
before the House select committee, on the 
same hearing (Mis. Doc. 10). Mr. Eads 
says: 

" Any one who contemplates the depth of 
the proposed cut through the several miles of 
the Cordilleras, and thinks of the frightful 
rains and tempests which prevail during six 
months of the year, can form some faint con 
ception, perhaps, of the amount of material 
which would be washed down the side of this 
immense cut, as well as from all other parts 
of the canal, and which must be continually 
dredged out of it to preserve its usefulness." 

Other statements equally worthy of 
credit show that no work in that locality 
could be maintained against the destruc 



tive floods which would suddenly rush 
through, what Mr. Eads describes as, " the 
narrow and tortuous stream which Count 
de Lesseps proposes to locate at the bot 
tom of an artificial canon to be cut 
through the Cordilleras at Panama. 

These facts, and the opinions of many 
great engineers, eliminate all other canal 
projects from the necessity of further dis 
cussion, and leave us to consider alone the 
political and financial questions presented 
in the project of the Nicaraguan Canal, 
under the present concessions from Nica 
ragua and Costa Rica. 

Those concessions are grants of rights, 
privileges, and property to individuals, 
and through them to a corporation char 
tered in the United States. They have been 
complied with by that corporation, as to 
all the preliminary conditions, and have 
been confirmed as permanent grants by the 
governments of Nicaragua and Costa 
Rica. 

In making these exclusive concessions 
these governments announce to the world 
a plan for the change of geographical con 
ditions, in which all civilized nations have 
an interest, and, accordingly, they have 
so planned the canal and regulated its con 
trol as to give equal advantages without 
discrimination to the ships and commerce 
of all nations. 

In this sense the concessions were a 
political convenant with mankind and, in 
this sense, it is obvious that "government 
aid " has, so far, supplied every element 
of the progress of the work. The canal is 
the creature, alone, of " government aid." 
Without discussing the right of every 
maritime power, other than the United 
States, to claim that these concessions 
confer upon them privileges that they may 
insist shall not be withdrawn, to their det 
riment, it is clear that the concessions 
distinctly relate to the political right of 
the United States to have an influential 
part in the project of changing the 
geography of the Western Hemisphere. It 
is provided in the concessions that " a 
company of execution " shall be formed, 
having its place of business in New York. 
A great corporation was contemplated 
which should own the concessions granted 
to American citizens, and that it should 
be subject to the laws of organization, 
control and administration to be enacted 



264 



MORGAN, JOHN TYLER 



in the United States and enforced by like 
authority. All governments, and through 
them their people, are invited to become 
stockholders in the company styled in the 
concessions " The Maritime Canal Com 
pany of Nicaragua." 

Nicaragua and Costa Rica are stock 
holders in the company and may vote for 
directors, and, through them, take part 
in all the doings of the directors. They 
are bound thereby to the full extent that 
is included in the grants and limitations 
of the concessions, as completely as the 
other stockholders are bound. They pro 
vide expressly for the ownership of stock 
in the canal company by other govern 
ments, giving a preference to other Ameri 
can states in the right to subscribe for 
the stock. The corporation, therefore, is 
not only to be a public corporation, but in 
ternational, and is to have governments, 
as its stockholders, that are to vote in the 
direction of the affairs of the company, 
including the governments that made the 
grants. 

This is, necessarily, a very peculiar 
political situation, in connection with a 
geographical situation, and its attendant 
necessities, that exists nowhere else in the 
world. It presents opportunities, rights, 
and duties to the consideration and deter 
mination of the United States that are 
universally recognized as entitling us to 
a powerful, if not a dominant, influence 
in everything relating to the canal and its 
uses. The duties thus resting with us 
are well denned in the message of Presi 
dent Hayes, where he said that " this must 
be an American canal, under American 
control." 

The concessions made by Nicaragua and 
Costa Rica are in line with this dec 
laration, and make it even more specific 
by the opportunity given to the United 
States to build the canal and make it 
subject to our control. When this new at 
titude had been sedately taken by those 
governments and was formulated in con 
cessions to citizens of the United States 
not less solemn, or obligatory, than formal 
treaties Congress met the overture by 
granting a charter to " The Maritime 
Canal Company of Nicaragua," to be the 
" company of execution " provided for in 
the concession. Here was the concurrent 
" aid " of three governments to the canal. 



205 



These three republics lent their sovereign 
powers in aid of this benefaction to man 
kind, without considering the question of 
its cost, or its value as an investment, and 
without the least thought that they could 
help a few favorites to grow rich; or the 
least apprehension that, while they we re 
all looking on at the dealings of the com 
pany of execution, and were represented 
in the company, any fraud or corruption 
could scandalize their great and patriotic 
work. 

Congress accepted these concessions as 
the basis of its action, as was contem 
plated in their provisions, and conformed 
its legislation to the pledges of good faith 
towards our citizens in securing them the 
enjoyment and protection of their rights 
and privileges therein granted. 

This was governmental control over the 
canal in accordance with the concessions, 
and Congress reserved the right to alter, 
amend, or repeal the charter, according 
to its pleasure. Congress also required 
the president and secretary of the canal 
company to make reports, under oath, 
from time to time, to the Secretary of the 
Interior, " giving such detailed statement 
of its officers and of its assets and liabili 
ties as may be prescribed by the Secretary 
of the Interior, and any wilfully false 
statement so made shall be deemed per 
jury and punishable as such." Congress 
fixed the number of directors of the canal 
company and the manner of their elec 
tion, the amount of the capital stock to 
be issued, and required that a majority 
of the board of directors shall be citizens 
and residents of the United States. 

In these and other provisions of the 
charter, quite as important, Congress ex 
ercised legislative jurisdiction and polit 
ical power over the corporation as full 
and complete as if this had been a do 
mestic corporation. This, also, was " gov 
ernment aid " to the canal, strictly re 
sponsive to the action taken by Costa 
Rica and Nicaragua. It was aid without 
which the canal would not have been built 
or controlled by American citizens. 

After Congress had taken this line of 
action and had thus created international 
obligations with two sister republics, and 
had assumed the duty of framing laws 
for creating and controlling " the company 
of execution," provided for in these con- 



MORGAN, JOHN TYLER 



cessions, for the benefit of all commercial 
countries, we had thereby established very 
intimate governmental relations with this 
canal and its public and private promot 
ers. 

So intimate are these relations and so 
necessary to the preservation of the com 
merce, business interests, and the social 
and political communication of our East 
ern and Western States and people, and 
to the practical continuity of our coast 
line, and the safety of our country, that 
we may say that the United States has 
adopted the Nicaragua Canal as an in 
strumentality of government; not a means 
of governing Nicaragua and Costa Rica, 
or any foreign people or power, but as 
a means necessary to the better govern 
ment of our own country. 

To us this canal is as much a means 
of government as it is to those republics; 
its distance from our possessions being 
the only real difference. It equally removes 
the barrier to water communication be 
tween the two oceans for the benefit of 
each of the three republics, which is meas 
ured by twice the length of South America, 
and which is made extremely perilous by 
the dangerous navigation of the cold and 
turbulent seas of the Antarctic regions. 

Following this result, this canal opens 
an easy and short route for the transit 
of the mails, for the passage of troops, 
and of ships of war and of commerce, and 
lessens the cost of naval armaments to 
all American states by about one-half. In 
the interest of the peace of the world, this 
is a blessing of incalculable value. There 
is no light in which this project can be 
viewed that does not disclose the practical 
necessity of this canal as an instrument of 
better government and a facility of actual 
government to the people, States, and 
federal government of the United States. 

No nation has the right, in view of 
the concessions made by Nicaragua and 
Costa Rica to our citizens, and of our 
legislation to aid and perfect those rights, 
to say to us that we shall not proceed to 
aid the canal by a subvention, or in any 
other way that is consistent with the 
sovereignty of Nicaragua and Costa Rica 
over their own domain. 

Any other nation may as well demand 
of us the repeal of the charter granted 
by Congress to the canal company, as 



to say that we shall not make that legisla 
tion effectual by giving material aid to 
the building of the canal, and secure our 
government against loss. The Clayton- 
Bulwer treaty, our treaty with Nicaragua, 
concluded Aug. 21, 1867, and her treaty 
of Feb. 11, 1860, with Great Britain, upon 
which our treaty was modelled, all look 
to and provide for this canal and for ma 
terial aid to it. They only exclude the 
right of either power from acquiring sov 
ereign rights in Nicaragua. If British 
subjects now held the concessions that 
are owned by our people, and if Parlia 
ment should charter a " company of exe 
cution," and grant it a subsidy or any 
form of aid, we should have nothing to 
interpose, in the way of logical argu 
ment, to prevent the British Empire from 
dominating the canal to the extent of 
every power, right, and privilege included 
in these concessions. Nicaragua and Costa 
Rica could not present an argument or a 
plausible protest, against such dominion by 
Great Britain, and we could only interpose 
an argument iipon the Monroe doctrine, as 
it was emasculated by the Clayton-Buhver 
treaty, if we stood simply on our treaty re 
lations for the measure of our rights. 

But we are solemnly warned and assured 
by the convictions of every American 
heart that it would be dangerous, unpa 
triotic, and cowardly in us to admit any 
transatlantic power to usurp the place 
we naturally occupy towards that route 
of transit between the Atlantic and Pa 
cific oceans. We have a duty in this mat 
ter, laid upon us by the hand of Provi 
dence, which we cannot evade, and a 
power to execute that command, which 
we cannot surrender, that compel us to 
take a decisive part in this greatest work 
laid out for human hands to complete. If 
our internal policy is not such as to make 
us the least and most impotent of all the 
great powers, and to fetter our hands 
when we would stretch them forth to en 
large our commerce, increase our mail 
facilities, lower the shipping charges upon 
our productions, increase our population 
and their industries, and send out fleets 
to protect our coasts and to secure respect 
for our flag, there is no question as to 
our power and duty to aid in the con 
struction of the Nicaragua Canal. 

As to getting closer to the subject and 



266 



MORGAN, JOHN TYLER 

exerting sovereign dominion over the canal But, if we run up the conjectural cost 
in the country where it is located, which to $100,000,000, the canal, if built for that 
some enemies of the canal insist that we sum, must be the most valuable property 
should do, the answer is that we would in the world, of its magnitude. The ton- 
add nothing to our proper influence over nage, annually, can scarcely fall below 
the canal by this means, and, in doing that of the Suez Canal. It will gradu- 
this by force, we should dishonor our- ally exceed that amount. If it is two-thirds 
selves in the esteem of sister republics as great as that which passes through the 
that have always trusted the honor and St. Mary s Canal on the lakes it will equal 
integrity of the United States. Then, 9,000,000 tons. Who does not know that it 
recent history would condemn us in the must be greater than the traffic supplied 
eyes of all nations, for, when Nicaragua by so small an area of inland country? 
tendered to us almost the full measure A just estimate would be fixed, con- 
of sovereignty over the territory occupied fidently, by the most careful and hesitat- 
by the canal, we seemed to shrink from ing persons at 9,000,000 tons per annum, 
that opportunity, as the ghost of the to say nothing of income from passengers, 
Clayton-Bulwer treaty seemed to rise from of whom swarms will emigrate to the Pa- 
its forgotten grave to warn us of danger, cific coast. On this estimate we could 
After that, it ill becomes us to say that place the tolls at the rate of $1 per ton, 
we will have no canal unless we shall and realize $9,000,000 per annum. Take 
first have usurped the sovereignty over $3,000,000 of this sum for maintenance of 
Nicaragua and Costa Rica. the canal, which will not exceed half that 

The Suez Canal, with almost 100 miles sum; $3,000,000 for interest on the bonded 
of continuous digging, cost about $100,- debt, and $3,000,000 for the stockholders, 
000,000; of this sum $30,000,000 was and we will have a result that should ex- 
wasted in interest, commissions, changes cite the cupidity of the most grasping 
of location, and bad management. That speculator. But the true friend of the 
canal has now a traffic of nearly 9,000,000 industrial and commercial people will see 
tons annually, and it must be speedily in this result a saving to industry and 
enlarged to accommodate the commerce commerce of more than one-half the 
that is crowding through it to the western charges for tonnage that ai - e now paid to 
coast of the Pacific Ocean. The Nicaragua the Suez Canal. 

Canal has 29 y 3 miles of canal prism, or If the United States is the owner of 

axial, line. Of this one-third is very 80,000.000 of the 100.000.000 of the stock 

light dredging. The total length of this in this canal, and if it is to cost $100.- 

transit, from sea to sea, is 169i/> miles; 000,000 to build it, the dividends on that 

of this line, 155% miles is slack-water 80,000,000 of stock, employed in a sinking 

navigation at an elevation of 110 feet fund and invested in the bonds of the 

above the level of the sea. company, would pay the entire cost of con- 

This small lift is overcome by six struction and the interest on the bonds in 

locks three on either side of the lake, less than fifty years. 

The entire cost of the canal ready for These are some of the indisputable facts 

use, as estimated by Mr. Menocal, allow- that show that it is a good financial oper- 

ing 25 per cent, for contingencies, is ation, and a duty that concerns the honor, 

$65,084,176. A board of five other great welfare, and security of the United States, 

engineers went over Mr. Menocal s meas- Above all, it will stand as an example to 

urements and estimates with great care, mankind to prove that the great republic 

and out of abundant caution, and not of republics is the best form of political 

because of any substantial changes in his government for securing the welfare of the 

figures, they added to his estimates an- citizen and the fruits of his liberties. It 

other 20 per cent, for contingencies, and will, indeed, be the crowning glory of this 

so changed his estimate as to make the era that the Nicaragua Canal should be 

total cost of the canal ready for service, built by the aid, and controlled by the in- 

$87,799,570. It seems that "this may be fluence, of the United States, 

reasonably accepted as the outside possi- The people who have money will build 

ble cost of the canal. this canal, if no government takes it in 

267 



MORGAN MORGAN AND GAINES 



hand. But some other government be 
sides Nicaragua or Costa Rica will build 
and control it. The people of Europe built 
the Suez Canal when the profits of such 
an investment were vaguely conjectural. 
The French people poured hundreds of 
millions of francs into the Panama Canal 
scheme, and would repeat the investment 
if they had a hope of success. If their 
money had been honestly expended on 
the present line of the Nicaragua Canal, 
it would now be in operation, and we 
would be vainly endeavoring to get our 
rights there, as we are now doing with 
reference to the American railroad at 
Panama. The people will build this canal 
if some government does not build it, and 
they will not be American people. It will 
cost the canal company $250,000,000 to 
raise the money to build the canal, and 
our coastwise and foreign commerce will 
be taxed on that basis for its use. If we 
submit to that exaction, without causing 
a trouble that would spread through the 
world, it will be a new and dark chapter 
in our history. The just, wise, and safe 
policy is to prevent such a disaster ; to 
turn aside the temptation to careless in 
difference, and to prevent danger rather 
than to take the chances of finding a 
rough road to our future destiny. 

A government that has given far more 
than $100,000,000 to build transconti 
nental railroads should not fear to invest 
money, on an assured basis of profit, in 
order to give some of the advantages of 
fair competition in transportation charges 
to the great body of the industrial classes. 
Unpleasant scandals did attend the use of 
the money raised on the credit of the gov 
ernment, in the building of one of these 
railroads, but corruption was made pos 
sible by the absence of governmental con 
trol in the board of directors. A repeti 
tion of that wrong has become impossible. 
Those railroads are our pride, as a people. 
They are essential parts of our civili 
zation and indispensable factors in our 
government; but they are becoming too 
much a burden upon our internal and ex 
ternal commerce. Water transportation 
through the Isthmus of Darien is to be the 
efficient and just competitor for transcon 
tinental traffic, and will add immensely to 
their income, at lower rates of transporta 
tion, by the rapid increase of population on 



the Pacific slope. As we have aided great 
corporations by building railroads for 
them, let us now aid the people by building 
a canal that will make freights cheaper 
and will enrich the common treasury. 

Morgan, LEWIS HENRY, anthropologist; 
born in Aurora, N. Y., Nov. 21, 1818; 
graduated at Union College in 1840; and 
became a lawyer in Rochester, N. Y. He 
was deeply interested in the history of the 
American Indians, and was among the 
first to examine into their origin. He was 
the author of Letters on the Iroquois; 
JJouscs and House-Life of the American 
Aborigines ; and The American Beaver and 
His Works. He also arranged the mate 
rial, much of which he had himself col 
lected, for the work entitled Systems of 
Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human 
Family, published by the Smithsonian In 
stitution. He died in Rochester, N. Y., 
Dec. 17, 1881. 

Morgan, THOMAS JEFFERSON, clergy 
man; born in Franklin, Ind., Aug. 17, 
1839; educated at Franklin College; 
served in the National army in 1862-65, 
receiving the brevet of brigadier-general; 
graduated at the Rochester Theological 
Seminary in 1868. Later he was pro 
fessor of homiletics and church history 
at the Baptist Theological Seminary in 
Chicago; United States commissioner of 
Indian affairs; and corresponding secre 
tary of the American Baptist Home Mis- 
si6n Society. His publications include 
Patriotic Citizen-ship ; The Negro in Amer 
ica; etc. He died in Ossining, N. Y., July 
13, 1902. 

Morgan, WILLIAM, Freemason; born 
in Culpeper county, Va., in 1775; was in 
the battle of New Orleans ; and was a 
brewer in Toronto, Canada, in 1821. He 
was a resident, in 1826, of Batavia, N. Y., 
where he was seized, carried to Fort 
Niagara, and, as many persons have since 
believed, was drowned in Lake Ontario, 
Sept. 19, 1826, because it was reported 
that he was about to publish an exposure 
of the secrets of Freemasonry. This affair 
created intense excitement and a new po 
litical party. See ANTI-MASONIC PARTY. 

Morgan and Gaines, FORTS, SEIZURE 
OF. On the night of Jan. 3, 1861, Col. 
J. B. Todd, under orders of Governor 
Moore, embarked on a steamboat, with 
four companies of Confederate volunteers. 



268 



MORGAN CITY MOBMONS 

for Fort Morgan, at the entrance to Mo- are ready to receive any distinguished 

bile Harbor, about 30 miles below the strangers the government may see fit to 

city. They reached . the fort at about send on a visit to us." Fort Gaines, on 

3 A.M. the next day. The garrison made Dauphin Island, opposite Fort Morgan, 

no resistance, and cheered the flag of Ala- shared the fate of the latter. That morn- 

bama when it was put in the place of ing, Jan. 4, the United States revenue 

that of the United States. At 5 A.M. the cutter Lewis Cass was surrendered to the 

fort was in the hands of the Confederates, collector of the port of MOBILE (q. v.) . 

One of the captors wrote: "We found See BOWYER, FORT. 

here about 5,000 shot and shell; and we Morgan City. See BRASHEAK CITY. 



MOBMONS 

Mormons, the most common name of call the " Three Witnesses." Several years 
members of the Church of Jesus Christ afterwards these men quarrelled with 
of Latter-Day Saints. This sect, whose Smith, renounced Mormonism, and solemn- 
origin and growth are strange social phe- ly declared that their testimony was false, 
nomena, originated with Joseph Smith, The Boole of Mormon is a collection of 
a native of Vermont, who pretended that sixteen distinct books, professing to be 
as early as 1823, when he was living written at different periods by successive 
with his father in Ontario (now Wayne) prophets. Its style is that of our English 
county, N. Y., at the age of fifteen years, version of the Bible, from which quota- 
he began to have visions. He said God tions to the amount of 300 pages of the 
had then revealed to him that in a cer- work are made without allusion to their 
tain hill were golden plates, on which source. Smith and Rigdon became part- 
were written the records of the ancient ners in the scheme of establishing a new 
inhabitants of America, and that with church. With this Book of Mormon in 
the plates would be found two transparent their hands as text and authority, they 
stones, which were called in the Hebrew began to preach the new gospel. They 
tongue Urim and Thummim, on looking found followers, and in April, 1830, organ- 
through which the inscriptions on the gold- ized the first Mormon church at Manches- 
en plates would become intelligible. He ter, N. Y., when the members numbered 
said that four years afterwards (Sept. 22, thirty. Smith pretended to be guided by a 
1827) the angel of the Lord had placed series of revelations. By one of these he 
these golden plates and their interpreters was directed to lead the believers to Kirt- 
in his hands. The inscriptions were neat- iand, O., which was to be the seat of the 
ly engraved on the plates in hieroglyphics New Jerusalem. They went, and converts 
of the " reformed Egyptian," then not rapidly appeared. Desiring a wider field 
known on the earth. From these plates, for the growth of the Church, Smith and 
with the aid of the Urim and Thummim, Rigdon found it in Jackson county, Mo., 
Smith, sitting behind a blanket-screen where, at Independence, Smith dedicated 
to hide the plates from eyes profane, read the site for the temple to be erected by 
the Book of Mormon (or Golden Bible, as the Saints. Then they Avcnt back to Kirt- 
he sometimes called it) to Oliver Cow- land to remain five years and "make 
dery. who wrote it down as Smith read money." There they established a mill, 
it. It was printed in 1830 in a volume a store, and a bank. Smith was presi- 
of several hundred pages. Appended to dent of the latter, and Rigdon was cashier, 
the narrative is a declaration signed by and the neighboring country was flooded 
Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer. and Mar- with the bank s worthless notes. Accused 
tin Harris in these words: "We declare, of fraudulent dealing, a mob dragged 
with words of soberness, that an angel of Smith and Rigdon from their beds (March 
God came down from heaven, and he 22, 1832), and tarred and feathered them, 
brought and laid before our eyes, that About this time BRIGIIAM Youxo 
we beheld and saw the plates and the (q. v.), a native of Vermont, a painter 
engravings thereon." These the Mormons and glazier, became a convert, and joined 

209 



MORMONS 



the Mormons at Kirtland. His ability 
and shrewdness soon made him a leader, 
and when a new organization of the 
Church occurred, and a hierarchy was 
established with twelve apostles, he was 
ordained one of them, and was sent out, 
to preach the new gospel. They built a 
costly temple at Kirtland, which was ded 
icated in 1836. Their first missionaries 
to Europe were sent in 1837. Early the 
next year the bank at Kirtland failed, 
and Smith and Rigdon, to avoid arrest for 
fraud, decamped in the night and took ref 
uge in Missouri, where a large number of 
Mormons had gathered. They were 
driven by the exasperated inhabitants 



The Mormons were kindly received in 
Illinois. Lands were given them, and 
Smith was directed by a revelation to 
build a city, to be called Nauvoo, at Com 
merce. He laid out the city, sold lots to 
his followers at high prices, and amassed 
a considerable fortune. Nauvoo soon be 
came a city of several thousand inhabi 
tants, the Saints being summoned by a 
new revelation to assemble there from all 
parts of the world, and to build a tem 
ple for the Lord, and a hotel in which 
Smith and his family should " have place 
from generation to generation, for ever 
and ever." Extraordinary privileges were 
given to Nauvoo by the legislature 




THE HOMK OF HKIGHAM Yol XO. 



towards the western border of the State, 
where Smith and Rigdon joined them. In 
conflicts with the Mormons, several were 
killed on each side. Finally, late in 1838, 
these conflicts assumed the character of 
civil war, and apostates from the Mor 
mon Church declared that Smith was re 
garded by his followers as superior to all 
earthly magistrates, and that it was his 
avowed intention to possess himself of the 
State. The armed Mormons defied the 
laws. Smith and Rigdon were arrested 
on a charge of treason, murder, and felony. 
The Mormons were finally driven out of 
Missouri ; and, to the number of several 
thousands, they crossed the Mississippi 
into Illinois, where they were joined by 
Smith, who had broken out of jail. 



of Illinois, and Smith and Rigdon ex 
ercised almost unlimited power. They 
organized a military corps called the 
" Nauvoo Legion," of which Smith was 
made lieutenant-general, and they chose 
a site for a temple on a bluff, the plan of 
which, it was said, had been revealed to 
Joseph Smith, their leader, and a " Gen 
tile " architect was employed to build it. 
Its corner-stone was laid April 6, 1841. It 
was built of beautiful white limestone. 
In style, size, and decorations, it was in 
tended to rival every other fane on the 
globe. Rumors of scandalous practices 
among the Mormons began to be cir 
culated, and the leaders resolved to desert 
" the City of Beauty." They had expend 
ed $1,000,000 on their temple, and it was 



270 



MORMONS 



not yet finished; but they determined to 
dedicate it. That ceremony was a scene 
of great interest. Young men and maidens 
came with festoons of flowers to decorate 
the twelve elaborately carved oxen upon 
which rested the great baptismal laver. 
Prayers were uttered, chants were sung, 
and, in the midst of bishops in their sacer 
dotal robes, the voice of the Seer (Brig- 
ham Young) was heard pronouncing the 
temple dedicated to the service of Al 
mighty God. Over the door was placed 
this inscription: 

"THE HOUSE OF THE LORD. 

" BUILT BY THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF 

LATTER-DAY SAINTS. 
" HOLINESS TO THE LORD." 

On the day when the temple was ded 
icated it was abandoned to the " Gen 
tiles." Thirty months afterwards it was 
destroyed by fire; and in May, 1850, "the 
City of Beauty " was desolated by a tor 
nado, and the partially restored temple 
was cast to the earth a heap of ruins. 

Smith had been almost absolute in power 
and influence; and as early as 1838 he had 
by persuasion corrupted several women, 
calling them " spiritual wives," although 
he had a lawful wife to whom he had 
been married eleven years. She naturally 
became jealous, and, to pacify her, Smith 
pretended to receive (July 12, 1843) a 
revelation authorizing men to have more 
than one wife. So polygamy was estab 
lished among the Mormons. Much scandal 
was created at Nauvoo. The " Apostles " 
strenuously denied the fact until it could 
no longer be concealed, when it was admit 
ted (1852), and boldly avowed and de 
fended on the authority of the revelation 
in 1843. Smith s licentiousness became 
so flagrant that a great uproar was cre 
ated at Nauvoo, and he was denounced 
as a corrupter of virtue. The affidavits 
cf sixteen women were published to the 
effect that Smith and Rigdon had tried 
to persuade them to become " spiritual 
wives." Great excitement followed. Smith 
and some followers having destroyed the 
property of one of his accusers, attempts 
were made to arrest him, when the Mor 
mons, armed, defended him. At last he, 
his brother Hyrum, and others were lodged 
in jail at Carthage in 1844. On the even 
ing of June 27 a mob attacked the jail, 



271 



and the " Prophet " and his brother were 
shot dead. Rigdon now aspired to be the 
leader of the Mormons, but Brigham 
Young had himself appointed president 
of the Church, and Rigdon, becoming con 
tumacious, was cast out to be " buffeted 
for 1,000 years." 

Public sentiment in Illinois soon set 
strongly against the Mormons. Armed 
mobs attacked the smaller settlements, 
and also Nauvoo, their city. At length 
a special " revelation " commanded their 
departure for the Western wilderness; and 
ir. February, 1846, 1,600 men, women, and 
children crossed the Mississippi River on 
the ice, and, travelling with ox-teams and 
on foot, penetrated the Indian country 
and rested at Council Bluffs, on the Mis 
souri River. Other bands continued to 
emigrate; and finally, in September, 1846, 
the last lingering Mormons at Nauvoo 
were driven out at the point of the bayonet 
by 1,600 troops. At their resting-place 
they were met by a requisition for 500 men 
for the army in Mexico, which was com 
plied with. The remainder stayed, turn 
ed up the virgin soil, and planted there. 
Leaving a few to cultivate and gather 
for wanderers who might come after them, 
the host moved on. Order reigned. To 
them the voice of their Seer (Brigham 
Young) was the voice of God. Every ten 
wagons were under the command of a cap 
tain, who obeyed a captain of fifty, and 
he, in turn, obeyed a centurion, or cap 
tain of 100. Discipline everywhere pre 
vailed. They formed Tabernacle Camps, 
where a portion of them stopped to sow 
and reap, spin and weave, and perform 
necessary mechanical work. They had 
singing and dancing; they made short 
marches and encamped in military order 
every night; they forded swift-flowing 
streams and bridged the deeper floods. 

Many were swept away by miasmatic 
fevers ; and when winter fell upon them in 
the vast plains, inhabited by Indians, they 
suffered much, though more kindly treated 
by the Indians than they had been by 
their own race. They made caves in the 
sand-hills; and in the spring of 1847 they 
marked out the site of a city upon a great 
prairie, on the bank of the Missouri River, 
where the Omahas dwelt. There more than 
700 houses were built, a tabernacle was 
raised, mills and workshops were construct- 



MORMONS 



ed, and a newspaper, The Frontier Guar 
dian, was established. The city was called 
Kane, in honor of Colonel Kane (brother 
of the Arctic explorer), who gave them 
much aid in their exodus. During the 
summer and early autumn bountiful har 
vests were gathered. From Kane they 
sent out missionaries to Oregon and Cali 
fornia, and even to the Sandwich Islands, 
while others went forward deeper into the 
wilderness to spy out a " promised land : 
for " an everlasting habitation." 

They chose the Great Salt Lake Valley, 
enclosed within lofty and rugged moun 
tains, fertile, isolated, and healthful; and 
thitherward, in the early summer of 1847, 
a chosen band of 143 men, accompanied by 
their wives and children and the mem 
bers of the high council, with seventy 
wagons drawn by horses, proceeded as 
pioneers to take possession of the country. 
They passed up the north fork of the 
Platte River to Fort Laramie, crossed 



that stream, followed its course along the 
banks of the Black Hills to South Pass, 
which they penetrated. . Along the rivers, 
through deep canons, over the lofty Utah 
Mountains, they toiled on until, on the 
evening of July 20, they saw, from the 
summits of the Wasatch Mountains, the 
placid Salt Lake glittering in the beams 
of the setting sun. It was like the vision 
of the Hebrew law-giver on Mount Pisgah. 
It was a scene of wondrous interest. 
Stretched out before them was the Land 
of Promise where they hoped never to be 
molested by " Gentiles," or the arm of 
" Gentile " government. The pilgrims en 
tered the valley on July 21, and on the 
24th the president and high council ar 
rived. They chose the site for a city on 
a gentle slope, on the banks of a stream 
which they called Jordan, connecting the 
more southern Utah Lake with the Great 
Salt Lake. They built a fort, planted 
seed, and with solemn ceremonies the land 




SALT LAKE CITY. 

272 



MORMONS 

was consecrated to the Lord. In the that every person who has a husband or 

spring of 1848 fields were seeded, crops wife living who, in a Territory or other 

were raised, and the blessings of plenty p ace over which the United States has 

ensued. The inhabitants of Kane pressed exclusive jurisdiction, hereafter marries 

forward to the new Canaan; other Saints another, whether married or single, and 

followed; and the New Jerusalem was any man who hereafter simultaneously, 

laid out within an area of 4 square or on the same day, marries more than 

miles, and called Salt Lake City. A large one woman, in a Territory or other place 

number of converts arrived from Europe, o~ver which the United States has exclu- 

and in 1849 the Mormons organized an in- sive jurisdiction, is guilty of polygamy, 

dependent State, called Deseret " the and shall be punished by a fine of not 

land of the honey-bee." A legislature more than $500 and by imprisonment for 

was elected, and a constitution framed and a term of not more than five years; but 

sent to Washington. Congress refused to this section shall not extend to any per- 

recognize it, but formed a territorial gov- son by reason of any former marriage, 

ernment for their country under the name whose husband or wife by such marriage 

of UTAH (q. v.) , and appointed Brigham shall have been absent for five successive 

Young territorial governor. years and is not known to such person 

On Aug. 29, 1852, the doctrine of polyg- to be living and is believed by such per- 

amy was openly announced as a divine son to be dead, nor to any person by rea- 

revelation and a tenet of the Church. From son of any former marriage which shall 

the establishment of Utah as a Territory have been dissolved by a valid decree of a 

the authority of the United States was competent court, nor to any person by 

constantly disregarded by the Mormons, reason of any former marriage which shall 

A number of federal judges were forced have been pronounced void by a valid de- 

by threats of violence to leave the Terri- cree of a competent court, on the grounds 

tory, and after a mob of armed Mormons of nullity of the marriage contract; that 

had broken into the court-room of the the President is hereby authorized to grant 

United States district judge in February, amnesty to such classes of offenders guilty 

1856, the government sent a military ex- of bigamy, polygamy, or unlawful cohab- 

pedition to the scene of the disturbance, itation before the passage of this act, on 

and after quiet had been restored the such conditions and under such limita- 

Mormons promised to submit to the fed- tions as he shall think proper; but no 

eral authority. The promise, however, such amnesty shall have effect unless the 

was not kept, and in 1862 Congress passed conditions thereof shall be complied with; 

an act prohibiting polygamy in the va- that the issue of bigamous or polygamous 

rious Territories. The Mormons first ig- marriages, known as Mormon marriages, 

nored this law, then defied it, and after- in cases in which such marriages have 

wards challenged its constitutionality, been solemnized accordingly to the cere- 

when the United States Supreme Court monies of the Mormon sect in any Terri- 

in 1879 declared the act valid. Despite tory of the United States, and such issue 

this law the Mormons continued to con- shall have been born before the first 

tract plural marriages, which induced day of January, anno Domini eighteen 

Congress in 1882 to pass the Edmunds hundred and eighty-three, are hereby le- 

act, of which the following is the sub- gitimated; and that no polygamist, biga- 

stance: mist, or any person cohabiting with more 

" That if any male person in a Terri- than one w r oman, and no woman cohab- 

tory or other place over which the United iting with any of those persons described 

States has exclusive jurisdiction hereaf- as aforesaid in this section in any such 

ter cohabits with more than one worn- Territory or other place over which the 

an, he shall be deemed guilty of a misde- United States has exclusive jurisdiction, 

meanor, and on conviction thereof shall shall be entitled to vote at any election 

be punished by a fine of not more than held in any such Territoiy or place, or be 

$300, or by imprisonment for not more eligible for election or appointment to, or 

than six months, or by both said pun- be entitled to hold any office or place of 

ishments, in the discretion of the court ; public trust, honor, or emolument in, 
VI. s 273 



MORMONS 

under, or for any such Territory or place, wise, and generally reserved, as it did in 

or under the United States." the case of Utah, the right to revoke all 

This act, however, did not meet the re- acts of the territorial legislature. It fol- 

quirements as considered by the federal lows, therefore, that it had the right to 

authorities, and in 1887 Congress passed revoke the Church charter, 

what is known as the Edmund-Tucker act. " A distinguishing feature of Mornion- 




INTERIOR OP THE MORMON TABERNACLE. 



Under this act more than 1,000 Mor- ism is well known to be polygamy and an 
mons, including many leaders of the absolute ecclesiastical control of its church- 
Church, were fined and imprisoned, and members. Notwithstanding all the efforts 
measures were instituted by the Mormon to suppress this barbarous practice, the 
leaders to test the constitutionality of the sect perseveres, in defiance of law, in prop- 
act. On May 19, 1890, the Supreme Court agating this nefarious doctrine. The ex- 
of the United States declared the act con- istence of such a propaganda is a blot on 
stitutional in an opinion by Justice Brad- our civilization. The organization of a 
ley, three justices of the court, however, community for the spread of polygamy 
dissenting from the opinion. The following is a return to barbarism. The question, 
are the principal points in the decision: therefore, is whether the promotion of 

" Two questions are involved in this such an unlawful system, so repugnant to 
case. The first is, has Congress the pow- our laws, is to be allowed to continue, 
er to repeal the charter of the Church of and whether the enormous funds which 
Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints? This have been accumulated shall be wielded 
question it answers in the affirmative. The for the propagation of the obnoxious prac- 
power of Congress over the Territories tice. The history of the government s 
is generally dependent on the right to ac- dealings with the Mormons is one of pa- 
quire the Territory itself. It is derived tience on the part of the government, and 
from the treaty-making power, the power of the resistance to law, and pitiless 
to declare war. The incidents of these atrocities on the part of the Mormons, 
powers are those of national sovereignty. " The contention that polygamy is a 
Congress had supreme power over the Ter- part of the Mormons religious belief is a 
ritories acquired by purchase or other- sophistical plea. No doubt the thugs of 

274 



MORMONS 

India imagined their belief in assassina- of opposition, which was embodied in a 
tion was a religious belief, but that did remarkable manifesto, issued by Wilford 
not make it so. Society has a perfect Woodruff, then president of the Church, 
right to prohibit offences against the en- in which he solemnly denied that the 
lightened sentiment of mankind. Since Church was then practising polygamy or 
the Church persists in claiming the right plural marriage, and stated that the En- 
to use the funds with which it has been en- dowment House had been taken down by 
dowed for the purpose of promoting these his orders on account of a report that a 
unlawful practices, the question arises, has plural marriage, without his knowledge 
the government a right to seize these funds or consent, had taken place there in the 
which the Mormons are misusing, and de- spring of the previous year. The niani- 
vote them to worthy and charitable pur- festo concluded as follows : " Inasmuch as 
poses, as nearly akin as possible to those laws have been enacted by Congress for- 
to which the funds were dedicated." bidding plural marriages, which laws have 
After an elaborate historical review of been pronounced constitutional by the 
the common law, the court came to the court of last resort, I do hereby declare 
conclusion that Congress had the right my intention to submit to those laws, 
to seize the property, and said: and to use all my influence with the 
" Congress had before it a contumacious members of the Church over which I pre- 
organization, wielding by its resources an side to have them do likewise. There is 
immense power in the Territory of Utah nothing in my teachings to the Church, or 
and employing those resources in constant- in those of my associates, during the time 
]y attempting to oppose, subvert, and specified, which can reasonably be con- 
thwart the legislation of Congress and the strued to inculcate or encourage polyg- 
will of the government. Under such cir- amy, and when any elder of the Church 
cumstances we have no doubt of the right has used language which appeared to 
of Congress to do as it did. The decree convey such teaching he has been prompt 
er" the lower court is affirmed." ly reproved; and I now publicly declare 
Justice Fuller said that he and Justices that my advice to the Latter-Day Saints 
Field and Lamar were constrained to is to refrain from contracting any mar- 
dissent from this decision. The power riage forbidden by the laws of the land." 
of Congress to legislate over the Terri- On Oct. 6, of the same year, the great 
tories was not incident to the treaty-mak- semi-annual conference of the Church, at- 
ing power ; and its power was restricted tended by apostles, bishops, elders, and 
directly to that expressed or implied in about 1,000 people, unanimously adopted 
the Constitution. There was no such the following resolution: "That, recog- 
power granted as that involved in the nizing Wilford Woodruff as the president 
act under consideration. Congress un- of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- 
questionably had power to suppress polyg- Day Saints, and the only man on earth, 
amy, and it was immaterial whether at the present time, who holds the keys of 
the crime was committed in the name of the sealing ordinances, we consider him 
religion. But Congress had not power fully authorized, by virtue of his position, 
to seize and confiscate the property of to issue the manifesto which has boon 
corporations because they may have been read in our hearing, and which is dated 
guilty of crime. If the purposes of the fund Sept. 24, 1890, and that as a Church in 
wore such as had been depicted, it was im- general conference assembled, we accept 
possible to subject it to a purpose as near his declaration concerning plural mar- 
as possible to the object denounced. In the riages as authoritative and binding." 
judgment of the minority the conversion of President Woodruff said at the time: 
the fund, contemplated by Congress, was "The action of the conference is con- 
in contravention of the specific limitations elusive. The Church has no disposition 
of the Constitution. to violate the laws or defy the govern- 
On Sept. 24 following this affirmation ment. The revelation of God requires us 
hy the Supreme Court, the Mormon to obey the constitutional laws of the 
Church, for the first time in its history, land. The Supreme Court of the United 
presented a policy of acquiescence instead States is the legal interpreter of the laws 

275 



MORBELL MOB-BILL 



and the final arbitrator as to their va 
lidity. The Territorial convention has 
also pronounced in favor of full allegiance 
to the government, and willing submission 
to its authority. Judge Zane has recog 
nized the action of the Church as sincere 
and final, and has rescinded the rule ex 
cluding Mormon aliens from naturaliza 
tion." On pledges of the membership of 
the Church, and on recommendation of 
the Utah Commission, President Harrison, 
on Jan. 4, 1893, issued a proclamation 
granting full amnesty and pardon to all 
persons who had, since Nov. 1, 1890, ab 
stained from unlawful cohabitation, " but 
upon express condition that they shall 
in future faithfully obey the laws of 
the United States." On Sept. 27, 1894, 
President Cleveland issued the following 
proclamation of amnesty to those who 
had failed to avail themselves of the 
clemency offered by President Harrison: 

" BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 
STATES OF AMERICA. 

" A Proclamation : 

" Whereas, Congress by a statute approved 
March 22, 1882, and by statutes in further 
ance and amendment thereof, defined the 
crimes of bigamy, polygamy, and unlawful 
cohabitation in the Territories and other 
places within the exclusive jurisdiction of the 
United States, and prescribed a penalty for 
such crimes ; and, 

" Whereas, On or about the 6th day of 
October, 1890, the Church of the Latter-Day 
Saints, commonly known as the Mormon 
Church, through its president, issued a mani 
festo proclaiming the purpose of said Church 
no longer to sanction the practice of polyg 
amous marriages, and calling upon all mem 
bers and adherents of said Church to obey 
the laws of the United States in reference 
to said subject matter ; and, 

" Whereas, On the 4th day of January, 
1893, Benjamin Harrison, then President of 
the United States, did declare and grant 
a full pardon and amnesty to certain of 
fenders, under condition of future obedience 
to their requirements, as is fully set forth 
in said proclamation of amnesty and pardon ; 
and, 



" Whereas, Upon the evidence now furnish 
ed me, I am satisfied that the members and 
adherents of said Church generally abstain 
from plural marriages and polygamous co 
habitation, and are now living in obedience 
to the laws, and that the time has now ar 
rived when the interests of public justice 
and morality will be promoted by the grant 
ing of amnesty and pardon to all such of 
fenders as have complied with the conditions 
of said proclamation, including such of said 
offenders as have been convicted under the 
provisions of said acts ; 

" Now, therefore I, Grover Cleveland, Presi 
dent of the United States, by virtue of powers 
in me vested, do hereby declare and grant a 
full amnesty and pardon to all persons who 
have, in violation of said acts, committed 
each of the offences of polygamy, bigamy, 
adultery, or unlawful cohabitation under 
the color of polygamous or plural marriage, 
or who, having been convicted of violation 
of said acts, are now suffering deprivation 
of civil rights, having the same, excepting 
all persons who have not complied with the 
conditions noted in said executive proc 
lamation of Jan. 4, 1893. 

" In witness whereof I have hereunto set 
my hand and caused the seal of the United 
States to be affixed. 

" Done at the City of Washington this 27th 
day of September, in the year of our Lord 
one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four, 
and of the independence of the United States 
the one hundred and nineteenth. 

[SEAL.] "GROVER CLEVELAND. 

" By the President : 

" W. Q. GRESHAM., Secretary of State." 

The Congress, on July 16, 1894, passed 
an act to enable the Territory of Utah 
to form a State government; and on 
Jan. 4, 1896, Utah was admitted into 
the Union as a State. See MOUNTAIN 
MEADOW MASSACRE. 

Morrell, IMOGENE ROBINSON, painter; 
born in Attleboro, Mass. ; educated in New 
ark, N. J., and in New York City; later 
studying in Europe. Her works include 
The First Battle of the Puritans; Wash 
ington Welcoming the Provision Trains at 
Neivburg, JV. Y., in 1778 ; Historical Por 
trait of Gen. John A. Dix ; portraits of 
Howell Cobb and John C. Spencer, ex- 
Secretaries of the Treasury, etc. 



MOBBILL, JUSTIN SMITH 

Morrill, JUSTIN SMITH, legislator ; born national House of Representatives as a 
in Strafford, Vt., April 14, 1810; received Republican in 1855, and served there till 
an academic education; engaged in mer- March 4, 1867, when he was transferred 
cantile business till 1848, then became to the Senate, where he had the longest 
interested in agriculture. He entered tho unbroken term in the history of that body. 

276 



MOBBILL, JUSTIN SMITH 



For this reason he became popularly 
known as " the Father of the Senate." 
He opposed the admission of Kansas as a 
slave State in 1855; introduced the tariff 
bill known by his name in 1861; and was 
a member of the Senate committee on 
finance from 1867 till his death in Wash 
ington, D. C., Dec. 28, 1898. 




JUSTI.V SMITH MORRILL. 



Taking an active part in all the debates 
relating to the tariff and to coinage, his 
most notable speech was that in which 
he opposed the remonetization of silver 
(see below) on Jan. 28, 1878. 



The Remonetization of Silver. Mr. 
President, The bill now before the Senate 
provides for the resuscitation of the 
obsolete dollar of 412% grains of silver, 
which Congress entombed in 1834 by an 
act which diminished the weight of gold 
coins to the extent of 6"/ 10 per cent., and 
thus bade a long farewell to silver. It is 
to be a dollar made of metal worth 53% 
pence per ounce, or 10 cents less in value 
than a gold dollar, and on Jan. 3, awk 
wardly enough, worth 8% cents less than 
a dollar in greenbacks, gold being only 
1% per cent, premium, but, nevertheless, 
to be a legal tender for all debts, public 
or private, except where otherwise pro 
vided by contract. The words seem to be 
aptly chosen to override and annul what- 



277 



ever now may be otherwise provided by 
law. Beyond this, as the bill came from 
the House, the holders of silver bullion 
not the government or the whole people 
were to have all the profits of coinage 
and the government all of the ex 
pense. . . . 

The bill, if it becomes a law, must at the 
very threshold arrest the resumption of 
specie payments, for, were the holders 
of the United States notes suddenly will 
ing to exchange them for much less than 
their present value, payment even in silver 
is to be postponed indefinitely. For years 
United States notes have been slowly 
climbing upward, but now they are to have 
a sudden plunge downward, and in every 
incompleted contract, great and small, the 
robbery of Peter to pay Paul is to be fore 
ordained. The whole measure looks to me 
like a fearful assault upon the public 
credit. The losses it will inflict upon the 
holders of paper money and many others 
will be large, and if the bill, without 
further radical amendments, obtains the 
approval of the Senate, it will give the 
death-blow to the cardinal policy of the 
country, which now seeks a large re 
duction of the rate of interest upon our 
national debt. Even that portion now 
held abroad will come back in a stampede 
to be exchanged for gold at any sacrifice. 
The ultimate result would be, when the 
supply for customs shall have been coined 
and the first effervescence has passed 
away, the emission of silver far below the 
standard of gold; and when the people 
become tired of it, disgusted or ruined by 
its stability, as they soon would be, 
a fresh clamor may be expected for the 
remonetization of gold, and another clip 
ping or debasing of gold coins may follow 
to bring them again into circulation on 
the basis of silver equivalency. In this 
slippery descent there can be no stopping- 
place. The consoling philosophy of the sil 
ver commission may then be repeated, that 
a fall in the value of either or both of the 
metals is a " benefaction to mankind." 
If that were true, then copper, being more 
abundant and of lower value, should be 
used in preference to either gold or silver, 
The gravity of these questions will not be 
disputed. . . . 

If any have silver to sell it is com 
paratively a small matter, and yet we 



MOBlBILL, JUSTIN SMITfi 

earnestly desire that they may obtain for proposed bill, and widely circulated. The 

it the highest, as well as the most stable, bill was separately printed eleven times, 

price; but not at the expense of corn, cot- and twice in reports of the deputy comp- 

lon, and wheat; and it is to be hoped, if troller of the currency thirteen times in 

any have debts to meet now or hereafter, all and so printed by order of Congress, 

that they may meet them with the least A copy of the printed bill was many times 

inconvenience consistent with plain, down- on the table of every Senator, and I now 

right integrity; but, from being led astray have all of them here before me in large 

by the loud declamations of those who type. It was considered at much length 

earn nothing themselves and know no by the appropriate committees of both 

trade but spoliation of the earnings of Houses of Congress: and the debates at 

others, let them heartily say, " Good Lord, different times upon the bill in the Senate 

deliver us." . filled sixty-six columns of the Globe, and 

A stupid charge, heretofore, in the front in the House seventy-eight columns of the 

of debate has been made, and wickedly re- Uldbe. No argus-eyed debater objected by 

peatcd in many places, that the Coinage any amendment to the discontinuance of 

Act of 1873 was secretly and clandestinely the silver dollar. Tn substance the bill 

engineered through Congress without twice passed each House, and was finally 

proper consideration or knowledge of its agreed upon and reported by a very able 

contents; but it is to be noted that this and trustworthy committee of conference, 

charge had its birth and growth years where Mr. Sherman, Mr. Scott, and Mr. 

after the passage of the act, and not Bayard appeared on the part of the Sen- 

until after the fall of silver. Long ago ate. . . . 

it was declared by one of the old Greek The gold standard, it may confidently 
dramatists that " No lie ever grows old." be asserted, is practically far cheaper than 
This one is fresh and boneless now as at that of silver. I do not insist upon hav- 
its birth, and, therefore, swallowed with ing the gold standard, but if we are to 
avidity by those to whom such food is have but one, I think that the best. The 
nutritious, or by those who have no ap- expense of maintaining a metallic currency 
petite for searching the documents and is, of course, greater than that of paper: 
records for facts. Whether the act itself but it must be borne in mind that a paper 
was right or wrong does not depend upon currency is only tolerable when convertible 
the degradation of Congress implied in the at the will of the holder into coin and no 
original charge. Interested outsiders may one asks for more than that. A met all 
glory in libelling Congress, but why should currency is also subject to considerable 
its own members? The act may be good loss by abrasion or the annual wear; and 
and Congress bad, and yet it is to be hoped it is quite important to know which metal 
that the latter has not fallen to the level gold or silver can be most cheaply sup- 
of its traducers. But there has been no ported. A careful examination of the sub- 
fall of Congress: only a fall of silver. To ject conclusively shows that the loss i 
present the abundant evidence showing nearly in proportion to the length of time 
that few laws were ever more openly pro- coins have been in circulation, and to the 
posed, year after year, and squarely under- amount of surface exposed, although small 
stood than the Coinage Act of 1873, will coins, being handled with less care^ suffer 
" require but a moment. It had been for most. The well-ascertained result is that 
years elaborately considered and reported it costs from fifteen to twenty-five times 
upon by the deputy comptroller of the more to keep silver afloat than it does to 
currency. The special attention of Con- maintain the same amount in gold. To 
gress was called to the bill and the re- sustain the silver standard would annually 
port by the Secretary of the Treasury cost about 1 per cent, from abrasion; 
in his annual report for 1870, 1871, and but that of gold would not exceed one- 
1872, where the "new features" of the twentieth of 1 per cent. This is a trouble- 
bill, " discontinuing the coinage of the sil- some charge, forever to bristle up in the 
ver dollar," were fully set forth. The pathway of a silver standard. It must 
extensive correspondence of the depart- also be borne in mind that the mint cost 
nient had been printed in relation to the of coining silver is many times greater 

278 



MORBILL, JUSTIN SMITH 

than that of the same amount in gold, ercised, of which the world was called 

More than 16 tons of silver are re- upon to take notice, and to pay in silver 

quired as the equivalent of 1 ton of to-day or to let it alone to-morrow. I 

gold. As a cold matter of fact, silver is know that the detestable doctrine of Ma- 

neither the best nor the cheapest standard, chiavelli was that " a prudent prince 

It is far dearer to plant and forever dearer ought not to keep his word except when 

to maintain. he can do it without injury to himself"; 

A double standard put forth by us on but the Bible teaches a different doc- 

the terms now proposed by the commission trine, and honoreth him " who sweareth 

or by the House bill would be so only to his own hurt and changeth not." If 

in name. The perfect dual ideal of theo- we would not multiply examples of indi- 

rists, based upon an exact equilibrium vidual financial turpitude, already pain- 

of values, cannot be realized while the fully numerous, we must not trample 

intrinsic value of either of the component out conscience and sound morality from 

parts is overrated or remains a debatable the monetary affairs of the nation. The 

question and everywhere more or less " option " about which we should be most 

open to suspicion. A standard of value solicitous was definitely expressed by 

linked to the changing fortunes of two Washington when he said : " There is an 

metals instead of one, when combined option left to the United States whether 

with an existing disjointed and all-per- they will be respectable and prosperous 

vading confusion in the ratio of value, or contemptible and miserable as a na- 

must necessarily be linked to the hazard tion." Our national self - respect will 

of double perturbations and become an al- not be increased when Turkey, as a debt- 

ternating standard in perpetual motion. paying nation, shall be held as our equal 

The bimetallic scheme, with silver pre- and Mexico as our superior. The credit 

dominant largely everywhere else sus- of a great nation cannot even be dis- 

pended, if not repudiated is pressed upon cussed without some loss ; it cannot even 

us now with a ratio that will leave noth- be tempted by the devious advantages of 

ing in circulation but silver, as a profit- legal technicalities without bringing some 

able mode of providing a new and cheaper sense of shame; but to live, it must go, 

way of pinching and paying the national like chastity, unchallenged and unsus- 

debt ; but a mode which would leave even pected. . . . 

a possible cloud upon our national credit The argument relied upon in favor of 

should find neither favor nor tolerance a bimetallic standard as against a mono- 

among a proud and independent people. metallic seems to be that a single-metal 

The proposition is openly and squarely standard leaves out one-half of the world s 

made to pay the public debt at our op- resources; but the same thing must occur 

tion in whichever metal, gold or silver, with the bimetallic standard unless the 

happens to be cheaper, and chiefly for the metals can be placed and kept in a state 

reason that silver already happens to be of exact equilibrium, or so that nothing 

at least 10 per cent, the cheapest. In 1873 can be gained by the exchange of one for 

to have paid the debt in silver would the other. Hitherto this has been an un- 

have cost 3 per cent, more than to have attainable perfection. A law fixing the 

paid it in gold, and then there was no ratio of sixteen or fifteen and one-half of 

unwillingness on the part of the present silver to one of gold, as proposed by dif- 

non-contents to pay in gold. Silver was ferent members of the commission, would 

worth more then to sell than to pay debts, now be a gross over- valuation of silver 

Xo one then pulled out the hair of his and wholly exclude gold from circulation, 

head to cure grief for the disappearance It will hardly be disputed that the two 

of the nominal silver option. Since that metals cannot circulate together unless 

time it has been and would be now they are mutually convertible without 

cheaper nominally to pay in silver if we profit or loss at the ratio fixed at the mint, 

had it, and, therefore, we are urged to But it is here proposed to start silver with 

repudiate our former action and to claim a large legal-tender advantage above its 

the power to resume an option already market value, and with the probability, 

once supposed to have been profitably ex- through further depreciation, of increas- 

279 



MOBBILL, JUSTIN SMITH 

ing that advantage by which the mono- prevent the further funding of the public 
metallic standard of silver will be or- debt at a lower rate of interest and give 
dained and confirmed. The argument in to the present holders of our 6-per-cent. 
behalf of a double standard is double- bonds a great advantage; that, instead 
tongued, when in fact nothing is intend- of aiding resumption, it would only in- 
ed, or can be the outcome, but a simple ilate a currency already too long de- 
silver standard. The argument would predated, and consign it to a still lower 
wed silver and gold, but the conditions deep; that, instead of being a tonic to 
which follow amount to a decree of per- spur idle capital once more into activity, 
petual divorcement. Enforce the measure it would be its bane, destructive of all 
by legislation, and gold would at once vitality; and that as a permanent silver 
flee out of the country. Like liberty, gold standard it would not only be void of all 
never stays where it is undervalued. stability, and the dearest in its intro- 

No approach to a bimetallic currency duction and maintenance, but that it 
of uniform and fixed value can be pos- would reduce wages to the full extent of 
sible, as it appears to me, without the the difference there might be between its 
co-operation of the leading commercial purchasing power and that of gold, 
nations. Even with that co-operation its Free-Trade or Protection. In 1890 Sen- 
accomplishment and permanence may not ator Morrill made the following contribu- 
be absolutely certain, unless the late tran- tion to the Gladstone-Elaine controversy 
scendent fickleness of the supply and de- concerning free-trade and protection : 
mand subsides, or unless the ratio of 

value can be adjusted with more consum- Any extended argument of the Right 

mate accuracy than has hitherto been Honorable W. E. Gladstone must always 

found by any single nation to be prac- afford ample evidence of great ability, 

ticable. ... as well as wealth of learning, and it 

I have failed of my purpose if I have would have been presumption on my part 

not shown that there has been so large an to reply to his argument in support of 

increase of the stock of silver as of itself free-trade, if it were not that protection 

to effect a positive reduction of its value ; was the easy side of the question. It was 

and that this result has been confirmed a further encouragement when I found, 

and made irreversible by the new and ex- upon examining in detail Mr. Gladstone s 

tensive European disuse of silver coinage, free - trade argumentation, that I could 

I have indicated the advisability of obtain- sincerely reciprocate some of his own 

ing the co-operation of other leading na- words, and say, While AVC listen to a 

tions, in fixing upon a common ratio of melody presented to us as new, the idea 

value between gold and silver, before em- gradually arises in the mind, " I have 

barking upon a course of independent heard this before," and it has been heard 

action from which there could be no re- by me so often from our Democratic 

treat. I have also attempted to show that, revenue-reform friends that the refrain, 

even in the lowest pecuniary sense of if not a bore, excites neither delight nor 

profit, the government of the United States alarm. 

could not be the gainer by proposing to Remembering, as I do, the masterly 
pay either the public debt or the United speech of Mr. Gladstone when, as chan- 
States notes in silver; that such a pay- cellor of the exchequer, he opened the 
ment would violate public pledges as to debate on the budget of 1853, and also 
the whole, and violates existing statutes his later eloquent series of remarkable 
as to all that part of the debt contracted speeches for three days in the Midlothian 
since 1870, and for which gold has been campaign, I can have no feeling but that 
received; that the remonetization of silver of the highest respect for one who must 
means the banishment of gold and our be regarded as the foremost living states- 
degradation among nations to the second man of our mother-country. For this dis- 
or third rank; that it would be a sweep- cussion he appears to have formulated 
ing 10 per cent, reduction of all duties a rule, after the manner of the Marquis 
upon imports, requiring the imposition of of Queensberry, which I cannot refuse to 
new taxes to that extent; that it would accept, that "in the arena of discussion" 

280 



MOBRILL, JUSTIN SMITH 



one must take his chance as " a common 
combatant, entitled to free speech and 
to fair treatment, but to nothing more." 

It is my purpose to controvert some 
share of the fre